text:
Physics in Motion
Common Forces
Near Earth Gravity
Near the surface of the earth, all objects are attracted to the earth with a constant force given by:
$$F = -mg$$
Where \( m \) is the gravitational mass, and \( g \) is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity, which for most cases can be approximated by \( g = 9.8 m/s^2 \), where the negative sign exists as a result of choosing the upwards direction as being positive. The force an object feels due to the local gravitational force is known as the object's weight.
It is important to understand that there is a difference between the gravitational mass of an object, which is an intrinsic quantity of that object, and the weight of that same object, which depends on the local gravitational field, which is an extrinsic quantity. That is why a person would weigh less on the moon, for example, since the moon is much smaller than the earth. In both cases though, the person's mass remains the same.
When analyzing the force diagrams of an object near the surface of the earth, we can conclude that:
$$F = ma = - m g \rightarrow a = - g$$
In other words, the acceleration of that object is therefore constant, and pointing downwards, which we would expect. For most applications, taking \( g \) to be a constant is a good approximations, although do realize that the value of \( g \) in fact varies on the earth's surface, and depending on how far from the surface you are. A more accurate description of the force of gravity can be described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which we will cover later.
Hooke's Law
When you pull on an elastic material, such as a spring, you will feel a force pulling back on you, in an attempt to restore the material back to its equilibrium position. You might also notice that the further away from the equilibrium position that you pull, the stronger the force is. One of the best ways to model this force dependence on position is known as Hooke's law:
$$F = - k x$$
Where \( x \) is the position away from equilibrium, and \( k \) is a constant known as the spring constant, with units \( N / m \). The negative sign in front of the spring constant denotes the fact that the restoring force opposes the displacing force. If you pull a spring right, it will pull left, with the inverse being true.
Normal Forces
When one object interacts with another object with a force, the other object will apply an equal but opposite force on the first. The direction of these interacting forces will be perpendicularly away from each object, as both objects are opposing each other with equal but opposite force.
As an example, consider a book laying on top of a table. The book is being pulled downwards towards the ground by the earth's gravity, while the table is exerting an equal and opposite force perpendicular to the table on the book, the normal force.
The total force on the book in the vertical direction is therefore:
$$F_{tot} = -m_{b} g + N = 0$$
The book is not accelerating in the vertical direction, since the net force is zero.
Consider a lamp of mass \( m \) hanging from the ceiling by a massless rope. Gravity is pulling the lamp downwards with a force equal to the lamp's weight:
$$W = - m g$$
Since the lamp is stationary, we know that the net force on the lamp must be zero, and that the rope must be pulling the lamp upwards with a force opposing the weight of the lamp:
$$F_{rope} = -W$$
Here, we are taking the upwards direction, or the direction towards the ceiling, to be the negative direction. By Newton's third law, the lamp should be applying an equal but opposite force on the rope, and so the rope is being pulled downwards by:
$$F_{lamp} = W$$
This force is the tension in the rope, and since we assumed that the rope is stiff and massless, the tension must be the same throughout:
$$T = F_{lamp} = W$$
Since the ceiling is also pulling the rope upwards, and the pull of the ceiling must exactly equal the tension in the rope, since the total net force is zero. Again, by Newton's third law, the rope must there be applying an equal but opposite force on the ceiling, pulling the ceiling downwards with a force equal to the tension \( T \). Since \( T = W \), then the ceiling is experiencing a pull downwards equal to the weight of the lamp.
More generally, ropes and strings provide a connection between two separate objects, and the tension on them is uniform through and applies to both objects on the two ends.
Physics in Motion · © 2021


text:
Q: Constructor with multiple possible Classes I'm trying to implement a constructor that can access class objects of two or more possible.
(PS. This is an inner class, for those who question the static class)
...

public static class Builder {
    protected String mTitle;
    protected List<ReviewItem> mPages = new ArrayList<ReviewItem>();
    protected boolean mRequired = false;
    protected String mParentKey;
    private final ModelCallbacks mModelCallbacks;
    private final Class<Fragment> mFragmentClass;

    public Builder(String title, ModelCallbacks callbacks, Class<PageFragment> clazz) {
        mTitle = title;
        mModelCallbacks = callbacks;
        mFragmentClass = clazz;
    }

    public Builder(String title, ModelCallbacks callbacks, Class<ListPageFragment> clazz) {
        mTitle = title;
        mModelCallbacks = callbacks;
        mFragmentClass = clazz;
    }

}

...

ListPageFragment inheritance
java.lang.Object
    ↳    android.app.Fragment
        ↳    android.app.ListFragment
            ↳    my.app.ListPageFragment

PageFragment inheritance
java.lang.Object
    ↳    android.app.Fragment
        ↳    my.app.PageFragment

Error:

Method Builder(String, ModelCallbacks, Class) has the
  same erasure Builder(String, ModelCallbacks, Class) as another
  method in type Page.Builder

The current error makes sense, but how can I implement or ensure that clazz is of type PageFragment or ListPageFragment?

A: You can change the signature as follows -
public Builder(String title, ModelCallbacks callbacks, Class<? extends Fragment> clazz) {

That way you won't need two or more constructors, one will be enough.
And you can change the field declaration -
private final Class<? extends Fragment> mFragmentClass;

The compilation error is because all the generic type information are erased (which means to replace all the parameterised types with their raw version e.g. Class<ListPageFragment> with just Class) after compilation. In your case, following is what the signature of both the constructors would after type erasing -
public Builder(String title, ModelCallbacks callbacks, Class clazz) {

Edit
If you have to limit the possible types to the two you mentioned then you it be better to have two static-factory-methods instead -
public static Builder withPageFragment(String title,
                                       ModelCallbacks callbacks,
                                       Class<PageFragment> clazz) {
     //...
}

public static Builder withListPageFragment(String title,
                                           ModelCallbacks callbacks,
                                           Class<ListPageFragment> clazz) {
     //...
}

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Tony Hegwood, Questionable Icons, Yadkin County, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Tompkins Square Park, East Village, NYC — as part of the annual Howl Festival, June 2012.
Based in the Lower East Side of NYC, Chico is widely known and has been featured in many periodicals.
The Tampa Police commissioned him to create a memorial mural for the fallen. He also makes 3-d robot figures out of recycled materials.


Change things up with a short trip to Nuuksio National Park in Espoo (about 46 minutes away). Pack the 25th (Mon) with family-friendly diversions at Linnanmaki Amusement Park. There's still lots to do: learn about all things military at Sea Fortress Suomenlinna, take in the spiritual surroundings of Uspenskin Cathedral (Uspenskin Katedraali), take in the architecture and atmosphere at Helsinki Cathedral, and admire the masterpieces at Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma.
For where to stay, maps, traveler tips, and other tourist information, read our Helsinki visit planner.
If you are flying in from United Kingdom, the closest major airport is Helsinki Vantaa Airport. In February, daytime highs in Helsinki are 0°C, while nighttime lows are -3°C. Wrap up your sightseeing on the 27th (Wed) to allow time to travel back home.


text:
Князь Дмитрий Иванович Долгоруков ( — ) — русский дипломат, тайный советник (1854), сенатор. Брат Павла и Александра Долгоруковых.

Карьера
Родился  года — сын известного поэта, писателя и мемуариста князя Ивана Михайловича Долгорукова, мать — княгиня Евгения Сергеевна Долгорукова (1770—1804).

Учился в Московском благородном университетском пансионе. В 1816 году поступил на службу канцеляристом в Московское губернское правление. С 1819 года — чиновник Коллегии иностранных дел. В 1820 году назначен секретарём при миссии в Константинополе.

Длительное время состоял при миссиях (в основном — секретарём) в Риме (1822—1826), Мадриде (1826—1830), Лондоне (1830—1831), Гааге (1831—1838), Неаполе (1838—1842). В 1843 году был назначен советником миссии в Константинополе. С 1845 года — полномочный министр при персидском дворе в Тегеране. После начала Крымской войны добился от шаха Наср-эд-дина нейтралитета Персии.

В 1854 году по семейным обстоятельствам покинул Персию. Будучи сенатором и тайным советником имел место в Правительствующем Сенате.

Скончался в Москве  года; похоронен на кладбище Донского монастыря.

Литературная деятельность
Состоял членом общества «Зелёная лампа», выступал там с чтением своих стихов. В 1822 году несколько стихотворений были напечатаны в «Новостях литературы» (№ 11).

Считался знатоком искусств, и в особенности живописи: собрал богатую коллекцию персидских рукописей, увлекался собиранием автографов, икон. Был членом совета Художественного общества и комиссии по постройке храма Христа Спасителя. Из литературного наследия Долгорукова (путевые очерки, дневники, путевые записки, стихи) наибольшую ценность представляет эпистолярное творчество: в его письмах, написанных с большим литературным мастерством, воссоздаётся образ жизни в русских посольствах того времени. Оставил путевые очерки, дневники, исторические записки.

В 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860 и 1863 издавал в Москве (первые два раза — анонимно) сборники своих стихотворений под одним и тем же названием «Звуки», каждый раз расширяя их за счёт новых произведений (в первом было 21 стихотворение, в последнем — 80 стихотворений и поэм). В 1859 году опубликовал в Москве отдельным изданием поэму «Дроново», входившую в последующие издания «Звуков». В 1865 издал в Москве сборник «Дроново», включавший, кроме одноимённой поэмы, стихотворение памяти Людмилы Владимировны Хитрово. В своём поэтическом творчестве, как и старший брат Александр, всячески подчёркивал преемственность по отношению к отцу, что выразилось даже в названиях многих стихотворений: «Камин», «Пир», «Фили», «Завещание». При этом в поэтике он был достаточно далёк от него, активно экспериментировал со стихотворными формами, которые отличаются разнообразием и самобытностью, часто использовал белый стих.

Его письма первой половины — середины 1820-х годов к отцу, брату и зятю, содержащие в том числе стихи и путевые очерки, опубликованы в «Русском архиве» в 1914 году.

Участие в судьбе бабидов
Наблюдая зверства против бабидов Ирана, в своих отчётах начальству в Санкт-Петербурге сокрушался о жестокости пыток и отвратительных казней, которым они подвергались. Также подавал шаху протесты, ходатайствуя, чтобы место тюремного заключения Баба было выбрано вдали от границ с Россией.

Бахаулла, основатель Веры Бахаи, был приговорён персидским правительством к изгнанию в 1853 году. Князь Долгоруков, наблюдая преследования бабидов и зная, что Бахаулла не виновен ни в каких преступлениях, предложил Ему, от имени русских властей, убежище на русской территории. Бахаулла выразил признательность за великодушие российского правительства, но решил принять указ о ссылке в Ирак, в город Багдад. Во время трёхмесячного путешествия в Багдад Бахауллу сопровождал, по указанию князя Долгорукова, официальный представитель русской дипломатической миссии. Сам Бахаулла так описывает это событие:В печати сообщалось, что сей Слуга бежал из земли Та [Тегерана] и направился в Ирак. Боже Милостивый! Ни на мгновение сей Гонимый не скрывал Себя. Напротив, Он всегда был стоек и не прятался от взоров людских. Никогда не отступали Мы и никогда не будем пытаться бежать. В действительности именно глупцы среди людей бегут из Нашего присутствия. Мы покинули Нашу родную страну, сопровождаемые двумя отрядами конной охраны, представлявшими два досточтимых правительства — Персии и России, и в Ирак Мы прибыли в зените славы и могущества. Хвала Богу! Дело, кое возвещает сей Гонимый, возвышенно, как небеса, и сияет, подобно солнцу. Сокрытию не доступны сии высоты, и нет здесь повода для страха или умолчания.Впоследствии, в Скрижали, обращённой к царю Александру II, Бахаулла сказал, что за эту поддержку царь удостоится особой милости Божией:О Царь России!.. Воистину, слышали Мы, о чём молил ты Господа твоего, втайне с Ним общаясь. Посему повеяли ветры нежной заботы Моей и поднялось море Моей милости, и воистину ответили Мы тебе. Господь твой, воистину, Всезнающ, Всемудр. В то время, когда Я лежал в оковах в темнице, один из министров твоих протянул Мне руку помощи. Посему определил для тебя Бог сан, коего не охватит ничьё знание, кроме Его знания. Остерегись променять сие возвышенное положение на что либо иное...

Семья

Был дважды женат и имел трёх дочерей:
 жена (с 09.01.1844, Константинополь) Мария Ивановна Десворт-Сальт-Бомель (1809—18.03.1853), познакомилась с будущим мужем в период его службы в Голландии. Болела туберкулёзом, была направлена врачами в ноябре 1852 года для лечения из Тегерана в Тифлис, где и скончалась. Дети:
 Евгения Дмитриевна (19.09.1832—23.06.1864), в замужестве за С. А. Апреяниновым.
 Наталия Дмитриевна (16.05.1849, Тегеран—31.01.1870), фрейлина двора (с апреля 1867).
 жена Софья Никаноровна Хитрово (24.02.1819—05.01.1902), дочь карачевского помещика, коллежского асессора Никанора Никаноровича Хитрово (1791—1855) от его брака с Екатериной Николаевной Лопухиной (1798—1858), владельцев дома на Арбате, 53, в котором Пушкин снимал квартиру и жил первые месяцы после свадьбы. Первым мужем Софьи Никаноровны с 1853 года был генерал-майор Н. И. Мясоедов, умерший через неделю после свадьбы. Была певицей-любительницей. С 1872 года состояла начальницей Александринского женского училища в Москве. Похоронена рядом с мужем в Донском монастыре. От второго брака имела дочь:
 Екатерина Дмитриевна (1859—20.11.1920), фрейлина двора (31.10.1876).

Предки

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Поэзия московского университета
 Дипломаты Российской империи

Дмитрий Иванович
Послы Российской империи в Иране
Дипломаты Российской империи
Воспитанники московского университетского пансиона
Похороненные в некрополе Донского монастыря
Почётные члены Императорской Академии художеств
Сенаторы Российской империи
Поэты Российской империи
Поэты России XIX века
Тайные советники

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If you sing/use this song, please contact the composer and say thank you to Sandra Hendrickson!
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text:
Dopo la laurea in medicina, ottenuta presso l'università di Oslo nel 1932, frequentò per un periodo il National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery di Londra.

Nel 1946 ottenne il dottorato con una tesi su una malattia neurologica che oggi porta il suo nome.

Ottenuto il titolo di professore, insegnò dal 1951 all'Università di Bergen e, dal 1954, presso l'Università di Oslo.

Note

Voci correlate
 Malattia di Refsum

Collegamenti esterni

 Sigvald Bernhard Refsum sull'Enciclopedia Treccani


text:
Rev. Mark Creech
You're here » Christian Columns Index » Rev. Mark Creech » Alcohol and the Mel Gibson Saga
Alcohol and the Mel Gibson Saga
by Rev. Mark Creech - (AgapePress)
UCH HAS BEEN said of late about the Mel Gibson saga, but little has been mentioned about the way the event pertained to beverage alcohol.
James B. Butler, executive director for the California Council on Alcohol Problems, has said: "Mel Gibson was arrested for drunk driving, and during the arrests made a number of anti-Semitic remarks. It now appears that his Hollywood career may be in jeopardy -- not because he was drunk, not because he was driving and putting people's lives at risk, but because of his remarks. Interestingly enough, alcohol is not identified as a significant contributing factor ...."
Years ago, the famous evangelist Billy Sunday described the destructive nature of alcoholic beverages when he said:
"If all the combined forces of hell should assemble in conclave and with them all the men on earth who hate and despise God, purity and virtue -- if all the scum of the earth could mingle with the denizens of hell to try to think of the deadliest institution to home, church, and state, I tell you, the combined forces of hell could not conceive of or bring into being an institution that could touch the hem of the garment of the tavern to damn the home, mankind, womanhood, business, and everything good on earth."
Although Sunday's words would likely be dismissed by most today as the misguided remarks of a prohibitionist, they still prove true time and again. Approximately 18 million Americans have an alcohol problem. Half of all adults have a family history of alcoholism or drinking problems. Nearly half of all traffic fatalities are alcohol-related. Alcohol is responsible for one quarter of all emergency room visits, one third of all suicides, and more than half of all homicides and acts of domestic violence. It significantly contributes to the top three causes of death: heart disease, cancer, and stroke. As a producer of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, it's a leading cause of mental retardation. Moreover, the overall economic impact of alcohol abuse in America amounts to approximately $184.6 billion, which breaks down to nearly $638 for every man woman and child in the nation.
John Freeman in his book Shadow Over America notes the influence of alcohol on history:
"Who can know how far alcoholic beverages have gone in undermining government and in changing the balance of power among the nations of the world? Every nation since earliest historical records has grown great while its population was primarily rural, hence had neither time nor money with which to pay the costs involved in drinking alcoholic beverages. As Greece decayed and finally collapsed because an urbanized population who had been demoralized by venial priests who exalted wine above all else in their worship and feasting, even so did Rome slowly degenerate. The glories of the Republic, the Conquests by Caesar, the far-spread empire with its vast system of roads, the great schools, libraries, theatres and colossal athletic events -- these were gradually caught in the mesh of wine. Instead of statesman, puppets of a wicked king like Nero arose, and finally the invaders from the North caught them with no suitable defense or defenders. Out of the scattered wreckage of the Holy Roman Empire arose the feudal states of the medieval ages which now constitute the pawns in the modern military and economic games of the great, and whose citizens continue to enslave themselves by strong drink."
Interestingly, the first mention of alcohol in the Bible was a negative incident that affected events on the world stage. Noah became drunk, which resulted in an occasion for his son Ham's sin (Gen. 9:20-25). No doubt Ham committed a much worse crime than simply looking on his father's nakedness, but whatever happened set in motion events leading to the curse of Canaan, Ham's descendants. One also shivers at the thought of what Mel Gibson's drunken tirade of anti-Semitic remarks could have resulted in at a time when matters are so precarious for the Middle East.
A fallacy often leveled at any effort to control the sale of alcohol is that prohibition was a total failure. Yet the best of research reveals just the opposite. In fact, William J. Bennett, former director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under former President George H.W. Bush, has written:
"One of the clear lessons of prohibition is that when we had laws against alcohol there was less consumption, less alcohol-related disease, fewer drunken brawls, and a lot less drunkenness. Contrary to myth, there is no evidence that prohibition caused any big increases in crime .... The real facts are these: As a result of prohibition, 180,000 saloons were shut down, and 1,800 breweries went out of business. In ten years of prohibition, the death rate due to alcohol decreased 42%, the death rate due to cirrhosis of the liver decreased by 70%, crime decreased by 54%, and insanity decreased by 66%."
There's a story of a woman who stood near the magistrate who was hearing a case against her husband. Somehow her sad look and disposition touched the heart of the judge, and he said to her, "Ma'am, I'm so very sorry, but I have no choice except to lock up your husband." Replied the woman: "Your honor, wouldn't it be better for me and the children if you locked up the local bars and let my husband go to work?"
It's hard to understand America's love affair with this product, which Jack Van Impe once called, "The Beloved Enemy." Recently, I visited a local drug store where a sign on one of the shelves read: "As a leader in efforts to control methamphetamine abuse, we restrict the sale and placement of all products containing pseudoephedrine." Yet alcohol is America's number-one drug problem and little is done by business or government to stringently restrict the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. Only last week, Dell recalled thousands of defective computer batteries that could burst into flames when used in their computers. Yet 40% of all fire deaths in this country are alcohol-related -- and there's no recall on beer, wine or liquor.
Mel Gibson's alcohol problem is simply a reflection of a much deeper national issue. As evident in this case, America's focus is blurred by its love for booze, choosing to practically disregard Gibson's drinking problem while at the same time spotlighting his regrettable anti-Semitic remarks. Generally speaking, the nation fails to recognize the nature of this extremely socially sensitive product. Should a plague of sorts be inflicted by some other country or terrorist cell such as is seen daily from alcohol, the U.S. would likely rise up in a declaration of war against that power. Nevertheless, Americans are content to embrace this "legal product," enjoying the buzz of a drunken stupor and the temporary break from reality it provides, all the while ignoring its harm to others and one's own impending hangover.
But don't expect the Mel Gibson situation to spur any serious discussions on this issue anytime soon. The national conscience is too drunk right now to talk about it.
Rev. Mark H. Creech (calact@aol.com) is the executive director of the Christian Action League of North Carolina, Inc.
More columns by Rev. Mark Creech

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Phil Pauley is a naval architect and designer, but also interested in renewable energy. Evidenced by one of his most recent studies on the concept of Marine Solar Cells. This hybrid system, designed to be installed as part of "solar farms" offshore, to generate electricity from the energy created by the natural movement of the waves, on the one hand, and by radiation from the sun, on the other hand, would be increased by about 20% due to the reflection on the surface of the water.
The concept seems so practical, or even obvious, that one wonders why it has not been used by industry. Fruit of the imagination of the Chinese designer Jie Weng the camera strap is covered on its widest part, flexible solar cells that can charge two batteries at the ends.
Sony S: a tablet really different?
Google + already in distress?


The new SEC image camera tube is designed for astronomical application. Its large target allows a wide viewing, angle with excellent resolution and little distortion, as the tube is magnetically focussed. The target is able to store information over several days and with proper cooling, integration of weak light signals is possible over several hours. A. sequential writing - reading, slow scan mode is suggested for most effective application. The window is transmissive far into the vacuum UV-spectrum. Zooming with a fourfold magnification has been successfully demonstrated employing a magnetic lens in front of the image section. The tube construction is ruggedized to withstand the shock and vibration requirements of rocket launch.


text:
Marine engines and complete marine propulsion systems
Industrial engines
Manufacturing bases
Heavy equipment Marine and industrial engines
Heléne Mellquist (President)
10.735 billion kr (2018)
~1,600 (2018)
volvopenta.com
A Volvo Penta TAMD120 diesel engine, built 1970-1983
Volvo Penta 6-cylinder diesel engine sound.
Volvo Penta was founded as Penta in 1907 with the production of its first marine engine, the B1. The Penta company soon became an established internal combustion engine manufacturer, which in 1927 delivered the engine for Volvo's first passenger car.
Volvo acquired Penta in 1935 and Volvo Penta has been part of the Volvo Group since then. It now provides internal combustion engines (ICEs) and complete power systems to the marine industry, power-generating equipment, and similar industrial applications. The business also manufacturers sterndrive and inboard drive systems such as the Volvo Penta IPS.[1] The engine program comprises petroleum fuel (diesel and gasoline) engines with power outputs of between 7.5 and 1,500 kilowatts (10 and 2,039 PS; 10 and 2,012 bhp).
In 1868, engineer Johan George Grönvall, also known as John G. Grönvall, founded a mechanical workshop and foundry in Skövde, Sweden. The company became limited in 1875, known as Sköfde Gjuteri och Mekaniska Verkstad or simply Gjuteriet. Products ranged from pots and vents to stoves and brewery equipment. Soon Gjuteriet also started manufacturing agricultural equipment and equipment for sawmills.
The company expanded heavily in the early 1900s, and started producing steam engines and water turbines for hydraulic power plants. In 1907, a very fruitful co-operation with the Stockholm-based engineering company Fritz Egnell began, with a one-cylinder 3 hp compression ignition engine. The engine was simply named B1 - but a five-man committee was set to find a name that would catch on. The committee failed to agree on a catchy name, but because it had five members, settled for Penta.
In 1916, Egnell bought the company and the name changed to AB Pentaverken. Production was concentrated on engines, mostly for maritime applications. The years immediately after World War I were economically harsh, but a new product was introduced: a small two cylinder U2 outboard engine designed by Carl-Axel Skärlund. The U2 was slightly improved in 1926, and renamed U21 and remained in production until 1962. The U2/U21 was a great success and exported worldwide.[citation needed] In many countries, U21 is still synonymous with outboard engine.[citation needed]
In 1925, Penta was approached by Assar Gabrielsson, the founder of Volvo, who needed an engine for the first Volvo automobile. Penta then designed the four cylinder 28 hp side valve Typ DA engine for the Volvo ÖV 4. In 1935, Penta became a subsidiary of Volvo.
Volvo Penta has introduced several industry-first innovations to the marine engine market, including the sterndrive unit, contra-rotating propellers Duoprop, and Forward Drive. In 2005, Volvo Penta launched the first IPS engine, a new "pod type" boat drive system with counter rotating forward-facing propellers operated by a joystick. Its engines are used by more than 140 boat manufacturers[2] including Fairline Boats, Sunseeker, Riviera, Four Winns, Sea Ray, Hanse, and Cranchi. In conjunction with Volvo owned CPAC Systems, Volvo Penta and Yamaha Motor signed an agreement involving technological partnership in December 2010.[3]
The company sells its engines to a variety of users, including many generator manufacturers such as Sdmo, Genpower, Kohler and Shanghai Dingxin Electric Group. Its engines are also used in mining equipment and stone-crushing machinery.
The company has a number of manufacturing bases for diesel engines at Vara, Sweden; Lingang, China; and Lexington, Tennessee, United States, for all gasoline engines and sterndrives. Volvo Penta operates worldwide and has around 4,000 dealers in 130 countries.[4]
^ Volvo Penta. "The Volvo Penta IPS engine range (Volvo Penta North America, 2011)". Retrieved 2011-12-30.
^ "IPS Boat builders - Volvo Penta IPS : Volvo Penta". Archived from the original on 2014-07-07.
^ "Sport Fishing 15 December 2010". Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ "Volvo Penta statement 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
Wagner, Lon (May 8, 1995). "Volvo Penta Of The Americas: What's In A Name? After Years Of Being Regarded As Safe, Staid And Reliable, Volvo Penta Is Re-Examining The Role Of Its Brand Name In the Making Of Fast And Exciting Marine Engines". Virginian-Pilot. p. 10. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
Official Volvo Penta website
Subsidiaries, joint ventures and divisions
Mack Defense
Renault Trucks Defense
VE Commercial Vehicles1
Volvo Defense
SDLG2
Former subsidiaries
DAF Cars
Volvo Aero
UD Trucks
Volvo Museum
1Joint venture with Eicher Motors. 2Joint venture with SDLG.


text:
package net.sf.qualitycheck.immutableobject.domain;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.annotation.concurrent.Immutable;

import net.sf.qualitycheck.Check;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

/**
 * Represents a type which can be a class, interface or annotation
 */
@Immutable
public final class Type {

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type boolean and not {@link java.lang.Boolean}
	 */
	public static final Type BOOLEAN = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.BOOLEAN.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Boolean}
	 */
	public static final Type BOOLEAN_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Boolean.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type byte and not {@link java.lang.Byte}
	 */
	public static final Type BYTE = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.BYTE.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Byte}
	 */
	public static final Type BYTE_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Byte.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type char and not {@link java.lang.Character}
	 */
	public static final Type CHAR = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.CHAR.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Character}
	 */
	public static final Type CHARACTER_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Character.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type double and not {@link java.lang.Double}
	 */
	public static final Type DOUBLE = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.DOUBLE.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Double}
	 */
	public static final Type DOUBLE_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Double.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type float and not {@link java.lang.Float}
	 */
	public static final Type FLOAT = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.FLOAT.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Float}
	 */
	public static final Type FLOAT_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Float.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type int and not {@link java.lang.Integer}
	 */
	public static final Type INT = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.INT.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Integer}
	 */
	public static final Type INTEGER_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Integer.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type long and not {@link java.lang.Long}
	 */
	public static final Type LONG = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.LONG.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Long}
	 */
	public static final Type LONG_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Long.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the abstract type {@link java.lang.Number}
	 */
	public static final Type NUMBER = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Number.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Pattern to parse a full qualified name of a type
	 *

	 * ^(((\d|\w)+\.)*)((\d|\w)+)(\$((\d|\w)+))?(<([\w\?].*)>)?$
	 */
	private static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^(((\\d|\\w)+\\.)*)((\\d|\\w)+)(\\$((\\d|\\w)+))?(<([\\w\\?].*)>)?$");

	/**
	 * Represents the primitive type short and not {@link java.lang.Short}
	 */
	public static final Type SHORT = new Type(Package.UNDEFINED, Primitive.SHORT.getName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.Short}
	 */
	public static final Type SHORT_BOXED = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, Short.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents the type {@link java.lang.String}
	 */
	public static final Type STRING = new Type(Package.JAVA_LANG, String.class.getSimpleName(), GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED);

	/**
	 * Represents a list of all basic value types in package java.lang
	 */
	public static final List<Type> JAVA_LANG_VALUE_TYPES = ImmutableList.of(BOOLEAN_BOXED, BYTE_BOXED, CHARACTER_BOXED, DOUBLE_BOXED,
			FLOAT_BOXED, INTEGER_BOXED, LONG_BOXED, NUMBER, SHORT_BOXED, STRING);

	/**
	 * Creates a new instance of {@code GenericDeclaration} when the given declaration is not empty other wise it
	 * returns {@link GenericDeclaration#UNDEFINED}.
	 *
	 * @param declaration
	 *            declaration of a generic
	 * @return instance of {@code GenericDeclaration} and never null
	 */
	@Nonnull
	private static GenericDeclaration createGenericDeclaration(@Nonnull final String declaration) {
		Check.notNull(declaration, "declaration");
		return declaration.isEmpty() ? GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED : GenericDeclaration.of(declaration);
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new instance of {@code Package} when the given name is not empty other wise it returns
	 * {@link Package#UNDEFINED}.
	 *
	 * @param packageName
	 *            package name
	 * @return instance of {@code Package} and never null
	 */
	@Nonnull
	private static Package createPackage(@Nonnull final String packageName) {
		Check.notNull(packageName, "packageName");
		return packageName.isEmpty() ? Package.UNDEFINED : new Package(packageName);
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the passed type is a type of java.lang. If it is a type of java.lang the
	 * matching type will be returned otherwise {@code null}.
	 *
	 * @param name
	 *            simple or qualified name of a type
	 * @return matching type or {@code null}
	 */
	@Nullable
	public static Type evaluateJavaLangType(@Nonnull final String name) {
		Check.notEmpty(name, "name");
		Type ret = null;
		for (final Type type : JAVA_LANG_VALUE_TYPES) {
			if (type.getName().equals(name.replace("java.lang.", ""))) {
				ret = type;
				break;
			}
		}
		return ret;
	}

	@Nonnull
	public static Type of(@Nonnull final Class<?> clazz) {
		Check.notNull(clazz, "clazz");
		return new Type(clazz.getName());
	}

	@Nullable
	private final transient boolean collectionVariant;

	@Nonnull
	private final GenericDeclaration genericDeclaration;

	@Nonnull
	private final String name;

	@Nonnull
	private final Package packageDeclaration;

	public Type(@Nonnull final Package pkg, @Nonnull final String name, @Nonnull final GenericDeclaration genericDeclaration) {
		packageDeclaration = Check.notNull(pkg, "pkg");
		this.name = Check.notEmpty(name, "name");
		this.genericDeclaration = Check.notNull(genericDeclaration, "genericDeclaration");
		collectionVariant = CollectionVariant.evaluate(pkg, name) != null ? true : false;
	}

	public Type(@Nonnull final String qualifiedName) {
		Check.notNull(qualifiedName, "qualifiedName");
		final Matcher m = PATTERN.matcher(Check.notEmpty(qualifiedName.trim(), "qualifiedName"));
		Check.stateIsTrue(m.matches(), "qualified name must match against: %s", PATTERN.pattern());
		// internal only reference needed to be detected as immutable
		final Package pkg = m.group(7) != null ? createPackage(m.group(1) + m.group(4)) : createPackage(m.group(1));
		final String name = m.group(7) != null ? m.group(7) : Check.notEmpty(m.group(4), "name");
		collectionVariant = CollectionVariant.evaluate(pkg, name) != null ? true : false;
		genericDeclaration = m.group(10) != null ? createGenericDeclaration(m.group(10)) : GenericDeclaration.UNDEFINED;
		packageDeclaration = pkg;
		this.name = name;
	}

	public Type(@Nonnull final String packageName, @Nonnull final String typeName, @Nonnull final String genericDeclaration) {
		this(createPackage(Check.notNull(packageName, "packageName")), Check.notEmpty(typeName, "typeName"), createGenericDeclaration(Check
				.notNull(genericDeclaration, "genericDeclaration")));
	}

	@Override
	public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
		if (this == obj) {
			return true;
		}
		if (obj == null) {
			return false;
		}
		if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
			return false;
		}
		final Type other = (Type) obj;
		if (!genericDeclaration.equals(other.genericDeclaration)) {
			return false;
		}
		if (!packageDeclaration.equals(other.packageDeclaration)) {
			return false;
		}
		if (!name.equals(other.name)) {
			return false;
		}
		return true;
	}

	@Nonnull
	public GenericDeclaration getGenericDeclaration() {
		return genericDeclaration;
	}

	@Nonnull
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	@Nonnull
	public Package getPackage() {
		return packageDeclaration;
	}

	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		final int prime = 31;
		int result = 1;
		result = prime * result + genericDeclaration.hashCode();
		result = prime * result + packageDeclaration.hashCode();
		result = prime * result + name.hashCode();
		return result;
	}

	public boolean isBoolean() {
		return equals(BOOLEAN);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedBoolean() {
		return equals(BOOLEAN_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedByte() {
		return equals(BYTE_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedCharacter() {
		return equals(CHARACTER_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedDouble() {
		return equals(DOUBLE_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedFloat() {
		return equals(FLOAT_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedInteger() {
		return equals(INTEGER_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedLong() {
		return equals(LONG_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedShort() {
		return equals(SHORT_BOXED);
	}

	public boolean isBoxedType() {
		return isBoxedBoolean() || isBoxedByte() || isBoxedCharacter() || isBoxedDouble() || isBoxedFloat() || isBoxedInteger()
				|| isBoxedLong() || isBoxedShort();
	}

	public boolean isByte() {
		return equals(BYTE);
	}

	public boolean isChar() {
		return equals(CHAR);
	}

	public boolean isCollectionVariant() {
		return collectionVariant;
	}

	public boolean isDouble() {
		return equals(DOUBLE);
	}

	public boolean isFloat() {
		return equals(FLOAT);
	}

	public boolean isInt() {
		return equals(INT);
	}

	public boolean isJavaLangType() {
		return isBoxedType() || isNumber() || isString();
	}

	public boolean isLong() {
		return equals(LONG);
	}

	public boolean isNumber() {
		return equals(NUMBER);
	}

	public boolean isPrimitive() {
		return Primitive.isPrimitive(name);
	}

	public boolean isShort() {
		return equals(SHORT);
	}

	public boolean isString() {
		return equals(STRING);
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		final StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
		if (!packageDeclaration.getName().isEmpty()) {
			b.append(packageDeclaration.getName());
			b.append(Characters.DOT);
		}
		b.append(name);
		if (!genericDeclaration.getDeclaration().isEmpty()) {
			b.append('<');
			b.append(genericDeclaration.getDeclaration());
			b.append('>');
		}
		return b.toString();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lin-Manuel Miranda has kept himself busy since leaving the Hamilton stage this summer, in a large part by teaming up with Disney. He's composed music for this month's Moana, will co-star in Mary Poppins Returns, and even signed up to help out with the live-action remake of The Little Mermaid. And the relationship won't stop there. Miranda has revealed he's working with Zootopia co-director Byron Howard on a new animated film.
However, it might be a while before we actually see the results of their labor. Animated films can take years to get through development and production, and Miranda and Howard's movie is still in the early stages. "We literally haven't gotten in the room yet, but we're plotting," he teased.
Fans of Miranda's work as Alexander in Hamilton and Usnavi in In the Heights maybe be wondering if he could have a role onscreen in addition to his work behind the scenes. But Miranda claims not to know. "I'm such a fan that I can't picture where I'd fit into that universe," he said. "But no matter what, I'm here for the ride." Personally, I think he'd make a pretty good Sebastian — after all, he even named his son Sebastian partly as a tribute to that poor beleaguered sidekick.


text:
Scotland's Secret Shame: the Story of Scotland's downfall
January 13, 2020 Editor	11 Comments
King James V of Scotland
Written and researched by Francesco Joseph Dougan
https://independent.academia.edu/FrankDougan/Papers
https://maryqueenofscots1587.wordpress.com
https://lindisfarnegospels.blogspot.com/
https://twitter.com/MQofScots
14th of December 1542. King James V. of Scotland held his seven-day-old baby daughter Mary in his arms and with his last breath may have whispered to her?
'My darling lassie, I'm so sorry to leave you in these dreadful times surrounded by devils. Now you will be queen, as I fear my life slipping away'.
With the death of James V. dawned an era that was about to change the world, and especially Scotland for the worst.
The Reformation and the doom and gloom of Protestantism that would plunge the country into the bloodiest period it had ever witnessed in its troubled history.
Never before or since had there been a more devious collection of contemptuous Vultures accumulated on the political stage of Scotland or England who created havoc and division, that would last for hundreds of years.
The number one culprit in the scenario was without a doubt John Knox, who betrayed everything starting with God, Queen, and Country and that was before he started to get serious.
Henry VIII and his illegitimate daughter Elizabeth I…. came in second and third though in all honesty it was a photo finish.
A whole posse of Scottish so called Nobles are included in the scenario, and if one can imagine the henchmen of Adolph Hitler's Nazi party and the horrors that they committed prior to and during the second world war, then that will give one a pretty clear idea of the Scottish Nobility at the time.
The devil's personal servant the illegitimate half brother of Queen Mary of Scotland, James Stuart, Prior of St. Andrews, later to become the Earl of Moray, who was a murderous lying cheat and protector of Knox.
The Earl of Bothwell, Morton, Ruthven, James and Andrew Melville, along with the sadistic child abuser George Buchanan 'theologian'? to mention but a few all pursued demonic ideals and forced the Scottish Proletariat to follow them.
I will include the author J. Mackintosh who's History of Scotland, circa 1891, is almost dedicated to the promotion of the devil's own faith, Protestantism.
The Reign of James V had given hope to Scotland
When Europe was on the verge of the Reformation the Scottish king James IV had been killed in battle at Flodden in September 1513. October 1513 his son an infant was crowned James V at Scone in Perth and his mother was named as Regent, but this only lasted for one year due to her marriage with the Earl of Angus. Some of the of nobles wanted the Duke of Albany to be Regent, he was a son of Alexander Stuart a brother of King James III and after the infant king was next heir to the crown, he had been living in France and accepted the role and arrived in Scotland in May 1515.
The task of restoring order among the nobles was enormously difficult he was French in manner and custom and was at the disadvantage of being unacquainted with the habits of the Scots, although a very talented man he soon found the obstacles that the nobles put in front of him impossible to deal with and within a short space of time realised the hopelessness of his task.
He returned often to France to escape the constant turmoil and after a fluctuating sway of eight years his regency ended in 1524. The Earl of Angus who during the duke of Albany's Regency had been up to some missdoings had been forced to flee from Scotland and with the concurrence of the Earl of Arran, Angus returned and started to push for power. He took on the mantle of chancellor and made his uncle treasurer. He became the guardian of the young king James V, though in reality he held James as a prisoner and they compelled the young king to sign everything which they presented to him, with the aid of some loyal nobles the young king escaped from the imprisonment imposed upon him and from that day in May 1528, until the end of his life James hunted and pursued Angus and his accomplices with relentless vigour and severity.
The Earl of Angus's estates were forfeited and he fled to England under the protection of Henry VIII where he stayed until the plot with Henry, to return to Scotland and steal the baby queen Mary after the death of King James V.
Once James had found his freedom he started making drastic changes in the government. He appointed the archbishop of Glasgow as chancellor and leaned more towards the clergy to help him govern the country and the king pursued his policy of crushing the nobles. 1541 parliament passed an act confirming the revocation of all grants of land customs borough rents fishing and gifts, which the king had been compelled to sign while being held prisoner under the Earl of Angus.
Another act which enraged the nobles annexed to the crown the Western Isles and Orkney and Shetland the act also took over Bothwell, Preston, Douglas, Tantallon, Crawford, Lindsay, Bonhill, Jedbourgh Forest, Glammis, Liddesdale, Evandale and the Earldom of Angus and everything that belonged to it. These acts were within the constitution but overbold, as the crown had not the power to enforce them the nobles were nervously apprehensive and they were sure to make a move against the king.
1542, Henry VIII demanded King James V to attend a conference at York, James failed to attend and Henry proclaimed war on Scotland. James mustered his army and marched to meet his enemy, now the opportunity arose for the nobles to destroy their king.
He was daring and fearless in leading his army but the traitorous Nobles turned back with their men and left the king defenceless, not unlike the scenarios that William Wallace and Bonnie Prince Charlie also endured, James had no alternative other than to turn back.
Shortly afterwards the king managed to raise a small force to be led by Oliver Sinclair as its commander he was a close friend of the king and James knew he couldn't trust the nobles, as the army was approaching English ground the nobles started arguing with the commander, and a great deal of confusion arose as to who was to do this or that.
The English commander, Lord Dacre, observed this and while the Scots were arguing with each other three hundred English cavalry dashed into the Scottish ranks and slaughtered them. As these were his only loyal soldiers he knew he was finished it sapped all his strength and he died with his newborn baby Mary in his arms on l4th of December 1542.
The Reformation brought a distorted notion of society to Scotland
To understand this, one must go directly to the official word of the Protestant church referring to its power over the civil government.
'This power and ecclesiastical polity is different and distinct from that which is called the civil power, and belongs to the civil government of the commonwealth; Although they are both of God and tend to the same end, if they be rightly used, namely, to advance the glory of God, and to have good subjects.
This ecclesiastical power flows immediately from God and the Mediator, Christ Jesus, and is spiritual, not having a temporal head on earth, but only Christ, the spiritual King and Governor of His Church.
Therefore this power and polity of the Church should lean upon the Word of God immediately, as the only ground thereof, and should be taken from the pure fountains of the Scriptures, hearing the voice of Christ, the only spiritual King, and being ruled by His laws….
The civil power should command the spiritual to exercise and perform their office according to the Word of God.
The spiritual rulers should require the Christian magistrates to administer justice and punish vice; and to maintain the liberty and peace of the Church within their bound….
The magistrate ought to assist, maintain, and fortify the jurisdiction of the Church.
The ministers ought to assist their princes in all things agreeable to the Word of God, provided they do not neglect their own charge by involving themselves in civil affairs.'
What I seem to understand from the mentioned constitution, is that it leans heavily towards the powers of the land and to protect the Church a Church that was imposed upon the Proletariat, and the absolute destruction of the Roman Catholic Church and as has been seen in later years the turmoil against the Episcopalian Church, and the split into 1000s of factions of the Protestant Churches.
The Scottish Protestants seemed to think that they were the only people capable of determining the way that God should be worshipped, contrary to the way that Jesus Christ wished.
Yet, St. Peter and the Apostles were ordained to carry the Word and the Message of Christ, and to ordain in His name and appoint successors on earth for them to continue spreading His Word. Lets face it for over 1500 years these appointed people carried out a pretty good method of going about what they did. Eleven very frighten men and some women in fear of death brought His Word all the nations of the world, not all accept it but all respect it.
Yet in Scotland in the mid sixteenth century all that was undone to the extent that even the very grass roots preacher, in the humblest of parishes had to be appointed or nominated by the Noble, or Earl, or Lord, actually by anyone as long as they were above the Proletariat and this system existed for hundreds of years, and the truth is that was what created the original grounds for the Reformation.
The people were conned and the Nobility took the spoils and riches of the Catholic Church and set up the system of a Bourgeoisie Church.
Perhaps the biggest thought provoker was the cancellation of the foundation of Christianity the feast and celebration of Christmas and Easter the very essence of the faith.
As a Catholic, my understanding of Jesus Christ is that he is the Son of God. But, I fail to find in the constitution of the Protestant Church this acknowledgment.
The term Mediator is used King and Governor is also used, these terms could refer to anyone and was this the reason for the abolishment of Easter the most important feast for all Christians, as the rising of Jesus Christ from the dead proved that he was The Son of God…
To be a follower of Jesus you have to accept and believe this if you don't well try again 'cause if you want to He will come to you only if you want Him.
From the early days of the reformation in Scotland it was total chaos, as this was a business move for the Nobles and a handful of greedy power grabbing vain men, who preyed on the weakness of the poor serf classes who were easily aroused by their false hopes and promises that never materialized as we now look back from the twenty first century.
Over four hundred years have passed from the days of Knox and in reality it is only since the end of the Second World War though mostly from the 1960s onward, and the great labour movements have the Proletariat moved out of slums and into slightly better housing and education.
Prior to this period under the Protestant rule from London by the undemocratic government based there ruling the Scots through the House of Lords a government or parliament of the Bourgeoisie, lets face it the Protestant thing did not aid the Proletariat.
A state religion developed for the upper classes who reaped all the cream off the top and created a power for themselves, with the support of the Protestant Church's leaders.
The Scots prior to the reformation enjoyed one of the most progressive free societies in the then known world. The political and religious freedom was centuries ahead of England and the cultural exchanges between our European neighbours were superb.
For hundreds of years the English had been constantly at war and had neglected the real issues in the quality of life of their peoples, and the Hierarchy constantly suppressed the Proletariat mostly for the purpose to fight wars for them as still exists today.
I am sure that the Scots and many decent English prior to the Reformation, wanted desperately to live in harmony and peace and the rulers of Scotland up to the death of James V. encouraged what was then a good deal of democracy, that was eyed by the English Bourgeoisie as a threat to its totalitarian state.
This is something that in the twentieth century one has witnessed throughout the world, brought directly into our homes by the technology that is available these days. The most prominent issue in the present day life of the Scottish population is the judicial system, how can a society be free and equal when the Courts of Law and the Judiciary are so strongly entwined with the Church of Scotland.
I have stated that the end of Protestantism is imminent, though I must emphasize that the dying beast has a sharp bite with strong jaws that cannot easily be prized open.
Until recently the Judges of the Court of Session the highest court in the land, have paraded themselves unashamedly in their ridiculous outdated robes and wigs, at St. Giles the Church stolen from Scottish Catholics in Edinburgh on Protestant appointed days.
I cannot see what these acts do to contribute to an equal and democratic society for everyone of any persuasion to enjoy, without the subliminal feeling of inadequacy.
These 'special' days are also attended by the Bourgeoisie from Scottish Universities and medical associations who all by their very presence at these events, are actually endorsing Protestant dominance over the Scottish Proletariat, and as we now live in a multifarious society this is an outrageous scandal and humiliation towards the whole of the image of the Scottish nation in the eyes of the civilized democratic world, to which part Scotland has yet to participate.
The more that I delve into the history of the Reformation and life after it brings a wry smile to my lips, and to come to the conclusion that one would have to be an out and out idiot to believe all the gush that has been stuffed down Protestant throats but what can one say when Protestant stalwarts such as Meikle, and not opposed by one of his contemporaries the so called 'eminent scholar' Professor Gordon Donaldson that it is grand to be a bad Christian but great to be a good Protestant?
For many years Knox had been in league with known English collaborators, Cockburn of Ormiston, George Wishart, David and George Forrest, and many others had been planted by the English under Henry VIII, after Scotland had been invaded in 1544 and with the destruction of the Scottish religious institutions by the English allowed the Knox led traitors to lay down plans for the over throw of the Catholic people of Scotland, and eventually the Scottish government by bad Christians but Good Protestants.
The hard and true facts about Scotland as a nation she had enjoyed independence for over two hundred years until the ugly head of the reformation sold the soul of Scotland to the English, without a doubt due to the leadership of the John Knox's Protestant Church from then until now, Scotland has ceased to be a nation in her own right.
Having lived in many European countries and Hong Kong over the past twenty years I am sad to say that so many Europeans think that Scotland is just an area in the north of England and that is the people with some understanding of geography others less knowledgeable though not less intelligent scratch their heads and look bemused, as to the exact location and purpose of claiming to be Scottish rather than British as in the eyes of the world the nation of Scotland the country is no more than an English colony with tens of 1000s of English troops based in Scotland in one guise or another even today!
Although I have had quite a few heated discussions with foreign nationals over the status of my country of birth I cannot other than agree that Scotland is nothing more than a satellite state of England.
So let me tell you the story of how Scotland fell…
The Hatred and Bitterness of Henry VIII
After Henry VIII's apostasy from the Catholic Church, his bitterness and evilly-distorted hatred towards the Scottish people was brought to the fore, along with his detestation of anyone who opposed him. His hatred against the Scottish Cardinal Beaton, who was the chief opponent of his wicked policies, was pre-eminent.
Many of the Scots nobles also had plots to murder the Cardinal and Henry offered a reward to anyone who would kill him. Cardinal Beaton evaded his enemies during 1544, but all around him were major plotters notably, the Earl of Cassillis, the Earl of Glencairn. The Laird of Brunston, the Laird of Ormiston and the Laird of Calder and a Protestant preacher was implicated; all were traitorously deeply in league with Henry VIII. and were plotting the murder of Cardinal Beaton.
The Protestant preacher George Wishart had the support of the Earls and Lairds and Henry and during January 1546 he was preaching at Haddington against the Cardinal accompanied by John Knox he was apprehended by the Earl of Bothwell and was taken to Edinburgh and shortly afterword was conveyed to St. Andrews. He was tried and convicted of heresy and implicated in the plot to murder Cardinal Beaton the last bastion of Scottish freedom against Henry VIII and his fiendish ambitions to enslave the Scots.
Wishart was condemned to death and was executed on 11 march 1546 for his part in the invasion by English forces that had destroyed the major Scottish learning institutions and Abbeys.
Saint Andrews' Castle (click for credits)
Cardinal Beaton had endeavoured in every way possible to strengthen his position by discrediting the rogue nobles, constantly the vultures were hovering and late in May 1546 the Cardinal received word that Henry was preparing another invasion of Scotland and he put his castle on a defensive footing for the forthcoming English attack.
The Cardinal was in residence at his castle opposite the magnificent cathedral and centre of pilgrimage in St. Andrews the ancient capital of Scotland named after the brother of St. Peter the Apostle because the relics of the bones of St. Andrew first arrived at this place in Scotland.
Early on the morning of 29th. May 1546 Cardinal Beaton was brutally murdered.
Norman Lesley and James Melville along with a group of armed traitors told the gatekeeper that they had arranged an interview with Cardinal Beaton as he had no knowledge of this and noting they were all heavily armed the gatekeeper told them to wait until he reported to the Cardinal, the traitors immediately pounced on the helpless fellow and stabbed him to death in the name of Protestantism. Within a matter of minutes the gang were inside the castle grounds but the noise of the commotion aroused the defenders.
Cardinal David Beaton, Last Scottish Cardinal of an independent Scotland
The Cardinal was woken and rose from his bed as he was coming downstairs from his bed chamber Lesley and Melville with the others in the dastardly party confronted him and ruthlessly murdered him Henry VIII had his wish come true. From that moment marked the last days of freedom for Scotland as an nation in her own right as the country was to be plunged into hundreds of years of Presbyterian doom and gloom.
29th of May 1546 was and still is a tragic day in the annuls of Scottish history! Cardinal Beaton was one of the last bastions of an independent Scottish nation in her own right, and with his murder Scotland was thrown into the hands of evil and treacherous devils.
Henry VIII unbeknown to him had less than a year of his life left perhaps for invoking the name of God the demon king of England was riddled by the venereal disease syphilis.
His bones were to rot and he would go blind and his brain would be totally deteriorated and paralysis would encompass his whole body, a dreadful agonising death confronted Henry as he pursued the destruction of the Scots and the holy faith; Scotland was thrown into a period of unmatched turmoil in her history.
The murderous conspirator's ranks were soon swelled to over one hundred and fifty traitors within the castle at St. Andrew's
The Earl of Arran who was the regent a limp wrist fellow tried for more that a year to oust the rogues.
During April 1547 John Knox joined the rebels he had been in hiding awaiting a safe time to return.
Knox had wanted to be a Catholic priest but he didn't like the discipline and faith demanded by the Church of Rome, or for that matter the law and order of his own Scottish government as he was paid and supported by the English invaders waiting in their war ships laying off the coast at St.Andrew's. He rejected his faith a faith that fed and educated him then his government and was in league with the enemy who had burned murdered and destroyed half of Scotland and her people for hundreds of years this is not unique in history that the common people can be duped and brainwashed into the desires of one man with lieutenants of a similar train of thought as can be seen from recent history.
The Scottish Parliament asked her French allies to come to their aid to get the English ships away from the ancient capital and to help recapture the castle, in the hope of keeping Scotland free from English domination. June 1547 French galleys attacked the English and destroyed them and recaptured the castle after a bloody battle. The traitors surrendered to the French commander and were deported to France John Knox was among those imprisoned and taken to France. Though on the intervention of the English government he would be set free two years later to continue his insatiable desire to crush the Catholics of Scotland.
Queen Mary drove Knox from Scotland
Mary Queen of Scots, by Unknown artist,painting,circa 1560-1592
Although the monster Henry VIII had died in January 1547 and the French had helped to take back the castle at St. Andrew's his evil policy was continued for the destruction of Scotland, and the search for the child Mary Queen of Scots. Lord Hertford now titled the Duke of Somerset was engaged of bringing the Scots to their knees with the great atrocities that the English were imposing on the nation. The Scots had no army to defend herself and what little defenders they had were slaughtered at Pinkie in the later part of 1541.
Emissaries were dispatched to France with the young queen Mary for her safekeeping.
The following year seven thousand French forces landed in Scotland and they mustard the Scots into some form of self belief to rise something of an army and the Scots together with their old trusted allies fought the English who still had control of many castles in Scotland, not without tremendous battles and struggles against the formidable fortifications the enemy had enveloped around her plundering murderous armies did the allies give the enemy a taste of there own medicine and drove the remnants of the invaders out of the country.
By 1550 at last Scotland had rid herself of the oppressors but an uneasy peace rained and the seeds of discontent had been sown and John Knox had been freed by the French as he was in the employ of the English where he was a Royal chaplain though he had never taken any vows to Edward VI. who was a boy and England was being run by the Duke of Northumberland who was acting as regent.
He had assumed this mantle from the discredited Duke of Somerset the butcher who ruthlessly tried to obliterate the Scots when he was the Earl of Hertford, he was to lose his head-on the chopping block in the turmoil of the English political mayhem.
During the next few years there was much to-ing and fro-ing over the reform movement in Scotland, and the child queen Mary of Scots was in the safekeeping of the French meanwhile in England another Mary the daughter of Henry VIII queen Mary 1 of England married Philip II of Spain in 1554 and restored the Roman Catholic Church into England.
On Mary's accession to throne of England John Knox deserted his post as royal chaplain to the court of England and fled abroad again due to his popularity? In Scotland the young queen Mary's mother Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V was exerting all her influence to take over as Regent, the Earl of Arran's Regency was a flop and through the vacillating character of the government his estimation in the eyes of the nation was zero.
Arran resigned the regency of Scotland in April 1554 and the queen mother Mary of Guise took his place she was a woman of exceptional talents and had during her time in Scotland acquired a love and knowledge of the character and habits of her adopted nation. She ruled with remarkable moderation and showed herself to be tactful and considerate but she had many adverse influences and circumstances to contend with.
The nobles were never to be trusted and John Knox returned to Scotland in September 1555 and was defiantly preaching against his mother church the prior of St. Andrew's who later became the Regent Moray the Earl of Argyle then Lord Lorne and others who had an eye on the church's property were supporting Knox as he was an ideal patsy for them to manipulate or so they thought as he became the puppet master.
Knox was preaching zealously and venomously against the doctrines of the Catholic Church and he wanted to impose on the Scots the strict and drastic theocracy of John Calvin a Frenchman living in Geneva. His theology is centred on predestination under which the elect are predestined by God to salvation.
John Knox had betrayed his own church and country and sided with Henry VIII now he wanted his fellow Scots to believe his ways to be good, true and faithful. He had an intense hatred against the Scottish Catholic Church perhaps because he never rose above the position of a scribe.
The Catholic clergy were alarmed at the sermons Knox was preaching against the church and they realised the ulterior motives of the nobles, who were now openly supporting Knox. Many of the nobles had been in exile living under the wing of Henry VIII and had slunk back into Scotland after their protectors death during the weak regency of Arran.
Knox was summoned to appear before the court in Edinburgh on 15th of May 1556 but when Erskine and other nobles turned out with a massive force and demanded the citation to be withdrawn, instead of appearing before the court Knox preached to the gullible forces under the command of Erskine and the other rogue nobles.
Knox fled Scotland once again soon after this as other law-abiding nobles were searching for him and he escaped to Geneva, meanwhile as Scotland seemed to be slipping into a dark abyss the rest of the world was enjoying the discovery of new and colourful worlds.
Columbus had found the Americas by accident as he sailed to discover a new sea-route to the spice world of India spices were a vital part of life especially for keeping foodstuffs preserved. Pepper was the most valuable spice and accounted for seventy per cent of the requirements of Europe and the best of pepper was native to the sub continent of India, therefore whoever discovered a fast route to India could control the economic power of the spices. Great explorers emerged such as Columbus, Vasco de Gama, Vespucci and Magellan on tiny skips they sailed uncharted seas and brought back news of new discoveries of lands and peoples.
Instead of being a part of this new adventures the Scots economy and resources had been drained with over forty years of war with the English under Henry VIII.
Cardinal BeatonFrancis Joseph DouganKnoxReformationScotland
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11 thoughts on "Scotland's Secret Shame: the Story of Scotland's downfall"
Amazing Sad History of Scotland, my dear poor Scotland!
What more can I do but from America?
A.J.,
I will ask Francesco Dougan when he comes to Rome this week. Look for a follow up article.
TJ M says:
This is important history. For the sake of wider readership, please have this and any sequels proofread for spelling, punctuation and syntax – clear and precise writing will be more readily consumed and understood.
I did not write it. and I am a lousy editor or proofreader. Also, the writer is Scottish and they have been using English longer than Americans, so I left a good number of wee words as I found them.
Lindisfarne Gospels + Mary Queen of Scots says:
Thanks, Alexis, wonderful editing and layout.
Reblogged this on Maryqueenofscots1587's Blog and commented:
Written and researched by; Frank J Dougan
The Persecution and destruction of Mary Queen of Scots by John Knox!
The mystery surrounding John Knox is an
enigma as there are no records available or details of his life prior to 1540.
Records of births at the Mitchell Library in Glasgow show two John Knox birth dates as 1505 and 1515 both born in Haddington.
There are also records of a John Knox who was a notary and was connected with the Roman Catholic Church around 1520s.
Knox was married twice and had five children, he wrote umpteen books including his
"History" yet nothing is known of his life, even in those days people celebrated
birthdays, especially since Knox had banned
Christmas and Easter.Look at the many famous people whom we know of their lives even though they came from humble backgrounds;
Written and researched by Francesco Josepa Dougan published by; https://FROMROME.WORDPRESS.COM
Thanks Br. Alexis.
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text:
Published On: Wed, Mar 23rd, 2022
Around Your Neighborhood / Charity / Community / Lake Worth / Neighborhood / News / Press Release | By Online Staff D
Boca Helping Hands Expands Hunger Relief Services in Lake Worth and Offers Financial Assistance for Residents in Crisis
Boca Raton, FL — Boca Helping Hands (BHH) recently expanded its food distribution schedule in Lake Worth as part of the organization's hunger relief efforts in Palm Beach County.
For the first time, BHH is now serving weekly hot prepared to-go meals to the Lake Worth community on Friday evening from 4:30 pm – 6:00 pm at Proclaim Church (2116 Lantana Rd, Lake Worth, FL 33462). This initiative is an extension of the organization's six-day-a-week Hot Meal Program at its main facility in East Boca. This program is open to anyone and no identification is required.
This service is being added due to the growing need within the community for hunger relief assistance. According to the USDA Economic Research Service, the area north of Lantana Road and east of I-95, only a half-mile from the Lake Worth distribution site, is considered to be low income. This means the poverty rate is 20% or greater, or the median family income is less than or equal to 80% of the statewide median family income.
Since the expansion began on Feb. 25, 572 to-go meals have been distributed to families in need in Lake Worth. After seeing the need in the community first hand, the Rev. Dr. Andrew D. Hagen, a BHH board member who previously served as the church's pastor, offered the church's facilities as an expansion site for the organization's Hot Meal Program. With the help of a grant from his family's foundation, the initiative was implemented last month.
"When the idea of adding a Hot Meal Program was offered to us, we were enthusiastic about continuing to assist hard-working families and financially challenged seniors," Hagen said.
Proclaim Church also serves as one of five distribution locations for the organization's Pantry Bag Program. In addition to Lake Worth, qualifying Palm Beach County residents living at or below the poverty level are eligible to receive pantry bags of groceries in East Boca Raton, West Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, and Delray Beach, including non-perishable staples such as rice, pasta, beans, fresh seasonal produce, and protein. Distribution at Proclaim Church in Lake Worth occurs on Saturdays from 1:00 pm – 3:00 pm and averages about 575 pantry bags distributed per month. Registration is completed in person during a client's first visit.
"We have been able to expand the footprint of our hunger relief efforts largely through the support of our partners in the faith community, who have made their facilities available to us," said Greg Hazle, Boca Helping Hands' Executive Director. "Our partnership with Proclaim Church has been a critical factor in successfully serving the greater Lake Worth community since June 2020."
Information on how to register for the Pantry Bag Program, hours, and distribution locations can be found on at BocaHelpingHands.org/PantryBagProgram.
Individuals looking to volunteer in Lake Worth to help with the Hot Meal Program and Pantry Bag Distribution at Proclaim Church can contact Will Torres at (954) 793-8376.
To help those who may need further assistance, BHH has partnered with the Palm Beach County Food Bank to help individuals in this community sign up for federal and state benefits such as SNAP (food stamps) and Medicaid. This service is free of charge and available by appointment on Fridays from 9:00 am – 3:00 pm at Proclaim Church. The goal is to help individuals who may not have access to a computer or need assistance navigating the intricate application process. Since the start of the Benefits Outreach Program at Proclaim Church last June, 159 people have been registered. To make an appointment, call Giselle Davila at (561) 513-0096.
In addition to receiving hot meals and pantry bags of groceries, Lake Worth residents may also be eligible for emergency financial assistance with rent and utilities, partial reimbursement for childcare expenses, and healthcare vouchers for medical, dental, and behavioral care services (for those who are uninsured). Requirements and additional information about how to apply for financial assistance can be found at BocaHelpingHands.org/ResourceCenter. Additional information for how to obtain healthcare vouchers can be found at BocaHelpingHands.org/Healthcare.
About Boca Helping Hands
Boca Helping Hands (BHH) is a community-based nonprofit that provides food, medical and financial assistance to meet basic human needs as well as education, job training and guidance to create self-sufficiency. Through its various programs, BHH assists over 27,000 people annually.
In 2021, BHH distributed more than 70,000 pantry bags from five Palm Beach County locations and served nearly 80,000 hot meals. The organization expands access to affordable medical, dental and behavioral care through its partnerships with Genesis Community Health (serving clients at clinics in Boca Raton and Boynton Beach) and Florida Atlantic University's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Community Based Clinics (serving residents in West Palm Beach). In addition, BHH sends weekend meals home with food-insecure elementary school students via the BHH Backpacks Program and assists working families with the rising cost of childcare through the Children's Assistance Program (CAP).
With an increased focus on client self-sufficiency, BHH awards scholarships for qualified candidates to attend accredited vocational training classes that prepare them for careers in the healthcare, information technology, construction, and transportation industries. BHH also offers free English as a Second Language (ESOL) classes, courses in nutrition, and other life skills. In addition, staff and volunteer mentors counsel the unemployed and underemployed in basic workplace skills and help them polish resumes and search for jobs.
Boca Helping Hands is a partner agency of The Town of Palm Beach United Way. Since 1945, the Town of Palm Beach United Way has been committed to improving lives and building strong communities throughout Palm Beach County by focusing on programs and priorities that promote education, health, and financial stability.
Charity Navigator named Boca Helping Hands a Four-Star Charity for the 15th consecutive year in June 2021. Boca Helping Hands is located at 1500 NW 1st Court, Boca Raton, FL 33432. For more information, please visit BocaHelpingHands.org.
Online Staff D -
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For the last decade, Leo has directed and helped nurture exciting new theatrical work in spoken word, poetry and hip hop theatre.
An international story about place, home and community by world renowned graffiti artist Mohammed Ali (Aerosol Arabic). In winter 2012/2013 Leo teamed up with Mohammed Ali and an exciting creative team to tell the story of Mohammed's home; Sparkbrook, Birmingham. What emerged was a political, personal and regional history woven together using live-graffiti, vocal-looping, rhyme and spoken word. If Walls Could Speak was performed in March 2013 at Midlands Arts Centre.
Polarbear is renowned as one of Britains most exciting performance poets. Leo and Polarbear have collaborated on several projects This show Draws on his experience of leaving life as a Brummie builder and heading to London to become an artist and, eventually, father. Old Me was first performed at The Roundhouse in November 2011.
The show was produced by Birmingham Repertory Theatre in association with the Albany, Deptford, CMN and Contact Theatre, Manchester and toured the UK in 2007/8, with support from Decibel and Arts Council England.
A bold excursion into a place where performance, poetry, spoken word and street-culture fuse to create something entirely new. Performed by Samira Arhin-Acquaah, Ben Mellor and Martin Stanage with Musical Direction by Jason Sing and Sound Design by Dan Steel. The show was developed at the Contact Theatre, Manchester and toured the UK in 2008.
A Grime musical, bringing together spoken word, physicality and comedy with a tailor-made score of beats, rhyme, rhythm and melody. More information about this show can be found on the Artist Development page.


The City tore up the asphalt in front of 7853 2nd Ave So over a month ago and placed barricades around the area. There hasn't appeared to be any additional work done in over a month. The City needs to repair the road surface as not only is it unsightly, but the barricades in the middle of the road create a hazard to drivers.


according to Hindu Vedic calender, this will be the 5243th birth aniversary of lord Krishna which is going to be celebrated as "Krishna Janmashtami" (श्रीकृष्ण जन्माष्टमी) on 15th Aug 2017. As legends says, lord Krishna was born on this day in a Jail to order to destroy and counteract against all evils and bad forces from the face of the earth.
The festival is observed in all over India, but in Mathura and Vrindavan which are believed to be the birth place of Lord Krishna, this festival is celebrated in most unique and enthusiastic way. Get Janmashtami 2017 Shubh Muhurat Timings, Vrat-Fasting Time, and Puja Vidhi to be followed while worshiping Krishna on this auspicious occasion. Krishna Janmashtami will be celebrated by people all over the country tomorrow.
The festival Krishnashtami marks the annual celebration of birth of the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. People all over India celebrate the birth of Hindu deity Krishna on this day. Ras Lila and Dahi Handi mark the celebration of this festival. People celebrate the festival in Shravan month with fervor on Ashtami that is the eight day of Krishna Paksha. The followers of lord Krishna observe fasting and prayers during this holy festival. The rituals during this festival include Ras Lila which depicts the life of lord Krishna. Dahi Handi involves a bunch of people making a human pyramid to get to an earthen pot tied on a rope filled with milk and butter and then break it with the help of a coconut.
People observe a fast and stay up till midnight, the time Krishna was believed to be born. Special programs are conducted in temples with Krishna's infant idol being placed in cradle. People sing devotional songs and celebrate the holy festival during the midnight. Some temple also conduct reading of religious scriptures such as Bhagvad Gita.
Nishita Puja Time is on august 15, from 00:14 to 01:00 am IST.
The duration of the Puja is 46 Mins.
The Parana Time is on September 6, at 06:27 am IST after the sunrise. On the Parana Day Ashtami Tithi and Rohini Nakshatra gets over before the sunrise.
"Nishita Kala" is the most auspicious time to perform Krishna Puja at midnight.
"Parana Kala" is the auspicious time to be follwed for braking fast for Janmashtami.
The festival is also celebrated as Krishnashtami, Gokulashtami, Ashtami Rohini, Srikrishna Jayanti and Sree Jayanthi in different parts of the country.
Note that above timings are applicable only in India as per as Indian Standard Timings (IST). For Janmashtami Muhurat Timings in USA, UK, Canada, UAE, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Etc, please check back local timings as comparable to above timings.
Fasting Should be started from the Ashtami Date till the end of its time which is 03:55 AM on 15th/aug/2017 and ends on 03:01 AM on 26th/aug/2017.
Therefore on 15th Aug fast should be started right from the morning and should be break on next day sun rise when Ashtami tithi is over.
No grains or any food made up of grains should not be consumed during fasting period. However food made of milk, fruits can be consumed in small amount in the evening time.


text:
Q: DNS lookup for instagram.com gives SERVFAIL - other domains work ok (Google Public DNS) Hi superuser community,
When querying instagram.com the host command (mac) responds with
Host instagram.com not found: 2(SERVFAIL)

However when querying other services such as facebook.com it responds with:
facebook.com has address 185.60.216.35
facebook.com has IPv6 address 2a03:2880:f12d:83:face:b00c::25de
facebook.com mail is handled by 10 msgin.vvv.facebook.com.

I am using Google public DNS.
Image with the output:

What is this caused by? How can I resolve this?

A: It's not only about instagram. A lot of our services are not resolvable by Google DNS.
I see a common pattern. All affected services are under Amazon AWS, maybe with Route 53 NSes.
UPD.
From the AWS status page.

We are investigating reports of problems resolving some DNS records hosted on Route53 using the third party DNS resolvers 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 . DNS resolution using other third-party DNS resolvers or DNS resolution from within EC2 instances using the default EC2 resolvers are not affected at this time.

A: You can use 1.1.1.1 or 9.9.9.9 for now. The same problem happened with me, and it was resolved by using another DNS.
➤ dig @1.1.1.1 instagram.com

; <<>> DiG 9.9.7 <<>> @1.1.1.1 instagram.com
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 13588
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 8, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1536
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;instagram.com.                 IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       34.196.146.111
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       34.197.120.12
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       34.198.37.229
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       34.207.2.165
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       34.224.177.19
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       35.153.247.41
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       52.44.104.241
instagram.com.          46      IN      A       52.204.232.145

;; Query time: 260 msec
;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1)
;; WHEN: Tue Apr 24 15:50:49 AST 2018
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 170

                                                                                ✔
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
[2018-04-24 15:50.49]  ~
 ➤ dig @8.8.8.8 instagram.com

; <<>> DiG 9.9.7 <<>> @8.8.8.8 instagram.com
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 1926
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;instagram.com.                 IN      A

;; Query time: 168 msec
;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)
;; WHEN: Tue Apr 24 15:51:02 AST 2018
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 42


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text:
The Death of Civilians; the Three Shades of Sorrow
Posted on September 2, 2014 by First.One.Through
Every life is precious.
For many people, every life form is considered sacred, whether human or animal. In the United States alone there are an estimated 7 million people who restrict their diets to fruits and vegetables.
The vast majority of people around the world are not vegetarians. Still, there are limits to what they would consider eating. Domestic animals like dogs and cats are considered taboo in many cultures, and almost all 7 billion people on the planet avoid cannibalism. Even to those that do not consider eating meat to be immoral, there are limits.
The concept of the preciousness of life and limits of behavior extends beyond eating habits. Most of Europe has abolished the use of capital punishment. The European Union considers the death penalty to be "cruel and inhuman", even for heinous crimes.
However, 40+ countries still use capital punishment for a variety of offenses. Each society decides the limits of acceptable and extreme behavior. Even among countries that use capital punishment, the nature of the crime makes people assess the level of innocence of the person, the objection to the use of the death penalty, and sympathy for the accused. People may feel more upset when they hear about a homosexual who harmed no one, being stoned to death (in Mauritania, for example), than a mass murderer being executed (in the USA). There is a perceived range of innocence and guilt, and therefore associated gradations of grief.
This is true even among civilians who are killed during wartime. Some innocents are viewed as more "pure" than others and their unfortunate demise warrants more despair. Below are three categories of civilians from most to least innocent: Innocents; Targets; and Enablers.
A. Bystanders: In battles, passers-by may be attacked and killed without cause. These people have no part in the conflict and may not even be aware that one was taking place. An example would be the passengers on the Malaysia Airlines flight 17 that was shot over the border of Ukraine and Russia in July 2014. The 298 bystanders were killed without reason- the people had no role in the war. One can imagine that even the people that carried out the attack did it by mistake and regretted the action.B. Children: Children are innocent by definition: they lack knowledge and ability; they have no control of their situation; they neither vote nor fight. Still, almost every war has witnessed children killed. In the War between Gaza and Israel in the summer of 2014, hundreds of children were killed as the fighting took place in heavily populated areas.
C. Slaughtered Citizens: Citizens of a country have every reason, right and expectation that their own government protects them. That protection is the primary basis for any government to exist. When a government reverses that course and turns its protective weaponry inwards to target its own population, it is a slaughter of innocents. Consider the millions of German Jews in the 1930s and 1940s who had every right to expect their government to protect them. When the Nazis specifically targeted these citizens, the Jews were left completely helpless. It was not a civil war of a division seeking independence; it was a slaughter of the defenseless by its own army.
2. The Targets
D. Initial Civilian Targets: Some civilians are attacked because of the actions of their government. The people going to work on September 11, 2001 in the USA were not military targets and were not part of the government. The attackers specifically targeted their places of work – America's financial and military centers – as they were unhappy with America's influence and presence in the Muslim world. The nearly 3,000 civilians were just going to work and had no role in, or understanding of the unhappiness of the attackers.
E. Civilians Targeted after Military Attack: The victims in Hiroshima and Nagaski were living in Japan when the US dropped an atomic bomb on them during the end of World War II in 1945. The Japanese initiated the war by attacking US military targets in Pearl Harbor four years earlier. As the war dragged on, the US concluded that it would end the war faster by obliterating entire cities which included both people involved in the war and uninvolved civilians who were part of the aggressor force. World reaction to the attack has been mixed, whether the action saved more lives by ending the war faster.
F. Civilians Targeted after Civilian Attack: The allies in WWII launched a bombing campaign on the German city of Dresden in February 1945. The Dresden attack was a reaction to the German-initiated war and attack on Great Britain. The further argument given to destroying the entire city was that it was an important center for the German war effort. An estimated 25,000 people were killed in the British and US bombing campaign.
G. Backers of War Policy: Civilians are defined as people who are not part of the armed forces. However, there are people who are technically not part of the armed forces but are directly involved in advancing a war. For example, Palestinians voted overwhelmingly for Hamas and its war campaign against Israel in 2006. Hamas has fought constantly against Israel and Israel has responded with three operations: in 2008 (Operation Cast Lead); 2012 (Operation Pillar of Defense); and 2014 (Operation Protective Edge). Many civilians (both those that voted for the war policy and those that didn't) were killed in those wars.
The loss of any life is sad, but it is human nature to react to the particular circumstance of each death. In an extreme example, an 8-year old killed while riding a bicycle brings more sympathy than a convicted murderer getting the death penalty. As detailed in the article above, it is not surprising that even in the finer shades of gray among civilians killed during war, that people feel more horror for the victims of Malaysia Airlines flight 17, than for Palestinians who voted for war.
http://costsofwar.org/article/civilians-killed-and-wounded
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II
EU human rights: http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/adp/index_en.htm
Death penalties worldwide: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_country#Capital_punishment_in_the_world_.28by_country_not_by_population.29
Hamas victory: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/26/AR2006012600372.html
Death sentence for homosexuality: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aXPECeOilA
This entry was posted in Gaza, Israel, Operation Protective Edge, Opinion, Palestinians and tagged death penalty, Gaza, Israel, news, Palestinians, politics, war by First.One.Through. Bookmark the permalink.
15 thoughts on "The Death of Civilians; the Three Shades of Sorrow"
Maurice on September 3, 2014 at 9:50 am said:
What a transparently ridiculous exercise in self-exculpation. I suppose we don't need to worry – sorry, "feel less horror for" – the 490 children killed in Gaza in the last six weeks because they would certainly have grown up as "backers of war policy", given the huge increase in bitterness against Israel that the recent war has caused. In fact, thinking it through, killing them will probably save more lives in the end! Thanks, I definitely feel less horror now.
firstonethrough on September 3, 2014 at 10:11 am said:
Re-read the article: children are considered the most innocent. Their deaths are tragic. Your continued argument that they will grow up to be war-mongers is absurd. Some of the Israeli children and some of the Palestinian children MAY grow up to argue for war- but who knows? They are innocent today. The war-mongers of Gaza – even those who are not technically in the armed forces – are the least innocent and can barely be called "civilians". To call them such, shields them from their complicity in the war crimes.
Maurice on September 3, 2014 at 10:22 am said:
It's not in the least absurd to think that children who survive a war like that will grow up wanting revenge. Where do you suppose the bitterness against Israel comes from? (unless of course you subscribe to the convenient meme "they're like scorpions, it's in their nature"). Imagine: a Gazan, an "innocent civilian" until now, vows revenge as he buries his child, one of the 490. In two years time, when the next war comes, he will be a militant. So it will be ok to "feel less horror" at his fate. No need to imagine that, in fact: it's happened, again and again.
firstonethrough on September 3, 2014 at 12:35 pm said:
Germany intended to exterminate the entire Jewish population of the world. They tortured men, women and children for years. They boasted of their heinous medical experiments on their own innocent civilian population.
And yet, Israel made peace with Germany. The two are significant trading partners today.
Do not pretend to predict the future: a Son of Hamas can realize the evil of the organization and seek to live in peace with Jews. You should expect more from Palestinians. Don't ask me to defend why I expect less from them- I don't.
june on September 3, 2014 at 10:25 am said:
Just curious why Israeli's regrettable collateral damage of children in Gaza is mentioned rather than the 200,000 dead in Syria with at least 10,000 children being tortured and killed?
That's just whataboutery. Your post didn't mention Syria anywhere: it ended with you talking about "Palestinians who voted for war", and I replied to that. If you want to talk about Syria, fine; but let's finish with this first: You changed the subject from my hypothetical (which isn't really hypothetical, of course). Could you reply to that, please?
I mistook the author of your comment – sorry. But the point about whataboutery stands. You don't change the rights and wrongs of one situation because another one is worse. I responded to a post about Gaza. When I respond to one about the horrific Syrian situation, I'll talk about that. But to the Gazan whose child has been killed, you're hardly going to say: "be grateful you don't live in Syria, it's far worse there", are you?
excellent point. The killings in Syria – and torture – of children has been going on for three years. Accidental killings and deliberate torture are nowhere near the same level when it comes to the people who did the action. As far as the victims – the children – it is the same. They are innocent.
The article is about the civilians – the people killed. It is intended to be an analysis that not all civilian deaths are the same. Some civilians are more innocent than others and people should not lump them all together.
The article is secondarily about how people may feel about the different classes of civilians. It argues that it is normal to feel more sympathy for the innocents as opposed to the enablers.
It is not really about the people who killed the civilians, although I understand why you made your point.
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