text:
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Previous (Atsugewi)
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Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II
The attackers came in two waves. The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles (252 km), but was misidentified as USAAF bombers from the mainland.
primarily Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA
Decisive Japanese victory; United States declares war on the Empire of Japan and enters World War II on the side of Allies; Nazi Germany declares war on the United States.
Oil and trade embargo by the United States; diplomatic stalemate between Japan and the US.
United States Empire of Japan
Husband Kimmel
Army:
Walter Short Navy:
Chuichi Nagumo
8 battleships,
8 cruisers,
29 destroyers,
9 submarines,
~50 other ships,
~390 aircraft Striking Force:
6 aircraft carriers,
9 destroyers,
2 heavy cruisers,
1 light cruiser,
8 tankers,
23 fleet submarines,
5 midget submarines,
414 aircraft
2 battleships sunk,
6 battleships damaged,
3 cruisers damaged,
2 destroyers sunk, 1 damaged,
1 other ship sunk, 3 damaged 4 midget submarines sunk,
1 midget submarine run aground,
29 aircraft destroyed,
55 airmen, 9 submariners killed and 1 captured
Pacific campaigns 1941-42
Pearl Harbor – Thailand – Malaya – Hong Kong – Philippines – Guam – Wake – Dutch East Indies – New Guinea – Singapore – Australia – Indian Ocean – Doolittle Raid – Solomons – Coral Sea – Midway
Pacific Ocean theater
Pearl Harbor – Midway – Solomons – Aleutians – Gilberts & Marshalls – Marianas & Palau –
Volcano Is & Ryukyu Is
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike on the United States Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Empire of Japan's Imperial Japanese Navy, on the morning of Sunday, December 7, 1941. Two attack waves, totaling 350 aircraft were launched from six IJN aircraft carriers which destroyed two U.S. Navy battleships, one minelayer, two destroyers and 188 aircraft. U. S. personnel losses totaled 2,333 killed and 1,139 wounded. Damaged warships included three cruisers, a destroyer, and six battleships. Of those six, one was deliberately grounded and was later refloated and repaired. Two sank at their berths but were later repaired and both rejoined the fleet late in the war. Vital fuel storage, shipyards, and submarine facilities were not hit. Japanese losses were minimal at 29 aircraft and five midget submarines, with 65 Japanese servicemen killed or wounded.
1 Background to conflict
2 Approach and attack
2.1 First wave
2.2 Second wave composition
2.3 Possible third wave
3.1 American response
3.2 Germany declares war
3.3 Logistical and strategic analysis
3.4 Investigations and blame
4 Japanese views
4.1 Perception of the attack today
5 Impact
5.1 Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance
The attack was one of the most important engagements of World War II. Occurring before a formal declaration of war, it shocked the American public out of isolationism. Roosevelt called December 7, 1941 "… a date which will live in infamy." The result of the attack led to America's entry into the war and the defeat of both Nazi Germany and Imperialistic Japan. Both would be democratized and rebuilt through the Marshall Plan.
Background to conflict
More than a decade's worth of events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred prior to the actual engagement. War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation's militaries planned for since the 1920s, though real tension did not begin until the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan. Over the next decade, Japan expanded slowly into China, leading to all out war between the two in 1937. In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China, including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted an eventual American embargo on exporting oil to Japan, which in turn led the Japanese to execute an attack on Pearl Harbor, ensuring the U.S. fleet would be unable to interfere with their simultaneous invasion of the Dutch East Indies for its oil and other resources as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific.
Preliminary planning for an attack had begun in very early 1941, initially by Isoroku Yamamoto. After much contention with Naval Headquarters, permission was finally given for full scale planning by early spring 1941. Over the next months, pilots were trained, equipment prepared. Despite the preparation, the actual order to attack was not given until December 1, after it was apparent all diplomacy would not resolve matters acceptably to the Japanese.
The strike's intent was to protect Imperial Japan's advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies—for their natural resources such as oil and rubber—by neutralizing the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Both the U.S. and Japan had long-standing contingency plans for war in the Pacific, developed during the 1930s as tension between the two countries steadily increased, focusing on the other's battleships. Japan's expansion into Manchuria and later French Indochina were greeted with increasing levels of embargoes and sanctions from the United States. In 1940, the U.S. halted further shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools and aviation gas to Japan, which Japan interpreted as an unfriendly act.[1] America continued to export oil to Japan, as it was understood in Washington that cutting off exports could mean Japanese retaliation. In the summer of 1941, the US ceased the export of oil to Japan due to Japan's continued aggressive expansionist policy and because an anticipated eventual American entrance to the war in Europe prompted increased stockpiling and less commercial use of gasoline. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had moved the fleet to Hawaii, and ordered a buildup in the Philippines, to reduce Japanese aggression in China and deter operations against others, including European colonies in Asia. The Japanese high command was certain any attack on the United Kingdom's colonies would inevitably bring the U.S. into the war.[2] The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was intended to deter U.S. interference in the Pacific.
Approach and attack
Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
The first attack wave consisted of 49 B5Ns, 51 D3As, 40 B5Ns, and 43 A6Ms (a total of 183 aircraft), launched north of Oahu, commanded by Captain Mitsuo Fuchida. It comprised:
1st Group
50 Nakajima B5Ns armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor piercing bombs, in four sections.
40 B5Ns armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections.
2nd Group - 55 Aichi D3As armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general purpose bombs
27 D3As - Hangars and aircraft on Ford Island
27 D3As - Hangars and aircraft on Wheeler Field
3rd Group - 45 A6Ms for air control and strafing, divided into three sections:
18 A6Ms - Ford Island and Hickam Field
15 A6Ms - Wheeler Field and Barbers Point
12 A6M - Kāneʻohe Marine Corps Air Station
The first attack wave divided into 3 groups. One unit went to Wheeler Field. Each of the aerial waves started with the bombers and ended with the fighters to deter pursuit.
At 03.42 Hawaiian Time, even before Nagumo began launching, the minesweeper USS Condor spotted a midget submarine outside the harbor entrance and alerted destroyer USS Ward. Ward carried out an unsuccessful search. The first shots fired, and the first casualties in the attack, occurred when USS Ward eventually attacked and sank a midget submarine, possibly the same one, at 06:37.
Targets:
1:USS California 2:USS Maryland 3:USS Oklahoma 4:USS Tennessee
5:USS West Virginia 6:USS Arizona 7:USS Nevada 8:USS Pennsylvania 9:Ford Island NAS 10:Hickam field
Ignored:
A:Oil storage tanks B:CINCPAC C:Submarine base D:Naval yard
Five midget submarines had been assigned to torpedo U.S. ships after the bombing started. None of these returned, and only four have since been found. Of the ten sailors aboard, nine died; the only survivor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured, becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war.[3]
On the morning of the attack, the Army's Opana Point station (an SCR-270 radar, located near the northern tip of Oahu, which had been in training mode for months and had not entered official service), detected the first wave of Japanese planes and called in a warning. Although the operators at Opana Point reported a target echo larger than anything they had ever seen, an untrained new officer at the new and only partially activated Intercept Center, Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler, presumed the scheduled arrival of six B-17 bombers was the cause because of the direction from which the aircraft were coming (only a few degrees separated the two inbound courses); because he presumed the operators had never seen a formation as large as the U.S. bombers' on radar; and possibly because the operators had only seen the lead element of the incoming attack.[4]
Several U.S. aircraft were shot down as the first wave approached land; one at least radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed, or awaiting confirmation, when the planes began bombing and strafing. Nevertheless, it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even had they been interpreted correctly and much more promptly. The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor, though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning the Japanese had attacked at Pearl (and specific orders to commence operations) before they actually struck his command.
The air portion of the attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:48A.M. December 7 Hawaiian Time (3:18A.M. December 8 Japanese Standard Time, as kept by ships of the Kido Butai), with the attack on Kaneohe.[4] Japanese planes attacked in two waves; a total of 353 planes reached Oʻahu. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oʻahu, starting with Hickam Field, the largest, and Wheeler Field, the main AAC fighter base. The 170 planes in the second wave attacked the Air Corps' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only significant air opposition came from a handful of P-36 Hawks and P-40 Warhawks that flew 25 sorties.
USS California sinking
Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of bombs exploding and cries of "Away fire and rescue party" and "All hands on deck, we're being bombed" and other various calls to General Quarters. The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not drill.," was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior level Hawaiian command to respond.[5] Despite a lack of readiness, which included locked ammunition lockers, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip to prevent sabotage, and no heightened alert status, and on at least one battleship, all watertight doors open throughout the ship in preparation for an inspection, many American military personnel served with distinction during the battle. Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, and Captain Franklin Van Valkenburgh, commander of USS Arizona, both rushed to the bridge to direct her defense, until both were killed by an explosion in the forward magazine from an armor piercing bomb hit next to turret two. Both were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Ensign Joe Taussig got his ship, USS Nevada, underway from a dead cold start during the attack. One of the destroyers, USS Aylwin, got underway with only four officers aboard, all Ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty. That ship operated at sea for four days before her commanding officer managed to get aboard. Captain Mervyn Bennion, commanding USS West Virginia (Kimmel's flagship), led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb hit in USS Tennessee, moored alongside.
Gallantry was widespread. In all, 14 officers and sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor. A special military award, the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack.
Second wave composition
Fighter Combat Units (Mitsubishi A6M Zeros) preparing to take off from aircraft carrier Shokaku for Pearl Harbor
The second wave consisted of 54 B5Ns, 78 D3As, and 35 A6Ms (a total of 167), launched from much the same location, commanded by Lieutenant-Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki. This wave and its targets comprised:
1st Group - 54 B5Ns armed with general purpose bombs
27 B5Ns - Aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island and Barbers Point
27 B5N - Hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field
2nd Group
78 D3As armed with general purpose bombs, in four sections
3rd Group - 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing
9 A6M - Ford Island
9 A6M - Hickam Field
9 A6M - Wheeler Field
9 A6M - MCAS Kāneʻohe
The second wave was divided into three groups. One unit was tasked to attack Kāneʻohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously, from several directions.
Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over; 2,386 Americans died (55 were civilians, most killed by unexploded American anti-aircraft shells landing in civilian areas), a further 1,139 wounded. Eighteen ships were sunk, including five battleships.
B-17 after the attack on Hickam Field.
USS Pennsylvania, behind the wreckage of the USS Downes and USS Cassin.
Nearly half of the 1102 American fatalities were caused by the explosion and sinking of USS Arizona, the result of her forward magazine exploding after it was hit by a modified 40 cm (16in) shell.
USS Nevada attempted to exit the harbor, but was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance. Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire forward, Nevada was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got underway, sustaining more hits from 250 lb (113 kg) bombs as she beached.
USS California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her, and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed target ship USS Utah was holed twice by torpedoes. USS West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. USS Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her belt armor, which caused her to capsize. USS Maryland was hit by two of the converted 40 cm shells, but neither caused serious damage.
Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser USS Helena was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer USS Oglala. Two destroyers in dry dock were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers. The leaking fuel caught fire, flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and so the ships were burned out. The light cruiser USS Raleigh was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser USS Honolulu was damaged but remained in service. The destroyer USS Cassin capsized, and destroyer USS Downes was heavily damaged. The repair vessel USS Vestal, moored alongside Arizona, was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender USS Curtiss was also damaged. USS Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.
Destroyer USS Shaw exploding after her forward magazine was detonated
Almost all of the 188 American aircraft in Hawaii were destroyed or damaged, 155 of those on the ground. Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base, having been parked wingtip to wingtip as a sabotage protection measure. Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii, 24 were destroyed, and six others damaged beyond repair. (The three on patrol returned undamaged.) Attacks on barracks killed additional personnel. Friendly fire brought down several U.S. planes, including some from an inbound flight from USS Enterprise.
Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the action. Of Japan's 387[6] available planes (350 took part in the attack), 29 were lost during the battle (nine in the first attack wave, 20 in the second) with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.
Possible third wave
Several Japanese junior officers, including Fuchida and Genda, urged Admiral Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor's fuel storage, maintenance, and dry dock facilities as possible.[7] Some military historians have suggested the destruction of these oil tanks and repair facilities would have crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than did loss of its battleships. If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year."[8] Nagumo, however, decided to forgo a third attack in favor of withdrawal for several reasons:
Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, commander of the Carrier Striking Task Force
American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two-thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave (20 out of 29 lost planes).[9] Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three-quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the port facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.[9]
The location of the American carriers remained unknown to Nagumo. In addition, the Admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers. Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against Japan's carriers.[9]
A third wave attack would have required substantial preparation and turn-around time, and would have meant returning planes would have faced night landings. At the time, no Navy had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.
The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer since he was at the very limits of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.[4]
He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission—the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet—and did not wish to risk further losses.[8]
At a conference aboard Yamato the following morning, Yamamoto initially supported Nagumo's decision to withdraw.[8] In retrospect, however, Nagumo's decision to spare the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and oil depots meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.[8]
American response
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Declaration of War against Japan on the day following the attack
On December 8, 1941, Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress, calling December 7, 1941 "a date which will live in infamy." Amid outrage at the attack and the late delivery of the note breaking off relations, actions considered treacherous, Congress declared war on Japan with Jeannette Rankin (Republican of Montana) casting the only dissenting vote. Roosevelt signed the declaration the same day. Continuing to intensify its military mobilization, the U.S. government finished converting to a war economy, a process begun by provision of weapons to the Soviet Union and Great Britain.
The Pearl Harbor attack immediately galvanized a divided nation into action. Public opinion had been moving towards support for entering the war during 1941, but considerable opposition remained until the Pearl Harbor attack. Overnight, Americans united against Japan, and probably made possible the unconditional surrender position later taken by the Allied Powers. Some historians believe the attack on Pearl Harbor doomed Japan to defeat simply because it awakened the "sleeping beast," regardless of whether the fuel depots or machine shops had been destroyed or even if the carriers had been caught in port and sunk. U.S. industrial and military capacity, once mobilized, was able to pour overwhelming resources into both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters. Others believe Japanese trade protection was so incompetent, U.S. submarines could have strangled Japan into defeat alone.
Perceptions of treachery in the attack before a declaration of war sparked fears of sabotage or espionage by Japanese sympathizers residing in the U.S., including citizens of Japanese descent and was a factor in the subsequent Japanese internment in the western United States. Other factors included misrepresentations of intelligence information (none) suggesting sabotage, notably by General John DeWitt, commanding Coast Defense on the Pacific Coast, who had personal feelings against Japanese Americans.[10] In February 1942, Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066, requiring all Japanese Americans to submit themselves for an internment.
Germany declares war
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States on December 11, allowing the US to formally enter the war in Europe. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact. However, relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937. Earlier in 1941, the Nazis learned of the U.S. military's contingency planning to get troops in Continental Europe by 1943; this was Rainbow Five, made public by sources unsympathetic to Roosevelt's New Deal, and published by the Chicago Tribune. Hitler decided war with the United States was unavoidable, and the Pearl Harbor attack, the publication of Rainbow Five, and Roosevelt's post-Pearl Harbor address, which focused on European affairs as well as the situation with Japan, probably contributed to the declaration. Hitler underestimated American military production capacity, the nation's ability to fight on two fronts, and the time his own Operation BARBAROSSA would require. Similarly, the Nazis may have hoped the declaration of war, a showing of solidarity with Japan, would result in closer collaboration with the Japanese in Eurasia, particularly against the Soviet Union. Regardless of Hitler's reasons, the decision was an enormous strategic blunder and allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Allies without much public opposition.
Hitler awarded Imperial Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany Hiroshi Oshima the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold (1st class) after the attack, praising Japan for striking hard and without first declaring war.[11]
Logistical and strategic analysis
Carrier Striking Task Force two-way route. Legend:██ Kido Butai ██ USS Enterprise (CV-6) ██ USS Lexington (CV-2)
The attack on Pearl Harbor failed to sight or destroy any of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers; they had been, along with USN capital ships, primary targets.[12] The carriers Lexington and Enterprise were ferrying additional fighters to American bases on the islands of Wake and Midway.[13] At the time of the Japanese attack, the U.S. was expecting imminent war with Japan, beginning in any of several places, such as the Philippines or Allied bases in Borneo.[14] The attack at Pearl resulted in the permanent loss of USS Arizona and Oklahoma, and removed several other battleships (including Nevada, West Virginia, and California) from the battle line for months. However, all of these were older designs, too slow to serve as escorts for the carrier task forces which became central to the Pacific War, and so in practice, the most immediate consequences of the attack were the destruction of over 155 aircraft and shock to American pride.
Genda's plan and Nagumo's execution, left the shore installations at Pearl Harbor almost untouched, excluding aircraft hangars. The USS Arizona was sunk and beyond repair. Its hull underlies the Arizona Memorial. The Oklahoma capsized, was raised, stripped of guns and superstructure, sold for scrap and sunk under tow to San Francisco Bay in 1947. These were the only battleships lost that day. California, Tennessee, West Virginia, Maryland, Nevada, and Pennsylvania were repaired and would later exact some revenge on Japanese battleships during the Battle of Surigao Strait. Cruisers, essential to carrier task forces later in the war, had been considered tertiary targets and only three suffered damage. Of 27 destroyers present, only two were lost: Cassin, and Downes. (Even so, machinery, stores, and weapons were salvaged from all ships written off.)
Tank farms, containing 140 million gallons (530 million liters) of bunker oil, were unscathed providing a ready source of fuel for American submarines at the submarine base. Critical to the initial phase of the War and to commerce raiding throughout, these facilities would later illustrate the folly in Japanese planning. The Navy Yard, critical to ship maintenance, and repair of ships damaged in the attack was left undamaged. The engineering and initial repair shops, as well as the torpedo store, were intact. Other items of base infrastructure and operation such as the power station continued to operate. Also critical, the cryptanalysis unit, HYPO, located in the basement of the old Administration Building, was undamaged and actually benefited by gaining staff from unemployed ship's bands.[15]
The Army Air Force's loss of aircraft must be balanced against the fact that many of them were obsolete, such as the P-40's ancestor, the P-36. Japan might have achieved a good deal more with not much additional effort or loss.[16]
Nagumo's hesitation, and failure to find and destroy the American carriers, may have been a product of his lack of faith in the attack plan, and of the fact he was a gunnery officer, not an aviator. In addition, Yamamoto's targeting priorities, placing battleships first in importance, reflected an out-of-date Mahanian doctrine, and an inability to extrapolate from history, given the damage German submarines did to British trade in World War I. In the end, Japan achieved surprisingly little for all her daring and apparent success.[2]
The politics of a "Europe First" strategy, loss of air cover over Pearl Harbor, and subsequent loss of the Philippines, meant the U.S. Army and Army Air Corps were unable to play a significant role in the Pacific War for several months. Japan was temporarily free of worries about the major rival Pacific naval power, which was at least part of what had been intended for the attack. Because Australian, New Zealand, Dutch and most British forces were already in Europe, Japan conquered Southeast Asia, the Southwest Pacific, and extended her reach far into the Indian Ocean, without significant interference. The various Japanese advances were a nearly complete tactical success.
In retrospect, the attack was a strategic disaster for Japan. It spurred the United States into a determination to fight to complete victory. The War resulted in the destruction of the Japanese armed forces, the Occupation of the Home Islands (a state never before achieved in Japan's history), and the loss of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands to the United States until 1972, while the Soviet Russian re-annexation of the Kurile islands and Sakhalin Island's southern part, and China's seizure of Formosa (Taiwan), and the loss of Korea have not been reversed to this day.
Capital ships prior to attack[17]
Atlantic 6 (8*) 4 (5*)
Pacific 9 3
Empire of Japan
Pacific 10 (11*) 9
*Including ships completed but not yet commissioned.
US: North Carolina, Washington and Hornet
Japan: Yamato
Capital ships after attack
Pacific 1 (6**) 3
**Ships which can be repaired.
Capital ships 12/1942
Atlantic 4 1
Pacific 12 (3**) 3
Pacific 10 6
US ships lost:
Lexington, Yorktown, Wasp, Hornet
US ships gained: Essex, North Carolina, Washington, South Dakota, Indiana, Massachusetts, Alabama
Japanese ships lost:
Shoho, Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiryu, Hiei, Kirishima
Japanese ships gained: Yamato, Mushashi, Junyo, Hiyo.
Investigations and blame
President Roosevelt appointed an investigating commission, headed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts to report facts and findings with respect to the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the first of many official investigations (nine in all). Both the Fleet commander, Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, and the Army commander, Lieutenant General Walter Short (the Army had been responsible for air defense of Hawaii, including Pearl Harbor, and for general defense of the islands against hostile attack), were relieved of their commands shortly thereafter. They were accused of "dereliction of duty" by the Roberts Commission for not making reasonable defensive preparations. None of the investigations conducted during the War, nor the Congressional investigation afterward, provided enough reason to reverse those actions. The decisions of the Navy and War Departments to relieve both was controversial at the time and has remained so. However, neither was court-martialed as would normally have been the result of dereliction of duty. On May 25, 1999, the U.S. Senate voted to recommend both officers be exonerated on all charges, citing "denial to Hawaii commanders of vital intelligence available in Washington."
Japanese views
Although the Imperial Japanese government had made some effort to prepare their population for war via anti-U.S. propaganda, it appears most Japanese were surprised, apprehensive, and dismayed by the news they were now at war with the U.S., a country many Japanese admired. Nevertheless, the people at home and overseas thereafter generally accepted their government's account of the attack and supported the war effort until their nation's surrender in 1945.[18]
Japan's national leadership at the time appeared to have believed war between the U.S. and Japan had long been inevitable. In any case, Japanese-American relationships had already significantly deteriorated since Japan's invasion of China beginning in the early 1930s, of which the United States strongly disapproved. In 1942, Saburo Kurusu, former Japanese ambassador to the United States, gave an address in which he talked about the "historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia."[19] He said war had been a response to Washington's longstanding aggression toward Japan. For example, provocations against Japan included the San Francisco School incident, (the United States' racist policies on Japanese immigrants), Naval Limitations Treaty, other Unequal treaties, the Nine Power Pact, constant economic pressure against Japan, culminating in the "belligerent" scrap metal and oil embargo in 1941 by the United States and Allied countries to contain and/or reverse the actions of the Empire of Japan especially in IndoChina during her expansion of influence and interests throughout Asia. In light of Japan's dependence on imported oil, the trade embargoes were especially significant. These pressures directly influenced Japan to go into alliance with Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact. According to Kurusu, because of these reasons, the Allies had already provoked war with Japan long before the attack at Pearl Harbor, and the United States was already preparing for war with Japan. Kurusu also states the United States was also looking for world domination, beyond just Asia, with "sinister designs."[19] Some of this view seems to have been shared by Adolf Hitler, when he called it one of the reasons Germany declared war on the United States. He also had mentioned European imperialism toward Japan many years before. Therefore, according to Kurusu, Japan had no choice but to defend herself and so should rapidly continue to militarize, bring Germany and Italy closer as allies and militarily combat the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands.
Japan's leaders also saw herself as justified in her conduct, believing that they are building the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. They also explained Japan had done everything possible to alleviate tension between the two nations. The decision to attack, at least for public presentation, was reluctant and forced on Japan. Of the Pearl Harbor attack itself, Kurusu said it came in direct response to a virtual ultimatum from the U.S. government, the Hull note, and so the surprise attack was not treacherous. Since the Japanese-American relationship already had hit its lowest point, there was no alternative; in any case, had an acceptable settlement of differences been reached, the Carrier Striking Task Force could have been called back.
Perception of the attack today
Some Japanese today still feel they were compelled to fight because of threats to their national interests and an embargo imposed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The most important embargo was on oil on which its Navy and much of the economy was dependent.[20] The Japan Times, an English-language newspaper owned by one of the major news organizations in Japan (Asahi Shimbun), ran numerous columns in the early 2000s echoing Kurusu's comments in reference to the Pearl Harbor attack.[21]
In putting the Pearl Harbor attack into context, Japanese writers repeatedly contrast the thousands of U.S. servicemen killed there with the hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians killed in U.S. air attacks later in the War,[22] even without mentioning the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.
However, in spite of the perceived inevitability of the war by many Japanese, many also believe the Pearl Harbor attack, although a tactical victory, was actually part of a seriously flawed strategy for engaging in war with the U.S. As one columnist eulogizes, "The Pearl Harbor attack was a brilliant tactic, but part of a strategy based on the belief that a spirit as firm as iron and as beautiful as cherry blossoms could overcome the materially wealthy United States. That strategy was flawed, and Japan's total defeat would follow."[23] In 1991, the Japanese Foreign Ministry released a statement saying Japan had intended to make a formal declaration of war to the United States at 1P.M. Washington time, 25 minutes before the attack at Pearl Harbor was scheduled to begin. This officially acknowledged something that had been publicly known for years. Diplomatic communications had been coordinated well in advance with the attack, but had failed delivery at the intended time. It appears the Japanese government was referring to the "14-part message," which did not actually break off negotiations, let alone declare war, but did officially raise the possibility of a break in relations. However, because of various delays, the Japanese ambassador was unable to make the declaration until well after the attack had begun.
Imperial Japanese military leaders appear to have had mixed feelings about the attack. Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was unhappy about the botched timing of the breaking off of negotiations. He is rumored to have said, "I fear all we have done is awakened a sleeping giant and filled him with terrible resolve." Even though this quote is unsubstantiated, the phrase seems to describe his feelings about the situation. He is on record as having said, in the previous year, that "I can run wild for six months … after that, I have no expectation of success."[24]
The first Prime Minister of Japan during World War II, Hideki Tojo later wrote, "When reflecting upon it today, that the Pearl Harbor attack should have succeeded in achieving surprise seems a blessing from Heaven."
Yamamoto had said, regarding the imminent war with the United States, "Should hostilities once break out between Japan and the United States, it is not enough that we take Guam and the Philippines, nor even Hawaii and San Francisco. We would have to march into Washington and sign the treaty in the White House. I wonder if our politicians (who speak so lightly of a Japanese-American war) have confidence as to the outcome and are prepared to make the necessary sacrifices?"[25]
Posters like Allen Saalberg's iconic work strengthened American resolve against the Axis powers
A common view is that the Japanese fell victim to victory disease because of the perceived ease of their first victories. It has also been stated by the Japanese military commanders and politicians who visited and lived in the United States, that their leadership (mostly military personnel) took the war with the United States relatively lightly. In addition to Yamamoto, Battle of Iwo Jima commander Tadamichi Kuribayashi's opinions expressed the views and concerns about the greater industrial power of the United States in comparison to Japan.
Despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to America, only three ships were permanently lost to the U.S. Navy. These were the battleships Arizona, Oklahoma, and the old battleship Utah (then used as a target ship); nevertheless, much usable material was salvaged from them, including the two aft main turrets from Arizona. Heavy casualties resulted from Arizona's magazine exploding and the Oklahoma capsizing. Four ships sunk during the attack were later raised and returned to duty, including the battleships California, West Virginia and Nevada. California and West Virginia had an effective torpedo-defense system which held up remarkably well, despite the weight of fire they had to endure, resulting in most of their crews being saved. Many of the surviving battleships were heavily refitted, including the replacement of their outdated secondary battery of anti-surface 5 inch (127 mm) guns with more useful turreted dual-purpose (antiaircraft and antiship) guns, allowing them to better cope with the new tactical reality. In fact, their rate of fire was too low to deal with aircraft, as experience with kamikaze would demonstrate. Not until the introduction of a fully automatic 3 inch {76 mm} postwar was a suitable solution found. Addition of modern radar to the salvaged vessels would give them a marked qualitative advantage over those of the IJN, and the slow battleships (incapable of operating with carrier task forces, unlike the Iowas) would prove useful delivering pre-invasion bombardment for the island hopping offensive against the Japanese in the Pacific. Destroyers Cassin and Downes were total losses as ships, but their machinery was salvaged and fitted into new hulls, retaining their original names, while Shaw was raised and returned to service.
Of the 22 Japanese ships that took part in the attack, only one survived the war. As of 2006, the only U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor during the attack still remaining afloat are the Coast Guard Cutter Taney and the yard tug USS Hoga. Both remained active over 50 years after the attack and have been designated museum ships.
USS Arizona barbette, 2005.
In the long term, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a strategic blunder for Japan. Indeed, Admiral Yamamoto, who conceived it, predicted that even success here could not win a war with the United States, because American productive capacity was too large. One of the main Japanese objectives was to destroy the three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific, but they were not present: Enterprise was returning from Wake, Lexington from Midway, and Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission was regarded—in both navies and by most military observers worldwide—as a tremendous success for Japan.
Damage to the headquarters building at Hickam, still visible.
Though the attack was notable for its large-scale destruction, the attack was not significant for American fuel storage, maintenance and intelligence capabilities. Had Japan destroyed the American carriers, the U.S. would have sustained significant damage to the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations for a year or so (given no further diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to place its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines–the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance. A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief the ultimate Pacific battle would be between battleships of both sides, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Mahan. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded his battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.
Ultimately, targets not on Genda's list, such as the Submarine Base and the old Headquarters Building, were more important than any battleship. It was submarines that immobilized IJN's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a standstill by crippling transportation of oil and raw materials. And in the basement of the old Administration Building was the cryptanalytic unit, HYPO, which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.
Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance
United States WW2 propaganda poster depicting Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tojo.
The attack on Pearl Harbor coupled with Japanese alliance with the Nazis and the ensuing war in the Pacific fueled anti-Japanese sentiment, racism, xenophobia and anti-Axis sentiment in the Allied nations. It resulted in internment of Japanese, German and Italian populations in the United States and others, for instance the Japanese American internment and German American internment. It resulted in the United States fighting the Germans and Italians among others in Europe and Japan in the west. Japanese, Japanese-Americans and Asians having a similar physical appearance were regarded with deep seated suspicion, distrust and hostility. The attack was viewed as having been conducted in an extremely underhanded way, as a very "treacherous" or "sneaky attack."
The attack had history-altering consequences. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, on hearing of the attack, wrote, "Being saturated and satiated with emotion and sensation, I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful."[26] By opening the Pacific War, which ended in the unconditional surrender of Japan, it broke the power of an Asian check on Soviet expansion. The Allied victory in this war and subsequent U.S. emergence as a dominant world power, eclipsing Britain, has shaped international politics ever since.
Pearl Harbor is generally regarded as an extraordinary event in American history, remembered as the first time since the War of 1812 America was attacked on its home soil by another country. While this assertion is technically erroneous, as Hawaii was not a state at the time, it was widely regarded as "home soil." It was the first decisive defeat for the United States in World War II. It has become synonymous with "surprise attack" ever since in the U.S.
↑ Peace and War United States Foreign Policy 1931-1941 Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ 2.0 2.1 David C. Evans and Mark R. Peattie, Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 (United States Naval Institute, 2008, ISBN 0870211927).
↑ Kazuo Sakamaki, I Attacked Pearl Harbor (Rollston Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0997074840).
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept (McGraw-Hill, 1981, ISBN 978-0070506695).
↑ Air Raid on Pearl Harbor The Library of Congress, American Memory. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ WW II Pacific, Dec 7, 1941 Aircraft at Pearl Harbor. ww2pacific.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Harry A. Gailey, The War in the Pacific From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1995, ISBN 978-0891414865), 68.
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Gailey, 97-98.
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Edwin P. Hoyt, Pearl Harbor (G.K. Hall & Co., 1991), 190-191.
↑ Korematsu v. United States Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Trial transcripts at Nuremberg December 11, 1945. More details of the exchanges at the meeting are available online at The Nizkor Project. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Japanese Monograph Number 97 Pearl Harbor operation Prepared by Military History Section Headquarters, Army Forces Far East. ibiblio.org. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History (Viking, 1988), 211.
↑ War warning, dated 27 November 1941 Retrieved September 27, 2017. The involvement of numerous units of the Japanese Army and the apparent disposition of IJN forces suggested amphibious operations against either the Philippines Thai or the Kra Peninsula or possibly Borneo, which was the reason warning cables had been sent to all Pacific commands by both the Navy and War Departments at Washington.
↑ W. J. Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II (Naval Institute, 1979, ISBN 978-0870211621).
↑ Martin Caiden, Fork-Tailed Devil (Military History (Ibooks), 2001, ISBN 978-0743413183).
↑ Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings, Pt. 15, 1901-1906. ibiblio.org. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Robert Guillain, I saw Tokyo burning: An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima (J. Murray, 1981, ISBN 0719538629).
↑ 19.0 19.1 Saburo Kurusu, Historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Tokyo, November 26, 1942. ibiblio.org. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore Failor Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (New York, NY: New Press, 1992, ISBN 978-1565840140).
↑ Charles Burress, Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor The Japan Times, July 19, 2001. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Hiroaki Sato, Debunking America's 'Good War' myth The Japan Times, June 25, 2001. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Burritt Sabin, Dawn of a tragic era The Japan Times, February 8, 2004. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Ronald H. Spector, Eagle against the Sun The American War with Japan (New York, NY: Free Press of Glencoe, 1984, ISBN 978-0029303603).
↑ Mini-biography of Isoroku Yamamoto. National Geographic. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
↑ Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 3., 539.
Beach, Edward L. Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor. Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1557500595.
Caiden, Martin. Fork-Tailed Devil. Military History (Ibooks), 2001. ISBN 978-0743413183
Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War. Mariner Books, 1986. ISBN 978-0395416853.
Clausen, Henry C., and Bruce Lee. Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment. New York: Crown, 1992. ISBN 9780517586440. an account of the secret "Clausen Inquiry" undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Stimson.
Cook, Haruko Taya, and Theodore Failor Cook. Japan at War: An Oral History. New York: New Press, 1992. ISBN 978-1565840140.
Evans, David C., and Mark R. Peattie. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. United States Naval Institute, 2008. ISBN 0870211927.
Fish, Hamilton. Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub, 1983. ISBN 0815969171.
Gailey,Harry A. The War in the Pacific From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1997. ISBN 978-0891414865.
Gannon, Michael V. Pearl Harbor Betrayed. Henry Holt, 2001. ISBN 978-0805066982. a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack.
Guillain, Robert. I saw Tokyo burning: An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. J. Murray, 1981. ISBN 0719538629
Holmes, Richard. The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History. Viking, 1988. ISBN 978-0670819676
Holmes, W. J. Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II. Naval Institute, 1979. ISBN 978-0870211621. contains some important material, such as Holmes' argument that, had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea, it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster.
Horn, Steve. The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II. Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 1591143888.
Hoyt, Edwin P. Pearl Harbor. G.K. Hall & Co., 2000. ISBN 978-0783893037.
Hughes-Wilson, John. Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups. Robinson, 2004. ISBN 978-0786713738. Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures, and broader overview of what causes them.
Kimmett, Larry, and Margaret Regis. The Attack on Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History]. NavPublishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1879932043. Using maps, photos, unique illustrations, and an animated CD, this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II.
Krepinevich, Andrew. Lighting the Path Ahead. Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Retrieved September 27, 2017. contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack, as well as reference citations.
Lord, Walter. Day of Infamy. Henry Holt, 2001. ISBN 978-0805068030. a very readable, and entirely anecdotal, re-telling of the day's events.
Madsen, Daniel. Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor. U.S. Naval Institute Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1557504883. Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8, 1941 through early 1944.
McCollum memo. Retrieved September 27, 2017. A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan, which might lead to war (declassified in 1994).
Parker, Frederick D., Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941. Center for Cryptologic History, 1994. ISBN 978-1478344292. contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan's communications prior to Pearl.
Prange, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept. McGraw-Hill, 1981. ISBN 978-0070506695.
Prange, Gordon W. Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History. McGraw-Hill, 1986. ISBN 978-0140159097.
Prange, Gordon W. December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor. McGraw-Hill, 1988. ISBN 978-0070506824. Prange's monumental trilogy, written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, is considered the authoritative work on the subject.
Sakamaki, Kazuo. I Attacked Pearl Harbor. Rollston Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0997074840
Seki, Eiji. Mrs Fergusons Tea-set, Japan and the Second World War. BRILL/Global Oriental, 2006. ISBN 978-1905246281.
Spector, Ronald H. Eagle against the Sun The American War with Japan. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1984. ISBN 978-0029303603.
Stinnett, Robert, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor. Free Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0743201292. A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short.
Theobald, Robert A., Final Secret of Pearl Harbor. Devin-Adair Pub, 1977. ISBN 978-0815955030. Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.
Toland, John. Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath. Berkeley, 1991. ISBN 978-0425090404. an excellent account by a Pulitzer Prize winning author, though thought by some not to back up his claims as thoroughly as expected by academic conventions.
Wedemeyer, Albert C.. Wedemeyer Reports Henry Holt Co, 1958. ISBN 0892750111.
Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press: 1962. ISBN 978-0804705981. Regarded by many as the most important work in the attempt to understand the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor. Her introduction and analysis of the concept of "noise" persists in understanding intelligence failures.
All links retrieved September 27, 2017.
Guarding The United States And Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor
War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Monday, Sept. 13, 1999
Library of Congress: The day after
Second World War - USA Declaration of War on Japan.
Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents
Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings Detailed reports from various investigations.
Pearl Harbor Attack at HyperWar
Western Europe · Eastern Europe · China · Africa · Mediterranean · Asia and the Pacific · Atlantic
Major participants
To 1945 unless otherwise indicated.
Principal co-belligerents in italics.
• in Asia
• Invasion of China
• in Europe
• Invasion of Poland
• Phoney War
• Invasion of Finland
• Battle of the Atlantic3
• Denmark and Norway
• Battle of France
• Battle of Britain
• Occupation of Baltic states
• Bessarabia and Bukovina
• Invasion of Indochina
• Invasion of Greece
• Invasion of Yugoslavia
• Invasion of the USSR
• Invasion of Iran
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Battle of Midway
• Battle of Stalingrad
• 2nd Battle of El Alamein
• End in Africa
• Battle of Kursk
• Guadalcanal campaign
• Allied invasion of Italy
• Battle of Normandy
• Operation Bagration
• Battle of Romania
• Liberation of Paris
• Operation Market Garden
• Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Battle of Okinawa
• Battle of Berlin
• Surrender of Germany
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Surrender of Japan
• more military engagements
• Effects
• Casualties
• Expulsion of Germans
• Division of Germany
• Morgenthau plan
• Territorial changes
• Occupation of Japan
• Cold War
• in contemporary culture
• Attacks on North America
• Blitzkrieg
• Comparative military ranks
• Cryptography
• Home front
• Military awards
• Military equipment
• Military production
• Resistance
• Total war
Civilian impact and atrocities
• Allied war crimes
• Bataan Death March
• Bengal famine of 1943
• Comfort women
• Dutch famine of 1944
• German war crimes
• Hibakusha
• Himeyuri Students
• Holocaust
• Japanese war crimes
• Nanking Massacre
• Siege of Leningrad
• Sook Ching massacre
• Soviet war crimes
• Strategic bombings
• Unit 731
• Vietnamese famine of 1945
at war from 1937
entered 1939
Italy (to 1943)
Bulgaria (to 1944)
Romania (to 1944)
Finland (to 1944)
Resistance movements
Austria · Baltic1 · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Ethiopia · France · Germany · Greece · Italy · Jewish · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Thailand · USSR · Ukraine2 · Vietnam · Yugoslavia · others
1 Anti-Soviet.
2 Anti-German, anti-Soviet, and anti-Polish.
3 Lasted the entire war (to May 1945).
Attack on Pearl Harbor history
History of "Attack on Pearl Harbor"
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=1007017


text:
Kristen Clarke Is Unfit to Be in Government
David Harsanyi
Kristen Clarke, Joe Biden's nominee for assistant attorney general of the United States, once promoted racist pseudoscientific quackery, arguing that the human brain was structured in a way that makes Black people superior to white people, and that "human mental processes" in the brain have chemicals that imbue one race with "superior physical and mental abilities" and "spiritual abilities."
Rather than owning up to a youthful relationship with radicalism, Clarke, who made these comments in the Harvard Crimson as a 19 year old, claims that her racist diatribe was a merely a parody mocking the controversial book, "The Bell Curve." "What I was seeking to do was to hold up a mirror," she says, "Put one racist theory alongside another."
Purely by chance, Clarke also happened to invite a Holocaust-denying fraud named Anthony Martin — then a professor at Wellesley College whose assigned primary textbook was called "The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews," which blamed Jews for the slave trade, and who wrote "The Jewish Onslaught," published by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan — to speak at Harvard. Around the same time Clarke was writing unrecognizable satire about Black supremacy, she was calling Martin an "intelligent, well-versed Black intellectual who bases his information on indisputable fact." Weird that.
Clarke's contention that she was penning Swiftian letters on race is about as plausible as her assertion today in front of the Senate that her Newsweek op-ed, "I Prosecuted Police Killings. Defund the Police — But Be Strategic," wasn't about "defunding the police." Clarke said that "the impetus for writing this op-ed was to make clear that I do not support defunding the police." In the piece, Clarke literally defines what "defund the police" means, and then offers her ideas about redistributing funds. Maybe that, too, was satire.
Clarke now says, "Let me be clear, I denounce anti-Semitism wherever and whenever it shows up." Which would mean a lot more if she hadn't signed a letter — not in 1999 but in 2019 — supporting Farrakhanite Women's March co-founder Tamika Mallory, who according to Tablet, "asserted that Jewish people bore a special collective responsibility as exploiters of black and brown people — and even, according to a close secondhand source, claimed that Jews were proven to have been leaders of the American slave trade." Mallory sounds a lot like Martin.
Indeed, there is not a single shred of contemporaneous evidence that her letter was satire. Quite the opposite. Subsequent pieces in the Crimson specifically point out that Clarke refused to concede that she wasn't serious. The Harvard Crimson staff, in fact, demanded a retraction and noted that it had "searched in vain for a hint of irony in Clarke's letter." In another response, a columnist argued that "Clarke refuses to explicitly deny the theories" and accused her of "disseminating racist theories."
Now, all of us believe stupid things when we're young — though perhaps not racial-science-level stupid. It needs mentioning, though, that we live in a skewed world where a woman can be hounded out of her job at Teen Vogue for making jokes when she was 17, where The New York Times believes it's newsworthy to track down the prom date of Josh Hawley for comment, and where Supreme Court nominees are attacked for jokes they made in their high school yearbooks, but somehow pointing out that the person put in charge of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division once spouted racist rhetoric, and now supports an anti-Semite, is beyond the pale.
If Donald Trump, or any Republican, had picked a nominee who had once promoted a Holocaust-denying white identitarian to an assistant AG position there would — rightly — be a media meltdown. Clarke has every right to live free and work where she can, but she has no God-given right to hold a position of power over citizens. With her history, she shouldn't.
David Harsanyi is a senior writer at National Review and the author of the book "First Freedom: A Ride Through America's Enduring History With the Gun." To read features by other Creators Syndicate writers and cartoonists, visit the Creators Syndicate webpage at www.creators.com.
COPYRIGHT 2021 CREATORS.COM
BTX343 (@guest_1215994)
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Mary Robertson (@guest_1216069)
There is no way she should be in any position of power!! No matter what color she is!
Stephen Russell (@guest_1216075)
Hooray more Dem division & chaos within DC
Dave (@guest_1216108)
In the beginning where the person said Blacks are more mentally superior to Whites, why do Blacks continue to not figure out if you don't resist arrest and comply with police, you will be just fine and not be hurt or killed.
Robert W (@guest_1216636)
Reply to Dave
Tom (@guest_1216154)
Why is it if the brain is do much better they after 150 years since the last slave, 60 years since desegregation and 50 years since Affirmative Action, the do call "superior race" (as stated/insinuated in the above article) still can not seem to get their crap together with succeeding in life and continue to kill each other off more than most other races? And if you think they have figured it out (with all of their athlete millionaires, why do our government think reparations is warranted? I never seen/own or known a slave. Oh and I have black in my blood so I am wondering if I will reparation as I am feeling a Lille held back in life!
Americafirst (@guest_1216170)
We are al living in the Twilight Zone.
Dwayne (@guest_1216175)
It's funny you mention Farrakhan since, even though he's an anti-non-Black piece of junk, the Left LOVES him so much that, if his distaste for the COVID vaccine got out, they would bend over backwards to say "Let's stop the masking, social distancing, blah, blah, blah". Also, I LOATHE every Jack and Jill that shows any since of anti-White behavior.
Eugene Ross (@guest_1216193)
all of the democrats are unfit to be in office
bob onit (@guest_1216213)
she will probably try phrenology for gun owners next where does Joe get these bozos is he looking for political talent in nut hatches now . the batf guy chipper looks like Richie Cunningham on meth too. Joe's gotta be taking job apps from a prison for the criminally insane.
Jesse (@guest_1216233)
She is one of many Biden appointees who hold dangerous racist views and beliefs who have no business in any position of power over the citizens of the United States of America. Republicans and Democrats need to grow a set and never allow someone like this to hold any position of power in the Biden Administration.
Billy (@guest_1216394)
What doyou expect from the Social/Communist left.
Marie (@guest_1217014)
Biden and Harris need to be impeached and any Democrat that can not stand for America and our Constitution need to go to. Call, write and email your Representatives Senators daily until we get results. Write to the supreme Court about the treason committed in the election. Urge them to rethink their decision to not look into the election fraud before our country goes down in flames.
US Supreme Court, 1 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20543
You cannot call or email — you must write a letter!!!
Members of the House
Members of the Senate
Stop complaining start calling and writing before its to late. I call and write everyday. 74million of us voted for Trump bombard these people with calls and letters.
ArthurCRandolph (@guest_1217269)
In 2021 I am making a good salary from home $7300-$9600/week, which is amazing, under a year back I was jobless in a horrible economy. I thank God every day I was blessed with these instructions and now it's my duty to pay it forward and share it with Everyone,
Here is what I do. ——->> http://www.works79.com
I signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law just over two months ago, and we've gotten right to wor...
We have the tools to protect people from severe illness due to COVID. Get vaccinated. Get boosted....
Big Tech Thugs and Their Allies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The tweet was accompanied by a link to a photo showing Penny, his puppy, in Margera's arms. Meanwhile, Margera has a toy gun pointed at the dog's head. Unfortunately for Margera, he didn't make it clear in the tweet that the gun was a toy, leading to much concern among some users that he was actually going to harm the dog.
The report went on to say that Margera "loves animals and wished he had made it more clear the gun was fake." Meanwhile, SPCA officials were not amused and said the so-called joke was not funny.
Keir Starmer, the U.K.'s director of public prosecutions, "is exploring whether Facebook and Twitter should take more responsibility for policing their networks for abuse and harassment in an attempt to reduce the number of cases coming to court," according to a report published in the British newspaper The Guardian on Oct. 9.
Pressure has been mounting on the U.K. government lately after a number of arrests were made following harassing and vicious online comments, including a 12-week jail sentence handed down to a teenager who made so-called "sick jokes" on Facebook regarding April Jones, a missing five-year old girl. In another case, a man was sentenced to 240 hours of community service after posting a comment on Facebook that "all soldiers should die and go to hell" following the deaths of six British troops.
So, tha t's $500,000,000,000 in free gift cards. And if you believe that and click on the accompanying link, all your Facebook friends are tagged in the fake gift card's photo and you end up wearing the credibility fallout. The hoax started showing up in my Facebook feed late on Tuesday evening and within a few minutes after people started clicking on the link, it started spreading like wildfire and polluting everyone's newsfeed.
Again, Costco is not giving away free gift $500 cards (or any other amount). If you see someone sharing this silly and ridiculously naive offer, please educate them not to click on the link. It's a hoax and they risk being reported for spreading spam online.
How should Facebook stop this perpetual gift card hoax? My suggestion: every single user who clicks on these links should have their account suspended for 48 hours. Considering the huge role that Facebook plays in staying connected, it may just be the lesson that users need so that they stop clicking on this stuff "just in case" it's true. Facebook really needs to send a message not only to the people who create this stuff, but to users who just blindly spread it without thinking.
Every week, I feature three YouTube channels for you to check out. Statistics are current to Oct. 9. Have a favourite YouTube channel? Please let me know and I may feature it here. This week's channels are all science-related.
Warning: This video may not be suitable for everyone.
← Subscribe to my free weekly e-newsletter!


text:
package net.sf.jabref.gui;

import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Component;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.FontFormatException;
import java.awt.FontMetrics;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.RenderingHints;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;

import javax.swing.Icon;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

public class IconTheme {

    public static Font FONT;
    public static Font FONT_16;

    /* Colors */

    // JabRef's default colors
    public static final Color DEFAULT_COLOR = new Color(79, 95, 143); // The purple color of the logo
    public static final Color DEFAULT_DISABLED_COLOR = new Color(200, 200, 200);

    // Christmas edition
    //public static final Color DEFAULT_COLOR = new Color(0x155115);
    //public static final Color DEFAULT_DISABLED_COLOR = new Color(0x990000);

    public static final int DEFAULT_SIZE = 24;
    public static final int SMALL_SIZE = 16;

    private static final Map<String, String> KEY_TO_ICON = readIconThemeFile(
            IconTheme.class.getResource("/images/Icons.properties"), "/images/external/");
    private static final String DEFAULT_ICON_PATH = "/images/external/red.png";

    private static final Log LOGGER = LogFactory.getLog(IconTheme.class);

    static {
        try (InputStream stream = FontBasedIcon.class.getResourceAsStream("/fonts/materialdesignicons-webfont.ttf")) {
            FONT = Font.createFont(Font.TRUETYPE_FONT, stream);
            FONT_16 = FONT.deriveFont(Font.PLAIN, 16f);
        } catch (FontFormatException | IOException e) {
            LOGGER.warn("Error loading font", e);
        }
    }

    public enum JabRefIcon {

        ADD("\uf416") /*css: mdi-plus-box*/,
        ADD_NOBOX("\uf415") /*css: plus */,
        ADD_ENTRY("\uf527") /*css: tooltip-outline-plus */,
        EDIT_ENTRY("\uf524") /*css: tooltip-edit */,
        EDIT_STRINGS("\uf528") /*css: tooltip-text */,
        FOLDER("\uf24b"), /*css: folder */
        REMOVE("\uf375"), /*css: minus-box */
        REMOVE_NOBOX("\uf374") /*css: minus */,
        FILE("\uf214"), /* css: file*/
        PDF_FILE("\uf225"), /* css: file-pdf*/
        DOI("\uF072") /*css: barcode-scan*/,
        DUPLICATE("\uf191") /*css: content-duplicate */,
        EDIT("\uf3eb") /*css: pencil */,
        NEW("\uf224") /* css: file-outline */,
        SAVE("\uf193") /*css: content-save*/,
        SAVE_ALL("\uf194") /*css: content-save-all*/,
        CLOSE("\uf156") /* css: close */,
        PASTE("\uf192") /*css: content-paste*/,
        CUT("\uf190") /*css: content-cut*/,
        COPY("\uf18f") /*css: content-copy */,
        REDO("\uf44e") /*css: redo*/,
        UNDO("\uf54c") /*css: undo*/,
        MARK_ENTRIES("\uf0c0") /*css: bookmark */,
        UNMARK_ENTRIES("\uf0c3") /*css: bookmark-outline */,
        REFRESH("\uf450") /*css: refresh */,
        DELETE_ENTRY("\uf1c0") /*css: delete */,
        SEARCH("\uf349") /*css: magnify */,
        PREFERENCES("\uf493") /*css: settings */,
        HELP("\uf2d7") /*css: help-circle*/,
        UP("\uf143") /*css: chevron-up */,
        DOWN("\uf140") /*css: chevron-down */,
        LEFT("\uf04e") /* css; arrow-left-bold */,
        RIGHT("\uf055") /*css: arrow-right-bold */,
        SOURCE("\uf169") /*css: code-braces*/,
        MAKE_KEY("\uf30b") /*css: key-variant */,
        CLEANUP_ENTRIES("\uf0e2") /*css: broom */,
        PRIORITY("\uf23b") /*css: flag */,
        PRIORITY_HIGH("\uF23B", Color.RED) /*css: flag */,
        PRIORITY_MEDIUM("\uF23B", Color.ORANGE) /*css: flag */,
        PRIORITY_LOW("\uF23B", new Color(111, 204, 117)) /*css: flag */,
        PRINTED("\uf42a") /*css: printer */,
        RANKING("\uf4ce") /*css: star + star-outline: f4d2*/,
        RANK1("\uF4CE\uF4D2\uF4D2\uF4D2\uf4d2"),
        RANK2("\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4D2\uF4D2\uF4D2"),
        RANK3("\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4D2\uF4D2"),
        RANK4("\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4D2"),
        RANK5("\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE\uF4CE"),
        WWW("\uf59f") /*css: web*/,
        GROUP_INCLUDING("\uf233") /*css: filter-outline*/,
        GROUP_REFINING("\uf232") /*css: filter*/,
        AUTO_GROUP("\uf068"), /*css: auto-fix*/
        EMAIL("\uf1ee") /*css: email*/,
        EXPORT_TO_CLIPBOARD("\uf14b") /*css: clipboard-arrow-left */,
        ATTACH_FILE("\uf3e2") /*css: paperclip*/,
        AUTO_FILE_LINK("\uf21e") /*css: file-find */,
        QUALITY_ASSURED("\uf124"), /*css: certificate */
        QUALITY("\uF124"),/*css: certificate */
        OPEN("\uf24b") /*css: folder */,
        ADD_ROW("\uf490") /* css: server-plus*/,
        REMOVE_ROW("\uf48c") /*css: server-minus */,
        PICTURE("\uf21f") /*css: file-image */,
        READ_STATUS_READ("\uf208", new Color(111, 204, 117)), /*css: eye */
        READ_STATUS_SKIMMED("\uF208", Color.ORANGE), /*css: eye */
        READ_STATUS("\uF208"),/*css: eye */
        RELEVANCE("\uf4cf"),/*css: star-circle */
        MERGE_ENTRIES("\uf18a"), /* css: compare */
        CONNECT_OPEN_OFFICE("\uf3cb") /*css: open-in-app */,
        PLAIN_TEXT_IMPORT_TODO("\uf130") /* css: checkbox-blank-circle-outline*/,
        PLAIN_TEXT_IMPORT_DONE("\uf134") /* checkbox-marked-circle-outline */,
        DONATE("\uf2a1"), /* css: gift */
        MOVE_TAB_ARROW("\uf05e"), /*css:  arrow-up-bold */
        OPTIONAL("\uf316"), /*css: label-outline */
        REQUIRED("\uf315"), /*css: label */
        INTEGRITY_FAIL("\uf159", Color.RED), /*css: close-circle */
        INTEGRITY_INFO("\uf2fc"), /*css: information */
        INTEGRITY_WARN("\uf028"), /*css alert-circle */
        INTEGRITY_SUCCESS("\uF134") /*css: checkbox-marked-circle-outline */,
        GITHUB("\uf2a4"), /*css: github-circle*/
        TOGGLE_ENTRY_PREVIEW("\uf332"), /*css: library-books */
        TOGGLE_GROUPS("\uf572"), /*css: view-list */
        WRITE_XMP("\uf2fa"), /* css: import */
        FILE_WORD("\uf22c"), /*css: file-word */
        FILE_EXCEL("\uf21b"), /*css: file-excel */
        FILE_POWERPOINT("\uf227"), /*css: file-powerpoint */
        FILE_TEXT("\uf219"), /*css: file-document */
        FILE_MULTIPLE("\uf222"), /*css: file-multiple */
        KEY_BINDINGS("\uf30c"), /*css: keyboard */
        FIND_DUPLICATES("\uf16b"), /*css: code-equal */
        PULL("\uf4c2"), /*source-pull*/
        OPEN_IN_NEW_WINDOW("\uf3cc"), /*css: open-in-new */
        CASE_SENSITIVE("\uf02c"), /* css: mdi-alphabetical */
        REG_EX("\uf451"), /*css: mdi-regex */
        CONSOLE("\uf18d"), /*css: console */
        FORUM("\uf28c"), /* css: forum */
        FACEBOOK("\uf20c"), /* css: facebook */
        BLOG("\uf46b"), /* css: rss */
        GLOBAL_SEARCH("\uF1E7"), /* css: earth */
        DATE_PICKER("\uF0ED;"), /* css: calendar */
        // STILL MISSING:
        GROUP_REGULAR("\uF4E6", Color.RED),
        FULL_TEXT("\uF4E6", Color.PINK);

        private final String code;
        private final Color color;

        JabRefIcon(String code) {
            this(code, IconTheme.DEFAULT_COLOR);
        }

        JabRefIcon(String code, Color color) {
            this.code = code;
            this.color = color;
        }

        public FontBasedIcon getIcon() {
            return new FontBasedIcon(this.code, this.color);
        }

        public FontBasedIcon getSmallIcon() {
            return new FontBasedIcon(this.code, this.color, IconTheme.SMALL_SIZE);
        }

        public String getCode() {
            return this.code;
        }
    }

    public static class FontBasedIcon implements Icon {

        private final String iconCode;
        private final Color iconColor;
        private final int size;

        public FontBasedIcon(String code, Color iconColor) {
            this.iconCode = code;
            this.iconColor = iconColor;
            this.size = IconTheme.DEFAULT_SIZE;
        }

        public FontBasedIcon(String code, Color iconColor, int size) {
            this.iconCode = code;
            this.iconColor = iconColor;
            this.size = size;
        }

        @Override
        public void paintIcon(Component c, Graphics g, int x, int y) {
            Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g.create();

            RenderingHints rh = new RenderingHints(
                    RenderingHints.KEY_TEXT_ANTIALIASING,
                    RenderingHints.VALUE_TEXT_ANTIALIAS_ON);
            g2.setRenderingHints(rh);

            g2.setFont(FONT.deriveFont(Font.PLAIN, size));
            g2.setColor(iconColor);
            FontMetrics fm = g2.getFontMetrics();

            g2.translate(x, y + fm.getAscent());
            g2.drawString(iconCode, 0, 0);

            g2.dispose();
        }

        @Override
        public int getIconWidth() {
            return size;
        }

        @Override
        public int getIconHeight() {
            return size;
        }

        public FontBasedIcon createDisabledIcon() {
            return new FontBasedIcon(this.iconCode, IconTheme.DEFAULT_DISABLED_COLOR, this.size);
        }

        public FontBasedIcon createSmallIcon() {
            return new FontBasedIcon(this.iconCode, this.iconColor, IconTheme.SMALL_SIZE);
        }

        public FontBasedIcon createWithNewColor(Color newColor) {
            return new FontBasedIcon(this.iconCode, newColor, this.size);
        }

    }

    /**
     * Constructs an ImageIcon for the image representing the given function, in the resource
     * file listing images.
     *
     * @param name The name of the icon, such as "open", "save", "saveAs" etc.
     * @return The ImageIcon for the function.
     */
    public static ImageIcon getImage(String name) {
        return new ImageIcon(getIconUrl(name));
    }

    /**
     * Looks up the URL for the image representing the given function, in the resource
     * file listing images.
     *
     * @param name The name of the icon, such as "open", "save", "saveAs" etc.
     * @return The URL to the actual image to use.
     */
    public static URL getIconUrl(String name) {
        String key = Objects.requireNonNull(name, "icon name");
        if (!KEY_TO_ICON.containsKey(key)) {
            LOGGER.warn("Could not find icon url by name " + name + ", so falling back on default icon "
                    + DEFAULT_ICON_PATH);
        }
        String path = KEY_TO_ICON.getOrDefault(key, DEFAULT_ICON_PATH);
        return Objects.requireNonNull(IconTheme.class.getResource(path), "Path must not be null for key " + key);
    }

    /**
     * Read a typical java property url into a Map. Currently doesn't support escaping
     * of the '=' character - it simply looks for the first '=' to determine where the key ends.
     * Both the key and the value is trimmed for whitespace at the ends.
     *
     * @param url    The URL to read information from.
     * @param prefix A String to prefix to all values read. Can represent e.g. the directory
     *               where icon files are to be found.
     * @return A Map containing all key-value pairs found.
     */
    // FIXME: prefix can be removed?!
    private static Map<String, String> readIconThemeFile(URL url, String prefix) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(url, "url");
        Objects.requireNonNull(prefix, "prefix");

        Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();

        try (BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
                new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1))) {
            String line;
            while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
                if (!line.contains("=")) {
                    continue;
                }

                int index = line.indexOf('=');
                String key = line.substring(0, index).trim();
                String value = prefix + line.substring(index + 1).trim();
                result.put(key, value);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            LOGGER.warn("Unable to read default icon theme.", e);
        }
        return result;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Athletic competition has never been more intense than it will be on Sunday 1st September 2019 when AT&T Stadium proudly hosts . This marks a reckoning for one side of this intense and heated rivalry as both competitors vie and compete for top honors. They've trained hard to claim this important win but there's only room for one on the winner's table and this is your chance to see who will claim that prize. But if you want to catch every hard-hitting play and breathtaking moment of this event, you have to act fast because tickets are already flying off the shelves. If you want to watch what commentators are calling the hottest event of 2019 then you have one thing left to do. Click the Buy Tickets button below and order your tickets to see live on Sunday 1st September 2019 only at AT&T Stadium.
The match of the century! People are talking more about than they are any other match. These teams are held in high esteem nationwide as being some of the top athletes and performing the most intense sports matches in all of Texas, sports fans come from all over Texas and beyond to cheer on their matches in Arlington. When it comes to sport and athletic games, no location does it better than the AT&T Stadium. Get ready to cheer your favorite team on in this massive state-of-the-art sports arena on Sunday 1st September 2019 – it's set to be outstanding!! What are you waiting for? Drinks, nibbles, easy access, parking lots – all provided by the great AT&T Stadium.


text:
Das Edelweißhaus ist eine Alpenvereinshütte der Sektion Stuttgart des Deutschen Alpenvereins in den Lechtaler Alpen in Tirol, Österreich.

Lage
Das Edelweißhaus ist ein alter Gasthof und wurde 1936 von der Sektion Stuttgart des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins ersteigert. Es liegt auf  im Ort Kaisers. Die Hütte ist mit PKW und Linienbus erreichbar.
Das Haus wird ganzjährig vom Deutschen Alpenverein – Sektion Stuttgart – als Berggasthof betrieben.
Vom Haus aus können neben einfachen bis größeren Hüttentouren auch verschiedene Gipfelanstiege unternommen werden.

Geschichte
Das Haus wurde 2011/12 umgebaut und wird nun als Alpengasthof mit Bewirtung betrieben. Neben Doppelzimmern stehen nach wie vor alpenvereinshüttenübliche Unterbringungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Das urige Gastzimmer aus dem Jahre 1840 – eine alte Lechtaler Bauernstube – blieb beim Umbau erhalten.

Nachbarhütten und Übergänge
 zur Stuttgarter Hütte, 4 Stunden
 zur Leutkircher Hütte, 4 Stunden
 zur Simmshütte über das Falmedonjoch, 3 Stunden (Trittsicherheit nötig, bei Nässe, Neuschnee oder Vereisung problematisch). Der Weg über das Falmedonjoch wurde 2015 saniert und z. T. neu angelegt und an den steilsten Stellen mit Seilsicherung versehen.

Gipfel
 Hahnleskopf, , Gehzeit 2 Stunden
 Rotschrofenspitze, , Gehzeit 3 Stunden
 Holzgauer Wetterspitze, , Gehzeit 4 Stunden
 Stanskogel, , Gehzeit 3½ Stunden
 Pimig, , Gehzeit 3 Stunden

Karten
 Alpenvereinskarte 3/2 Lechtaler Alpen – Arlberggebiet (1:25.000)
 Alpenvereinskarte 3/3 Lechtaler Alpen – Parseierspitze (1:25.000)

Quellen und Literatur
 Dieter Seibert: Alpenvereinsführer Lechtaler Alpen alpin, Bergverlag Rother, München ISBN 3-7633-1268-4.

Weblinks

 Homepage der Hütte
 Hütteseite der Sektion
 Homepage der Sektion Stuttgart

Alpenhütte in Tirol
Kaisers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Цветан Радославов Хаджи-Денков е български психолог и автор на съвременния химн на България "Мила Родино".

Биография
Роден е в град Свищов през 1863 г. Майка му е дъщеря на възрожденския книгоиздател и просветен деец Христаки Павлович и сестра на живописеца Николай Павлович, но израства в семейството на търговеца Цвятко Радославов, който осиновява и сина ѝ Цветан. Радославов се изучава най-напред при Емануил Васкидович и расте в обкръжението на видни свищовлии като Иван Шишманов и Алеко Константинов. След завършване на Априловската гимназия в Габрово той прекарва няколко години като студент по история и славистика във Виена, а през 1897 г. защитава докторска титла по философия в Лайпциг, Германия. Между 1888 и 1893 г. е гимназиален учител в Габрово, след 1897 г. – в Мъжката гимназия в Русе, а впоследствие – в Трета мъжка гимназия в София.

През 1885 г., по пътя към бойното поле на Сръбско-българската война, в която той участва като доброволец, той композира песента "Горда Стара планина", която по-късно през 1905 г. е обработена от композитора Добри Христов, а през 1964 г. се превръща в химн на България. Смята се, че за написване на мелодията Радославов използва известното в родния му край Свищовско хоро. През 1895 песента му е отпечатана в учебник по музика на чеха Карел Махан.

Текстът на песента е променян нееднократно. Последните промени датират от 1990 г., а след приемането на новата Конституция на страната, песента "Мила Родино" пак е утвърдена като национален химн на Република България.

Освен създател на българския химн, Цветан Радославов е и блестящ учен. Той е един от тримата българи (заедно с д-р Кръстьо Кръстев и Никола Алексиев), които са защитили доктората си при бащата на съвременната научна психология – Вилхелм Вунт. Той отхвърля всички покани за преподавателска кариера във Виена, Лайпциг и Прага и се завръща в родината си, където допринася за съграждането на съвременна България, като учи младите българи на западни и древни езици, психология, етика и логика. Радославов живее в малка мансарда на улица "Ангел Кънчев" № 3, където днес има паметна плоча, направена от Георги Чапкънов.

Цветан Радославов умира в края на октомври 1931 г. в София.

Източници

Български композитори
Български учители
Български психолози
Родени през 1863 година
Доброволци в Българската армия в Сръбско-българската война
Възпитаници на Априловската гимназия
Родени в Свищов
Починали в София


text:
require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe "Routing", type: :routing do
  let(:namespaces) { ActiveAdmin.application.namespaces }

  it "should only have the namespaces necessary for route testing" do
    expect(namespaces.names).to eq [:admin]
  end

  describe "admin dashboard" do
    around do |example|
      with_resources_during(example) {}
    end

    it "should route to the admin dashboard" do
      expect(get('/admin')).to route_to 'admin/dashboard#index'
    end
  end

  describe "root path helper" do
    around do |example|
      with_resources_during(example) {}
    end

    context "when in admin namespace" do
      it "should be admin_root_path" do
        expect(admin_root_path).to eq "/admin"
      end
    end
  end

  describe "route_options" do
    around do |example|
      with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register(Post) }
    end

    context "with a custom path set in route_options" do
      before do
        namespaces[:admin].route_options = { path: '/custom-path' }
        reload_routes!
      end

      after do
        namespaces[:admin].route_options = {}
        reload_routes!
      end

      it "should route using the custom path" do
        expect(admin_posts_path).to eq "/custom-path/posts"
      end
    end
  end

  describe "standard resources" do
    around do |example|
      with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register(Post) }
    end

    context "when in admin namespace" do
      it "should route the index path" do
        expect(admin_posts_path).to eq "/admin/posts"
      end

      it "should route the show path" do
        expect(admin_post_path(1)).to eq "/admin/posts/1"
      end

      it "should route the new path" do
        expect(new_admin_post_path).to eq "/admin/posts/new"
      end

      it "should route the edit path" do
        expect(edit_admin_post_path(1)).to eq "/admin/posts/1/edit"
      end
    end

    context "when in root namespace" do
      around do |example|
        with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register(Post, namespace: false) }
      end

      after do
        namespaces.instance_variable_get(:@namespaces).delete(:root)
      end

      it "should route the index path" do
        expect(posts_path).to eq "/posts"
      end

      it "should route the show path" do
        expect(post_path(1)).to eq "/posts/1"
      end

      it "should route the new path" do
        expect(new_post_path).to eq "/posts/new"
      end

      it "should route the edit path" do
        expect(edit_post_path(1)).to eq "/posts/1/edit"
      end
    end

    context "with member action" do
      context "without an http verb" do
        around do |example|
          with_resources_during(example) do
            ActiveAdmin.register(Post) { member_action "do_something" }
          end
        end

        it "should default to GET" do
          expect({ get: "/admin/posts/1/do_something" }).to be_routable
          expect({ post: "/admin/posts/1/do_something" }).to_not be_routable
        end
      end

      context "with one http verb" do
        around do |example|
          with_resources_during(example) do
            ActiveAdmin.register(Post) { member_action "do_something", method: :post }
          end
        end

        it "should properly route" do
          expect({ post: "/admin/posts/1/do_something" }).to be_routable
        end
      end

      context "with two http verbs" do
        around do |example|
          with_resources_during(example) do
            ActiveAdmin.register(Post) { member_action "do_something", method: [:put, :delete] }
          end
        end

        it "should properly route the first verb" do
          expect({ put: "/admin/posts/1/do_something" }).to be_routable
        end

        it "should properly route the second verb" do
          expect({ delete: "/admin/posts/1/do_something" }).to be_routable
        end
      end
    end
  end

  describe "belongs to resource" do
    around do |example|
      with_resources_during(example) do
        ActiveAdmin.register(User)
        ActiveAdmin.register(Post) { belongs_to :user, optional: true }
      end
    end

    it "should route the nested index path" do
      expect(admin_user_posts_path(1)).to eq "/admin/users/1/posts"
    end

    it "should route the nested show path" do
      expect(admin_user_post_path(1, 2)).to eq "/admin/users/1/posts/2"
    end

    it "should route the nested new path" do
      expect(new_admin_user_post_path(1)).to eq "/admin/users/1/posts/new"
    end

    it "should route the nested edit path" do
      expect(edit_admin_user_post_path(1, 2)).to eq "/admin/users/1/posts/2/edit"
    end

    context "with collection action" do
      around do |example|
        with_resources_during(example) do
          ActiveAdmin.register(Post) do
            belongs_to :user, optional: true
          end
          ActiveAdmin.register(User) do
            collection_action "do_something"
          end
        end
      end

      it "should properly route the collection action" do
        expect({ get: "/admin/users/do_something" }).to \
          route_to({ controller: 'admin/users', action: 'do_something' })
      end
    end
  end

  describe "page" do
    context "when default namespace" do
      around do |example|
        with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register_page("Chocolate I lØve You!") }
      end

      it "should route to the page under /admin" do
        expect(admin_chocolate_i_love_you_path).to eq "/admin/chocolate_i_love_you"
      end
    end

    context "when in the root namespace" do
      around do |example|
        with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register_page("Chocolate I lØve You!", namespace: false) }
      end

      after do
        namespaces.instance_variable_get(:@namespaces).delete(:root)
      end

      it "should route to page under /" do
        expect(chocolate_i_love_you_path).to eq "/chocolate_i_love_you"
      end
    end

    context "when singular page name" do
      around do |example|
        with_resources_during(example) { ActiveAdmin.register_page("Log") }
      end

      it "should not inject _index_ into the route name" do
        expect(admin_log_path).to eq "/admin/log"
      end
    end
  end
end


True story: I fell for photography after I ruptured my spleen…on a saxophone. That marching band injury made it impossible for me to participate for the remainder of the season, so, logically, I did what any bored high school teenager would do: I started taking self-portraits…lots and lots of them (more on this below – don't judge!).
Artificial Light: Lamp was a bright white light lamp place slightly below me.
Natural Light: All over coverage. This is the most flattering light. Taken with window light.
1) Think about your lighting.
Let's start with the basics: lighting and setting. You want to set up in a well-lit area, preferably lit with natural lighting. Natural lighting is prime for selfies. It gives all-over, even, soft coverage, and is the most easily accessible flattering light. Don't have natural light? Try turning on a few lamps. Do not use overhead lights only as this will cast unfortunate shadows from your eye sockets/eyebrows, nose, and chin. For a dramtic approach, use a strong srtificial light slightly off center, slightly above you (not overhead). This will create shadows and give a "moody" outcome.
2) Use a minimalistic, simple background.
In a nutshell, be aware of what's behind you. Look around: is there a lot going on in the background? Things to immediately look out for: laundry, toilets (yeah, this happens), dirty dishes, kids' toys, etc. I've seen far too many selfies with random distracting background clutter.
Using a travel pillow at a hat. Mixing up our travel photos.
Everyone has a celebrity twin, mine just happens to be hilarious.
Funny faces are always in style.
…and pose accordingly. Where do you plan on sharing your selfie? What are you trying to say? If you're putting this much work into it, you probably want to share it with the masses — as you should! Just think before you hit that button: know that once it's out there, even if you "delete" it, it's never really gone.
Now, if you're anything like me, you like to show off your personality. I'm all about taking crazy, fun selfies and posting them. However, there's a difference between a fun selfie and an appropriate selfie. Check out some of my silly-side selfies above to get the idea.
Sure, the front camera is more convenient, but the back camera is much higher quality. And we want this selfie to look good, yes? Take a look at this selfie with my sister using the front facing camera. The quality is much lower than the second image, a back of camera shot.
Finally, and this will help with the previous step, know your iPhones hacks (sorry Android users). The first one I mentioned in my previous post, know how to correctly expose your images (see at the video below for a refresher). Here's another one for you: did you know that the volume button on the side of your phone works as a shutter release? Did I just blow your mind? If you didn't know this, you've been missing out, it's a huge help when capturing the perfect selfie. Grab your phone now and give it a go!
And now, just for fun, here are some of my non-perfect selfies from high school, circa 2007 + 2008.
Wow, look at those cheeks - this is pre -"knowing my angles"
Prior to Brian's first haircut, 2007.
There you have it, the steps to take the perfect selfie. It looks overwhelming, but practice and by next week you'll be a pro. Have questions or concerns? Shoot me an email at sarah.m.hallee@gmail.com or check out my site at www.photographersarahmarcella.com.
Pro Selfie: Taken with full studio set up, high resolution camera + remote shutter release, 2016.
If you're having difficulty getting that perfect profile pic, give me a call and we'll schedule a time to take some great social media portraits.


Firefighters bulldozed a line on the right side of this house in Falls Creek Ranch subdivision, northwest of downtown Durango, as part of fire mitigation during the 416 Fire. The line helped stopped the fire from advancing through the subdivision and destroying homes. Every year, residents in the development proactively create defensible space around their homes to help stave off devastating effects of wildfires. This year, it paid off.
Chief Pilot John Whedon, of Mountain Blade Runner, shows Falls Creek Ranch residents in early May how this helicopter uses a bucket to pick up water out of a pond and then various ways it can drop the water on wildfires. Every year, residents in the development proactively create defensible space around their homes to help stave off devastating effects of wildfires.
Wildland firefighters liken their work to poker hands, and when it comes to Southwest Colorado, odds are you're going to be dealt some ugly cards.
"I talked with an incident commander who told me: 'It's tough to get a call from Southwest Colorado. Given the terrain, the weather and the density of the forest, we're almost guaranteed to be delivered a bad hand,'" said Butch Knowlton, director of La Plata County's Office of Emergency Management.
Knowlton spoke to about 50 homeowners who attended a meeting Tuesday night organized by Firewise of Southwest Colorado to recap what went right and what went wrong in combating the 416 Fire.
Despite forces of nature that make the San Juan National Forest a firefighter's nightmare, several things broke in favor of the teams and helped keep the 416 Fire from getting out of hand.
The first big break came with the timing of when the fire started: June 1.
No other fires in Colorado or New Mexico were burning that day, Knowlton said. He said federal officials provided every resource and piece of equipment the initial team handling the fire had requested.
"If we needed this plane, we got it; if we needed that plane, we got it. However many crews we wanted, we got them. The next day we had an air force," Knowlton said. "If the fire had happened four or five days later, we would have ended up competing with several fires in Colorado and New Mexico.
The next break, Knowlton said, was the defensible space homeowners in Falls Creek and others north and west of Hermosa had done to protect their homes from wildfire.
Not only did the work protect homes, he said, but it also gave firefighters room to maneuver. That fire-mitigation work done ahead of time was a main reason no homes were lost.
Climate change, Knowlton said, is likely to increase the odds that Southwest Colorado will have more fire seasons like this year's, and it makes it more imperative than ever that homeowners create defensible space around their homes and structures.
"People need to realize this climate change deal is real and do fire mitigation," he said.
Richard Bustamante, fire management officer for the San Juan National Forest, said the next break firefighters caught was the arrival of the remnants of Hurricane Bud, that – in June, the driest month in the region – offered about five days of respite from the dry conditions.
Crews made the most of their time.
"It bought us enough time to put in a fire line and use direct suppression in Junction Creek," he said.
The unexpected rains also gave crews time to build lines to protect Purgatory Resort, he said.


Dr. Monica Nguyen is a leading board certified Doctor of Optometry, dedicated to providing top quality vision care to patients in New York City and New Jersey. She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley having earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Public Health with an emphasis on infectious diseases, community health and human development. She received her optometric education from the State University of New York (SUNY), College of Optometry.
Dr. Nguyen completed her rotations at the East New York Diagnostic and Treatment Center in the ocular disease clinic and at SUNY in the vision rehabilitation and pediatrics clinic. She was fortunate enough to receive top-level training in diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, glaucoma, macular degeneration, cornea disease, low vision, dry eye, amblyopia, strabismus and vision therapy.
Currently, Dr. Nguyen is serving in the eye clinic at a Community-Based Health Center in the Bronx, a nonprofit organization providing healthcare to underserved populations. She treats individuals overcoming substance abuse, homelessness, and/or living with HIV/AIDS. She specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing diseases, injuries, and disorders of the eye and visual system.
Additionally, Dr. Nguyen examines patients at a nonprofit hospital in the Bronx. She treats ocular trauma, infectious diseases, and ocular pathology. She dedicates her skills to working with each patient to prevent vision loss and achieve the best visual potential and comfort.
Dr. Nguyen has also been an active participant in international medical missions, travelling to provide eye care services to those most in need. Currently, she works as a volunteer for Vision USA, providing eye exams at no cost to low-income individuals. She is an active member of the American Optometric Association and the New York State Optometric Association.
Along with everything else, Dr. Nguyen created Vision Discoveries, an innovative web base highlighting and discussing various topics related to visual health. Through Vision Discoveries, she is promoting the importance of annual eye exams to prevent the development of eye diseases and educating the public on how the visual system works.