I'm slowly making my way through the list of recipes that captured my interest from Cooking on a Ration by the fabulous Marjorie Mills. Last week I gave Red Flannel Hash a try. This was one of the more complicated recipes only because I had to make another recipe first - New England Boiled Dinner - in order to make the Red Flannel Hash. Using corned beef was optional for the hash, but I had some leftover corned beef from post-St. Patrick's Day, so I definitely wanted to put it in.
First step was to make the boiled dinner. It made a LOT. Carrots, cabbage (You're supposed to boil the cabbage head whole, but I didn't do that since I was on a time crunch.), turnips, onions, and beets.
Lately, I've been trying to be better about menu planning to help us save money on food and so I don't feel so overwhelmed when dinner time comes and I have no idea what to make! I've been planning one month at a time which has been nice. This month I was determined to fit in some ration recipes.
I haven't forgotten about my March sewing challenge! I finished my 1930s mock-up blouse and am still working on the actual blouse, but should be finished soon. I'll hopefully be posting about it within the next week.
Last Saturday I took a nice trip alone to the antique mall. I love wandering large spaces with hundreds of booths stuffed full of cool antiques! One of the stalls was 40% off everything and had quite a few quilt tops with awesome vintage fabric! It was so hard to decide on just one. A few of them had nice examples of 1930s fabric, but it was mixed in with later period fabrics like what I suspect was 60s or even 70s. I finally settled on a lovely, simple quilt top with all 1930s fabrics. I'm excited to get this one finished - I just need to get some cotton batting and pick out a fabric for the back. I'm thinking of tying it too, so it theoretically could be finished quickly!


text:
using System;

using MonoMac.Foundation;
using MonoMac.AppKit;

namespace ExampleBrowser
{
    public partial class PlotWindow : NSWindow
    {
        public PlotWindow (IntPtr handle) : base (handle)
        {
        }

        [Export ("initWithCoder:")]
        public PlotWindow (NSCoder coder) : base (coder)
        {
        }

        public override void AwakeFromNib ()
        {
            base.AwakeFromNib ();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Biljana Pehrsson, född 7 september 1970 i Belgrad, är en svensk företagsledare.

När hon var fyra månader gammal flyttade hon med föräldrarna från Belgrad i forna Jugoslavien till Sverige. Hon växte sedan upp i Jordbro och Haninge. Hon utbildade sig till civilingenjör vid lantmäteriprogrammet med inriktning fastighetsekonomi på Kungliga Tekniska högskolan.

Efter flera år inom fastighetsbolaget Centrumutveckling tog hon 2002 över som vd. 2006 flyttade hon till Moskva för att arbeta som fastighetschef på East Capital för att 2010 flytta till Stockholm och företagets huvudkontor. 2011 fick hon ett styrelseuppdrag för Kungsleden som ledde till att hon 2013 tog över som vd för företaget.

I november 2021 tillträde Pehrsson som VD för fastighetsbolaget Castellum som förvärvat Kungsleden och ämnat påbörjat en fusion. I januari 2022 lämnade Pehrsson bolaget efter oenighet med styrelsen kring hur integrationen ska genomföras.

Källor

Levande personer
Kvinnor
Födda 1970
Personer inom Sveriges näringsliv under 2000-talet
Personer från Belgrad

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After celebrating their 32nd birthday, Comox Valley Toyota received a very special present from the folks at Toyota Canada. They received news the Dealership won the prestigious Pinnacle Award for the 2nd year in a row for Overall Customer Service and Satisfaction as well as individual awards for the Service Department and for Glenice Neal, who was one of only 5 product advisors in all of Canada to win an individual award for our dealership category. Results are collected through JD Power & Associates through surveying Toyota customers about the Sales and Service experience and Comox Valley Toyota has consistently achieved a very high grade on both sides of business operations. After a year long process, Comox Valley Toyota has been recognized as one of the leaders in the Toyota family of dealerships.
"I couldn't be happier for our family and the staff at Comox Valley Toyota, this is a measure of how fun, friendly and professional the environment is around Comox Valley Toyota. We treat each customer with the utmost respect and make sure they are a Toyota customer for life" says Brian Rice, Dealer Principal of Comox Valley Toyota. The sentiment echoes down through the staff who take great pride in making the sales and service experience unique to each customer. "Our success is based on how well we can serve our customers, the great people of the Comox Valley. We live here, play here and want to make sure every single customer leaves the dealership with a positive experience, one that they will be proud to tell friends and family" adds General Manager Andrew Rice.
Comox Valley Toyota is very active in giving back to the Comox Valley community with a variety of charitable initiatives including the Comox Valley Christmas Drive Thru for Charity as well as supporting Sports Leagues, Arts and Culture, and various charitable groups such as the Young Professionals Comox Valley, Courtenay Rotary and others. Comox Valley Toyota has been family owned and operated in the Comox Valley for over 32 years, come by and see what makes Comox Valley Toyota stand alone when it comes to sales and service of your next vehicle.
2 Days after Rice Toyota Courtenay Celebrates its 31st year in business in the Comox Valley, Toyota Canada Executives Award Comox Valley Toyota with the Pinnacle Award. The Pinnacle Award is awarded to the leading Toyota Dealer in each size category that shows Excellence in Customer Satisfaction in both the Sales and Service Departments. Results have been collected by surveying actual customers through Standardized automotive surveys conducted by JD Powers on behalf of Toyota Canada.
Rice Toyota Courtenay (Comox Valley Toyota) has been Family Owned and Operated for over 31 years, employs 34 people and had sold over 750 New and Used Vehicles in 2013. They give back to community Supporting the arts, Cultural and Sport Activities as well as supporting numerous charities in the Comox Valley. Visit them at 445 Crown Isle Blvd, online at www.courtenaytoyota.com, or on Facebook. Photos Provided by Comox Valley Record.


In this episode Jackie talks with guest Em Capito who specializes in working with women leaving narcissistic relationships. This episode is full of good information you won't want to miss.
In this episode Jackie talks with Sharon O'Hara, CSAT colleague in CA, about the continuum of narcissism, gaslighting and sociopathy.
In this episode Jackie discusses the pitfalls of overusing our strengths or underusing our strengths. How do we find the zone in which our strengths are actually strengths for us?
Episode 118: What do the data say?


Sgt. Emil S. Morello was born on May 8, 1907, in Gardane, France. His nickname was "Frenchie." He was the oldest of two sons born to Jean B. & Vittoria Morel-Morello. His family lived in Watsonville, California. In 1930, Emil enlisted in the California National Guard in Salinas, California. In 1940, he and his brother, Louis, were living at the armory in Salinas as caretakers. He was also working as a baker.
Emil was inducted into federal service on February 10, 1941, at Salinas Army Airfield. With his company, now designated C Company, 194th Tank Battalion he traveled to Fort Lewis in Washington State. At some point, he married Rose Marie Tharin.
In late 1941, the United States was attempting buildup its military force in the Philippine Islands. On August 15, 1941, at Ft. Knox, Kentucky, the 194th received orders for duty in the Philippine Islands because of an event that happened during the summer. A squadron of American fighters was flying over Lingayen Gulf when one of the pilots noticed something odd. He took his plane down and identified a flagged buoy in the water and saw another buoy in the distance. He came upon more buoys that lined up, in a straight line for 30 miles to the northwest, in the direction of an Japanese occupied island, with a large radio transmitter, hundred of miles away. The squadron continued its flight plane and flew south to Mariveles and then returned to Clark Field. By the time the planes landed, it was too late to do anything that day.
The Coolidge entered Manila Bay at 7:00 A.M., on September 26th, and reached Manila several hours later. The soldiers disembarked at 3:00 P.M., and were driven on buses to Clark Field. The maintenance section of the battalion and members of 17th Ordnance remained at the dock to unload the battalion's tanks and reattach the turrets.
The night of the 12th/13th, the battalion was ordered to bivouac south of San Fernando near the Calumpit Bridge. Attempting to move the battalion at night was a nightmare, and they finally arrived at their new bivouac at 6:00 A.M. on December 13th.
They remained in the area until December 24th, when they moved over the Taal Road to San Tomas and bivouacked near San Paolo and assisted in operations in the Pagbilao-Lucban Area supporting the Philippine Army. One of the most dangerous things the tanks did was cross bridges with a ten ton weight limit. Each tank weight 14 tons, so they crossed the bridges one tank at a time.
On December 25th, the five tanks of the tank platoon of 2nd Lt. Robert Needham were sent to an area on the east coast of Luzon near Lucban. The Japanese had landed troops in the area, and the American Command wanted to see what the strength of the enemy was in the area.
The tanks were ordered by a major to proceed, without reconnaissance, down a narrow trail. Since the area was mountainous, the tanks had a hard time maneuvering. As they went down the trail, the tanks attempted to keep their spacing so that the driver of each tank could each see the tank in front of him. At one point in the trail, the tanks found that the trail made a sharp turn. Emil's tank made the turn. His driver, Joe Gillis, realized that he could not see the lead tank. In an attempt to find the lead tank, he sped the tank up.
As it turned out, this maneuver saved the lives of the tankers. Just behind them a shell exploded. The shell had been fired by a Japanese anti-tank gun. Joe drove faster to prevent the gun from getting off another shot. Emil's tank zigzagged and crashed into the log barricade that the Japanese had built across the road and took out the gun.
The tank crew continued forward until they reached a opening at a rice paddy where the tank could be turned around. Emil realized that the only way out of the situation was the same way the tank had come in, so he ordered his driver to turn the tank around.
As Emil's tank approached the destroyed barricade, he and the other members of his tank crew saw Lt. Needham's tank off to the side of the road. It had taken a direct hit from the antitank gun and been knocked out. The impact from the shell's explosion had knocked the hatch coverings off the front of the tank. From what the tankers could see, the Japanese had machine-gunned the crew while they were still in the tank.
Believing they were safe, the members of Emil's crew began to celebrate their good luck. Suddenly, the tank took a direct hit from another Japanese anti-tank gun. The explosion knocked the track off the tank. The tank veered off the road and went over an earthen embankment. The tank came to a stop in a rice paddy. Emil's crew had no idea that their little reconnaissance mission had taken them straight into the main Japanese staging area.
As Emil and his crew played dead, the Japanese repeatedly tried to open the hatch of their tank. When a new group of Japanese arrived in the area, they too attempted to get into the tank. The Japanese pounded on the tank and shouted to the crew, "Is anyone in there!" The tankers sat quietly in the tank, without food or water, until seven the next morning. The temperature inside the tank became unbearable. For water, the tankers licked the sides of the tank.
American guns began shelling the area. They destroyed three Japanese trucks and the kitchen the Japanese had set up. The Japanese evacuated the area believing that the Americans were lunching a counter attack. When the crew left the tank, they made their way toward the American lines.
The tank crew, with the help of Filipino guides, walked for the next six days attempting to reach their lines. At Nagcarlan, a Catholic priest gave them food. He also informed them that the Japanese were approaching the barrio and told them which trail to take to reach the coast.
The tankers made their way toward the coast and were able to get a boat to take them to Manila. There, Emil's tank crew caught the last boat leaving Manila for Corregidor. From Corregidor, the tankers were taken by boat to Mariveles. They later rejoined their tank battalion.
On April 9, 1942, Emil became a Prisoner of War. He took part in the death march from Mariveles at the southern tip of Bataan to San Fernando. The POWs went days without food and water.
At San Fernando, the POWs were packed into small wooden boxcars. The cars could hold forty men or eight horses. The Japanese packed 100 men into each car. The POWs were so close together that those who died remained standing until the living left the cars at Capas where the Filipinos threw them food and gave them water.
Other POWs worked in rice paddies. Each morning, the POWs went into a tool shed to get their tools. As they left the shed, the guards hit them on their heads as they left the shed. When working in the fields, the favorite punishment given to the men in the rice paddies was to have their faces pushed into the mud and stepped on by a guard. While on these details they bought or were given medicine, food, and tobacco, which they somehow managed to get into the camp even though they were searched when they returned. It is not known what details he went out on work details.
The POWs had the job of burying the dead. To do this, they worked in teams of four men. Each team carried a litter of four to six dead men to the cemetery where they were buried in graves containing 15 to 20 bodies. Through November, nine POWs died each day. When Red Cross Packages were issued at Christmas, and other changes made in the camp, the death rate dropped.
In July 1944, Emil was taken to the Port Area of Manila and boarded onto the Canadian Inventor. The ship sailed for Formosa on July 4, 1944. After stops at Takao and Keelung, Formosa, the ship sailed for Naha, Okinawa. It finally arrived at Moji, Japan on September 1, 1944. From Moji, he was taken to Fukuoka #17. The barracks for the POWs at the camp were 16 feet wide by 120 feet long. Each one was divided into ten rooms which were shared by four to six POWs each. Each room was lit by a 15 watt bulb, and at the end of each building was a latrine with three stools and a urinal. The POWs slept on beds, that were 5 feet 8 inches long by 2½ feet wide, made of a tissue paper and cotton battling covered with a cotton pad. Three heavy cotton blankets were issued to each POW plus a comfortable made of tissue paper, scrap rags, and scrap cotton.
Corporal punishment was an everyday occurrence at the camp. The guards beat the POWs for slightest reason and continued until the POW was unconscious. The man was then taken to the guardhouse and put in solitary confinement without food or water for a long period of time.
The Japanese interpreter in the camp refused to perform his duties resulting in the POWs receiving beatings because they could not explain the situation. He also would inform the guards of any alleged violations of camp rules which resulted in the POWs being severely beaten. This happened frequently at the mine with the interpreter usually the person responsible. He also, for no reason, slapped and beat the POWs.
On one occasion in November 1944, shirts had been stolen from a bundle in a building. The Japanese ordered all the POWs to assemble and told them that they would not be fed until the shirts were returned. The men returned the shirts anonymously, and the POWs received their meal at 10:00 P.M.
During the winter, the POWs were made to stand at attention and had water thrown on them as they stood in the cold, or they were forced to knee on bamboo poles. It is known that the POWs were made to stand in water and shocked with electrical current. At some point, Jim recalled, two POWs were tied to a post and left to die. This was done they had violated a camp rule.
Emil was returned to the Philippines to be fattened up. When determined to be healthy, he sailed on the U.S.S. Admiral C. F. Hughes, at Seattle, Washington, on October 9, 1945, and his wife was waiting for him. He later was sent to Madigan General Hospital at Ft. Lewis. He was discharged, from the Army, on April 5, 1946.
He and Rose became the parents of three daughters. He was self-employed until his retirement.
In 1983, Emil was awarded the Silver Star for his destroying the Japanese roadblock and antitank gun at Lucban, Philippine Islands. He spent the rest of his life in Salinas. Emil S. Morello passed away on October 16, 1990.


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text:
Faith Protection
Man and Church
Filaret asks Bohdan to abandon the "offensive clichés invented by OCU"
Yekaterina Filatova
Head of the UOC-KP Filaret Denisenko. Photo: glavred.info
The UOC-KP is disappointed that with the arrival of the new head of the state body for religious affairs, the "Andriy Yurash's discriminatory policy" continues.
The liquidated UOC-KP called on the head of the State Service for Ethnic Policy and Freedom of Conscience Olena Bohdan "not to use offensive cliches invented in the Orthodox Church of Ukraine" and not to reduce the problem only to Filaret's status. This is said in a statement published on November 30, 2020, on the organization's Facebook page, regarding a recent interview with the head of the State Service to the Interfax-Ukraine edition.
"Earlier, our Church hoped that with the arrival of the new head of the state body for religious affairs, equal treatment of all denominations would finally reign, as required by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws," the statement says. "And now we are sadly forced to state that, apparently, the discriminatory policy of the scandalous Andriy Yurash continues in the future with regard to ignoring the rights of believers of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate, violating the citizens' right to freedom of conscience."
The UOC-KP stressed that Filaret Denisenko "is neither de facto" nor "de jure" part of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, but is the Primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate, a separate religious organization that has existed since 1992 to this day".
In addition, the statement reads that Filaret should be addressed only as the "Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus-Ukraine" rather than the "Honorary Patriarch" since this "offends the feelings of the believers of the Kyiv Patriarchate".
"We ask Ms Olena Bohdan, as a high-ranking government official, who is obliged to treat all confessions and religious organizations that exist in Ukraine equally, not to use offensive cliches invented in the Orthodox Church of Ukraine," the UOC-KP added. "We reject attempts to reduce the problem only to the status of His Holiness Patriarch Filaret. Now not only the rights of the Head of the Church are violated, but also of a significant number of Ukrainian citizens who want to belong specifically to the UOC-KP, and not to the OCU. "
In conclusion, the UOC-KP once again called on Olena Bohdan, as the head of the State Service for Ethnic Policy and Freedom of Conscience, which has all the powers, to cancel the order to withdraw the state registration of the Kyiv Patriarchate.
As reported, earlier "Patriarch" Filaret Denisenko applied to the office of the Council of Europe in Ukraine with a request to assist the Ukrainian state authorities in the issue of renewing the registration of the UOC-KP.
Tags: UOC KP, Filaret Denisenko, Ukraine, Politics
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How do you assess the Phanar's statements about possible union with Catholics?
negatively, association with heretics is impossible
why not, we used to be one Church
this is the case of Phanar and the RCC, we have nothing to do with it
– Father, can I leave in the middle of the service? My wife wants me to go shopping with her.
– In no way. A prayer and a memorial service are ahead.
– Thank you very much, Father!!!
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All rights reserved. No part of the materials on the UOJ site is allowed unless there is a link to the article in the first passage of the publication. The opinions expressed in the publications are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Editorial Board.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
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HomeNationalNFL Records Are Having An MLB Moment
NFL Records Are Having An MLB Moment
January 6, 2022 Brian Hight National 0
In 1961 the centerfielder and the right fielder for the New York Yankees were chasing another legendary Yankee right fielder and a hallowed single season record. Of course, that was Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris pursuing George Herman "Babe" Ruth and the single season record for home runs. In 1932 Ruth hit 60 HR, breaking his own record of 47 set the season before. But in the summer of 1961, both Mantle and Maris were in hot pursuit of the record. Only there was a catch. Ruth had slugged his 60 homers in a 154-game season while Mantle and Maris were engaged in playing a 162-game season. Many in the sport opined that the M&M boys would need to do so by the 154th game of the season to break Ruth's record legitimately. As fate would have it, Mantle was injured late in the season and fell out of the chase, and Maris failed to reach 60 by game 154, accumulating "only" 58 by that marker. In game 159, Maris watched number 60 leave the yard in the third inning at Yankee Stadium against the Baltimore Orioles. On the last day of the season, Maris smashed number 61 into the stands at home against the Boston Red Sox. For the next thirty-seven years, Maris' 61 HR would appear in the record books with an asterisk next to it due to the discrepancy in the length of the seasons. The record has long since lost its luster, with Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, and Barry Bonds eclipsing 61 several times under dubious circumstances.
This season the NFL faces a similar quandary to the one MLB faced in 1961. For the first time in NFL history, a game 17 will be played in the regular season. For forty-three years, the NFL has played a 16-game schedule, with the overwhelming majority of its single season records set during that time. While arguably no football record resonates with the American sports psyche as 60/61 HR did, but there are names associated with the records in the NFL that still evoke reverence.
Take, for instance, one Michael Strahan of the New York Giants, who holds the single season sack record (if you count the Brett Favre lay down) with 22.5. At this point, America knows Strahan as much for his television persona as his football prowess, and few could tell you the exact number of sacks he had in 2001 to set the record. Still, the record seems important because it is held by that affable gentleman on TV with the cute gap between his front teeth. But on Sunday, that record is likely to fall to TJ Watt of the Pittsburgh Steelers, who currently has 21.5 sacks, in what will be game 17.
Scholars of the game will point out that Strahan played all 16 games in 2001 but that thus far, due to injuries, Watt has played in only 14 games, making Sunday his game 15. But if you want to split hairs, Reggie White totaled 21 sacks in 1987 for the Philadelphia Eagles in just 12 games played. There's a reason the casual fan tends to be turned off by rate stats, whether that be K/9 in baseball or usage rate in basketball. It's just easier to say the smiley guy on FOX and Good Morning America holds the sack record.
And it's not like the NFL hasn't faced this minor dilemma before. Before 1978 the NFL played a 14-game schedule. At that time, 2,000 yards rushing and 4,000 yards passing were considered that pinnacle of achievements. In 1973 OJ Simpson rushed for 2,003 yards in a 14-game season, becoming the first running back in NFL history to eclipse 2,000 yards on the ground. It's a record that still stands in the 14-game era of the sport. Now in 1984, Eric Dickerson "broke" the record with 2,105 yards rushing, but in a 16-game season. Since Dickerson, the 2,000-yard barrier has been broken six times, most recently by Derrick Henry in 2020.
A similar story played out through the air in the NFL. In 1967, in what at the time was still the AFL, Joe Namath threw for 4,007 yards in a 14-game season. As might be expected, Namath also led the league in passing attempts and in completions. The old AFL was a pass-happy league, but after the merger, passing numbers settled back down. No one would reach 4,000 yards passing again until Dan Fouts of the San Diego Chargers did it in 1979, the second 16-game season. Dan Marino became the first 5,000-yard passer with the Miami Dolphins in 1984. The 5,000-yard mark has been surpassed seven times since. This weekend in game 17, there are seven quarterbacks within striking distance of 5,000 yards.
Admittedly football has never been as record-conscious as baseball. Football fans tend to look to personalities that hold records they couldn't actually quantify or to benchmarks of achievement like 2,000 yards on the ground or maybe now 5,000 yards passing. This weekend and over the next several seasons, records will fall under the sheer volume of games, or at least until the NFL gets what it really wants – an 18-game season. For now, fans will have to apply some perspective to the inevitable fall of multiple records.
NFL records
About Brian Hight	98 Articles
Brian Hight lives in Seattle and writes primarily about MLB and the local Seattle Mariners, with a focus on advanced analytics. Occasionally, he delves into the NFL and the NBA, also with an emphasis on advanced statistics. He's currently pursuing a Certificate in Data Analysis online from Microsoft, where he hopes to create a prediction model for baseball outcomes for his capstone project.
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text:
Alvar Palmgren ( 1880–1960) fue un botánico, y ecólogo vegetal finés.

Palmgren estudió botánica en la Universidad de Helsinki bajo el profesor Johan P. Norrlin. Se graduó (Fil.kand.) en 1906, y obtuvo su Ph.D. en 1914. Fue docente de botánica en la Universidad de Helsinki, en 1916; y profesor de botánica allí mismo en 1928 (y desde 1938, la primera cátedra en idioma sueco de botánica). Se retiró en 1950.

Investigaciones
Palmgren trabajó en sistemática botánica con apomixis (o microespecies de Taraxacum, Hieracium, y otros géneros. Como ecólogo, trabajó sobre la naturaleza de comunidades vegetales. Apoyó las ideas de Henry Gleason sobre las conductas individuales de las especies en formaciones comunitarias hacia los 1920s.
Palmgren escribió los primeros relatos sobre el papel del aislamiento y los sucesos estocásticos en la distribución de las especies, mientras que su biología contemporánea fue en gran parte determinista.

Disputas con Paul Jaccard
En los 1920s, Palmgren entró en acalorada disputa con el botánico y fitogeógrafo suizo Paul Jaccard sobre la interpretación que Jaccard hacía de la relación especies-a-género. Palmgren había observado un decrecimiento en la riqueza de especies del oeste al este en las islas Aland, su principal escena de accidente geográfico en su investigación científica. Él lo interpretó como un efecto de aislamiento de la Suecia continental hacia el oeste, y el correspondiente coeficiente más bajo, del ratio especies-a-género, y como un efecto de muestreo aleatorio. Por el contrario, Jaccard sostuvo que la relación de las especies inferiores a género hacia el este fue un efecto de la disminución de la diversidad en las condiciones del hábitat y el aumento de la exclusión competitiva. El botánico suizo Arthur Maillefer mostró estadísticamente que la acumulación de géneros era más rápida que las especies, y que por tanto las explicaciones biológicas de Paul Jaccard del patrón eran innecesarias, ya que podrían ser explicadas como un efecto del muestreo estadístico. Una solución analítica con el mismo resultado fue proporcionada por el matemático húngaro George Pólya. En esencia, ese desacuerdo se repitió con Charles Elton vs. C. B. Williams y reiterado por Peter Grant y por Daniel Simberloff en los 70.

Algunas publicaciones
 Julkaisutoiminta Bidrag till kännedomen om Ålands vegetation och flora I. Taraxaca, II. Taraxacarum-former (vk.). — 1912

 Studier öfver löfängsområdena på Åland I—III. — 1915—1917 (osa III saks.)

 Die Entfernung als pflanzengeographischer Faktor. — 1921

 Zur Kenntnis des Florencharakters des Nadelwaldes I. — 1922

 Die Artenzahl als pflanzengeographischer Charakter sowie der Zufall und die säkulare Landhebung als pflanzengeographische Faktoren. — 1925

 Die Einwanderungswege der Flora nach den Ålandsinseln I. — 1927

 Chance as an Element in Plant Geography. — 1929

 Naturskyddet på Åland och dess framtida utveckling. — 1943—1944

 Skärgården som objekt för biologisk forskning. — 1948

 Studenterna inför 1902 års värnpliktsuppbåd. — 1953

 Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 1921—1946. — 1958

Honores
Desde 1916, Palmgren estuvo en el Consejo de Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Y fue su presidente 1920-1957.

Además de su obra botánica, Palmgren realizó un acto político impresionante, siendo estudiante de 22 años de edad: inició y dirigió un movimiento entre jóvenes fineses para rechazar el servicio de conscripción en el Ejército del Imperio Ruso. Un rescripto de 1900 por Nicolás II de Rusia, soberano del Gran Ducado de Finlandia, puso a los conscriptos fineses bajo la Milicia del Imperio Ruso. El movimiento de "huelga" obligó a la retirada de 1905.

Alvar Palmgren era el padre del zoólogo Pontus Palmgren (nació en 1907).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Biogeógrafos
Biólogos de Finlandia
Botánicos de Finlandia
Ecólogos de Finlandia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Helsinki
Profesores de la Universidad de Helsinki
Escritores en alemán del siglo XX
Escritores en finés
Escritores en latín del siglo XX
Plantas descritas por Palmgren
Nacidos en Helsinki


text:
The national qualification frameworks in the United Kingdom are qualifications frameworks that define and link the levels and credit values of different qualifications.

The current frameworks are:
 The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) for general and vocational qualifications regulated by Ofqual in England and the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) in Northern Ireland;
 The Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales (CQFW) in Wales, regulated by Qualifications Wales;
 The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF)  in Scotland;
 The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ) for qualifications awarded by bodies across the United Kingdom with degree-awarding powers.

Credit frameworks use the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme, where 1 credit = 10 hours of nominal learning.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

The Regulated Qualifications Framework (England and Northern Ireland) is split into nine levels: entry level (further subdivided into sub-levels one to three) and levels one to eight; the CQFW (Wales) has the same nine levels as the RQF and has adopted the same level descriptors for regulated (non-degree) qualifications. The FHEQ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland has five levels, numbered four to eight to match the RQF/CQFW levels.

The descriptors for the RQF are as follows:

Normally (different rules apply for specifically-named qualifications such as GCSEs), the name of a qualification offered under the RQF will contain the name of the awarding organisation and the level of the qualification. It may also include "NVQ" to indicate that it meets certain criteria to be considered a vocational qualification: "the qualification is based on recognised occupational standards, confers occupational competence and requires work-based assessment and/or assessment in an environment that simulates the work place". The size of the qualification may be indicated by it being called an "Award" (less than 120 hours total qualification time/1–12 credits), "Certificate" (121 to 369 hours/13–36 credits) or "Diploma" (370 or more hours/37+ credits).

In general usage, qualifications are often compared to the best-known qualification at that level. For example, the Level 2 DiDA is often said to be equivalent to four GCSEs at grades A*–C.

While the frameworks say how qualifications compare in terms of size and level, they do not (except for the split of GCSEs across level 1 and 2) take grades into account, e.g. a first class honours degree and a pass degree are both 360 credit qualifications at level 6. For university entrance, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) produces its own tariff for level 3 qualifications and international equivalents, based on grades achieved and the size of the qualification (in four size bands). Universities, colleges and employers are also free to make their own decisions on how they treat qualifications, and are not bound to follow the frameworks.

International equivalence

The RQF and CQFW have been referenced to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and can also be compared to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), as laid out in the table below.

Scotland

The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) is a 12-level framework that unites qualifications from the Scottish Qualifications Authority and higher education institutes with Scottish Vocational Qualifications and Modern Apprenticeships:

Higher education qualifications
The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ) includes separate descriptors for higher education (HE) qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and in Scotland for bachelor's degrees and below; for master's degrees and doctoral degrees the same descriptors apply across the UK. HE qualifications in Scotland are part of a sub-framework, the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS), which is tied to the top six levels (7–12) of the SCQF. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the FHEQ uses the same numbering as the top 5 levels of the RQF and CQFW (4–8).

With respect to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), only qualifications on the FHEQ (and only those with the full number of credits for that level) are certified as being equivalent to Bologna Process cycles, thus:

History

Development of the frameworks for higher education qualifications

The idea of a national framework for higher education qualifications (FHEQ) was proposed by the Dearing and Garrick Reports in 1997. Dearing's proposed FHEQ had 8 levels, not all of which were subsequently adopted:

Note "postgraduate conversion courses" were what are now called graduate certificates and diplomas but were, at the time of the report, often awarded as master's degrees, "Higher honours" referred to integrated master's degrees.

The first editions of the FHEQ were published by the Quality Assurance Agency  in January 2001 as two documents: one covering England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the other Scotland. As currently, the 2001 England, Wales and Northern Ireland FHEQ had five levels, the 2001 Scotland FHEQ had six levels. The Scottish FHEQ was tied to the SCQF, but the England, Wales and Northern Ireland FHEQ was not tied to the NQF until 2004, when the latter was reorganised (as described below). The levels were:

Note that while the framework for England, Wales and Northern Ireland did have numbered levels, the letter designations were often used to avoid confusion with the different numbering on the NQF.

The major difference between the 2001 framework and the current framework was the position of Ordinary (non-honours) bachelor's degrees. These were, at the time, considered to be at the same level as foundation degrees and diplomas of higher education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, rather than being at the same level as honours degrees but with a lower credit value.

The Scottish FHEQ was certified as aligned with the framework of the European Higher Education Area (EHEQ) in 2007. The second edition of the FHEQ for England, Wales and Northern Ireland was issued in August 2008, and was also then certified as aligned with the EHEA framework. The major changes were the shifting of the non-honours bachelor's degree to its current position, allowing it to be considered a first cycle (end of cycle) qualification in the EHEA framework and the adoption of the NQF/QCF level numbers in place of the separate labelling of higher education levels; it also made explicit that primary qualifications in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science were at master's level. A second edition of the Scottish FHEQ was issued in June 2014, doing away with the separate labelling of levels in higher education and simply adopting the SCQF numbering, and a third edition of both, united into one document as The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies, was published in November 2014. This gave unified level descriptors for master's degrees and doctoral degrees, while maintaining separate descriptors for lower level qualifications.

The Qualifications and Credit Framework

The Qualifications and Credit Framework was used from 2008 until 2015 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It replaced the National Qualifications Framework (NQF; see below) and was replaced in turn by the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF). It used the same levels as the (post 2004) NQF and the current RQF, but differed from the NQF in that in addition to qualifications being assigned a level they were assigned a credit value, indicating their size. The QCF had prescriptive rules on qualification design and assessment; a review in 2014 found that "the rules placed too much focus on structure, and not enough on validity, and that they were not flexible enough to meet the variety of needs covered by vocational qualifications". This led to the establishment of the RQF, which does not contain specific rules for qualifications in the manner of the QCF.

The National Qualifications Framework
National Qualifications Framework (NQF) was a former qualification framework developed for qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, which was in use until 2008.

The NQF was introduced to help employers compare the many hundreds of qualifications available in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Originally, the framework only went up to Level 5, but in 2004 the old Level 4 was subdivided into Levels 4, 5 and 6 and the old Level 5 was subdivided into Level 7 and Level 8. This allowed the NQF to better align with its equivalent for higher education, the FHEQ.

The Framework, after 2004, had nine levels (with entry level qualifications offered at Entry 1, Entry 2 and Entry 3) covering all levels of learning in secondary education, further education, vocational, and higher education. Though academic higher education courses (such as academic degrees) were not covered in the NQF, it was broadly aligned with the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), allowing levels of achievement to be compared.

Only when a course had been accredited and became part of the NQF was it then eligible for state funding. As such, some courses which were popular internationally and offered by British-based organisations were not available to state schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The NQF was the joint responsibility of England's QCA, Wales's DCELLS and Northern Ireland's CCEA.

BTECs and Cambridge courses are vocational equivalent, which under the QCF were equivalent to 1, 2 or 3 GCSEs or A Levels, at Grade A*-C.
OCR Nationals were discontinued in 2012.

The NQF was replaced with the QCF, Qualifications and Credit Framework in 2010, which was a credit transfer system which indicated the size of qualifications (measured in learning hours), as well as their level. The QCF was, in turn, replaced by the Regulated Qualifications Framework in October 2015.

Other frameworks

Frameworks for statistical purposes
The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) classifies higher and further education courses using a more detailed framework using letter codes based on the original FHEQ. This separates postgraduate courses into research and taught, based on the largest component in terms of student effort. Doctorate-level courses are coded D for research and E for taught; master's-level courses are coded M for taught (including integrated master's courses) and L for research. Honours-level courses are coded H and non-honours bachelor's-level courses I (across the whole of the UK, not just Scotland, thus splitting level 6 on the England, Wales and Northern Ireland framework). Foundation degree/HND/DipHE-level qualifications are coded J and HNC/CertHE-level C.

At the FE stage, A-levels and similar level 3 qualifications (including the Scottish Advanced Higher, which is at level 7 on the SCQF, the same as HNCs and CertHEs) are coded P. Lower levels file alphabetically: Q for level 2, R for level 1 and S for entry level. X is used to code non-accredited/non-approved qualifications, Access to HE Diplomas and Welsh for Adults  qualifications.

The mapping to the ISCED 1997 international statistical classification levels has research courses at both doctoral and master's level (codes D and L) corresponding to ISCED level 6; taught courses at doctoral, master's and honours level (codes E, M and H) corresponding to level 5A; courses at non-honours bachelor's-level and foundation degree/diploma level (codes I and J) corresponding to level 5B; and courses at certificate level (code C) corresponding to level 5B or level 4. No  correspondence is given between the HESA framework and ISCED 1997 levels for FE qualifications.

The national mapping for ISCED gives equivalences for UK qualifications in both the 1997 and 2011 classifications:

UK ENIC Band Framework

The UK ENIC (European Network of Information Centres) uses a 16-level "band framework" in its evaluation of foreign qualifications to identify comparable British qualifications. UK ENIC issues statements of comparability and certificates based on these bands, which are designed to be precise enough to distinguish between different international awards and assist in informed decision making.

See also
English as a second or foreign language
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Leitch Review of Skills
European Qualifications Framework

References

Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom


text:
Tag "ECOWAS"
Liberia: Mounting Political Tensions in a Fragile Context
Economic slowdown is sparking protests against the Liberian president, George Weah, one year after the departure of the UN peacekeeping mission. Despite its nominal success, the international community has failed to address the root causes of conflict, and mounting political tensions could reinstigate violence in the country.
Economics Sub-Saharan Africa
Bloc to bloc: why ECOWAS cannot sign the EU's EPA
Another European EPA hits a wall in Africa as Nigeria – the continent's largest economy – continues to reject a West African deal.
International Sub-Saharan Africa
A fresh start for Guinea-Bissau?
Notorious for its chronic instability, Guinea-Bissau didn't have the best reputation in the past. However, in 2014, Guinea-Bissau had peaceful and credible elections and the country went back to constitutional
Security Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola working to counter piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
With acts of piracy and armed robbery becoming more prevalent in the Gulf of Guinea, Angola recently announced it will host an international conference on maritime security later this year. In
Will TFTA bring free trade from Cape to Cairo?
A new merger of three existing African Free Trade Areas is creating the continent's largest economic bloc. The tariff reductions and economic harmonization it should bring are welcome news. But
West African Piracy Is On the Rise
The word "piracy" has in recent years evoked two images in the average Westerner's mind: that of Johnny Depp as a swashbuckling Caribbean rogue in the Disney franchise, and the


text:
Jannes Fittje (Waltershausen, 22 de julio de 1999) es un piloto de automovilismo alemán.

Carrera
Fittje comenzó su carrera en el automovilismo en karting en 2011 y se convirtió en campeón en la clase A de Bambini del ADAC Kart Bundesendlauf. En 2012 terminó 22 ° en el campeonato alemán de karting junior y mejoró al séptimo lugar en 2013. Ese año también compitió en la clase KF Junior del Campeonato de Europa de Karting. En 2014 quedó segundo en la clase KFJ del ADAC Kart Masters y octavo en la misma clase en el Campeonato Mundial de Karting.

En 2015, Fittje cambió a las carreras de fórmula, haciendo su debut en la Fórmula 4 en el ADAC Fórmula 4 con el equipo Motopark. Tuvo una temporada de debut razonable, en la que dos sextos puestos en Lausitzring fueron sus mejores resultados. Con 22 puntos finalizó en el decimoctavo puesto del campeonato.

En 2016, Fittje continuó conduciendo en ADAC Fórmula 4, pero se cambió al equipo de carreras de EE. UU. Comenzó la temporada con su primer podio en el Motorsport Arena Oschersleben y luego ocupó dos lugares más en el podio en Lausitzring. Con 133 puntos, se mejoró hasta el séptimo lugar en la clasificación final.

En 2017, Fittje hizo su debut en Fórmula 3 en el Eurofórmula Open, en el que jugó para Fortec Motorsports. Consiguió dos podios en el circuito Paul Ricard y en Silverstone antes de cambiarse al equipo RP Motorsport antes del inicio de los últimos tres fines de semana de carreras. Aquí estuvo en el podio dos veces más en el Autodromo Nazionale di Monza. Con 159 puntos terminó quinto en el campeonato. También fue elegible para el campeonato de novatos, en el que ganó dos carreras en el Autódromo do Estoril y en Monza, terminando segundo detrás de Nikita Troitskiy con 95 puntos.

En 2018, Fittje permaneció activo en el Eurofórmula Open, pero se cambió al equipo Drivex. Tras tres fines de semana de carreras, en los que un cuarto puesto en Estoril fue su mejor resultado, abandonó el campeonato. Más tarde ese año, hizo su debut en la GP3 Series para Jenzer Motorsport como reemplazo de David Beckmann, quien se fue a Trident.

Resultados

GP3 Series

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pilotos de automovilismo de Alemania
Pilotos de ADAC Fórmula 4
Pilotos de Eurofórmula Open
Pilotos de GP3 Series


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text:
Tomáš Ďurica (born 29 January 1979) is a Slovak football midfielder who currently plays for MŠK Žilina B - Kotrčina Lúčka.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Slovak footballers
Association football midfielders
MŠK Žilina players
FC Dynamo Moscow reserves players
FK Dubnica players
MŠK Púchov players
ŠK Eldus Močenok players
FK Fotbal Třinec players
Slovak Super Liga players
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic


text:
Q: How can I send a request to all my appengine instances I receive a high, but variable volume of HTTP telemetry requests across instances and Servlet threads.  I want to insertAll to BigQuery in blocks of 500 records to minimise requests, so I cache the data from the requests in concurrent queues, and send the data when the queue reaches 500.  I also use PushQueues to do the writing to BigQuery so the client request doesn't bear the time of this.
I have used ArrayBlockingQueue with success with one exception: I can't find a way to flush my queues.  The scenario is that request traffic stops.  I setup a cron.xml to deliver a flush message every 10 minutes or so to get those last messages out, but of course the cron request is only handled by one instance, so if I have 10 instances, I potentially could have 9 x 499 records jammed up.  I really need a way to get this message to all instances.
I also tried using MemCache, but the mutex flagging required to share queues means this won't scale.
I've also tried Datastore, but that's a bit daft.  Very slow, very costly.
I've chosen appengine so it'll autoscale during varying loads saving costs and administration, but I really can't see a way of solving this.

A: I would just push your data onto a Pull Queue and export it to BigQuery from there with a cron job.  As a slight variation, you could use cron to enqueue, say, 4 Push Queue tasks 15s apart, for finer control. You may find this article/video relevant.
Pull queues are working very well for us in aggregating high volume updates, although if you're adding Tasks to the queue at a 'very' high rate, you may want to shard your queues. This article explains why.  We currently do this, to good effect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Wine consumption highest in Idaho. Really?
I don't have anything against Idaho, known to most of us as a potato, but I find it hard to believe that its residents consume more wine per capita than any other state.
The National Institute of Health checks wine sales every year and finds that the Gem State continues to lead the pack in per capita consumption, followed by Washington, D.C., New Hampshire, New Mexico and Vermont. Now, there aren't a lot of people in Idaho so those who are stuck there drink a lot. Or so it seems.
Californians drink the most wine — but there are a lot of people in California so their per capita consumption isn't as impressive.
Even wine sales personnel in Idaho have a hard time believing this result. Some theorize that the state's proximity to California and strong shipping sales from that state have a lot to do with Idaho's top ranking. I suggest it may be their isolation. Maybe its massive depression over being known as a potato. But now they have bragging rights the rest of us don't have.
Go, Idaho.
Tags Idaho, top wine sales
A new TV program on wine
Amazon Prime launched a new series on January 4 that is focused on wine — but not really. Called "It Starts with Wine," the documentary series begins with a winery in Uruguay. The second one is also in South America.
The producers don't presume that the series will focus exclusively one wine — it's more about the wine experience, the food and the people. Even knowing that, I was still disappointed.
The photography is outstanding, but I found little substance beyond the glossy exterior. The third part on the biodynamic efforts of Bonterra left me clueless about what makes them so special. And Bonterra, a pioneer in organic farming, is special. But I learned more about the personal lives of the viticulturalist and winemaker than I did about what makes a vineyard biodynamic.
So, if you are looking for entertainment, perhaps you'll enjoy this series more than me. But if you are looking for higher learning of the wine business, turn the channel.
English fizz a nice surprise
Champagne has been loathe to dispel the myth that they invented sparkling wine. I can't blame them. They have commanded the sparkling wine industry for centuries and hold on to their rightful claim that only they can call champagne "champagne."
But history will show that methode champenois, the process by which today's champagne is made, was an invention of English physician Christopher Merret. He was the first to add sugar to still wine to produce a secondary fermentation.
But a century earlier, Dom Perignon was fumbling to tame the bubbles in what he called "the devil's wine." His problem was that fermentation would stop as temperatures in northern France dropped, only to resume in the spring when temperatures climbed. The result was carbon dioxide (bubbles) which once trap would cause a bottle to burst. Champagne started as an accident; for the Brits sparkling wine was intentional.
However apologetic the good monk, the Brits loved the bubbles in the 17th century and invented a stronger glass bottle. Voila, champagne lived on.
With that history refresher, I was eager to sample two sparkling wines made in England. With more than 400 wineries in southeast England, the Brits have been dabbling in winemaking for some time. However, their success with sparkling wine didn't appear until global warming made its growing conditions more hospitable.
The two sparking wines — "Ridgeview Bloomsbury and Ridgeview Cavendish — were quite good. They both use the same primary grapes used in Champagne — chardonnay, pinot noir and pinot meunier. That makes their product closer to champagne than prosecco (glera) and cava.(xarello and more).
I liked the elegance and depth of the Bloomsbury brut, which was different from the Henriot Brut I tasted as well. But it held its own.
So did its price. The Henriot seemed like a deal at $45 compared to the $55 prices for each English sparkling wine. I have to wonder why anyone would choose and English sparkling wine when for less money he could get French champagne.
However, the English are proud to drink locally made sparkling wine. In fact, sales of champagne have plummeted in England due in part to the local competition as well as the popularity of prosecco and Brexit.
If you are English, be proud of these wines. Surely Dr. Merret would.
For more champagne recommendations, see "My Column."
Tags Christopher Merret, Ridgeview, Ridgeview Bloomsbury, Ridgeview Cavendish, English sparkling wine, champagne, Henriot, Dom Perignon
A Cotes du Rhone to buy now
In my 35 years of wine writing I have never lost faith in Cotes du Rhone. Vastly underrated for its power and easily dismissed as a poor cousin of Chateauneuf du Pape, this AOC blend often over-performs.
I was reminded of this last night when I eagerly opened a bottle of 2016 Chateau de Saint-Cosme "Les Deux Albion" Cotes du Rhone. It was a stunner for $22 — worthy of buying more for my cellar. I've tasted gigondas from this Rhone Valley property and have found the producer to be reliable across the board. But this simple red blend rocked my senses.
The wine is a class blend of syrah (50 percent), grenache, carignan, mouvedre and clairette from three Cotes-du-Rhone-Villages communes. The whole clusters are co-fermented with indigenous yeasts and vinified in conical wooden vats and concrete tanks for 18 months.
The result is a wine with dark color, dense structure, complexity and huge garrigue and floral aromas. On the palate the flavors range from black cherries to plums with some nice spice tossed in. It can easily age for 3 years or more, which makes it a great wine to put away for the short-term.
Tags Cotes du Rhone, Saint-Cosme, Les Deux Albion, Rhone Valley, wine buys
Knudsen: from farmer to producer
When you think of winemaking pioneers in Oregon's Willamette Valley, a handful of names come to mind: David Lett, Dick Erath and Dick Ponzi, all of whom were growing grapes and making wine by the early 1980s. However, a name that escapes more memories is Cal Knudsen, a Weyerhaeuser executivbe who became Oregon's largest vineyard owner in 1975 when he expanded his 30-acre block in Dundee Hills to 60 acres.
Knudsen never made wine solely under his name, but he partnered with Dick Erath to form Knudsen-Erath Winery. When that partnership ended in 1987, he sold his wines to Argyle for its well-respected sparkling wine program.
Knudsen died in 2009 and his four children — none involved in the wine business — decided to continue the family legacy and launched Knudsen Vineyards in 2012, first with a pinot noir and then with a chardonnay. Because they had established lives and businesses well outside the wine world, the family turned to its long-time partner — Argyle — to help.
Page Knudsen Cowles, managing partner
I recently had dinner with Page Knudsen Cowles, managing partner of Knudsen Vineyards, who said it was important to the family to keep their father's legacy going for future generations. Knudsen continues to sell grapes to Argyle and buys back about 500 tons for its own wine. Argyle's winemaker Nate Klosterman is making the wine.
The Knudsens couldn't have made a better business decision. They can ease into the unfamiliar business of making wine with professionals at the helm. The two pinot noirs and one chardonnay I tasted were well made — good balance and pure expression of the Dundee Hills fruit character.
I really like the 2016 burgundian-like chardonnay because it had just a kiss of oak and an austere but intense profile. The estate pinot noir blended into the Willamette pack at $55; the reserve showed more distinction at $70 but the wines tasted like a product still being developed. Given the quality of the vineyards, I would like to see Knudsen make a single-vineyard pinot noir.
Argle makes a pinot noir made entirely from Knudsen grapes. Most consumers won't know that, but I wonder if winemaker Klosterman is making the same pinot noir for both labels — or something different for Argyle.
These wines are on the right track, but clearly the Knudsen's have an uphill climb in a competitive market. The wines are distributed in only a handful of states (including my state of Florida) and the burden has fallen to Page to hand-sell the wines city to city. She lives in Minnesota.
She agrees that a tasting room will make her job much easier, especially if that can drive direct-to-consumer sales. Oregon has seen tremendous growth in this sector.
By the way, Ste. Michelle Estates bought out Erath several years ago, but Dick Erath was allowed to live in his original home. That lease runs out this year and Knudsen doesn't plan to renew it. That sounds like a good location for a tasting room!
How about a glass of Tide?
The tide seems to be turning. Tide, the producers of laundry detergent, abandoned those cute little pods when 8 people died after ingesting them — they looked too much like candy and in some cases sane people were dared into eating them. Now, Tide has developed an eco-friendly box with a handy spout that looks too much like boxed wine.
Social media comments wonder if people won't mistake the laundry detergent for their box of Franzia.
First, you've got a bigger problem if your kids are confusing boxed wine with laundry detergent. Second, I don't see how anyone with half a brain could confuse this box with wine. It's orange and the label is a jug of Tide. If that doesn't set you straight, the first pour of this thick, colored liquid should tell you it isn't wine in your glass.
You just can't fix stupid.
Tags Tide, detergent, New Tide box, wine
With blends, only red seems to work
I recently did a wine tasting for a small group of eager wine enthusiasts. The subject was blends — a segment of the wine industry that is growing so fast it's just behind chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon. In fact, of the wines introduced in the last year, 40 percent of them were blends.
Strangely to me at least is that no one is making a decent white blend. The two I offered to the tasters — Kitchen Sink and Apothic White — were awful. Nearly everyone — including me — dumped them. There seemed to be no consideration given to what each grape variety contributed to the wine. Awkward and overly acidic come to mind.
On the other hand, the three red blends I poured were equally delicious. Each blended different grapes — one was a California blend of mostly zinfandel and syrah; one was a South African blend of Bordeaux grape varieties; the other was a Washington state blend of 14 grapes. Each showed how well-paired grapes can produced a delicious wine with broad flavors.
I'll be writing a column about red blends in the near future. For now, there are the three wines everyone liked:
No Curfew Red Wine 2016 ($15). This is a very delicious and balanced blend of zinfandel, syrah, petite sirah, cabernet sauvignon and petit verdot. Raspberry notes enveloped in a round mouthfeel with oak-infused vanilla and chocolate flavors. This is an invention of Amici, a producer known for its great values.
Beyond Ordinary Cabernet Blend 2016 ($15). We didn't expect much from this South African blend, but we're we ever surprised. This blend uses all five Bordeaux grape varieties and offers French appeal with black currant and dark fruit flavors, soft tannins and hints of pepper and leather.
Apex Red Blend "The Catalyst" 2016 ($17). There are 14 grape varieties in this complex and well-priced blend from Washington state. Syrah dominates the blend, though, and provides effuse red berry flavors. Nice dose of fine tannins gives it body for a foil to grilled steaks.
In wine, red blends Tags red blends, white blends, Apothic White, Kitchen Sink, No Curfew Red Wine, Beyond Ordinary, The Catalyst, Apex Red Blend
Phinney sells another one
Wine genius David Phinney seems to have a pretty good deal going. He invents a label, makes it a marketing phenom, then sells it for a princely sum to a wine conglomerate.
Phinney's most recent deal was to sell his Locations series to E&J Gallo. It was only a few years ago that Phinney was inspired to blend wines across regions and label them after the country's designation. Resembling a bumper sticker, "F" was for France, "E" for Spain, "AZ" for Arizona, etc. There was no regard for boundaries in deciding which varieties to use in his blends. However quixotic, the wines were tasty — and reasonably priced at $20 a bottle. It was a formula that abandoned traditions that would be Phinney's ticket to success.
The sales price was not disclosed.
Phinney already had a friendly business relationship with Gallo, having sold his Orin Swift wines to them just two years ago. Constellation now has the Prisoner brand.
Phinney was able to launch new labels without owning any vineyards or winemaking facilities. Think about that. He sells a label. Presumably, he stays aboard and makes the wine, but I suspect it is in name only.
Phinney's latest wine is 8 Years in the Desert made under the Orin Swift label. It is a zinfandel blend that sells for $45 a bottle.
In wine Tags wine reviews, David Phinney, Orin Swift, Locations, E&J Gallo
Wine drinkers are a happy lot
According to a study by TABS, 66 percent of adults in the U.S. consume beverage alcohol and among them 45 percent buy wine at least three times a year
The profile of those who enjoy wine is not surprising: 55 percent earn more than $125,000 and most popular are those aged 21-29 and 30-39, and probably hail from the Northeast.
Bonterra has its prestige
Bonterra has been recognized as a pioneer in organic farming, so much so that it has added "Organic" to to its name. One reason, it seems to me, is that it wants to distinguish its well-known organic wines from a relatively new series of prestigious cuvees. "Bonterra" is noticeably absent from the label.
Meant to emphasize the biodiversity in the vineyards, these wines have purity of fruit, richness, body and drinkability.
I loved 2013 The Butler ($50), a blend of 80 percent syrah, 8 percent mourvedre, 6 percent grenache and 6 percent zinfandel. Generous aromas and flavors with rich mouthfeel and length.
The other wines in this series includes the 2014 The McNab ($50), a blend of cabernet sauvignon, merlot and old vine petit sirah, and the 2015 The Roost, a Burgundian-style chardonnay.
Tags bonterra, The Butler, The Roost, The McNab, organic
Gaja scores again with a blend
I remember meeting Angelo Gaja in Washington, D.C., more than 20 years ago. At the time he was just starting to gain notoriety for blending grape varieties and introducing Piedmont to controversial winemaking techniques. He declassified his wines and risked it all.
He was widely criticized by fellow winemakers, but eventually won out. He reduced the use of oak and added malolactic fermentation. His wines today sell for a lot of money -- his famous barbarescos can cost more than $300.
Although 78 years old today, he insists he hasn't retired even though his two daughters are operating the family business.
I was delighted to recently find Gaja Sito Moresco Langhe ($50), a red blend that includes nebbolio, merlot and cabernet sauvignon. Unlike his barolos and barbarescos, this blend is ore approachable -- a niche the family must have wanted to accommodate fans who don't want to wait decades for their Gaja wines to mature.
Sito Moresco is named after a family who farmed this 25-acre estate in Barbaresco before it was purchased by Gaja Winery.
This is a delicious wine that continues the family's tradition of blending Bordeaux grape varieties with indigenous grapes.
Tags Angelo Gaja, Gaja, Sito Morseco, Langhe, nebbiolo
Phinney at it again
David Phinney, the wine genius that gave us The Prisoner, has launched a wine project in Roussillon. Called Department 66 -- the region is in France's department 66 -- the wines are very good.
The Fragile rose is OK, but I thought "D66" -- a blend of grenache, carignan, syrah -- is outstanding. It is loaded with fine tannins to suggest aging ability and garrigue character. Department 66's "Others" wine adds mourvedre to the blend and is equally delicious and ageworthy.
Phinney seems prone to impulse. He was in Italy when first struck with the wine bug. He was standing at an airport when he created his "Legacy" series after being inspired by a bumper decal. He fell in love with the natural beauty of the Roussillon region that he launched Department 66 and made Maury a second home.
I'm not complaining. D66 sells for $38 a bottle; Others goes for $25. Fair prices for what you get.
Tags David Phinney, Department 66, D66, Fragile, Roussillon, Maury
Feeling blue? Here's a wine for you
Those damn French are at it again. A blue wine is selling like quiche in southern France. Sacre bleu!
"Vindigo," a chardonnay made in Spain, is selling out at hotels in the French town of Sete. It is marketed by Rene Le Bail just in time for the vacation season along the Cote d'Azur. He likens the wine to the blue waters of the French Riviera and insists he will limit distribution to small on-premise locations.
The first 2,000-bottle order was sold in days. He's ordered 35,000 more bottles.
The turquoise color comes from a naturally occurring pigment, called anthocanin that's derived from filtering the white wine through grape skins. Frankly, it must look more like Windex.
Tags Vindigo, Sete, French Riviera
Debunking those wine rules
I was reading a recipe the other day that called for a Far Niente chardonnay and I imagined chefs scurrying around town in a fruitless search for the wine. How silly. There is more than one chardonnay that would do well with a recipe.
And that got me to thinking of rules. Guidelines in the wine world are appreciated, but rules are not because they are so absolute. Take, for example, white wine with fish and red wine with meat. Good guideline, but I can come up with many exceptions. Tuna and salmon do better with red wines.
And then there is the rule that cheap wines on restaurant wine lists are terrible. I had a Boutari wine from Greece the other night for $34 and it was great, despite being the cheapest white wine on the list. With markups as high as 400 percent, you can't afford to order the most expensive wine.
What about the rule of serving white wine in narrow, tapered glasses? I've recently discovered that a full-body chardonnay tastes better when poured in a wide mouth glass generally reserved for red wines. A complex chardonnay needs to breathe before you pick up its subtleties.
I can go on and on about rules.. But I won't.
Tags wine rules
Old mourvedre shows the power of the grape
I'm a sucker for deals on old wines. They are often discounted because a store is eager to unload them. However, they come with risk. If they were in excellent condition, they wouldn't be discounted, right?
While touring Domaine Tempier in Bandol, I noticed a half-dozen wines from La Laidiere, a neighboring property Domaine Tempier had recently acquired. Red blends (mourvedre, grenache and cinsault) dating back to the 1991 vintage were selling for under 30 euros apiece. I'm sure Tempier got them with the deal and was eager to sell them because they were someone else's wine.
Veronique Peyraud, one of the sisters running Domaine Tempier, recommended to me the 1993 because it had the highest concentration of mourvedre -- 80 percent. For about $30, how could I resist?
It was a fabulous wine -- the fruit was a little tired, but the structure was holding up. It showed the longevity of wines made mostly from mourvedre.
Veronique was right to point me to a mourvedre-dominated wine. I enjoyed Domaine Tempier's 2014 red blend -- about 60 percent mourvedre -- the following night. It was a beautiful, tannic monster with dense, complex dark berry fruit. Clearly, it could age 20 years.
Mourvedre, called monastrell in neighboring Spain, is a foundation grape to blends made in southern France. Although it often has off-putting aromas, mourvedre provides the hammer to a blend. Grenache and cinsault soften the wine and their floral elements offset the rotten egg notes that often accompany mourvedre.
Tempier's mourvedre now has me in search of similar wines from the Bandol area.
Tags Domaine Tempier, La Laidiere, Bandol, southern France, mourvedre
Domaine Tempier's exquiste wines
While on a cruise of the Med, my wife and I had the pleasure of stopping by Domaine Tempier while our ship was moored off Bandol, France. Bandol is arguably the epi-center of the world's best rose. It is here where rose is often the primary wine made for vacationing Europeans who love to sit in their sidewalk cafes in August.
I have long admired Tempier's roses – not cheap but more complex and drier than cheap copycats from the U.S. and Spain that are mere after-thoughts in large portfolios. Tempier didn't disappoint me during my brief visit with Veronique Peyraud, one of several children involved in the operation owned by their parents since 1936. The property was in the family before then, but winemaking was interrupted by phylloxera in the 1940s. Still, some gnarled vines managed to survive and are more than 100 years old.
As good as the roses are, I was more surprised by the Domaine Tempier white blend of clairette, ugni blanc, bourboulenc and marsanne. You get the feeling this exquisite, dry wine will age gracefully for decades.
The estate's flagship may be its Cuvee Classique, a red blend of mourvedre (75 percent), grenache, cinsault and carignan. It is incredibly dense and complex with dark fruit flavors and a rustic style with gritty tannins.
Domaine Tempier's success is due largely to its southern facing vineyards, its soil and maritime winds, but also its particular winemaking standards. It does not fine or filter its wines. It is made from organically grown grapes and natural yeasts are used for fermentation. Its red wines are aged in large oak casks.
Tags Domaine Tempier, Bandol, rose, Veronique Peyraud
Local food, local wine
I never miss an opportunity to taste a local wine. Here in Italy, where my wife and I are on a long cruise, there are local wines galore. Historically, wines were consumed locally as well as being grown locally. That they complemented local food dishes is not a coincidence. Albarino on Spain's north coast match the local seafood while Burgundy's elegant pinot noirs marry well with Dijon's rabbit stews or rich cassoulets. Generations have enjoyed Alsace's pinot blancs and rieslings with the region's famous daubes. Go there and you'll see why.
While I was in Italy's Porto Venere, just outside Cinque Terra, I found a wine and purchased one of the region's famous blends of vermentino, bosco and arbolla. Acidic, fresh and pure it was delightful. This region doesn't even try to make red wines -- unlike Alsace that uselessly struggles with its pedestrian pinot noir.
Finding wines asea
I'm on a cruise of the Med, so unable to post too often. However, last night I was able to share a brief moment with the ship's wine steward who chooses the wines. The task is quite different than what beverage managers experience on land.
A port manager holds most of the cards, it seems. He or she tells each ship's wine manager what's available. I suspect much of it is surplus wine. The other day our wine steward was pleased to get a couple of hundred bottles of a Provence rose while docked in Marseilles. It was OK, but that's about it. I have found that wine aboard ships -- the plonk that is served poolside as well as at dinner -- is acceptable at best. This is Seabourn, too, an upscale ship. They were pouring Nicolas Feuillatte, however, so that's pretty decent champagne.
The port authority apparently acts like a distributor to incoming ships. Our wine steward says he can order directly from the producer too. I was told they go through more than 1,300 bottles a week, which doesn't seem that great for a ship of 600 passengers.
I decided to order a wine package which for $450 gets me access to 6 wines from a pretty damn good list. The list includes a Fevre chablis, Chapoutier white chatauneuf du pape and a Condrieu, Hauts Bailley bordeaux, Silver Oak, Banfi brunello di montalcino, Masi amarone, North Star merlot, and a few more gems that average about $70 a bottle. For a restaurant, those are good averages for premium wines.
Premium wines selling better, but not in restaurants
A recent report from the Silicon Valley Bank -- strangely the best guide to wine sales -- shows that consumers are spending more on their wine.
The bank reported that "premium" wine sales are increasing while those for cheaper wine under $10 is decreasing. These cheaper wines are often composed of bulk wines, box wines, etc. Wines that cost more aren't necessarily "premium" in my book, but nonetheless wines in the $15-20 and $20-plus have shown sales increases.
More interesting to me in the study was the change in restaurant wines. Consumers are spending less in restaurants, partly because of a shift to more casual restaurants where wine plays a smaller role. Also, chain restaurants sell mass-produced wines because they can depend on supply. An increasing number of smaller wineries are ignoring the three-tier system and selling their wines directly to consumers.
More so, consumers at all ages are frowning at restaurant mark-ups. It's about time to rebel. Younger drinkers, theorizes Silicon Valley Bank's study, know they can pay less for wine in a store and are having only a glass of wine or beer in restaurants. Seniors on fixed income are opting for a glass of wine while dining out and millennials are favoring at-home meals.
I'm a senior citizen now, but until recently my wife and I have enjoyed sharing a bottle of wine while dining out. We recently switched to a glass of wine, which we know has a higher mark-up than a bottle. The bottled wines we like are often the most expensive and I know the mark-up from experience. A restaurant bill with wine can regularly top $200 and occasionally $300. I can't sustained a dining bill this high twice a week.
We like to dine at home, which is the trend nowadays. I have a good cellar of aged wines to tap into. But even those seniors who don't have a cellar, it's still significantly cheaper to buy steak and wine and serve them at home. Restaurants are hurting themselves with these high mark-ups.
And this brings me back to my annoyances: restaurants should be less focused on mass producers of common wines marked up 300-400 percent. Instead, they should find the small producers who will appeal to the curious consumer and whose prices are more moderate. They are out there -- I taste these wines every week.
Sure, these producers may not be able to replenish inventory but why not have a list of daily specials? When they run out, list something else. I've seen this done in restaurants with great success. Those restaurant owners who aren't lazy and who are willing to spend some time on their wine lists will reap the rewards.


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The Killer Angels
Monday, June 29, 1863: Chapter 1 Monday, June 29, 1863: Chapter 2 Monday, June 29, 1863: Chapter 3 Monday, June 29, 1863: Chapter 4 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 1 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 2 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 3 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 4 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 5 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 6 Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 7 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 1 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 2 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 3 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 4 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 5 Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 6 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 1 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 2 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 3 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 4 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 5 Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 6
All Themes Honor Old World vs. New World Idealism vs. Disillusionment Slavery and Freedom
All Characters James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Buster Kilrain Tom Chamberlain Harrison John Buford Arthur Lyon Fremantle Joseph Bucklin George Pickett Lewis Armistead Richard Brooke ("Dick") Garnett Jim Kemper Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson Winfield Scott Hancock John Reynolds Harry Heth Richard Ewell Jubal Early George Gordon Meade Dred Scott The Escaped Slave John Bell Hood J. E. B. ("Jeb") Stuart
All Symbols Rain Angels
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Monday, June 29, 1863: Chapter 1
Wednesday, July 1, 1863: Chapter 1
Thursday, July 2, 1863: Chapter 1
Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 1
Old World vs. New World
Idealism vs. Disillusionment
Slavery and Freedom
James Longstreet
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
Buster Kilrain
Tom Chamberlain
John Buford
Arthur Lyon Fremantle
Joseph Bucklin
George Pickett
Lewis Armistead
Richard Brooke ("Dick") Garnett
Jim Kemper
Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson
Winfield Scott Hancock
Harry Heth
Richard Ewell
Jubal Early
George Gordon Meade
The Escaped Slave
John Bell Hood
J. E. B. ("Jeb") Stuart
The Killer Angels: Friday, July 3, 1863: Chapter 5 Summary & Analysis
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Killer Angels, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Longstreet sits on the rail fence, his mind a "bloody vacancy, like a room in which there has been a butchering." He watches the "nightmare" unfold, the lines coming apart, a few men stumbling up the slope before disappearing into smoke. Men begin to retreat, the one erect flag, near the center of the Union line, going down in the smoke. The men stream past Longstreet. One of Pickett's men screams for support, but Longstreet patiently explains that there is no support left to give; all the brigades have gone in. He sees Garnett's horse. He instructs Pickett's men to fall back and sends word for a battery of artillery fire to protect their retreat.
Though he has expected a bloodbath, Longstreet struggles to take in the full horror of the situation as his men fail to capture the hill. As the battered men begin straggling back, he calls for a retreat.
Fremantle, who moments before had been cheering wildly, grasps the reality of the situation and offers Longstreet a flask, which he refuses. He is filled with weariness, helpless rage, and disgust. He thinks that "they had all died for nothing and he had sent them. A man is asked to bear too much." He plans to walk forward into the battle, with the expectation of being killed. But as he stoops to pick up a rifle, he sees Lee.
Fremantle belatedly gets a clue about what is happening. Meanwhile, Longstreet is so filled with despair about the outcome, and his role in bringing it about, that he hopes to enter the fray and die quickly. Only the sight of Lee stops him short.
Lee is riding slowly along the first line of dead men. He sits motionless and talks to the men around him. Longstreet watches, knowing he will never forgive Lee. Tears run down his cheeks. Lee begins to ride toward him. Longstreet hears him saying, "It is all my fault," while the men around him shake their heads and argue with him. Lee tells them that they will rest and try again another day; they must show good order and never let the Yankees see them run.
Longstreet can't forgive his beloved father figure for sending his men into such a hopeless and deadly situation. Yet even as Lee takes responsibility, most of the men around him continue to idealize him, to the point of refusing to see reality. Lee, similarly short-sighted, still thinks another try is possible. He is still concerned that the men conduct themselves honorably, even in retreat.
Some men are crying, even asking Lee to let them attack again. Lee emerges from the crowd and smoke with a "stiff, set look" and empty eyes. He points out to Longstreet in a "soft, feathery" voice that the North appears to be forming for attack in the east. Longstreet can barely hear his voice. Suddenly Pickett appears—hatless, pale, and bloodstained. Longstreet is amazed that he is alive. His face is oddly wrinkled. Lee tells Pickett to re-form his division. Pickett starts to cry, saying in bewilderment, "General Lee, I have no division … Good God, sir, what about my men?" All of Pickett's officers have been killed.
Far from blaming Lee, some want to attempt another charge for his sake. Lee appears to be shaken, but Pickett's appearance is most shocking. Last seen whooping with the excitement of battle, he is now grief-stricken and completely disillusioned.
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Longstreet turns away. He tells his gathering staff that he intends to go and meet the Union skirmishers. He cries as he rides down the hill, his horse shying among the dead bodies. Goree rides alongside him, asking for orders, his eyes filled with sorrow and pity in a look that Longstreet knows he will never forget. Longstreet directs fire, waiting for the Union soldiers to come, but they finally pull back without attacking.
Longstreet is too grieved to watch Pickett's pained appeal to Lee and rides off to counter a Northern attack that doesn't materialize. His faithful captain Goree stays by his side, sensing his mood.
Goree tells Longstreet that it is no good trying to get himself killed; the Lord will come for Longstreet in his own time. Longstreet hears a few heartbroken men firing in the distance, unwilling to give up, but finally they, too, fall still. Silence falls over the field with the sunset, and a wordless knowledge passes among them, that it's over. Longstreet turns away as he hears the Union men cheering at the sight of a captured Virginia battle flag.
Goree discourages Longstreet from doing anything suicidal. Longstreet's heartbreak seems to come from what he actually sees happening on the field, not from a misguided sense of needing to uphold honor. The battle finally drifts to a disheartening end; they have decisively lost.
Clouds gather in the west, and as evening advances, they see lightning in the distance. Longstreet automatically places his men in a defensive line and then sits by the fire drinking coffee. Sorrel brings the figures from the day: Armistead and Garnett are dead; Kemper is dying. Seven of Pickett's thirteen colonels are dead and six are wounded. Longstreet can listen to no more, sending Sorrel away. But the facts "rise up like shattered fenceposts in the mist." He knows the army can't recover from a day like this, as a doctor knows when he bends over a beloved patient for the last time. He doesn't know what he will do now. He looks at the campfires coming to light "like clusters of carrion fireflies." Nothing, he thinks, has been accomplished.
This time the impending storm signals ultimate disaster for the Confederate army, not just disaster in this battle. The symbol is confirmed by the facts of the battle; much of the leadership has been wiped out within hours. Longstreet can see only pointless suffering and hopelessness as he surveys what remains.
Lee comes along after a while, distant lightning blazing beyond his head. Men are still walking alongside him, pleadingly; Longstreet sees "something oddly biblical about it." Even in this air of defeat, Lee conveys strength and majesty to those around him. Longstreet does not want to speak to him, and he knows he will never quite forgive him; nevertheless, he rises to meet the General.
Despite his anger at Lee and the air of doom he brings in his wake, Longstreet is still moved by the general's epic, noble bearing.
Longstreet looks into Lee's stony face and drops his eyes. Lee requests a few moments alone with Longstreet. They sit in silence by the fire as lightning flares and the wind picks up. Finally, Lee says, in a husky voice, that they will withdraw tonight, under cover of the approaching weather. Longstreet knows he is expected to say something, but his mind feels vacant. When he looks up, Lee looks vaguely different. Lee finally says, "Peter, I'm going to need your help."
Lee finally does what has seemed impossible throughout the story, deciding to withdraw altogether. He seems completely defeated. The change in Lee's demeanor is matched by the vulnerability and humility of addressing Longstreet by his first name.
Lee sits with his hand over his eyes. He tells Longstreet that he is very tired. Longstreet asks what he can do. Longstreet feels "a shudder of enormous pity." Finally, Lee looks at him and makes a gesture of surrender, shaking his head. Longstreet promises he will take care of the withdrawal that night. "I thought…" Lee begins. Longstreet says, "Never mind." They sit in silence for a while. Lee says that morale is still good, and they will do better another time. Longstreet says, "I don't think so."
Even though he is angry at Lee, Longstreet still loves him and will do whatever he can for him. When Lee begins to try to articulate his miscalculation, Longstreet cuts him off, seemingly still wanting to let his friend save face—and perhaps salvage a vestige of his friend and hero in his own eyes, despite his loss of illusion. Still, he quashes the lingering hope of recovery that Lee apparently clings to.
Longstreet thinks that there has been too much death, and that it is time for reality; he must speak plainly. He tells Lee that he does not think they can win it now. Lee nods, as if it is not really important. Longstreet continues, "I don't know if I can go on leading them. To die. For nothing." Eventually, Lee replies, "They do not die for us … That at least is a blessing."
After so much loss, stating the obvious—that losing the war is likely—no longer seems like an unutterable heresy. Lee takes comfort in the belief that the men have died for something bigger than himself, but this kind of idealism is what has led to so much death in the first place.
Lee continues, "Each man has his own reason to die." If the men will go on, he says, then he will go on—what else can they do? "And does it matter after all who wins?" he asks. "Was that ever really the question? Will God ask that question, in the end?" As Longstreet helps the tired man rise, Lee looks into his eyes and says, "You were right. And I was wrong. And now you must … help us to see. I become … very tired."
The difference between Lee's idealism—that winning is less important than faithfulness to ideals—and Longstreet's pragmatism is again made clear. Lee finally acknowledges that he was wrong about Gettysburg, however; he, and the rest of the Confederates, need Longstreet's vision in order to go forward. His acknowledgment of his fault and weakness is a tacit acknowledgement that Longstreet's outlook on the future of war is, after all, correct. He has been disillusioned himself.
A cold, heavy wind, smelling of rain, is beginning to blow over the trees. Lee refers to his lecture on the previous day. He explains that he had been trying to warn Longstreet. Unlike their men, he says, they have no Cause; they have only the army. But if a soldier fights only for soldiers, he explains, they cannot ever win—it's only the soldiers who die. With that, Lee mounts his horse and rides off into the dark. Longstreet watches him ride out of sight, then goes out into the field to say goodbye. Then he gives the order to retreat.
Lee's parting words are ambivalent. He seems to be saying that without a higher cause, a general can never truly win. But devotion to a cause, with all its deadly consequences, is just what Longstreet rejects. In any case, the two have finally spoken their minds to one another, though it has come too late for either them or their men.