text:
Bacterial species concept explained
What is a species?
A species is often defined as a group of individuals that can actually or potentially interbreed in nature. In practice, this concept cannot be easily applied to any species. For example, you may not know with confidence if two insects that you encountered in a rain forest belong to the same species, as it can only be confirmed by breeding them under natural conditions (and you observe it!). Getting into the species concept of animals is this difficult. What would that be like for our invisible, but intimate strangers, Bacteria?
It would be best if I gave you an example to explain how we actually recognize bacterial species.
The pictures below show individuals belonging to two different species:
You do not need to be a taxonomist to classify them into two different species (..at least I hope not!)
We will not try to confirm this classification by interbreeding them, but our visual observation provides sufficient evidence for such a task (e.g. presence of extensive facial hair and jaw shape, etc.).
Now, let's try to classify bacteria depicted in the following pictures using your expertise:
Can you tell me how many species are there in the above figure? Probably not. Even a king of bacterial taxonomy, if there is such a thing, could not classify these correctly just by observing the external shape of cells. This is why bacterial classification is a difficult task. And, the way we classify depends on how we define the species in bacterial world. So, the question remains, "how can we define bacterial species?"
Many people think that science is ruled by some sort of governing body. This is partly true for bacterial taxonomy. There is a body called "International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP)" which plays a role similar to the United Nations in international politics. Even though ICSP provides recommendation reports from time to time, it cannot formally setup the definition of bacterial species. It is rather decided by community efforts or consensus. At present, the most widely accepted species concept is called "Phylo-phenetic species concept" (Rosselló-Mora & Amann, 2001).
"A monophyletic and genomically coherent cluster of individual organisms that show a high degree of overall similarity in many independent characteristics, and is diagnosable by a discriminative phenotypic property."
There are several terms that I need to explain further:
"A monophyletic cluster" contains a group of bacterial strains that shared a most recent common ancestor.
Bacterial strains forming a "genomically coherent cluster" show similar genome sequences, thereby likely similar phenotypes. Just like you and your brother look more similar than you do to your friends as you and your brother share more genome sequence similarities.
"Overall similarity in many independent characteristics" means that two strains share phenotypic properties that are not related or interconnected. For example, the height and weight of humans correlate therefore these characteristics are not independent.
"Diagnosable by a discriminative phenotypic property" means that two species should be differentiated by phenotypic characteristics (such as biochemical tests, morphology and physiology). If two species can only be differentiated by means of genome or 16S rRNA sequences, this two should not be recognized as different species. This condition ensures that people who do not have molecular techniques or facility can still carry out identification. However, I think, as more people, if not most, are moving towards molecular diagnostic methods (PCR, DNA sequencing, Microarray even NGS) over traditional biochemical tests, this condition can be omitted in near future (I hope). Furthermore, microbiologists, other than taxonomists, are already using solely molecular concept of bacterial species as molecular OTU.
The Practical Bacterial Species Concept
"Phylo-phenetic species concept" sounds very solid. However, its application can be very tricky. Again, let me explain by some examples.
In the above figure, you can see 3 clearly differentiated clusters that can be confidently called species A, B and C. How about the below case?
Well to me, the clear divisions of clusters are not apparent. However, we still need to classify and name the species (as we want to call them by names not bacteria X or 110982). To achieve this, bacterial taxonomists have introduced a concept of "type strain". A type strain is a live strain that can serve the center of a species and regarded as the representative of a species. When multiple strains are discovered for a single species, we can choose a likely representative strain as the type strain. In practice, most of bacteria species are described with only one or two strains, the type strain of a species is often the strain which was first discovered. What I am trying to say is that "type strain" may not be very "typical" for a given species! For example, the type strain of Escherichia coli does not kill you, but other strains, such as O157 strains, can kill you easily.
Once the type strain is decided and deposited to the institutions called culture collections, it cannot be easily changed to other strain since the stability is very important virtue of taxonomy!
Let's assume that a team of taxonomists carried out research to classify the strains in the previous figure and come up with the following result:
Here, the team found 3 species and designated 3 type strains for each. As a species is a coherent group of bacterial strains, we should employ the same measure of "coherence" or "similarity" for all 3 species. We need to define the followings to be "objective" for this classification process.
How the similarity can be defined? (A method of measuring similarity/distance)
How similar should be between the type strain of species A and a strain belonging to species A. (The cutoff of species boundary)
Defining the above two criteria has been major challenge for modern bacterial taxonomy. In 1987, major players in the field of bacterial taxonomy have gathered in Paris to try to come up with an objective and stable criteria for future classification and identification of Bacteria. They foresaw that genome data (genotypic) are superior to phenotypic data (physiology and biochemisty), but sequencing of genome was not readily available until 1995. However, at that time, there were other molecular method, called DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH), to measure the degree of hybridization of genomes in solutions. If two genomes hybridize well, they should share similar nucleotide sequences.
DDH provides overall, albeit indirect, measure of genomic similarity between two strains, and serves well as a surrogate for genome sequence comparison. In a seminal paper, Wayne and other taxonomists recommend DDH as the method for defining bacterial species and 70% relatedness as cutoff for the species boundary (Wayne et al., 1987). This Wyane et al. paper has been cited over 4,000 times which means that this proposal was well received. In conclusion, if a strain belongs to a species, it should show 70% or higher DDH relatedness value to the type strain of that species.
Genome sequence-based species concept
Thanks to the introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS), bacterial sequencing is now cheap enough and readily available to many researchers. I believe that genome sequence information is the best you can get for any taxonomic work that can eliminate the needs for many tedious and unreliable experimental taxonomic methods. Of course, it can replace the notoriously erroneous DDH in the definition of bacterial species. "Overall Genome Related Index (OGRI)" is a term for any computational method to calculate similarity between two genome sequences, first coined by Fred Rainey and myself in 2014. There are many different algorithms that can be used for comparing two strains, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) has been most widely accepted. The generally accepted cutoff value for the species boundary is about 95~96% ANI. Here I recommend you the OrthoANI algorithm, an improved version of ANI, instead of the original ANI. (More about OrthoANI).
For both ANI and OrthoANI, about 95~96% is the cutoff. Does this mean this cutoff is really a clear and sharp one that can be used without exception? Let's consider the following case:
Two strains show 95.1 and 94.9% OrthoANI, respectively, to the type strain of "species X". Does this mean that strain A belongs to "species X" and stain B does not? You may think that I made this case up and it is not a probable case? The below is the real case of Vibrio vulnificus, a notorious pathogen from sea water.
Here is a chart in which 31 V. vulnificus strains were examined for OrthoANI against to the type strain of the species. Many strains show OrthoANI values around 95%.
When we look at the above dendrogram explaining overall taxonomic structure within the V. vulnificus , these strains may belong to the different species. However, OrthoANI values between the authentic V. vulnificus group (containing type strain) and the outlier group are around the proposed cutoff, i.e. 95%, therefore the decision is not a straight-forward one. In my opinion, two groups can be either different species or at least different subspecies. Anyhow, it is up to taxonomists who will work on the further evidence and draw the final conclusion. Meanwhile, I can only tell you that V. vulnificus is not a really one genomically coherent group.
Take home messages:
Bacterial species is defined as "genomically coherent group of organisms".
A species must have a type strain that is live. Anyone can obtain this strain for taxonomic study.
If a strain belong to a species, ORGI should be within the cutoff of species boundary. If you use OrthoANI , it will be about 95%.
If your isolate is a new species by the condition (3) and you want to describe it as new species, you need to carry out additional taxonomic research (mostly phenotypic characterizations such as biochemical tests etc.). Even though we all know that you have new species by genome sequence comparison, this allows us to understand more about the biology of species. Genome sequence tells us a lot, but not sufficient enough for us to understand their physiology and life style.
Rossello-Mora, R. & Amann, R. The species concept for prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25, 39-67 (2001).
Wayne, L.G. et al. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463-464 (1987).
By Jon Jongsik Chun (CEO of ChunLab, Inc. & Professor at Seoul National Univ.)
Gene presence/absence analysis
Genes within a genome are never fixed, even for a very short period of time. That's why we encounter new bacterial variants with novel antibiotic
2020 EzBioCloud Release notes
On this page we've put together an archive of the 2020 EzBioCloud database updates. We aim to maintain our database regularly, with scheduled updates once
ezbiome	06/25/2020
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NextPairwise nucleotide sequence alignment for taxonomyNext


Retirement phase can be delightful if you are financially and physically fit. Retirement phase can be divided into a few smaller stages that come with different changes and challenges. This article focuses on these different phases.
1) Pre-Retirement: Pre-retirement is the time before the actual retirement. It is the time when you are still working but retirement is close enough. At this moment you have an almost clear picture of your investments, life after retirement and income and expenses after retirement. It is the right time to analyze your investments and evaluate the possible sources of your income post-retirement and to invest in good short-term investments. There can be many options to choose from like investing in cryptocurrency trading using various online robots. Refer this link to know more about them. This is the phase where you still have to go through all of your routine expenses but also save for the days when you won't be having your job.
2) Early Retirement: This is the phase when you are retired; this phase can bring in a lot of changes in your daily routine and your income. You will not have your regular monthly salary but you can still have other regular incomes like the pension or income from other side jobs. This is the time when you need to plan your budget for your incomes and expenses and see if there are any other possibilities of regular income. Also, focus on your life and health insurance to support medical expenses. You can also choose to claim social welfare benefits at this moment.
3) Middle Retirement: In the early retirement phase many choose to utilize the time traveling. While in middle retirement phase many choose to take it little slower considering the health restrictions. This brings down the travel expenses saving more amounts every month. Also, by this time your children are well settled in their life and are financially independent. This is the right time to plan your will and sort the nominees and power of attorneys in case you are not able to manage your finances.
4) Late Retirement: This phase might bring in a lot of medical expenses, hence focusing on your insurance and other incomes to support it can be crucial at this moment. Also, at this moment you can choose you to reap the benefits of the investments you did your whole life. Apart from medical expenses, the other expenses might stay similar to the middle retirement phase where you choose to have less frequent travels and focusing on friends and family. This is the right time to make sure all your financial matters are sorted, like the will, debts if any, nominees for all your assets etc.


This section will define everything related to Magick as it is found in the world. This includes Elements, Spells, Skills, Status Types, and whatever else falls into this category.
The element system will be the backbone of the magic system as well as influence many items by giving them elemental affinity. The units themselves will not have affinities themselves, instead they will have a Resist stat which determines basic magic damage reduction as well as Elemental Resistances. These are individual resistances for each element type and can range from causing an element to do double damage all the way to absorbing the elemental damage and using it to heal their health.
Spells are special abilities that require MP(Mana Points) to use. They are typically cast by magic users, however if the unit knows the spell and has enough mana, they can cast the spell. There are different types of spells, such as Offensive, Enhancement, Enfeeble, Restorative, and Special.
Conditions refer to all the various buffs and debuffs in the game. Often referred to as Status Types, they may alter the character's attributes, abilities, and may remove or add various restrictions.


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Too many missed opportunities in 2009
Posted by: jeffperry December 29, 2009	3 Comments
(good but as an an elected official please never call them the majority party. Never. – promoted by EaBo Clipper)
As we approach the end of the 2009, Representative Jeffrey Davis Perry (R-Sandwich) takes the opportunity to outline a number of missed opportunities the Majority Party rejected this past year.
Representative Perry stated today, "Our solution to the fiscal crisis was to increase taxes on sales, meals, telecommunications, alcohol, satellite television, hotel stays, nursing home residents and fees at the Registry. This is very disappointing. Families are struggling to make ends meet, and if our Democratic counterparts in the House think raising every tax under the sun is going to make the lives of those families better, they are sadly mistaken."
"I am disappointed to say the least in the failed fiscal efforts of the Governor and the Legislature. During the last two budget debates, we said that passing these budgets would have long term damage and sadly, we were right. Had we been more responsible in Fiscal Year 2009 and 2010, we may not be in such a dire situation" added Representative Perry.
Below is a summary of Republican efforts rejected by the Majority Party during the last year (Special thanks to Republican Bradley H. Jones, Jr. and his staff for this information):
Statewide Hiring Freeze: Despite dwindling state revenues, data posted on the Governor's budget website shows that nearly 2,000 state employees have been hired since January 2009. This amendment proposes to implement a statewide hiring freeze for all sectors of state government for FY10. Additionally, this amendment places the responsibility of providing waivers to the freeze with each departmental manager (Speaker and Senate President for the Legislature), but limits waivers to instances where the public's health and safety are at risk. Any waivers granted by a departmental manager must be kept on record. This reform measure, which was estimated to save millions in FY10 alone, was further amended by the Democratic Leadership to create a commission to study the proposal. Unfortunately, the change nullified the intent of the original amendment. [Amendment #320, adopted in Roll Call #133 (139Y-16N), later held in conference by the Conference Committee]
Prescription Drug Waste: This amendment allows residents and consultant pharmacists in health care facilities to return unused prescription medication to the pharmacies from which they were purchased. The medication must be unopened, unexpired and in individual packages which the pharmacy may then restock and redistribute. The pharmacy must compensate the purchaser for the returned medication. This amendment will lead to cost-savings, as every year millions of dollars in prescription medications are thrown out unopened and unexpired, especially in nursing homes. In 2008, a study found that Massachusetts nursing homes waste $17.5M every year. [Amendment #325, adopted in Roll Call #123 (158Y-0N), later held in conference by the Conference Committee]
Managed Care Plans for MassHealth: This Republican-offered FY10 budget amendment would transfer all Medicaid members from MassHealth fee-for-service programs and primary care clinician plans to a Medicaid managed care organization. Medicaid managed care plans pay for all services needed by the member and have an incentive to manage illness before it becomes more acute and expensive to treat. According to a number of studies of the cost-savings that would result from this change, savings are estimated at between $690M and $1.05B in the period 2009-2013. It is estimated that this will be a savings of $170M in FY10 alone, savings which could be used to return the nursing home assessment to $145M or be allocated to the myriad of other needs existing in the Commonwealth. Democrats, however, did not agree with this logical idea, and voted to defeat the amendment. [Amendment #322, was changed and then rejected by Roll Call #100 (30Y-127N)]
Pacheco Law Threshold: Under the state's current anti-privatization statute, known as the Pacheco Law, private business wishing to bid on state service contracts worth more than $200K must be subjected to a burdensome state review that favors the delivery of services by state employees. For example, an agency must weigh the cost of using a private sector vendor not with actual state costs but with the cost of existing state employees if they were working in a hypothetical "most cost-efficient manner". In fact, the Pioneer Institute estimates that state services cost between 10% and 40% more than if private vendors provided the same service; however, only a handful of private companies have been able to navigate the law's unique review process. This amendment would simply increase the threshold for contracts requiring this type of review from $200K to $5M, saving the state an estimated $20M in FY10. [Amendment #326, rejected in Roll Call #120 (17Y-141N)]
Expedited Sale of Surplus State Land: This amendment establishes a process for selling surplus state property, which allows the Commissioner of the Department of Capital Asset Management to assess the land and property under the control of various departments throughout state government and to sell or lease such property. This process, which has been used in the past, is estimated to generate roughly $10M in FY10. Despite the need to maximize revenue and the current rising budgetary constraints, the Democratic Majority soundly defeated this proposal. [Amendment #333, rejected in Roll Call #132 (17Y-139N)]
Suffolk County Holidays: This amendment, while filed as an amendment to the budget, was actually voted upon during debate on a FY09 Supplemental Budget in June (H. 4125). Seeking to eliminate the state's two Suffolk County-only holidays, Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day, this amendment was projected to save $10M annually in overtime and paid vacation days. While it seems strange that two state holidays would exist only to the benefit of state employees working in Suffolk County, it was discovered that those state employees physically located outside of Suffolk County were receiving floating holidays that could be used throughout the year. Ultimately, the amendment was defeated on a rare tie vote. [Roll Call #145 (78Y-78N)]
Surplus Turnpike Assets: Many legislators and interested parties have debated the value of the Turnpike's land and building assets and whether the Pike should sell these assets in order to avoid potential toll hikes. Unfortunately, these proposals had been rejected on a number of grounds, including the Democrat-controlled Legislature's hesitance to relinquish control of the assets and allow a private company to profit from their value. During the Transportation Reform debate, however, the Republican Leadership filed an amendment that proposed a fair compromise. This amendment directed the Undersecretary of Highways, the Treasurer, and the executive director of the PRIM board to study which Turnpike assets are surplus to the operation of the roadway and have the potential to meet the pension fund's assumed rate of return. If any assets meet such criteria, the state pension fund may then purchase those parcels at fair market value, pending the approval of the Undersecretary. This would allow the state's pension fund to "buy low" on potentially valuable assets and would infuse much needed revenue into the Turnpike's coffers. Ultimately, while this proposal was adopted on a voice vote in the House, it was not included in the final legislation.
Public-Private Partnerships: This proposal, offered by Republican legislators in both the House and Senate, codifies language that would permit the state to consider public-private partnerships when implementing new expansion projects. This language would permit private companies to design, build, finance, operate, and maintain new infrastructure. This process would be subject to the oversight of a commission comprised of experts in the field of transportation, construction, infrastructure, and engineering and the state auditor.
jeffperry
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About jeffperry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Little Hawks shut down #8 WDM Valley, marking their 24th win of the season and continuing their quest for a title with Ashley Joens tying the state points record with 36.
Rose Nkumu '20 prepares to shoot a free throw during the Little Hawks' quarter-final game against West Des Moines Valley on February 26th, 2018.
All season long, nobody has been a match for the girls' basketball team. That didn't change in the first-round of the State tournament. After losing to Cedar Falls last year in the quarter-finals, this year's squad has been on a mission to avenge themselves, and every player chipped in. The experienced squad didn't let their strong desire to win get the best of them, however, only allowing Valley to lead for 34 seconds of the game.
Iowa State commit Ashley Joens was the leading scorer on the court, scoring 36 points and tying the 5A tournament record. Aubrey Joens followed with 20, Paige Rocca and Rose Nkumu had nine apiece, and Freshman Ella Cook scored four.
Rose Nkumu '20 had the most steals of the day with five.
At halftime the Little Hawks had forced 11 turnovers, and the Joens girls had a combined 33 points—one point less than Valley's 34.
The Little Hawks will continue their journey to the championship this Thursday, March 1st, at 10:00 a.m. against the #4 seed Johnston.
A Nkumu steal leads to a three by Aubrey Joens. Valley timeout.


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MLR Championship Preview: The Legion Attack
Elite | 06.14.19
The San Diego Legion host the Seattle Seawolves Sunday in the Major League Rugby Championship match. The match is going to be on CBS, and there is a chance Torero Stadium will sell out. This is a match worth being excited about. Included in the things worth being excited about is San Diego's attack. Reviewing the last six matches, several things stood out about the Legion attack and I picked out... Read More
Major League Rugby Making Major Baby Steps
Clubs | 06.12.19
Major League Rugby's second season comes to a close Sunday, when the San Diego Legion play host to the defending champion Seattle Seawolves in the grand final. The sophomore campaign had its ups and downs but appears to be ending on a resoundingly positive note. Robust crowds took in exciting semifinals in Seattle and San Diego. Those at Torero Stadium were treated to an instant classic, as Joe... Read More
PatCast - Nate Ebner
Audio | 05.09.19
The RUGBY PatCast is a regular podcast hosted by Rugby Today head writer Pat Clifton. Three-time Super Bowl champion Nate Ebner comes on to talk about his life as a rugby man, life as an All-Pro special teamer going into his 8th season in the NFL, 10th anniversary of the Penn Mutual Collegiate Rugby Championship, playing in the Olympics, keeping up with the 7s Eagles, Major League Rugby and a... Read More
Giant's Conscience - Nova Scotia Madness
Giant's Conscience is a new podcast featuring Rugby Today head writer Pat Clifton and contributor Jake Frechette. The two seasoned rugby journalists will talk about the news du jour in American and world rugby. An American rugger, nicknamed "Scottish Hammer" was picked up by the Cleveland Browns. Nova Scotia has a safety scare as high school rugby is threatened. The possibilities of analytics in... Read More
Giant's Conscience - We'll Pass on Rugby X
Giant's Conscience is a new podcast featuring Rugby Today head writer Pat Clifton and contributor Jake Frechette. The two seasoned rugby journalists will talk about the news du jour in American and world rugby. A miniature hiatus comes to an end as the guys discuss the Mathieu Bastareaud signing, Women's Eagles vs. BaaBaas, Rugby X, the effect of MLR on the 7s USMNT, College Rugby's Final 4 and... Read More
Cliff Notes: Pending Civil War Avoidable
7s | 04.29.19
Major League Rugby is still working the bugs out of its core business – selling a compelling professional 15s competition to America. A few markets are drawing significant crowds and seeing improved attendance. Some are struggling mightily to get any traction at all. For now, and the near future, the league needs to affix some sort of tunnel vision toward attracting more fans and generating more... Read More
MLR Confirms 2020 Expansion
Major League Rugby confirmed its expansion plans for the 2020 season Thursday, amid its sophomore season. The New England Free Jacks, Old Glory DC and Rugby ATL round out the 12-team league, which will be split between eastern and western conferences for the third rendition. The Mississippi River is the dividing line, with New Orleans, Atlanta, D.C., New England, New York and Toronto making up... Read More
Giant's Conscience - Shrinking or Growing?
Columns | 04.02.19
Giant's Conscience is a new podcast featuring Rugby Today head writer Pat Clifton and contributor Jake Frechette. The two seasoned rugby journalists will talk about the news du jour in American and world rugby. Pat helped with a grassroots tournament over the weekend and learned of the swift demise of a HS powerhouse, prompting a brutally truthful discussion on the reality of USA Rugby's growth... Read More
Old Glory DC Combine and Look Ahead
Old Glory DC, one of the two franchises set to fully join Major League Rugby in 2020, is holding a series of combines with the most recent being held in the Philadelphia area this past Sunday. It was a chilly and breezy day, in the mid-30s when things started, in Conshohocken, outside of Philadelphia. However, the sun stayed out, and there were a lot of positive attitudes from both players and... Read More
Giant's Conscience - World Series Favorites?
Giant's Conscience is a new podcast featuring Rugby Today head writer Pat Clifton and contributor Jake Frechette. The two seasoned rugby journalists will talk about the news du jour in American and world rugby. The guys go over some college scores from the weekend, wrap up their thoughts on the Americas Rugby Championship, try to keep from getting too excited about the 7s team's possibilities, ... Read More


text:
Q: How to pass data to MenuItem event handler When I have an array and render a Menu for each element in the array, the click handlers for the items only receive the final element in the array instead of the element used for that render.
The use-case here is having a list of items where each item has a menu to perform actions specific to that item, like "Delete", "Edit", etc.
Not-working Example: https://codesandbox.io/s/material-demo-forked-u6902?file=/demo.js
export default function SimpleMenu() {
  const [anchor, setAnchor] = React.useState(null);

  const handleOpenMenu = (event) => {
    setAnchor(event.currentTarget);
  };

  const handleCloseMenu = (number) => {
    console.log(number);
    setAnchor(null);
  };

  return ["one", "two"].map((number) => (

      <Button onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log {number}</Button>
      <Button onClick={(e) => handleOpenMenu(e)}>Menu {number}</Button>
      <Menu
        anchorEl={anchor}
        keepMounted
        open={Boolean(anchor)}
        onClose={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}
      >
        <MenuItem onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log Number</MenuItem>
      </Menu>

  ));
}

However, if I keep a map in memory of array elements to anchors for the Menu, then it works as expected.
Working Example: https://codesandbox.io/s/material-demo-forked-m7utx?file=/demo.js
export default function SimpleMenu() {
  const [anchors, setAnchors] = React.useState({});

  const handleOpenMenu = (number, event) => {
    setAnchors((prevState) => ({
      ...prevState,
      [number]: event.currentTarget
    }));
  };

  const handleCloseMenu = (number) => {
    console.log(number);
    setAnchors((prevState) => ({
      ...prevState,
      [number]: null
    }));
  };

  return ["one", "two"].map((number) => (

      <Button onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log {number}</Button>
      <Button onClick={(e) => handleOpenMenu(number, e)}>Menu {number}</Button>
      <Menu
        anchorEl={anchors[number]}
        keepMounted
        open={Boolean(anchors[number])}
        onClose={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}
      >
        <MenuItem onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log Number</MenuItem>
      </Menu>

  ));
}

Is this the correct or intended way to render multiple menus?

A: In your first example: since all the menus 'open' prop is the same anchor state, you are opening them all at the same time. As such, only the last item is appearing since it is on top.
The second one works because you are only accessing the state property for each 'number', and only one menu is 'open' at a time. This seems like a fine solution, since due to the 'ClickAway' event a user can't open additional menus.
Here's another very basic example to fix the issue. Where each menu is 'open' only if it's number is currently selected.
import React from "react";
import Button from "@material-ui/core/Button";
import Menu from "@material-ui/core/Menu";
import MenuItem from "@material-ui/core/MenuItem";

export default function SimpleMenu() {
  const [anchor, setAnchor] = React.useState(null);
  const [currentNumber, setCurrentNumber] = React.useState(null);

  const handleOpenMenu = (event, number) => {
    setAnchor(event.currentTarget);
    setCurrentNumber(number);
  };

  const handleCloseMenu = (number) => {
    console.log(number);
    setAnchor(null);
    setCurrentNumber(null);
  };

  return ["one", "two"].map((number) => (

      <Button onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log {number}</Button>
      <Button onClick={(e) => handleOpenMenu(e, number)}>Menu {number}</Button>
      <Menu
        anchorEl={anchor}
        keepMounted
        open={currentNumber === number}
        onClose={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}
      >
        <MenuItem onClick={() => handleCloseMenu(number)}>Log {number}</MenuItem>
      </Menu>

  ));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cinema
La ragazza dell'altro (Joyride) – film del 1977 diretto da Joseph Ruben
Joyride  – film del 1995 diretto da Jim Gillespie
Joyride  – film del 1997 diretto da Quinton Peeples
Radio Killer (Joy Ride o Joyride) – film del 2001 diretto da John Dahl
Joyride – film del 2005 diretto da Frank Herrebout
Joyride – film del 2005 diretto da Emer Reynolds

Musica
Joyride  – album di Stanley Turrentine del 1965
Joyride  – album dei Government Issue del 1984
 Joyride  – traccia dell'album And No One Else Wanted to Play degli SNFU del 1984
Joyride  – album dei Roxette del 1991
Joyride  – singolo dei Roxette del 1991, dall'album omonimo
Joy Ride  – traccia dell'album Day and Age dei The Killers del 2008
Joyride – album dei Transit (gruppo musicale) del 2014
Joyride  – album di Tinashe del 2018
JOYRYDE – DJ e produttore discografico britannico.

Televisione
 Joyride  – episodio di Batman of the Future
 Joyride  – episodio di X-Men: Evolution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Escaudes ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand: ) im Département Gironde in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Sie gehört zum Kanton Le Sud-Gironde und zum Arrondissement Langon. An der östlichen Gemeindegrenze verläuft der Fluss Ciron, im Süden sein Zufluss Thus.

Nachbargemeinden sind Bernos-Beaulac im Nordwesten, Cudos im Norden, Lerm-et-Musset im Osten, Giscos im Süden und Captieux im Westen.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Escaudes
 Kirche Notre-Dame

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Gironde. Flohic Éditions, Band 1, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-84234-125-2, S. 486–487.

Weblinks

 Gemeinde Escaudes

Gemeindegründung 1793
Ort in Nouvelle-Aquitaine


text:
"He's a great player so he'll add to our squad."
Date: 27th September 2012 at 11:13am
Having scored his first senior goal to send Manchester United into the 4th round of the Capital One Cup, Tom Cleverley spoke with The Busby Way about finding the back of the net as well as the return of team mate Darren Fletcher.
Cleverley's finishing has been in the headlines of late after he failed to convert a number of chances against Ukraine for England, and the midfielder saw another chance go begging in the first half after Javier Hernandez played him through.
But he made no mistake scoring the winner in the second half, a well struck effort that beat Rob Elliot after pal Danny Welbeck teed him up on the edge of the box and he revealed it was a relief to open his account after Sir Alex gave him a talking to at half time:
"I've missed a couple recently that have played on my mind. I've been working hard in training on my finishing and the gaffer gave me a little talking to at half time so it was nice to slot one in, in the second half."
As a life long United fan, there was no better time to grab his first, scoring what proved to be the winner in front of the Stretford End and he admitted it was a dream come true:
"Growing up as a United fan and to have not have scored for a while, to do it in front of the Stretty is a great feeling and I think it showed in my celebrations."
The game also saw the return of midfielder Darren Fletcher, who started his first game in 10 months. His second appearance in a week, Cleverley hailed the Scot's return saying he would be a great addition to the team as they attempt to secure silverware:
"He's a good player and a good friend, it's been hard to see what he's been going through but he's back now. He looks sharp, he looks fit and he's a great player so he'll add to our squad."


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Intel Introduces Optane SSD DC P4800X With 3D XPoint Memory
by Billy Tallis on March 19, 2017 12:00 PM EST
A year and a half after first publicly unveiling their new 3D XPoint non-volatile memory technology, Intel is launching the first product incorporating the new memory. The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X is an enterprise PCIe 3 x4 NVMe SSD that Intel promises will be the the most responsive data center SSD with lower latency than all of the fastest NAND flash based competitors. After months of touting 3D XPoint memory primarily with rough order of magnitude claims about its performance, endurance and cost relative to DRAM and NAND flash, and after some unexplained delays, Intel is finally providing some concrete specifications and pricing for a complete SSD that is shipping today. The information is more limited than we're accustomed to for their NAND flash SSDs, and Intel still isn't confirming anything about the materials or exact operating principle of the 3D XPoint memory cell.
Current computer system architectures are based around the use of DRAM as working memory and NAND flash for fast storage. 3D XPoint memory falls between the two technologies on most important metrics, so Optane SSDs bring a new dimension of complication to a server architect's task. For most enterprise use cases, the most enticing feature of Optane SSDs over NAND SSDs is the former's higher performance, especially reduced latencies. Aside from the gains from switching to the NVMe protocol, the latency offered by NAND flash based SSDs has been mostly stagnant or even regressed with the disappearance of SLC NAND from the market, even as throughput and capacity have grown with every generation.
The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X is rated for a typical read or write latency under 10µs, compared to tens of microseconds for the best NAND flash based SSDs, and about 4µs minimum imposed by PCIe and NVMe transaction overhead. More impressive is how little latency degrades under less than ideal conditions. Queue depth 1 random reads are rated to remain below 30µs even while the drive is simultaneously accepting 2GB/s of sustained random writes (about 500k IOPS). Intel even specifies Quality of Service (QoS) standards for latency at the 99.999th percentile, with even QD16 random writes staying almost entirely below 200µs. A consequence of the low latency is that the P4800X can deliver full throughput at lower queue depths: the P4800X is rated to deliver maximum IOPS at QD16 while flash-based SSDs are specified for queue depths of at least 32. Unlike flash memory, the read and write performance of 3D XPoint memory is roughly equal, and this is reflected in Intel's specifications for the P4800X.
Conspicuously missing from the performance specifications are sequential throughput. The P4800X can already use more than half of the available PCIe bandwidth with a completely random I/O workload. Rather than reassure us that the P4800X can do even better with larger transfer sizes, Intel suggests that being overly concerned with the sequential transfer speeds is a sign that you should be shopping for their 3D NAND SSDs instead. They'll offer plenty of throughput for a far lower price.
Intel's 3D XPoint memory is being manufactured as a 128Gb (16GB) die, slightly behind the trend for NAND flash capacities. As a result, the Optane SSD DC P4800X will start with a 375GB model and later this year be followed by 750GB and 1.5TB models. The top-performing enterprise SSDs currently tend to be multi-TB drives. Intel has shared very few details about the new controller they've developed for the P4800X, but they have disclosed that the 375GB model uses seven channels with four dies per channel, for a total of 28 chips and a raw capacity of 448GB. Fourteen packages of 3D XPoint memory are visible on the back side of the drive in the photographs Intel has released, suggesting that fourteen more packages are hiding under the heatsink and that the 375GB add-in card model is using single-die packages. The controller implements a high-performance all-hardware read path that does not involve the drive's firmware, and while the exact stride of memory accesses is not known, a single 4k read will be spread across all seven channels.
3D XPoint memory can be read or written with byte granularity and modifications can be written in place, so it is free from the worst internal fragmentation and write amplification challenges that are caused by the large page sizes and huge erase block sizes of NAND flash. This means that further overprovisioning beyond the drive's native amount will have minimal impact on performance and that the performance of a full drive should not suffer severely the way flash based SSDs do. However, some amount of spare area is still required for error correction and other metadata and for a pool of spare blocks to replace failed or defective blocks. The write endurance of 3D XPoint memory is not infinite so wear leveling is still required, but it is a much simpler process that requires much less spare area.
The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X has a write endurance rating of 30 Drive Writes Per Day, and Intel is hopeful that future products can offer even higher ratings once 3D XPoint memory has more broadly proven its reliability. Today's limited release 375GB models have a three year warranty for a total write endurance rating of 12.3 PB, and once the product line is expanded to broad availability of the full range of capacities in the second half of this year the warranty period will be five years.
Intel is offering the 375GB P4800X in PCIe add-in card form factor with a MSRP of $1520 starting today with a limited early-ship program. In Q2 a 375GB U.2 model will ship, as well as a 750GB add-in card. In the second half of the year the rest of the capacity and form factor options will be available, but prices and exact release dates for those models have not been announced. At just over $4/GB the P4800X seems to fall much closer to DRAM than NAND in price, though to be fair the enterprise SSDs it will compete against are all well over $1/GB and the largest DDR4 DIMMs are around $10/GB.
Capacity 375 GB 750 GB 1.5 TB
Controller Intel unnamed
Random Read (4 KB) IOPS (QD16) 550k TBA TBA
Random Read 99.999% Latency (QD1) 60µs TBA TBA
Random Read 99.999% Latency (QD16) 150µs TBA TBA
Random Write (4 KB) IOPS (QD16) 500k TBA TBA
Random Write 99.999% Latency (QD1) 100µs TBA TBA
Random Write 99.999% Latency (QD16) 200µs TBA TBA
Warranty 5 years (3 years during early limited release)
MSRP $1520 TBA TBA
Release Date March 19 (HHHL)
Q2 2017 (U.2) Q2 2017 (HHHL)
2H 2017 (U.2) 2H 2017
Intel Memory Drive Technology
Along with the DC P4800X, Intel is launching Intel Memory Drive Technology software as a paid add-on. The Memory Drive Technology software is a custom virtual memory system implemented as a minimal hypervisor. The guest operating system or general-purpose hypervisor is presented with the illusion that a portion of the 3D XPoint memory on the Optane SSD is directly addressable, producing an apparent memory capacity that far exceeds the capacity of the system's installed DRAM. Under the hood and almost entirely transparent to the guest OS, Intel Memory Drive Technology monitors memory access patterns to cache actively used data in DRAM and prefetch from Optane SSDs. At a high level, this is merely duplicating the paging mechanisms all operating systems already provide. However, Intel claims that the heuristics used by Memory Drive Technology can far outperform those currently used by operating systems to manage swap space residing on storage that is far slower than Optane SSDs. On some workloads Intel Memory Drive Technology can offer performance approaching that of an all-DRAM memory pool of equal capacity, though this will depend highly on the specific application workload.
Intel Memory Drive Technology has a substantial capacity overhead: a 375GB Optane SSD can provide up to 320GB of virtual memory. Multiple Optane SSDs can be used to provide virtual memory up to ten times the system's DRAM capacity, though Intel recommends Optane to DRAM ratios between 3:1 and 8:1. When multiple CPUs or Optane SSDs are in use, the Memory Drive Technology software will take into account non-uniform memory access (NUMA) effects and attempt to optimize data placement to put data in the DRAM or Optane SSD that is closest to the core using it. By default, the Memory Drive Technology software will present to the guest OS a NUMA topology equivalent to the underlying DRAM configuration plus a pool of memory that is not local to any of the processors, with capacity equal to the virtual memory provided by the Optane SSDs. However, this is implemented purely for the sake of allowing NUMA-aware software to adapt its usage patterns; regardless of the NUMA configuration seen by the guest software, the Memory Drive Technology software will not be statically allocating specific address ranges to DRAM or Optane storage. The approach taken by the Memory Drive Technology software allows operating systems and applications to function without modification and without requiring Optane-specific optimizations, but it also means there is no way for applications that are NUMA-aware or use system calls like madvise to communicate directly with the real memory allocator.
The full licensing cost structure for Intel Memory Drive Technology is not clear, but the MSRP for a 375GB P4800X bundled with Memory Drive Technology is $1951 compared to $1520 for the SSD alone. The Memory Drive Technology hypervisor must be booted from a USB device or an IDE-compatible storage controller, and the guest operating system cannot be booted in UEFI mode. Intel Xeon E5-x6xx v2 or later and E7- x8xx v2 or later processors are supported.
Future 3D XPoint-based Optane products on Intel's roadmap include Optane Memory cache drives for the client/consumer segment, due in Q2 of this year. They will also be followed by larger Optane SSDs for the client market. DIMMs featuring 3D XPoint memory are planned for 2018.
Eden-K121D - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
Meh. A huge downgrade from their initial presentation
Billy Tallis - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
I think the problem is mainly that Intel didn't do enough to emphasize the difference between the performance of the memory cell itself versus the performance achievable from an entire drive with a controller and with protocol overhead. The PCIe bus doesn't really allow for a 1000x improvement in latency over existing NVMe SSDs. We'll have to wait for the 3D XPoint DIMMs before we can conclusively declare that they've missed that performance goal.
It does look like the endurance is falling well short of their projections, but the density has pretty much hit the target.
eSyr - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
> PCIe bus doesn't really allow for a 1000x improvement in latency over existing NVMe SSDs
Bullshit. PCIe 3.0 has a round-trip latency less than 300 ns and sustained bandwidth more than 11 GB/s for 64-bit reads and more than 15 GB/s for 4K reads, it's more than sustained bandwidth of single DDR4 channel.
IntelUser2000 - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
Yes, the hardware latency might be low, but it's the software part that slows it down. Even Intel's own presentations show this.
https://www.google.ca/search?q=3d+xpoint&clien...
Besides, if there truly was no difference between having it on a DIMM format and PCI Express, why not simplify things and put DDR4 on PCI Express as well?
ddriver - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
PCIE is really serial bulk transfer, whereas RAM is... well, Random Access. Plus the additional interface overhead, rather than having the MC directly connected to the CPU it will have to go through the PCIE protocol too. Plus eating up from the CPUs IO bandwidth to the point of starving the rest of the system.
It will likely be faster in DIMM mode, not but that much because it avoids the bottleneck of PCIE per se, but because of the increased parallelism and the direct connection to the CPU via the MC.
Bullwinkle J Moose - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
All I want is long term storage
Give me a 20TB external X-Point backup drive with a write protect switch and enough onboard RAM to handle temporary writes while in READ ONLY mode
....and I want it for less than $200
Otherwise, just give me a PCIe 4.0 X 16 X-Point Drive for gaming with 30GB/sec load speeds for the same price
Using this for persistent RAM makes no sense to me
persistent malware will be there forever
Latencies should improve "somewhat" over Flash based SSD's for gaming (regardless of interface) but I'm looking for better load times and LONG TERM storage!
AT A MUCHHHHH LOWER PRICE!
kawmic - Monday, March 20, 2017 - link
I'm with you man! Way too expensive.
clamor - Tuesday, March 28, 2017 - link
If X-Point is so close in speed to RAM, why not eliminate RAM altogether? No loading needed, just access it directly off the storage device.
Samus - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
Serial memory interfaces have come and gone (Rambus) but HBM is serial. The bus is just ultra wide to make up for it. However, latency is definitely slower and that needs to be compensated for by the memory controller (currently, GPU's)
I think Intel's approach here won't be limited by PCIe. Not in the least. Current Xpoint is turning out to be pretty low performance from what we were all (I think) speculating. It turns out it's benefits are durability (30 DWPD!) and low latency due to a simplified indirection table to read/write architecture that writes to cells not pages. This is very cool, but is simply out of the realm of most platforms. Even PCIe SSD's are overkill for most applications because unless you are hosting a database, or manipulating large files (large random IO) a SATA3 SSD already performs well enough to host an OS and applications. After all the entire Windows 10 OS can be transferred over SATA3 in 6 seconds, and you only need to read about 1GB into memory to complete a boot to login.
Most large game maps are 2-3GB total (textures to load into VRAM) and they can only be done 3-5 seconds faster by the fastest mainstream NVMe drive over the fastest mainstream SATA3 drive (1800MB/sec vs 560MB/sec)
That's the most reasonable scenario a desktop user is going to notice a large enough difference to justify the cost of NVMe.
This will change in the future as programs get larger but the cost to NVMe still isn't justifyable for the majority of applications.
TelstarTOS - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link
"pretty low performance" has to be seen yet. If the numbers at QD1 and QD2 are about half those announced at QD16 it will be awesome in a real world scenario.


Wolf + Wren Press duo Liz Wolf and Lauren Stapleton collaborate to produce clever and delightful letterpress goods to celebrate a birthday. their cards incorporate printed handwriting and unique drawings. The end result is a look and feel that complements the art of letterpress printing. They strive to combine good ideas with diligent planning, elbow grease, patience, and a lot of fun in each of their products.


My name is Tyson Bradley. I was born and raised near Vancouver, Canada. Growing up in a non-Christian home, I lived my first 14 years outside of the Church. I became a Christian through attending a Christian ice hockey camp.
I was married to my wonderful wife, Alexandra, in May 2014. In June 2014, a few weeks after our marriage, we moved from Vancouver, Canada to London, UK. I am the Director of Apologetics UK, preach in various locations, and serve as a full-time City Missionary with London City Mission.


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Elvis's 40 Year Reign (1958-1959)
| April 4, 2017
WWE: Another Former World Champion Returning?
WrestleZone.com is reporting that former WWE and World Heavyweight Champion Dave "Batista" Bautista is currently in talks with Triple H about a potential, short-term return to the WWE similar to what WWE is doing with Brock Lesnar, Chris Jericho, & Rob Van Dam. Triple H and Batista have been discussing creative ideas to stage Batista's return to the company, which could last anywhere from 90 to 180 days.
Batista has not been seen in the WWE since the May 24, 2010 episode of RAW where he "quit" the WWE following a loss to WWE Champion John Cena in an "I Quit" Match at that year's Over The Limit pay-per-view. In reality, "The Animal" opted to finish up his obligations to the WWE so he could pursue an acting and MMA career. During his initial WWE run from 2002- 2010, Batista was a six-time World Champion, having won the WWE Championship twice and the World Heavyweight Championship four times. Batista was also the winner of the 2005 Royal Rumble Match and is a four-time tag team champion, having held the World Tag Team Titles on three separate occasions with Ric Flair (twice) and once with John Cena, as well as a reign with Rey Mysterio as the WWE Tag Team Champions.
Would you be interested in seeing Batista return to the WWE? Post your comments in the box below.
BatistaWWE Returns


recabling, feeder installation, termination and testing.
also involved with the cutover for their new Cisco Switch.
Precision Fiber Optics installed the complete structured network cabling for Spectra Logic's two newest buildings in Gunbarrel. The work included fiber optics and cable tray for their state of the art Developmental Lab. Structured cabling for new 82,000 sq ft. corporate headquarters. The project included 520 2 wire drops, a state of the art data center, 6 IDF closets and 120 fiber optic cables.
Precision Fiber Optics provided the network wiring for their 100 seat call center in Centennial. PFO currently supports the moves, adds and changes. Precision FiberOptics also supports all moves, adds and changes for DaVita's 15 story Downtown building.


Meanwhile, British Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal understanding suffered another better in council where it was rejected Tuesday dusk by 149 votes.
While a track brazen appears uncertain, May has already betrothed dual some-more votes this week for lawmakers to confirm if a U.K. should leave a 28-member confederation with no deal, or ask a check to a depart — that is now scheduled for Mar. 29.
The British bruise tumbled from levels above $1.32 to an progressing low of $1.3057. At 2:36 p.m. HK/SIN, argent traded during $1.3091.
"Tomorrow a House will opinion on either to leave a European Union but any agreement," Joseph Capurso, comparison banking strategist during a Commonwealth Bank of Australia, wrote in a Wednesday morning note.
He pronounced that if lawmakers voted to leave but a deal, that is ordinarily referred to as a tough Brexit, a bruise could tumble 4 to 8 percent. "It is critical to note a infancy of MP's are opposite a tough Brexit," Capurso added.
Other banking strategists urged investors to stay defensive on a British pound.
The dollar index, that measures a greenback opposite a basket of a peers, traded during 96.999, after dropping from levels above 97.200 in a prior week.
Elsewhere, a Japanese yen, deliberate a protected breakwater currency, traded during 111.30 to a dollar after strengthening from levels nearby 111.60 final week.


Written by Aaron Smith, Young Life leader at Towson High School in Baltimore County, MD.
We had an incredible Campaigners last week and wanted to share what we did because it was a little different than a typical meeting.
before we started club, to study Acts 2:42-47.
We wanted to have a community like Paul speaks of in that passage of scripture.
Each week, we took a section and spent half the time discussing it, and the other half the time, actually doing it.
When we talked about fellowship and breaking of bread, we cooked and ate together. We simply made spaghetti (super easy) and had a sign-up sheet the week before and had each kid bring something (to show how they provided and gave to each other like it says in scripture).
We then had the leaders cook the spaghetti while the kids set the table, and made the salad and got each other drinks and just hung out. It got really fun when our Campaigners started talking to each other, working together, and sharing their lives with each other. We saw kids who would never talk to each other eating next to each other and laughing and enjoying life together.
Another week we focused on "devoting ourselves to prayer." We all met up at the usual house we meet at for Campaigners and then caravan-ed over to the local reservoir to watch the sunset. We had a short discussion on prayer and worship, read scripture on the topic, played worship music over a speaker, and let our friends worship God in His creation and beauty of the incredible sunset. It was awesome to read scripture talking about God's beauty and power and then look up to see a magnificent sunset.
For our last week, we had someone teach on vision and we talked about practical ways to invite friends to be a part of Young Life.
After starting the school year together this way, our Campaigners community is the strongest it has ever been since I started leading!


I would like all the lucky knitters who went to MSWF to answer a questions. I would like to know if you saw this particular breed of sheep …. I saw them on television the other night.
That ad freaks me out every time I see it! Creeeeepy!
It is disturbing, yes. Not quite as disturbing as the icky little old guy in the Six Flags ads, but weird.
I have here to fore managed to miss this ad. It's not a happy visual I'm imagining in my head.
I didn't see any sheep like that but tons of other cute ones. Wish you were there too.
Awww, you were definitely missed at the fest this year… we will make up for it at Rhinebeck!


・Could I have a cup of coffee, please?
・Could I have a medium coffee to go?
・Can I get a small latte for here?
・Can I have a large, sugar-free, non-fat latte, please?
・I'd like a large mocha, please.
・Do you have decaffeinated coffee?
・Would you like to grab a coffee this weekend?
・Are you up for a coffee next week?
・Are you free for a coffee sometime in the next few weeks?
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Results for: category: [x] General Histories and References
Showing: 76 - 100 (of 206)
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Gallagher, Sharon; line drawings by Christopher Finch.	Inside the Personal Computer, an illustrated introduction in 3 dimensions, a pop-up guide; a pop-up book, 1984.
Item no. M782. Abbeville Press 1984, Cross River Press, 10 pages with pop ups and illustrations.
George, F. H.	Automation, Cybernetics and Society.
Item no. C06401. Philosophical Library, NY, 1959 283 pages, index, illustrations.
Gipe, George A.	Nearer to the Dust -- copyright and the machine.
Item no. B145. The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore MD 1967, first edition; 290 pages, index.
Goldstine, Herman H.	The Computer From Pascal to von Neumann.
Item no. CG1016. Princeton University Press, NJ 1972, first edition; 378 pages, Index, Appendices, Photographs.
Goodman, Richard (editor), International Tracts in Computer Science and Technology vol 2.	Annual Review in Automatic Programming volume 2 1961.
Item no. C8809. Pergamon Press, London & NY 1961; 394 pages, appendix, diagrams, references.
Grabbe, Eugene ; Simon Ramo ; Dean E Wooldridge, Grabbe, Ramo, Wooldridge editors.	Handbook of Automation Computation and Control, 3 volumes, hardcovers in dustjacket.
Item no. C06231. John Wiley & Sons NY 1958 - 1961; illus, appendices, references.
Gray, Susan.	Hypertext and the Technology of Conversation -- orderly situational choice.
Item no. C4032. Greenwood Press, CT 1993 first edition; 261 pages, index, bibliography, log-notes, some illustrations.
Greenberger, Martin, editor.	Computers, Communications and the Public Interest (1971).
Item no. R154. Johns Hopkins Press MD 1971, 315 pages, index, sources.
Gutenmakher, L I, translated from the Russian by Rosalind Kent, edited by Allen Kent.	Electronic Information - Logic Machines.
Item no. B445. Interscience, Wiley & Sons, NY 1963, first edition; 170 pages, index, diagrams, references.
Gutterman, Milton; and Roert Hollitch, editors.	Computer Applications 1962, proceedings of the 1962 Computer Applications Symposium.
Item no. M650. Spartan Books, Baltimore MD 1964 stated first printing; 224 pages, some diagrams, references at ends of papers.
Hall, J A P, editor, Proceedings of a conference on The Computing Laboratory in the Technical College.	Computers in Education, 1962.
Item no. CH3159. MacMillan Co, London & NY, Pergamon Press, 1962, first edition; 122 pages, Index, references,
Hartree, Douglas R.	Calculating Instruments and Machines, 1949 first edition.
Item no. M711. Univ Illinois Press, Urbana, 1949; first edition;.
Hartree, Douglas R.	Calculating Instruments and Machines, second printing 1953.
Item no. C810987. Univ of Illinois Press, 1949, second printing 1953; 138 pages, diagrams, photographs.
Hartree, Douglas R.	Calculating Machines; and, Calculating Instruments and Machines; volume 6 Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing.
Item no. B593. CBI , MIT, 1984, 40, 138, index, references; orig. publications of Hartree 1949, new introduction by Maurice Wilkes; ISBN 0-262-08147-4.
Harvard Business Review; Salerno, editor.	Catching Up with the Computer Revolution, Harvard Business Review Executive Book series.
Item no. B299. HBR, Wiley NY 1983 first edition; 531 pages, index, some illustrations.
Harvard Computation Laboratory, New introduction by I. Bernard Cohen.	A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator by the Harvard Computation Laboratory; Charles Babbage Institute Reprint series for the History of Computing, volume 8.
Item no. B540. CBI, MN, MIT Press Massachusetts, 1985 ISBN 0-262-01084-4, 585 pages, 8x10, bibliography, index.
Haskins & Sells.	Data Processing by Electronics, 1955 - a basic guide for the understanding and use of a new technique, 1955.
Item no. B850. Haskins & Sells 1955, 113 pages.
Higman, Bryan.	A Comparative Study of Programming Languages, Macdonald Computer Monographs.
Item no. C810991. Macdonald, London, 1967; 164 pages, Index, bibliography.
Hodges, Andrew.	Alan Turing the enigma (1984 edition, large thick softcover).
Item no. R379. Touchstone, Simon & Schuster NY 1983, 1984; 587 pages, index, notes section.
Holland, Wade B (editor).	Soviet Cybernetics Review, 7 original issues, February 1970, March 1970, April 1970, May 1970, June 1970, July 1970, September 1970.
Item no. B451. RAND Corp., Santa Monica CA, 1970; 42 to 48 pages each issue, double-column text, diagrams and some photographs.
Holland, Wade B (editor).	Soviet Cybernetics Review, volume 3 number 12, 1969 (index).
Item no. B150. The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica CA 1969, a report prepared for United States Air Force Project RAND, RM-6000/12-PR; 21 pages, double-column text.
Horsburgh, E. M (editor).	Handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Celebration or Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation Volume 3 CBI Reprint Series for the History of Computing.
Item no. B792. Tomash Publishers, 1982; ISBN 0-262-08141-5, Charles Babbage Institute for the History of Computing, 384 pages, illustrations, notes.
Howard, James.	Electronic Information Displays for Management 1966 with photographs of equipment etc.
Item no. C811048. American Data Processing Inc, Detroit MI 1966 stated first edition; 110 pages, double column text, illustrations, photographs throughout.
Hyde, Margaret.	Computers That Think? -- the search for artificial intelligence.
Item no. R433. Enslow Publishers, NJ, 1982, 126 pages, photographs and diagrams.
IBM Systems Journal.	IBM Systems Journal Vol 39 nos. 3 and 4, 2000 special issue on MIT Media Laboratory 15th Anniversary of the Media Lab.
Item no. C811208. IBM Armonk NY 2000; pp 415 - 941 inclusive; photographs, diagrams, References at ends of papers; double-column text.


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Join us at our downtown San Francisco home for a day of FREE sample classes! Bring the whole family and enjoy dance for kids, teens and adults. Plus experience a special Intermediate Ballet class with Charles Torres. Sweat, move and groove as you celebrate dance in the Bay Area with LINES Ballet.
Enjoy special Athleta giveaways and raffles at our Open House!


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» Putting Google Before Wikipedia in Gnome 3 integrated search.
Putting Google Before Wikipedia in Gnome 3 integrated search.
This is just a little hack. Hopefully others might find it useful.
When utilizing Gnome 3's integrated search feature the user also has the option to search for what they're looking for either from Wikipedia or Google. Apparently Gnome 3 is reading these search providers in from the xml files in /usr/share/gnome-shell/search_providers and they appear in reverse alphabetical order.
It would be much more useful for me if Google was the default search instead of Wikipedia. So I simply renamed the file google.xml to xoogle.xml so it would come after wikipedia in alphabetical order.
Re: Putting Google Before Wikipedia in Gnome 3 integrated search.


Shankar Ramakrishnan directorial Pathinettam Padi starring Mammootty is an action-packed campus drama.
No teaser or trailer, not even a poster. All that was needed to bring up the buzz on Mammootty's upcoming action drama Pathinettam Padi, was a single still of the actor from the sets of the film. On Sunday night, Mammootty shared a picture of himself standing in front of the Athirapally falls, clad in a casual black and white attire with his hair tied into a ponytail. The actor plays a character named John Abraham Palakkal, a professor from the Stanford University.
As Mammootty's character of John is based out of Central Travancore, fans can expect the actor to speak in the same dialect of the surroundings. Contrary to usual cameos, his character here will have enough space for humour, action and a good load of emotions as well. AR Rahman's nephew AH Kaashif is the composer for this project, and is said to have a come up with a grand score that will add huge value to the film. Reports have been flowing around that Prithviraj, Arya and Tovino Thomas will be seen in little guest appearances, but there is no official word on their inclusion yet. If all goes well, Pathinettam Padi will hit the screens in the third quarter of the year.


"I promise!""I went into the house across the street and met a Goddess.
I learned a lot of things while I was staying there with her.
Then, she allowed me to live my own life all by myself.
Sometimes I gave severe punishments to bad people.
"I've to go now. See you next time."A few years later, the shadow visited the scholar again.
The scholar was writing a book, but he was so sad because no one read his book.
"No one can understand my book." "You have to take a rest. Let's go to a spa. I will pay for the trip for you.
After long thinking about the shadow's suggestion, the scholar decided to go on the trip and be a shadow.
There were lots of people in the spa, and a princess was one of them.
She met the shadow. She liked him very much because he knew everything.
"You look so smart."The princess decided to get married to the shadow.
The shadow met the scholar and said, "I am going to marry the princess.
"No, that doesn't make any sense. You are MY shadow."The shadow put the scholar in prison, and then he told the princess.
"My shadow is out of his mind. He kept insisting that I am his shadow.
"Yes, you need to help him."The princess and the shadow finally got married.
But the scholar died in prison.
Whatever comes your way, don't forget to keep your self-esteem.