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Elon Musk Said Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 'Extremely Silly': Some Experts Now Disagree
Yaёl Bizouati-Kennedy
Jae C Hong/AP
Tesla CEO Elon Musk has previously called hydrogen fuel cell vehicles "extremely silly," referring to the technology as "fool sells," but it is becoming apparent that not everyone agrees with his stance.
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When the subject came up during a discussion with reporters at the 2015 Automotive News World Congress, Musk said "it's just very difficult … to make hydrogen and store it and use it in a car," according to CNBC. "The best-case hydrogen fuel cell doesn't win against the current case batteries, so then, obviously … it doesn't make sense," he added later.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are similar to electric vehicles (EVs) in that they use an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine to power the wheels. However, while EVs run on batteries that must be plugged in to recharge, FCVs generate their electricity onboard. In a fuel cell, hydrogen gas from the vehicle's fuel tank combines with oxygen from the air to generate electricity — with only water and heat being byproducts of the process, the EPA explains.
Per the EPA, like electric vehicles, FCVs are zero-emission vehicles – they have no smog-related or greenhouse gas tailpipe emissions. Emissions are created in the process of producing and transporting hydrogen fuel, however. While hydrogen is abundant in the universe, it must be separated from other compounds to be used as fuel. This process can be energy intensive. The amount of emissions associated with producing hydrogen fuels depends on the source of hydrogen and production method. Currently, the majority of hydrogen that is made for use as a fuel comes from natural gas, but hydrogen fuel also can be made from water, oil, coal, and plant material, the EPA adds.
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Companies including Toyota and Hyundai have produced hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and in June, BMW announced it had started testing near-standard vehicles with a hydrogen fuel cell drive train, according to a statement.
Hydrogen fuel cell technology has the long-term potential to supplement internal combustion engines, plug-in hybrid systems and battery-electric vehicles within the BMW Group's flexible drive train strategy, per the BMW press release.
"It could become an attractive alternative to battery-electric drive trains – especially for customers who do not have their own access to electric charging infrastructure or who frequently drive long distances," the company said.
In a statement to CNBC, Toyota said that fuel cell cars will certainly play a part in decarbonizing transport — and that they will offer a convenient alternative form of electrified transport over fully electric battery-powered electric vehicles.
"The range of hydrogen applications will increase, enabling cheaper, more efficient power supply and we'll increasingly see hydrogen powering cars, buses, trains and trucks," a Toyota spokesperson told CNBC.
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The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) echoed this sentiment, telling CNBC that fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen energy offered customers "a zero-emission option with performance they expect and no change to daily routines — long range, quick refueling, and the ability to scale to larger platforms without adding restrictive weight and size."
"Also, given the limitations of battery weight and recharging for long haul trucking, a significant opportunity also exists for medium- and heavy-duty delivery vans, trucks, buses, trains, and planes," the FCHEA told CNBC.
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This article originally appeared on GOBankingRates.com: Elon Musk Said Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 'Extremely Silly': Some Experts Now Disagree
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Global e-Beam Wafer Inspection Systems Market 2021-2025 - Increasing Demand for Semiconductor Wafers and Rising Complexity of Semiconductor Wafer Designs - ResearchAndMarkets.com
Results of the first half of 2021-2022Press Release - Paris, France – January 17, 2021 at 07:30pm The first half of the financial year 2021-2022 ended on September 30, 2021 and the financial results as well as the semi-annual financial report have been reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors on January 17, 2021. The semi-annual financial report is available on the website of the Group (www.atari-investisseurs.fr) and has been filed today with the "Autorité des marchés financiers" (AMF).
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Sevilla, Juventus and Barcelona are interested in the striker but Manchester United are believed to want his £150,000-a-week salary covered, plus a loan fee
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Toronto FC has signed forward Jordan Perruzza to a new contract that runs through 2024 with an option for 2025. The native of Woodbridge, Ont., who turned 21 on Sunday, made seven appearances with one goal in all competitions during the 2021 season. He made his first-team debut on April 14, 2021, when he came off the bench against Mexico's Club Leon in Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League play, and his MLS debut against CF Montreal on April 17. Perruzza, who made US$67,847 last season with TFC,
MADRID (AP) — German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez met Monday in the Spanish capital to align their left-wing agendas and plan how to boost progressive policies in the 27-nation European Union. After taking over last month from Angela Merkel as leader of the EU's most populous nation and its largest economy, Scholz joined Sánchez in a select group of progressive EU politicians holding office. Both leaders also head unprecedented coalition governments in their re
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Home>Football> Lions Fire Matt Patricia After Abysmal Head Coaching Tenure
Lions Fire Matt Patricia After Abysmal Head Coaching Tenure
Grant Halverson/Getty Images
The Lions also axed general manager Bob Quinn.
If you're a Detroit Lions fan, you have been in pain for a very long time. The team has done absolutely nothing in the postseason over the past few decades and it doesn't seem like they will be doing anything of note, anytime soon. A few years ago, the team was seeing some success under Jim Caldwell although they shockingly decided to fire him and instead, put Matt Patricia in his place. Well, that didn't work out too well for the Lions as Patricia has been a disaster.
With a record of 13-29-1, fans have been waiting for Patricia to get the axe, and today, it finally happened according to Adam Schefter of ESPN. In fact, the team also fired their GM Bob Quinn who has been responsible for some questionable personnel choices over the years.
This decision comes after a Thanksgiving day loss to the Houston Texans, who came into that game with a 2-7 record. It's clear that this was the finals straw for Patricia who has been an enemy of Lions fans since his first season with the team.
Moving forward, the Lions will be embarking on a head coaching search that hopefully wields better results than they've been subjected to for three seasons.
Keep it locked to HNHH for all of the latest updates from the NFL world.
Football Sports News Detroit Lions Lions Matt Patricia Bob Quinn nfl nfl news nfl football
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Anatomy 56
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14Cell NucleusCell MembraneChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Cell LineCytosolChromosomes, Human, 13-15Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XCells, CulturedCytoplasmIntracellular MembranesChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Endoplasmic ReticulumMitochondriaChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YChromosomes, Human, 16-18Subcellular FractionsChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Cell Line, TumorChromosomes, Human, Pair 2COS CellsHeLa CellsChromosomes, Human, 4-5MicrosomesTumor Cells, Cultured3T3 CellsChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7AdipocytesRibosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16CHO CellsMesenteryChromosomes, Human, Pair 19FibroblastsChromosomes, Human, XCytoskeletonX ChromosomeChromosomes, Human, Pair 10Hybrid CellsMembrane MicrodomainsChloroplastsNIH 3T3 CellsIntestinal Mucosa
Organisms 8
Escherichia coliSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCricetinaeRats, Sprague-DawleyCercopithecus aethiopsMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutRats, Wistar
Diseases 17
Translocation, GeneticChromosome BreakageChromosome AberrationsChromosome DisordersTrisomyBurkitt LymphomaLeukemiaAbnormalities, MultipleChromosome DeletionLymphoma, B-CellChromosome InversionLeukemia, MyeloidPlasmacytomaSarcoma, EwingRhabdomyosarcoma, AlveolarIntellectual DisabilityAneuploidy
Chemicals and Drugs 89
Glucose Transporter Type 4Membrane Transport ProteinsOncogene Proteins, FusionProtein Sorting SignalsMembrane ProteinsProtein Kinase CRecombinant Fusion ProteinsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsEscherichia coli ProteinsNF-kappa BDNA-Binding ProteinsProtein PrecursorsBacterial ProteinsTranscription FactorsMyeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia ProteinAdenosine TriphosphatasesPeptide Elongation Factor GCarrier ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsAdenosine TriphosphateGreen Fluorescent ProteinsIsoenzymesEnzyme InhibitorsProtein Kinase C-epsilonRNA, MessengerTranscription Factor RelAProtonsMuscle ProteinsApoptosis Inducing FactorProtein Kinase C-alphaNuclear ProteinsDNACore Binding Factor Alpha 2 SubunitTetradecanoylphorbol AcetateLuminescent ProteinsInsulinNuclear Localization SignalsProtein Kinase C-deltabcl-2-Associated X ProteinProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesI-kappa B ProteinsDNA PrimersDiphtheria ToxinRecombinant ProteinsGlucoseMolecular ChaperonesCalciumPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2Immunoglobulin Heavy ChainsSignal Recognition ParticleProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktPhosphoproteinsNeoplasm ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsPeptidesProteolipidsCaspasesTrans-ActivatorsHSP70 Heat-Shock ProteinsDiglyceridesNFATC Transcription FactorsCytochromes cProtein-Tyrosine KinasesActinsProton-Translocating ATPasesIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMitochondrial Membrane Transport ProteinsAndrostadienesPhosphatidylserinesRNA-Binding Protein EWSDNA, NeoplasmTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaProtein SubunitsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesFungal ProteinsProtein Kinase C betaLipopolysaccharidesGuanosine TriphosphateRNA, TransferReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearI-kappa B KinaseGlucose Transporter Type 1DeoxyglucoseEndopeptidase K
Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 25
KaryotypingIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosome BandingModels, BiologicalTransfectionBlotting, WesternChromosome MappingMicroscopy, ConfocalMicroscopy, FluorescenceModels, MolecularChromosome PaintingCloning, MolecularImmunoblottingMutagenesis, Site-DirectedPolymerase Chain ReactionFluorescent Antibody TechniqueReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionBlotting, SouthernCytogenetic AnalysisCell FractionationImmunohistochemistryImmunoprecipitationSequence AlignmentPrecipitin TestsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Phenomena and Processes 93
Translocation, GeneticBacterial TranslocationProtein TransportBiological TransportChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Active Transport, Cell NucleusChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Amino Acid SequenceChromosome BreakageProtein Sorting SignalsSignal TransductionBase SequenceChromosomes, Human, 13-15PhosphorylationChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XMutationProtein BindingKineticsEnzyme ActivationChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosome AberrationsGene RearrangementProtein Structure, TertiaryChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosome BreakpointsBiological Transport, ActiveChromosomes, Human, Pair 8ApoptosisProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalTransfectionChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YChromosomes, Human, 16-18Cell CompartmentationChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Binding SitesChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Transcription, GeneticTrisomyProtonsChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Proto-OncogenesTime FactorsChromosomes, Human, 4-5Protein BiosynthesisNuclear Localization SignalsChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Protein ConformationPlasmidsChromosomes, Human, Pair 15Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7Gene Expression RegulationChromosomes, Human, Pair 6HydrolysisProton-Motive ForceSequence Homology, Amino AcidPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16OncogenesDose-Response Relationship, DrugGene ExpressionChromosome DeletionPhenotypeGene DeletionChromosome InversionChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Recombination, GeneticChromosomes, Human, XGene FusionGenes, mycDown-RegulationSequence DeletionTranscriptional ActivationGenes, bcl-2Protein FoldingX ChromosomeHeterozygoteStructure-Activity RelationshipCell SurvivalChromosomes, Human, Pair 10AT Rich SequenceCell Membrane PermeabilityProtein Structure, SecondaryMutagenesisEndocytosisAneuploidy
Disciplines and Occupations 2
ImmunohistochemistryCytogenetics
Technology, Industry, Agriculture 1
Molecular Sequence DataAmino Acid SequenceBase Sequence
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
Translocation, GeneticBacterial TranslocationProtein TransportBiological TransportChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Active Transport, Cell NucleusCell NucleusMolecular Sequence DataCell MembraneKaryotypingIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Glucose Transporter Type 4Membrane Transport ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceOncogene Proteins, FusionCell LineChromosome BreakageChromosome BandingCytosolProtein Sorting SignalsSignal TransductionBase SequenceMembrane ProteinsChromosomes, Human, 13-15PhosphorylationChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XEscherichia coliProtein Kinase CCells, CulturedMutationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCytoplasmProtein BindingMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsEscherichia coli ProteinsKineticsNF-kappa BDNA-Binding ProteinsIntracellular MembranesEnzyme ActivationChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Protein PrecursorsChromosome AberrationsGene RearrangementProtein Structure, TertiaryBacterial ProteinsTranscription FactorsEndoplasmic ReticulumMitochondriaChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia ProteinChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Adenosine TriphosphatasesChromosome DisordersPeptide Elongation Factor GCarrier ProteinsChromosome BreakpointsModels, BiologicalBiological Transport, ActiveChromosomes, Human, Pair 8ApoptosisProto-Oncogene ProteinsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalAdenosine TriphosphateTransfectionChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YChromosomes, Human, 16-18Cell CompartmentationBlotting, WesternGreen Fluorescent ProteinsChromosome MappingMicroscopy, ConfocalSubcellular FractionsChromosomes, Human, Pair 1IsoenzymesMicroscopy, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, 1-3Enzyme InhibitorsProtein Kinase C-epsilonBinding SitesChromosomes, Human, Pair 13RNA, MessengerCell Line, TumorTranscription, GeneticTrisomyModels, MolecularTranscription Factor RelAProtonsChromosomes, Human, Pair 2NanoporesMuscle ProteinsApoptosis Inducing FactorProtein Kinase C-alphaNuclear ProteinsProto-OncogenesTime FactorsDNACOS CellsHeLa CellsChromosomes, Human, 4-5Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 SubunitTetradecanoylphorbol AcetateLuminescent ProteinsChromosome PaintingMicrosomesTumor Cells, CulturedProtein Biosynthesis3T3 CellsCloning, MolecularInsulinNuclear Localization SignalsProtein Kinase C-deltaChromosomes, Human, Pair 9bcl-2-Associated X ProteinChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Saccharomyces cerevisiaeChromosomes, Human, Pair 3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Protein ConformationPlasmidsBurkitt LymphomaProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesI-kappa B ProteinsChromosomes, Human, Pair 15DNA PrimersDiphtheria ToxinChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Recombinant ProteinsCricetinaeImmunoblottingGene Expression RegulationGlucoseMolecular ChaperonesAdipocytesCalciumRibosomesPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2Mutagenesis, Site-DirectedImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsPolymerase Chain ReactionChromosomes, Human, Pair 6HydrolysisSignal Recognition ParticleProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktPhosphoproteinsNeoplasm ProteinsProton-Motive ForceSequence Homology, Amino AcidRats, Sprague-DawleyLeukemiaPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalFluorescent Antibody TechniqueReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationChromosomes, Human, Pair 17RNA, Small InterferingAbnormalities, MultipleChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneProteinsOncogenesSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsDose-Response Relationship, DrugPeptidesCHO CellsGene ExpressionChromosome DeletionProteolipidsBlotting, SouthernPhenotypeCytogenetic AnalysisCaspasesTrans-ActivatorsHSP70 Heat-Shock ProteinsMesenteryDiglyceridesNFATC Transcription FactorsGene DeletionCytochromes cLymphoma, B-CellChromosome InversionProtein-Tyrosine KinasesCell FractionationChromosomes, Human, Pair 19FibroblastsRecombination, GeneticCercopithecus aethiopsChromosomes, Human, XMice, Inbred C57BLActinsImmunohistochemistryImmunoprecipitationGene FusionProton-Translocating ATPasesGenes, mycDown-RegulationLeukemia, Myeloid
Translocation, Genetic: A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14: A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Karyotyping: Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Glucose Transporter Type 4: A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.Membrane Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Oncogene Proteins, Fusion: The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Chromosome Breakage: A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.Chromosome Banding: Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.Cytosol: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.Protein Sorting Signals: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Chromosomes, Human, 13-15: The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18: A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X: The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Protein Kinase C: An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Intracellular Membranes: Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22: A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Protein PrecursorsChromosome Aberrations: Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Endoplasmic Reticulum: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4: A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein: Myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of HOMEOTIC GENE expression during development. The GENE for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in LEUKEMIA and combines with over 40 partner genes to form FUSION ONCOGENE PROTEINS.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21: A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Adenosine Triphosphatases: A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.Chromosome Disorders: Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)Peptide Elongation Factor G: Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Chromosome Breakpoints: The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y: The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.Chromosomes, Human, 16-18: The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.Cell Compartmentation: A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Subcellular Fractions: Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1: A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Chromosomes, Human, 1-3: The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Protein Kinase C-epsilon: A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13: A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Transcription Factor RelA: A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL.Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2: A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.Nanopores: Small holes of nanometer dimensions in a membrane, that can be used as single molecule detectors. The pores can be biological or synthetic.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.Apoptosis Inducing Factor: A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation.Protein Kinase C-alpha: A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Chromosomes, Human, 4-5: The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit: A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS.Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Chromosome Painting: A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Nuclear Localization Signals: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.Protein Kinase C-delta: A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.bcl-2-Associated X Protein: A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5: One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3: A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Burkitt Lymphoma: A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.I-kappa B Proteins: A family of inhibitory proteins which bind to the REL PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and modulate their activity. In the CYTOPLASM, I-kappa B proteins bind to the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B. Cell stimulation causes its dissociation and translocation of active NF-kappa B to the nucleus.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15: A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Diphtheria Toxin: An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Molecular Chaperones: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.Adipocytes: Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Ribosomes: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2: Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6: A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Signal Recognition Particle: A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K).Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.PhosphoproteinsNeoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Proton-Motive Force: Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Leukemia: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational: A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17: A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Abnormalities, MultipleChromosomes, Human, Pair 16: A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Oncogenes: Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Chromosome Deletion: Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.Proteolipids: Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Cytogenetic Analysis: Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.Caspases: A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins: A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. These proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.DiglyceridesNFATC Transcription Factors: A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of highly conserved calcineurin- and DNA-binding domains. NFAT proteins are activated in the CYTOPLASM by the calcium-dependent phosphatase CALCINEURIN. They transduce calcium signals to the nucleus where they can interact with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 or NF-KAPPA B and initiate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development. NFAT proteins stimulate T-CELL activation through the induction of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES such as INTERLEUKIN-2.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.Lymphoma, B-Cell: A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.Chromosome Inversion: An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Cell Fractionation: Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19: A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Chromosomes, Human, X: The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.Mice, Inbred C57BLActins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Immunoprecipitation: The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.Gene Fusion: The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is carried out in vitro by RECOMBINANT DNA technology.Proton-Translocating ATPases: Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.Genes, myc: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Leukemia, Myeloid: Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.


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You are here: Cruise ShipsGym Track
Royal Princess Discounts: Cruises from $419 with a Best Price Guarantee.
Royal Princess Workout Room (Gym), Jogging Track, Yoga, and Aerobics
The Fitness Center on the Royal Princess is located aft and starboard on Sun Deck (Deck 17). Ellipticals, treadmills, free weights, weight training equipment, and recumbent bicycles are among the equipment in this gym. The majority of the machines have personal TV screens. With some of these, guests can enjoy interactive workout experiences.
Aerobics and yoga classes are available for a modest fee -- check the Princess Patter or with the Lotus Spa front desk for scheduling information.
Royal Princess Workout Room (Gym), Jogging Track, Yoga, and Aerobics Tip:
On Deck 18, the Royal Princess boasts a two lane jogging track- one lane is for running, and the other is for walkers. Along the track, there are exercise stations so you can rev up your outdoor exercise regimen! Art depicting travel destinations decorate the track for your viewing pleasure! Seven laps around this track equals one mile.
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Choose A Sailing: Choose A Sailing May 15, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier May 22, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver May 22, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver May 29, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Jun 5, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Jun 5, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Jun 12, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Jun 19, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Jun 19, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Jun 26, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Jul 3, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Jul 3, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Jul 10, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Jul 17, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Jul 17, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Jul 24, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Jul 31, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Jul 31, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Aug 7, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Aug 14, 2021 - 14 days from Vancouver Aug 14, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Aug 21, 2021 - 7 days from Whittier Aug 28, 2021 - 7 days from Vancouver Oct 15, 2021 - 18 days from Singapore Nov 2, 2021 - 10 days from Brisbane Nov 2, 2021 - 2 days from Brisbane Nov 4, 2021 - 10 days from Sydney Nov 7, 2021 - 19 days from Sydney Nov 8, 2021 - 18 days from Sydney Nov 12, 2021 - 2 days from Brisbane Nov 14, 2021 - 12 days from Sydney Nov 26, 2021 - 17 days from Auckland Nov 26, 2021 - 11 days from Auckland Nov 26, 2021 - 18 days from Auckland Dec 1, 2021 - 19 days from Sydney Dec 7, 2021 - 19 days from Sydney Dec 7, 2021 - 13 days from Sydney Dec 14, 2021 - 19 days from Sydney Dec 20, 2021 - 13 days from Sydney Dec 20, 2021 - 19 days from Sydney Jan 2, 2022 - 13 days from Sydney Jan 11, 2022 - 19 days from Sydney Jan 12, 2022 - 18 days from Sydney Jan 15, 2022 - 3 days from Sydney Jan 18, 2022 - 12 days from Sydney Jan 30, 2022 - 18 days from Auckland Jan 30, 2022 - 12 days from Auckland Jan 30, 2022 - 19 days from Auckland Feb 11, 2022 - 7 days from Sydney Feb 12, 2022 - 19 days from Sydney Feb 18, 2022 - 13 days from Sydney Feb 18, 2022 - 19 days from Sydney Mar 3, 2022 - 4 days from Sydney Mar 7, 2022 - 18 days from Sydney Mar 7, 2022 - 2 days from Sydney Mar 9, 2022 - 16 days from Brisbane Enter Your First Name: Enter Your Last Name: Enter Your E-Mail:
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The Rob Roy Hotel is wonderfully situated in idyllic countryside at the gateway to the glorious Trossachs and is set within Scotland's first National Park.
The Rob Roy Hotel has 100 bedrooms all tastefully decorated with private en-suite facilities, mostly showers, colour television, central heating and tea/coffee making facilities.
We offer a range of food options within the hotel from teas and coffees through to full 4 course meals, plus banqueting options available in our function room.
From Tribute Nights and Christmas Parties to Saturday Dinner Dances and fantastic value midweek short breaks.
The Rob Roy is set within Scotland`s first Nation Park, an area of outstanding natural beauty with rugged hills and sparkling lochs.


Necessary item for kid's outdoor activities.
Designed with Batman logo, suitable for your little hero!
There are multiple outer pockets that help kids to store different items inside.
Safety Warning: Please use under supervision of adult.


RE: The tariff classification of a woman's cardigan and dress from Hong Kong.
In your letter dated March 13, 1996 you requested a tariff classification ruling.
The submitted sample, style number 7206, is a woman's two piece outfit consisting of a 70% acrylic, 30% wool, rib knit cardigan and dress. The outer surface of the cardigan measures more than 9 stitches per 2 centimeters in the horizontal direction. The cardigan features the following: a V-neckline; long sleeves; a full front opening with 5 button closures; and side vents. The dress features a round neckline; shoulder pads; short sleeves; a partial zippered opening on the back of the dress; and a hemmed bottom.
The applicable subheading for style 7206, the cardigan, will be 6110.30.1560, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS), which provides for women's sweaters...and similar articles, knitted: of man-made fibers: other: containing 23 percent or more by weight of wool or fine animal hair. The duty rate will be 17% ad valorem. The applicable HTS subheading for style 7206, the dress, will be 6104.43.1010, which provides for women's dresses, knitted: of synthetic fibers: containing 23 percent or more by weight of wool or fine animal hair. The duty rate will be 16.6% ad valorem.
The cardigan falls within textile category designation 438. The dress falls in category 436. Based upon international textile trade agreements products of Hong Kong are subject to quota restraints and the requirement of a visa.


"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life". John 3:16 -IBP #f4spams #followus #issaspam #explorepage #viral #endpolicebrutality #ripniawilson #ripnipseyhussle #justiceforlucca #eastersunday #heisrisen #jesuschrist #godisawesome #goddontmakemistakes #Easteraintabouteggsandabunny #happyeaster #cloutoffsetftcardib #wobbleup #nickibrowntour #Church #neverforgetwhatjesusdidforus #thankthelord #nbaplayoffs #kodakblack #gherbo GOD IS REAL!!!! 🙏🏿 HAPPY EASTER !


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Logos Academy fundraising for community playground
Lindsay C VanAsdalan
Logos Academy is looking to add the first playground to its York City campus, which also would be a public space for the community.
The structure — including towers, slides, a crawlspace and climbing wall — would be housed in a 10,000-square-foot fenced space with swings, and the $150,000 cost would include security cameras and lighting, officials said.
It would be built this fall or early winter on the school's 250 W. King Street campus, facing Princess Street, in York City.
To help fund construction, the school is partnering with Give Local York with a goal of raising $50,000 for the project through a "fun fest" at the playground's future location on Big Give Day, Friday, May 3.
More:York JCC looking to expand summer camp to 20-acre outdoor site
The free festival will run from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m., and include bounce houses, food for purchase, music and a life-size hamster wheel that residents run on to make their own snow cones.
Platania said students and families are kick-starting the efforts with "a really fun internal fundraising campaign" in which a lovable duck, "Captain Codorus," is born under the King Street bridge into a loving family but is looking for a spot to meet friends and play.
The independent, privately funded school has been expanding since it moved into its building in the fall of 2010, adding a high school the following year, said operations manager Brian Platania.
"This is a need we've had for a long time," he said.
The playground, targeting grades K-5, also would be open to the community, which is in keeping with the school's core values to be a community-oriented school that opens its doors to neighboring organizations, Platania said.
Logos partners with the York Jewish Community Center to host a before- and after-care program, and those students would be able to use the playground as well.
More:York-based Logos Academy expands to Harrisburg
"It's going to add a whole new extra component to our program," said George Kapterian, coordinator for the J Clubs school-aged childcare program.
The center's other childcare sites have playgrounds, so it will be great to have access to all the same things, he said, and having a space that's managed by a school and well-maintained is a great asset to the community.
Platania said a playground also is a need in the surrounding neighborhoods, as expanding housing on College Avenue is bringing in a lot of families, and the Newton Square area has a lot of young families as well.
Currently, students play on a grassy area across from the school, and although there have been no problems with safety, school officials want to make sure the new space is well-lit and protected to avoid any neighborhood concerns, Platania said.
More:Cultural Alliance to match $25,000 in donations for Give Local York 2019
Projects like these tend to have success during Big Give Day because people know their donations are going to something tangible, said Give Local York organizer Meagan Feeser.
"They can picture it," she said, and they know their gift helped to make it happen.
More than 50 different activities and events across the county are scheduled for that day, Feeser said, and hosting an event in a space that a school or group is fundraising to support is a great way to engage the community.


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Tax Expenditures, as the word might indicate, does not relate to the expenditures incurred by the Government in the collection of taxes. Rather it refers to the opportunity cost of taxing at concessional rates, or the opportunity cost of giving exemptions, deductions, rebates, deferrals credits etc. to the tax payers. Tax expenditures indicate how much more revenue could have been collected by the Government if not for such measures. In other words, it shows the extent of indirect subsidy enjoyed by the tax payers in the country.
Tax expenditures or the revenue forgone are sanctioned in the tax laws. A statement of the same, (as far as Federal / Union / Central Government is concerned) is presented to the Parliament at the time of Union Budget by way of a separate budget document titled "Statement of Revenue Foregone". It lists the revenue impact of tax incentives or tax subsidies that are part of the tax system of the Central Government. This document also estimates the revenue to be foregone during the proposed financial year on the basis of the revenue foregone figures of the previous financial year.
The estimates and projections in the Statement of Revenue Forgone indicate the potential revenue gain that would be realized by removing exemptions, deductions and such similar measures. The estimates are based on a short-term impact analysis. They are developed assuming that the underlying tax base would not be affected by removal of such measures. As the behaviour of economic agents, overall economic activity or other Government policies could change along with the elimination of such measures, the actual revenue implications could be different to that extent.
The cost of each tax concession is determined separately, assuming that all other tax provisions remain unchanged. Many of the tax concessions do, however, interact with each other. Therefore, the interactive impact of tax incentives could turn out to be different from the revenue foregone calculated by adding up the estimates and projections for each provision.
The assumptions and methodology adopted to estimate the revenue foregone on account of different tax incentives are indicated at the relevant places in the Revenue Forgone Statement.
Tax expenditures or revenue foregone statement was laid before Parliament for the first time during Budget 2006-07 by way of Annex-12 of the Receipts Budget 2006-07. This gave credence to the Government's intention of bringing about transparency in the matter of tax policy and tax expenditures. The practice has been continuing since then and is submitted as a separate document since 2007-08.
Tax Expenditures is a term globally understood. The term was reportedly first coined by Stanley Surrey (1973) in his paper Pathways to tax reform: The concept of tax expenditures [(pp. 140-54) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press] to highlight the similarity such arrangements have with direct expenditure programmes, with spending conducted through the tax system rather than directly through government expenditure.
OECD in 2010 came out with the Report Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries detailing such expenditures in 10 OECD member countries. It was estimated that such expenditures constitute upto 10% of GDP.
Many countries follow the definition used by OECD in assessing their tax expenditures. For instance, Irish legislation describes a tax expenditure as a transfer of public resources that is achieved by:
a) Reducing tax obligations with respect to a benchmark tax rather than by direct expenditure;
b) Provisions of tax legislation that reduce or postpone revenue for a comparatively narrow population of taxpayers relative to the tax base.
Rosemary Abraham, IES(2006)
Retrieved from "http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Tax_Expenditures"
This page was first created on 10 November 2014, at 09:36 and last modified on 8 August 2015, at 04:37.


So here's why. Before the teenager flew the coop to attend college fourteen long hours away from her mother (yep, we can still do that mother thing from afar, thanks to the miracle of modern technology) my house was overflowing with kids. Only one of them technically belonged to me, but I love all of them, and among other things they were the perfect solution to this habit I have of making large batches of just about everything. Lauren loved my macaroni and cheese cupcakes. Sara loved my chocolate chip cookies. Conor…well, my sweet Conor loved just about everything that came out of my oven.
And then just like that, they all up and left me for college. My house went from a noisy conglomeration of loud Taylor Swift music and endless loops of Harry Potter movies and piles of sneakers left all over the place to….QUIET. Just me and the Southern husband and the dog, and nobody asking me if I could please make those no-bake s'mores brownies for the millionth time.
But then the teenager started making new college friends. Sure, they were all fourteen hours away too, but happily for me, there are Christmas breaks and spring breaks and summer breaks, and she's started to bring some of them home with her.
See that adorable one on the left? She came to see us this summer and specifically requested my chicken enchilada soup. I was in heaven. And that pretty girl in the middle? I found out that just like me, her heart beats faster at the sight of anything made with an avocado. And so my head started spinning with possible avocado things I could cook up for when she comes to visit too. And lo and behold….guacamole soup!
So now that we have that covered, let me tell you about this quick and heavenly soup, which yes, is just like your favorite dip in soup form. You take 2 or three nice ripe avocados and whirl them around in your food processor with some fresh lime juice until they are smooth and creamy. Stir in some spices, some garlic and a little bit of Tabasco. Now swirl in some sour cream, and finally thin the whole thing out with some water (you can add more or less of the water depending on how thick and creamy you like your soup). Now all you have left to do is scatter some scallions and chopped tomato on the top and there you have it – guacamole soup!
If I had been able to find any tortilla chips in the cupboard I would have crushed a handful and sprinkled them on top as well. But since my teenager and her friends are fourteen hours away at college (did I mention that?) I don't tend to have tortilla chips lying around. Sigh.
So there you have the saga of the guacamole soup. Ryan, just let me know when you are coming to visit…I'm ready!
Peel and seed your avocados and puree them with the lime juice in a food processor until smooth.
Transfer puree to a large bowl and stir in all spices, Tabasco and garlic. Add sour cream and stir until completely combined and smooth.
Add water a cup at a time, stirring well, until the soup reaches the consistency you like. You may need a little extra water if you like it thinner.
Chill thoroughly (at least a couple of hours) and then serve, garnished with tomato, scallions and/or crushed tortilla chips!
That is too easy !
We have been eating on the average of an avocado a day for a while now. It is funny how you don't get tired of them. I use them in all sandwiches , for todays crackers & soda lunch break and just sliced with big fat red tomatoes with dinner … or for dinner.
There is no such thing as too much avocado.
Now we can have soup too. Thank you. besos.
We actually do the same thing (but with Lemon instead of lime, no sour cream) and use pasta water to thin the sauce. We toss in angel hair pasta and top with shaved Parmesan, sliced cherry tomatoes, green onion and almonds. It's our favorite dinner and it takes 8 minutes from start to finish.
That sounds AMAZING! I will have to try it out.
I've had avocado pasta sauce (SO GOOD) but never guacamole soup. This looks delicious! Considering my boyfriend already eats guacamole like it's a soup, I think this'll be a favorite in our home soon.
HA! Yes, it was just one small step from scooping it up with a chip to scooping it up with a spoon…and I can always make a meal out of any kind of guacamole!
What a cute story! I love your stories behind all of your recipes!
I've been browsing through your blog and have really enjoyed it! Thanks for the inspiration on this soup it was a big hit for some a dinner party with friends.


On the beach but close to the foodie action.
George Town Penang's "Miami Beach" is one of the few parts of Malaysia's cross-cultural island and culinary hot-bed where you can actually kick back on the sand.
The new DoubleTree Resort by Hilton Penang joins a small number of mid- and high-rise hotels that poke above jungle-fringed coves, offering 316 rooms and suites—simple but comfortably furnished in sandy shades, polished woods and Peranakan patterns—that start from B2,171 a night.
Take the free shuttle bus if you want to reach the UNESCO World Heritage Site of George Town and the foodie paradise of Gurney Drive. Head in the opposite direction and you'll get to Batu Ferringhi's popular night market.
The hotel itself boasts a spa, fitness center, pool and even a teddy bear-themed museum.


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Big decisions needed on green growth as UK lags behind rivals – CBI chief
The UK is lagging behind international rivals on green growth, the chief of the Confederation of British Industry will warn, as he urges the Government to take "big decisions" to boost the economy.
Tony Danker will call on Chancellor Jeremy Hunt not to "shy away from the hard decisions that can reverse the UK's trajectory" of falling investment in his spring budget.
In a speech at University College London on Monday, the CBI director general is expected to say: "Growth still matters.
It's time for us to take those hard decisions, generating the forward momentum not only to limit recession this year but also get us really growing next
"The PM set out less than a year ago what is needed to transform our economy. The ideas are there.
"Let's stop second guessing ourselves and get on because there is money on the table to capture right now."
He will argue that "our international competitors in Europe, Asia and the US are going hell for leather on green growth and getting firms investing.
"We are behind them now and seem to be hoping for the best.
"It's time for us to take those hard decisions, generating the forward momentum not only to limit recession this year but also get us really growing next."
He will urge the Government to seize green growth opportunities by reforming the consent process for green infrastructure and using regulation to stimulate domestic demand for green technologies, as is being done for electric vehicles.
A permanent successor to the super deduction tax that ends in April is needed to prevent the UK from dropping from fifth to 30th place among the 38 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) advanced economies for capital investment, Mr Danker will say.
With the labour market hampered by chronic labour and skills shortages, the CBI wants to see reforms of the benefits system and childcare support that reduce disincentives for returning to work.
Mr Danker will also warn that the Retained EU Law Bill, which says that at the end of this year all retained EU law in the UK expires, is "creating huge uncertainty for UK firms".
Divergence should be done smartly, where appropriate and when Government and business are ready for bold and joint action, he will say.
EconomyPoliticsCBIPA


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The one minute intro
Our aims and purpose
Our welfare policies
Our rehoming policies
What's an NPO?
What we do....
We rehome animals in and around the city of Fukuoka.
We rescue animals in distress. We are involved in several TNR projects around the city. (We have done TNR as far away as Nagasaki.)
We provide WordPress blogs (English and Japanese) to groups engaged in TNR, and give them technical support and advice.
We provide non-financial support and advice to people struggling to re-home one or two animals a year.
We are another voice talking to government and agitating for improvements in companion animal welfare law.
We provide an easy way for foreigners in Japan to get involved in companion animal welfare.
We have other quite specific plans for the future, which we shall discuss at the appropriate time.
If you wish to help us, please become a supporter.