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Zootecnia • Rev. Caatinga 29 (3) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n325rc copy
PERFORMANCE AND QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CARCASS TRAITS IN PIGS FED ON CANOLA MEAL1 1 - Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author.
DESEMPENHO E CARACTERÍSTICAS QUANTITATIVAS E QUALITATIVAS DE CARCAÇA DE SUÍNOS ALIMENTADOS COM FARELO DE CANOLA
LINA MARÍA PEÑUELA SIERRA
Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, TOL, Colombia; linapenuela@gmail.com.
IVAN MOREIRA
Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil; imoreirai@gmail.com, adritonyv@yahoo.es, lemondedelaura28@hotmail.com, clodoaldocostafilho@yahoo.com.br.
PAULO LEVI DE OLIVEIRA CARVALHO
Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil; paulolevi@yahoo.com.br.
Corresponding author; e-mail: paulolevi@yahoo.com.br
ADRIANA GOMEZ GALLEGO
LAURA MARCELA DIAZ HUEPA
CLODOALDO DE LIMA COSTA FILHO
Two experiments were performed for the purpose of determining the nutritional value and assess the performance and carcass traits in pigs fed on canola meal (Brassica napus). Experiment I consisted of a total digestibility trial conducted with 14 castrated commercial crossbred male pigs with 60.69 ± 4.26 kg initial live weight. The treatments consisted of a control diet based on maize and soybean meal and another diet containing canola meal (control + 25% canola meal). Each pig was an experimental unit, totalling seven experimental units per diet. The digestible energy and the metabolizable energy of canola meal used was 2,999 and 2,730 kcal.kg-1, respectively. These values were used to formulate the diets of the performance experiment. Experiment II included 50 crossbred pigs with an average initial live weight of 29.90 ± 1.16 kg and an average final live weight of 60.33 ± 3.38 kg during the growing phase, and an average initial live weight of 60.37 ± 1.6 kg and an average final live weight of 90.37 ± 3.19 kg during the finishing phase. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four treatments (6, 12, 18, and 24% canola meal), 10 repetitions, and one pig per experimental unit. The control diet was formulated with 0% canola meal. The data were assessed using ANOVA test and the averages of the treatments were compared using Dunnett's test and regression analysis at a 5% probability level. The results suggest that it is possible to use up to 24% canola meal in the diets for pigs during the growing and finishing phases without affecting the performance and carcass traits.
Protein food; Canola meal; Pigs
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e avaliar o desempenho e características da carcaça de suínos alimentados com farelo de canola (Brassica napus). No Experimento I, foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade total com 14 suínos mestiços de linhagem comercial, machos castrados, com 60,69 ± 4,26 kg de PV inicial. O alimento teste farelo de canola (FC), substituiu em 25% a ração referência à base de milho e farelo de soja. Cada suíno constituiu uma unidade experimental, totalizando sete unidades experimentais por ração. Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) na matéria natural para o FC foram de 2995 kcal/kg e 2796 kcal/kg, respectivamente. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 50 suínos mestiços, com peso vivo inicial de 29,90 ± 1,16 kg e final de 60,33 ± 3,38 kg, na fase de crescimento, e peso vivo inicial de 60,37 ± 1,6 kg e final de 90,37 ± 3,19 kg na fase de terminação. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro tratamentos, (6, 12, 18 e 24% de FC), com 10 repetições e um suíno por unidade experimental. Adicionalmente, foi formulada uma ração testemunha, contendo 0% de FC. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e adicionalmente foi aplicado o Teste de Dunnett, e análise de regressão, a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados sugerem que é possível incluir até 24% de FC nas dietas de suínos, em crescimento e terminação, sem prejudicar o desempenho e as características da carcaça.
Alimento protéico; Farelo de Canola; Suínos
Brazil is the fourth world producer and exporter of pigs and, in 2010, per capita pig consumption was 14.8 kg (ABIPECS, 2011). Soybean meal (Glycine max) is the most used protein source to formulate diets for pigs (CROMWELL, 2010CROMWELL, G. L. Feeding swine. In: KELLEMS, R. O.; CHURCH, D. C. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. Prentice-Hall, 6. ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010, p. 244-284.). However, due to its high cost, it is necessary to evaluate other protein sources, such as canola (Brassica napus), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
Canola is a rapeseed cultivar (Brassica napus) that contains low levels of glucosinolates in the seed (<3 μg g-1) and erucic acid in the oil (<2%) (Bell, 1993BELL, J. M. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 73, n .4, p. 326-333, 1993.). In Brazil, its cultivation has been increasing as an option for the winter harvest and the production of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (SANTOS; BASSO, 1990SANTOS, A. C.; BASSO, L. C. Composição química e qualidade nutricional do concentrado protéico de colza. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia, Curitiba, v. 33, n. 4, p. 879-893, 1990.).
Canola meal (CM) is a by-product of oil extraction and has a great content of sulphur amino acids, ether extract, fibres, calcium, phosphorus (Keith & Bell, 1991KEITH, M. O.; BELL, J. M. Composition and digestibility of canola press cake as a feedstuff for use in swine diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 71, n. 3, p. 879-885, 1991.), and vitamins of the B complex (niacin, thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, and biotin), compared with soybean meal (BELL, 1993BELL, J. M. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 73, n .4, p. 326-333, 1993.). However, it has limiting factors, such as the production of metabolites of glucosinolates, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, phenolic compounds, and tannins (TESKEREDZIC et al., 1995TESKEREDZIC, Z. et al. Assessment of undephytinized and dephytinized rapeseed protein concentrate as souces of dietary protein for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Amsterdan, v. 132, n. 2, p. 261-277, 1995.).
The goal of the present study was to assess the nutritional value of CM in diets for growing- finishing pigs and its effects on performance and carcass traits.
The experiments were carried out in the swine sector of Iguatemi Experimental Farm, Agricultural Sciences Centre of the State University of Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil (23°21' S, 52°04' W; 564 m altitude).
Were conducted two experiments. The first assessed the total digestibility of CM and the second assessed the performance of growing-finishing pigs and carcass traits. The CM was acquired in an agroindustrial firm of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The experimental procedures and the use of animals were previously approved by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Maringá, Approval Certificate No. 136/2010.
The digestibility experiment was carried out from March to April 2010 assessing 14 castrated commercial crossbred male pigs with initial live weight of 60.69 ± 4.26 kg. The pigs were housed in individual metabolism crates under controlled environment. The digestibility trial lasted 15 days, ten for adaptation and five for collecting faeces and urine. The control diet consisted of maize (72.97%), soybean meal (24.45%), salt (0.570%), calcium carbonate (0.635%), dicalcium phosphate (0.875%), and mineral-vitamin supplement (0.50%). These components were formulated according to the requirements proposed by Rostango et al. (2005). Were used two diets (treatments): control; and control (75%) with addition of CM (25%) performing seven repetitions per treatment.
Provision of diets and collection of faeces and urine were performed according to the method proposed by Sakomura and Rostagno (2007SAKOMURA, N. K.; ROSTAGNO, H. S. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal: Funep. 2007. 283p.). During the collection period, feed intake was calculated based on the metabolic weight (kg0.75) of each pig and the average consumption recorded during the adaptation period (approximately seven days).
Feed was provided at 8 a.m. (55%) and 3 p.m. (45%). It was moistened with water (20%) to avoid waste, reduce exposure to dust, and improve consumption. After each meal, were provided 3 mL of water/g-1 feed.
To set the beginning and the end of the faeces collection procedure, were used 3% iron oxide (Fe3O2) as faecal marker (SAKOMURA; ROSTAGNO, 2007SAKOMURA, N. K.; ROSTAGNO, H. S. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal: Funep. 2007. 283p.) and faeces were collected once a day, packed in plastic bags and stored in a freezer (-18 °C). Subsequently, each sample was homogenized and dried (approximately 350g) in a forced-ventilation oven (55 °C) and ground in a blade mill (1 mm sieve). Urine was collected in plastic buckets with 20 mL of HCI solution (1:1) to avoid bacterial growth and nutrient losses by volatilization. The analyses of feed and faeces were performed according to the procedures described by Silva and Queiroz (2002SILVA, D. J.; QUEIROZ, A. C. Análise de alimentos - métodos químicos e biológicos3. ed. Viçosa, MG: UFV , 2002. 235p.). Total energy values were determined by adiabatic calorimetry (Parr Instrument Compant, Illinois, USA). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DMDC), energy (EDC), protein (PDC), and organic matter (OMDC) were calculated according to the method proposed by Moreira et al. (1994MOREIRA, I. et al. Determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade, valores energéticos e índices de controle de qualidade do milho e da soja integral processados pelo calor. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , Viçosa, v. 23, n. 4, p. 916-929, 1994.).
Experiment II assessed the performance during the growing (30-60 kg) and finishing (60 to 90 kg) phases and was carried out from July 2010 to February 2011. During the experiment, the minimum average temperature was 18.8 ± 2.32 °C and the maximum 29.1 ± 4.11 °C. Were used 50 commercial crossbred pigs whose average initial live weight was 29.90 ± 1.16 kg and the average finishing live weight was 60.33 ± 3.38 kg during the growing phase. During the finishing phase, the average initial live weight was 60.37 ± 1.46 and the average final live weight was 90.37 ± 3.19 kg. The pigs were housed in brick sheds divided into two sectors, each with 10 pens (7.60 m2 each) separated by a central corridor. Each pen had pacifier-type drinkers at the back and single feeders at the front, which provided free access to feed and water. The diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. The treatments consisted of four diets (6, 12, 18, and 24% CM) and a control diet (0% CM). The diets (Tables 1 and 2) were formulated as recommended by Rostagno et al. (2005ROSTAGNO, H. S. et al. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais2. ed., Viçosa, MG: UFV, 2005. 186p.) for growing-finishing pigs. We assessed the ileal digestibility to determine the digestible amino acids of the CM and the results were used to formulate the diets. Were determined the levels of protein, phosphorus, and calcium in maize and soybean meal samples at the Laboratory of Food and Animal Nutrition Analysis, State University of Maringa, Paraná, Brazil. The metabolizable energy values were those cited by Rostagno et al. (2005). The values of digestible amino acids of maize and soybean meal were calculated using true amino acid digestibility coefficients reported by Rostagno et al. (2005).
The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four treatments (6, 12, 18, and 24% CM), 10 repetitions, and one pig per experimental unit. The pigs were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Were determined the daily feed intake, the daily weight gain, and calculated the feed:gain ratio of each pig.
However, Moreira et al. (1996MOREIRA, I et al. Utilização do farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos na fase total de crescimento e terminação (61 a 141 dias). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , Viçosa, v. 25, n. 4, p. 697-712, 1996.) worked with growing-finishing pigs and concluded that there was a reduction in the performance of the pigs according to increased CM levels in the diets. These authors linked this behaviour to the fact that CM contains high levels of crude fibre that can impair the performance. Thacker and Newkirk (2005THACKER, P. A.; NEWKIRK, R. W. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 85, n. 1, p. 53-59, 2005.) worked with growing-finishing pigs (28.7 to 107.4 kg of live weight) and observed that there was a reduction in daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio during the growing phase when they completely replaced soybean meal with CM as a protein source. In the finishing phase, total replacement did not affect daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed: gain ratio.
On the other hand, Roth-Maier et al. (2004) observed an improvement trend in the yield variables of growing animals with increased levels of CM inclusion (0-26%). However, there was a linear decrease in daily gain weight as the CM level increased (0-17%). Gomes et al. (1998GOMES, P. C. et al. Uso do farelo de canola para suínos na fase de terminação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 27, n. 4, p. 749-753, 1998.) observed that it was possible to include 15% of CM in the diet of finishing pigs, whereas Brand et al. (2001BRAND, T. S.; BRANDT, D. A.; CRUYWAGEN, C. W. Utilization of growing-finishing pig diets containing high levels of solvent or expeller oil extracted canola meal. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Lahore, v. 44, n. 1, p. 31-35. 2001.) concluded that the inclusion of 24% for pigs with 25 to 84 kg live weight did not affect the performance. The experiment carried out by Zanotto et al. (2009ZANOTTO, D. et al. Utilização do farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Archivos de Zootecnia, Córdoba, v. 58, n. 224, p. 717-728, 2009.) showed a detrimental effect on the feed: gain ratio during the growing phase and a limitation in the daily feed intake during the finishing phase when high levels of CD (replacement level above 40% of soybean meal) were included to replace soybean meal.
Results obtained by Seneviratne et al. (2010SENEVIRATNE, R. W. et al. The nutritional value of expeller-pressed canola meal for grower-finisher pigs. Journal Animal Science, Champaign, v. 88, n. 6, p. 2073-2083, 2010.) were similar to those of the present study. They assessed pigs fed on diets containing a maximum of 23% CD during the growing phase and found no when they increased the level of CM inclusion in finishing pigs, the daily weight gain decreased linearly and feed: gain ratio worsened. With regard to the quantitative carcass traits (Table 4), none of the variables was influenced by the addition of CD (p ≥0.05).
Dunnett's test indicated that there was no difference (p ≥0.05) between the levels of CM inclusion and the control diet (0% CM) for most variables. However, for the variables 'hot carcass weight' and 'cold carcass weight', the values were lower (p ≤0.05) between inclusion levels of 12, 18, and 24% for hot carcass weight and between 18 and 24% for cold carcass weight compared with the control diet. This result is due to the lower weight of these animals at sacrifice. However, special attention should be given to these variables. Losses during cooling represent an important value related to the percentage of carcass water loss in the refrigerator (BRIDI; SILVA, 2009BRIDI, A. M.; SILVA. C. A. Avaliação da Carne Suína. 2. ed. Londrina, PR: Midigraft, 2009. 120p.). Therefore, these results indicate that up to 24% of CM inclusion in the diets does not affect the quantitative carcass traits in pigs.
The results obtained in the present study are similar to those obtained by Gomes et al. (1998GOMES, P. C. et al. Uso do farelo de canola para suínos na fase de terminação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 27, n. 4, p. 749-753, 1998.), Roth-Maier et al. (2004), and Thacker and Newkirk (2005THACKER, P. A.; NEWKIRK, R. W. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 85, n. 1, p. 53-59, 2005.), which did not show any effect of the CM level replacing soybean meal on the carcass traits assessed in growing-finishing pigs. Rojo et al. (2001ROJO, G. A. et al. Canola meal as a protein supplement in diets for finishing pigs. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, Tulancingo, v. 39, n. 2, p. 179-192, 2001.) assessed the potential of partial (50%) or total (100%) replacement of soybean meal with CM and the effects on pigs sacrificed at 100 kg live weight. They reported that carcass yield, meat percentage, and backfat thickness were not affect by the treatments. However, Brand et al. (2001BRAND, T. S.; BRANDT, D. A.; CRUYWAGEN, C. W. Utilization of growing-finishing pig diets containing high levels of solvent or expeller oil extracted canola meal. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Lahore, v. 44, n. 1, p. 31-35. 2001.) assessed the carcasses of lightweight pigs (up to 85 kg live weight) including high CM levels. They found a reduction in backfat thickness, increase in the percentage of carcass meat, and reduction in the carcass performance.
In addition, Zanotto et al. (2009ZANOTTO, D. et al. Utilização do farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Archivos de Zootecnia, Córdoba, v. 58, n. 224, p. 717-728, 2009.) reported that the inclusion of CM in the diet resulted in carcasses with lower meat yield. With the exception of colour (a*), lightness (L*), and tonality (b*) of the longissimus muscle, none of the other qualitative meat traits (Table 5) were influenced by the inclusion of CM (p ≥0.05).
There was a linear decrease (p≤0.05) in lightness (L*) and tonality (b*) of the longissimus muscle as the CM level increased in the diet. Dunnett's test indicated differences (p ≤0.05) between the levels of CM inclusion and the control diet (0% CM) with respect to muscle colour.
With respect to lightness (L*), the inclusion of 18 and 24% of CM exhibited difference (p ≤0.05) with respect to 0% CM. For the variables saturation (a*) and tonality (b*), the inclusion of 24% CM showed differences (p ≤0.05) compared to 0%. Dunnett's test did not show difference (p ≥0.05) in the other qualitative muscle traits.
Rojo et al. (2001ROJO, G. A. et al. Canola meal as a protein supplement in diets for finishing pigs. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, Tulancingo, v. 39, n. 2, p. 179-192, 2001.) reported that high canola levels darkens the meat. However, some authors (HERTZMANN et al., 1988HERTZMANN, C. L.; GORANSSON, R. H. Influence of fishmeal, rapeseed and rapeseed meal in the feed on the fatty acid composition and storage stability of porcine adipose tissue. Meat Science, Illinois, v. 23, n. 1, p. 53-64, 1988.; BELL et al., 1991BELL, J. M.; KEITH, M. O.; HUTCHESON, D. S. Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolate canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 71, n. 2, p. 497-506, 1991.; NRC, 1998) did not mention this risk when they used turnip paste with high levels of glucosinolates and rich in erucic acid. As a result, the possibilities of generating dark meat with CM would be less.
The addition of up to 24% CM did not interfere in the performance and quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. CM can be used as alternative protein source in the balancing of diets for pigs. However, it is important to conduct further studies to determine whether the cost-benefit ratio is adequate.
ABIPECS - Associação brasileira da indústria produtora e exportadora de carne suína. Estatística de produção. 2011. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.abipecs.org.br/news/263/135/Produtores-de-suinos-apostam-no-mercadointerno-em-2011.html >. Acesso em: 26 jul. 2011.
» http://www.abipecs.org.br/news/263/135/Produtores-de-suinos-apostam-no-mercadointerno-em-2011.html
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THACKER, P. A.; NEWKIRK, R. W. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , Saskatoon, v. 85, n. 1, p. 53-59, 2005.
ZANOTTO, D. et al. Utilização do farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Archivos de Zootecnia, Córdoba, v. 58, n. 224, p. 717-728, 2009.
- Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author.
Publication in this collection
Jul-Sep 2016
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
PAULO LEVI DE OLIVEIRA CARVALHO *
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido Avenida Francisco Mota, número 572, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, Cep: 5962-5900, Telefone: 55 (84) 3317-8297 - Mossoró - RN - Brazil
E-mail: caatinga@ufersa.edu.br
PERFORMANCE AND QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CARCASS TRAITS IN PIGS FED ON CANOLA MEAL


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Q: Bug(?): incorrect answer count In this Q&A at SO there are (at the time of writing this) 3, answers, while the text above the answers says (2 answers). The answers were all posted more than 15 minutes ago. (I have a screen shot, but can't upload it anywhere until I get home after work).
I have experienced this a couple of times before. Doesn't really matter a great deal for me, I can handle the situation, but felt that I'd better report it anyway.

A: typically, this is because authors delete / undelete their answers. That doesn't appear true in this case, which is odd -- although all three responses were posted in the same second, so maybe a collision in the database field increment?
At any rate, answer count is denormalized and gets updated daily by a cron job.

A: Here is another case: C# Style XML Comments in Delphi 2010. It has now 1 answer, but it does not say 1 Answer. Maybe better noticeable from the Delphi tag page. It shows red with zero answers.
And I doubt the question was asked and the answer given in the same second :)
edit: Or should I post a new question for the stackoverflow team to notice this new case?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import os
import tempfile
import unittest
import logging
from pyidf import ValidationLevel
import pyidf
from pyidf.idf import IDF
from pyidf.plant_heating_and_cooling_equipment import HeatPumpWaterToWaterParameterEstimationCooling

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class TestHeatPumpWaterToWaterParameterEstimationCooling(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.fd, self.path = tempfile.mkstemp()

    def tearDown(self):
        os.remove(self.path)

    def test_create_heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcooling(self):

        pyidf.validation_level = ValidationLevel.error

        obj = HeatPumpWaterToWaterParameterEstimationCooling()
        # alpha
        var_name = "Name"
        obj.name = var_name
        # node
        var_source_side_inlet_node_name = "node|Source Side Inlet Node Name"
        obj.source_side_inlet_node_name = var_source_side_inlet_node_name
        # node
        var_source_side_outlet_node_name = "node|Source Side Outlet Node Name"
        obj.source_side_outlet_node_name = var_source_side_outlet_node_name
        # node
        var_load_side_inlet_node_name = "node|Load Side Inlet Node Name"
        obj.load_side_inlet_node_name = var_load_side_inlet_node_name
        # node
        var_load_side_outlet_node_name = "node|Load Side Outlet Node Name"
        obj.load_side_outlet_node_name = var_load_side_outlet_node_name
        # real
        var_nominal_cop = 0.0001
        obj.nominal_cop = var_nominal_cop
        # real
        var_nominal_capacity = 0.0001
        obj.nominal_capacity = var_nominal_capacity
        # real
        var_minimum_part_load_ratio = 0.0
        obj.minimum_part_load_ratio = var_minimum_part_load_ratio
        # real
        var_maximum_part_load_ratio = 0.0
        obj.maximum_part_load_ratio = var_maximum_part_load_ratio
        # real
        var_optimum_part_load_ratio = 0.0
        obj.optimum_part_load_ratio = var_optimum_part_load_ratio
        # real
        var_load_side_flow_rate = 0.0001
        obj.load_side_flow_rate = var_load_side_flow_rate
        # real
        var_source_side_flow_rate = 0.0001
        obj.source_side_flow_rate = var_source_side_flow_rate
        # real
        var_load_side_heat_transfer_coefficient = 0.0001
        obj.load_side_heat_transfer_coefficient = var_load_side_heat_transfer_coefficient
        # real
        var_source_side_heat_transfer_coefficient = 0.0001
        obj.source_side_heat_transfer_coefficient = var_source_side_heat_transfer_coefficient
        # real
        var_piston_displacement = 0.0001
        obj.piston_displacement = var_piston_displacement
        # real
        var_compressor_clearance_factor = 0.0001
        obj.compressor_clearance_factor = var_compressor_clearance_factor
        # real
        var_compressor_suction_and_discharge_pressure_drop = 0.0001
        obj.compressor_suction_and_discharge_pressure_drop = var_compressor_suction_and_discharge_pressure_drop
        # real
        var_superheating = 0.0001
        obj.superheating = var_superheating
        # real
        var_constant_part_of_electromechanical_power_losses = 0.0001
        obj.constant_part_of_electromechanical_power_losses = var_constant_part_of_electromechanical_power_losses
        # real
        var_loss_factor = 0.0001
        obj.loss_factor = var_loss_factor
        # real
        var_high_pressure_cut_off = 0.0
        obj.high_pressure_cut_off = var_high_pressure_cut_off
        # real
        var_low_pressure_cut_off = 0.0
        obj.low_pressure_cut_off = var_low_pressure_cut_off

        idf = IDF()
        idf.add(obj)
        idf.save(self.path, check=False)

        with open(self.path, mode='r') as f:
            for line in f:
                log.debug(line.strip())

        idf2 = IDF(self.path)
        self.assertEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].name, var_name)
        self.assertEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].source_side_inlet_node_name, var_source_side_inlet_node_name)
        self.assertEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].source_side_outlet_node_name, var_source_side_outlet_node_name)
        self.assertEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].load_side_inlet_node_name, var_load_side_inlet_node_name)
        self.assertEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].load_side_outlet_node_name, var_load_side_outlet_node_name)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].nominal_cop, var_nominal_cop)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].nominal_capacity, var_nominal_capacity)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].minimum_part_load_ratio, var_minimum_part_load_ratio)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].maximum_part_load_ratio, var_maximum_part_load_ratio)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].optimum_part_load_ratio, var_optimum_part_load_ratio)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].load_side_flow_rate, var_load_side_flow_rate)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].source_side_flow_rate, var_source_side_flow_rate)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].load_side_heat_transfer_coefficient, var_load_side_heat_transfer_coefficient)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].source_side_heat_transfer_coefficient, var_source_side_heat_transfer_coefficient)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].piston_displacement, var_piston_displacement)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].compressor_clearance_factor, var_compressor_clearance_factor)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].compressor_suction_and_discharge_pressure_drop, var_compressor_suction_and_discharge_pressure_drop)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].superheating, var_superheating)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].constant_part_of_electromechanical_power_losses, var_constant_part_of_electromechanical_power_losses)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].loss_factor, var_loss_factor)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].high_pressure_cut_off, var_high_pressure_cut_off)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(idf2.heatpumpwatertowaterparameterestimationcoolings[0].low_pressure_cut_off, var_low_pressure_cut_off)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Leading passive house rooflight supplier DVS recently designed, supplied and installed two large Passive House Institute-certified glass roofs for the University of Leicester's Centre for Medicine, the largest non-residential building built to the passive house standard in the UK.
The head teachers of an East London school put their interest in sustainable building into practice by adding a new passive house extension — and the results already seem to be paying off for pupils.
PassivClass, a new passive-certified modular classroom in London, aims to end the days of cold and draughty school prefabs – including a structure made from reclaimed materials.
Following a successful World Green Building Week series of seminars and demonstrations in September, Ecological Building Systems has announced a series of new training courses and seminars.


Our wedding cake tasting and consultations are seeing more couples choosing to have cake/cupcake display for their guest to enjoy. Most couples want easy cake serving options for their guest and this display is a great option. If you have a cocktail reception, it will be easy for your guests to enjoy their delicious cupcake while standing and mingling. Also, you will be able to have more flavor options and if some of your guests have dietary restrictions you can have a section for gluten-free choices as well. The cupcake cake display can be quite stunning with the couple's cake and beautifully decorated cupcakes. You can view our wedding cupcake display of silver and purple.


My situation is kind of unique. What I have are three brothers who are bringing up a wrongful death case and there is some question of the paternity of their father who is deceased now. So we can't get any samples from him; and I was wondering based on the three brothers if we could test their DNA against each other to determine if in fact they are siblings are not.–Tim S.
I was calling because I had some questions about your sibling testing. How accurate is the testing? I need a full sibling test because I am the mother of both and need to see if they have the same father.–Cindy L.


How To Lubricate The Rear Drive Splines - NGWClub®, Inc.
You need to grease your drive splines each time you change your rear tire. This is true for all shaft drive bikes, regardless of brand. The drive splines get surprisingly hot. Additionally, there's a lot of pressure on the splines and a lot of back and forth sliding motion. Any liquid type of grease will quickly be squeezed out of the splines, and leave you with no protection.
UPDATE #2: Honda Moly 60 Paste has been discontinued and GuardDog is no longer in business. Honda Moly 60 has been replaced by Honda HN 08798-9010 MOLY PASTE (M77). Some current Moly paste choices are Honda M77, Loc-Tite 51048, TS-70 moly paste and Jet-Lube. There are differences in Molybdunum disulfide percentage and temperature rating among these... so I suppose the one with highest Moly content and highest temperature range would be the winner?
The Loc-Tite product gets good reviews.
With your rear wheel off the bike, the drive splines will be exposed.
The drive side spline has a splined gear that extends outward, and rotates as the driveshaft rotates.
The wheel side spline has a splined gear that accepts the drive side spline. Before you remove the wheel side spline from the wheel, and it might take some persuading, scribe (or use a magic marker) it's orientation so it goes back in the same holes.
Clean off any existing grease with whatever means available (Rags, Q-Tips, Paper towels, etc). You'll likely need some solvent like Kerosene or Brake Parts Cleaner to get them clean (I used lacquer thinner). You want the surfaces to be CLEAN & DRY prior to applying the paste.
When all the splines and sliding pins are clean and dry then apply the Moly-60 paste. The idea here is to more or less paint the splines - you're not looking for a large volume of grease, like you would use on a wheel bearing. It's helpful to use a clean solder flux brush or old tooth brush to spread the grease or just use your fingers to smear it on. It's going to be a messy task so wearing some latex gloves is a good idea.
Inspect the o-ring for wear and replace if necessary. Coat the wheel hub and o-ring with some Moly 60.
Coat the sliding pins on the wheel side spline as well.
Before assembling the wheel side spline, clean out the sliding pin bores of the wheel. A 20 ga. gun cleaning brush in a drill works good for this.
That's it. Now assemble the wheel and drive unit to the bike. While you're at it now would be a good time to change the gear drive oil too.
Last edited by sodbuster on Sun Nov 12, 2017 10:44 am, edited 6 times in total.
I have a friend who owned a Valkyrie, after he got some significant miles on the bike he began having issues with his final drive. Rebuilt it twice over a couple of years. Then he found that if he lubricated his splines like Roady points out his final drive woes were over. He finally sold that bike with over 160,000 miles on the clock.
is there any way to re-orient the splines correctly if the wheel was taken off by a P.O.?
or do you just want it to get back on the way it has been for the last several hundred or thousand miles?
yeah cleaning the residue from the previous batch can be a real b*tch.
heraldhamster wrote: is there any way to re-orient the splines correctly if the wheel was taken off by a P.O.?
The splines themselves don't need to be re-oriented it's just the sliding pins in the holes of the wheel. I noticed that if I indexed the pins to the next hole in the wheel that the wheel side spline carrier didn't want to slide in and out very good like it was binding. So I just kept indexing it until I got it to slide properly.
Pretty cool article. First time I have heard anyone mention the final-drive-hub lube. Excellent work here. I am sure mine needs a brushing or two.
Last edited by Ole Guy on Sat Sep 26, 2009 9:59 am, edited 1 time in total.
sodbuster wrote: ...The splines themselves don't need to be re-oriented it's just the sliding pins in the holes of the wheel. I noticed that if I indexed the pins to the next hole in the wheel that the wheel side spline carrier didn't want to slide in and out very good like it was binding. So I just kept indexing it until I got it to slide properly.
I'm in the process of getting ready to re-assemble my rear end, but I can't get the flange off. My impression from the manual and this thread, is that it pulls right off. Am I missing something?
FAIR is the only four letter "F" word I know.
tk1971 wrote: I'm in the process of getting ready to re-assemble my rear end, but I can't get the flange off. My impression from the manual and this thread, is that it pulls right off. Am I missing something?
It may need a little coaxing with a tire iron or something similar. I know the first time I removed mine that's what I had to do.
I had a tough one too. I ended up using a wheel puller with a bar across the hub and the flange came right out.
Got it off. As suggested, I used the "Key to the City"... err, I mean a crowbar.
Re: Just finished the project!
DutchPurrpl wrote: Hey, just letting you know I finished a combination of this project and several more "while the wheels were off". Thanks to all who have contributed to this wealth of great information. I figure I saved over $1000 by doing the front engine work, the timing belts, and the drive spline while the rims were in for new Dunlop Elite IIIs. Total cost for all (minus tires) was about $140. Of course, that's in addition to the great satisfaction and bonding with the machine. Thanks again for all your help.
Just wanted to let y'all know this is my new address. The old account wouldn't work right anymore, so Roady deleted it and gave me this one. Although I lost my "lead" cred, it's still me, and I've put on about 200 miles since that previous post, including@ 80+ mph. Runs great, solid as a rock! I did have to retighten the water pump housing bolts twice, as they work in a little after heating and cooling.
Just one thing: how do I get rid of the vision of the front wheel studs coming loose, the wheel going flying, and the fork digging into the highway, launching me into a thousand foot arc?


Rumors have been circulating that Lauren Alaina is involved in a new movie, and now it has been confirmed: Alaina will be trying her hand at acting.
The talented songstress will be starring in Road Less Traveled, a movie based on Alaina's new single off her self-titled EP. According to Billboard, the singer will be playing Charlotte, a soon-to-be bride who is attempting to strike a balance between her wedding and career. The struggle takes her back to her hometown and causes her to reevaluate where her life would have led if she hadn't made certain choices in her past.
I am so excited to be doing a movie. This is a whole new world for me. I'm learning so much every day. We have such an awesome cast and crew and I can't wait for everyone to see this new side of me.
No release date has been announced as of this point.


Greetings, good people of Anne Arundel County! Now that it is officially autumn, the Fall 2016 Festival on the Green, as organized by the Greater Crofton Chamber of Commerce, is just around the corner, and our team at Trunnell Law, LLC will once again be there to meet and greet the members of our community. We had such a great time sponsoring and attending the Spring 2016 festival, we jumped at the chance to set up a booth and be Silver Sponsors again in the fall.
Entrance fee: NONE – it is completely free to attend!
We cannot wait to get another chance to talk with all the people who come to the Festival on the Green. From sharing our legal knowledge and information about our services to just talking about current events in our community, the festival is a great opportunity to connect and enjoy a day under the sun. Or under an umbrella since this festival is rain or shine!
There will be more than 100 vendors at the event, free pony rides and games for the kids, live music, and fresh food for all to enjoy. The Crafter's Corner is also coming back this year, so you can support small mom-and-pop shops and individual crafters who love to turn their artistic skills into wearable and displayable items and trinkets. If you are business savvy, we highly encourage you to come and take a look around, as the Festival on the Green is widely considered to be Anne Arundel County's best opportunity for networking.
The Greater Crofton Chamber of Commerce has set up a Facebook page (click here) with information about the event. Be sure to visit it if you have more questions. If you want to know more about our Anne Arundel County attorneys at Trunnell Law, you are more than welcome to contact us at any time. We handle criminal defense cases, family law disputes, personal injury claims, and much more!


A River Oaks Treasure. This stately French Colonial residence showcases a masterful design by celebrated architect, Birdsall P. Briscoe, on over half an acre of enchanting grounds. Inspired by the Le Carpentier-Beauregard house of New Orleans, the residence has been respectfully restored utilizing the finest finishes for architectural integrity. Grand Reception Spaces. Banquet-sized Formals. Paneled Library. Gourmet Kitchen open to Breakfast Room. Garden Room with wall of windows overlooking the sprawling southern lawn with swimming pool and surrounding gardens. Master Suite up with fireplace and marble bath. 2 Guest Suites + Flex Room with private bath. 3rd Floor Fitness Center with bath (optional Bedroom #5). High Ceilings. Elevator installed. 2 Staircases. Home Generator. Basement-level storage space with mechanical access. Gated Motor Court leads to 3 car carport with adjoining Guest House offering an additional 1,486 sq. ft. with lower level lounge and 2 Bedrooms up.


What is flavour? What is it made of? These are the questions the pioneers of the note by note philosophy are asking themselves. Andrea Camastra, Italian chef at Senses in Warsaw, one of the two starred restaurants in Poland, has been following these principles.
In cooking, note by note investigates flavours and aromas, used as pure components, extracted from the ingredients that are responsible for the flavour and aroma of a specific product. This approach allows the chef to compose dishes in a unique way, through "abstract" flavours, which are usually not part of culinary tradition.
Senses is the first restaurant in the world to have a menu designed with this method: the dishes are not simple sums of ingredients, but essences of taste. The menu is always based on seasonal products, through 3 tasting menus: small menu (around 70 euros), medium menu (100 euros) and the large menu (130 euros). We discussed it with the chef.
First of all, what is an Italian chef doing in Warsaw?
My wife is Polish. Warsaw is a very tranquil and enjoyable place: there's plenty of forests, the economy is very good, and food culture is important. I decided to accept this challenge as an Italian. I want to reinterpret Polish cuisine by also including Asian and international influences, using what I like to eat myself.
What is the note by note cuisine?
It's an artistic development, it's a continuation of the molecular cuisine invented by French physicist and chemist Hervé This. It's a method, note à note, that we owe him. It refers to the pure components of a cloned ingredient. In every element, you have multiple components: in a mushroom, you can have over 500 components but then it's just one molecule that is responsible for its flavour and aroma. We isolate it and clone it.
You said chefs are like artists. What do you mean?
Contrary to molecular cuisine, in this case you don't deal with recipes, grams or temperatures but with pure components from which chefs, like artists, can create something unique. They can create food without using animal or vegetal fibres. By 2050, we'll have twice the current global population. At this rate, food will no longer suffice. By generating an archive of pure flavours the note à note system could save humanity from hunger.
What sort of gastronomic experience do clients enjoy at your restaurant?
Senses is a place where you take on a culinary journey. At the moment, we serve a menu of 24 courses per person. It's all made of small nibbles of reinterpreted or fusion cuisine, with essential Polish foundations.
Is it a good time for Polish gastronomy?
There's an incredible, constantly growing interest. They're opening new restaurants every week. And the food they serve is very good overall.
What are the most emblematic ingredients?
Roots and tubers: beetroot, potatoes, or onions. And fermented products: cabbage, cucumbers, apples. And then there's game and cheese made with buttermilk or kefir.


Philippe Guerry is from La Rochelle in France. He is currently a guest writer in Gröndalshús residency in Reykjavík, courtesy of La Rochelle Centre Intermondes in coopearation with Alliance francais in Iceland and the Reykjavík UNESCO City of Literature. Philippe takes part in an exhibition and hosts a writing workshop in Alliance francais in Reykjavík while dwelling in the city.
Philippe Guerry started his career as a librarian and also did teaching and research. Currently, he works as a freelance journalist and works on his personal writing project. His writing has been published in literary magazines, such as Le paresseux littéraire and Dissonances, as well as writing the blogs Bonheur portatif and Au petit commerce. Philippe often cooperates with photographers and other artists and operates a small publishing initiative, Philippe Book Club. He has been experimenting with short prose texts where he works with memories, introspection, geopraphy and inspection of everyday life. Here in Reykjavík, he has been exploring the city on foot and intends to write about these observations.
On Wednesday, October 31st, a joint exhibtion of works by Philippe Guerry (texts) and Helga Nína Aas (photographs) opened at the Alliance francais building in Tryggvagata 8 in Reykjavík. Both focus on the closing of neighbourhood stores and businesses in Reykjavík and Charentes in France respectively, each with their unique perspective but nevertheless showing a similar vision.
The exhibition is up throughout November 3rd.
On Saturday, November 3rd from 2 - 4 pm, Philippe Guerry hosts an open workshop in Alliance francais. The teaching language will be French and all are welcome to take part. The work will be in two parts, writing short texts on the one hand and making small handmade books on the other hand. Participants will thus be able to go home with their hand made book after the workshop. The workshop is open for people of all ages, both children and grown-ups.
Alliance francais will be open from 1 - 5 pm that day, giving people a chance to see the exhibition as well as tasting classic French cookies and meeting Jacquy Pfeiffer, a world renowned pastry chef, who will talk about pastry making and baking between 4 and 5 pm. In addition to the workshops, a book market will be open during the opening hours.


Hands-on, advanced field training course builds on fundamental knowledge, skills, and abilities for conducting home performance energy efficiency assessments. Students hone best practices for building systems assessment and data analysis, and producing technical reports with energy upgrade recommendations. Advanced preparation for Building Performance Institute (BPI) field certification exam.
Recommended: ESTM 425 or equivalent.


Shooting Beauty is one of the most touching documentaries that I've ever seen! It mixes heart-felt drama with the right amount of uplifting humor. It's the kind of film that makes you smile at the beauty of human nature.
Love and Documents is a refreshingly inventive documentary that "brings the current debates around immigration into focus." For a six-minute short it quickly grabs your attention and leaves you wanting more at the end (and that's a good thing).
I got smiles and chills just watching the clip. I hope this film gets much exposure.This one of the reasons I read this blog. You showcase more than just "main stream" films.


Roberto Rovira will be presenting at the Mayors' Institute on City Design on Friday, 23 September 2016, in Miami Beach.
The Mayors' Institute on City Design (MICD) is a leadership initiative of the National Endowment for the Arts in partnership with the American Architectural Foundation and the United States Conference of Mayors with support from United Technologies. Since 1986, the Mayors' Institute has helped transform communities through design by preparing mayors to be the chief urban designers of their cities.
MICD achieves its mission by organizing sessions where mayors engage leading design experts to find solutions to the most critical urban design challenges facing their cities. Sessions are organized around case study problems. Each mayor presents a problem from his or her city and gets feedback from other mayors and design experts.


text:
The original story can be found at http://www.bpnews.net/50240/adoption-foster-care-common-in-churches-study-says
Adoption, foster care common in churches, study says
by Bob Smietana, posted Wednesday, January 24, 2018 (one year ago)
Tags: Adoptionfoster careLifeWay Research
LifeWayResearch.com graphic
NASHVILLE (BP) -- The Bible has a lot to say about caring for orphans. Protestant churches in the United States appear to be listening.
About 4 in 10 Protestant churchgoers say their congregation has been involved with adoption or foster care in the past year, according to a study released today (Jan. 24) by LifeWay Research, which conducted the survey Aug. 22–30.
The church's involvement on this issue may be because the Bible tells them to, said Scott McConnell, executive director of LifeWay Research.
"Foster care appears to come naturally for churchgoers," he said. "It's not surprising, since the Bible commands them to care for widows and orphans."
Foster care, adoption are commonplace
Since the early 2000s, many Protestant churches have commemorated "Orphan Sunday" every November to draw attention to the plight of orphans around the world.
In the past, they've often focused on international adoption and orphanages. But in recent years, foster care -- both in the United States and abroad -- has become a focus as well.
LifeWay Research's survey of 1,010 churchgoers -- those who attend a Protestant or nondenominational church at least once a month -- found 25 percent say someone from their church has been involved in foster care over the past year.
Seventeen percent say someone from their church has adopted a child from the U.S. in the past year. Fifteen percent say someone from their church has adopted a child from another country.
Those at larger churches, with 250 or more in attendance, are most likely to know someone in their church who has provided foster care (37 percent). Those who attend smaller churches, with fewer than 250 in attendance, are less likely (20 percent).
Those who attend nondenominational churches (39 percent) are the most likely to know someone who has fostered children.
Churchgoers from nondenominational churches are also most likely to know someone at church who had adopted a child from the United States (25 percent). Baptists (15 percent), Lutherans (12 percent) and Pentecostals (10 percent) are less likely.
Churchgoers from larger congregations are more likely to know someone who had adopted from abroad (30 percent) than those from smaller churches (7 percent). So are those from nondenominational churches (34 percent).
White (20 percent) and Hispanic (15 percent) churchgoers are more likely than African-American churchgoers (4 percent) to say someone from their church has adopted a child from another country.
Still, church leaders in general don't talk much about adoption, according to LifeWay Research's survey.
-- Fourteen percent of churchgoers say church leaders have encouraged families to consider adoption.
-- Twelve percent say church leaders encouraged them to become involved in foster care.
-- Eight percent say church leaders raised funds for families that are adopting.
-- Six percent say church leaders provided training for foster parents.
Overall, about half (45 percent) of churchgoers say their church has had no involvement with or conversation about foster care and adoption. Leaders at smaller congregations are less likely to encourage families to consider adoption (8 percent) or foster care (8 percent), to raise funds for adoptive families (5 percent) or to provide training for foster parents (2 percent).
Leaders at larger congregations are more likely to encourage families to consider adoption (23 percent) or foster care (20 percent) and to raise funds for adoptive families (15 percent) or provide training for foster parents (13 percent) than smaller congregations.
White (15 percent) and Hispanic (22 percent) churchgoers are more like to say their church's leaders encouraged families to consider adoption. African-American churchgoers are less likely (6 percent).
Adoption and foster care are most commonly mentioned among nondenominational churchgoers. Twenty-nine percent say their church's leaders encourage families to adopt. Twenty-six percent say their church's leaders encouraged families to provide foster care. Fourteen percent say church leaders raised money for adoptive families. Twelve percent provided training for foster parents.
The number of adoptions in the U.S. has declined slightly in recent years, according to National Council on Adoption, from 133,737 in 2007 to 110,373 in 2014. That coincided with a decline in international adoptions, which dropped from a high of 22,989 in 2004 to 5,370 in 2016, according to the State Department.
According to a 2015 report from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, 427,910 children were in foster care, with 111,820 waiting for adoption.
"There may be no greater expression of the Christian faith than extending hope and love to children whose birth families are not able to able to care for them," McConnell said.
LifeWay Research conducted the study Aug. 22–30, 2017, using the web-enabled KnowledgePanel, a probability-based panel designed to be representative of the U.S. population. Initially, participants are chosen scientifically by a random selection of telephone numbers and residential addresses. People in selected households are then invited by telephone or by mail to participate in the web-enabled KnowledgePanel. For those who agree to participate but do not already have internet access, GfK provides at no cost a laptop and ISP connection.
For this survey, a nationally representative sample of U.S. Protestant and nondenominational adults (18 and older) who attend religious services once a month or more often was selected from the KnowledgePanel.
Sample stratification and base weights were used for gender, age, race/ethnicity, region, metro/non-metro, home ownership, education and income to reflect the most recent U.S. Census data. Study-specific weights included for gender by age, race/ethnicity, region, and education to reflect GSS 2016 data. The completed sample is 1,010 surveys. The sample provides 95 percent confidence that the sampling error does not exceed plus or minus 3.1 percent. Margins of error are higher in subgroups.
LifeWay Research is a Nashville-based, evangelical research firm that specializes in surveys about faith in culture and matters that affect churches.
Bob Smietana is senior writer for Facts & Trends.
Get Baptist Press headlines and breaking news on Twitter (@BaptistPress), Facebook (Facebook.com/BaptistPress) and in your email (baptistpress.com/SubscribeBP).
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You and God
MORE ARTICLES - Creation vs Evolution
THE DARWIN DELUSION
CREATION vs EVOLUTION?
Bible Teaching About Creation
GOD IN CREATION Part 1
Junk DNA…Trashed Again
Uncovering the Truth about Dinosaurs
Out-of-Place Dome-Headed Reptile
Scales, Colors, Proteins in Dinosaur Skin
Cellular Evolution Debunked by Evolutionists
Codon Degeneracy Discredited Again
If Earth Is Old, It Should Have Frozen
Magic Words Can't Explain Strange Fossil
Musical Bird Maestros Befuddle Evolution
Prions Pass Traits by Their Shape, Not DNA
Cattle-Bison Hybrid Stomps On Evolutionary
The Pangolin: A Mammal with Lizard Scales
Pseudo-Pseudogenes Shake Up Evolutionary
Mud Dragon Is Really 'Flood Dragon'
Creation Physics [Podcast]
Fossil Feather Proteins Confirm Recent Flood
Another Feathered Dinosaur Tale
Gene Pleiotropy Roadblocks Evolution
Top 2016 News: Evidence for Recent Creation
ICR and AIG Refute BioLogos Old-Earth Argument
Top 2016 News: Fossil Discoveries
Science Celebrates Invalid Milankovitch Paper
Top 2016 News: Marvels of Human Design
Creatures Depend on Sophisticated Sensors
Interface Unmasks Mind-Brain Relationship
Fast Evolution Confirms Creationist Theory
Scientific Evidence for Divine Design [Podcast]
What about the Big Bang Theory?
Solving Appendix Mysteries
Dinosaur Eggs Not Bird-Like After All
Earth Remains the Only Goldilocks Planet
Do Black Holes Exist?
More Evidence of a Wet Sahara
Seven Earth-size Planets Discovered
Reviewing 'Is Genesis History?'
Ugly Seaworm Shows Extreme Non-Evolution
Will We Ever Colonize Mars?
The Fascinating Squid
That's a Fact: Global Flood
'Oldest Evidence' of Life?
Biblical Creation Confirmed [Podcast]
Improved Steel Copies Bone Microstructure
Mutation Underlies Fatal Heart Condition
New Study Confirms Harmful Role of Mutations
Amber-Encased Blood Cells Look Fresh
Lowly Plankton Packs High-Caliber Heat
High Frequency Mosquito Flight Shows Design
Puppies Provide Protection
Secrets from World's Best-Preserved Nodosaur
Schism in Evolutionary Theory
Dinosaur Fossils Found in Marine Rocks... Again
Roundworm DNA System Plans Ahead
Big Bang Blowup at Scientific American
New Doubts about Dinosaur Feathers
Cherry-Picked Age for Key Evolutionary Fossil
'Prehuman' Fossil Age Questioned
Omnipotent Creator or God Particle?
Man-Made Sniffer Versus Dog
New, Distant 'Dead' Galaxy Perplexes
Propane Eaters Spur Creation Questions
Newly Discovered Sixth Extinction Rewrites Geology
Solar Eclipse and the Created Sun [Podcast]
God's Grace in Creation
Fossil Plants Contain Original Molecules
Wacky Conclusion from Tardigrade Research
Ancient Canaanite DNA Confirms Biblical Accuracy
World's Most Catastrophic Extinction
Lunar Water Douses Collision Origin
Spectacular Dinosaur Has Skin, Horn, Pigments
Another Complex Cambrian Critter
Dinosaur Algae Alive and Well Today
Trilobites Can't Stomach Darwinism
Massive Genetic Study Human Evolution Debunked
System Demonstrates Engineered Adaptability
RNA Editing in Corals Stupefies Evolution
Stunning Bird Fossil Has Bone Tissue
Plant-Eating Dinosaurs Consumed Crabs
Blind Cavefish Illuminate Divine Engineering
Luther and Biblical Creation, 500 Years Later
Skin Color Research Confirms Biblical Narrative
Bird Evolution Story Crash-Lands
Big Bang Scientists: Universe Shouldn't Exist
Dinosaurs, Always Dinosaurs
Extinct Trees Were World's Most Complicated
Just What Is Homo naledi?
Ancient Animal Biochemicals Again
Three Discoveries Mystify Astronomers
Fossil Trees in Antarctica Preserve Ancient Proteins
Best of 2017: Fleshy Fossils
Rapid Finch Speciation Counters Evolution
Gene Control in Mice Points Toward Design
Stromatolites by Land and by Sea
Evidence of Fountains of the Great Deep?
New Zealand's Giant Burrowing Bat
Evolutionary Clock Futility
Big Bang Hubble Contradiction
The Holy Grail of Dinosaurs?
Planaria Genome Loaded with Design Evidence
Plate Tectonics After Fifty Years
Secular Scientists: Earth's Inner Core Shouldn't Exist!
3-D Praying Mantis Vision Confounds Evolution
Sixtymile Formation Part of Genesis Flood
More Evidence Lucy Was Just an Ape
Data Leads to Correct Post-Flood Boundary
Bees Are Actually Really, Really Smart
Dinosaur "Superhighway" Explained by Global Flood
More Exceptional Preservation of Organic Material
Mantle Water Flux Indicates a Young Ocean
Neanderthal Extinction Dilemma
God's Plan for You
THE view of planet earth, seen from outer space, is very beautiful indeed. Confirmation of this has come from the astronauts who have gazed upon it. The earth is the fairest jewel in God's creation and it is the chosen place in the whole universe where He has promised to reveal His Kingdom in all its glory. That is why it is so beautiful.
The earth, of all the planets in the solar system, is the one that is perfectly suited to all forms of life and the one that orbits at exactly the right distance from the sun to provide comfortable conditions for the human race.
Click here to find out more:
WHY IS BIBLE TRUTH SO IMPORTANT?
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIBLE TRUTH
Is Bible Truth important to your Faith and Salvation ie. will you be saved despite what you believe the bible teaches or does it matter what you believe?
Well the word "truth" appears 237 times in the bible, that alone says it must be important!
Therefore it must be important to understand what "truth" is.
A quick scan of the passages using this word "truth" leave us in no doubt that it is not only important, but vital to our salvation.
3 And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.
20And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an understanding, that we may know him that is true, and we are in him that is true,even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life.
3For thisis good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour; 4 Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth.
Clearly then knowing what is Bible Truth is important and vital, in addition to this we are also warned that some would depart from the "truth"…
1Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; 2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; 3 Forbidding to marry,and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.
6We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error.
From these passages it is very clear that we need to know the "truth" about God and His Son as it is taught to us in the Bible. This means we must learn what this is from the Bible itself.
Don't let your HOPE of LIFE ETERNAL rest with someone else eg. your pastor or minister, YOU owe it to yourself and your family to be fully convinced of what it is you believe to be sure it HOLDS something REAL for you.
We have all been warned by God that there would be many false teachers and Jesus himself has told us that "Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it." See Matthew 7:14
Sadly when Christ returns to this earth, many will only then realise that they have believed in lies Jeremiah 16:19
"19 O LORD, my strength, and my fortress, and my refuge in the day of affliction, the Gentiles shall come unto thee from the ends of the earth, and shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity, and things wherein there is no profit."
Don't let this be you or your family!
BIBLE TRUTH and true faith must be founded on a fully inspired Bible.
Click here to learn more about the INSPIRED WORD OF GOD:
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU!
"And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent." John 17:3
Our Commitment to all True Bible Teaching Seekers is that all our teaching will be supported by consistent and clear Bible Passages.
The Greek word for "know" in the passage above is 'ginosko' and it means to have a thorough and deep understanding of the subject.
So if you seek "life eternal" then you must truly "know the only true God and Jesus Christ".
Bible Truth
The Bible is our only true source for the Truth!
If we claim to follow Christ we should trust in the Scriptures as confidently as Jesus and his Apostles did:
Jesus said that: The Scripture cannot be broken. (John 10:35)
Paul said that: All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness. (2 Timothy 3:16)
Peter said that: For prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:21)
The things which now have been reported to you through those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven (1 Peter 1:12)
True faith must be founded on a fully inspired Bible.
Creation Research
Visit this Link to view
the latest in
NOTE: While True Bible Teaching is very supportive of the Institutes Creation Research, we do not necessarily agree with all there teaching as far as the Bible is concerned.
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The Dinosaur Problem
T Rex Tissue Stumps Evolutionists
Clip from "T.R.U.T.H. About the Dinosaurs" DVD
Is there something wrong when a supposedly 70 million-year-old tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur is found with soft tissue—including blood vessels and even whole cells? This is what a U.S. researcher reported in late March. Biologist Mary Schweitzer discovered this soft tissue when it was necessary to break a T. rex's huge thigh bone.
Schweitzer said that the vessels were flexible and some could even be squeezed. After extensive testing, there was confirmation that this T. rex bone even had hemoglobin (red blood cells).
This discovery is unexplained by evolutionary thinking, which suggests that millions and millions of years have passed since this "King of Dinos" met its demise. Schweitzer is puzzled and cannot understand why this bone was not mineralized. "It's very amazing. It's utterly shocking, actually, because it flies in the face of everything we understand about how tissues and cells degrade," she said on MSNBC.
"It's very amazing. It's utterly shocking, actually…."
—Dr. Mary Schweitzer
In 1995, Joe Taylor, a professional dinosaur excavator and a biblical creationist, was curious about the hip girdle of another T. rex that was found in 1916. It was found in the same Hell Creek Formation where Schweitzer's T. rex bone was found. Taylor was amazed that this 65 million-year-old specimen still had the appearance of skin on the sacral vertebrae. He sent a sample to Azusa Pacific College in California and had it scanned with an electron microscope by Professor Mark Armitage, who found that the bone had collagen filaments intact inside the bone. The presence of collagen suggests that this supposedly 65 million year old fossil was not completely fossilized. Armitage states, "It can't be but a few thousand years old."
So the Theory of Evolution is just that 'A Theory' that has never been proved and evidence like this says it can't be and isn't true.
Learn the truth about the 'Origin of Life' and Bible Teaching About Creation
YOUR Families Salvation
The Bible Is Our ONLY Guide
The Bible provides us with plain Scriptural Teaching for the True Followers of Christ
The statements on this guide represent what we believe is true Bible teaching. The statements are deliberately challenging, asking every reader to compare his own opinions with the plain teaching of Scripture, examining carefully the Bible passages offered as proof. If, as a result, a change of mind and heart is called for, there will be no doubt that the teaching of the Lord, and the book he trusted, must be followed and not what the churches teach.
All Scripture quotations are taken from the New King James (also known as the Revised Authorized) Version of the Bible.
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Remember thy CREATOR...
The Overwhelming Evidence in support of Creation vs Evolution
God in Creation
THE CONSISTENT CLAIM of the Bible is that everything in the universe was created by an all-powerful and supremely wise being called God:
'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth' [Genesis 1.1].
'The LORD by wisdom hath founded the earth; by under-standing hath he established the heaven' [Proverbs 3.19].
'…God, which made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein' [Acts 14.15].
However many people ask the question: 'Are such claims made several thousand years ago, to be taken seriously in view of the immense increase in knowledge and understanding of nature and the universe that man has gained in recent years?' In this section we will review some of the discoveries scientists have made, leaving you to judge whether these findings make God unnecessary and irrelevant, or whether it becomes more reasonable to believe in the existence of an intelligent designer and controller. Are belief in God and scientific discovery necessarily in conflict?
DISCOVERING THE UNIVERSE
Dotted around the world, usually on the summit of high mountains above the pollution and distortion of the earth's atmosphere, are a number of astrophysical observatories. These very specialised buildings contain huge telescopes that peer out into space with such magnification that they could spot a small coin on the moon, or measure the thickness of a hair fifty miles away. Special cameras take pictures and other instruments record and analyse the light coming from the heavenly bodies. Where light cannot penetrate the vast areas of interstellar dust a special infrared telescope – so sensitive that it can detect the heat of a candle flame a long distance away – pinpoints the presence of unseen bodies in space.
The universe also abounds in radio waves emitted from distant stars that readily penetrate our atmosphere and can be picked up by the massive bowls of radio telescopes that are dotted around the world.
To avoid the problems caused by our weather and atmosphere, there are also flying observatories, notably the Hubble telescope, packed with computer-driven instruments that record the heavens from the comparatively dry and clear atmosphere miles above the earth.
THE UNIVERSE HAS A STRUCTURE
All these investigations have convinced astronomers that firstly, the universe is of inconceivably immense size. Secondly, the heavenly bodies are not spread out uniformly in space but are in a series of groups. The basic unit in each group is a star, of which our Sun is an average specimen. The Sun has the Earth and other planets in orbit around it. The stars we can see on a clear night are only the Sun's immediate neighbours in space. The nearest star is 25 trillion miles away and light from it, travelling at 186,000 miles per second takes about 4.3 years to reach us – i.e. at a distance of 4.3 light-years. To help you better envisage this distance, if the distance from the Earth to the Sun (93 million miles) were represented by one inch, then the nearest star would be four miles away.
This distance is small in astronomical terms. On a clear night the Milky Way can be seen as a bright hazy band across the sky. With a telescope the Milky Way is seen as millions upon millions of stars, each like our Sun. This cluster of stars is called a galaxy and is a mass of stars formed into a flat disc about 100,000 light-years in diameter. Our Sun with its solar system and the comparatively few stars we can see with the naked eye, are situated towards the edge of this galactic disc.
At one time our galaxy was thought to be the entire Universe but it is now known to be but an infinitely small part of it. There are millions of other galaxies organised in groups. In what is prosaically styled our 'local group' are about 20 galaxies but this is a comparatively small group. About 50 million light-years away is a group that contains thousands of individual galaxies.
Your mind may be reeling at the magnitude of all this – but we have not yet described the Universe. These groups of galaxies are themselves aggregated into superclusters of about 150 million light-years across. A large number of these superclusters, separated from each other by immense distances, form the observable Universe.
This then is the modern concept of the Universe. We could summarise our relationship to it as follows:
SUPERCLUSTERS
each of which contains
billions of
one of which is our
which has a planet called
THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
One of the discoveries about the Universe is that all the clusters of galaxies appear to be moving away from some central point like the debris from an explosion. This has given rise to the 'big bang' theory of the origin of the Universe, which is accepted by many, although not all scientists. Physicists have been speculating on a sequence of events that might have led to the formation of the universe. They suggest that originally matter did not exist; there was only an atom-sized nucleus of pure energy. For some unknown reason, this pent-up energy nucleus rapidly began to expand.
The result of this expansion was to convert energy into matter. First came very small subatomic particles, then simple atoms such as hydrogen and helium. With further expansion more and more complex atoms were formed, gradually producing the array of chemical elements present today. These newly formed substances condensed into galaxies and into individual stars but their momentum was maintained and they are still all racing away from that original point of expansion.
NOT COMPLETELY RANDOM
This much-abbreviated account of the theory of the origin of the Universe (and it is still only a theory) may give the impression that its creation was the inevitable consequence of a purely random chain of events. However this is not so. If the Universe did develop in this way, then there had to be very fine control of the original 'explosion.' If the newly created Universe had been too dense, gravitational forces would have made it collapse back into itself. If the matter had been too diffuse it would not have condensed into galaxies and stars. The rate of expansion had to be just right. As one physicist put it: 'To get a Universe that has expanded as long as ours has without either collapsing or having its matter coast away would have required extraordinary fine-tuning.' 1 This same scientist calculated that the odds of achieving that kind of precise expansion would be the same as throwing a microscopic dart across the Universe and hitting a bull's-eye one millimetre in diameter.
So the first thing that astronomy tells us is that although all the components and mechanisms for the formation of the Universe can possibly be explained by science, if this was its origin, then it was not just an accident. First an original 'big bang' had to be triggered. In any fantastically violent creation event that followed, there had to be precise control if the Universe was to survive.
How was it controlled? Who threw that metaphorical dart and hit the bull's-eye against all the odds? Is the Divine claim through the prophet Isaiah that outdated after all? The prophet wrote:
'I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded' [Isaiah 45.12].
1National Geographic Magazine, Volume 163 number 6, page 741.
THE PURPOSE OF THE UNIVERSE
With a Universe so vast, it seems almost presumptuous that puny man should enquire about its purpose. Yet on a purely scientific level – and there are obviously other possible levels of understanding – it is thought that the original expansion and the immensities of space were necessary requirements for the production of the elements needed for life. 'Some scientists are arguing seriously that this forbiddingly large and existential Universe was absolutely necessary for life to evolve. The elements of life had to be cooked up in stars... The Universe had to be rapidly expanding all that time. The Universe has to be large for life to have evolved.' 2
As you will gather from reading this issue of 'Light on a New World', the author does not agree that life has evolved but that it was created. Leaving that aside for the moment, the point we are making, is that scientific discoveries not only indicate some control in the formation of the Universe, but also the end product of this process produced the raw materials which we now know are the components of living things. Nearly three thousand years ago the Bible expressed the same idea that the earth was created as a receptacle for life:
'For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited…' [Isaiah 45.18].
As we end this brief review of the current scientific thinking on the Universe we can confidently say that these discussions do not rule out the existence of an all-wise and powerful Creator. Indeed, they almost demand His existence.
More Articles in this Series are listed below:
God in Creation Part 1 - DISCOVERING THE UNIVERSE
God in Creation Part 2 - LIFE ON EARTH
God in Creation Part 3 - MAN IN THE IMAGE OF GOD
God in Creation Part 4 - THE EVIDENCE OF GEOLOGY
God in Creation Part 5 - THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION EXAMINED
This website is a compilation of commonly known scientific evidence supporting creation — evidence in the fields of geology, biology, medicine, paleontology, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, astrophysics, and astronomy, and specific research by esteemed scientists, and from my own personal experience as a consulting geologist and biologist.
This site was completed after having grown weary of false evolutionary doctrine promoted by public television, national networks and other media, and taught in our public schools. Although "evolutionary theory" does not meet the universally accepted definition of 'theory' or 'hypothesis' or, for that matter, the universally accepted defintion of 'science' (see section, Creation versus Evolution, for definitions), students continue to be taught evolution as "proven fact"—and later in life, they perpetuate this doctrine as teachers, journalists, and parents without question.
What many people today never hear and realize is the fact that so-called evolutionary theory is not based on known scientific laws or the preponderance of scientific evidence. Rather, scientific creation, as described in the Book of Genesis, is perfectly consistent with all known laws and evidence—and such evidence is overwhelming. The reality is, evolutionary doctrine is built on false assumptions and poor science. It is the greatest deception in modern history.
Why do secular scientists continue to adhere to a false evolutionary doctrine? This site provides the reasons, and summarizes much of the evidence for scientific creation. I ask any skeptical person to give this site an impartial reading before dismissing the scientific creationist viewpoint.
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