When developing an intervention aimed at behavior change, one of the crucial steps in the development process is to select the most relevant social-cognitive determinants. These determinants can be seen as the buttons one needs to push to establish behavior change. Insight into these determinants is needed to select behavior change methods (i.e., general behavior change techniques that are applied in an intervention) in the development process. Therefore, a study on determinants is often conducted as formative research in the intervention development process. Ideally, all relevant determinants identified in such a study are addressed by an intervention. However, when developing a behavior change intervention, there are limits in terms of, for example, resources available for intervention development and the amount of content that participants of an intervention can be exposed to. Hence, it is important to select those determinants that are most relevant to the target behavior as these determinants should be addressed in an intervention. The aim of the current paper is to introduce a novel approach to select the most relevant social-cognitive determinants and use them in intervention development. This approach is based on visualization of confidence intervals for the means and correlation coefficients for all determinants simultaneously. This visualization facilitates comparison, which is necessary when making selections. By means of a case study on the determinants of using a high dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (commonly known as ecstasy), we illustrate this approach. We provide a freely available tool to facilitate the analyses needed in this approach.
When developing an intervention aimed at behavior change, one of the crucial steps in the development process is to select the most relevant determinants (1). In lay terms, these determinants are the closest approximation to "the buttons one needs to push" to establish behavior change. Insight into these determinants is needed to select behavior change methods (i.e., general behavior change techniques that are applied in an intervention) in the development process. The aim of the current paper is to introduce a novel approach to select the most relevant determinants and use them in intervention development.
There are three main types of variables that have an influence on behavior: environmental, genetic, and psychological variables. When developing an intervention aimed at behavior change, the focus is mostly on psychological variables. First, because these variables are most likely to be changeable by an intervention (2). Second, because overt behavior results from neural activation patterns (3). Hence, all overt behavior is necessarily caused by psychological variables in all conceivable cases except physical coercion. In other words: all environmental (e.g., social or physical) and genetic influences on behavior eventually operate through (and manifest as) psychological variables (4),1 of which, in the context of behavior change, social-cognitive determinants have received the most attention.
Theories aiming to explain behavior, such as the Reasoned Action Approach [RAA (5)], the Health Belief Model [HBM (6)], and the Extended Parallel Process Model [EPPM (7)], postulate specific social-cognitive determinants and their relationships to each other and behavior. Each of these theories applies to specific (antecedents of) behaviors: for example, the RAA explains reasoned action, the HBM health behavior, and the EPPM the processing of threatening communication. This property of theories (i.e., dealing with bounded aspects of reality) is not a shortcoming, but in line with the definition of theories as reductions of reality, which is also emphasized by Occam's razor (8). This means that to obtain the most exhaustive understanding of which psychological variables determine a behavior, it will often be necessary to combine several theories of behavior explanation (9).
In intervention planning, this combination of theories informs the so-called logic model of change (1). Such a logic model contains, for a specific behavior in a specific target population, what is known about the psychological variables and environmental conditions that predict the behavior. For each relevant environmental condition, environmental agents who control the condition are identified, and an intervention may then be developed for each of them (10). Because targeting those environmental conditions occurs through targeting the determinants of the relevant agents, the process of selecting relevant determinants for environmental agents is comparable to selecting relevant determinants for the target population (1). It is important to note that these determinants have a given level of psychological aggregation. For example, in the RAA, behavior is the highest level of psychological aggregation (level 1), followed by intention (level 2), attitude (level 3), experiential attitude (level 4) and behavioral beliefs (level 5) (5, 9). In other words, determinants of behavior can be organized on the aggregation level hierarchy in terms of specificity versus generality, and various sub-determinants can often be distinguished for any determinant. For example, behavioral beliefs are sub-determinants of attitude. In this paper, we use "sub-determinants" to refer to determinants at a lower level of psychological aggregation.
The overarching determinants at higher levels of generality (e.g., attitude and self-efficacy) are those needed to select appropriate behavior change methods. Behavior change methods have different components and are not equally effective for all determinants. For example, while stimulating enactive mastery experiences can be used to improve self-efficacy, it is less suitable to foster attitude change. We refer to Kok et al. (11) for an overview of behavior change methods linked to specific determinants.
Sub-determinants formulated at a high level of specificity (e.g., beliefs in the case of RAA) are crucial when studying determinants, because those very specific aspects are what is used in operationalizations and intervention messages. As operationalizations are stimuli that people process (and respond to, for example, items in a questionnaire), they need to have sufficient specificity to relate to real-world phenomena (e.g., a questionnaire item in ordinary language). Similarly, as intervention messages will necessarily address more or less tangible aspects of reality, these, too, are based on sufficiently specific sub-determinants. For example, even though the RAA postulates that intention is the most proximal determinant of behavior, intervention messages mostly concern beliefs underlying, for example, attitude (e.g., "being physical active is enjoyable") or perceived norm (e.g., "X% of people your age adhere to recommended levels of physical activity").
Thus, before developing a behavior change intervention, it is important to establish the determinants and underlying sub-determinants that predict the target behavior. This is an essential part of the needs assessment, which ultimately results in the logic model of change, in Intervention Mapping (1) as well as other frameworks (12). Therefore, a determinant study is often conducted as formative research in the intervention development process. When conducting such a study, it is important to include all possible sub-determinants that might be relevant for the target behavior of the intervention. Using the core processes (i.e., the processes involved in understanding a problem or answering a question with empirical data and theory) is critical to identify sub-determinants at all levels of aggregation (11). The first step in using the core processes is to conduct a brainstorm about possible sub-determinants for the specific behavior and the specific target group. The second step is to gather evidence from previous empirical studies. It is important to stress that different (but complementary) types of studies can be used. For example, while a meta-analysis can provide evidence for the strength of the association between higher level determinants (e.g., self-efficacy) and the target behavior, an interview study can provide more in-depth insight into lower level determinants (e.g., specific situations in which target population members exhibit low levels of self-efficacy). The third step is to use insights from psychological theories (7). The fourth step is to collect new empirical data that are specific to the target population, context, and behavior at hand. In this step, different types of studies can be conducted as well. For example, Peters (13) provides a practical guide regarding synthesizing previous literature and qualitative exploration of (sub-)determinants.
Subsequently, one needs to establish which of the potential (sub-)determinants are the most relevant given the target behavior, population, and context. This is important because practical considerations prohibit targeting all (sub-)determinants. For example, there are limits in terms of resources available for intervention development and the amount of content that participants of an intervention can be exposed to. To optimize intervention effectiveness, the selection of which (sub-)determinants will be targeted by an intervention should be guided by (sub-)determinant relevance. This paper focuses on establishing relevance based on data that are collected by means of surveys.
Establishing relevance of determinants is a crucial step in the planning of behavior change interventions; however, as yet, no guidelines exist for establishing relevance of determinants. Due to a lack of clear guidelines, a variety of methods is used. For example, dichotomizing (a determinant of) behavior and then comparing means of (sub-)determinants; computing correlation coefficients for the association between (sub-)determinants and (a determinant of) behavior; or conducting regression analyses where (a determinant of) behavior is regressed on relevant (sub-)determinants [for some examples pertinent to the current subject matter, see, e.g., Ref. (14–18)]. These approaches combine two types of analyses: (1) assessing the univariate distribution of each (sub-)determinant and (2) assessing associations to behavior and/or determinants of behavior.
Assessing the associations of (sub-)determinants with behavior and/or determinants is important: those sub-determinants that are not associated to behavior and/or more proximal determinants will often be the least likely candidates to intervene upon. The univariate distributions are important because bimodal distributions may be indicative of subgroups, and strongly skewed distributions have implications for how a (sub-)determinant should be targeted. For example, if a sub-determinant is positively associated with behavior but left-skewed, most population members already have the desired value, so an intervention developer will want to reinforce it. Conversely, right-skewed positively associated sub-determinants imply a need for change, as most population members do not have the desired value yet. This latter category of sub-determinants would be more viable intervention targets, should a choice have to be made: there is more room for improvement.
Although these conventionally employed analyses have sensible aims, the analyses employed to achieve those aims are problematic. Regression analyses, for example, are useful to obtain a measure of the total explained variance in an outcome (e.g., R2) based on the sub-determinants included in a model. However, the regression coefficients provide little information as to determinant relevance because they are conditional upon the other predictors in the specific model (13, 19–21). These problems are resolved when looking at bivariate associations, but the common practice of dichotomizing behavior or a proximal determinant such as intention leads to information loss and underestimation of variation (22–24). Furthermore, Cohen's d point estimates of differences between groups (e.g., intenders and non-intenders) can vary substantially from sample to sample (25), rendering them unfit for determinant selection on the basis of one sample. Although to a lesser extent, the same is true for estimates of means and correlation coefficients (26). Instead resorting to basing conclusions on p-values from null hypothesis significance tests is also widely discouraged (27–31). Using a frequentist approach, the most widely accepted method would be to base these decisions on the confidence intervals for the means and correlation coefficients.
However, such an approach is problematic because it requires intervention developers to parse a large amount of information simultaneously. For each (sub-)determinant, the univariate distribution and mean, as well the lower and upper confidence interval bounds would have to be inspected, as well as the correlation coefficients with behavior and perhaps a proximal determinant of behavior such as intention, again together with the lower and upper confidence interval bounds. Even with only 10 (sub-)determinants, and even if associations with a proximal determinant are not considered, this would mean researchers would have to simultaneously evaluate 60 estimates. The main challenge, therefore, is to find a method of assessing this large amount of information simultaneously. This is the challenge we aim to undertake with the presently proposed Confidence Interval-Based Estimation of Relevance (CIBER) approach.
The presently proposed CIBER approach is based on data visualization. Visualizing the relevant data has three advantages. First, visualization enables mapping the data onto spatial dimensions, facilitating comparison, which is necessary when making selections. Second, visualization foregoes the seeming accuracy and objectivity afforded by numbers (32). Given the relative width of most sampling distributions and the subsequent variation that occurs in estimates over samples (25, 26), caution in basing decisions on the exact computed numbers seems prudent. Third, visualization enables assessing confidence intervals for means in the context of the raw data.
In the visual representations used in the CIBER approach, confidence intervals are represented using the diamond shapes commonly used for the aggregated effect size in meta-analyses (32). Unlike error bars with whiskers, diamonds do not draw attention to the confidence interval bounds. They are an efficient method of representing both the mean and the confidence interval in one shape, allowing both stroke and fill colors, which makes it possible to use the fill color to further facilitate interpretation, and the stroke color to identify, for example, which determinant a shape represents. Another advantage is that it is not easy to see the exact values of the three estimates represented by the diamond (the mean and lower an upper confidence bounds). Although this might not seem like an advantage at first glance, this lack of clarity is consistent with the estimates' imprecision [i.e., their variation from sample to sample (32)]. These diamond plots are then used to visualize the raw data, the point estimate and confidence interval for the mean, and the point estimate and confidence interval for the correlation with behavior and/or one or several determinants of behavior. Each (sub-)determinant, the question used to assess it, as well as the anchors can be shown.
In other words, the CIBER approach acknowledges that several metrics need to be combined (correlation coefficients, means, and confidence intervals of both) and interpreted in order for data to become valuable information. In the next section, we will illustrate this approach by means of a case study on the determinants of using a high dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy).
In the Netherlands, MDMA content of ecstasy pills has gradually increased (33, 34), and the likely association of dose to risk (35) warrants intervention efforts to discourage using a high dose of MDMA. In our illustrations, we will use data collected in a determinant study designed to inform such intervention efforts. This study is conducted as part of the Party Panel initiative (for more information, see http://partypanel.eu/info). The full determinant study will be described elsewhere,2 but the most relevant information for the current paper is provided here. The materials and analysis script for this study have been made available at the Open Science Framework repository at https://osf.io/qf3sq. The data are under embargo until July 1, 2017, but will then be added to that repository. These efforts are taken to acknowledge a recent call for full disclosure to maximize scrutiny, foster accurate replication, and facilitate future data syntheses (e.g., meta-analyses) (36, 37).
Participants were recruited through social media posts by Dutch nightlife prevention campaign Celebrate Safe and partner organizations and one funded Facebook post. Participation was voluntary, and no incentive was offered.
Participants visited http://partypanel.nl where they could open the survey. The survey was developed in LimeSurvey (38) and hosted on a secure TIER3+ server in the Netherlands. After providing online informed consent, participants completed the questions in the survey. These questions were mainly based on RAA (5). In addition, a number of target population members, specifically peers from the Amsterdam-based peer education project Unity, completed an online questionnaire with open-ended questions prompting for potential reasons for performing (or not performing) certain target behaviors (e.g., using a high dose of MDMA). This questionnaire was designed to approximate a belief elicitation procedure (5). The resulting beliefs were integrated in the questionnaire for this study (see Operationalizations).
The data presently analyzed were provided by 227 participants (all MDMA users, because only they could answer questions about their MDMA use). Of these, 203 reached the section where demographics were assessed, where 60% indicated they were male, 39% female, and 1% did not answer or indicated not identifying as male or female. The mean age was 25 years (SD = 7.0).
Ethical approval was provided by the ethical committee of the Dutch Open University (the form and the approval letter are available at https://osf.io/qf3sq).
All operationalizations (i.e., questions in the survey) were originally in Dutch. These original questions are available at https://osf.io/qf3sq and translations will be provided here. Please note that the term "ecstasy" is used in the translation of the questions to English and the remainder of this paper, as this more closely resembles the original questions in Dutch. In this case study, behavioral beliefs are associated with both attitude and intention. All questions regarding behavioral beliefs, attitude, and intention used 7-point response scales with varying anchors per question. Intention to use a high dose of ecstasy was measured with three questions assessing what in English could be described as participants' intention, motivation, and expectation. The direct measure of attitude was a semantic differential where participants indicated what they thought about using highly dosed ecstasy pills if they used ecstasy, on the dimensions bad versus good, unpleasant versus pleasant, stupid versus smart, unhealthy versus healthy, and boring versus exciting. The behavioral beliefs, specifically the expectancies, were measured with a series of 21 items, each expressing a potential belief about using a high dose of ecstasy. The items and anchors can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Output of case study regarding sub-determinants of attitude and intention to use a high dose of ecstasy. (Diamond fill color in left hand panel is indicative of items means: the redder the diamonds are, the lower the item means; the greener the diamonds are, the higher the item means. Diamond stroke color in right hand panel is used to differentiate between determinants. Diamond fill color in right hand panel is indicative of association strengths and their direction: the redder the diamonds are, the stronger and more negative the associations are; the greener the diamonds are, the stronger and more positive the associations are.).
Figure 1 provides the output following the proposed analytical approach. The items that were used to assess the behavioral beliefs (i.e., the sub-determinants in this case study) are shown to the left of the left hand panel. The anchors of the items are on the side of the left hand panel. The diamonds in the left hand panel show the item means with 99.99% confidence intervals. The fill color of the diamonds is indicative of the item means—the redder the diamonds are, the lower the item means; the greener the diamonds are, the higher the items means (blue denotes means in the middle of the scale). The dots surrounding the diamonds show the item scores of all participants with jitter added to prevent overplotting. The diamonds on the right hand panel show the association strengths (i.e., correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals) between individual items and determinants at different levels of psychological aggregation (attitude and intention in this example). The fill color of the diamonds is indicative of the association strengths and their direction—the redder the diamonds are, the stronger and more negative the associations are; the greener the diamonds are, the stronger and more positive the associations are; the grayer the diamonds are, the weaker the associations are. The stroke color of the diamonds (i.e., the "line color") can be used to differentiate associations between behavioral beliefs with different determinants (attitude and intention in this case study). In this example, the diamonds with a red stroke show the association with attitude, and the diamonds with a blue stroke show the association with intention. The confidence intervals of the explained variance (R2) of attitude and intention based on all behavioral beliefs are depicted at the top of the figure. The items concerning behavioral beliefs can also be ranked based on association strengths with a specific determinant. In this example, the items are ranked based on their association with attitude. It would be overly simplified to use this ranking to select the most relevant sub-determinants (in this case behavioral beliefs). Instead, correlation coefficients, means, and confidence intervals of both need to be combined to select behavioral beliefs to be targeted in an intervention.
The procedure to select relevant sub-determinants and what this implies for intervention content is illustrated by using the visualizations regarding four items depicted in Figure 1. We selected four items that exhibit different univariate and bivariate patterns.
First, the item "For my health, using a high dose of ecstasy is… [much worse/much better; item 2 in Figure 1]." This belief has a strong positive association with attitude and intention. However, the relevance is relatively low, because the scores on the middle panel indicate that participants are already convinced that using a high dose of ecstasy is much worse for their health. If this belief is targeted in an intervention, then this would mean that the belief needs to be confirmed, unless it is possible to tailor the intervention message to only target the small subgroup of participants who are not convinced of the dose/risk relationship.
Second, the item "If I use a high dose of ecstasy, my trip is more… [mild/intense; item 15]." Although the scores on the middle panel indicate that participants are convinced that this makes their trip more intense, the relevance is relatively low, because this belief is not associated with attitude and very weakly with intention.
Third, the item "My experience with using a high dose of ecstasy is… [worse/better; item 1]." This belief has a strong positive association with attitude and intention, and the scores are on the middle of the scale. This combination makes it a highly relevant belief. In terms of intervening, this would imply that the belief that a high dose of ecstasy leads to a better experience needs to be negated. Other data from this study showed that common consequences of high doses of ecstasy, such as remembering less, hallucinating more, and being less sociable, were rated as very undesirable. This suggests that there may be enough leverage for a persuasive message that emphasizes the disadvantages of using a high dose.
Fourth, the item "Do you have as much, more, or less regret after using a high dose of ecstasy? [much less regret/much more regret; item 21]." This belief has a strong negative association with attitude and intention, and the scores are roughly normally distributed around the middle of the scale. This combination makes it a highly relevant belief. In terms of intervention, this would mean that feelings of regret need to be reinforced.
These four examples demonstrate the added value of combining several metrics (correlation coefficients, means, and confidence intervals of both) by means of visualizations. The next section is a practical guide on a freely available tool that can be used to obtain the visualizations needed to apply CIBER.
In this simplest case, the first argument specifies the dataset to use. In this example, the function "getData" is used to load a dataset from, for example, an SPSS datafile. The second and third arguments are used to specify the variable names of the sub-determinants (which will appear in the rows of the plot) and the variable names of behavior and potentially other determinants. The associations of the sub-determinants with these latter variables will be shown in the panel to the right. Of course, more than two sub-determinants and targets can be specified by adding more variable names, delimited by commas and each enclosed in single (or double) quotes. Note that R is case sensitive, so the variable names have to match those in the datafile exactly.
The function has many optional arguments, the most relevant ones of which will briefly be listed here (use "?CIBER" to consult the function's manual page). "subQuestions," "leftAnchors," and "rightAnchors" can be used to specify the items and anchors that were used to measure the sub-determinants. Setting "decreasing" to TRUE or FALSE orders the sub-determinants based on their means in descending or ascending order, respectively. If a target variable name is specified in the argument "orderBy," then the sub-determinants are ordered by their association to that target variable instead. We refer to https://osf.io/qf3sq for the specific arguments used to create Figure 1 and the Supplementary Material for a general description of the arguments to be specified when using CIBER. All these optional arguments can be used to tailor the plots to the specific needs of a study aimed at selecting relevant sub-determinants.
The current paper demonstrates how to select the most relevant sub-determinants and how this can have an impact on choices made during intervention development (as demonstrated by the case study). We have described an analytical approach, denoted as CIBER, to look at associations between sub-determinants and (multiple) outcomes (e.g., behavior, but also determinants at lower levels of psychological aggregation). To facilitate the implementation of CIBER in future research, we have made an easy-to-use tool freely available, and we have described how to use it in practice. This tool provides the output needed to select relevant sub-determinants.
However, the utility of the output depends on the quality of the operationalizations (e.g., questions in the survey). Two aspects are crucial in ensuring high-quality operationalizations: (1) identifying all possible sub-determinants that need to be operationalized (e.g., included in the survey) and (2) making sure that they are adequately operationalized. With regard to the first aspect, we refer to the core processes (described in Section "Identifying Determinants at Different Levels of Psychological Aggregation") that are critical to identify sub-determinants at all levels of aggregation (11). When identifying possible sub-determinants, it is warranted to be theoretically promiscuous and to remain critical toward all individual theories (9). After all, the aim is not to test a specific theory, but to identify all relevant aspects of the target population's psychology where it concerns the behavior at hand (i.e., all possible sub-determinants). Hence, limiting oneself to only operationalize determinants in any one theory would be unwise. With regard to the second aspect, it is good to be aware that data about a determinant are only as good as its operationalization, and therefore, any theory should include instructions for operationalization of each determinant (42). For example, Witte et al. (43) provide a Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale that contains skeleton items to be completed with the target behavior and health threat at hand, such as "[Recommended response] is effective in pre- venting [health threat]." Both aspects are essential to ensure utility of the output when applying CIBER.
Moreover, decisions regarding selection of sub-determinants cannot be solely based on the output of data analysis (regardless of which analytical approach is taken). The output should be seen as complementary to the expertise of a behavior change expert (e.g., health psychologist or health promoter). This expertise is needed to choose appropriate behavior change methods if a certain sub-determinant is selected and to translate these methods into practical applications (11). For example, providing stereotype-inconsistent information (i.e., positive examples from the stigmatized group) is a behavior change method aimed at reducing stigma. This method is only effective when there are many different examples, and these examples are not too discrepant from the original stereotype (11, 44). If providing stereotype-inconsistent information is operationalized in such a way that only few different examples are used, people might think that just one exception is presented. If the examples are too discrepant, people might deem the information to be irrelevant regarding their views on the stigmatized group. Expertise regarding parameters for use is crucial to adequately translate behavior change methods into practical applications.
Behavior change expertise is also needed to make judgments regarding changeability. Besides relevance, changeability is the other part of the equation when selecting sub-determinants during intervention development (1). For example, it is often assumed that knowledge about a certain behavior is relatively easy to change in comparison with self-efficacy toward that same behavior. Whenever possible, judgments regarding changeability should be based on evidence from the research literature (45). However, when data regarding changeability are scarce, such judgments have to rely on a theoretical or conceptual basis.
Finally, using CIBER might result in a large number of relevant (and changeable) sub-determinants. In practice, however, the available resources (e.g., time and money) are often limited. This can have an impact on the quantity and quality of intervention content that can be developed, but also delivered. The latter is especially relevant in case there are additional costs per participant (e.g., delivering an intervention in a face-to-face setting with a health professional). However, also when the additional costs per participants are low (e.g., when using an Internet-delivered intervention), then there are still limits in terms of the amount of intervention content that participants can be exposed to. Although intervention content can be delivered in multiple sessions over a longer period of time, this might lead to increased levels of dropout (46), which also limits exposure to intervention content. So, besides output of the proposed analytical approach and behavior change expertise, also practical constraints affect the ultimate selection of sub-determinants that are targeted in an intervention.
The proposed analytical approach can be applied at all levels of psychological aggregation. For example, as explained in Section "Identifying Determinants at Different Levels of Psychological Aggregation," there are five levels of psychological aggregation in the RAA: behavior (level 1), intention (level 2), attitude (level 3), experiential attitude (level 4), and behavioral beliefs (level 5) (5, 9). Investigating associations between, for example, beliefs and intention/behavior might result in valuable insights, but also, for example, investigating associations between beliefs and attitude, or attitude and intention/behavior. The associations to look at depend on the exact question to be answered. For example, if one wants to know what the most relevant determinants are, then one needs to look at the associations between attitude, perceived norm, and perceived behavior control (level 3), and intention (level 2) or behavior (level 1). However, if one wants to know which beliefs to target in an intervention, then associations between beliefs (level 5), and intention (level 2) or behavior (level 1) are recommended. In the latter example, determinants such as attitude or perceived behavior control (level 3) are still important, because behavior change methods are linked to determinants at this level (11). For example, some methods are more appropriate to change attitude (e.g., arguments), while other are more appropriate to change perceived behavior control (e.g., guided practice). The exact content when applying these methods in an intervention, however, depends on the behavioral beliefs and control beliefs underlying, respectively, attitude and perceived behavioral control. Associations between beliefs (level 5) and determinants (level 3) shed more light on the latter. Independent of the levels of psychological aggregation one is interested in, CIBER can be applied to select the most relevant sub-determinants.
It needs to be stressed that conclusions regarding relevance of sub-determinants (e.g., when discussing the results of the case study presented in this paper) do not imply causality between sub-determinants and (multiple) outcomes. This is independent of the analytical approach, but is due to the cross-sectional nature of the data used in the study at hand. This is in line with the current literature that is dominated by cross-sectional determinant studies (47), although there are also experimental studies available [e.g., Ref. (48)]. Furthermore, we also do not want to imply that the associations between sub-determinants and outcomes are necessarily unidirectional in a theoretical sense. In fact, many theories assume a reciprocal relationship. For example, Bandura denotes this as reciprocal determinism in his Social Cognitive Theory (49). Weiner's attributional model, as another example, indicates that unexpected or negative behavioral outcomes lead a person to search for causal ascriptions (e.g., specific beliefs) that can explain the outcomes (50). Longitudinal and experimental data are needed to test such assumptions.
In sum, CIBER is a useful approach to select the most relevant social-cognitive determinants, which can be applied across behavioral domains. Currently, however, CIBER is based on linear correlations between variables. That means that it cannot be applied yet to, for example, dichotomous variables. The underlying idea of the proposed analytical approach (i.e., using data visualization to combine several metrics regarding univariate distributions and associations), however, can also be applied to dichotomous variables. Therefore, we intend to continue to develop CIBER, to enable this in the future. Moreover, we are also aware of other developments, such as the use of network models that allow for modeling complex systems of observable items underlying psychological variables in general (51). These network models can also be applied to social-cognitive determinants, such as attitude (52). Within such network models, centrality measures (e.g., degree centrality and closeness centrality) might give complementary insights in the relevance of sub-determinants in relation to each other (53). The aim of this paper, however, was to demonstrate CIBER, not to compare it with other methods. Future research might focus on such comparisons and shed light on, for example, whether network models have added value on top of the proposed analytical approach. Using CIBER, however, is already a step forward from commonly used methods (e.g., regression analyses). To use CIBER, one needs to learn the rudiments of the statistical package R. However, the function is developed in such a way that substantive researchers can actually take this step and apply CIBER in future research and, therewith, optimize the development process of future behavior change interventions.
The protocol for collecting the data that are used in the case study was approved by the ethical committee of the Dutch Open University (the form and the approval letter are available at https://osf.io/qf3sq). All participants gave online informed consent.
Study conception and design; drafting of manuscript: RC, G-JP, and JN; acquisition of data: G-JP and JN; analysis of data: G-JP; interpretation of data: RC and G-JP. All the authors agree on the final version of the manuscript.
The authors thank Esther Steenaart for providing constructive feedback on an earlier draft of this paper and the Unity peers for their help with the online belief elicitation procedure as well as their feedback on earlier versions of the questionnaire.
The data used as an illustration were collected within the Celebrate Safe project funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00165/full#supplementary-material.
^Please note that this does not imply that changes in the environment cannot have an impact on behaviour, only that this impact operates through psychological variables (either consciously or unconsciously).
^Peters G-JY, Noijen J. Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger: Informing Behavior Change Interventions to Discourage Using High Doses of Ecstasy (forthcoming).
1. Bartholomew Eldredge LK, Markham CM, Ruiter RAC, Fernández ME, Kok G, Parcel GS. Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach. 4th ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass (2016).
5. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group (2010).
12. Green L, Kreuter M. Health Program Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (2005).
13. Peters G-JY. A practical guide to effective behavior change: how to identify what to change in the first place. Eur Health Psychol (2014) 16:142–55.
17. Peters G-JY. Determinants of Ecstasy Use and Harm Reduction Practices: Informing Evidence-Based Intervention Development. Morrisville, NC: Lulu.com. (2008).
37. Peters G-JY, Abraham C, Crutzen R. Full disclosure: doing behavioural science necessitates sharing. Eur Health Psychol (2012) 14:77–84.
38. LimeSurvey Project Team/Carsten Schmitz. LimeSurvey: An Open Source Survey Tool. Hamburg, Germany (2017).
39. Peters G-JY. userfriendlyscience: Quantitative Analysis Made Accessible. (2017).
40. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria (2014).
41. RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio Team (2016).
49. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall (1986).
Copyright: © 2017 Crutzen, Peters and Noijen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


text:
2022 SAG Nominations: House Of Gucci, King Richard, Mare Of Easttown, And More
By Shania Russell/Jan. 12, 2022 1:17 pm EST
It's that time of year again: voters are casting ballots and envelopes are being sealed. Yes, awards season is upon us once more, and the latest update comes courtesy of Vanessa Hudgens and Rosario Dawson, who announced the nominations for the 2022 Screen Actors Guild Awards via Instagram Live today. This year, the SAG Awards offer a few intriguing developments alongside many unsurprising nominees.
Where TV is concerned, popularity for beloved big names like "Succession" and "Ted Lasso" remains high. Both series picked up five nominations each, including nods for "Succession" cast members Jeremy Strong, Kieran Culkin, Sarah Snook, and Brian Cox; meanwhile, "Ted Lasso" celebrates performances from Brett Goldstein, Jason Sudeikis, Hannah Waddingham, and Juno Temple. No surprises there. The acting nominations for both film and TV continue to move sluggishly when it comes to inclusion, but here's something to get hyped about: "Squid Game" just made SAG Awards history as the first foreign language TV nominee. This includes acting nominations for Lee Jung-jae, Jung Ho-yeon, and the show's stunt ensemble.
On the film side of things, there's some love for "CODA," the coming-of-age drama about a hearing child of deaf adults. The film features a cast partially filled by deaf actors and picked up nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and Supporting Male Actor for Troy Kotsur. This makes Korsur and his cast members the first disabled performers to receive nominations in the 28 years of SAG Awards history. Elsewhere, "King Richard," earned a couple nods for its majority non-white cast, including Motion Picture Cast and a nomination for leading man Will Smith. Jennifer Hudson just received her second SAG nomination for her role as Aretha Franklin in "Respect," which is a category she shares with fellow second career nominee Lady Gaga. Critical-darling "The Power of the Dog" was surprisingly missing from Motion Picture Cast, but did pick up acting nominations for Benedict Cumberbatch, Kodi Smit-McPhee, and Kirsten Dunst.
Below is the complete list of 2022 SAG Awards nominations, for both Film and TV. Winners will be revealed at the ceremony set for February 27, 2022.
SAG 2022 Film Nominees
Motion Picture Cast
Male Actor in a Leading Role — Motion Picture
Javier Bardem, Being the Ricardos
Benedict Cumberbatch, The Power of the Dog
Andrew Garfield, Tick, Tick... Boom!
Will Smith, King Richard
Denzel Washington, The Tragedy of Macbeth
Female Actor in a Leading Role — Motion Picture
Jessica Chastain, The Eyes of Tammy Faye
Olivia Colman, The Lost Daughter
Lady Gaga, House of Gucci
Jennifer Hudson, Respect
Nicole Kidman, Being the Ricardos
Male Actor in a Supporting Role — Motion Picture
Ben Affleck, The Tender Bar
Bradley Cooper, Licorice Pizza
Troy Kotsur, CODA
Jared Leto, House of Gucci
Kodi Smit-McPhee, The Power of the Dog
Female Actor in a Supporting Role — Motion Picture
Caitriona Balfe, Belfast
Cate Blanchett, Nightmare Alley
Ariana DeBose, West Side Story
Kirsten Dunst, The Power of the Dog
Ruth Negga, Passing
Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
SAG 2022 TV Nominees
Drama Series Ensemble:
Comedy Series Ensemble:
Male Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries:
Murray Bartlett, The White Lotus
Oscar Isaac, Scenes From a Marriage
Michael Keaton, Dopesick
Ewan McGregor, Halston
Evan Peters, Mare of Easttown
Female Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries:
Cynthia Erivo, Genius
Margaret Qualley, Maid
Jean Smart, Mare of Easttown
Kate Winslet, Mare of Easttown
Male Actor in a Drama Series:
Billy Crudup, The Morning Show
Lee Jung-jae, Squid Game
Jeremy Strong, Succession
Female Actor in a Drama Series:
Elisabeth Moss, The Handmaid's Tale
Sarah Snook, Succession
HoYeon Jung, Squid Game
Male Actor in a Comedy Series:
Brett Goldstein, Ted Lasso
Jason Sudeikis, Ted Lasso
Female Actor in a Comedy Series:
Elle Fanning, The Great
Sandra Oh, The Chair
Juno Temple, Ted Lasso
Hannah Waddingham, Ted Lasso
Stunt Ensemble in a TV Series:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nelson Physics for the Australian Curriculum adopts a qualitative and quantitative model approach to the teaching of physics. Models, laws and theories are developed and used to explain and predict physical phenomena, from the very small to the very large. Students investigate their predictions using the scientific method and by interpreting second hand data (SIS strand). Physics concepts are clearly and well explained in an easy to read language (SU strand). Case Studies and Scientific Literacy boxes provide context allowing students to engage with physics and those who work in the field (SHE strand).
Robert Farr is the Head of Science at Brigidine College in St Ives, Sydney and has been teaching and marking senior physics for 25 years in New South Wales schools. He has been on review panels for the current physics syllabus and has extensive experience as a marker, senior marker and supervisor in physics and chemistry. Robert graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree from the University of Sydney in 1982 and completed his Diploma of Education the next year. He has a Master of Arts, specialising in science education and school leadership, from MacQuarie University. Robert was a consultant and contributing author on the highly successful McGraw-Hill Biology in Focus series, especially in developing the approach to the Prescribed Focus Areas.
Kate Wilson is a senior lecturer in the School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra (UNSW at the Australian Defence Force Academy). She has a PhD in computational physics from Monash University and a Graduate Diploma in Secondary Teaching from the University of Canberra. Kate has been a member of the Sydney University Physics Education Research group, an Innovative Teaching and Educational Technology Fellow at the University of New South Wales, first year coordinator in physics at the Australian National University and director of the Australian Science Olympiads Physics Program. She is author of the resource set Workshop Tutorials for Physics and Nelson Physics units 3 and 4 for the National Curriculum.
Interactive NelsonNetBook enables students to highlight and annotate their text.


text:
How to watch UFC 248: live stream Israel Adesanya vs Yoel Romero from anywhere
March 5, 2020 by Muhammad Bilal
On a bill that features not one, but two championship bouts, the undoubted big draw on Saturday's card in Las Vegas is the clash between undefeated middleweight champ Israel Adesanya and title challenger Yoel Romero – read on to find out how you can watch a UFC 248 live stream from anywhere in the world.
UFC 248 – where and when?
Live stream UFC 248 from outside your country
How to watch UFC 248 online in the US exclusively on ESPN
How to live stream UFC 248 in the UK
Watch UFC 248: live stream details for Australia
Stream UFC 248: Adesanya vs Romero in New Zealand
UFC 248 card: Who is fighting tonight?
What does a UFC fan receive with their ESPN+ subscription?
UFC 248 takes place at theT-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas. If you purely want to see the main card, the time to tune in is 10pm ET, 7pm PT and 3am GMT. For the prelims, you'll need to crack your first beer at around 8pm ET, 5pm PT or 1am GMT for those in the UK. American readers ca ESPN+ is your place to watch tonight's fight – read on to find out more about global UFC 248 live streaming options.
Adesanya, comes into Saturday's fight with a formidable 18-0 win record. The 30-year-old Nigerian-New Zealander will be full of confidence following his emphatic victory over Robert Whittaker in his last octagon appearance back in October in Melbourne.
He now faces Cuban veteran Yoel Romero, a former Olympic wrestling silver medallist who is widely regarded as one of most athletic fighters to ever fight in UFC.
The 40-year-old has so far failed to hit the heights his skill set suggests he's capable of, but this fight provides him with another opportunity to finally become a UFC title holder.
Adesanya's ruthless dispatch of Whittaker was a feat that Romero wasn't able to match in his two meetings against the Australian star, which may give some indication as to the likely outcome of Saturday's showdown.
Regarded as one of best strikers in the sport, Adesanya is 10 years younger than his opponent and has a 6.5-inch reach advantage to boot.
So while the odds are not exactly in Romero's favour, his notoriously strong chin coupled with his sheer power on the mat means he is more than capable of pulling off a shock – so no self respecting fight fan will want to miss out on getting a UFC 248 live stream.
Need more reasons? The first title fight of the night sees Joanna Jedrzejczyk attempt to recapture the title she held for over two years with a tantalising clash against Chinese sensation Zhang Weili.
Ready to catch all of the action? Scroll down to find out everything you need to know about watching a UFC 248 live stream wherever you are in the world.
If you're a big combat sports fan trying to catch the UFC 248 action but aren't in the country you would normally watch the fights from, then you will likely find the coverage is geo-blocked. You can try using a VPN to change your IP address to a country where the fights are airing and watch this main card just as if you were back at home.
Virtual Private Networks are also handy if you're concerned about streaming safely on the web, thanks to the encryption they use to hide your details. And the best won't log your personal information, either. We've tested hundreds of VPNs and can recommend ExpressVPN as the very best VPN in the world.
That's because ExpressVPN (which also comes with a 30 day money back guarantee) has proved itself as giving super fast connections, watertight security and is just really, really easy to download and use. You can watch on many devices at once including Smart TVs, Fire TV Stick, PC, Mac, iPhone, Android phone, iPads, tablets etc, too.
Plus, if you sign up to a year of ExpressVPN, you'll get 3 months extra FREE and a rather tasty 49% off the usual monthly rate.
For any seasoned UFC viewers in the US, you'll likely know that ESPN+ has the exclusive rights to all of the UFC fights around. That means it's your one place to watch UFC 248.
Your options for watching the event depend on whether or not you have already dived in and bought a subscription to ESPN+. If you have, then the obvious way to go is with a UFC Bundle, costing you $84.98. While that might sound like a lot, that is not just getting you the UFC 248 PPV, but you'll get a year-long subscription to ESPN+ (that would normally cost $50 alone).
On top of being able to stream tonight's event. A subscription to ESPN+ also opens up access to over 20 exclusive live UFC Fight Nights, alongside original content including Dana White's Contender Series, UFC Destined, and Ariel & The Bad Guy, plus classic fights, replays, and there's also the perk of fewer adverts.
Those who have previously subscribed to ESPN+ will have to take a slightly different route. This will mean buying the PPV out right at a cost of $64.99.
You can tune in to watch all of the action including preliminary fights on Saturday, February 8 at 8pm ET / 5pm PT.
And don't worry if you want to grab the pay-per-view but are going to be outside the US when it's on. Just scroll down the page a little to discover how to use a VPN to watch a UFC 248 live stream from abroad.
BT Sport has the exclusive broadcast rights to UFC in the UK and Ireland. However, the good news for subscribers is that unlike some past UFC events, the card won't be PPV, with all the action being shown at no extra cost on BT Sport 2.
The build up begins 11pm GMT with UFC Countdown, with coverage of the prelims beginning at 1am GMT.
As usual, the main card will start quite late/early in the UK at 3am so make sure you prepare accordingly. If that is a bit too late for you, don't worry as BT Sport also offers a spoiler-free replay page which will allow you to watch the full UFC 248 card at your convenience.
Want to watch all the MMA action again? Well you can as the network will replay the headline fight on BT Sport 3 beginning at 10pm on Sunday night.
The network's coverage of UFC 248 will also be available via the BT Sport app and on its website. And don't forget that you can now get BT Sport without a massive commitment, thanks to the £25 Monthly Pass.
If you're a BT Sport subscriber but find yourself outside the UK and want to tune in, it's easy to do with a handy tool – simply grab a VPN and follow the instructions above to live stream the action.
For anyone over in Australia, the place to head for your UFC 248 live stream is Main Event. You'll have to fork out $54.95 to grab the PPV here but that gains you access to the entire event.
Coverage in Australia will begin on Sunday, March 8 at 2pm AEDT with a replay at 8pm and then every 6 hours from 6am, just in case you miss it on the night.
Fans based in New Zealand can catch this major MMA brawl over on Sky Arena. Similar to most other streaming platforms, you will have to pay for the PPV, costing $39.95.
The main card will kick off at 4pm but if you want to catch all of the action, early prelims start at 12.30pm. You can catch this main event at 4pm on the Sunday. However, Sky Arena does not include the prelims.
If you want to watch the entire event, you have two options. Either, you get a UFC Fight Pass. Or, you download a VPN and try and watch UFC 248 online from another countries streaming service.
· Israel Adesanya (champion) vs Yoel Romero (UFC middleweight title)
· Zhang Weili (c) vs Joanna Jędrzejczyk (UFC women's strawweight title)
· Beneil Dariush vs Drakkar Klose (lightweight)
· Neil Magny vs Li Jingliang (welterweight)
· Alex Oliveira vs Max Griffin (welterweight)
· Sean O'Malley vs Jose Alberto Quinonez (bantamweight)
· Mark Madsen vs Austin Hubbard (lightweight)
· Rodolfo Vieira vs Saparbek Safarov (middleweight)
· Gerald Meerschaert vs Deron Winn (middleweight)
· Emily Whitmire vs Polyana Viana (women's strawweight)
· Danaa Batgerel vs Guido Cannetti (bantamweight)
Quite a lot, as it happens – a subscription to ESPN+ opens up access to over 20 exclusive live UFC Fight Nights, alongside original content including Dana White's Contender Series, UFC Destined, and Ariel & The Bad Guy, plus classic fights, replays, and there's also the perk of fewer adverts.
Everything – the #1 best VPN
Torrenting and P2P traffic
Balance of options and ease of use
Browsing Privately
Ghost of Tsushima release date, trailers, rumors and news
How to watch Derby County vs Manchester United: live stream FA Cup football from anywhere right now


Nothing special in terms of speed and spin. Good in control though. A fair rubber for its price. Very cheap. It is better for use in teams as a training rubber for youngsters because it is very cheap and it is durable enough.


The Shortest Route between NMBR and PURI is 22 km (7%) shorter.
The Shortest Route between NMBR and KUR is 22 km (8%) shorter.
Compare with the Shortest Route between Nuagaon Mayurbhanj Road and Howrah Jn.
This is the Shortest Route between NMBR and KGP.
This is the Shortest Route between NMBR and BHC.
This is the Shortest Route between NMBR and BLS.
This is the Shortest Route between NMBR and JJKR.
This is the Shortest Route between NMBR and SRC.


Ed Stetzer, a leading voice in church growth/church planting, and veteran pastor David Putman guide readers toward finding God's unique vision for their church.
Pastoral Ministry brings together the mandate of God, the needs of the sheep, and the model of the good Shepherd to uniquely inspire and equip you to fulfill your ministry as a shepherd.
Encountering God through Expository Preaching walks preachers of all levels of experience through the steps necessary to preach with power.
Pastoral Theology constructs a theological framework for pastoral ministry that is biblically derived, historically informed, doctrinally sound, missionally engaged, and contextually relevant.
Dozens of brief yet powerful entries for pastors about what it really means to be on-mission, spiritual warriors who lead the local church from a biblical point of view instead of a modern traditional one.
A Bible-based study of church membership and church discipline with contributions from respected theologians including Mark E. Dever, Thomas R. Schreiner, Bruce Riley Ashford, Danny Akin, John S. Hammett, Benjamin L. Merkle, Nathan A. Finn, Gregory A. Wills, and Andrew M. Davis.
Case studies of responses to high-profile crises faced by particular churches in recent years (natural disasters, arson attacks, a pastor's murder) illuminate the traits of effective ministry leadership.
Two noted ministry leaders write creative, thought-provoking chapters about what it truly means to serve Jesus with passion and confidence in the local church.
A point/counterpoint discussion of differing family ministry approaches ("Family-Integrated Church, Family-Driven Faith," "Family-Based Ministry: Separated Contexts, Shared Focus," and "Family-Equipping Ministry: Church and Home as Co-Champions").
Church leaders young and old will find professional advice and inspirations worth revisiting time and again throughout their ministry career in The New Guidebook for Pastors.
The Sacred Trust represents the first such volume on SBC presidents in over a generation, and the first one to feature leaders from the Conservative Resurgence.


July 26, 2011 – At 16:45 the SHFD was dispatched to 401 University Drive, Rest Haven Nursing Home for an automatic fire alarm. Crews arrived on scene and did a search of the interior and found the alarm to be a false activation.
July 24, 2011 – At 18:36 the SHFD Rapid Intervention Team was dispatched to I-78 MM 20, Upper Tulpehocken Township, Berks County for a possible structure fire. Before any SHFD units began to respond, Berks command arrived on scene and found a controlled burn and SCCC placed all units available.
July 24, 2011 -05:33 Stations 2 & 4 were dispatched to the area of 2012 Long Run Road (North Manheim Twp) for a possible brush fire. Chief 730 was the first to arrive on scene and advised all units of a controlled burn and placed both Station 2 and Station 4 available.
July 23, 2011 – At 16:15 the SHFD was dispatched to 16 Tumbling Run Road (the water treatment plant) for an automatic fire alarm. Units quickly arrived on scene and found a faulty detector located in the garage area. All units were placed available by Chief 720 (Peel).
July 22, 2011 – At 14:47 Station 2 was dispatched for the dive team and boats to respond to Church Road and Route 183 Penn Township for a Water Rescue/Recovery. Crews arrived on scene and placed 2 divers into the water and located the victim by using a jack stay pattern within 20 minutes. Station 4 also responded with Squad 739 on the call to assist Station 2 with manpower. All SHFD units were on scene for approximately 3 hours. Photos over at Schuylkillhose.com.
July 20, 2011 – At 08:45 Stations 1 and 2 were dispatched to 110 Route 61 South (Church by Penn State) to setup a landing zone for incoming Medevac 7. Crews arrived on scene and secured the area for "the bird" to land. Chief 722 (Sattizahn) had command.
July 19, 2011 – At 16:16 The Schuylkill Haven Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.) was dispatched to 24 Walnut Street, Strausstown Borough for a structure fire. SCCC advised Chief 722 (Sattizahn) of a working shed fire with extention into a wooded area. The R.I.T. however was cancelled en-route. All units were placed available by SCCC. E-733 and Squad 739 were on the call.
July 19, 2011 – At 05:18 Stations 1 & 2 were dispatched to the area of 625 East Main Street for a vehicle accident with injuries. Crews arrived on scene and found a two vehicle accident rear end collision. At the request of EMS crews removed the passenger door and the roof for patient removal. Chief 722 had command and units were on scene for 45 minutes. More info and photos over at Schuylkillhose.com.
July 18, 2011 – At 18:25 Stations 2 & 4 were dispatched to the area of 440 Route 61 South (Otto's Amusements) for a brush fire. Crews arrived on scene and found a small brush/garbage fire. Station 2 used a trash line from E-732 to extinguish the fire. All units were placed available by Chief 722.
July 18, 2011 – At 16:10 Stations 1 & 2 were dispatched to 1614 Route 61 South (Manheim Diner), for a possible vehicle fire. Chief 722 (Sattizahn) arrived on location and found the driver of the vehicle had extinguished the fire. All units responded under caution and were release shortly after arriving on scene.


When sixteen-year-old Colt McAllister's parents are killed in a car crash, he learns it was no accident — his mother, a journalist, was writing an expose of the powerful biotech corporation Trident Industries. Now, Colt has been targeted, and he and his friends Oz and Danielle find themselves battling the same sinister forces that took his parents' lives. A gateway between worlds has been opened, and Earth is in mortal danger.
Thomas Nelson says Invasion has "crackling plot twists, cliffhanger chapter endings, cyber attacks, alien invaders, and an undercurrent of teen romance." As a sci-fi fan and writer, sounds good to me!
New York Times best-selling author Emma Walton Hamilton has launches the children's writers' salon Children's Book Hub, a membership-based forum to provide information, resources and support for aspiring and established children's book authors. There is a fee, $19.95, and members will reportedly have access to regular teleseminars with authors, editors, agents and other members of the children's book industry. The site also will offer monthly newsletters, a members' forum and lists of publishers that accept unsolicited manuscripts, among others. The industry has lots of other places to get info and support, but another can't hurt.
and 4th Runner Up: The Little Green Bubbles by Kevin Malone, illustrated by Lee Hadziyianis.
Got any news to share?
Next: Next post: Need a good book to read?


text:
info@daheshism.com
DAHESHISM
DR. DAHESH
DAHESHIST HERITAGE
Introduction to Dahesh Voice Vol. 3 № 2 Issue # 10, Sept. 1997
Three Immortal Poets
Some poets achieve immortality by realizing the secret that opens its otherwise locked doors. There are a few, however, to whom immortality opens wide its arms embracing them among its children; because they have, before coming to earth, witnessed by themselves the worlds of truth and beauty. Among these immortal contemporary poets in the Arab Middle Eastern world, are Kahlil Gibran, Mutlaq Abdul Khaleq, and Halim Dammous.
Despite their distinct writing styles and the distinguished treasures they left behind, these three poets shared the understanding of poetry as a message built on the trinity of truth, beauty, and righteousness. They embraced ideas and values that they embodied in their apostolic lives and hypocrisy-free attitudes. Thus they were strangers in their societies and strangers among their relatives and friends. Their deep longing was not to an earthly home but to a spiritual homeland.
The three poets believed that death was not a total annihilation but a transition from one state to another; and therefore, they praised it and eagerly yearned for it.
The three poets believed that life is endless, it begins with God and ends in Him; and that between the beginning and the end, one has to pass through uncountable transformations and lengthy paths of purifying pains.
The three poets loved their relatives, their countries and all humanity; but their immense devotion was to the Divine Spirit.
The three poets believed in the unity of religions, maintaining that the prophets are fingers of the one hand of Divinity. They believed that the love of God lies in practicing high ideals and spiritual values and not in performing rituals.
Mutlaq Abdul Khaleq (1910-1937) appears today far more luminous and closer to real life than he did in his short life. Halim Dammous (1888-1957) emerges as a greater poet than many names glorified by political, religious, or temporary literary styles. Both poets closely knew Dr. Dahesh, witnessed his prodigies and embraced his spiritual philosophy. However, Mutlaq Abdul Khaleq did not live long to witness the proclamation of Daheshism in 1942—whereas Halim Dammous suffered imprisonment and persecution because of his beliefs. On the other hand, the religious and political persecutors have been disgraced and condemned by daring liberal voices.
Kahlil Gibran, Mutlaq Abdul Khaleq, and Halim Dammous belong to the spiritual school in an age enslaved by materialism and degraded by greed. For the last two years, in commemoration of the centennial anniversary of Gibran's immigration to the United States, Dahesh Voice has devoted a section for the study of Gibran, his genius, and uniqueness. Today, Dahesh Voice honors the 60th anniversary of Mutlaq Abdul Khaleq's death, and the 40th anniversary of Halim Dammous' death. Thus, this issue of Dahesh Voice includes two extensive studies of the life and work of these two poets who perceived that to achieve immortality one has to break the outer shell of life and grab its essence. ★
Ghazi Brax
Copyright © 2020 Daheshism.com . - Designed by Daheshism Media.
" data-title="">


text:
Q: "trying to get property of non object" exception? I'm trying to figure out I keept getting "trying to get property of non object in my view file. It says its an object in the print r function I ran on the $messages variable but yet it still says that error message.
Array (
[0] => stdClass Object (
    [id] => 1 [subject] => Testing Message 1
    [firstName] => Jeffrey
    [lastName] => Davidson
    [dateSent] => April 1st, 2012
    [messageRead] => 0 )
[1] => stdClass Object (
    [id] => 1 [subject] => Testing Message 1
    [firstName] => Jeffrey
    [lastName] => Davidson
    [dateSent] => April 1st, 2012
    [messageRead] => 0 ) )

<?php if (!is_null($messages[0])) {
                    foreach ($messages[0] AS $message) {
                        echo '
'; echo ''; switch ($message->
                    messageRead) { case 0: echo '

                    '; break; case 1: echo '

                    '; break; case 2: echo '

                    '; break; case 3: echo '

                    '; break; } echo '

                    '; echo '

                        '.$message->dateSent.'

                    '; echo '

                        id.'>'.$message->subject.'

                    '; echo '

                        '.$message->firstName.' '.$message->lastName.'

                    '; echo '

                        '; $data = array('name' => 'message_id', 'class' => 'messages', 'value' => $message->id); echo form_checkbox($data); echo '

                    '; echo '

                    '; } } ?>

A: Assuming $messages is the array of objects, you need to run the foreach on the $messages variable, not on the object in the first index ($messages[0])
<?php
if (!is_null($messages))
{
   foreach ($messages AS $message)

A: if (is_array($messages)) {
  foreach ($messages as $message) {
    echo $message->id . "\n";
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Composite materials have been the most significant and pervasive revolution in structural mechanics, especially aerospace products, for the past 30 years. Attractive features of high strength-to-weight and high stiffness-to-weight ratios are compelling reasons why structural engineers take advantage of them for many future applications. In this reference, the author presents methods for the analysis of the geometry, structure and behaviour of composite structural elements under different loading conditions, with special consideration of the anisotropy and laminated structure of composite elements. The content is suitable for graduate-level students with a basic background in mechanics of composite materials and should be equally valuable to designers and researchers.


Due to flooding in Thailand which has affected all four hard drive manufacturers the pricing on all hard drives has increased considerably. As a result we have had to pass that increase along to our customers. We apologize for this increase but it is out of our control. There is no current estimated timeframe that drive prices will stabilize or return to their pre-flood pricing. Until the situation changes pricing will continue to fluctuate.


The Department of North Carolina has announced its three state-level winners of the 2011-2012 Public Servant Gold Medal Awards. They are Franklin Lee Westbrook of Fayetteville for the Emergency Medical Technician Gold Medal, Jeffrey G. Hill of Hope Mills for the Firefighter Gold Medal, and Melissa Kiefer of Charlotte for the Law Enforcement Officer Gold Medal. Westbrook and Hill were sponsored by Hope Mills Post 10630, and Kiefer was sponsored by Monroe Post 5464.
The Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) award is presented to any individual, who actively gives emergency medical treatment, provides rescue service of civil disaster assistance as a member of any public or volunteer company organized to give emergency medical care, and/or provide rescue and civil disaster assistance to our nation's citizens. Westbrook is a member of the Cumberland County EMS System of Cape Fear Valley Health. No stranger to awards, he was the champion of the 2010 Journal of Emergency Medical Services national paramedic competition. He and his team helped to place Cumberland County EMS in elite company by defeating teams from major metropolitan areas such as New York City and Miami Dade. Having served continuously in Cumberland County since 1998, Westbrook teaches specialty certification classes for the American Heart Association, has participated in the tactical medical program with law enforcement, and currently trains and responds with the North Carolina Urban Search and Rescue Team. He is a veteran of the United States Air Force.
Driver, a Pumper Operator, an Aerials Operator, a Rescue Technician, and Fire Service Instructor. He also has ribbons for many of those accomplishments.
The Law Enforcement Officer award is presented to any individual who serves in municipal, county, state or federal unit tasked with enforcement of the laws pertaining to their area of responsibility. It does not apply to individuals employed by private companies or security services.
Melissa Kiefer is an officer, soon to be promoted to Sergeant, of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department. She began her law enforcement career in 2004 as a patrol officer, and then advanced to directed patrol units, community coordination, civil emergency unit work, and administration. She has certifications in RADAR, crime scenes, bicycle patrols, high risk warrant, segway patrol, crisis intervention, child maltreatment investigations, standardized field sobriety testing, and field force operations. She has a Bachelor's Degree in Criminal Justice from Western Carolina University in Cullowhee.
Learn more about Gold Medal Award and other Veterans of Foreign Wars awards and nominating procedures.


text:
OBSERVER TODAY
Area police
Community Notebook
NY News
People's column
The OBSERVER's View
Sunday Lifestyles
Local entertainment news
'Imagined Histories' exhibition to start at SUNY Fredonia early in Fall
Submitted Photo Martha Colburn works on her piece "Dolls vs. Dictators." Her exhibition "Imagined Histories" will be on display in the Cathy and Jesse Marion Art Gallery at the State University of New York at Fredonia from Sept. 3 to Nov. 22.
Fredonia's Marion Art Gallery opens season with Martha Colburn exhibition
"Imagined Histories," an exhibition that features five stop-motion animated films by internationally renowned artist Martha Colburn, will be on display in the Cathy and Jesse Marion Art Gallery at the State University of New York at Fredonia from Sept. 3 to Nov. 22.
"I am making films that work with ideas of the loss of faith, obsession with spectacle, self-destructiveness and compulsion for violence," Colburn said. "Inhibition and fear characterize my work, as uninhibited and fearless as they may appear."
The exhibition includes five animated films dating from 2008 to 2017 — "Myth Labs," "Join the Freedom Force," "Triumph of the Wild," "Dolls vs. Dictators," "Western Wild… or how I found Wanderlust and met Old Shatterhand" — and related collages.
Marion Art Gallery Director Barbara R–cker explained that for these films, Colburn hand made puppets and combined them with vintage puzzles, found film footage, and found objects. She animates the puppets using a multi-plane glass technique she calls "a two-and-a-half D world" since it simulates 3D but is actually 2D; she creates movement and depth by moving figures and backgrounds around on the planes.
Legendary avant-garde filmmaker Jonas Mekas called Colburn's films "naked testimonials of our times," and described their place in experimental filmmaking history: "The uniqueness of Martha Colburn, to me, is the explosive energy and craft with which she brings up-to-date, and pushes further, the film form of found-image-collage established by Stan Vanderbeek and Dick Preston in the Sixties."
Colburn was born in Gettysburg, Pa., and is currently based in Amsterdam and Los Angeles. She is a self-taught filmmaker, whose first films were cameraless manipulations of found footage. In 1995 she began making animated films with a Super 8 camera. She has since completed over 70 films.
Shortly after receiving her BFA in painting from Baltimore's Maryland Institute College of Art in 1993, Colburn discovered a treasure trove of old 16 mm films at a city surplus and began manipulating them by scratching, tinting, splicing, and adhering press on symbols and letters. Assisted by a grant from the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Colburn left Baltimore in 2000 to study at Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam.
Colburn began winning awards for her films in the late 1990s, among them Best Animated Film at the New York Underground Film Festival for "Lift-Off" and the Chicago Underground Film Festival for "Spiders in Love: An Arachnogasmic Musical." In 2005 Colburn participated in Directors' Fortnight, Cannes, France with her short film Cosmetic Emergency, which the 2006 Whitney Biennial curators also selected for the Whitney Museum of American Art's high profile exhibition. Organizers of the Sundance Film Festival invited Colburn to initiate the New Frontier program with her animated film "Meet Me in Wichita" in 2007.
Art21 featured Colburn on the 2011 New York Close Up series. In 2014 the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona, Spain presented a retrospective screening of Colburn's films, and the Echo Park Film Center in Los Angeles hosted a 21-year film retrospective titled "I Can't Keep Up with Martha Colburn!" in 2019.
"Martha Colburn: Imagined Histories" is supported by the Fredonia College Foundation's Cathy and Jesse Marion Art Gallery and Friends of Rockefeller Arts Center.
Contact Racker at barbara.racker@fredonia.edu or 673-4897 for more information about the exhibition or to schedule a group tour. Gallery hours are: Tuesday-Thursday noon to 4 p.m., Friday and Saturday noon to 6 p.m., and Sunday noon to 4 p.m. The Marion Art Gallery is located on the main level of Rockefeller Arts Center and is most easily accessed from the Symphony Circle side of the building.
Luminous Landscapes exhibition opens Jan. 30
Opera House Cinema Series to screen 'A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood'
Local musicians play at the League of Women Voters centennial celebration
Opera House to show National Theatre Live's 'All About Eve'
The 1891 Fredonia Opera House Performing Arts Center will present a satellite screening of the National Theatre ...
New Horizon Band spring semester begins Jan. 22
Did you play an instrument many years ago? Did you ever want to learn how to play an instrument? Do you play an ...
'La Cage Aux Folles' opens at JCC Jan. 30
JAMESTOWN — Jamestown Community College's production of the musical "La Cage aux Folles," directed by Todd ...
Four animals die in Ripley fire
CCAA girls basketball division races to heat up in the second half
Civic Calendar
Anderson-Lee Library lists February programs
Democratic election commissioner backs proposal for automatic recounts
'Potential buyer' in place for Lakeshore
Copyright © Observer Today | https://www.observertoday.com | PO Box 391, Dunkirk, NY 14048 | 716-366-3000 | Ogden Newspapers | The Nutting Company


D eveloped in 1988 to provide network-device-monitoring capability for TCP/IP-based networks, SNMP was approved as an Internet standard in 1990 by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and has been in wide use since that time. More recently, Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)-based networks have added support for SNMP. Currently, most network equipment vendors provide SNMP support in their products (MIB Files).
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a popular protocol for network management. It is used for collecting information from, and configuring, network devices, such as servers, printers, hubs, switches, and routers on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 onwards provides SNMP agent software that works with third-party SNMP management software to monitor the status of managed devices and applications.
SNMPv1 was the first version of SNMP. Although it accomplished its goal of being an open, standard protocol, it was found to be lacking in key areas for certain applications. Later versions have addressed many of these problems. Smaller RTUs commonly support SNMPv1.
SNMPv2c is a sub-version of SNMPv2. Its key advantage over previous versions is the Inform command. Unlike Traps, which are simply received by a manager, Informs are positively acknowledged with a response message. If a manager does not reply to an Inform, the SNMP agent will resend the Inform.
NOTE: Not all devices are SNMPv2c compliant, so your SNMP manager should be downward compatible with SNMPv1 devices. You can also use an SNMPv3 mediation device to ensure compatibility. Solarwinds is compatible with SNMP v1,v2c and 3.
SNMPv3 is the newest version of SNMP. Its primary feature is enhanced security.
The "EngineID" Identifier in SNMPv3 uniquely identifies each SNMP entity. Conflicts can occur if two SNMP entities have duplicate EngineID's. The EngineID is used to generate the key for authenticated messages.
Authentication is used to ensure that traps are read by only the intended recipient. As messages are created, they are given a special key that is based on the EngineID of the entity. The key is shared with the intended recipient and used to receive the message.
Privacy encrypts the payload of the SNMP message to ensure that it cannot be read by unauthorized users. Any intercepted traps will be filled with garbled characters and will be unreadable. Privacy is especially useful in applications where SNMP messages must be routed over the Internet.
A management information base (MIB) is a database used for managing the entities in a communication network. Most often associated with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the term is also used more generically in contexts such as in OSI/ISO Network management model. While intended to refer to the complete collection of management information available on an entity, it is often used to refer to a subset, more correctly referred to as MIB-module.
Objects in the MIB are defined using a subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) called "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)" RFC 2578. The software that performs the parsing is a MIB compiler.
The database is hierarchical (tree-structured) and each entry is addressed through an object identifier (OID). Internet documentation RFCs discuss MIBs, notably RFC 1155, "Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP based internets", and its two companions, RFC 1213, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", and RFC 1157, "A Simple Network Management Protocol".
An OID in SNMP is an "Object Identifier". It's an address used to identify devices and their statuses. Want to know the temperature reading coming from a sensor at your secret underground bunker? There is an OID for that.
The OID is contained within the MIB and using SNMP it can reference the OID to obtain relevant information. A MIB file contains many OID's relating to specific useful metrics.
SNMP is used to access a network device and a MIB file is used to reference specific OID's on that network device, providing valuable information about a device.
Harnessing SNMP information the infrastructure monitoring engineer can generate graphs, tables and alerts to display important statistics and provide forecasts for environmental metrics.


The central Takistan is mountainous and undeveloped, with only larger settlement being the regional capital city of Zargabad located in the northern part of province. Majority of the settlements is concentrated in the irrigated "green zones" in the valleys.
The other notable towns are Rasman and Feruz Abad, recently growing due to the expansion of the crude-oil production and exploatation of the large coltan deposits discovered in the mountains.
The Takistan is a country of many contrasts: pictoresque villages set in an astounding scenery can be found only few steps from the oil plants, dirty dumps or the torn remnants of the decades of civil war.


text:
12 Faculty jobs
Browse for Faculty Jobs. Find the job of your dreams on ACP's Career Connection today!
Hospitalist - Iowa City, IA
Internal Medicine Hospitalist Opportunity The University of Iowa Department of Internal Medicine is recruiting part-time and full-time BC/BE physicians for clinical faculty positions that offer a dynamic mix of activities within the Division of General Internal Medicine. Based upon individual's inte...
Internal Medicine Hospitalist Opportunity The University of Iowa Department of Internal Medicine is recruiting part-time and full-time BC/BE...
Hospitalist - Little Rock, AR
HOSPITALIST The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences is seeking Assistant Professors (Multiple Openings) to serve in the Department of Hematology/Oncology in Little Rock, AR. Candidate will teach medical students, residents, and medical fellows in the Division of Hematology/Oncology/Myeloma i...
HOSPITALIST The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences is seeking Assistant Professors (Multiple Openings) to serve in the Department of...
Faculty Family Medicine Physician
Richland, WA US
Join Kadlec's Family Medicine Residency Program as a board-certified Family Medicine physician in Richland, Washington. This a position where you will act as an advisor and role model as you work with a teaching team to provide didactic education to residents motivated to increase the quality of pri...
Join Kadlec's Family Medicine Residency Program as a board-certified Family Medicine physician in Richland, Washington. This a position where you...
Faculty - St. Louis, MO
The Division of Hospital Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, one of the largest academic hospitalist programs in the nation with over 100 hospitalists, is recruiting faculty members (internal medicine, board-certified/eligible physicians) to join our innovative, growin...
The Division of Hospital Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, one of the largest academic hospitalist programs in...
Faculty Internal Medicine Physician
Providence Portland Medical Center's Department of Medical Education is seeking an exceptional General Internist. This department is a unique, collaborative group of clinician educators focused on training the next generation of physicians. Its 30-resident program emphasizes mentorship, role modelin...
Providence Portland Medical Center's Department of Medical Education is seeking an exceptional General Internist. This department is a unique,...
Family Medicine Faculty Physician
Seattle, WA US
Advance the future of Family Medicine by joining an esteemed group of physicians and academics at Swedish Cherry Hill Campus one of the most innovative and technologically advanced medical facilities in the Pacific Northwest. As a Family Medicine Faculty member, you'll have the opportunity to mentor...
Advance the future of Family Medicine by joining an esteemed group of physicians and academics at Swedish Cherry Hill Campus one of the most...
Family Medicine Faculty Physician - Rural Training
Chehalis, WA US
The Providence St. Peter Family Medicine Residency Program is seeking a board-certified/board-eligible Family Medicine physician to join the faculty with its Chehalis Rural Training Program, located in beautiful Southwest Washington. Practice and teach outpatient Family Medicine with prenatal care. ...
The Providence St. Peter Family Medicine Residency Program is seeking a board-certified/board-eligible Family Medicine physician to join the...
Family Medicine Faculty
Spokane, WA US
Family Medicine Residency Spokane is seeking a Per Diem, full-scope, board-certified Family Medicine physician for a faculty position in Spokane, Washington. Providence is a not-for-profit system of 34 hospitals, more than 600 clinics and hundreds of locally driven programs across five western state...
Family Medicine Residency Spokane is seeking a Per Diem, full-scope, board-certified Family Medicine physician for a faculty position in Spokane,...
Internal Medicine Faculty
Providence Regional Medical Center in partnership with Washington State University's residency program is seeking a full-time, board-certified/board-eligible Internal Medicine Faculty physician for a new Internal Medicine residency program with a special focus on Primary Care. Work with an integrate...
Providence Regional Medical Center in partnership with Washington State University's residency program is seeking a full-time,...
Seeking a full-time, board-certified Family Medicine physician for a faculty position in an innovative 12-12-12 combined MD/DO residency program. A number of state and regional agencies, including Providence Alaska Medical Center, created this dually accredited residency program to develop future fa...
Seeking a full-time, board-certified Family Medicine physician for a faculty position in an innovative 12-12-12 combined MD/DO residency program....
Pacific Neuroscience Institute Medical Group (www.pacificneuro.org) is seeking candidates for a full-time clinical faculty position for its Department of Neuro-ophthalmology. This position will be responsible for evaluation and management of patients at our clinics in Torrance and Santa Monica, as w...
Pacific Neuroscience Institute Medical Group (www.pacificneuro.org) is seeking candidates for a full-time clinical faculty position for its...
Rheumatology - Norfolk, VA
Rheumatologist Faculty - Norfolk, VA Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) is seeking a Rheumatologist as an Assistant or Associate Professor. The candidate will participate in the clinical and educational activities of the Internal Medicine Department. Position is primarily clinical and based in N...
Rheumatologist Faculty - Norfolk, VA Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) is seeking a Rheumatologist as an Assistant or Associate Professor....
Clinical Faculty


text:
Get animated at London's International Animation Festival at the Barbican
Released on: October 16, 2012, 1:29 pm
The broad, brilliant brushstrokes of animation in all its glory comes to EC2 this autumn
October 16, 2012, 1:29 pm -- /EPR NETWORK/ -- For individuals who think that animation is simply about kids films or manga comics, then perhaps a visit to the Barbican this October will make a big difference in changing your mind.
The London International Animation Festival, which has been running since 2003, makes its temporary home in the Barbican from 25th October until 4th November, with a huge opening gala, workshops, screenings, live projects and talks throughout the two weeks.
Inspired by the mission to spread the diversity of creative animation to the masses, the LIAF in its own words:
��aims to dispel the popular misconception that animation is just cartoons for kids by screening the broadest possible range of intelligent, entertaining and provocative current films on offer from all around the world.�
Additionally, there'll be retrospectives, talks and chances to get interactive. For fans of animation, designers and those curious to learn more, HotelMap's excellent hotel-finder widget is the perfect way to locate deals and discounts on classy London hotels for the festival period.
Visitors can save up to 80% on a stay at the Crowne Plaza in Shoreditch�doubles are available from £108 per night at this luxury location in London's trendiest area, full of coffee shops, vintage stores and art galleries. It's also a convenient 16 minute walk from the Barbican.
Alternatively, customers can stay in a serviced apartment at 196 Bishopsgate from £139 per night � this is a service recommended by 96% of the website's clients, and is perfect for making a weekend of it.


text:
Home › Market Overview › Dow falls slightly from record amid J&J vaccine pause
Dow falls slightly from record amid J&J vaccine pause
April 13, 2021 @ 19:58 +03:00
U.S. stocks traded mixed on Tuesday after a March inflation report turned out not as bad as some traders feared, but the impact of a halt to the rollout of Johnson & Johnson vaccine kept optimism in check. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 140 points, or 0.4%, while the S&P 500 added 0.1% to reach a new intraday record high. The Nasdaq Composite, the relative outperformer, gained 0.7% as Apple, Amazon and Nvidia all gained at least 1%. Tesla rose 5.2%.
Reopening trades remained under pressure after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said it's recommending a pause in the Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 vaccine after reported cases of blood clotting. There have been six reported cases of a rare and severe type of blood clot after receiving the J&J vaccine, the FDA said. The administration is calling for a pause in the vaccine until Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concludes its investigation into these cases.
Acting FDA Commissioner Janet Woodcock said later Tuesday that she expects the pause to last "a matter of days." More than 6.8 million doses of the single-dose vaccine have been administered in the U.S. J&J shares fell 2.6%.
Shares of companies that would be hurt the most if the vaccine rollout slows came under pressure Tuesday morning. United Airlines stock pulled back 1.3% and American Airlines lost 2.8%. Shares of Moderna, which makes another coronavirus vaccine, jumped 7.7% following the J&J news, which was reported first by The New York Times.
"I don't think there's going to be a huge reaction in the market beyond the knee-jerk reaction we're getting here right now," said Mike Wilson, chief U.S. equity strategist for Morgan Stanley, on CNBC's "Squawk Box." "We're optimistic, very optimistic that we're going to be reopened fully in the second half of this year."
The consumer price index, one of Wall Street's most-popular inflation gauges, rose 0.6% in March and increased 2.6% from the same period a year ago. Economists polled by Dow Jones were projecting the headline index to rise by 0.5% month over month and 2.5% year over year. Core CPI, which excludes volatile food and energy costs, increased 0.3% monthly and 1.6% year over year.
Fed officials said they are willing to let inflation run hot for a period of time without changing their accommodative policy stance, including asset purchases and a benchmark interest near zero. The bond market was also subdued on Monday, with the 10-year Treasury yield edging lower to just above 1.66%. Yields move inversely to prices. The market has been calm over the past week as Wall Street settled into a lull ahead of the first-quarter earnings season. Corporate news is set to pick up later in the week, with JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs and Delta Air Lines among the companies set to report quarterly results.
Dow falls slightly from record amid J&J vaccine pause, CNBC, Apr 14


text:
about our pastor
renting the welcome center
Videos: Live Stream & Archive
Live Stream @Smith Valley
devotional videos
Music Director: Jonathan "Jon" Elmore
Hello everyone! My name is Jonathan Elmore, and I am currently serving Smith Valley United Methodist Church as the Music Director.
I come from a very small town in Virginia and was raised in the Methodist church. Growing up, my father was the choir director of our church and my mother was heavily involved in said choir, so I have always been around music. I began singing in the church choir at a very young age and, when a vacancy suddenly appeared at our church piano bench, I taught myself how to play piano (serviceably) within a year and have been a church musician ever since.
Aside from being a church musician, I have dedicated the rest of my life to music as well. At the time that this bio is being written, I am pursuing my Master of Music degree in Voice at the IU - Jacobs School of Music in Bloomington, IN. Other educational credits include short stints as both a piano performance major and as a music education major at my alma mater, Virginia Tech. My hope is to eventually become a professional opera singer, singing at the world's premiere opera houses.
I have one cat, Izzy, who is just as vocal and as loud as I am.
Custodian: Clarence Long
Clarence has been a member of Smith Valley UMC since the late 70's and has been the custodian, taking very good care of the church, since 1994. In his free time, he is an avid golfer. Clarence and his wife, Mary, have 7 children altogether. Before working at the church, he taught for 35 years at IPS. Most of his time was spent teaching 7-8 grade, but before retiring, taught younger kids and truly enjoyed all ages.
5293 Old Smith Valley Road Greenwood, IN 46143 317-881-1641
© Copyright Smith Valley United Methodist Church. all rights preserved.


text:
Burke: Wild-card Saturday player props
By Adam Burke (VSiN.com)
The NFL Playoffs are about the little details. All of these teams (for the most part, anyway) are good. It comes down to execution and the right game-plan to advance in the postseason. That means isolating the weaknesses of the opponent and exploiting those to the fullest extent possible.
I really do like looking at player props in big games. I'm not a player. I'm not a coach. But, as an analyst and observer of these teams throughout the year, I think it is a fun exercise to get in the minds of the coordinators and it can be profitable as well.
With that in mind, here are a few prop bets that I find value in for Wild-Card Saturday. (I'll do this again for Sunday)
Raiders vs. Bengals
Tyler Boyd Over 41.5 Receiving Yards - The Raiders did a really good job of limiting big plays throughout the season and also in the game against the Bengals. Cincinnati had one play of 20 yards and it was a Joe Mixon run. The longest catch was 17 yards. Ja'Marr Chase is obviously a very dangerous weapon, but this is a game that may require a possession receiver and that guy for Cincinnati is Tyler Boyd.
Boyd had a team-high eight targets in the regular season game against the Raiders. He went over this total in four of Cincinnati's last five games. Chase will garner the most attention, but Boyd is a guy that the Bengals isolated in the first game and I would expect the same here.
Derek Carr Under 36.5 Pass Attempts - I like the under in this game, which leads me to believe it will be a lower-scoring game that will feature a lot of slow tempo and running plays. Neither QB has a ton of experience throwing in cold weather and it should stunt the two passing attacks. With that in mind, I'd expect to see a bit more Josh Jacobs than we saw in the first game between these two.
If the Raiders get behind, Carr may have to throw. However, a lot of people think that the Raiders will keep this game close. I'm not so sure, but the Bengals ran 70 plays to 47 for the Raiders in that regular season game and Carr only had 27 attempts. He's gone under this total each of the last three weeks and last week's game featured an entire overtime period. I think the Raiders will want to run the ball and play keep away from Burrow and the Bengals offense.
Patriots vs. Bills
Kendrick Bourne Over 32.5 Receiving Yards - Just about all of the passing props for the Patriots have been adjusted down. The expectation seems to be that New England won't throw much at all. Maybe that's the case, but Mac Jones still has a passing yards prop line north of 200 yards. At some point, New England will have to throw to either soften up the box or play catch-up.
Bourne is the guy that should benefit. He'll face a lot of single coverage with a flooded box to stop the run. He was the big-play receiver for the Patriots with 14.5 yards per reception. There will come a time when New England has to take a downfield shot or two. There will be a deep ball open on play-action. I'll put my money on Bourne to be the one to get those targets and catches.
Burke: Divisional Round weather watch
Early NFL Divisional Round Sharp Report
Biggest Super Bowl LVI bets at U.S. sportsbooks
Ben Fawkes | January 18