text:
L'amarrage macromoléculaire (en ) est la modélisation informatique de la structure quaternaire de complexes formés par plusieurs macromolécules biologiques en interaction. Les modélisations les plus courantes étant celles des complexes protéine-protéine et protéine-acide nucléique.

L'amarrage vise à prédire la structure tri-dimensionnelle du complexe telle qu'elle est dans l'organisme vivant. La procédure peut produire plusieurs structures candidates qui vont ensuite être classées suivant leur pertinence d'apparaître dans la nature.

Le terme « amarrage » (en anglais ) provient des années 1970, avec un sens plus restreint. Il s'agissait alors d'optimiser la distance entre les macromolécules tout en gardant leurs orientations relatives fixées. Par la suite, ces orientations devinrent à leur tour des paramètres à ajuster mais les structures internes des macromolécules restaient fixes. On parle alors d'amarrage fixe. Avec l'augmentation de la puissance de calcul, cette dernière contrainte fut supprimée pour prendre en compte les modifications internes susceptibles de se produire lorsque le complexe se forme. On parle ici d'amarrage flexible.

Contexte

Le rôle biologique de la plupart des protéines, caractérisé par les molécules avec lesquelles elles interragissent, est connu au mieux partiellement. Même les protéines participant à des mécanismes connus (comme le cycle de Krebs) peuvent avoir des partenaires d'interaction inattendus et des fonctions sans rapport avec ce mécanisme.

Dans le cadre des interactions protéine-protéine, d'autres motivations apparaissent. Tout d'abord, les maladies génétiques (par ex. la mucoviscidose) sont causées par des protéines mal pliées ou ayant muté. On cherche donc à déterminer les interactions protéine-protéine anormales déclenchés par une mutation. Ensuite, on peut envisager la création de protéines afin qu'elles effectuent des fonctions biologiques. Pour cette tâche, la compréhension de leurs interactions est essentielle.

À propos d'un groupe de protéines, on peut se poser les questions suivantes (tant du point de vue technologique que de l'histoire naturelle) :

 Est-ce que ces protéines peuvent se lier in vivo ?

Si c'est le cas,
 Quelles configurations spatiales adoptent-elles lorsqu'elles sont liées ?
 Leur interaction est-elle forte ou faible ?

Sinon,
 Peuvent-elles le devenir si l'on induit une mutation ?

L'amarrage protéine-protéine est envisagé à terme pour répondre à ces questions. De plus, comme les méthodes d'amarrage ne dépendent que de principes physiques, même des protéines aux fonctions inconnus et peu étudiées peuvent être 'amarrées'. Le seul prérequis étant que leur structure moléculaire ait été déterminée expérimentalement ou qu'elles puissent être estimée grâce à une technique de prédiction de structure de protéines.

Histoire

Méthodes

Évaluation

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Amarrage (moléculaire)
 Structure des protéines
 Prédiction de la structure des protéines

Physique moléculaire
Bio-informatique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian
Where? Room 2 of the National Gallery
When? 1522-1523
Commissioned by? Alfonso d'Este, the Duke of Ferrara, to decorate one of the rooms in his Ducal Palace.
What do you see? On the left is Ariadne in a blue dress. She is left behind by Theseus on an island. You can still see the ship of Theseus near the horizon in the middle left of the painting. An almost naked Bacchus is jumping out of his chariot, which is carried by two cheetahs. Bacchus is immediately in love with Ariadne, but Ariadne seems hesitant as she is still dealing with the fact that Theseus left. While her arms and body are still in the direction of the ship of Theseus, her head is turned to Bacchus.
Bacchus convinces Ariadne to marry him. Bacchus promises Ariadne to turn the diadem that Ariadne was wearing during their wedding into a constellation of stars, which you can see in the top left of the painting. Bacchus has also brought his entourage of drunk and crazy people on the right. One of his followers is holding the leg with a hoof of a cow that he just ripped off.
You can see the head of the cow in the foreground, which is dragged along by a young boy. Completely on the right is a man carrying a barrel of wine and in the foreground, a man is trying to break free from snakes.
Backstory: Alfonse d'Este originally commissioned Raphael and Fra Bartolommeu to make this painting but both died before they could start their work. He then decided to give the work to Titian.
This painting is based on the mythological stories of the Latin poets Catullus and Ovid. The story is about Princess Ariadne from the Greek island of Crete. She fell in love with Theseus from Athens and helped him to kill the Minotaur. They left together from Crete, but Theseus abandoned her while she was asleep on the Greek island of Naxos.
Ariadne was heartbroken when she discovered that Theseus had left and ran along the beach of Naxos to see if she could see any signs of him. At that moment, Bacchus - the god the wine, fertility, madness, theatre, and religious ecstasy - arrived. Bacchus had fallen in love with Ariadne and asked her to marry him. The painting is famous because Titian is able to paint a moment that is frozen in time in a very energetic scene. Notice also the beautiful use of bright color, typical for the School of Venice, which makes this painting come alive.
Symbolism: Bacchus is wearing a crown of ivy leafs, which is the sacred plant to Bacchus to prevent intoxication (which is what people in the past believed that ivy could do). The constellation of stars (which we now refer to as Corona Borealis) on the top left is in the form of the diadem that Ariadne was wearing when she married to Bacchus. It is a symbol of their marriage.
The wine barrel, tambourines, and snakes are all symbols of the lifestyle that Bacchus represents. The cheetahs refer to the collection of wild animals of the commissioner of this painting.
Who is Ariadne? According to Greek mythology, Ariadne was the daughter of Minos, who was the King of Crete. Minos had built a labyrinth, with in the center a Minotaur (a creature with the head of a bull and the body of a human). He put his daughter Ariadne in charge of the labyrinth. Following an earlier dispute with Athens, every seven to nine years, 14 noble citizens from Athens were sacrificed to the Minotaur. One year, Theseus, was among these 14 noble citizens.
Theseus became a hero as he killed the Minotaur, but to do that, he received help from Ariadne who was in love with him. Ariadne married in the end to Bacchus and gave him about 12 children. After Ariadne died, Bacchus brought her back from the underworld Hades and she became a Greek goddess.
Why Bacchus? Bacchus was a chronic alcoholic, which made him a great subject for mythological stories and also for artworks. Bacchus was also the inspiration for popular festivals, called Bacchanalia, which were introduced to Rome in the second century before Christ. These festivals contained a lot of alcohol and nudity and were a popular theme in Renaissance art.
Who is Titian? Titian (c. 1489 – 1576) was a painter and greatest member of the Venetian school of painters. He was very talented in painting both portraits and landscapes, which is and was a rare combination. In his teenage years, the Bellini brothers (Gentile and Giovanni) taught him how to paint, but his work was quickly considered to be better than that of the Bellini brothers.
Some well-known paintings by Titian are his Venus of Urbino in the Uffizi Museum and Diana and Actaeon which is also in the National Gallery in London.
Venus of Urbino by Titian
Diana and Actaeon by Titian
Fun fact: In the original story on Ariadne and Bacchus, the chariot of Bacchus was drawn by tigers. Instead, Titian painted two cheetahs. This was most likely the case, because Duke Alfonso d'Este did not have tigers, but did have cheetahs, in his menagerie.
Collecting wild and exotic animals, called a menagerie, was an impressive way to show off to your guests. Menageries of that time included animals like panthers, leopards, and elephants.
Interested in a copy for yourself? Poster or canvas
Where? Room 83 of the Uffizi Museum
When? 1538
Commissioned by? Guidobaldo II Della Rovere (1514-1574), the Duke of Urbino (a sovereign of central-northern Italy), commissioned this oil painting for his wife, Giulia Varano (1523-1547).
What do you see? A representation of a beautiful and sensual Venus, the goddess of love, is looking you straight in the eye. She lies naked on top of a white sheet in a room of a big Renaissance palace. Notice the beautifully painted folds in the sheets and the pillows. Venus is only wearing a gold bracelet with black enamels on her right arm, a ring on the pinky of her left hand, and a pearl earring.
Venus has roses in her right hand, and you can see that one of the roses has already fallen on the red bed which has a pattern of black flowers. Her hair, partly woven in braids, is falling over her shoulders. Her body is contrasted with the dark background on the left, emphasizing her nakedness.
Notice how the straight lines of the architecture nicely contrast with the curviness of Venus. The two maids in the background are apparently searching for Venus' clothes in one of the two bridal chests.
Backstory: Guidobaldo II Della Rovere gave this painting to his young wife (who was 15 at the time of the painting), and the painting provides the meaning of marriage. Some people consider this as one of the most erotic paintings in history. But others have a less flattering opinion. The American author Mark Twain described the work as follows in 1880: "The foulest, the vilest, the most obscene picture the world possesses."
Reclining nude: The theme of this painting is referred to as a 'reclining female nude', a genre that became popular in the early Renaissance. For this painting, Titian was inspired by a painting of the Sleeping Venus (also known as the Dresden Venus) which was started by Giorgione and finished after his death by Titian. And this painting has inspired many future variations on the reclining nude, including Olympia by Édouard Manet.
Sleeping Venus by Giorgione
Olympia by Manet
Symbolism: The painting provides three lessons of marriage for Giulia Varano. She needs to be erotic, faithful, and become a mother. The clear eroticism in the painting should remind Giulia of her sexual obligations in the marriage. The dog laying on the bed is a symbol of marital faithfulness. The maid on the right side, who is overlooking a kid, is a symbol of motherhood. T
he chests on the right were a typical wedding present in Italy at that time. The white sheets on which Venus is laying represent purity. Venus holds some roses in her hand, which were a symbol of love. Similarly, the red bed on which she is laying also represents love.
Who is Venus? Venus is the Roman goddess of love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity, and desire. One of the two children of Venus is Aenaes, who was one of the few people to escape from Troy according to Virgil's poem Aeneid. Two of the descendants of Aeneas were Remus and Romulus, who founded Rome.
Why Venus? Venus was a symbol of love and sensuality. As this painting was for private use, Venus was a symbolic inspiration for this painting. In reality, a contemporaneous model has been used to depict Venus, most likely Angela del Moro, a friend of Titian.
Who is Titian? Titian (c. 1489 – 1576) was a painter and greatest member of the Venetian school of painters. He was very talented in painting both portraits and landscapes, which is and was a rare combination. In his teenage years, the Bellini brothers (Gentile and Giovanni) taught him how to paint, but his work was quickly considered to be better than that of the Bellini brothers. Many of the paintings of Titian throughout his long career contain nudity.
Fun fact: More than 300 works of Titian survived, partly because Titian became very old for his time. While there is quite some discussion about his actual year of birth, he claimed in a letter to the Spanish king, Philip II, to have been born in 1474. That would mean he died at the age of 102.
The consensus nowadays is that Titian grossly exaggerated in that letter and that he was born around 1488-1490. Another characteristic of Titian was that, while he was considered to be the leading painter in Venice, he was notoriously greedy.
Interested in a copy for yourself? Poster or canvas (Amazon links)
Commissioned by? King Philip II of Spain
What do you see? On the left, the hunter Actaeon arrives together with his dog to a bathing scene of the goddess Diana and her five nymphs and one slave. Actaeon is wearing his arrows on his back, and his bow fell on the ground. The nymph on the left draws back the curtain to reveal that Actaeon is looking at the naked Diana at the other side of a small stream. She is sitting on the right, next to a fountain, on the red cloth and is washed by one of her nymphs. Diana wears a diadem with a crescent moon.
Diana is surprised by the arrival of Actaeon, and the dark-skinned slave behind her helps to cover her identity by putting a cloth in front of her face. Next to Diana, you can see one of her lapdogs who is barking at the dog of Actaeon. Above the knees of Diana, you can see a skull of a deer on top of a pillar, which is part of an arched canopy. To the right of the skull, you can see a deerskin hanging in the tree and to the right of that hangs another deerskin at the edge of the painting. In the background, above Diana, you can see a very small figure of a person dressed in white who is chasing a deer. This person is probably another depiction of Diana while she is hunting.
There are various other details in the paintings. For example, in the middle of the painting, you can see a vase and a mirror. You can also see that the water enters the stream through the mouth of one of the carved lion heads below the nymph on the left.
Backstory: This painting is part of a series of seven mythological paintings that Titian painted for King Philip II of Spain. Titian entitled this painting as Diana at the Fountain Surprised by Actaeon. Titian based this painting on the third book of the Metamorphosis by Ovid (Amazon link to the book).
The story goes: "While Titania is bathing there... Cadmus's grandson [Actaeon]… strays with aimless steps through the strange wood, and enters the sacred grove… As soon as he reaches the cave mouth dampened by the fountain, the naked nymphs, seeing a man's face, beat at their breasts and filling the whole wood with their sudden outcry, crowd round Diana to hide her with their bodies... Diana's face, seen there, while she herself was naked, was the colour of clouds stained by the opposing shafts of sun... She [Diana] caught up a handful of the water that she did have, and threw it in the man's face... Without more threats, she gave the horns of a mature stag to the head she had sprinkled, lengthening his neck, making his ear-tips pointed, changing feet for hands, long legs for arms, and covering his body with a dappled hide... They [the dogs of Actaeon] surround him on every side, sinking their jaws into his flesh, tearing their master to pieces in the deceptive shape of the deer."
Symbolism: The skull of the stag (a male deer) with antlers refers to the fate that awaits Actaeon. After having seen Diana naked, she changes him into a male deer and was killed by his 50 hounds. The skull and the deer skins also refer to Diana as the goddess of hunting.
The diadem with the crescent moon is one of the important attributes of Diana and also refers to her being the goddess of the moon. The top of the dress of the slave is in the form of a crescent moon, which is also a reference to Diana.
Who is Diana? Diana (comparable to Artemis in Greek mythology) is the daughter of Jupiter (Zeus in Greek mythology; god of the sky and thunder) and Latona. She was also the twin sister of the God Jupiter. Diana is the goddess of hunting and wild animals. She could communicate with animals. She was also a virgin goddess who promised never to marry a man.
Diana's story has been a popular subject for artists, and she has been painted by, among others, Rubens and Rembrandt. For example, below is the painting Diana and Callisto by Peter Paul Rubens, which is on display in the Prado Museum.
Diana and Callisto by Rubens
Who is Actaeon? Actaeon was a famous hunter. He was trained by the centaur (half human, half horse) Chiron. He is best known for his cruel death as described above. The reason that Actaeon is killed is either that he claimed to be a better hunter than Diana or because of his sexual interest in her.
After Actaeon was transformed into a stag by Diana, he was killed by his own dogs who did not recognize him anymore. After the dogs killed him, they went back to Chiron to search their master Actaeon as they could not find him. Chiron, who knew what happened, created an image of Actaeon to help them in their grief.
Who is Titian? Tiziano Vecelli (or Vecellio) was born around 1489 and died in 1576. He was the most important member of the Venetian School of Painters. He was an all-round painter and was able to paint superb portraits, landscapes, religious and classical paintings.
A large number of paintings of Titian have survived of which several can be seen in the National Gallery in London. For example, two other famous paintings of Titian are The Death of Actaeon and Diana and Callisto, which are both also on display in the National Gallery. Just like Diana and Actaeon, these paintings were also a part of the series of seven mythological paintings that Titian created for King Philip II. Another painting in the National Gallery is Bacchus and Ariadne.
The Death of Actaeon by Titian
Diana and Callisto by Titian
Fun fact: This painting is jointly owned by the National Gallery in London and the National Gallery of Scotland. The painting will rotate every five years between both museums. It was bought by both museums, after an extensive public campaign to raise the money, for a sum of $70.6 million. One of the reasons for the high price of this painting is that the painting was well-preserved over time. One exception may be that the deer skins hanging in the trees are hard to see. The reason is that the copper color that was used here changes into brown after extensive exposure to light.
The painting is currently listed in the top 100 of most expensive paintings ever. Two other paintings of Titian are also listed in this top 100. One of those two paintings is Diana and Callisto, which was bought by the National Gallery in London and the National Gallery of Scotland through a similar construction in 2013 for a total of $71.7 million.
Venus with a Mirror by Titian
What do you see? Venus looking in the mirror with two Cupids. Venus wears some makeup, visible in her rosy cheeks and red lips. We see the upper part of Venus' body. She covers one of her breasts with her left arm. The lower part of her body is covered by a thick velvet drapery, decorated with beautiful gold and silver embroidery. The drapery contrast nicely with her pale skin. She wears earrings, two bracelets, and two rings. Venus studies herself in the mirror. One Cupid holds to mirror in front of her while the other wants to put a garland on her head as a symbol of love.
Background: Titian painted two quite similar versions of Venus with a Mirror, but one of them is considered lost. The current version remained in the studio of Titian until his death and was sold in 1581 by his son Pompino to the Barbagio family. Possibly, Titian did not finish the painting completely which would explain why the work was still in his studio. In this case, someone else, maybe the son of Titian, has completed the last parts of the painting before selling it.
In 1851, the Barbagio family sold the painting to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. In 1931, Andrew Mellon acquired the painting for the National Gallery of Art. X-ray analysis has revealed that Titian had some different ideas at first about this painting. Under the current layer of paint, traces have been identified of three other compositions before he settled on the current one.
Other versions of this painting: Titian got inspired by the Venus de' Medici for this painting. The pose of Venus in this painting is the same as in the Venus de' Medici. While that sculpture is now in the Uffizi Museum in Florence, he must have seen the work when it was in Rome in the middle of the 16th century.
This painting by Titian may be the most-copied work of art from the High Renaissance. Many lesser and better-known artists copied it and created variations on its theme. Some have kept a very similar composition, others have deviated from Titian's composition but kept the theme of Venus looking in the mirror. One great example is Venus and Cupid by Peter Paul Rubens in the Thyssen Museum in Madrid. Another wonderful painting inspired by Titian's work is the Rokeby Venus by Velázquez in the National Gallery. According to many, none of the copies or paintings inspired by Titian's work have surpassed the Titian's original.
Venus de' Medici
Venus and Cupid by Rubens
Rokeby Venus by Velázquez
Who is Venus? The Roman goddess of love, beauty, and desire. The myths about her are based on the Greek goddess Aphrodite. She was very appealing to the Roman people as she could provide beauty, military victories, prosperity, and a good sex life. For these reasons, she is the most popular goddess in art.
Venus has inspired many artists, including Botticelli, Canova, David, Ingres, Raphael, Rubens, Velázquez, and Veronese. The most famous painting on Venus is probably The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli which shows how Venus was born from the sea as a mature and sexual woman.
The Birth of Venus by Botticelli
Why a mirror? The presence of a mirror is a great trick that painters can apply in their work. There was often debate between sculptors and painters, whereby the sculptors claimed that only they could show a person from all different angles. A mirror was a way for painters to mitigate this problem as they could show other sides of a person in a natural way.
A well-known painting in which the mirror plays an important role is The Arnolfini Portrait by Van Eyck in the National Gallery. Mirrors have also frequently been used by painters to paint self-portraits. Caravaggio was a frequent user of the mirror. Young Sick Bacchus in the Galleria Borghese is one of several paintings for which Caravaggio used a mirror.
The Arnolfini Portrait by Van Eyck
Young Sick Bacchus by Caravaggio
Who is Titian? Tiziano Vecelli(o) was born around 1489 near Venice, Italy, and died there in 1576. He was the most influential member of the Venetian School of Painting. Other well-known members are Jacopo Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese. The Venetian painters are known for their use of a wide variety of colors which were available to them because Venice was an important port with lots of import from the Middle and Far East.
Titian was an expert in all sorts of paintings, including mythological and religious works, landscapes, and portraits. However, he is probably best known for his female nudes. His works include Diana and Actaeon in the National Gallery in London and the Venus of Urbino in the Uffizi Museum.
Fun fact: While Titian is considered to be one of the best and most versatile painters from the 16th century, he also had his limitations. Michelangelo, perhaps the most famous painter ever, criticized the limited drawing skills of Titian. In this painting, we can see some examples of that.
The left arm of the Cupid holding the mirror does not seem to support the bottom of the mirror.
The left wing of this Cupid is placed in an unnatural position.
The reflection of the hand of the Cupid in the back does not reflect accurately in the mirror.
The eye of Venus does not seem to be properly painted in the mirror. If you study her eye in the mirror carefully, it seems that she is actually not looking into the mirror.
However, these 'errors' are easily overlooked because the rest of the canvas is painted so well.
Interested in a copy for yourself? Poster or canvas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A lot of development has taken place on the Lisk platform ever since the rebranding in February 2018. About a month back, we reported on the state of development at Lisk. A lot has happened since then. Lisk Core 1.0 has proceeded from beta testing and is now released on testnet. The next step after this is Core 1.0 release on the mainnet.
If you are new to Lisk, take a look at our introduction to Lisk.
Here, we recap what's new with Lisk and what's next on the road to Core 1.0 mainnet.
On June 28, it was officially announced that the migration of Lisk Core version 1.0.0 to the testnet network was successful. Almost all delegates are active and forging without any issues.
Following that deployment, significant progress was made on Lisk Core 1.1.0 with major issues resolved and the scheduling of the minor release of Core 1.2.0. Also, Lisk Explorer 2.1.2 (which is the latest version) was released on July 12. Development is said to be ongoing concerning the next versions of Lisk Elements and Lisk Commander.
The next big step will be Core 1.0.0 going live on the mainnet. However, time is needed for node operators to adjust their tools before it is released to the mainnet. Furthermore, there is need to align all Lisk products (that is, Lisk Hub, Lisk Elements and Lisk Commander) by having Core 1.0-compatible versions before Core's mainnet release.
The release of the Lisk Hub 0.10.0 brings about key changes that enhances the Lisk platform.
Removal of the Explorer page on Lisk Hub to streamline search functionality. Previously, the search function on the Explorer page is a duplicate of the search bar at the top of each page. The search bar is now updated to display recent searches.
Users can search for delegate's names through the same search bar. As a user begins to type, suggestions of matching delegates will appear with their respective ranks.
Users are now allowed to follow specific accounts in the Lisk Hub. This is part of a major effort to rearrange how accounts are managed on the platform. All followed accounts are listed in a new module on the Dashboard page. This function will allow users to use the list as an address book when sending transactions.
The Trezor hardware wallet now supports the Lisk utility token, LSK. This new wallet update, known as Trezor One firmware version 1.6.2, was released on June 25 and is able to support more coins and tokens.
Lisk is currently working on the mobile version of the Lisk app both for android and iOS. This is expected to take some months before it is ready. The vision of Lisk Mobile is to be an intuitive and easy-to-use app focusing on user experience.
On the partnership front, Lisk Academy partnered with London Blockchain Labs to further efforts concerning blockchain education. London Blockchain Labs is the largest blockchain student hub in the UK. They also help to educate businesses and policy makers.
The Lisk team has also been busy connecting with the blockchain community and spreading awareness of their project.
At Blockchain Expo Europe, which took place June 27-28 in Amsterdam, Lisk was ably represented. The Marketing Lead, Thomas Schouten spoke about enabling blockchain creators with Lisk, blockchain marketing as compared to traditional startup marketing, and more.
At Distribute Conference, which took place in Hamburg on June 28, Lisk co-founder Max Kordek was present to deliver a speech about Lisk and the approach of Lisk to problems besetting the blockchain world.
A significant number of new open positions has been added on the Lightcurve team. This consists majorly of positions in software engineering and marketing to increase the capacity of the technical team and further strengthen the community.
Lisk is currently priced at about $5 and has been regarded as one of the undervalued platform coins in the cryptomarket. Blockchain projects such as Sapien, Ren, and BrikBit have announced that they will be built on the Lisk network.
With the deployment of the Core 1.0.0 on the mainnet and the launch of the SDK (Sidechain Development Kit) sometime in the near future, Lisk is expected to become a strong contender for the top blockchain platform.
Stay in touch with Lisk through Twitter, Telegram, and their blog.


With this last route, we offer you the chance to discover the most important hill for the Barcelona's history and development as well as the most visited viewpoints. We start our tour in the Poble Sec neighbourhood to Plaça Espanya and visit the Font Màgica de Montjuïc where our ascent to the mountain will start. Our first stop will be the Poble Espanyol, before we reach the Estadi Olímpic and the Palau Sant Jordi. Once we have visited the principal sights, we will relax in the wooded streets and ride until we see the sea and the Barcelona's cemetery. Our trip will end with one of the most famous images of Barcelona, the Montjuïc Castle, an ancient fortress od the city, directed to the see. After a deserved pause, we start our way down to Poble Sec and our offices again.


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Die Suchoi Su-57 (, NATO-Codename: Felon) ist ein russisches Tarnkappen-Mehrzweckkampfflugzeug. Es entstand aufgrund der Anforderungen der russischen Luftstreitkräfte für ein zweistrahliges Mehrzweckjagdflugzeug der fünften Generation im Rahmen des "PAK-FA-Programms" (), das mittelfristig die Suchoi Su-27 ersetzen soll. Bis zur Vergabe der offiziellen militärischen Bezeichnung Su-57 im August 2017 war der Typ unter der Werksprototypenbezeichnung Suchoi T-50 bekannt.

Auf Basis des FGFA-Programms sollte auch eine zweisitzige Variante für die indischen Luftstreitkräfte entwickelt werden; Indien stieg aber im Frühjahr 2018 aus dem Projekt aus.

Geschichte

Entwicklung
Die Entwicklung der Su-57 geht auf die taktisch-technischen Anforderungen (; Transkription: Taktiko-Technitscheskoje Sadanije, TTS) von 1998 zurück, nachdem 1997 das MFI-Programm abgebrochen worden war. Ende 2000 wurden die Anforderungen für die Frontfliegerkräfte präzisiert und im April 2001 das "PAK-FA-Programm" offiziell gestartet. Am 26. April 2002 übertrugen die staatlichen Stellen die Systemführerschaft für die Entwicklung des neuen Kampfflugzeugs an Suchoi, bei der auch die OKBs Mikojan-Gurewitsch und Jakowlew beteiligt sind. Nach Abschluss der Vorentwurfsphase Ende 2004 wurde das Programm als T-50 offiziell mit Chefkonstrukteur Alexander Dawidenko gestartet. 2007 ging die indische Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) eine finanzielle 50:50-Partnerschaft mit Suchoi ein, die die Modifikation einer indischen Variante der T-50 zum Ziel hatte, die die Bezeichnung FGFA-Projekt trug. Im Gegensatz zur russischen war die indische Version als Doppelsitzer geplant, was einer spezifischen Vorgabe der indischen Luftstreitkräfte entsprach. Obwohl sich Indien zur Hälfte an den Kosten beteiligte, erhielt es nicht die Konstruktionsdetails, die es sich ursprünglich versprochen hatte, und die Arbeitsteilung wurde ebenfalls verringert. Nicht namentlich genannten indischen Militärs zufolge wollte Indien deshalb zur Verminderung der Importquote anstatt der ursprünglich vorgesehenen 127 Flugzeuge nur knapp 70 beschaffen. Schließlich stieg Indien nach wiederholten Budget- und Terminüberschreitungen im Frühling 2018 aus dem Projekt aus. Russland würde gemäß Bericht der Iswestija im Juni 2016 das Flugzeug auch Algerien und Vietnam verkaufen, um auf diese Art die Herstellungskosten zu senken.

Der Tarnkappenjäger wurde erstmals im August 2011 auf der internationalen Luftfahrtmesse MAKS in Schukowski bei Moskau einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit präsentiert. Die beiden dort vorgeführten Prototypen zeigten dabei (zum Beispiel am Heckradar) konstruktive Unterschiede. Bei einem der Flüge der T-50-1 musste der Start wegen Triebwerksproblemen abgebrochen werden.

Die ursprünglich zwischen 2016 und 2020 vorgesehene Auslieferung von 52 Flugzeugen wurde auf vorerst 12 Bestellungen reduziert. Diese 12 Flugzeuge sollen von der Luftwaffe getestet werden, weitere Bestellungen werden sich nach den finanziellen Möglichkeiten richten. Im Mai 2017 erklärte der russische Verteidigungsminister Sergei Schoigu, dass die Su-57 nicht vor 2019 in Dienst gestellt werden würde und im Juli 2018 wurde der Auftrag für 12 Maschinen bestätigt. Der stellvertretende russische Verteidigungsminister Juri Borissow erklärte dazu, dass sich eine Produktion in größerer Zahl nicht aufdränge, solange die Fähigkeiten der übrigen Flugzeuge der Luftwaffe ausreichten und keine Eile zur Einführung der Su-57 bestünde. Russische Medien berichteten im April 2019, das erste Flugzeug solle 2019 zu einem noch festzulegenden Regiment des südlichen Verteidigungsdistrikts stoßen, gefolgt von einem zweiten Flugzeug im Jahr 2020.

Am 15. Mai 2019 wurde die Beschaffung von 76 Flugzeugen anstatt nur deren 16 bis ins Jahr 2028 angekündigt, was vom Kommersant als größtes Beschaffungsgeschäft in der russischen Luftfahrt eingeschätzt wurde. Das zweite Serienexemplar sollte Mitte 2020 ausgeliefert werden. Bis Ende 2024 sollen 22 Flugzeuge ausgeliefert werden. Bei dem von Kommersant kolportierten Stückpreis von lediglich 31 Millionen Euro würde es sich im Vergleich zu anderen Kampfjets um ein äußerst günstiges Waffensystem handeln.

Parallel zur Auslieferung des ersten Bauloses wird an einer zweiten Stufe gearbeitet. Neben dem neuen Triebwerk Erzeugnis 30 (russisch Изделие 30), das bei geringerem Gewicht mehr Leistung liefern soll, sind unter dem Projektnamen "Megapolis" weitere Kampfwertsteigerungen geplant. Einige hydraulische Systeme werden durch elektrische Motoren ersetzt, die Anzeigen im Cockpit werden überarbeitet und die Bordwaffen erneuert. In der weiteren Zukunft plant man einen kleineren Mehrzweckjäger mit nur einem Triebwerk auf der Basis dieser Generation zu entwickeln. Erste Informationen zum Suchoi S-75-Projekt wurden im Mai 2021 bekannt.

Mitte 2021 wurde durch den stellvertretenden russischen Verteidigungsminister Alexej Kriworutschko bekanntgegeben, dass bis Ende des Jahres vier Kampfflugzeuge an die Luftwaffe ausgeliefert würden.

Testprogramm
Am 29. Januar 2010 startete die T-50-1 (taktische Nummer 51) vom Flugplatz Dsjomgi in Komsomolsk am Amur mit Suchoi-Testpilot Sergei Bogdan zu ihrem ursprünglich für 2006 geplanten Erstflug. Neben dem Prototyp T-50-1 werden zu Boden- und Festigkeitserprobungen auch drei nichtfliegende Exemplare eingesetzt. Dies sind die Bruchzellen T-50-0 und T-50-KPO und die vollmaßstäbliche Attrappe T-50-KNS. Am 3. März 2011 hob der zweite Prototyp T-50-2 (52) bei KnAAPO in Komsomolsk am Amur zu seinem Erstflug ab. Bei Tests in der Woche vor dem 14. März 2011 erreichte die T-50 Überschallgeschwindigkeit. Am 22. November 2011 hob der dritte Prototyp T-50-3 (53) bei KnAAPO in Komsomolsk am Amur zu seinem Erstflug ab. Am 12. Dezember 2012 folgte der vierte Prototyp T-50-4 (054). Der fünfte Prototyp stieg am 28. Oktober 2013 zum ersten Mal in die Luft. Am 21. Februar 2014 wurde ein Prototyp an das Staatliche Flugerprobungszentrum der Luftwaffe in Achtubinsk übergeben. Um den 20. Oktober 2016 begann der neunte Prototyp sein Flugprogramm. Am 5. Dezember 2017 absolvierte der zweite Prototyp "052" einen siebzehnminütigen Flug mit dem zukünftigen Standardtriebwerk der Su-57, dem "Isdelije 30". Bei diesem Flug war eines der beiden Saturn-117-Triebwerke gegen das neue ausgetauscht worden.

Die Indian Air Force hatte die Auslieferung der ersten Maschine zu Erprobungen für das Jahr 2014 erwartet. Der Zeitplan dazu konnte jedoch nicht eingehalten werden.

Am 21. Februar 2018 trafen zwei Su-57 auf dem Militärflugplatz Hmeimim in Syrien ein. Am 1. März 2018 gab das russische Verteidigungsministerium bekannt, dass die zwei Su-57 zweitägige Tests sowie Kampfeinsätze absolviert hatten. Dieser Verlautbarung zufolge waren die beiden Su-57 bereits im Februar wieder nach Russland zurückgekehrt.

Prototypenübersicht

Konstruktion

Da es bisher keine zuverlässigen Informationen über die Spezifikationen der Su-57 gibt, sind nur bestimmte Anforderungen bekannt. Das Flugzeug ist als Blended Wing Body ausgeführt. Im Gegensatz zur MiG 1.44 wurde auf Canards verzichtet und stattdessen eine klassische Konfiguration aus Deltaflügeln mit Höhenrudern gewählt. In den vorgezogenen Tragflächenwurzeln sind bewegliche Vorderkantenklappen integriert, um den maximalen Anstellwinkel zu erhöhen. Die Seitenruder stehen in V-Stellung und sind als Pendelseitenleitwerk analog zu denen der Lockheed F-117 ausgeführt, wie aus den bisher veröffentlichten Aufnahmen zweifelsfrei zu entnehmen ist. Ein Teil der Bewaffnung wird intern in zwei 4,6 × 1,1 m großen Waffenschächten mitgeführt, um Radarquerschnitt (RCS) und Luftwiderstand der Maschine zu reduzieren. Für den Einsatz moderner Luft-Boden-Raketen und Seezielflugkörper, die nicht in den internen Waffenschächten Aufnahme finden, stehen offensichtlich jeweils zwei Unterflügelstationen zur Verfügung. Die Aufhängepunkte sind in den veröffentlichten Risszeichnungen deutlich erkennbar. Eine externe Waffenführung erhöht die Radarsignatur. Diese liegt offiziellen Angaben zufolge bei 0,5 m².

Ursprünglich war für die Su-57 ein Triebwerk mit etwa 170 kN Schub, wie etwa das bereits bei der MiG 1.44 eingesetzte Saturn AL-41F (mit Schubvektorsteuerung) vorgesehen. Dies musste jedoch verworfen werden, da das Triebwerk zu groß war. Es gab noch weitere Gründe, die gegen das AL-41F sprachen. So wünschte sich das Verteidigungsministerium für den neuen Kampfjet ein Triebwerk mit deutlich höherer Lebensdauer und Plasmazündung. Auf der MAKS 2009 sagte Alexander Nikolajewitsch Selin, der Oberbefehlshaber der russischen Luftstreitkräfte, am 20. August 2009, dass die Su-57 unter Triebwerksproblemen leide. Deshalb werde nun das Saturn-117-Triebwerk (auch als Isdelije 117 oder Saturn AL-41F1 bekannt) eingebaut, das als vereinfachte Version bereits für die Su-35S "Flanker-E" verwendet wird (Saturn-117S oder AL-41F1A). Für spätere Serienmaschinen sollten Sojus und NPO Saturn neue Triebwerke mit bis zu 190 kN Schub entwickeln, möglicherweise auf Basis des AL-31FM3-Triebwerks. Wegen der Verwendung des kleineren und damit gegenüber dem AL-41 auch leistungsschwächeren Triebwerks kann die Su-57 ihr volles Leistungspotenzial vorerst nicht ausschöpfen. Dies würde sich erst mit dem neuen Triebwerk ändern, das ab 2020 zur Verfügung stehen soll. Letztendlich entwickelt NPO Saturn alleine seit 2011 das neue Triebwerk "Isdelije 30" (Erzeugnis 30). Obwohl es etwas länger ist als das Saturn AL-41F1, soll es dennoch leichter und einfacher in der Wartung sein, sowie ohne große Anpassungen des Flugwerks in die Su-57 einbaubar sein. Es besteht aus einem dreistufigen Niederdruckverdichter, einem fünfstufigen Hochdruckverdichter sowie jeweils nur einer Stufe für die Hoch- und Niederdruckturbinen. Die Schubkraft ohne Nachbrenner liegt bei 118 kN, die mit Nachbrenner bei 168 kN (ältere Quellen geben 107/176 kN an). Im November 2016 absolvierte das neue Triebwerk den ersten Prüfstandslauf, am 5. Dezember folgte der erste Testflug im Prototyp T-50-2. Ende 2020 wurde geschätzt, dass die Lieferung der neuen Triebwerke für die Serienproduktion der Su-57 im Jahr 2022 beginnen könnte.

Über die Avionik ist bisher wenig bekannt. Auf der MAKS 2009 wurde erstmals das Radar der Su-57 gezeigt. Dabei handelt es sich um das aus etwa 1500 Sender/Empfänger-Modulen bestehende AESA-N050-Radar. Es ist das zweite AESA-Radar russischer Produktion. Alle weiteren Spezifikationen sind bisher noch unbekannt. Zu dem Komplex sollen noch im L-Band (1–2 GHz) arbeitende Antennen in den Tragflächenvorderkanten gehören. Bei Frequenzen unter 2 GHz sind die meisten radarabsorbierenden Materialien weniger wirksam.

Technische Daten

Die Daten sind prognostiziert, da die Leistungsdaten noch nicht veröffentlicht wurden

(1): Vorläufige Daten nach AIR International, Februar 2011, S. 39

Bewaffnung
Als Bordkanone kommt eine Weiterentwicklung der 30-mm-Maschinenkanone Grjasew-Schipunow GSch-301 zum Einsatz. Sie ist auf der Steuerbordseite installiert, wiegt nur 50 kg und hat den GRAU-Index 9-A1-4071K. Ihre Kadenz beträgt 1800 Schuss/min.

Bei einer Waffenzuladung von 7500 kg in zwei Waffenschächten für Kurzstrecken-Luft-Luft-Lenkwaffen beim LEREX/Flügelübergang, dazu zwei internen Hauptwaffenschächten mit einer unbekannten Anzahl interner sowie sechs externen Aufhängepunkten lässt sich folgende Bewaffnung annehmen:

Waffenschächte

Luft-Luft-Lenkflugkörper
 4 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Wympel R-77 bzw. RWW-AE (AA-12 "Adder") – radargelenkt für Langstrecken
 2 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Wympel R-74 bzw. RWW-MD (AA-11 "Archer") – infrarotgesteuert für Kurzstrecken
 2 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Wympel R-73E (AA-11 "Archer") – infrarotgesteuert für Kurzstrecken
 2 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Typ 810 – radargelenkt für Langstrecken

Luft-Boden-Lenkflugkörper
 4 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Ch-38ME – modulare Luft-Boden-Rakete
 4 × Startschienen oder Ausstoßvorrichtung für je 1 × Swesda Ch-35UE "Uran" (3M24E/AS-20 "Kajak") – Marschflugkörper zur Schiffsbekämpfung
 4 × AKU-58-Startschiene für je 1 × Ch-58USchKE (AS-11 "Kilter") – Radarbekämpfungs-Lenkflugkörper

Gelenkte Bomben
 4 × BD-3U-Aufhängung für je 1 × Region JSC KAB-500L (lasergelenkte 500-kg-Bombe)

Zusatztanks
 2 × rechteckige Zusatztanks, je einer in den zwei zentralen Waffenschächten.

Geplante Waffenzuladung an externen Aufhängepunkten
Die Su-57 verfügt über jeweils zwei externe Aufhängepunkte pro Tragfläche und einen Aufhängepunkt an jedem Triebwerkskanal.

Luft-Luft-Lenkflugkörper
 4 × Wympel R-73E – infrarotgesteuert für Kurzstrecken
 4 -6 × Wympel R-77 – radargelenkt für Langstrecken die inneren Flügelstationen können mit Doppelwerfer ausgerüstet werden

Luft-Boden-Lenkflugkörper
 4 × Ch-31P – Anti-Radar-Lenkflugkörper

Bomben
 6 × 250 kg Bomben

Zielbehälter
 1 × 101KS-N Targeting Pod an einem der  Aufhängepunkt am Triebwerkskanal

Zusatztanks
 2 × 2000 l oder 2 × 3600 l Zusatztanks

Varianten
Su-57EAuf der MAKS 2019 wurde die Exportvariante Su-57E vorgestellt, diese Variante verfügt über Darstellung und Beschriftung in englischer Sprache, die Anzeige von Parametern erfolgt in imperialen statt metrischen Maßeinheiten, es ist kein russisches IFF eingebaut, sondern ein auf den Kunden angepasstes IFF. Die Variante verfügt außerdem über offene Schnittstellen zur Integration von nichtrussischen Datenlinks (z. B. NATO Link 16) und zur Integration von Lenkwaffen aus nichtrussischer Produktion.

Su-57KVorgeschlagene Trägerversion der Su-57, mit beiklappbaren Flügeln und Höhenruder, Fanghaken und verstärktem Fahrwerk, das Bugfahrwerk eignet sich auf Kundenwunsch auch für den Katapultstart (CATOBAR).

Su-57-Doppelsitzernicht als Trainer gedacht, sondern als Nachfolger der Su-30 als Angriffsflugzeug und als Koordinationsflugzeug im Verbund mit "Loyal Wingman"-Drohnen.

Nutzerstaaten
Aktuelle Nutzer
  – Stand Mai 2022 befinden sich fünf Su-57 im Dienst der Luftstreitkräfte. Die Luftstreitkräftebasis bei Achtubinsk ist Stand Januar 2023 laut dem britischen Militärnachrichtendienst der Heimatflughafen für die fünf Su-57 bzw. der einzige Militärflughafen, von dem bekannt ist, dass dort Su-57 stationiert sind.

Zwischenfälle
Am 10. Juni 2014 fing der rechte Lufteinlauf des Prototyps T-50-5 während des Landeanflugs Feuer, das nach der Landung schnell gelöscht werden konnte. Menschen kamen nicht zu Schaden. Das Flugzeug wurde später mit Teilen des begonnenen Prototyps T-50-6 repariert, auf den dafür verzichtet wurde. Dieses Testflugzeug besaß eine vollständige Ausstattung.

Am 24. Dezember 2019 stürzte die erste Serienmaschine während des Abnahmetests ab, der Pilot konnte sich mit dem Schleudersitz retten. Als wahrscheinliche Ursache wurde Steuerungsversagen und anschließender Übergang ins Flachtrudeln gemeldet, die Flugschreiber konnten geborgen werden.

Siehe auch

 Suchoi S-70 Ochotnik: Flügelmann-Drohne. Wird als Ergänzung zur Su-57 derzeit entwickelt und soll später mit ihr im Verbund eingesetzt werden.
 Suchoi S-75: Projekt eines leichten taktischen Kampfflugzeuges

Literatur
 Jefim Gordon, Dimitri Komissarjow: Sukhoi Su-57. Crécy, 2021. ISBN 978-1-910809-93-8

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Su57
Zweistrahliges Flugzeug
Mehrzweckkampfflugzeug
Tarnkappenflugzeug
Jagdflugzeug (2010–2019)
Militärluftfahrzeug (Russland)
Erstflug 2010


text:
Marie Antoinette ist ein US-amerikanischer Film von Sofia Coppola aus dem Jahr 2006. Er bebildert das Leben der österreichischen Erzherzogin und französischen Königin Marie Antoinette und basiert auf der Biografie von Antonia Fraser. Die Uraufführung fand am 24. Mai 2006 im Rahmen des Wettbewerbs bei den Filmfestspielen in Cannes statt. In den deutschen Kinos lief der Film am 2. November 2006 an, einen Tag später fand der österreichische Filmstart statt.

Handlung
Die erst vierzehnjährige österreichische Erzherzogin Maria Antonia soll den französischen Dauphin (Thronfolger) heiraten. Vor ihrer Abreise an den französischen Hof wird sie von ihrer Mutter, Kaiserin Maria Theresia, über ihre künftige Rolle belehrt. Während ihrer Brautfahrt muss sie beim Betreten französischen Bodens alles Österreichische abgeben – von der Kleidung bis hin zu ihrem Schoßhündchen – und wird vollkommen neu eingekleidet. In Versailles angekommen, heiratet sie den Thronfolger Ludwig, der gerne auf die Jagd geht, seine ehelichen Pflichten hingegen vernachlässigt. Ein Vollzug der Ehe lässt zunächst auf sich warten, Ludwig ist oft müde und scheint desinteressiert an seiner Frau zu sein. Aus Wien wird Marie Antoinette von ihrer Mutter Maria Theresia brieflich mehrmals aufgefordert, endlich schwanger zu werden: Dadurch sollen einerseits die Stellung Marie Antoinettes in der französischen Gesellschaft gefestigt und eine Annullierung der Ehe verhindert, andererseits die durch die Aufteilung Polens gefährdeten Beziehungen zwischen Österreich und Frankreich verbessert werden. Zunächst immer wieder von ihren fruchtlosen Verführungskünsten frustriert, dann schließlich gelangweilt von ihrer Ehe und ermüdet von der strengen Hofetikette, die sie zur passiven Marionette degradiert, schottet sich Marie Antoinette bald vom Rest der Gesellschaft ab und gibt sich ganz dem luxuriösen Nichtstun hin. Obendrein weigert sie sich, mit der Gräfin du Barry, der ordinären, aber offiziellen Mätresse König Ludwigs XV., zu sprechen, was zu einem diplomatischen Konflikt zwischen Frankreich und Österreich zu führen droht. Erst auf die Ermahnungen des österreichischen Gesandten und ihrer Mutter hin richtet sie beiläufig einen belanglosen Satz an die Gräfin, der als gesellschaftliche Anerkennung der Mätresse verstanden werden kann.

Nachdem ihr Bruder Joseph II. in einem persönlichen Gespräch mit Ludwig herausgefunden hat, dass die bisherige eheliche Abstinenz des Dauphins auf pubertärer Schüchternheit und mangelnder sexueller Aufklärung beruht, weiht er ihn endlich in die Vorzüge der körperlichen Liebe ein, sodass Marie-Antoinette doch noch Mutter wird. Sie findet zu einem ruhigeren Leben und sucht Erholung auf ihrem Schloss Petit Trianon, das zu ihrem bevorzugten Aufenthaltsort wird. Im Schlossgarten besitzt sie ein Miniaturdorf, das Hameau, wohin sie sich mit Freunden zurückziehen und die ländliche Idylle genießen kann. Mit dem Tod Ludwigs XV. wird ihr Mann als Ludwig XVI. König von Frankreich und Navarra. Noch zu jung für dieses Amt und von schlechten Ratgebern beeinflusst, lässt er sich darauf ein, die Amerikaner beim Kampf gegen das englische Mutterland finanziell zu unterstützen. Er belastet Frankreich auf diese Weise mit Kosten und Schulden, die nur mühsam durch immer drückendere Steuern gedeckt werden können.

Marie Antoinette ist nun Königin. Auf einem Maskenball begegnet sie dem schwedischen Adeligen und Frauenheld Hans Axel von Fersen und beginnt ein Liebesverhältnis mit ihm. Sie nimmt indessen kaum wahr, dass sie wegen ihres Rückzugs aus der Öffentlichkeit kritisiert wird und ihre Gegner über sie Skandalgeschichten verbreiten. Erst spät bemerkt sie den Widerstand der unteren sozialen Schichten. Die Anfänge der Französischen Revolution machen sich bemerkbar. Man erfährt von der Erstürmung der Bastille. Vor Versailles versammelt sich eine aufgebrachte Menge. Marie Antoinette lehnt es jedoch ab zu fliehen und bleibt bei ihrem Mann. Schließlich müssen die beiden im Morgengrauen mit der Kutsche das Schloss verlassen. Marie Antoinette blickt durch die Fenster der Kutsche in den Park, ihr scheint bewusst, dass dies ein Abschied für immer ist. Das Schlussbild des Films zeigt das vom aufgebrachten Volk verwüstete Schlafzimmer der Königin.

Besetzung und Synchronisation

Entstehungsgeschichte
Marie Antoinette wurde an Schauplätzen in Frankreich gedreht. Zu den Drehorten gehörten das Schloss Vaux-le-Vicomte, das Schloss Versailles und die Domäne der Marie-Antoinette bei dem erst kürzlich wiedereröffneten Petit Trianon, aber auch das Palais Garnier, die Pariser Oper, die rund 100 Jahre nach Marie Antoinettes Zeit erbaut wurde.

Die Rolle Ludwigs XV. war von Coppola angeblich Alain Delon angeboten worden; dieser habe sie jedoch barsch mit dem Argument abgelehnt, eine amerikanische Regisseurin könne keinen Film über die französische Geschichte machen. Die Rolle wurde stattdessen von Rip Torn übernommen.

Die Marie-Antoinette-Biografie des österreichischen Schriftstellers Stefan Zweig wurde von Coppola gelesen, doch nicht als Basis für den Film herangezogen. Coppola begründete dies damit, dass Zweigs Buch zu streng mit Marie Antoinette umgehe. Lieber stütze sie sich auf Fraser, die ein Mädchen zeige, das sich zur falschen Zeit am falschen Ort befinde, obwohl Marie Antoinette selbst von wohlgesinnten Zeitgenossen bisweilen als Intrigantin beschrieben wurde, eine eigene Politik betrieben haben und etwa am Sturz des vielversprechenden Finanzministers Turgot beteiligt war, was ihre Person im Film selbstverständlich in einem völlig anderen Licht hätte erscheinen lassen.

Das Szenenbild gestaltete K. K. Barrett im Rokoko-Stil, der bereits bei Being John Malkovich und bei Coppolas vorherigem Film Lost in Translation als Szenenbildner fungierte. Die Schuhe wurden vom Designer Manolo Blahnik entworfen. Coppola sagte, sie wolle keinen historischen Film im strengen Sinne machen. So sind im Film beispielsweise eine Tüte Chips und Chucks (53:35 min) zu sehen.

Rezeption

Marie Antoinette wurde am 24. Mai 2006 beim Filmfestival in Cannes uraufgeführt, wo er im Wettbewerb lief. Bei der zuvor veranstalteten Pressevorführung am selben Tag traf der Film auf verhaltene Reaktionen, es gab zahlreiche Buhrufe. Erste Pressestimmen sahen ein aufwendiges Kostümdrama, in dem Marie Antoinette wie ein ewig lächelndes Partygirl agiert. Stilmäßig sah man eine Nähe zu Videoclips, wozu auch die Musik beitrug, die zu einem geringen Teil historisch war (Jean-Philippe Rameau, gespielt auf Originalinstrumenten von Les Arts Florissants unter William Christie), hauptsächlich jedoch modern (unter anderem von Air, New Order). Regisseurin Coppola reagierte bei der nachfolgenden Pressekonferenz kurz angebunden, enttäuscht und beleidigt. Die mitwirkenden Schauspieler Kirsten Dunst und Steve Coogan lobten den Film. Ebenfalls bei der Pressekonferenz anwesend waren Jason Schwartzman, Aurore Clément, Marianne Faithfull, der Produzent Ross Katz und die Kostümdesignerin Milena Canonero. Canonero sagte, Coppola habe nicht die aus Filmen oder Gemälden bekannte Rokoko-Welt erstehen lassen wollen, sondern eine moderne Sicht – in Übereinstimmung mit dem Soundtrack – liefern wollen.

Kritiken

Auszeichnungen
Bei den Filmfestspielen von Cannes 2006 lief Marie Antoinette im Wettbewerb, konnte jedoch keinen Preis erringen. Von einer von Frédéric Mitterrand geleiteten Jury aus sechs Lehrern, zwei Kinoexperten und zwei Filmstudenten wurde Marie Antoinette mit dem Nationalen Bildungspreis ausgezeichnet.

Bei der Oscarverleihung 2007 erhielt Milena Canonero für ihre Arbeit an Marie Antoinette den Oscar für das beste Kostümdesign.

Bei den Gotham Awards 2006 war Marie Antoinette als Bester Film nominiert, konnte sich aber nicht gegen Ryan Flecks Half Nelson durchsetzen.

Buchvorlage zum Film
 Antonia Fraser: Marie Antoinette. DVA Sachbuch, München 2006, ISBN 3-421-04267-5.

Weblinks

 Keazor, Henry: " 'I Want Candy' – Sophia Coppolas Film Marie Antoinette". In: Schneider, Marlen und Kern, Ulrike (Hrsg.): Imitatio – Aemulatio – Superatio. Bildpolitiken in transkultureller Perspektive. Thomas Kirchner zum 65. Geburtstag. Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net, 2019.
 Marie Antoinette in Cannes; Informationen, Szenenfotos und Fotos von der Pressekonferenz etc. (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette
Historienfilm
Marie-Antoinette
Sofia Coppola


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Step 1: Add the three egg yolks to the food processor making sure you only add the yolks and not the egg whites.
Step 2: Add a tablespoon of your favorite mustard. Use a regular or dijon mustard of your choosing.
Step 3: Turn on your food processor and slowly add the vegetable oil. In the beginning you want to go slow to allow the oil to emulsify with the egg yolks. If you pour the oil too quickly, it will not solidify. The entire process of dumping the cup of oil in the processor should take 3-4 minutes. As you continue to pour the oil in the processor you will notice towards the end, the mayonnaise will begin to thicken.
Step 4: At this point you should have something that resembles mayonnaise. Turn off the food processor and add a splash of lemon juice, salt and pepper.
Step 5: Give the mayonnaise another quick 3-5 second blast in the food processor and you're done.Once your mayonnaise is complete, you can keep it in your fridge for up to a week.
Professional chefs prefer making their own mayonnaise because it has a rich flavor. Once you taste homemade mayonnaise you'll understand why it's worth the effort. Follow the instructions carefully. The biggest problem people have when they make homemade mayonnaise is the adding of the oil. Make sure your food processor is clean and do not add your seasoning until you've emulsified the oil with the egg yolks.
Serve your mayonnaise at your next party and be prepared for compliments. Like everything in the food world, homemade is always best.


text:
Q: How to transfer parameters to the next page,html, javascript, my one page  https://www.xxxx.com/mypage.html
<form id="form1"  method="post" action="">
    <input type="text" id="email" value="myemail@gmail.com" />
    <input type="submit" id="button" value="Submit" />
</form>

I want to click Submit. This page directe to  https://www.bing.com
This value myemail@gmail.com,
Display in the bing search box. How to do.
bing search box  id="sb_form_q"

A: You have to redirect to https://www.bing.com/search?q=myemail@gmail.com
You can't pass data directly to other page if owner doesn't allow it. It would be an XSS vulnerability otherwise.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Creation's Boston Convention: Day Two Recap
Adam Malin
June 10, 2013 5:16 AM EDT
Fans assembled en masse for day two of Creation Entertainment's Official Star Trek Convention at the Hynes Convention Center in Boston, Massachusetts, only to be greeted by a blackout that struck half of Boston that morning. Power was restored by about 10 a.m. and attendees were then ushered into the facility in an orderly manner. The Creation team seemed to function with grace under pressure and in no time at all the event was back on track.
The theater (the huge Veterans Auditorium) program commenced with an energetic opening from Creation co- CEO Adam Malin, who wasted no time chatting with the audience about the latest trends in sci-fi TV and film, as well as raving about the new Trek film (consensus is unanimous, it's a great film).
Then he brought out the first guests of the day, Deep Space Nine's star-crossed lovers Odo and Kira, Rene Auberjonois and Nana Visitor. Rene look trim and handsome, Nana lithe and beautiful. They celebrated the love affair of Odo and Kira (Nana noted that it must be a pure love when a woman loves a man in a bucket). Rene admitted it was a bit awkward kissing Nana because they were such good friends, especially with both of them wearing various degrees of latex prosthetics! Rene confessed the makeup process was an anxiety-causing procedure. The prosthetic didn't have any nostrils originally (and it was suffocating and terrifying to wear), so the solution was to cut a small incision in the mask under the nose. Between shoots Rene would use his wedding ring to prop up the prosthetic, and then when it was time to shoot he would remove the ring and the mask would look seamless.
The next guests were the team of LeVar Burton and Marina Sirtis, on hand to help celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Next Generation. Both looked fit and happy. They admitted to having some problems with the new J.J. Abrams film. LeVar discussed his current recurring role on Perception, a cable show. Both of them have been involved in voiceover work and enjoy it. Marina is happy to now have a recurring role on NCIS as chief of the Israeli Mossad. She has an aversion as well to prosthetics, which have damaged her face and skin and left scars. She also claims the male members of the cast remember episodes based on the female special guest actresses. For example, Marina said, they guys all drooled over Famke Janssen. Marina also revealed she auditioned three times for Tasha and three time for Troi. Understanding the kind of character Troi would be, Marina had to eliminate her own personality from the character because they are so different. LeVar revealed the continuing digital rollout of Reading Rainbow, now on tablets, smart phones, book readers and computers.
Next up, Adam Malin delivered a brief but enjoyable segment in which he reminisced about beloved Trek fixtures of the TOS era: Gene and Majel Roddenberry, DeForest Kelley and James Doohan. He recalled the 25th anniversary of TOS presented by Creation Entertainment at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles in 1991, an event complete with bomb threats against Gene and Bill Shatner. Despite the drama, the event went off beautifully. At one point Shatner outstayed his welcome on stage as the rest of the TOS looked on from the rafters. Seizing the moment, De Kelley ran on stage with a giant hook to pull Shatner off!
The next segment on stage was part two of Richard Arnold's salute to the 20th anniversary of DS9. This wonderful behind-the-scenes slideshow featured rare production stills on the making of the series. Following that was the last No Minimum Bid Auction of the weekend, which featured more rare collectibles, banners and other paraphernalia for Trek and sci-fi fans.
And then it was time for the amazing William Shatner, Capt. James T. Kirk himself. Shatner, looking healthy and relaxed and amazingly youthful, launched into a tirade about the trials of breeding his Doberman pinschers. He faced tornadoes, cross country travel, giant dog poops and cryogenically preserved dog semen in his quest to continue his dog's lineage. When asked the next move to Spock's challenge in Classic Trek's legendary 3D chess, he said he couldn't remember and didn't care! On acting: he loves performing. He had especially loving remarks for his lifetime friend Leonard Nimoy, a Bostonian.
The next featured guest was Denise Crosby, TNG's Tasha Yar. She is proud to have been Grand Marshal of the Boston Pride Parade. She also was pleased to portray the Head of Security during the first season, but felt the character didn't grow and the writers weren't really advancing he character. Denise especially enjoyed playing Sela and being involved in the "Yesterday's Enterprise" story line. And she has had paranormal experiences in her own home, like lights spontaneously coming on or turning off.
The final celebrity of the weekend was the First Lady of the galaxy, Nichelle Nichols, looking lovely and receiving a standing ovation. Host Adam Malin provided a thoughtful interview/dialogue with Nichelle, and they touched on her illustrious career on stage, TV and screen, as well as her advocacy for the NASA Space Program. Nichelle helped to draft astronaut Sally Ride. She is always a class act.
And as quickly as it started, the weekend was over and Creation bade a fond farewell to the warm and enthusiastic audience. Boston truly had gone where no one had gone before.
Click HERE to read our recap of Day One's events.
Roddenberry


AN ARMY of Asian hornets which could wipe out our native bee population is heading to the UK right now.
Experts have urged people to check their sheds, garages and porches for "start-up" nests as victims can be left in a tremendous pain if stung.
One study recalled a victim feeling as though a "hot nail was being driven into [their] leg" after being stung by the invasive insect.
So far, primary nests have been found across Jersey, the Channel Islands and one site in Greater Manchester.
Just one Asian hornet can eat up to 50 bees a day, leaving a devastating impact on honey production.
A colony first appeared on the Channel Islands last July, fuelling fears for the UK's native bee population after another was spotted in Devon.
Jonny de Carteret, vice-president of the Jersey Beekeepers' Association said: "It is a critical time in the battle against this invasive species - I am a man on mission to get people looking for these nests."
Working with the Environment Department, Mr Carteret said each hornet queen could produce thousands of other insects which could produce more of the species themselves.
He added: "Long term, if they get established, there will be a problem with the pollination of crops.
"That is a wider issue that people don't seem to be aware of. The hornets feed off pollination species up to dragonfly-size."
Mr Carteret expects many more nests have been made across the Island.
Asian hornets - the Latin name is Vespa velutina - have spread rapidly throughout France since arriving in Europe in a shipment of pot plants from China in 2004.


text:
Veteran comes to aid of injured motorcyclist on Veteran's Day
LOS ANGELES -- A veteran re-proved his hero status on Veteran's Day when he saved a motorcyclist who was hit by a car in front of his home.
The accident was all captured on home security video: A car making a left turn collided with a motorcyclist, sending him cartwheeling through the air and causing his shoes to fly off. He landed smack dab in front of George Ramirez's home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of North Hills.
"I saw him literally right there in the driveway," Ramirez told KCAL.
Video shows Ramirez, a veteran, running down his driveway to help the 20-year-old motorcyclist, using skills he learned in the service.
"I didn't even realize to be honest that that's what the day was at the moment," Ramirez said. "For some strange reason, the young man was delivered literally to my door step. I could not ignore that. I had to help him as I would anyone else."
The driver who caused the accident did stop and get out of his car to check on the young man, who survived.
"The distance that he was involved, so thankful that he was wearing a helmet, a full-faced helmet and good leather jacket. And I'm certain without that helmet he wouldn't have had a chance," Ramirez said.
californiaheroveterans daymotorcycle accidentu.s. & worldveteran


text:
Q: How to define a shell script to be sourced not run I am defining a shell script which a user should source rather than execute.
Is there a conventional or intelligent way to hint to the user that this is the case, for instance via a file extension?
Is there shell code I can write in the file itself, which will cause it to echo a message and quit if it is executed instead of sourced, so that I can help the user avoid this obvious mistake?

A: When you source a shell script, the shebang line is ignored. By putting in an invalid shebang, you can alert the user that the script was erroneously executed:
#!/bin/bash source-this-script
# ...

The error message will be this:
/bin/bash: source-this-script: No such file or directory

The (arbitrary) argument name already provides a strong hint, but the error message still isn't 100% clear. We can fix this with a utility script source-this-script that is placed somewhere in your PATH:
#!/bin/sh
echo >&2 "This script must be sourced, not executed${1:+: }${1:-!}"
exit 1

Now, the error message will be this:
This script must be sourced, not executed: path/to/script.sh

Comparison to other approaches
Compared to the other answers, this approach only requires minimal changes to each script (and having a shebang line helps with file type detection in editors and specifies the shell script dialect, so there are even benefits). The downside is a somewhat unclear error message, or the (one-time) addition of another shell script.
It does not prevent explicit invocation via bash path/to/script.sh, though (thanks @muru!).

A: Assuming it is just useless, rather than harmful, to execute the script, you can add
return 0 || printf 'Must be sourced, not executed\n' >&2

to the end of the script. return outside of a function has a non-zero exit code unless the file is being sourced.

A: Assuming that you are running bash, put the following code near the start of the script that you want to be sourced but not executed:
if [ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" -ef "$0" ]
then
    echo "Hey, you should source this script, not execute it!"
    exit 1
fi

Under bash, ${BASH_SOURCE[0]} will contain the name of the current file that the shell is reading regardless of whether it is being sourced or executed.
By contrast, $0 is the name of the current file being executed.
-ef tests if these two files are the same file.  If they are, we alert the user and exit.
Neither -ef nor BASH_SOURCE are POSIX. While -ef is supported by ksh, yash, zsh and Dash, BASH_SOURCE requires bash.  In zsh, however, ${BASH_SOURCE[0]} could be replaced by ${(%):-%N}.

A: A non-executable file can be sourced but not executed, so, as a first line of defense, not setting the executable flag should be a good  hint...
Edit: trick I just stumbled on: make the shebang be any executable that isn't a shell interpreter, /bin/false makes the script return an error (rc!=0)
#!/bin/false "This script should be sourced in a shell, not executed directly"

A: There are several methods suggested in this Stack Overflow post, of which, I liked the function-based one suggested by Wirawan Purwanto and mr.spuratic best:

The most robust way, as suggested by Wirawan Purwanto, is to check
  FUNCNAME[1] within a function:
function mycheck() { declare -p FUNCNAME; }
mycheck

Then:
$ bash sourcetest.sh
declare -a FUNCNAME='([0]="mycheck" [1]="main")'
$ . sourcetest.sh
declare -a FUNCNAME='([0]="mycheck" [1]="source")'

This is the equivalent to checking the output of caller, the values
  main and source distinguish the caller's context. Using
  FUNCNAME[] saves you capturing and parsing caller output. You need
  to know or calculate your local call depth to be correct though. Cases
  like a script being sourced from within another function or script
  will cause the array (stack) to be deeper. (FUNCNAME is a special
  bash array variable, it should have contiguous indexes corresponding
  to the call stack, as long as it is never unset.)

So you can add to the start of the script:
function check()
{
    if [[ ${FUNCNAME[-1]} != "source" ]]   # bash 4.2+, use ${FUNCNAME[@]: -1} for older
    then
        printf "Usage: source %s\n" "$0"
        exit 1
    fi
}
check

A: Here are 4 techniques I've compiled. You can programmatically decide what to do if the script is being executed versus sourced.
From check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh in my eRCaGuy_hello_world repo:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

main() {
    echo "Running main function."

    # put your code here

    echo -e "\nTOTAL TIME TO RUN main func:"
}

# Set the global variable `run` to "true" if the script is being executed and `main` should run, and
# set `run` to "false" otherwise--ex: if the script is being sourced in order to import functions
# from the script, but `main` should NOT run.
run_check() {
    # DEMONSTRATE A FEW DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

    echo "Technique 1 (can be placed anywhere):"
    echo "  See: https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/424495/114401"
    if [ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" -ef "$0" ]; then
        echo "  This script is being EXECUTED."
        run="true"
    else
        echo "  This script is being SOURCED."
    fi

    echo "Technique 2 [MY 2ND FAVORITE] (can be placed anywhere):"
    echo "  Modified from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/29967433/4561887"
    if [ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "$0" ]; then
        echo "  This script is being EXECUTED."
        run="true"
    else
        echo "  This script is being SOURCED."
    fi

    echo "Technique 3 (requires another line which MUST be **outside** all functions):"
    echo "  Modified from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/28776166/4561887"
    if [ "$script_is_being_executed" == "true" ]; then
        echo "  This script is being EXECUTED."
        run="true"
    else
        echo "  This script is being SOURCED."
    fi

    echo "Technique 4 [MY 1ST FAVORITE] (MUST be **inside** a function):"
    echo "  Modified from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/14706745/4561887"
    echo "  and https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/424552/114401"
    if [ "${FUNCNAME[-1]}" == "main" ]; then
        echo "  This script is being EXECUTED."
        run="true"
    elif [ "${FUNCNAME[-1]}" == "source" ]; then
        echo "  This script is being SOURCED."
    else
        echo "  ERROR: THIS TECHNIQUE IS BROKEN"
    fi

}

# ==================================================================================================
# Main program entry point
# ==================================================================================================

# Only run main function if this file is being executed, NOT sourced.

# For Technique 3. This `return` statement MUST be called at a top-level scope, outside of all
# functions, in order to work! See their detailed explanation here for how it works:
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/28776166/4561887
(return 0 2>/dev/null) && script_is_being_executed="false" || script_is_being_executed="true"

run="false"
run_check
if [ "$run" == "true" ]; then
    time main "$@"
fi

Test run commands:
# 1. Execute the script in 2 ways:
#   A. As an executable script
./bash/check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh
#   B. By calling the bash interpreter
bash ./bash/check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh

# 2. Source the script in 2 ways:
#   A. Bash source call
source ./bash/check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh
#   B. (Recommended) POSIX-compliant source call
. ./bash/check_if_sourced_or_executed.sh

See also where I described the 4 techniques on Stack Overflow here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2683279/how-to-detect-if-a-script-is-being-sourced/70662049#70662049


text:
Country/Region & Language USA
MPC® Maximum Prostate Care - Single Bottle (30 Servings)
by: Market America
Over the years, a variety of nutraceuticals have been used to support prostate health. The use of herbs to promote prostate well being is increasingly popular in Europe with several successful clinical trials. The key to selecting a natural alternative to prostate care is to look for herbs and nutrients that work in concert together like saw palmetto, reishi, zinc and selenium. MPC Maximum Prostate Care combines nine potent herbs and two select nutrients that work synergistically to promote optimal prostate health. Each of these ingredients on their own, while valuable to your overall health, would not have a significant effect on your prostate. They need to be carefully selected and in just the right quantity to work collectively to benefit the prostate.*In addition to having a significant effect on overall prostate health, studies have shown that selenium, one of the essential minerals in MPC Maximum Prostate Care, promotes overall prostate health. Other potent herbs and nutrients in MPC help to maintain blood pressure, promote healthy cholesterol levels, maintain healthy sperm count, support male libido, support a healthy immune system and promote healthy prostate cells. Market America has taken the time in creating MPC Maximum Prostate Care to ensure that the selected herbs and nutrients will maximize the health of the prostate and effectively optimize overall health.*Related terms: MPC® Maximum Prostate Care, prostate health, prostate, male libido, prostate cells, saw palmetto, zinc, pygeum, healthy prostate
This product qualifies for free or reduced cost shipping.
Prime Vision Eye Health Formula - Single Bottle (30 Servings)
Isotonix® Magnesium - Single Bottle (45 servings)
Helps maintain proper urinary function
Helps support cardiovascular health
Promotes a healthy prostate
Promotes healthy cell function
Supports male libido
Product Classifications
Gluten-Free - the finished product contains no detectable gluten (<10ppm gluten)
Vegetarian - MPC Maximum Prostate Care is a vegetarian product
Why Choose MPC Maximum Prostate Care?
Over the years, a variety of nutraceuticals have been used to support prostate health. The use of herbs to promote prostate well being is increasingly popular in Europe with several successful clinical trials. The key to selecting a natural alternative to prostate care is to look for herbs and nutrients that work in concert together like saw palmetto, reishi, zinc and selenium. MPC Maximum Prostate Care combines nine potent herbs and two select nutrients that work synergistically to promote optimal prostate health. Each of these ingredients on their own, while valuable to your overall health, would not have a significant effect on your prostate. They need to be carefully selected and in just the right quantity to work collectively to benefit the prostate.*
In addition to having a significant effect on overall prostate health, studies have shown that selenium, one of the essential minerals in MPC Maximum Prostate Care, promotes overall prostate health. Other potent herbs and nutrients in MPC help to maintain blood pressure, promote healthy cholesterol levels, maintain healthy sperm count, support male libido, support a healthy immune system and promote healthy prostate cells. Market America has taken the time in creating MPC Maximum Prostate Care to ensure that the selected herbs and nutrients will maximize the health of the prostate and effectively optimize overall health.*
Related terms: MPC® Maximum Prostate Care, prostate health, prostate, male libido, prostate cells, saw palmetto, zinc, pygeum, healthy prostate
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum Karst), known as ling-zhi in China, is a variety of mushroom that grows almost exclusively on old plum trees and has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Reishi is rich in polysaccharide compounds, which are thought to help support the immune system. Taken orally, it is used for promoting cardiovascular health, promoting healthy cell function and supporting a healthy immune system.
Baikai Skullcap
Baikai Skullcap is also called Scullcap/Skullcap and is a member of the mint family. There are more than 100 related species of scullcap throughout North America, Europe and China. When taken orally, it can help promote relaxation and help maintain healthy blood pressure.
Dyer's Woad
Dyer's woad (Isatis indigotica Fort), is a Chinese herb that promotes a healthy immune system.
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) is the fruit of a small palm shrub native to the southeastern United States and was used by Native Americans to treat urinary tract illnesses. Its health-related properties are found in the oily compounds of its berries. It has been shown in recent studies to have a strong anti-estrogenic effect. It promotes the normal absorption of the male hormones, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, into the prostate tissue.
San-Qui Ginseng
San-qui ginseng (Panax noyoginseng) is a variety of ginseng used in Chinese medicine to stem bleeding. It has a homeostatic or balancing effect on the body. Studies detail the herb's ability to promote normal blood coagulation time, support normal coronary blood flow and promote normal oxygen use by cardiac muscles, support the immune system and promote cellular health. Some evidence suggests that San-Qui Ginseng may promote healthy blood flow and normal blood pressure. It may also promote healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel), has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine to treat head discomfort, dizziness and vision. For health purposes the dried flower is used which contains bornol (an essential oil), chrysantheonon, and camphor. It is effective in helping to maintain a normal size prostate.
Pygeum (Pygeum africanum), is a tall African evergreen tree found in the central and southern mountains of Africa whose bark has been used for centuries to help maintain proper urinary function. It has three known compounds, Beta-sitosterol , Pentacyclic terpenes , and ferulic esters that promote a normal prostate.
Rhabdosia
Rhabdosia (Rhabdosia rubescens hara), is a Chinese herb used for centuries to promote healthy cell function. It contains the diterpeniods: ponicidon and oridonin, which may have an effect in promoting healthy prostate cells. Oridonin has shown to have apoptosis-inducing effects on cells.
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch), is a flavorful root that is a staple in Chinese herbal remedies used to support respiration and digestion. This potent herb is native to Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean and has been used in ancient medicine for a variety of conditions and ailments. Additionally it has been shown support the immune system's T-Cells. Studies have revealed that the herb is a phytoestostrogen.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral with known antioxidant properties, when incorporated into an enzyme. The best dietary sources of selenium are from nuts, unprocessed grains and seafood. Selenium has been shown to support prostate health due to its free radical scavenging properties, DNA single-strand breaks, and p53 caspace-dependent and independent apoptosis. It has been shown to help maintain normal cell proliferation and support the immune response.
Zinc is an important trace mineral found in every cell of the body. The best dietary sources of zinc are from seafood, meats, fish, poultry and eggs. It has been shown to promote digestive health and support healthy sperm quality. Zinc plays a part in testosterone physiology and the prostate has higher concentrations of the mineral than any other tissue. Zinc accumulation supports healthy prostate cells by promoting apoptosis. Studies have shown that adequate zinc levels in the body strongly correlate with a healthy prostate.
What are the key ingredients of MPC Maximum Prostate Care?
Reishi, Baikai Skullcap, Dyer's Wood, Saw Palmetto, San-Qui Ginseng, Chrysanthemum, Pygeum, Rhabdosia, Licorice, Selenium, Zinc, which have all been shown to be effective in promoting a healthy prostate.*
BPH is benign prostatic hypertrophy, which is a slow, progressive, enlargement of the prostate that obstructs the urethra. Symptoms include frequent urination and difficulty with urination (hesitancy, decreased flow, intermittent stream and caliber of urinary stream.
Is MPC Maximum Prostate Care for men only?
Yes. While the ingredients in MPC are beneficial to everyone, MPC is especially designed for a man's body, particularly with maintaining a healthy prostate gland. Each herb and nutrient in MPC are helpful to a variety of health issues that may effect men and women, however, MPC was created for each of these ingredients to work synergistically to promote a healthy prostate.*
How many men are affected by an enlarged prostate?
In the United States, forty percent of the male population over the age of 40 suffers from an enlarged prostate gland. It is estimated that 50 percent of American men over the age of 40 are afflicted with an enlarged prostate gland. The figure nearly doubles to 80 percent for men who are over the age of 80.
I was just diagnosed with prostate cancer. Can I take MPC Maximum Prostate Care?
MPC is made of all natural herbs and select nutrients, designed specifically to support a healthy prostate. Because of the myriad of treatments associated with prostate cancer, you should consult your physician before taking MPC Maximum Prostate Care. MPC Maximum Prostate Care can be used to help maintain a healthy prostate. You should be sure to consult with your doctor to make sure that none of the ingredients will interfere with any medications.
Is taking MPC Maximum Prostate Care all I need to do to maintain a healthy prostate?
No. Dietary supplements, or even medications, alone are not the only way to promote a healthy prostate. A sensible diet, regular exercise, as well as avoiding cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, are elements of a healthy lifestyle that can contribute to healthy prostate maintenance.
I think I might have an enlarged prostate, what should I do? You should see your doctor if any of the following symptoms appear: weak or interrupted flow of urine, frequent urination, (especially at night) difficulty with urination, pain or burning urination, blood in the urine, or a nagging pain in the back, hips or pelvis. These could all be signs of an enlarged prostate or the onset of prostate cancer and you should see your doctor immediately.
Does MPC Maximum Prostate Care support male libido?
Saw Palmetto has been shown to promote male libido. While MPC is not specifically designed as a performance and libido supplement, the presence of saw palmetto may be able to support male libido. If you are interested in promoting sexual health, you may want to consider Prime™ Time Performance Formula for Men.*
How does MPC Maximum Prostate Care work?
MPC Maximum Prostate Care is composed of nine potent herbs and two select nutrients that when combined work together synergistically to promote a healthy prostate. Each ingredient alone is beneficial to promoting overall well being, but in order to promote the health of the prostate, they must be taken together in the right quantities.*
Is MPC only for older men?
No. MPC Maximum Prostate Care is designed for men of all ages. While poor prostate health is rare in younger men, young men should be concerned with proper prostate care. The ingredients in MPC would be beneficial for all men. Men should take care of their prostate when they are younger to help maintain prostate health in the future.
Are there any contraindications or warning for MPC Maximum Prostate Care?
Yes. For adult male use only. Seek advice from a physician prior to use if you suffer from a chronic condition or if you are taking medication.
How do I take MPC Maximum Prostate Care?
As a dietary supplement, take two tablets daily with plenty of water; best when taken 30 minutes before the morning meal.
Adams, L, et al. Analysis of the interactions of botanical extract combinations against the viability of prostate cancer cell lines. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 3(1): 117-124, 2006.
Al-Shukri, S., et al. Early urodynamic effects of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(R)) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 3(3): 195-199, 2000.
Bonham, M., et al. Characterization of chemical constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis with antiandrogenic and growth-inhibitory activities toward prostate carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 11(10): 3905-3914, 2005.
Breza, J., et al. Efficacy and accep
Chan, F., et al. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by a flavonoid, baicalin. Cancer Letters. 160(2): 219-228, 2000.
Chan, P., et al. Protective effects of trilinolein extracted from Panax notoginseng against cardiovascular disease. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 23(12): 1157-1162, 2002.
Chatelain, C., et al. Comparison of once and twice daily dosage forms of Pygeum africanum extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind study, with long-term open label extension. Urology. 54(3): 473-478, 1999. Chatelain, C., et al. Comparison of once and twice daily dosage forms of Pygeum africanum extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind study, with long-term open label extension. Urology. 54(3): 473-478, 1999.
Chen, S. In vitro mechanism of PC SPES. Urology. 58(2 Suppl 1): 28-35, 2001.
Chen, S., et al. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng protected rabbit iliac artery against balloon endothelial denudation injury. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 25(9): 1151-1156, 2004.
Choi, Y., et al. In vitro and in vivo experimental effect of Korean red ginseng on erection. Journal of Urology. 162(4): 1508-1511, 1999.
Costello, L. and Franklin, R. Novel role of zinc in the regulation of prostate citrate metabolism and its implications in prostate cancer. Prostate. 35(4): 285-296, 1998.
Dardenne, M. Zinc and the immune system. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (Suppl 3): S20-S23, 2002.
Fair, W., et al. Cancer of the prostate: a nutritional disease? Urology. 50(6): 840-848, 1997.
Friedl, R., et al. Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264.7 cells. British Journal of Pharmacology. 134(8): 1663-1670, 2001.
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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This product(s) is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Displaying reviews 1 - 5 of 16
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It works. Friends keep reordering . Thanks.
This stuff works. BUY IT!
by BRUCER
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Bruce R
Prostate cancer runs in my family. I don't believe in taking chances! This product has allowed me to sleep all night without frequenting the bathroom 2-6 times. I will never go without this product. And it is reasonably priced. I just referred a friend to it and he can't stop thanking me, he is now sleeping all night also with no bathroom visits!
It does work
My father had some prostate issues, this product made all the difference. After being on the supplement for a few months, he noticed the difference, now he no longer has any problem going to bathroom, and he takes the product on a regular basis to help maintain healthy prostate. At his age, 80+, his prostate is in good shape.
by yingyingl
MPC® Maximum Prostate Care Label
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text:
Lennon Stella performs her "Fortress" and "La Di Da" singles during her Vevo DSCVR session
Lennon Stella is a singer-songwriter and actress from Nashville, Tennessee. Not too long ago, she performed her "Fortress" and "La Di Da" singles during her Vevo DSCVR session.
Lennon Stella – "Fortress"
"You don't get in my brain. You don't fill up the spaces. I don't whisper your name now that I've built a fortress. I'll never be the same so I'm cutting my losses. I'm not letting you in now that I've built a fortress. When you call I ignore it. I built a fortress." – lyrics
Vevo DSCVR is an annual series which highlights artists who are shaping the future of music. One of these artists is Lennon Stella, whose career is nothing short of impressive.
She's fresh off a six-season acting stint on ABC's (and later CMT's) hit show "Nashville". Also, she recently signed with Columbia Records to pursue her musical career.
Not too long ago, she released her first single, entitled, "Like Everybody Else". Shortly afterward, the bubbly tune rose to #1 on the US and Canada Spotify Viral Charts, which lead to a feature on a Jonas Blue song with Liam Payne.
Check out Lennon Stella's live video performance of her "La Di Da" single to further understand why Vevo included her in their DSCVR program.
Lennon Stella – "La Di Da"
"Some things don't sit right. This close to midnight you're someone else in this light. Stand in the kitchen, attempting to fix this. So I try to listen to you, but you're gonna say something you don't mean." – lyrics
This past November Stella released her debut EP, entitled, "Love, me", featuring the singles "Fortress" and "La Di Da".
Get acquainted with the bubbly project by streaming it via Spotify and make sure to support Lennon Stella on her upcoming US tour this Spring.
"Love, me"
⇒ Buy tickets to see Lennon Stella perform ⇐
We recommend adding Lennon Stella's "Fortress" and "La Di Da" singles to your personal playlist. Also, let us know how you feel about it in the comment section below.
Contact us on social media via Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, or Facebook, and let us know what you think. Also, check out our Dope Music Video Showcase and vote for the dopest music video. Expect to watch exciting videos that are showcasing music in the popular genres of hip-hop, R&B, Soul, Jazz, Pop, Rock, Alternative, Electronic, etc. Also, don't forget to subscribe, support our merchandise, and become a patron of Bong Mines.
Lennon StellaVevo DSCVR
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Next Livia Blanc releases a lovely Valentine's Day ballad, entitled, "I Belong to You"
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