text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{s:Intro}

Various classes of physics experiments require reliable simulations of radioactive sources. Obvious examples include individual radiation detectors, but less obvious examples are low-background experiments such as are used to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay or WIMP Dark Matter. The radioactive sources are predominantly either natural background radiation that may obscure any potential signal, or calibration sources used to experimentally determine detector performance. Given the ultra-sensitive nature of current and next-generation experiments, previous understanding of detector response to bulk material radioactivity and calibration sources is usually not sufficient to meet stated scientific goals. Simulations of these detectors therefore require event generators that are highly accurate in temporal and spatial extent.

Various Monte Carlo programs are available to calculate the effects of radioactive decays in a detector setup. These programs include GEANT4~\cite{Agostinelli2003}, MCNP~\cite{Briesmeister1997}, FLUKA~\cite{Fasso2005}, or perhaps other programs written by smaller groups or individuals. Often, the radioactive decays in question derive from the decay of a single isotope to a stable nucleus, such as in the cases of \iso{137}{Cs}, \iso{60}{Co}, and \iso{40}{K}. In other cases, however, a chain of decays may occur before a stable nucleus is reached, as in the cases of \iso{238}{U}, \iso{232}{Th}, various isotopes of radon, and so on. Within these decay chains, temporal and spatial correlations are often relevant. One reason is to determine the effects of detector dead time on the acquired signal. Another reason is to interpret multiple events within any given time frame and energy range as being correlated via a single decay chain, and therefore not contributing to the signal rate.

In running Monte Carlo simulations, whether for natural backgrounds or calibration purposes, the age of the source needs to be taken into account. If the source is young and the chain has not reached secular equilibrium, the late decays will have less activity than if the chain is in secular equilibrium. In the case of background environmental radiation, the decay chains are often taken to be in secular equilibrium, and the effective source age can be on the order of millions of years. In the case of manufactured sources, the age will usually be much shorter, e.g. up to 20 years or so in the case of \iso{228}{Th}.

One simple and straightforward method to account for source age is to simulate many decays, starting with the top-most isotope, and record the time of each decay in the chain. Meanwhile, the time of each subsequent top-most decay is determined using that isotope's activity. In the analysis step, a cut can be made rejecting all events before the source age. If this approach is used, the number of decays required to achieve secular equilibrium can be very large. For example, the longest-lived descendant of \iso{238}{U} is \iso{234}{U}, with a half-life of 245.5 thousand years. Secular equilibrium is obtain after approximately 10 half-lives of the longest-lived daughter, which in this example means 2.5 million years of simulated events. If the decay activity were taken to be a mere 1 mBq, this approach still requires on the order of $10^{13}$ decays to process---an untenably large number of decays, even by modern computer standards.

It may be possible to solve this issue by incorporating an analysis of detector response time, although there are a couple disadvantages to this approach. One is that any event generator created in this manner would be applicable only for that specific kind of detector. Another is that the total source activity must also be taken into account; when simulating low-background events, the event generators may incorporate one detector response time, while simulating calibration events may require a different detector response time. The event generator would become even more specialized, and lose its general applicability.

A second difficulty comes in post-processing the data to put it in chronological order. Continuing the above example of a \iso{238}{U} source, the decay of one isotope in a source is not necessarily directly followed in time by the decay of its own daughter. Rather, the next decay might derive from a different \iso{238}{U} nucleus. For this reason, there may be effects of detector pileup or dead time that cannot be taken into account in the simulation by simply following the time structure of decay from a single parent to its eventual stable descendant. To solve this problem, the data can be post-processed so that all decays are placed in chronological order, regardless of their individual ancestor isotopes. A single simulation run can involve billions of energy depositions, and the computer resources necessary to sort these events may be substantial.

Accurate temporal correlations are, of course, not {\it always} the top priority in a detector simulation. Historically, the background levels of various materials have not always been known, and the simulation data rate simply ends up being scaled to the experimental data to infer the physical source rates. In such situations, the time of the events is usually not incorporated into the analysis. Once the absolute levels of radioactivity are known, however, more accurate simulations can be run with the correct inter-event timing.

In this paper, we present an algorithm to obtain time-ordered events from a decay chain with an arbitrary source age, while preserving temporal and spatial correlations. Our approach incorporates data structures to minimize the time required for both random search of the accumulated history of many decays, as well as insertion and deletion operations. We also present methods to reduce the recorded decay history data, minimizing computer memory usage. We evaluate our results using the \iso{232}{Th} and \iso{228}{Th} decay chains. We also benchmark the time and memory usage for various starting activities and total number of desired decays in the data set.

\section{Combining stochastic and deterministic methods for decay chain generation}
\label{s:Combination}

A purely stochastic approach to decay chain generation is intuitively compatible with Monte Carlo simulations, and its results have a high degree of reliability. In such an approach, a top-most nucleus, e.g., \iso{238}{U} for the \iso{238}{U} chain, decays, followed by a daughter. The daughter decays after a time randomly sampled from the appropriate exponential time distribution with the well-known form

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:expdist}
\mbox{Probability} \sim e^{-t\,ln(2) / T_{1/2}}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $T_{1/2}$ is the half life of the parent. The daughter itself then decays, with the time until the next decay determined by the next daughter's half life, and so on until a stable nucleus is reached. The time between top-most decays is sampled from the distribution $e^{-t r}$, where $r$ is the activity of decays of the top-most radionuclide. This approach, while conceptually simple, often cannot be implemented because of the concerns regarding age of the source and computing requirements discussed in the previous section.

A second, more subtle problem with the purely stochastic approach is the limitations of standard data types. The double floating point type, for example, only has 16 decimal digits of accuracy. Over the course of the 2.5 million years it takes to obtain equilibrium in a \iso{238}{U} decay chain, a double floating type can maintain accuracy only to approximately 10 ms. Yet the shortest-lived daughter in the chain, \iso{214}{Po}, has a half-life of 164.3 $\mu$s. In a purely stochastic implementation, a \iso{214}{Po} decay would occur simultaneously with its parent, \iso{214}{Bi}, even though temporal separation of hundreds of microseconds is well within the capabilities of many physical detectors today. While this discrepancy between simulation and experiment may seem trivial, resolving the issue would alleviate any concerns over this artificial pileup of events.

It may be enticing to use a deterministic approach to calculate the decays from a chain. The equations involved have long been solved by H. Bateman~\cite{Bateman1910}. Unfortunately, a purely analytic approach is incompatible with a Monte Carlo simulation of radioactivity, as the individual decays lose their spatial correlations. Consider the case of a \iso{212}{Bi} nucleus decaying into a \iso{212}{Po} nucleus. Because \iso{212}{Po} has a half life of 300 ns, its own decay will be tightly correlated to the position of the \iso{212}{Bi}, and thus information from each decay must be passed along to progeny nuclei. This information is lost in the purely deterministic approach.

We have therefore combined the two approaches in the current treatment. We employ Bateman's equations to calculate populations of all isotopes in the decay chain at any given source age. With those populations known, we proceed using a stochastic approach. In this way, we avoid the severe computational overhead while preserving the spatial correlations within a decay chain.

\subsection{The algorithm}
\label{ss:Basics}

The inputs to the algorithm for any given decay chain, apart from defining the chain itself, are the starting activity of the top-most isotope, the age of the source, and the number of events desired in the resulting decay record. Using these inputs makes direct comparison to known sources more straightforward, as commercial radioactive sources have an activity and manufacturing time stamp. In the case of environmental radiation, such as background \iso{238}{U} or \iso{232}{Th}, the steady-state activity is usually measured {\it in situ}, and the age of the source then set to 10 times the half life of the longest-lived daughter nucleus to reach secular equilibrium.

The first step in the process is to calculate the starting populations of all isotopes in the chain using the Bateman equations. In our own implementation, we used the Moral and Pacheco approach to the Bateman equations~\cite{Moral2003}. Following Moral and Pacheco's recommendation, we used {\it Mathematica}~\cite{Mathematica8} to solve the equations, and entered the solutions into our decay generator computer code. We assumed, as in~\cite{Moral2003}, that the population of the chain before source aging was entirely in the top-most isotope.

Because the population equations are analytic, it is possible to obtain a fractional population. To limit calculations performed on unphysical numbers, if the population ever fell below 0.5 in our treatment, we adjusted the population to identically 0. Once the populations were determined, the starting activity of the $i^{th}$ isotope, $r_i$, was calculated using the equation

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:activity}
r_i = -\frac{ln(2)}{T_{1/2}} N_i
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $N_i$ is the population of the $i^{th}$ isotope at any given time.

Within the current algorithm, we distinguished between decays from the primary population, i.e., the population after source aging, and decays from the subsequent chains. Additionally, we distinguished and tracked the time of primary decays (``primary time'') and the time of chain decays (``chain time''). The algorithm is as follows:

\begin{enumerate}
\setlength{\itemsep}{1pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}
\item For the calculated surviving primary populations, determine rates for each isotope using Eq.~\eqref{eq:activity}
\item Increment the primary time based on an exponential random sampling, using the total surviving primary decay activity in Eq.~\eqref{eq:expdist}
\item Randomly select the next primary decay isotope, weighted by the activities of the surviving primary populations
\item Reduce the primary population of that isotope by 1
\item Set the chain time to the primary time
\item Generate a location for the new primary decay
\item Add the decay to the record history, including isotope, position, and time
\item If the isotope has a radioactive daughter, increment the chain time by a random number distributed according to Eq.~\eqref{eq:expdist}, with the appropriate $T_{1/2}$ of the isotope, and propagate the decay location to the new decay
\item If the number of decays in the data record is greater than the number requested, remove the last entry from the record
\item Continue the previous three steps until a stable isotope is reached
\item Return to the first step unless the requested number of primary decays has been reached
\end{enumerate}

As can be seen from this algorithm, the correct spatial and temporal correlations through an entire decay chain, starting at an arbitrary source age, is maintained. Additionally, the issue of temporal resolution is largely resolved. Consider the case of accumulating 10 million decay events in the data record. If the total activity were a constant 1 Becquerel, then the last decays in the data set would have a time resolution on the order of 1 ns.

Some care must be taken in determining the correct termination conditions. If 10 million events are desired in the decay record, it is incorrect to simply stop the calculation after 10 million events have been entered. \iso{232}{Th}, for example, has 10 products in its decay chain, so 1 million decays of \iso{232}{Th} would provide the desired number of events. Unfortunately, after those 1 million decays of \iso{232}{Th}, with a relatively steady activity, the event rate will drop precipitously, as the only decays after that point in time depend on the 5.75-year half life of \iso{228}{Ra}. To avoid this unphysical data record, 10 million full decays of the starting population should be performed.

The termination conditions can also be optimized. For example, if the number of requested decays has been entered into the data record, and the decay time is beyond the time of the last decay in the record, there is no point in continuing that particular chain. Other optimizations may also exist, depending on the specific circumstances of starting activities, number of requested events, and so on.

As a comment on the algorithm, it may be more natural when running a simulation to require a set amount of simulated time, rather than a set number of simulated events. Unfortunately, this introduces a kind of tension with, for example, GEANT4, where the number of events is specified as the input. To run for a specific length of time, we recommend calculating beforehand how many events there should be in the desired data set, and augmenting that number appropriately to ensure that the full desired simulation time is accumulated in the event record.

\subsection{Data structure}
\label{ss:DataStructure}

Our approach required an appropriate data structure to maintain and time-order the events as they were generated by the algorithm. The standard C++ sequence container classes of {\it vectors} or {\it lists} are disadvantageous because of computing overhead. Vectors have the advantage of random access, allowing for a find operation with O(log n) overhead. Unfortunately, insertion and deletion operations are computationally expensive, with O(n) requirements. Conversely, lists handle insertion and deletion in O(1) time, but without random access, finding the correct location to place a decay is an O(n) operation. We therefore decided to use a binary search tree data structure, where a find operation is performed in O(log n) time, while insertion and deletion are still maintained at O(1), thus combining the advantages of both vectors and lists. The C++ associative container class {\it multimap} would also be appropriate, although we implemented our own binary search tree to avoid residual overhead of a multimap.

Each subsequent primary decay occurs later in time than the one before it. Similarly, a chain decay also occurs after its parent decay. These are obvious physical facts, but can negatively affect the performance of the data structure. Because each decay time occurs after the one before it, it is possible to end up with a semi-degenerate binary search tree, far more heavily weighted to one side than the other. If this were to occur, find operations approach O(n), and we lose the advantage of the search tree.

To fix this situation, we pre-seeded the search tree with empty nodes to install an evenly-spaced structure, and thus avoid a quasi-degenerate tree. We calculated the anticipated simulated time window to acquire all requested decays. This time window was approximate, as the ever-reducing primary population altered the time of the last decay in a non-trivial way. We then sub-divided this time window into a number of levels, where each level contained twice as many empty nodes as the level above it. The spacing of each level was such that the node split in half the time to either side of the upper nodes (see Fig.~\ref{fig:EmptyNodeStructure}). The levels also had to be inserted in the order of their level, again to avoid quasi-degeneracy.

\begin{figure}[h!!!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{EmptyNodeStructure.pdf}
\parbox{8.5cm}{\vspace{5pt}\caption{\small{The structure of empty nodes in the pre-seeded binary search tree. By subdividing the time window, degeneracy in the data structure can be minimized. The nodes were entered in the order of their level number, and split the time between the two nodes closest in time, e.g., the time of the node circled in blue is at the average of its parent node and the left node of Level 2.}}
\label{fig:EmptyNodeStructure}}
\end{figure}

The time savings of establishing an empty node structure in the binary search tree varied with the number of events already entered. If only one level was used, the time it took to populate the tree with $10^5$ decays took approximately ten times as long as if 20 levels were used. As the tree is populated, however, it becomes increasingly balanced, since primary decays tend to occur at earlier times and chain decays at later times. This leads to a counter-intuitive result that the time savings afforded by pre-seeding the tree diminish with an increasing number of event. The computing time required to populate a tree with $10^7$ events did not change appreciably with the number of pre-seeded levels. The authors therefore recommend using 20 pre-seed levels, or approximately 1 million empty nodes, to provide adequate protection against degeneracy, at the expense of less than 2 seconds of computing time and 40 megabytes of memory. If a large number of independent simulations, each with $10^5$ decays, is required, the time savings might be substantial.

\section{Application and evaluation}
\label{s:AppAndEval}

We evaluated our approach using the \iso{232}{Th} and \iso{228}{Th} decay chains. The former introduces a case of a near-constant decay activity in the top-most isotope, while in the latter case the population of the parent nucleus noticeably decays with time.

\subsection{Using a \iso{232}{Th} source}
\label{ss:Th232}

Figure~\ref{fig:232ThRates} show the decay activities of all the isotopes in the \iso{232}{Th} decay chain. For the three figures, the source age was set to 0, 1, and 5 times the half life of the longest-lived daughter in the chain, \iso{228}{Ra}. The figures demonstrate the reliability of combining the analytic Bateman calculations to determine the starting population, followed by stochastic decays within the chain. For these calculations, the starting decay activity of the \iso{232}{Th} was kept constant at 0.3 mBq, and 10 million decays were recorded.

Figure~\ref{fig:232ThRates} also shows how the current approach also properly handles branching within the decay chain. In this case, \iso{212}{Bi} decays to \iso{208}{Tl} (branching ratio = 35.93\%), \iso{212}{Po} (branching ratio = 64.05\%), and directly to \iso{208}{Pb} (branching ratio = 0.023\%). The rates of \iso{208}{Tl} and \iso{212}{Po} are therefore lower than the others.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm] {Ra228_0halflives.pdf}}
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm] {Ra228_1halflives.pdf}}
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm] {Ra228_5halflives.pdf}}
\parbox{8.5cm}{\vspace{5pt}\caption{\small{Decay activities of isotopes within the \iso{232}{Th} decay chain. The top figure has a source age of 0 years, the middle a source age of 1 half life of \iso{228}{Ra}, and the bottom figure a source age of 5 half lives of \iso{228}{Ra}. In each case, the vertical dashed line marks 10 half lives from the creation of the source. For reference, the half life of \iso{228}{Ra} is 5.75 years.}}
\label{fig:232ThRates}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Using a \iso{228}{Th} source}
\label{ss:Th228}

Figure~\ref{fig:228ThRates} demonstrates the validity of our approach when the top-most isotope's half life is short relative to the time window. The daughter isotopes are clearly populated from the starting parent population. The exponential trend in the overall decay rate, dictated by the 1.9-year half life of \iso{228}{Th}, is also clear. For these calculations, a starting decay activity of 0.1 Bq was used, and 50 million decays were recorded.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm] {InitialIncrease.pdf}}
\subfigure{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm] {DecayOverTime.pdf}}
\parbox{8.5cm}{\vspace{5pt}\caption{\small{Decay activities of isotopes within the \iso{228}{Th} decay chain. The initial build-up of daughter isotopes is visible in the top plot, while the bottom plot shows the long-term behavior of the decays. The vertical dashed line marks 10 times the half life of \iso{224}{Ra}. For reference, the half life of \iso{224}{Ra} is 3.6 days.}}
\label{fig:228ThRates}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Benchmarking}
\label{ss:Benchmarking}

We benchmarked the performance of our decay generator. Table~\ref{tab:Benchmarking} shows the time required to perform the requested calculations. The calculations were run on a desktop with a 2.26 GHz Intel E5520 Xeon chip and 8 GB of RAM, running MacOSX 10.5.8. The vast majority of the memory usage was taken up by the binary search tree data structure, where each node of which required 30 bytes of RAM. 20 levels of pre-seeded nodes required approximately 1 million entries, and the rest of the entries were specified at run time. Thus a data record of 50 million events required approximately 1.5 GB of memory. This is a large amount, certainly, but still within the capabilities of any modern computer.

Accurate extrapolations of the computing time required to create the event record are not straightforward, as they involve a non-trivial interplay between the pre-seeded binary search tree, the rate of primary decays, and the required number of traversals of a full decay chain. Broadly speaking, however, the computing time scales with the number of required events, and the longest computing time occurs when the source age is 0.

\begin{table}[t!!!]
\renewcommand*\arraystretch{1.2}
\caption{\small{Benchmarking the decay chain generator. The second row in the headings contains the number of decays in the final data record. The third row in the headings is the source age, where the value of $T_{1/2}^a$ is 5.75 years, and 3.6 days for $T_{1/2}^b$. All entries below the headings are in seconds, except for the column on the left. The first row of entries for the \iso{228}{Th} decays is absent because the starting activity implies a starting population too low to provide the full set of decays. Each entry in the table represents the average and standard deviation from 10 trials. See text for details.}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{$\begin{array}{c} \mbox{Starting} \\ \mbox{activity} \\ \mbox{(Bq)} \end{array}$}
& \multicolumn{4}{c|}{\iso{232}{Th} Decay Chain} \\
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$10^7$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$5 \times 10^7$} \\
& 0 $T_{1/2}^a$ & 5 $T_{1/2}^a$ & 0 $T_{1/2}^a$ & 5 $T_{1/2}^a$ \\
\hline
$10^{-6}$	& $9.2 \pm 0.4$		& $9.7 \pm 0.7$	& $48.9 \pm 1.2$	& $49.9 \pm 1.0$	\\
1		& $93.9 \pm 1.6$		& $48.2 \pm 1.5$	& $522 \pm 14$	& $263 \pm 11$	\\
$10^6$	& $97.7 \pm 1.8$		& $75.7 \pm 1.7$	& $616 \pm 17$	& $423 \pm 18$	\\
\hline
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{$\begin{array}{c} \mbox{Starting} \\ \mbox{activity} \\ \mbox{(Bq)} \end{array}$}
& \multicolumn{4}{c|}{\iso{228}{Th} Decay Chain} \\
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$10^7$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$5 \times 10^7$} \\
& 0 $T_{1/2}^b$ & 5 $T_{1/2}^b$ & 0 $T_{1/2}^b$ & 5 $T_{1/2}^b$ \\
\hline
$10^{-6}$	& N/A	& N/A	& N/A 		& N/A \\
1		& $19.3 \pm 0.7$		& $19.9 \pm 0.9$		& $93.8 \pm 1.1$		& $91.9 \pm 1.3$ \\
$10^6$	& $81.2 \pm 1.5$		& $56.1 \pm 1.3$		& $520 \pm 15$		& $320 \pm 13$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{tab:Benchmarking}
\end{table}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{s:Conclusions}

The approach described in this paper for decay chain generation can be used to calculate a full, time-ordered history of decays from a radioactive source with an extended decay chain, while preserving both time and position correlations between decays within a single traversal of the chain. Once these calculations are performed, the data record can be passed to a Monte Carlo program to produce the decay products themselves at the recorded times and positions. Such an event generator is useful for both basic science simulations as well as detector component evaluation, and does not make any assumptions regarding detector response time or data acquisition performance. As such, it is appropriate for a wide variety of applications.

Using a purely stochastic or a purely analytic approach to decay chain generation both contain strong disadvantages. The two approaches can be combined, however, to great effect, with the analytics used to generate starting populations among the decay nuclei, and stochastics used to propagate temporal and spatial correlations. Using the combination, a large number of time-ordered decays can be generated in just a few minutes, with the computational overhead being driven primarily by the requested number of decays in the record.

The data structure of the record must be chosen to minimize both search and insertion/deletion operation overhead, and thus the authors recommend a binary search tree. To minimize degeneracy, the search tree can be pre-seeded with empty nodes to apply a structure within which the decays can be recorded.

The authors would like to thank Jason Detwiler for reviewing the manuscript, and Aric Stewart for recommending  binary search trees for this application. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Funded by Lab-wide LDRD. LLNL-JRNL-478911.

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D'Tigress Booked Ticket For 2020 Olympic
Nigeria's D'Tigress on Saturday booked a ticket to the 2020 Olympics Games in Tokyo despite losing to host-Serbia in their second group game at the ongoing FIBA Olympic Games Qualifying Tournament 64-70 points.
Mozambique's quest to qualify ahead of Nigeria suffered a heavy knock when they lost scandalously 49-124pts against current world champions- USA as Nigeria Basketball Federation set another enviable record of being the only federation in Nigeria to have two teams at the Olympics.
Being in command of the first quarter which they won 22-21pts, their good works were undone in the 2nd and 3rd quarters as their inability to convert their chances saw Serbia work their way back into contention winning 22-12 and 16-12 to open a decent lead heading into the fourth quarter.
Nigeria' senior women national team tried to rally back in the last quarter after cutting down the deficit to just 4 points with less than two minutes to go, but two successive turnovers by Ezinne Kalu put a stop to that.
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Team captain, Adaora Elonu weighed in with 9pts of her own as well as 6rebs.
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On Sunday, Nigeria will take on USA in their last group game which will have no effect on the 2020 Olympics qualification.
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Sailing over Luxor in a hot air balloon lets you see the full scope of the archaeological site, a perspective that's impossible to get from the ground. This tour departs every morning for an unforgettable ride over one of the world's largest open-air museums. Included breakfast and hotel pickup make the early-morning start a little easier.
Luxor - Karnak Sound and Light At Night
This combo admission ticket and private transport service makes seeing the Karnak Light and Sound Show at Luxor hassle-free. Watch the history of Egypt's pharaohs unfold while you walk around the ancient temple complex. The 1-hour spectacle dazzles audiences with intriguing narration, available nightly. Getting there is easy with an included round-trip transfer from your hotel or cruise ship.
Day Tour: East and West Banks of Luxor
Luxor is home to some of Egypt's most remarkable ancient ruins, but group tours can offer limited to time to explore. This private full-day tour ensures a personalised experience and explores both the East and West Banks of the Nile, including the UNESCO-listed Valley of the Kings, the Colossi of Memnon, the temple of Hatshepsut, the Karnak Temples, and the Temple of Luxor. Hotel pickup and lunch is included.
2-Day Tour: Karnak & Luxor Temples Valley of the Kings Hatshepsut Temple &Memnon
It would be a shame to race through the majesty of ancient Luxor. Take the sights at your own pace with your personal Egyptologist over this 2-day private door-to-door tour. Day 1 is devoted to the East Bank: the Temple of Karnak and Luxor Temple. Day 2 covers the West Bank: the Valley of the Kings, the Valley of the Queens, the Temple of Hatshepsut, and the Colossi of Memnon.
Full-Day Small-Group Luxor Tour from Hurghada with Lunch
Prepare for a full day of adventure on this full day excursion to Luxor. After an early morning pickup, arrive in Luxor to tour the Valley of the Kings, the temples of Karnak, the Colossi of Memnon, and other important cultural sites. One of the highlights of the tour is visiting the funeral temple of the only female pharaoh. Lunch at a local restaurant on the Nile River is included.
Luxor East Bank's Best Sights from Luxor
See the best sights on Luxor's East Bank with an Egyptologist during this 5-hour private tour. Explore the Karnak Temple complex, including the Avenue of the Sphinxes and Sacred Lake. At the Luxor Museum, see artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb and the impressive statue of Sobek, the crocodile god. Continue to Luxor Temple, dedicated to the Theben Triad of Amun-Ra, Mut and Khonsu. Hear engaging, informative commentary from your Egyptologist guide on the way. All entrance fees and round-trip transportation from Luxor hotels are included.
Karnak And Luxor Temples Private Tour
Karnak and Luxor temples are the largest open-air museum for ancient Egyptian monuments, walking through history and glory of Egypt, A full guided trip of about 4 hours to Karnak and Luxor temples in the East Bank of Luxor. you will be picked up from your hotel then we arrive to Karnak, Karnak is a complex of temples built in different reigns, and during about 2000 years of renaissance almost every king ruled Egypt added a part to Karnak temple, starting with the Avenue of Sphinxes, the Hypostyle, the Obelisks, shrines, pylons and many other additions. Karnak beats every other pharaonic monument, it is simply one of the most beautiful ancient monuments in Egypt. After Karnak you will be taken to Luxor Temple, which is dedicated to the Theben Triad of Amun-Ra, Mut and Khonsu. There you will see the granite statues of Ramses the Great. These ancient temples are a must-see for Luxor travelers.
Tour to The East & West Bank of the Nile
See the most famous sites around Luxor on both sides of the river in one day. Visit Karnak Temple and Luxor Temple on the East bank and then see the Valley of the Kings and Hatshepsut Temple on the West bank.
Luxor Day Tour from Hurghada, El Gouna, or Makadi
Experience ancient Egypt's most iconic sites on a full-day tour to Luxor from Hurghada, El Gouna, or Makadi. Explore a complex of royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, and walk the imposing arcades at the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, the powerful ruler who became Egypt's first female pharaoh. Slip between the crumbling Colossi of Memnon, stroll through the chapels, temples and sacred lake at the Karnak Temple, then return to the present with a trip to an alabaster factory and papyrus bazaar.
Staying in Cairo needn't mean missing out on Egypt's other ancient capital—Luxor. On this private tour, fly from Cairo to Luxor for the day, and visit the key highlights: the Valley of the Kings, the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahary, the Colossi of Memnon, and the Temple of Karnak. Along the way, get personalized insights into ancient Egypt from your private guide.
Private Tour Luxor Day Trip from Hurghada
Your private Luxor day trip from Hurghada includes private air-conditioned minivan transport, an expert guide and a whole lot of history and fun. Learn about the archaeological treasures of this famed city and venture into ancient tombs with your own Egyptologist. Make stops at Valley of the Kings, Colossi of Memnon, Karnak Temple and Temple of Hatshepsut. A delicious lunch and 'felucca' (sailboat) ride along the Nile River are also included.
Nile Cruise from Aswan to Luxor with Daily Guided Trip
Our team members each have a wealth of local knowledge which they are happy to share. Many of our team has traveled on the cruises we offer, enabling them to provide a unique insight into the type of accommodation, dining and other facilities you can expect to enjoy.
Luxor's East & West Bank Highlights Tour
Appreciating the significance of Luxor's many landmarks can be tricky on your own. Spend a day discovering ancient attractions across the city's East and West Banks on a private tour, benefiting from the personalized attention and explanations of an Egyptologist guide. Round-trip transportation from your hotel ensures seamless transfer between sights, allowing more time to explore highlights such as the Valley of the Kings, Hatshepsut Temple, and Karnak Complex.
Luxor contains many of Egypt's most standout attractions, but its long distance from Cairo makes it tricky to visit as a day trip. During this fast-paced, all-inclusive excursion, you'll hop a domestic flight to cover the highlights of the southern city in a single day. Enjoy door-to-door transportation from your Cairo or Giza hotel and guided tours of millennia-year-old temples, plus a peek at the famous statue of Ramses the Great.
Day Trip to Luxor from Hurghada with Hotel Pickup and Lunch
Discover Luxor's ancient tombs and temples on a full-day trip from Hurghada that explores highlights on the east and west banks of the Nile. Make the journey from Hurghada to Luxor in the comfort of a climate-controlled minivan, then see the Colossi of Memnon, the Valley of the Kings, the Temple of Hatshepsut, and the magnificent Temple of Karnak, among the largest religious structures in the world. By pre-booking transport, entrance tickets, and lunch, you save time and hassle, ensuring the maximum possible time experiencing Luxor highlights.
4-Day 3-Night Nile Cruise from Aswan to Luxor - Private Tour
A Nile River cruise is undeniably one of the best ways to see the ruins of ancient Egypt as well as modern life along the banks of the Nile. This cruise travels between Aswan and Luxor for four days and takes you into the heart of Egypt with daily excursions to major landmarks. Select an upgrade for a private option that means personalized attention from your own guide.
4-Days 3-Nights Cruise From Aswan To Luxor including Abu Simbel Hot Air Balloon
Cruise the Nile River from Aswan to Luxor on a 5-star cruise that explores the ancient highlights of the Upper Nile. From the Temple of Philae to Kom Ombo Temple and the Valley of the Kings, discover royal tombs to temples. An included sunrise hot-air balloon flight above Luxor's magnificent West Bank helps take in the scale of the ancient settlement, and onboard entertainment ensures a lively cruise. Discover one of the most impressive temples in Egypt by visiting Abu Simbel 285 km south of Aswan.
Luxor Private Day Tour East and West Banks
With just one day to explore the ancient sights in Luxor, it's all too easy to skip must-see attractions, for the sake of saving time. Fortunately, you can see all the sights—without sacrificing anything—on this comprehensive, full-day private tour. Let your personal guide lead the way to East and West Bank sights like Valley of the Kings, Temple of Hatshepsut, Colossi of Memnon, and the Karnak and Luxor Temples. End your day with easy hotel drop-off, included in the price.
Private Tour: 8 Days 7 Nights Pyramids and Nile Cruise by Air from Cairo
Combine the rich heritage of Cairo with the magic of a 5-day, 4-night Nile cruise on this comprehensive Egypt vacation package—a must for any lover of history. In Cairo, discover the Pyramids of Giza, the Egyptian Museum, and Coptic Cairo. Then fly to Luxor to see the temples of Karnak, Luxor, and Hatshepsut, and stroll the Valley of the Kings, before cruising to Edfu, Kom Ombo, and Aswan. Tour includes flights, private hotel and airport transfers, and most meals.
What are Karnak Temple hours of operation?
Karnak Temple hours of operation: Open daily. Summer: 6am - 6pm, Winter: 6:30am - 5:30pm. Buy tickets in advance on Viator. If you book with Viator, you can cancel at least 24 hours before the start date of your tour for a full refund.
Should I book Karnak Temple tickets in advance?
We recommend booking e-tickets ahead of time to secure your spot since Karnak Temple can get crowded. If you book with Viator, you can cancel at least 24 hours before the start date of your tour for a full refund.
How much does it cost to visit Karnak Temple 2022?
Currently, an entrance ticket to Karnak Temple costs USD 20.50. Guided Karnak Temple tours start around USD 20.50 per person.
What''s the best way to experience Karnak Temple?
The best ways to experience Karnak Temple are:
More Tours in Luxor
Things to do near Luxor
Things to do in Safaga
Things to do in Aswan
Things to do in Marsa Alam
Things to do in Abu Simbel
More attractions near Luxor
Mummification Museum
Avenue of Sphinxes
Luxor Cruise Port
Colossi of Memnon
Ramesseum (Mortuary Temple of Ramses II)
Temple of Hatshepsut (at Deir el-Bahari)
Medinet Habu (Temple of Ramses III)
Deir el-Medina (Valley of the Artisans)
Valley of the Nobles (Tombs of the Nobles)
Tomb of Ramses VI
Tomb of Ramses III
Tomb of Tutankhamun
Recommended for Luxor


View Images From Our Clients!
Due to the remote locations we visit at Action Photo Tours, 4WD vehicles are a must. Depending on how many people we have going, we'll either use the Toyota Tacoma or the Chevy Suburbans. All vehicles have plenty of room for your photo gear and or overnight accessories. Leave the rough driving to us and enjoy peace of mind that you won't get stuck in the deep sand or mud.


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Home TV TV News
May 11, 2016 6:43PM ET
Remembering Hunter S. Thompson's Fear & Loathing at the Kentucky Derby
New ESPN '30 for 30′ short revisits the ground zero moment of writer's Gonzo style
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A rendering of Rolling Stone veteran Hunter S. Thompson from ESPN's 30-for-30 short 'Gonzo @ the Derby', which revisits the Gonzo journalists coverage of the 1970 Kentucky Derby.
Forty-six years on, few people remember (or even care) that the 1970 Kentucky Derby was won by a horse called Dust Commander. And yet, the legacy of that particular race continues to loom large — not because of what happened at Churchill Downs, but because Hunter S. Thompson was there to write about it.
"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved," Thompson's account of the race for Scanlan's Monthly, is the subject of Gonzo @ the Derby, a highly entertaining new entry in ESPN's 30 For 30 Shorts series. (You can view the film here.) Vicious, hilarious, and not a little depraved itself, Thompson's piece took dead aim at the "whiskey gentry" of his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, painting the liquored-up pageantry of the Derby as a symbol of everything that was wrong with Richard Nixon's America. But while the 32 year-old Thompson intended to bruise the thin skins of Louisville's horse society, his piece wound up leaving a significantly greater mark on journalism — particularly in the arena of sports writing.
"It's not only a formative moment in Hunter's career, but it's also a groundbreaking and direction-changing moment in sports journalism," says the short's director, Michael D. Ratner. "If you go back and read the sports reporting from the time, so much of it is so bland — almost the writing equivalent of a box score. And then Hunter comes along, puts himself in the story, and gives you the whole experience of the event, which is so much more than what you would have seen on TV. Nobody was really doing that at the time, and it set the precedent for a whole new style of sports writing — a style that's now commonplace."
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Other sports writers before him had taken similarly immersive first-hand approaches to their subjects: Arnold Hano's 1955 book A Day in the Bleachers, John Updike's 1960 New Yorker piece "Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu," George Plimpton's 1966 book Paper Lion. But none had done so with either Thompson's flair for wild-eyed stream-of-consciousness prose or his zest for puncturing the inflated self-importance of the American middle and upper classes — nor with as sizeable an axe to grind.
"In covering the Derby, Hunter was going back home to a place where everyone thought he was a delinquent," Ratner explains, "and he was going with the intention of exposing it on both a micro and macro level; he was going to expose the Derby people that he knew, and then he was going to expose the whole Derby infield scene as being emblematic of the Nixon era. He was ultimately delivering a political and social critique of America as a whole, and that's what I think made it such revolutionary piece."
Further bolstering the impact of Thompson's piece were surreal and satirical illustrations by Ralph Steadman, who began his long-running collaboration with Thompson on this Scanlan's assignment. The English artist, who appears in Gonzo @ the Derby — along with former Scanlan's editor Warren Hinckle, actor Sean Penn, and Thompson literary executor Douglas Brinkley — tells Rolling Stone that he had no idea what he was getting into when he flew to Kentucky to meet Thompson. "They told me to look for a Hell's Angel who'd shaved his head, or something like that," he laughs. "I'd never even heard of Hunter; for the first day or so I kept calling him Hunter Johnson!"
Steadman, who'd never been to America before, quickly fell in step with his most unusual tour guide — "I was an innocent abroad, but I was looking forward to being corrupted," he says. The disparate pair's booze- (and mace-)soaked Louisville misadventures form the bulk of Thompson's Kentucky Derby essay, which ends with the brutally hung-over journalist shoving the vomit-soaked artist out of his car at the airport and berating him as a "scumsucking foreign geek," while news of the Kent State massacre blares from the radio.
"He didn't actually physically kick me out," Steadman remembers. "He just kind of opened the door and mumbled, 'Good knowing ya, off ya go, have a good flight.' I think he didn't want to admit that he enjoyed our time together, really. He wasn't sure of what he was going to get from me, but I was able to give him the kind of thing that he wanted. The drawings that I did — which I colored in using Revlon makeup samples, since I'd left all my inks in the back of a cab shortly before I flew to the States — were suitable for the sort of crazy things he was after."
"Gonzo is really an art form — it's not, 'Go get bombed and write some shit.' With Hunter and Ralph's work, the skill came first, and the insanity came second."—Director Michael D. Ratner
"It was kind of a big brother/little brother act," says Ratner of Thompson and Steadman, who would go on to collaborate on the books Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail and The Curse of Lono, as well as numerous legendary articles for Rolling Stone and other publications. "In Louisville, Hunter got Ralph to go along with everything like it was normal, and it led to one of the greatest creative pairings of all time. Hunter put Ralph down for his 'filthy scribblings,' but he needed them; they really brought his words to life. And now, whenever you read his stream-of-consciousness writing, you envision Ralph's illustrations — that's what you see in your mind!"
As Gonzo @ the Derby explains, "The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved" not only launched Thompson and Steadman's fertile creative partnership, but it also signaled the arrival of "Gonzo" journalism — an energetic and over-the-top form of reportage that captured the overall experience of its subject matter while making no actual claims to objectivity. "Not everything in Hunter's story was true, but its effect was quite correct," explains Steadman. "The important thing about Gonzo is that you don't cover the story, you become the story. That's the most fundamental part of it, really, and that's what we did."
"What Hunter and Ralph did spawned a whole generation of imitators," says Ratner. "But Gonzo is really an art form — it's not, 'Go get bombed and write some shit.' With Hunter and Ralph's work, the skill came first, and the insanity came second."
The 26 year-old Ratner, founder of the multi-media production company OBB Pictures, was still in high school when Thompson killed himself in 2005. "My introduction to Hunter's work was seeing [the 1998 film] Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas," he says, "and then I read the book, and really fell in love with his stuff. At this point, he's probably my favorite writer. So my hope is that this 30 For 30 will open up his work and his genius to a whole new generation of fans."
Though he never met the man, Ratner feels the experience of making Gonzo @ the Derby gave him a greater understanding of Thompson's complex character. "He was a wild man, and he was troubled," he says, "but for all his crazy antics, he was beloved. He frequently crossed the line when dealing with others, but he operated with a knowing wink to those closest to him, and found a way to keep his friendships and relationships intact even when he was spiraling out of control. People didn't hang onto him because of his success; they did so because they really loved him. Everyone I talked to for this short said some version of, 'He was fucking nuts, but he was my friend.'"
In This Article: ESPN,	Hunter S. Thompson,	Kentucky Derby,	Ralph Steadman


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Dealing with the scourge of rising banditry
The other day, the acting Inspector General of Police, Mohammad Adamu, at a Northern Traditional Rulers Council meeting in Kaduna observed that the crime rate in the country had alarmingly recorded 1,071 persons killed and 685 abducted in the first quarter of 2019 with the northern region leading with 71.62%. From the record, the North-West got 436; the North-Central, 250, largely linked to banditry, kidnapping and communal clashes, while the South-South had 130 casualties. By these figures, it is obvious there is fire on the mountain as the nation is obviously under siege.
But, how come such criminalities are resurfacing after the general election, and ahead of the inauguration of a new government, is a salient question to the political class.
Nonetheless, it is bizarre that amid the security challenges and despite the fact that all the security agencies have their headquarters in Abuja, the agencies appear lenient in the environs. For example, tinted-glass vehicles are now in vogue in Abuja and adjoining states, and are rarely searched as obtainable in other states. Even pedestrians with dangerous weapons are hardly ever subjected to stop-and-search or questioning by operatives.
There must be obvious justifications to authorise tinted glasses in cars except when status demands it. Authorising cars with tinted glasses in a society without digitalised security system is a blunder. Numerous commuters have been robbed or abducted with tinted-glass vehicles because they are usually wound up without see-through from the outside.
Even commercial motorcyclists popularly called 'Okada' operate with no registration numbers in Abuja, hence, no means of identification when necessary. Apart from the Federal Road Safety Corps that mounts checkpoints, it is rare to find the police patrol teams on the road operating as they ought to notwithstanding that the nation is not yet technologically advanced to rely on digital security system. Overtime, these oversights unconsciously lead to upsurge in security challenges. Now, crime detection in the country is mostly analogue which requires proactive and physical measures particularly road searches which are seldom done. Assuming Nigeria is technologically advanced, then, digital detection systems can check people's baggage at strategic points as done in advanced countries. Security agencies should find a lasting solution to the challenges. Period!
The quantum of idle or undeveloped land in the North, neither for agriculture nor business activities, is frighteningly. Economically, it is indicative that many from the region may resort to crimes for means of survival except those who are employable through education or skilled. For example, Niger State to Kebbi State flaunts excessive idle tracks of land that can comfortably feed the nation and for export if judiciously put into use. Unfortunately, no there are no such agricultural activities, only a desert.
There's a need for burning industrial revolution. Industrial ideas are critically germane at this juncture. The National Youth Service Corps should be reformed to make the one-year scheme industrially oriented with skill acquisition and economic empowerment schemes. For instance, factories can be built in those desert areas of the North using the corps members as the workers. If there's nothing to produce, the farm produce such as oranges, carrots, pears, garden eggs, tomatoes, cucumbers can be processed for improved valuable products like in other nations. With that, scores of youths will acquire diverse skills that will upgrade them, and employed. An economy with a majority of able-bodied youths doing betting is on a redline.
Despite the number of Universities of Agriculture in the country, such neglect has existed for years. By means of irrigation, farming activities can thrive in those areas alongside processing factories which can ultimately provide jobs to the teeming youths roaming the streets. This is one way a government can transform its people. To provide boreholes within the areas as well as farming implements and incentives is certainly a realistic remedial mechanism to the challenge.
By the Federal Government's stringent fiscal policies which have blocked leakages in the system through the Treasury Single Account and others, it is obvious that people who hitherto relied on free money or other sinister means may resort to crimes out of frustration. Hence, government is under obligation to come up with pragmatic job creation schemes towards for the country's interest.
The number of unemployed young persons roaming the streets is an indicator there are time bombs waiting to explode as education that empowers people for innovations and self-reliance is poorly treasured. Thus, government at all levels has critical work to do particularly in skill acquisition and economic empowerment programmes.
Carl Umegboro, Abuja, 08173184542-SMS only
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When Denard is not rodeoing he enjoys practicing ,teaching children to ride horses, putting on steeerwrestling schools, working out ,training horses and watching rodeos and other sports. Denard is also a therapist (Behavior Health Rehabilitation Specialist ) working with children and adults also he does horse therapy for clients with cerebral palsy when he is home.
Denard is currently sponsored by Montana Silversmiths the brand of Champions!


Avan Jogia is a famous Canadian actor, who is mostly known from the television series Victorious where he played the role of Beck Oliver. Avan Jogia girlfriend is Zoey Deutch who is also an actress. The couple spends time together and they attend different events. They have attended their good friends Victoria's birthday together. Avan Jogia girlfriend full name is Zoey Francis Thompson Deutch and her nickname is Zobo. All of her friends call her this way and she does not mind them doing it, because she likes her nickname.
Avan Jogia girlfriend comes from a family, where all of the members are known for the public, because they are famous in one way or another. Her mother is known for her role in the television series Switched at Birth. Avan Jogia girlfriend has a mother who is Lea Thompson. Her father is known director, whose movie Grumpier Old Men gained him fame. His name is Howard Deutch. So her parents are both in movie making business and her future as an actress could have been known from the day that she was born. Furthermore, her grandfather is Murray Deutch, a person that is highly known as an icon of music-publishing.
Thus, Avan Jogia girlfriend loves all kind of animals and likes to take care of them, so she is a caring person and has a good heart. It looks that her family house in San Fernando Valley was considered to be a zoo, because of all of the pets that they had there, including An African Grey parrot, koi fish and six dogs. Thus, they also had a horse stable near the house, because there is plenty of space around the mansion to have other buildings there.
Avan Jogia girlfriend is born on the 10th of November. She has a great relationship with her mother and loves to spend time with her whenever they can; they have also worked together with one comedy Mayor Cupcake. All in all it looks that her future was decided when she was young and seeing the example from her parents it was not so hard to find her own way. Thus Avan Jogia seems to be not so serious about their relationships, because rumor has it that he has said once that he is not planning to marry Zoey even if he loves her, because these are not his plans. There were also rumors that the couple has slip up, but still they are together.


Travis is a craft beer lover, so we knew that creating an incredible bar area was going to need to be a top priority. We found the perfect spot for it, next to the barn. There was a great overhang on the building, but nothing else in the space; so we were able to start from scratch. Using some reclaimed wood flooring, we built the face of the bar, but knew we wanted the bar top to have a more finished look. Some leftover ipe (pronounced ee-pay) decking gave us just the look we wanted. Ipe, sometimes called Brazilian walnut, is one of the densest hardwoods available, three times harder than cedar. Fitting the pieces together, we were able to create a smooth, durable, finished top to the bar.
An old, rusty cot frame and some market lights came together for a unique "chandelier" in the bar area. Stringing additional lights across the ceiling, provided the exact lighting we needed.
The Bar sign gave all of the information about what was offered, as well as some clever quips to entertain.
Using some of the western red cedar left from our farm tables, we built a jockey box cover for beer on tap. (The jockey box cover is now available for rent.) The jockey box houses 4 taps.
Every detail came together to provide a welcoming and festive atmosphere for the guests.


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Things are scary right now. As a writer and creative, I sometimes wonder what art can really do in the face of a democracy that seems to be slipping into the grip of totalitarianism, a raging pandemic, unprecedented environmental devastation, widespread racial and economic injustice, and so many other forms of violence and oppression.
Wrapped around the cold core of fear in my stomach, I often find a blanket of numbness, swaddling me with to-do lists, glassy-eyed Netflix binges, and my endless, glittering Twitter feed. The election is in a mere 32 days. At a time when I should feel most activated, why am I so paralyzed?
Theologian, writer, and activist Christena Cleveland says that this sense of hopelessness in the face of collective suffering is often a symptom of immense privilege. Sometimes our hopelessness is tied to believing it's possible to avoid, escape, or anesthetize systemic or societal pain. She urges witnessing and connecting to that pain, rather than trying to transcend it.
But the thing about connecting to pain and engaging in activism is that neither is ever done. After one action, there's always the next one to plan. Participation and education are ongoing, as is healing. After reading adrienne maree brown's book Pleasure Activism, I've been asking more questions about the need for joy as part of an activist practice, and how we might better center creativity and play so that we can nurture the inner resources to keep showing up instead of burning out or going numb.
Struggling with hopelessness in my activism was part of why I was so delighted to encounter the work—or perhaps I should say play—of The Wide Awakes. A loose, "open-source" artist collective that grew out of, and in collaboration with, the political arts nonprofit For Freedoms, they know that joy and play are some of the most potent tools in an activist's kit. Their actions include block parties, flowered thrones, fringed masks, and brightly colored capes, in addition to national billboard campaigns with the likes of Ai Wei Wei, Gina Belafonte, the Guerrilla Girls, Maggie Rogers, and Meena Harris. Their chapters span the U.S. and have popped up abroad in Berlin, Tokyo, and Cuba.
The Wide Awakes have become active within the last year, while For Freedoms was founded in 2016 by artists Hank Willis Thomas, Eric Gottesman, Wyatt Gallery, and Michelle Woo as the first artist-run super-pac. Now a nonprofit, For Freedoms has produced numerous nationwide initiatives, including a national congress this February which drew more than 500 participants. Gina Belafonte, Executive Director of Sankofa.org and a Contributing Artist to both organizations, says part of the genesis of For Freedoms was to build a network of artist "first responders" who could bring awareness and attention to important political issues.
The current Wide Awakes draw their name and inspiration from a band of abolitionist dreamers who supported the presidential bid of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. They dressed in shiny oilcloth capes and carried silver lanterns, and their rallies turned out tens of thousands of people marching in military-style formation to brass bands. Their style and enthusiasm inspired waves of voters, making that presidential election the second-highest voter turnout in U.S. history.
I had the pleasure of interviewing For Freedoms Producer and Contributing Artist taylor brock, Executive Director and Contributing Artist Claudia Peña, and Gina Belafonte, Executive Director of Sankofa.org and a member and Contributing Artist of the Wide Awakes. Our conversation covered the intersection of art, politics, and social justice, their vision for a wide awake nation, and the actions they're launching on October 3rd. These interviews have been edited for length and clarity.
Can you talk more about the original Wide Awakes of 1860 and why they inspired you? The current Wide Awakes movement has been referred to as a "remix" of the earlier one. What ways does this current iteration feel similar and also different?
We look very different from the original Wide Awakes: our Wide Awakes is full of BIPOC. You have a much better chance of diversifying your perspectives, ideas, values, and the things that you bring to the table when you have a diversity of folks from different racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. Octavia Butler said, "There's nothing new under the sun, but there are many suns." We are doing something connected to what the folks in the 1860s were doing, but it's also very different, because it's a new sun, it's a new framework of existence in this country. We think about mass incarceration. We think about access to housing. We want to be clear that joy is a form of resistance. We're concerned with access to voting. We're concerned with representation and ensuring that the needs of people's communities are being addressed in political spheres. We're concerned with gender rights and safety for women and trans people. All of this is still part of liberation and freedom for people, which I think the original Wide Awakes were thinking about. But now in 2020, those needs are slightly different.
Writing about the Wide Awakes of the 1860s, historian Jon Grinspan says that "By the end of 1860, the nation was wide awake." Are you hoping this movement goes beyond the 2020 election? What could a "wide awake" nation look like today?
We don't just want people to be wide awake until November 3rd. We believe that, no matter who is elected, the work is not done or even near done. We need to solve problems by imagining the most vulnerable people and building systems around them. If you're taking into account the needs of the most vulnerable, everybody else will benefit. That's part of what we're thinking about post-election: how are we going to address environmental justice, climate change, and our health care system? Obamacare was great, but it's not enough. We see that very clearly with COVID-19 particularly impacting Black people. At the beginning of the pandemic, people were talking about it as the great equalizer, because it doesn't see race. Well, hell yeah it does! Racism always plays a role. Our healthcare system is also infected by racism, and that's something that needs to be addressed.
For Freedoms and the Wide Awakes center play and joy as an essential part of your approach to activism. One of your values is to "play an infinite game," and you use the hashtag #joyiscoming. Increasingly, joy seems to be part of the conversation around activism, from the Black Joy Project to adrienne maree brown's book Pleasure Activism. Can you speak more to the role of joy, both in the context of For Freedoms/Wide Awakes, and also as part of a larger approach to activism?
There's a tremendous amount of trauma in the world. I think a way for us to heal is to find ways to celebrate ourselves. Many of us find healing in ancestral practice, rituals, and traditions that may have been lost in some spaces. In an effort to bring some of those back, it's very prideful and very joyful to express them artistically, whether that's through music, dance, or cultural ritual practice, as well as developing new rituals. Sankofa is a Ghanaian word that means "go back and get it." We have to reach back in order to move forward in some ways. Art has the capacity to bring us joy.
Sankofa is a Ghanaian word that means "go back and get it." We have to reach back in order to move forward in some ways. Art has the capacity to bring us joy.
When you experience stress, your body releases all kinds of hormones like cortisol, which your body needs to deal with stressful moments. However, when your body experiences that much damage over and over again, you're much more prone to chronic illnesses. This is why we see that a lot of people who were civil rights and social justice advocates, who have taken the world onto their shoulders, end up dying earlier from these kinds of diseases that are a result of having experienced so much stress. People like adrienne maree brown are really pushing this idea forward that you can fight for a better world, but you can also have a good time doing it. Joy is a form of resistance. Systems of oppression are in place so that people don't have the same opportunities to enjoy life to its fullest. We want people to live, to be healthy, and be inspired to work for a better world, but it needs to be sustainable. Without joy, nothing is sustainable.
Can you talk more about the march on October 3rd? You're also planning a national billboard campaign launching October 12th. Can you say more about these projects? How do you get inspiration for your actions?
Oct 3rd is a landmark date for the Wide Awakes [the date of a major march in 1860], and we're celebrating that with different activations throughout the country, and a big march in New York City. We want to raise awareness and get out the vote. Participate however you want to, join in and become a Wide Awake, because you already are!
The billboard campaign is one of my favorite projects because it makes art the most accessible. Billboards are generally by the road. Who isn't out there driving or walking somewhere? As much as I love museums, galleries, and all the other spaces where art exists, the billboard seems like the great equalizer: everyone has access to it. The history of billboards is so fascinating too. Billboards have hosted art in public spaces for centuries. It's also a chance for a lot of artists to be doing something side by side, but with their own unique expression.
Does art create change in a way that other forms of activism or political dialogue can't?
Art asks questions, it encourages us to engage, to think, to create, to imagine, to experience, to pause, to listen, to feel. Wouldn't it be pretty amazing if everything else did that too?
I'm an attorney. I've worked on policy for a long time, and done advocacy and activism for more than 25 years. I can tell you that the only thing that changes people's hearts and minds, which is what you need in order for there to be social justice, is storytelling. And the best storytellers are artists. I can put up graphs or statistics, and show all sorts of research that will prove that we need better healthcare or housing. People don't really care about that. Overwhelmingly, people want a good story. They want their heart to be impacted.
I'm an attorney. I've worked on policy for a long time, and done advocacy and activism for more than 25 years. I can tell you that the only thing that changes people's hearts and minds, which is what you need in order for there to be social justice, is storytelling.
You list a variety of ways that people can get involved, from sharing art, to attending the October 3rd event. How else would you encourage people to participate in this movement for the long haul, not just around the election?
To participate in the movement is to choose creativity over feasibility, inclusion over separation, envisioning over reacting, nuance over binary, action over apathy, and love over rules.
More often than not after someone engages in the arts, there is a healthier, more positive feeling afterwards, even if the art you're witnessing challenges emotions or thoughts that you might have held previously. For those of us in For Freedoms, the Wide Awakes, and Sankofa.org, this is what brings us joy. We'll continue to invite people to come and join us, to participate, to engage, and to bring who they are, to see how we can all heal. There's so much healing needed. There's a lot of work we need to do individually and internally, and there's also a lot of work we need to do together. That's what these organizations do.
Have conversations with other people about issues you care about. Especially when it comes to being civically engaged or how to practice your civic joy. There are places where voting is a celebration, not just after your candidate has won, but beforehand. That's one of the things that we're trying to promote, is this idea of civic joy: celebrating participation through voting, talking about voting, and encouraging others to vote.