From the potential decline of the celebrity sommelier to California's next chapter, Jon Bonné lays out the wine stories that will make a difference in 2018.
When we engaged in this bit of crystal ballgazing a year ago it was already clear wine wasn't going to offer an escape from the ambient stress of the Trump era; if anything, wine was becoming more political and more contentious.
That isn't to say there weren't plenty of things to appreciate about wine in 2017, perhaps nothing more than its rapidly accelerating pace of change, which I highlighted in 2017's column. Wine is evolving—spurred by lots of things, but especially the freestyle ways of the natural-wine world and the codification of the rebel winemaker as cultural icon. But rapid change isn't always positive; in some corners, I've witnessed a rush to throw out tradition in any form, in order for a new generation of wine drinkers (and winemakers) to claim the discourse. If tradition can hold wine back, it's equally important not to be bamboozled by new for new's sake.
There were things in 2017 no one would have predicted, including the devastation to California wine country by wildfires this fall, a teachable moment for all. And if Brexit cast a pall over Europe, there was also cause for hope that came, of all places, from France. Not only did Emmanuel Macron's election place a wine lover at the head of the world's most influential wine-producing country, it telegraphed that the French were breaking a cycle of self-defeat, enough that the Economist—no fan of Gallic socialism—named France its Country of the Year. French vignerons, who a year ago were terrified about Marine Le Pen, have suddenly found reason to be upbeat.
I could tap the surging interest in the Anjou and its wines, or Saumur or nearly anywhere in the Loire. I could talk about the sea changes in the Roussillon and the signs of hope in Bordeaux and the southern Rhône (and we will, in coming months). I could easily point to the pivot of Champagne from bling to real wine, and what has become a drumbeat of calls to drink it all the time. Or the new life in Burgundy and Beaujolais, or how, despite some existential issues, Provence rosé—French rosé generally—has become the new must-drink of our time.
As we noted in our recent "Hot 25," French wine has regained the cachet it enjoyed during a midcentury heyday—except now we're less taken with Sancerre (although importing Sancerre remains a shockingly smart bet) and Pouilly-Fuissé than with a rewritten hierarchy of taste. That's all for the good, because even if your clairette and Muscadet are aged in amphorae, and even if the carbonic maceration of Beaujolais seems to spreading far beyond its borders, France has finessed a balance between its (very important) traditions and a modern social currency. I mean, there is still a reason most of the rest of the wine world tries to copy the French. So amid the revival of French cuisine on these shores—perhaps a reasoned response to the red-meat New Nostalgia of the Trump years—French wines will continue to rally.
The End of the Celebrity Sommelier?
Around the time Mario Batali's star was being yanked from the firmament, a more general and key question went around: Is the era of the rock-star chef over? That pointed to a related wine question: Has the run of the celebrity sommelier completed its course?
In both cases, a probable yes—and on the second half, I'd assert that the recent fixation on sommeliers as stars hasn't ultimately done the profession, or the larger wine world, much good. In particular, I'd highlight a certain book from last spring that offered entertaining if hagiographic sommelier tales, as told through the eyes of an outsider. Yes, entertaining. But what it completely lacked was any storytelling energy saved for actual winemakers.
To be clear: Sommeliers' work is essential to the restaurant industry, even as it gets more complex with time. But between movies, a TV show, the aforementioned book and so on, we've redirected a lot of energy and attention away from things most consumers would like to know about wine—what to buy and drink—and turned the act of curation into a fetish. And that actually punishes the many talented sommeliers who haven't amassed the right PR fairy dust, and who work hard in relative obscurity.
None of that is to say great wine directors should remain obscure—if anything, good talent should be getting more space in restaurant reviews, an item on my wish list from 2017, actually. And by no means should we just turn our hagiographic energies back toward winemakers. But we all have a right to expect smart, clear-eyed perspective on wine—as well as more actual focus on the wines we drink.
One really positive development that showed up in 2017, and will hopefully continue in 2018, is that would-be natural wines are, at least in the U.S. (and London, too), moving out of specialist wine bars and onto more traditional wine lists. They're sharing space somewhat seamlessly with… whatever we call wines that don't self-identify as natural. Mainstream wines?
This includes high-profile restaurants like Union Square Cafe, or the newly opened Fausto, where wine director Joe Campanale has placed Haut Planty's minimalist Muscadet, Gwin Evan, next to wines like Massican's Annia and Picariello's amazing Ciro 906 fiano. One way to see this is as natural wines quietly invading a traditional space. Another, which is how I prefer to interpret it, is as really smart sommeliers working with wines they deem to be exceptional—without worrying that much about the lines that naturalists and others want to draw.
At the same time, natural lists will proliferate in spots with more diverse cuisines than their original matchup of French-touched néobistro food. Like, for example, the trend I witnessed in Japan of pairing natural wines with various Chinese cuisines (previously sighted in New York at Fung Tu, now at Mission Chinese Food). Also pizza (Del Popolo in San Francisco, and surely at the prodigal Una Pizza Napoletana, set to open in a few months with help from team Contra); seafood, both sushi and otherwise (look no further than Gloria); and more.
It's not like the rash of sales of important California wineries this year was unexpected, although the magnitude of some of the names (read: Calera) was a surprise. This led me to wonder what might be next for America's largest wine-producing state; my concerns were underscored by the fall fires, which added even more instability to wine country's already precarious economics.
As 2018 arrives, where do we find ourselves? The question of land prices is anything but resolved, and it's still damn hard for a young winemaker to launch her own label. But after a bit of stasis, there are new names yet again appearing. Some of the latest: Krater, Little Frances, Frenchtown Farms, Halcyon, Jaimee Motley, Wilson Foreigner, Margins, Unturned Stone and Black Trumpet. And more are appearing each month, often born (in proud California tradition) out of assistant winemakers' bootstrapping efforts.
I don't take this to mean California wine's growth worries are in any way resolved. But it's inching closer to finding a healthy path forward.
Somewhere around 2007 I got completely fixated on the idea of English sparkling wine. After much work, I located a few bottles of Nyetimber (now, as then, a leading producer) at a Dallas liquor store and had them shipped to me at some expense.
Ten years later, it's grown a lot easier to find these wines. The English sparkling wine industry is booming—with producers like Ridgeview on track to nearly double their production. U.S. importers have finally caught on as well; in New York alone you can find not just Nyetimber but Gusborne, Ridgeview, Wiston Estate and several others.
This isn't a bad idea considering that England is Champagne's top export market by volume. But it's more that these are legitimately new and interesting wines from a place not long ago considered too cold to ever make wine. There are a lot of things in wine to worry about where climate change is concerned. Here's one small upside.
It's not that there isn't much to love about Spanish wine. It's that we writerly types fight an uphill battle. We blather about sherry (always and forever) or the Canary Islands or Ribeira Sacra, and then most of America yawns and goes back to their Rioja and Rias Baixas albariño, if they bother at all.
This is partly because Spain has lacked an elevator story—a unified theory as to why people should pay attention. It had one, sort of, in the early 2000s when a lot of very big and oaky wine showed up and offered what the Rhône and California were offering, only cheaper. But the Priorat monotone got tiring and expensive, and a girl can only drink so much 15-percent Calatayud garnacha.
Once again, it feels like there's a legitimate unifying tale on the horizon—signs of transformative change in just about every region, as evidenced by the winemakers profiled in critic Luis Gutiérrez's compelling new book, The New Vignerons. This includes new icons like Pedro Rodriguez Pérez of Ribeira Sacra's Guímaro and the Envínate crew, but also new blood in Jumilla and even Ribera del Duero. They join traditionalists in places like the Gredos mountains and even Rioja, naturalists in Catalonia and so on. Overall, this might finally be the context for a new generation to fall in love with Spanish wine, in a completely different mode from 15 years ago. That's precisely how the French wine renaissance came about, after all.
The New South America was poised for a while, and is about ready for its redefining moment. And while it's too early to proclaim a great new chapter for Mexican wine, the surprise success of the Bichi wines from Baja California did not go unnoticed.
Wine in a can becomes widely accepted, and not a novelty. It's too good an idea not to.
Chenin blanc continues its takeover from riesling as the grape beloved by nerds—yet faces the stark realization that riesling never actually managed to break through.
Having snatched top Burgundy properties like Clos de Tart and Clos des Lambrays for ungodly sums of money, LVMH and François Pinault will continue to duel over what remains of the world's luxury wine properties—aided by counterparts like Martin Bouyges, who recently acquired the Loire's famous Clos Rougeard.
The great quality revolution that lifted Austria and Greece keeps moving eastward. We keep seeing wines from Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and the Czech Republic that feel contemporary, in part thanks to a raft of young minimalist winemakers like Milan Nestarec, and a fan base for them in spots like the New York wine bar Ruffian.
Finally, the roster of self-published natural wine media keeps expanding. Is this serving a need unmet by what's left of traditional wine media, or do naturalists just want to separate themselves off from the rest of the wine world and claim their own sandbox? We will find out in 2018.
Will the New England IPA Continue Its Reign in 2018?


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Breed Spotlight: French Bulldog
Standing calf-high and touting a pair of bat-like ears, French Bulldogs sport a look that is unmistakable and irresistible. The French Bulldog's expression may seem glum, but these tiny canines are as sweet and affectionate as they are downright hilarious.
French Bulldogs are friendly, intelligent and surprisingly adaptable, having found their way into the hearts of urban-dwellers the world over. The Frenchie's versatile nature makes it the perfect family dog; they get along well with children and pets, and they rarely bark.
Frenchie's are such good pets that owners can hardly resist describing them in excruciatingly affectionate details. Five minutes with this pooch and you'll understand why Frenchie's are of the most popular dog breed in New York.
Did you know that the French Bulldog is the fourth most popular breed in the world? They fall just behind the Labrador Retriever, the German Shepherd, and the Golden Retriever. In fact, Americans loved their Frenchie's so much that the first French Bulldog club sprouted up in the U.S. before the breed was officially recognized.
Dogs for Sale in New York
Few states are as friendly to dogs and dog owners as the Empire State. That's because New York is one of the best states in the country to buy, rescue or adopt a puppy. The French Bulldog is the most popular breed in New York, though Golden Retriever and the Boxer do not trail far behind.
Whether you're from New York, you're on vacation with your Golden Retriever or your visiting to find Boxer puppies for sale you'll find New York has more than enough dog-friendly activities to keep you busy.
Are you moving to New York with your French Bulldog?
There are a lot of dog owners in New York. If you're looking to become one, there are a few state, county and local requirements to be aware of before you bring home your new puppy.
Do I Need to Vaccinate My Puppy in New York?
Yes. New York State law requires that your pet's first rabies vaccination be given no later than four months after its date of birth unless you live in New York City, in which case you must vaccinate your dog within three months of its date of birth.
Thankfully, the State of New York makes it really easy to vaccinate your dog and to find information pertaining to pet vaccinations, licensing and leash laws. For instance, all counties in the State of New York, excluding New York City counties, must provide a free vaccination clinic every four months.
The schedule for which can be acquired by contacting your county health department. Click here for more information on New York State dog vaccinations.
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No. There are no state-wide leash laws in the State of New York. However, the various local governments in New York have a dog leash law in place. As with most New York dog laws, whether or not you are required to leash your dog is entirely up to the county or city in which you reside.
For example, in Albany, all dogs must be restrained by an "adequate collar and leash" and under the control of someone who is at least 12 years old if they are on public property. In New York City, all dogs are required to be on a leash no more than six feet long.
Additionally, it is illegal to tie or chain a dog for longer than three hours. That's why it's always a good idea to check with your local government to ensure your dog complies with all local ordinances.
Do I Need a Dog License in New York?
Yes. In the State of New York, all dogs older than four months must be licensed. Thankfully, New York makes it easy to obtain a dog license. Simply provide proof of current rabies vaccination and that your dog has been spayed or neutered to the country in which you reside.
If you live in New York City, you can obtain a dog license from the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Please note that New York City dog licenses must be renewed each year.
Additionally, all guard or service dogs that reside within New York City must be registered and the loss, theft or sale of such a dog must be reported to the City within five days. Guard dogs are also required to wear their dog license tag and a City-issued guard dog tag on their collar at all times.
Does New York Require Dogs To Be Harnessed in the Car?
No. As of January 2020, there is no law in New York that requires a dog to wear a seat belt or be restrained during transportation. Regardless of state law, we recommend that all dog-owners take steps to ensure their pet's safety when in a moving vehicle. It's best to keep dogs restrained and out of the front seat.
Dogs who insist on climbing into the front seat should be placed in the back, in a crate. If your dog's crate doesn't fit in the car, you should invest in a barrier to keep them out of the front seat.
Best Dog Parks in New York
It doesn't matter if your dog is a couch potato like a French Bulldog or a long-distance runner like a Siberian Husky, every dog needs socialization, exercise, and mental stimulation. Fortunately, you can find all of that and more in New York. From Buffalo to The Big Apple, these are the best dog parks in New York State:
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Best Dog Friendly Activities in New York
As a dog owner, you know that it's not always easy to find the time for your dog but they need exercise and attention just like you. Fortunately, there are no shortages of dog-friendly activities in the Empire State:
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West 72nd Street Dog Run - New York City
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 29 October 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.740596
Association of Increased Remnant Cholesterol and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Retrospective Study
Wang Kexin1†, Ding Yaodong1†, Gao Wen2, Wang Rui1, Yang Jiaxin1, Liu Xiaoli1, Shen Hua1 and Ge Hailong1*
1Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2Department of Cardiology, Bayannaoer City Hospital, Bayannaoer, China
Background and Aims: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy in coronary artery disease (CAD). But some patients with the normal levels of LDL-C still suffer from CAD progression and malignant outcomes (e.g., major adverse cardiovascular events [MACEs]), and the mechanism is unclear. The previous prospective studies demonstrated that the remnant cholesterol (RC) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were capable to predict the risk of CAD. This study evaluated the association between RC and non-HDL-C with the risk of CAD.
Methods: In our study, 12,563 patients were enrolled. We categorized patients into four concordance/discordance groups according to the median of RC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C. Then, we performed a propensity score matching (PSM) strategy. The unadjusted and adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the lipid concentrations.
Results: In this study, 8,658 (68.9%) patients were male with a median age of 61 (54 and 67) years. The multivariate logistic regression showed the odds ratio (OR) of RC was 1.952 (CI = 1.276–2.988, p = 0.002). The OR of the low RC/high LDL-C group was 0.626 (CI = 0.504–0.778, p < 0.001) and the OR of the low RC/high non-HDL-C group was 0.574 (CI = 0.462–0.714, p < 0.001). The p-values for interaction between the RC and hypertension, diabetes were both < 0.001.
Conclusion: Our study showed a significant association between the RC and CAD. The level of RC was more capable to reflect the risk of CAD than LDL-C and non-HDL-C. There was an interaction relationship between RC and age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, in CAD. But we did not find whether there was a relationship between the non-HDL-C and CAD.
Over the past years, coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (1, 2). Great progress has been made in the research of its pathophysiology, and it has been demonstrated that the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis, which made it the primary target in lipid-lowering therapy (3–5), such as statins or non-statin agent (e.g., ezetimibe and evolocumab) (6, 7). However, there are still a great number of patients, which have received the treatment above, suffering from disease progression and malignant outcomes (e.g., major adverse cardiovascular events [MACEs]).
Meanwhile, remnant cholesterol (RC) has drawn increasing attention from cardiologists. RC, defined as the cholesterol content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), consists of very low-density lipoproteins and intermediate-density lipoproteins (VLDL and IDL) in fasting state, and chylomicron remnants in the non-fasting state (8–10). Recently, several studies have demonstrated that the elevated level of RC in serum is one of the significant risk factors for atherosclerosis, and it is RC and non-HDL-C, but not LDL-C, which better reflects the outcome of CAD, independently (10–14). Therefore, in this clinical retrospective study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the elevated RC and non-HDL-C index can be significant and independent risk factors for CAD and to explore whether the level of RC is more capable to predict the risk of CAD than LDL-C and non-HDL-C.
Study Design and Population
This retrospective study enrolled 12,563 patients, which once underwent coronary angiography from January 1, 2019, to January 21, 2020, at Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Our major exclusion criteria included extreme age (patients <18 or>80 years old), valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, a history of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI), malignant tumor, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, any ongoing inflammatory, in-stent restenosis (ISR), chronic total occlusion (CTO), and the patients whose date of LDL-C was not available. The study was approved by the Beijing Anzhen Hospital Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University, and all the patients gave their advance consent to participate in this study.
The patient demographics data, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and clinical characteristics, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and laboratory results, were obtained from the original electronic medical records. We took all the serum samples from the patients after an overnight fasting (>8 h) and stored them at −70°C for laboratory analysis. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles level including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C were all measured by the standard laboratory techniques using a chemiluminescence method with a Roche Diagnostics Cobas analyzer Cobas 8000, c702 module (Roche Diagnostics, Shanghai, China). Furthermore, non-HDL-C was estimated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C while remnant-C was calculated as total cholesterol minus LDL-C minus HDL-C. All the blood samples were tested in triplicate under the guidance of the instructions from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic Criteria
CAD was diagnosed according to the guideline of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2019 (15). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or previously diagnosed hypertension (16). Hypercholesterolemia was defined as TC > 5.18 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) or TG > 1.72 mmol/L (150 mg/dl). Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting serum glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or a non-fasting glucose ≥ 11.10 mmol/L according to the WHO guidelines on diabetes (17).
We calculated the medians of the RC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C index to divide all the patients into two different groups: low (less than the medians) and high (equal to or greater than the medians). Then, we categorized the patients into the four groups according to a low or high RC index and LDL-C, RC and non-HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C as follows: low/low, low/high, high/low, and high/high. The categorical variables were presented as the absolute numbers and percentages while analyzed by the χ2-test or Fisher's exact test. The continuous variables were presented as the medians and interquartile range (IQR) (Q25 and Q75) while analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test because of skewed distribution. The Spearman's ρ test correlation analyses were also used to investigate the correlation between the RC and other CAD risk factors.
Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the cut-off point of RC and divided 12,563 patients into the two groups (less than the medians and equal to or greater than the medians). Then, we performed a propensity score matching (PSM) strategy according to the RC group to reduce the influence of observed imbalances in the clinical baseline characteristics, which adopted a multivariable logistic regression model based on: age, gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, BMI, DBP, SBP, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), homocysteine (Hcy), creatinine (CR), uric acid (UA), FBG, HbA1C, hyper-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain natriuretic peptide BNP, and the matching ratio is 1:1. The multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust confounders and calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI. Finally, the subgroup analyses were carried out to examine the p-value for interaction between the RC and other risk factors after PSM.
All the statistical data analyses were conducted by IBM SPSS software version 26.0 (IBM, NY, USA). A two-tailed p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in our analyses.
The Baseline Clinical Characteristics (Total Population)
Among 21,980 patients who underwent coronary angiography before, 12,563 patients were enrolled in the final analyses, with 10,236 in the CAD group and 2,327 in the non-CAD group. The flowchart is shown in Figure 1. The baseline clinical characteristics of all the patients are shown in Table 1. Among the patients enrolled, 8,658 (68.9%) were male with a median age of 61 (54 and 67) years and BMI of 25.86 (23.87, 28.02) kg/m2, 62.9% (7,906), and 31.2% (3,920) of whom had hypertension and diabetes. The median values which defined the concordance/discordance groups for RC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C were 0.51, 2.26, and 2.83 mmol/L, respectively. Moreover, in the clinical presentation, most of the participants were unstable angina (72.1%), while a small part of patients showed non-CAD (16.6%), stable CAD (1.9%), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (5.3%), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (4.0%).
Figure 1. A study flowchart of enrollment.
Table 1. The baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of the patients according to the remnant cholesterol (RC) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) index categories.
The baseline clinical characteristics of patients compared by the groups with the concordant and discordant values of RC vs. LDL-C is shown in Table 1. There were significant differences in age, gender, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and other laboratory parameters across the four groups. Furthermore, the patients with a high RC index were more likely to have a higher FBG and WBC, while the patients with a high LDL-C index were more likely to have a higher hs-CRP. Similar patterns were also observed in the non-HDL-C vs. LDL-C and the RC vs. non-HDL-C groups, which are separately shown in Supplementary Tables 1, 2.
The Correlation Analyses and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses (Before and After PSM)
As Spearman's correlation analyses before PSM showed (Table 2), the RC index was positively related to FBG, HbA1C, and hs-CRP (r = 0.098, 0.122, and 0.172, respectively, with all p < 0.001).
Table 2. Spearman's correlation coefficients of RC level with covariates.
The ROC curve showed the cut-off point of RC for PSM was 0.415 mmol/L. After PSM, there were 5,252 patients being enrolled, with 4,298 in the CAD group and 954 in the non-CAD group. The new median values of RC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C were 0.42, 2.13, and 2.63 mmol/L. Then, the multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of independent confounders with CAD, before and after PSM. The models of analyses were as followed: model 1: age, gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, and BMI; model 2: model 1, SBP, DBP, FBG, HbA1C, HDL-C, and TG; model 3: model 2, CR, UA, hs-CRP, BNP, WBC, and homocysteine. After adjustment for the traditional predictors, the results illustrated that after PSM, the level of RC (OR = 1.952, CI = 1.276–2.988, p = 0.002) was an independent risk factor for CAD. While the OR of TC was 0.880 (CI = 0.808–0.958, p =0.003), the OR of LDL-C was 0.847 (CI = 0.776–0.925, p < 0.001), and the OR of non-HDL-D was 0.880 (CI = 0.808–0.958, p = 0.003) (Figures 2, 3 and Table 3). Furthermore, according to the concordance/discordance groups analyses, the OR of the low RC/high LDL-C group was 0.626 (CI = 0.504–0.778, p < 0.001) and the OR of low RC/high non-HDL-C group was 0.574 (CI = 0.462–0.714, p < 0.001), while the OR of high non-HDL-C/high LDL-C group was 0.712 (CI = 0.603–0.841, p < 0.001).
Figure 2. The results of the multivariable logistic regression analyses before propensity score matching (PSM). (A) Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and remnant cholesterol RC; (B) the RC and LDL-C group; (C) the RC and non-HDL-C group; (D) the non-HDL-C and LDL-C group. Model 1: age, gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, and body mass index (BMI); Model 2: Model 1, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), HDL-C, and triglyceride (TG); Model 3:Model 2, creatinine, uric acid, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), white blood cell (WBC), and homocysteine.
Figure 3. The result of the multivariable logistic regression analyses after PSM. (A) Non-HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, and RC; (B) the RC and LDL-C group; (C) the RC and non-HDL-C group; (D) the non-HDL-C and LDL-C group. Model 1: age, gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, and BMI; Model 2: Model 1, SBP, DBP, FBG, HbA1C, HDL-C, and TG; Model 3:Model 2, creatinine, uric acid, hs-CRP, BNP, WBC, and homocysteine.
Table 3. The multivariate logistic regression analyses of the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).
The Subgroup Analyses (After PSM)
The subgroup analyses were performed to explore the p-value for interaction between the RC and other risk factors (Table 4). The results indicated that there was an interconnection between the RC and age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes as different risk factors for CAD (with all p for interaction < 0.001, respectively).
Table 4. The subgroup analyses for the relationship between RC and other risk factors after propensity score matching (PSM).
In this study, we elicited three major findings. First, the elevated level of RC was positively correlated with CAD. Furthermore, the multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that RC was a risk factor for CAD, independently. Second, the level of RC was more capable to reflect the risk of CAD than LDL-C or non-HDL-C. Finally, there was an interaction relationship between RC and age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes in CAD progression.
The Relationship Between RC and CAD
As far as we know, hypercholesterolemia is a common lipid disorder related to the increasing incidence of CAD (5). Because of the residual risk in the statin-treated patients with a seemingly optimal low level of LDL-C (18), more and more studies raised the hypothesis that there was a strong association between RC and CAD risk (8, 19, 20). The TRLs, also known as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and their remnants, are always considered harmful for cardiovascular health (21, 22). Nordestgaard et al. demonstrated that it was cholesterol, but not triglycerides may cause atherosclerosis in the TRLs. Furthermore, the healthy participants with a high remnant-C level were more likely to have a greater risk of incident CAD, independently (23). In-vitro and animal studies indicated that the potential mechanism for this phenomenon may be that the remnant-C content could enter and get trapped in the arterial wall and have an influence as same as LDL-C (24–26). It could be taken up by the macrophages or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), then further induces inflammation, which plays an important role in the process of plaque initiation, progression, and rupture (27, 28). Moreover, in addition to LDL-C, non-HDL-C TRLs. Therefore, it is not surprising to find RC and non-HDL-C play an important role in the process of CAD.
Several cohort studies (11, 12, 29) and randomized clinical trials (10) investigating the relationship between RC, non-HDL-C, and the outcomes of CAD have been conducted over recent years. Castañer et al. (10) enrolled 6,901 patients from the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study, while Langsted et al. enrolled patients from the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS), a cohort study consisting of 109,574 individuals (29). Both the studies showed that the high level of remnant-C was associated with the MACEs. In addition to the CGPS, Varbo et al. included the patients from the CCHS Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) and the Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study (CIHDS), a total of 73,513 subjects. It demonstrated that a 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dl) non-fasting remnant cholesterol increase may lead to a 2.8-fold causal risk for ischemic heart disease (12). Moreover, Johannesen et al. (11) suggested that non-HDL-C, but not LDL-C, was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality of CAD. Similarly, with the different models of multivariate logistic regression analyses, our study concluded that RC was an independent causal risk for CAD, which was consistent with the results of former studies.
RC, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C
Furthermore, the concordance/discordance groups analyses were adopted to compare the capacity of predicting the CAD risk between the RC and LDL-C or non-HDL-C, because of the tight correlation in those indexes and the hypothesis that RC could induct the elevated levels of other atherogenic lipoproteins (30). By comparing the disagreements between RC and LDL-C or non-HDL-C, these analyses could show us the final consequences of the RC index. After PSM, the results illustrated that the low RC groups had less possibility to suffer from CAD. Moreover, as one of the predictors, the level of RC was more capable to reflect the risk of CAD than LDL-C and non-HDL-C.
RC and Other CAD Risk Factors
The previous studies confirmed the potential mechanism of RC could be that it inducted the migration of mononuclear cells and macrophage in the endothelial cells and promoted the occurrence of inflammation (31, 32). Spearman's correlation analyses of our study indicated that the level of RC in serum was positively related to hs-CRP. This phenomenon was consistent with the results of previous studies. Meanwhile, we performed the subgroup analyses to examine the association between RC and other risk factors in the incident and progression of CAD, such as age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes status. To our knowledge, hypertension and insulin resistance (IR) have a strong relationship with inflammation or dyslipidemia, both have been generally recognized that could promote CAD progression (33). As the results showed, there was an interaction between RC and other risk factors. But the exact physiological mechanisms that how they affect others influence in CAD progression remain unknown.
The Analyses of Conflict Results in Our Study
Our study showed that non-HDL-C, TC, and LDL-C were the protective factors for CAD, and the disease incidence of the high non-HDL-C/high LDL-C group was less than the low non-HDL-C/low LDL-C group, which were inconsistent with the clinical phenomenon and the results of existing research. All the conflict results in our study mentioned above may be attributed to: 1) our study was a retrospective study, while a cohort study or a randomized clinical trial could get much closer to the real-world scenarios and draw conclusions in line with the clinical phenomenon. 2) Most participation in this study were unstable patients with angina (72.1%), which may cause a deviation from the average value of all populations. 3) The study did not take the use of lipid-lowering drugs into consideration. It may be the potential reason for the conflict reasons.
Our present study has several limitations. 1) This study was a single-center, retrospective study. The study was also conducted with a nonrandomized sample, which probably restricted the generalizability of our results. Thus, there must be more multicenter randomized-controlled trials done to explore the relationship between RC and CAD in the future. 2) Our study only enrolled a Chinese population at a single hospital. 3) Our data were collected from the clinical database and directly measured RC has not become a routine test item in the clinical blood lipid testing. So, we can only get the level of calculated RC. 4) The study did not take the use of lipid-lowering drugs or socioeconomic status into consideration. 5) Finally, the detailed interaction relationship between RC and age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes needs further exploration.
Hypercholesterolemia is a common lipid disorder related to the increasing incidence of CAD. Besides LDL-C, our study illustrated a significant association between RC and CAD. Furthermore, the level of RC was more capable to reflect the risk of CAD than LDL-C or non-HDL-C. Moreover, there was an interaction relationship between the RC and age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes in CAD progression. But whether non-HDL-C could be an independent risk factor for CAD was not reflected in this study. And the exact interaction between the RC and other CAD risk factors remains unclear. Further studies of RC and its exact mechanisms in the incident and progression of CAD need to be conducted to promote the development of lipid-lowering therapy for patients with CAD.
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Beijing Anzhen Hospital Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
WK carried out the experiments, acquired the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DY carried out the experiments and wrote sections of the manuscript. GW, WR, YJ, LX, and SH recruited the subjects, performed the assessments of patients, and critically reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content. WK, DY, WR, and YJ performed the statistical analyses. GH conceived and designed the study and handled funding and supervision. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by the China National Natural Scientific Foundation (grant nos. 81973841 and 81573744). Efficacy and safety of transcatheter aortic valve replacement vs. surgical aortic valve replacement in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis (the Beijing Municipal Health Commission: jing 19-15). The Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH 2020-2-2063) KM200910025012 and the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 7202041).
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.740596/full#supplementary-material
CAD, coronary artery disease; RC, remnant cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelets; PT, prothrombin time; ATPP, aqueous two-phase partitioning; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; ROC:, receiver-operating characteristic curve.
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Keywords: coronary artery disease, remnant cholesterol, non-HDL-C, propensity score matching, clinical retrospective study, risk factors
Citation: Kexin W, Yaodong D, Wen G, Rui W, Jiaxin Y, Xiaoli L, Hua S and Hailong G (2021) Association of Increased Remnant Cholesterol and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Retrospective Study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 8:740596. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.740596
Received: 13 July 2021; Accepted: 31 August 2021;
Published: 29 October 2021.
Tomas Vaisar, University of Washington, United States
Hiroshi Yoshida, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Japan
Robert Kiss, McGill University, Canada
Copyright © 2021 Kexin, Yaodong, Wen, Rui, Jiaxin, Xiaoli, Hua and Hailong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ge Hailong, gehailong@126.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
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Q: R raster recognizing black color raster image The code below produces two boxes on my image. I am planning to analyze pixels within those boxes further.
I want to put a condition that if along an edge of a box, there is a black color  (or a similar color such as grey) pixel then don't proceed. How can i specify such condition?
In below example, in the case of the red square I don't want to proceed further as it has black pixels at the top right hand corner. While I would like to proceed in the case of green square as it doesn't have a black color pixel along it's edge.
library(raster)
r1 <- brick(system.file("external/rlogo.grd", package="raster"))
x <- crop(r1, extent(0,50,0,50))
plotRGB(x)
plot(extent(c(0,20,0,20)), lwd=2, col="red", add=TRUE)
plot(extent(c(21,35,0,10)), lwd=2, col="Green", add=TRUE)

A: That is not very well defined as in this case color is made of RGB values. But here is a general solution that you could adapt. I 'flatten' these to a single channel by taking the average, and then test for the smallest value being below a threshold (white is 255, 255, 255 in RGB, black is 0,0,0) at the boundary
proceed <- function(f, e, threshold) {
    lns <- as(as(e, 'SpatialPolygons'), 'SpatialLines')
    v <- unlist(extract(f, lns))
    ifelse( min(v, na.rm=TRUE) < threshold, FALSE, TRUE)
}

# flat <- mean(x) # not sophisticated see
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/687261/converting-rgb-to-grayscale-intensity
flat <- sum(x * c(0.2989, 0.5870, 0.1140))
proceed(flat, extent(c(0,20,0,20)), 100)
proceed(flat, extent(c(21,35,0,10)), 100)

(much improved after seeing jbaums' solution; which is now gone)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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What research studies have been done using H.V.M.N. Ketone?
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Studies in Human Athletes
Studies in Human Non-Athletes
Studies in Animals
This ketone ester has been extensively tested for safety and efficacy in both animal and human studies.1 After one serving of ketone ester, blood ketone levels can increase up to 3-5 mM. Ketone ester has shown to have effects on metabolism that can improve performance for athletes,2 but can also be useful for general health. The list of possible use cases includes: body composition optimization, obesity, inflammation reduction, treating traumatic brain injury, cognitive improvement or neurological disorders.3
Studies of the ketogenic diet (i.e., studies of endogenous ketosis) date back to the 1920s, when it was first used to treat children with epilepsy.
Research has shown that low-carb, high-fat diets (which trigger the production of ketone bodies) have potential uses in conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.4 However, there are some downsides to the low carbohydrate diet including difficulties in compliance and some potentially harmful side effects.4
Exogenous ketones like ketone esters, ketone salts and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) may offer a way to induce the benefits of ketosis without requiring adherence to the strict ketogenic diet.5 Exogenous ketone supplementation is a rapidly developing field of research, investigating health and performance benefits of ketone drinks compared to the keto diet.
The research studies are abundant (in both human clinical trials and animal models), and have been conducted using the ketone ester found in H.V.M.N. Ketone.
Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475046
A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398950
Intake of a Ketone Ester Drink during Recovery from Exercise Promotes mTORC1 Signaling but Not Glycogen Resynthesis in Human Muscle: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5440563/
Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3810007/
Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31039280
A new way to produce hyperketonemia: Use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer's disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301680
The Population Pharmacokinetics of D-β-hydroxybutyrate Following Administration of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893218
On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00848/abstract
A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.22051/full
A Ketone Ester Diet Increases Brain Malonyl-CoA and Uncoupling Proteins 4 and 5 while Decreasing Food Intake in the Normal Wistar Rat: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20529850
Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Increased Uncoupling Protein 1 in Brown Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a Ketone Ester Diet: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362892
A Ketone Ester Diet Exhibits Anxiolytic and Cognition-Sparing Properties, and Lessens Amyloid and Tau Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23276384
An Ester of β‐Hydroxybutyrate Regulates Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Rats and a Cholesterol Biomarker in Humans: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498829
Novel Ketone Diet Enhances Physical and Cognitive Performance: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528626
Effects of a Dietary Ketone Ester on Hippocampal Glycolytic and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Amino Acids in a 3xTgAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28099989
Scientific Citations
1. Clarke, K., Tchabanenko, K., Pawlosky, R., Carter, E., Todd King, M., Musa-Veloso, K., Ho, M., Roberts, A., Robertson, J., Vanitallie, T.B., et al. (2012). Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 63, 401-408.
2. Cox, P.J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, Andrew J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, Stewart W., et al. (2016). Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes. Cell Metabolism 24, 1-13.
3. Veech 2014: The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Mar;70(3):309-19.
4. Branco AF, Ferreira A, Simões RF, Magalhães-Novais S, Zehowski C, Cope E, Silva AM, Pereira D, Sardão VA, Cunha-Oliveira T. Ketogenic diets: from cancer to mitochondrial diseases and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016 Mar;46(3):285-98.
5. Stubbs, B.Cox, P.; Evans, R.; Santer, P.; Miller, J.; Faull, O.; Magor-Elliott, S.; Hiyama, S.; Stirling, M.; Clarke, K. (2017). On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans. Front. Physiol.
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Accessibility Standards Canada 2020-2021 annual report: Keeping our focus on an accessible Canada
Accessibility Standards Canada is proud to release its second annual report, which recounts a year that saw real progress in advancing their mandate. The Honourable Carla Qualtrough, Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Disability Inclusion, tabled the report in Parliament on June 18, 2021.
The annual report provides a detailed account of the department's accomplishments, engagement with Canadians and future goals.
Accessibility Standards Canada's mandate is to develop and revise accessibility standards that apply to the federal government and federally regulated organizations.
In fiscal year 2020 to 2021, Accessibility Standards Canada focused on achieving concrete results. Highlights of the report include:
The creation of four technical committees in the areas of plain language, outdoor spaces, emergency egress, and employment.
Providing funding for 18 accessibility standards research projects.
Successfully completing their first public consultation with over 500 participants.
The identification of standards development and research funding priorities for 2021-22.
The annual report reflects Accessibility Standards Canada's commitment to accountability and transparency.
"Our work has begun. Technical committees have already started to develop our first four standards. We have identified another five priorities for standard development. Clearly, our focus was to achieve concrete results. We are committed to developing effective standards that remove and prevent barriers. We are committed to doing this by working with persons with disabilities throughout the country. These are our commitments."
"Despite the challenges, we gathered momentum and achieved more than anticipated. Still, if 2020 showed us anything, it's that we still have a lot of work to do. We already look forward to creating new technical committees, and are partnering with other standard development organizations, provinces, and territories to develop quality standards. After all, collaborating with persons with disabilities is the only way to build a truly accessible Canada."
Accessibility Standards Canada's goal is to help make Canada a place without barriers to accessibility.
The COVID-19 pandemic challenged our society and emphasized the importance of accessibility standards. We responded to these challenges with new tools, like our guidelines for accessibility during emergencies, and by keeping our focus on building a more accessible Canada.
Input from Canadians is vital to the development of effective accessibility standards that remove and prevent barriers. Accessibility Standards Canada is committed to doing this by working with persons with disabilities throughout the country.
Accessibility Standards Canada collaborates with the Canadian public through our public consultations, our technical committees, and direct engagement at our Annual Public Meeting. Receiving input and feedback from persons with disabilities with lived experience and technical expertise is the best way to prevent, identify and remove barriers to accessibility across Canada.
Departmental Plan


This completely sums up where I am this year! I have spent more time saying yes, trying new things, going on more adventures, learning and meeting new people. And do you know what? I am having the best time! I feel so much more content and I've grown as a person, I can't wait to see what happens next!


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Jonathan Ruffer
Ruffer Investment Review – July
When the Governor of the Bank of England speaks, it is always worth listening to, and he is on to something when he writes about market liquidity; he is surely right to flag the dangers of the narrow exit doors in a crowded investment room. We are told that more than $30 trillion of global assets are held in investment funds that promise daily liquidity to investors despite investing in potentially illiquid underlying assets, such as emerging market debt. What happens when everyone wants to leave at the same time? In days gone by it was the banks which needed to worry about the queues snaking out of the portals of the buildings, and onto the street: death by popular acclaim. Now it happens out of public view, and in a different sector: the fund management industry. There is (to quote Mr Carney), 'a structural mismatch between the frequency with which [investment funds] offer redemptions, and the time it takes them to liquidate their assets.' We have seen recently two high profile examples of this in the London investment world; indeed, it doubtless prompted the observation of the Governor in his Tokyo speech last month, but he draws what is ultimately a complacent conclusion: 'under stress they may need to fire-sell assets… a vicious feedback loop that can ultimately disrupt market functioning.'
Ultimately? Might we be talking a few millionths of a second here? The interconnectivity of markets, and the sophistication with which systematic trading machines can target assets, amplify the vulnerability inherent in this mismatch. It is a greatly unpleasant thing to see the playing out of a modern day 'run on a bank', but the lesson it should instil is that there are not many steps from the particular to the pandemic.
Banks could survive safely for generations without having to worry about the fact that only a few people could get their deposit money back on a given day, because only a few people ever did need their money back each day: the wonders of fractional banking. So it has been with investment. It is why property can be held in a fund with daily trading, despite the vagaries of the property market
where everybody knows that a wish to sell does not translate automatically into a sale. From time to time, property-based funds have to close their doors, in the way that, from time to time, banks have to close their doors because the general truth becomes untrue in a specific circumstance. Mr Carney believes some, maybe many, investment vehicles are 'built on a lie, which is that you can have daily liquidity', leading to 'an expectation for individuals that it is not different from having money in a bank'. But the greater truth – one that Carney only hints at – is that ultimately every investment is illiquid in circumstances where there is a powerful and irrational desire to liquidate holdings. This is the Achilles' heel of the algorithm – it feels no fear, and its bloodless response to illiquidity is to front-run the virus, so that the most liquid markets can become the most dangerous, exactly because they provide, possibly even for a few minutes, the ability to trade after the game's over.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in markets dominated by ETFs: exchange traded funds have become the autobahns of the investment journey. They are a great blessing in peacetime, but they can speed unwanted traffic in the opposite direction when the wars start. ETFs have utterly transformed the investment world. The big US markets are now traded in this 'packaged' form as to 16% of their entire market value, and the other major markets show similar inroads1. When Jack Bogle died – he was the founder, less than half a century ago, of the phenomenon – he was treated as a saint, since he brought the power of investing to the ordinary person. They can be traded, cumulatively, in enormous size, but for the proud bank with its marble halls which dominated the cities of Europe, that enormity in stressed circumstances is a weakness, not a strength. What happens when nobody wants them? Or, more starkly, what happens when the vestal machinery gives them the thumbs down? Then, only then perhaps, the investor wonders why equities are the preferred investment? First principles cross the mind: why have I staked my third child's education on Netflix, or Nestlé, Amway or Huawei?
Runs in the stock market are as frightening as their banking equivalent. We have seen them only ten years ago, channelled through leverage in the banks. After ten years of experimental monetary policy, the wiring of markets and the learned behaviours of investors make the system more prone to runs. A century ago, prolific US bank robber Willie Sutton was asked why he persisted in robbing banks. 'Because that's where the money is', he replied. Well, that's no longer true. The money, as Mr Madoff observed, is now invested.
We believe that whatever causes a market dislocation, and whenever that happens, the conduit will be illiquidity. We believe that Mr Carney is absolutely right to look across from a particular example to its generic consequences, because the pathology of the specific is strikingly illustrative of how it will be when the problem is systemic.
The Fund Manager, zLead Article, zNewsletter
About Jonathan Ruffer
Trained as a stockbroker and barrister before moving into private client investment management in 1980, with Dunbar Fund Managers. Formerly Chief Investment Officer of Rathbone Bros plc. He established Ruffer Investment Management Limited in 1994, which transferred its investment business to Ruffer LLP in 2004.
Articles by Jonathan Ruffer