Books has already laid down a few impressive releases over the past few years, touching on XVI Records and most recently Omena with the "Sour Grapes" EP. Now he's been snapped up by Japan's Sound Of Speed to impart more of his honey-coated boogie house business. "Burn 4 U" is an insanely infectious track, not least because of Qendresa's stunning vocal but equally for that squelchy Moog bassline - the essential ingredient in any true boogie number. "Unbearable Lightness" switches stance for a more tracky, jazzy strutter to get smoky to, while "June Baby" takes that jazzy tone into a more open, freewheeling track perfectly shaped for carefree sunny days.


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Art Basel in Miami Beach 2021
Art and crypto: a marriage made in Miami
As the mayor pledges to move Silicon Valley to the city, Art Basel in Miami Beach ramps up its NFT offerings
Anny Shaw
Refik Anadol's Machine Hallucinations—Coral Dreams (2021) is part of an exhibition by the NFT marketplace Aorist; an auction of corresponding NFTs will raise money for The ReefLine, a new underwater public sculpture park off Miami Beach
For decades, tech investors have been the elusive unicorns that the art market has been chasing. Now, thanks to NFTs—the Trojan horses of crypto—the worlds of art and tech are beginning to merge. And with fintech firms flocking to sunny, low-tax South Florida, Miami is fast becoming an NFT collecting hotspot.
This is in large part down to Miami's Bitcoin evangelist mayor Francis Suarez, who, over the past year, has been vociferously courting tech employees and investors from the Bay Area and East Coast. The viral moment came last December when the venture capitalist Delian Asparouhov tweeted: "ok guys hear me out, what if we move silicon valley to miami"? "How can I help?" Suarez fired back. This week, the mayor is doing his bit to build bridges with the art world, taking part in a symposium yesterday, NFT BZL, which examined the convergence of culture with the blockchain.
Several years ago, it was rumoured that Art Basel was eyeing up San Francisco as a possible location for a fair—rumours that the Swiss firm denied. Its global director Marc Spiegler notes how the tech elite of Silicon Valley have generally "not been engaged enough with the art world to get on a plane and come to Miami Beach". But now, a new pool of tech entrepreneurs is "suddenly living within 15 minutes' drive of the fair—and a lot of them are paying attention to the art market because of NFTs".
Playing to this crowd, Art Basel in Miami Beach (ABMB) has ramped up its NFT offerings. The blockchain platform Tezos is a new sponsor and is presenting an NFT display just outside the fair, including an interactive element that allows visitors to generate self-portraits using an algorithm designed by the AI artist Mario Klingemann. SuperRare is showing 20 large-scale augmented reality works in the Convention Center and several galleries, including Pace and Nagel Draxler, are showing NFTs and blockchain-related art on their stands. Meanwhile, galleries across the board are beginning to accept crypto for sales of both digital and physical works.
Installation view of Tezos's NFT exhibition at Art Basel in Miami Beach 2021
Photo: Eric Thayer
Marc Billings, a technology entrepreneur and the founder of Blackdove—Miami's first NFT art gallery, which opened in June—believes that the art world failed to crack Silicon Valley because "they were selling an analogue product to a digital audience". He adds: "This is the first time technology natives feel included in the art scene."
Conversely, as NFT displays become more sophisticated, traditional collectors are being tempted to take the leap. Blackdove has partnered with the electronics company LG to develop a "digital canvas" with integrated technology that enables clients—including Christie's, the Pérez Art Museum Miami and the Cisneros Foundation—to display on-chain works. The Miami firm is collaborating with numerous galleries across several satellite fairs this week: Saphira & Ventura at SCOPE, Oliver Cole Gallery at Art Miami, Alaina Simone at Untitled and the artist collective PunkMeTender at CONTEXT.
Billings thinks this week is going to be "the moment when the crossover happens". He adds: "The concept of NFTs has been so popularised, I don't think it's going to be a crypto community buying. It's going to be more of a traditional community buying."
In order to keep up with artists' demands, more and more galleries are collaborating on NFT projects. Some have developed their own platforms. Last month, Pace launched its own custom-built platform, Pace Verso, which sold all five of Lucas Samaras's NFTs within three hours (priced at $10,000 each; prices for the next drop have doubled).
The new venture is headed by Christiana Ine-Kimba Boyle, Pace's head of digital sales, who identifies a younger, more diverse NFT collector base flourishing in Miami, where the gallery launched its tech-heavy art space Superblue in May. "There are a lot of young people and people of colour in Miami," she says. "Not all are formally in tech; some have moved into the industry from entertainment or fashion." According to Boyle, crypto hedge funders are fuelling NFT sales. "They are also very interested in pivoting into collecting more traditional fine art," she adds.
Boyle does not foresee Silicon Valley losing its standing as the tech Mecca of the US; Pace is among a small but dedicated group of galleries in San Francisco (Gagosian opened there in 2016 but closed four years later). Instead, she thinks Miami could become the country's crypto capital. "I feel like Miami Art Week will cement Miami's status as a hub for the new Web3 world," she says.
At ABMB, Pace is showing an NFT by Studio DRIFT and Don Diablo (priced at $500,000, with 10% of proceeds going to Justdiggit, a grassroots organisation that fights global warming by re-greening Africa).
While inroads have been made into the mainstream art industry, NFTs still represent a brave new world for many dealers who are used to doing business on "gentlemen's agreements". NFT smart contacts typically award artists 10% every time a work is sold, as well as giving them greater control over other aspects of circulation, sales and display.
Galerie Nagel Draxler, which is exhibiting at Art Basel in Miami Beach, is launching a Berlin gallery for blockchain-related art
From gatekeeper to enabler
So will NFTs diminish the role of the gallery? Saskia Draxler, the co-founder of Galerie Nagel Draxler, which has dedicated half of its stand to NFTs at ABMB and is launching a gallery for blockchain-related art in Berlin in January, thinks not. She sees her role as a dealer as less of a "gatekeeper" and more of an "enabler", saying: "We risk a lot showing new artists. It creates overheads, though we accept there's a difference in culture when it comes to NFTs. It might not be the classical gallery way of doing business but we are finding ways."
Other modes of business are opening up, thanks to new NFT platforms. Among them is Aorist, an environmentally conscious NFT marketplace that launched yesterday with an exhibition comprising physical installations, immersive augmented reality experiences and online-only works by artists including Joanie Lemercier, Refik Anadol and Nancy Baker Cahill. Corresponding NFTs were also released for an auction yesterday. Proceeds benefit The ReefLine, a new seven-mile underwater public sculpture park due to open off Miami Beach's shoreline, which will provide a habitat for endangered reef organisms.
Aorist works with artists in much the same way a gallery would, "commissioning projects, collaborating with institutions and supporting the creative process", says the Miami-based crypto investor and collector Pablo Rodriguez-Fraile, who co-founded the platform with the artist, Andrea Bonaceto, and the cultural strategist, Ximena Caminos.
Slow learning curve
Creating a bridge between the digital and the physical has been one of the main challenges in making NFTs mainstream, says Rodriguez-Fraile, whose own collection includes more than 1,000 NFTs. "At the moment, it is very difficult for people who are not technical in the blockchain to participate. It can be a slow learning curve and there can be risks with storage," he says. "We believe platforms should facilitate this in the same way Amazon allows you to pay and integrate with multiple payment methods." For artists, meanwhile, NFT marketplaces currently offer little marketing, communications and price sensitivity—"none of the things needed for a professional career with long-term audiences", Rodriguez-Fraile points out.
For others, the volatility of the NFT market has been off-putting; a month after Beeple sold an NFT for a record $69.3m at Christie's in March, prices slumped 70%. Rodriguez-Fraile predicts a "decoupling" where the majority of NFTs will "fall to zero or below", while a select few will become "symbols of the movement and will continue to grow exponentially in value".
The future for NFTs may be uncertain and the jury still out over their artistic merit. But their abundance in Miami this week marks a coming of age—one that the art world can no longer ignore.
Art Basel in Miami Beach 2021MarketCryptocurrencyNFTArt Basel in Miami BeachFinanceTechnologyArt Basel in Miami Beach 2021 News

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Mary Ann Lippitt (1918-2006) was a descendant of an old and influential Rhode Island family that was very active in Rhode Island business and politics. In 1944 she learned to fly during a visit to Virginia, and was soon a skilled aviatrix. She worked as a flying instructor in Virginia and served in the US air postal service before returning to Rhode Island. She was one of about a dozen women pilots in the state.


Refurbished in 2016 by Kyoto's well known construction company, Hachise, this Kyo-Machiya townhouse was name Ryourizuki no Ie. With the open kitchen that can be seen once you step inside the house, the concept is to bring the distance between families and friends closer, sharing life and love through cooking and dining.
A big open-air wooden platform space from the external gate to the entrance door, a perfect spot for an outdoor breakfast or afternoon tea.
Facing the Japanese garden, the area serves as a relaxing space for tea, chatting or reading. This room is converted into a small single room when the group needs a fifth bedding.
The open space between the twin room and the tatami room could installed a double size mattress if needed. Occasionally, you can view the moon through the dormer when lying on the mattress.
The century old elm wood that mounted between the corridor and the master bedroom cleverly combined the traces from the folding fan artisan with modern interior art. With two single beds installed, it can be combined into a super king size bed upon request.


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ifrs foundation structure
The IFRS Foundation under which the IASB operates has published its Annual Report for 2011. The IFRS Foundation on September 30 issued a consultation document to solicit public feedback on whether to establish the SSB as a new global standard-setting body under its governance structure. The IFRS Foundation's logo and the IFRS for SMEs ® logo, the IASB ® logo, the 'Hexagon Device', eIFRS ®, IAS ®, IASB ®, IFRIC ®, IFRS ®, IFRS for SMEs ®, IFRS Foundation ®, International Accounting Standards ®, International Financial Reporting Standards ®, NIIF ® and SIC ® are registered trade marks of the IFRS Foundation, further details of which are available from the IFRS … The Trustees of the IFRS Foundation have published a consultation paper to assess demand for global sustainability standards and what role the Foundation might play in the development of such standards. It could, as the governing body of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), also ensure both clearer delineation with, and where necessary, tighter integration into, … The IFRS Taxonomy consists of elements that can be used to tag disclosures in financial statements prepared using IFRS Standards. Therefore, the IFRS Foundation is seeking to create a new Sustainability Standards Board (SSB) with an institutional and governance structure similar to that of its financial reporting standard setter, the International Accounting structure of the IFRS Foundation an appropriate approach to achieving further consistency and global comparability in sustainability reporting? We therefore welcome the Trustees' proposal in paragraph 29 of the consultation paper to insert the SSB within this structure 07 Aug 2020 The IFRS Foundation has announced that due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic and the global nature of its organization, all meetings with advisory and consultative … For detailed information on the organisation's structure, the standard-setting process and the spread of IFRS Standards, visit www.ifrs.org. Eurosif submitted today its response to the IFRS Foundation consultation on sustainability reporting standards. accountability. In February 2014, the IFRS Foundation Trustees announced they intend to start their next review of the structure and effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation in 2015, with one particular area to be examined being the optimum size of The IFRS Foundation Constitution requires the IFRS Foundation Trustees to undertake a review of the entire structure of the IFRS Foundation and its effectiveness every five years. 7 Part 2High-level options for the IFRS Foundation 8 Part 3A new Sustainability Standards Board 8 Proposed governance structure of the SSB 9 Requirements for success 9 Providing a We welcome the initiative by the IFRS as there is a need for an internationally more… What can the IFRS Foundation contribute? The 2015 review was launched on 7 July Keidanren welcomes the opportunity to submit comments on the IFRS Foundation's Trustees' Review of Structure and Effectiveness: Issues for the Review. In The IFRS Foundation's governance structure IFRS Standards are required by over 125 countries globally. of IFRS 15 Revenue Recognition for Contracts with Customers.The IASB has deferred the application of IFRS 15 by a year and is now effective from 1 January 2018. In Japan, as IFRS voluntary adoption becomes widespread, more than 100 companies have already announced adopting IFRS. The IFRS Foundation has published 'IFRS Taxonomy 2020 — Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions (Amendment to IFRS 16)'. Tagging makes information computer-readable and, therefore, more accessible to investors and other users of electronic … To develop standards in the public interest, the process must IFRS Foundation Columbus Building 7 Westferry Circus Canary Wharf London E14 4HD United Kingdom Ref: Response to Consultation Paper on Sustainability Reporting Dear Mr Liikanen, The European Securities and Markets The IFRS Foundation's final proposal should result in the establishment of an SSB with an appropriate structure and culture to build effective synergies with existing financial reporting standards. The IASB structure has the following main features: The IASC Foundation is an independent organization having two main bodies, the Trustees and the IASB, as well as a Standards Advisory Council and the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee. IFRS, IAS, IFRS Foundation PRI RESPONSE: Yes. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is the independent, accounting standard-setting body of the IFRS Foundation. The IFRS Foundation's three-tier governance structure is designed to deliver on these attributes. 4 IFRB 2020/13 IFRS FOUNDATION TRUSTEES CONSIDER SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING KEYS TO SUCCESS The Trustees have provisionally chosen to develop the SSB option, and invite public comments on the paper. It is responsible for developing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS … IFRS Foundation Columbus Building 7 Westferry Circus Canary Wharf London E14 4HD Via email: commentletters@ifrs.org 21 December 2020 Subject: IFRS Foundation's Consultation Paper on Sustainability Reporting ICGN is The IFRS Foundation would bring recognition and credibility to any new standards due to its governance structure and rigorous standard-setting process. The The IFRS Foundation was established to develop a single set of globally accepted accounting standards, and is the organisation behind IFRS Standards. Previous reviews have led to complete transparency in technical decision-making 16 December 2020 7 Westferry whose structure and functions are laid out in sections 24–37, shall be the standard-setting body of the IFRS Foundation. The Trustees are responsible for the strategic direction and governance of The IFRS Foundation also develops and maintains the IFRS Taxonomy. Mark Carney, UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance, has commented on the IFRS Foundation Trustees' sustainability consultation and stresses that he endorses the creation of new IFRS Sustainability IFRS Foundation must move with urgency with regards to establishing a SSB – if this is the outcome of this consultation – and an appropriate governance structure, while desirable, we do not necessarily share the view that climate-related standards must be finalised quickly; in part, this will The SSB would initially statement from SASB; the IFRS Foundation should build upon the work in the Joint Statement and structure the SSB in a manner that maintains the ongoing involvement of the Group of 5 as illustrated in Figure 1 above. IFRS is recognized in 144 jurisdictions around the world and has strong and collaborative relationships with governments, regulators and national standard setters. Consequently, the IFRS Foundation has published the IFRS Taxonomy Illustrated to facilitate understanding of the IFRS Taxonomy and its structure, and ultimately to assist with the tagging of financial statements prepared using The IASB was founded on April 1, 2001, as the successor to the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). Création L'International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation (IFRS Foundation) - anciennement International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation de sa création à la révision de la constitution achevée en février 2010 - a été créée en février 2001, sous la forme d'une entité à but non lucratif enregistrée … 6 UL RPORT 2016 Review of structure and effectiveness Every five years, the Trustees review the structure and effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation. The IFRS Foundation's logo and the IFRS for SMEs ® logo, the IASB ® logo, the 'Hexagon Device', eIFRS ®, IAS ®, IASB ®, IFRIC ®, IFRS ®, IFRS for SMEs ®, IFRS Foundation ®, International Accounting Standards ®, International Financial Reporting Standards ®, NIIF ® and SIC ® are registered trade marks of the IFRS Foundation, further details of which are available from the IFRS … And in other developments over the year the IASB issued IFRS 16 Leases, which will be mandatory in 2019., which will be mandatory in 2019. The IFRS Foundation is proposing that the new SSB would sit alongside the IASB in the Foundation's governance structure. 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ifrs foundation structure 2020


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Motivational component profiles in university students learning histology: a comparative study between genders and different health science curricula
Antonio Campos-Sánchez1,2,
Juan Antonio López-Núñez2,
Víctor Carriel1,
Miguel-Ángel Martín-Piedra1,
Tomás Sola2 &
Miguel Alaminos1
The students' motivation to learn basic sciences in health science curricula is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different components of motivation (intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy and extrinsic -career and grade- motivation) on learning human histology in health science curricula and their relationship with the final performance of the students in histology.
Glynn Science Motivation Questionnaire II was used to compare students' motivation components to learn histology in 367 first-year male and female undergraduate students enrolled in medical, dentistry and pharmacy degree programs.
For intrinsic motivation, career motivation and self-efficacy, the highest values corresponded to medical students, whereas dentistry students showed the highest values for self-determination and grade motivation. Genders differences were found for career motivation in medicine, self-efficacy in dentistry, and intrinsic motivation, self-determination and grade motivation in pharmacy. Career motivation and self-efficacy components correlated with final performance in histology of the students corresponding to the three curricula.
Our results show that the overall motivational profile for learning histology differs among medical, dentistry and pharmacy students. This finding is potentially useful to foster their learning process, because if they are metacognitively aware of their motivation they will be better equipped to self-regulate their science-learning behavior in histology. This information could be useful for instructors and education policy makers to enhance curricula not only on the cognitive component of learning but also to integrate students' levels and types of motivation into the processes of planning, delivery and evaluation of medical education.
The affective or motivational dimension of the educational process is important because of its influence on students' learning behavior. Motivation affects the not only the decision to begin, persevere in or end a specific learning behavior, but also the choice of a specific behavior [1]. Accordingly, motivation constitutes a key element in education research, and many theories have been put forward to account for the nature and influence of motivation in the learning process [2–4]. Some of the most relevant theories of motivation [5] are the theory of the hierarchy of needs [6], the theory of the need to achieve [7], the expectancy value theory [8], the attribution theory [9], the self-determination theory [10], the goal theory [11], and the social cognitive theory [12, 13]. According to Social Cognitive Theory [12, 14], motivation is understood as a series of reciprocal interactions among environmental contexts, behaviors and personal characteristics [15]. This theory views students' learning as most effective when, according to Glynn and cols. [16], it is self-regulated, which occurs when students assume conscious control over their motivation and behavior in a way which leads to desirable learning outcomes. Within this theoretical framework, the motivation to learn science is defined as an internal state that maintains science-learning behavior, and as a multicomponent construct made up of, among other components, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-determination and self-efficacy [3, 16], which are supported by different theories [10, 17–19]. According to several authors [16, 20], intrinsic motivation involves the inherent satisfaction produced by acquiring new science knowledge; extrinsic motivation involves learning science as a means to a concrete end [21]; self-determination refers to the control that students think they have over their science learning [22]; and self-efficacy refers to the students' conviction that they can achieve well in science [23, 24]. One of the innovative aspects recently introduced by Glynn and cols. [16] is the transformation of the classical scale termed extrinsic motivation into two scales, i.e. grade motivation, related to short-term goals, and career motivation, related to long-term goals, which more clearly target the objectives that students perceive to be important in this stage of their education [25].
Several authors [16, 26–28] have provided substantial contributions to research on the motivations to learn science, and have yielded validated questionnaires to assess these motivations with a set of observable variables (items) that serve as empirical indicators. These authors have investigated some of these components in different science disciplines and reported that they influence behavior and self-regulation in students' learning process [21, 22, 24].
Motivation is recognized as an important factor in health science education because it helps students achieve good academic performance, well-being and satisfaction, and also helps them to become good professionals. However, research that centers on motivation in the health science disciplines is scarce [5, 17, 29]. This factor is especially important in learning basic sciences such as gross anatomy, histology and physiology in health science curricula. Although research on students' motivation to learn science has increased during the last two decades, little attention has focused on motivation to learn basic sciences that are considered essential requirements in health science curricula [26, 30–32].
Human histology is a branch of Biology and Health Sciences dealing with the study of levels of organization that are intercalated between the atomic-molecular level (Biochemistry) and the gross morphological level (Anatomy) in the human body. Medical, Dentistry and Pharmacy programs include histology as part of their basic or preclinical curricula [33–35]. Although histology has traditionally been taught as a lecture- and microscopy-based course, new approaches have recently been used to emphasize self-learning processes such as virtual microscopy, team-based peer teaching and learning, and clinical-histologic conferences [36–38]. Nonetheless, histology is perceived by students as an abstract subject which is generally difficult to understand, and many students find it challenging to connect theory with practice [39]. Furthermore, health sciences students often fail to appreciate the relevance of learning and understanding the normal structures and functions of the body for their future clinical or professional activities [34, 40].
Research into the motivations to learn science has thus far paid little attention to basic sciences in the health science curricula [41]. Motivation is especially important in human histology not only because of the conceptual difficulty of the subject, but also because of the difficulty of projecting the affective factors associated with its applications to medicine and other health sciences to the learning process [42]. As a result, the influence of different components of motivation (e.g. intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation) on human histology learning in health science curricula is poorly understood.
As noted by Brian and cols. [15], the different components of motivation have been studied in science education, but usually alone rather than in relation to each other. A question we want to investigate in the present study was the interrelation among different components in students of human histology enrolled in three different undergraduate health science programs, and to determine if the components of motivation are related to histology course performance. Because different components of motivation can influence students' science-learning behavior, knowledge about the influence of each component will be useful to more effectively foster students' motivation to learn histology in health sciences [15, 43]. Furthermore, some previous studies focused on the influence of gender on motivation and achievement in medical schools [44, 45]. However, studies carried out by Kusurkar and cols. do not really connect strength of motivation to performance in medical schools [46]. Yet, the incidence of gender on the different components of motivation of health sciences students has been poorly studied. For these reasons, another question of the present study was to investigate male and female students' motivations to learn human histology in medical, dentistry and pharmacy curricula and to determine the incidence of gender on the participation of the different components of motivation.
Design of the study
This study was carried out to evaluate the motivational component profiles in university students learning histology using a validated questionnaire described by Glynn and cols [16]. To compare the results among different health science curricula, the study was carried out during the same course, in the same period of the year and with instructors belonging to the same Department -Department of Histology-, which is responsible for teaching histology in Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy Schools. This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Granada.
The study was done at the School of Medicine, School of Dentistry and School of Pharmacy at the University of Granada in Granada, Spain. The sample consisted of 367 first-year undergraduate students (average age 18 years) enrolled in the histology course that formed part of their medical, dentistry or pharmacy curriculum in accordance with European Union regulations. In all these degrees, Histology is a basic science subject included in the core curriculum. Teaching is carried out by using lectures, practical sessions with the use of microscopes, and sessions with histology problem-solving strategies. There were 132 participants (43 males and 89 females) at the medical school, 125 (44 males and 81 females) at the dentistry school and 110 (31 males and 79 females) at the pharmacy school. All participants agreed to participate in the study. The students' participation was voluntary and consistent with the procedures of the university research review boards. The students were given no extra credit or compensation for participating. They were informed that their participation would help improve histology instruction. The final performance of the students in the histology subject was recorded at the end of the course to be used in the study.
To evaluate the different components of the motivation to learn histology in students at the medical, dentistry and pharmacy schools, all participants responded to the Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQII) developed by Glynnn and cols. [16], which uses five items to assess each of the five components of motivation: intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy, career motivation and grade motivation. A total of 25 items were evaluated in each student. The items in the SMQII were designed to serve as empirical indicators of components of students' motivation not only to learn science in university courses but also to learn a specific science discipline. The instrument is readily adapted to specific disciplines by replacing the word "science" in each item with the name of the discipline of interest, as noted by Glynn and cols. [16]. In the present study we used the word "histology" instead of "science" to focus on this specific course, which is taught as part of three different undergraduate health science degree programs at our university, and we have used Spanish language -native for the students- instead of English. We previously used basic criteria reported previously [47] to verify that each item was representative for the target discipline, which is taught by instructors from the same department at the University of Granada. As recommended by DeVellis [48], the items were randomly sorted, strongly worded, unambiguous declarative statements in the form of short, simple sentences without jargon. For these reasons, the order of the items -originally sorted by the authors- was preserved in our Spanish translation of the questionnaire. Students rated each item on a five-point type scale: never, rarely, sometimes, often or always. The questionnaire was administered during classroom instruction in an advanced period of the course. The students were first briefed on the purpose of the instrument and given instructions about how to complete the questionnaire, which took about 15 min to complete. The questionnaire was used with permission from the SMQII website hosted by the University of Georgia at http://www.coe.uga.edu/smq/.
Average values and standard deviations were calculated for each item, for each group of students and for each gender. Mean values were also calculated for each component of motivation by determining the average value of the 5 items included in each component. To compare the results between males and female students or between two different curricula (medicine vs. dentistry, medicine vs. pharmacy and dentistry vs. pharmacy) we used the Mann-Whitney test, since the variables did not fit the normal distribution as demonstrated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Finally, to determine if the final performance of the students in each curriculum was correlated with the components of motivation, we used the Kendall tau correlation test. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, we determined the alpha coefficient of Cronbach.
All statistical analyses were two-tailed and values of p less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
In our results, the reliability of the scale was 0.8596 as determined by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The average scores obtained for each component and for each item in each group of students (medicine, dentistry and pharmacy) are shown in Table 1, whereas the overall mean scores for each component of motivation are shown in Table 2. Figure 1 compares the data for each of the five components of motivation in each of the three groups of students according to degree program.
Table 1 Mean scores obtained for each item and each group of students
Table 2 Mean scores obtained for each component of motivation and each group of students
Comparison of the results obtained for each component of motivation in each group of students. Average values obtained for each component of motivation in the medicine, dentistry and pharmacy curricula are shown. Dispersion bars correspond to mean standard deviations.
Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) for the three comparisons between groups of students in the overall mean scores for components 2 and 5 (medicine vs. dentistry, medicine vs. pharmacy and dentistry vs. pharmacy students). In addition, we found significant differences in component 1 scores between dentistry and pharmacy students, and between dentistry and medical students. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also found in component 3 scores between medical and pharmacy students, and between dentistry and pharmacy students (Table 3). Furthermore, significant differences were found for several specific items corresponding to all 5 components (Table 3).
Table 3 Statistical comparison of the scores assigned to each item and each factor by each group of students
Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) between genders were found in medical students in overall mean scores for component 2, in dentistry students for component 4 and in pharmacy students for components 1, 3 and 5 (Table 4). In addition, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for several specific items corresponding to components 1, 3, 4 and 5 (Table 4).
Table 4 Statistical comparison of the scores assigned to each item and each factor by male and female students
When the overall mean scores for the different components were correlated with the final performance in histology of the students corresponding to the three curricula, we found a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05 and r = 0.666) for the components 2 and 4. Specifically, all 5 items in component 2 were positively correlated (p < 0.05 and r = 0.6666) with performance, whereas items 2, 4 and 5 were correlated with performance in component 4.
Evaluating the main components of motivation for learning histology in medical, dentistry and pharmacy students is important because it can help instructors to help their students, aid in monitoring their motivation to learn science, and support efforts to better organize collaborative learning activities based on an appropriate selection of highly motivated students [38]. In this connection it is worth noting that the elements essential for stimulating motivation in health science students appear to be absent as a primary aim in many curricular plans [1]. In the present work, we have used the SMQII questionnaire developed by Glynn and cols., which has been previously validated by these authors as one of the most accurate instruments for assessing motivation and its components, and showed high reliability as determined by the alpha coefficient of Cronbach obtained in our study.
One of the most innovative aspects of the SMQII is the transformation of the classical scale termed extrinsic motivation (or "learning science as a means to a tangible end") into two scales, i.e. grade motivation and career motivation, which more clearly target the objectives that students perceive to be important in this stage of their education. This is especially important in health science education because the motivation to learn health science disciplines is influenced differently by short-term goals such as obtaining a high course grade and long-term goals such as success in their professional career practice, which in health science professions is explicitly regulated by professional and government bodies.
The results of the present study show that in relation specifically to learning histology, the profiles for components of motivation defined as career motivation and self-efficacy were similar in all three degree programs. The scores for both components were highest in the group of medical students, followed in decreasing order by dentistry and pharmacy. In the career motivation component there were significant differences when the overall mean scores for the three groups were compared (medicine vs. dentistry, medicine vs. pharmacy and dentistry vs. pharmacy students) whereas differences were not significant in self-efficacy. Interestingly, both profiles were positively correlated with the students' final performance in histology, pointing out that the extent of career motivation and self-efficacy are clearly influencing the final outcome of the students in histology. Our study confirms some previous reports using different methods suggesting that self-efficacy is associated with effort, persistence, and performance [49, 50]. The relationship between these two components of motivation and their correlations with each of the three groups of students reflects the relationship between the primary long-term goals that students focus on, which is what characterizes career motivation, and students' beliefs about their capabilities in a specific area (e.g. histology), which is what characterizes self-efficacy and influences the choice of activities that allow individuals to decide which tasks to focus on [25, 51–54].
In the health professions the long-term goal of professional career practice is an important component of motivation, which is related more closely with future competencies to be used in regulated professional practice than with knowledge and skills to be acquired in the learning process during university study. In this regard our results are consistent with several studies which found that compared to dentistry students, medical students had a more professional attitude, whereas dentistry students showed a greater commitment to personal and financial gain [29, 55, 56]. Regardless of these observations, the higher scores in our group of medical students are most likely related with a more highly developed system of regulations for professional practice. The lower scores among pharmacy students are most likely related with the fact that this area, according to Figgs and Cox [33] is a profession that lends itself to many career avenues. The intermediate scores in our group of dentistry students are most likely related with the lack of a sense of public service among these students –a perception that results in attitudes detrimental to the public perception of the dental profession as a whole [29]. The results we obtained with the SMQII for histology learning are consistent with our earlier finding of a high level of motivation for professional practice among medical students who were offered a choice of different learning methods [42].
In the present study the self-determination and grade motivation components yielded a similar motivational profile in all three groups of students. Mean scores for these components were highest in dentistry, followed in decreasing order by medicine and pharmacy. The differences between degree programs were statistically significant for the grade motivation, and between pharmacy and medicine students and between pharmacy and dentistry students for self-determination. The similarities in the response profiles for these components among the groups shows that a relationship exists between self-determination, and hence the control that students believe they have over their learning process, and the grade motivation, that is, the short-term primary goals of students enrolled in different degree programs. It is therefore unsurprising that dentistry students scored highest in both of these components of motivation, especially in grade motivation. Our results suggest, as Boiche and cols. [57] showed for physical education, an adaptive role for the self-determination component of motivation towards histology among dentistry and medicine students, with high levels of self-regulation thanks to which individuals do not act without feelings of control or competence to achieve success during their undergraduate degree program. Self-determination, i.e. the option to control the learning process for histology and therefore to self-regulate this activity during undergraduate education, is seen by dentistry and medicine students as a more attainable goal under these circumstances. When the overall mean scores for these two components were correlated with the final performance in histology of the students corresponding to the three curricula, we did not found a significant correlation. This could mean that self-determination and grade motivation will not determine the final score of the students enrolled in the histology matters.
The use of this questionnaire allowed us to analyze independently the two major components of the extrinsic motivation -career motivation and grade motivation-. Our data illustrates clear differences in the results obtained for these components among groups of students, and suggests that it may be possible to identify relationships between components that might otherwise be overlooked. In addition, our results show that both components have different influence on motivation for learning histology in health sciences curricula. Whereas the career motivation, which showed the same profile that self-efficacy, was correlated with the final outcome of the students, grade motivation, whose profile was similar to that of self-determination, was not correlated with the final performance.
Finally, intrinsic motivation showed the highest mean scores in medicine, followed in decreasing order by pharmacy and dentistry. The differences between medical and pharmacy students vs. dentistry students were statistically significant. The lower mean scores for this component in dentistry students vs. medicine and pharmacy students is likely related with the general perception, supported by several studies, that there is no statistical correlation between the amount of undergraduate basic science education and performance in dentistry school or on board exams, although dentistry graduates and practitioners do perceive the importance of these science a posteriori, including histology [34, 58]. No correlation with the final histological performance was found for this component, thus confirming that this important component of motivation is not as relevant as career motivation and self-efficacy for the academic achievement.
Regarding the differences between genders, our results suggest that only one of the components of motivation was different in the case of medicine and dentistry students, although three components were statistically different in pharmacy students. Although Hulsman and cols. [44] reported no differences between males and females in the strength of motivation, more recent work by Kusurkar and cols. [46], showed that strength of motivation appears to be a dynamic entity, changing primarily with age and maturity and to a lesser extent with gender and experience. In the present study we found no differences between male and female medical students for any of the components except career motivation, which was higher in male than in female students, although none of the specific items in this component was significantly different between males and females. Among dentistry students there were no gender differences for intrinsic motivation, career motivation, self-determination and grade motivation, whereas men and women differed with regard to self-efficacy. Among pharmacy students we found gender differences for intrinsic motivation, self-determination and grade motivation but not for self-efficacy or career motivation. Although the differences between genders in the motivation to learn sciences remain poorly understood, they may result from factors such as role modeling and socialization by parents, teachers, peers and the media, and not from "innate or natural differences" between women and men [15, 16, 45].
Our findings with regard to the relative influence of different components of motivation in different groups of health science undergraduates are potentially useful in future efforts to answer some interesting questions. For example, are there gender differences in how students self-regulate in order to control their motivation and behavior? What role do the different components of motivation play in the overall motivation of males and females to perform well in these degree programs?
The motivational process is a substantially undervalued factor in curriculum development [1]. Because the motivation to learn, as conceptualized in social cognitive theory, is a multicomponent construct, determining the role of each component of motivation is useful not only to help individual students succeed in the learning process according to their motivational background, but also to help instructors develop appropriate teaching strategies based on their knowledge of specific motivational profiles among students enrolled in different programs.
Limitations of the present study are related to the lack of knowledge on the previous motivation of the students before being incorporated to the study, on their previous knowledge on histology and other related sciences that could influence their perceptions. In addition, we do not know to what extent we can generalize our findings to other students and other disciplines.
A strength of our study is that the histology course of interest was taught with the same methods by instructors from the same department to all participants, who were enrolled in different undergraduate programs at the same university. We feel our results contribute to our knowledge about the close relationships among different components of motivation in specific disciplines within different health sciences curricula. Ultimately, these findings can support improved efforts to develop more effective medical education curricula.
Our results show that our histology students enrolled in each of three undergraduate health science programs differed in their personal motivational profiles. This finding is potentially useful to foster their learning process, because if they are metacognitively aware of their motivation they will be better equipped to self-regulate their science-learning behavior in histology. But our results also show that the overall motivational profile for learning histology differs among medical, dentistry and pharmacy students, and that instructors as well as education policy makers can use their awareness of these differences to enhance curricula so that they focus not only on fostering the cognitive component of learning but also integrate students' levels and types of motivation into the processes of planning, delivery and evaluation of medical education. Although the differences between genders were not significant for many of the components of motivation, certain differences stand out. These differences suggest a need to increase our knowledge of possible variations and take advantage of them in developing both individually-targeted and curriculum-based teaching processes.
ACS is a Master Degree and PhD student at the University of Granada. He is involved in education research with a focus on self-learning methodologies.
JALN is a professor in the Department of Didactics and School Organization at the Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada.
VD is a Master Degree and PhD in Tissue Engineering and a research fellow in the Department of Histology at the University of Granada, Pharmacy School.
MAMP is a Master Degree and PhD student at the University of Granada. He is involved in education research in Dentistry Schools.
TS is a full professor in the Department of Didactics and School Organization at the Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada.
MA is a full professor in the Department of Histology at the Medical School, University of Granada.
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This research was supported by the Unidad de Innovación Docente, University of Granada, Spain through grants UGR11-294 and UGR11-303. We thank K. Shashok for translating parts of the manuscript into English.
Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, E18071, Granada, Spain
Antonio Campos-Sánchez, Víctor Carriel, Miguel-Ángel Martín-Piedra & Miguel Alaminos
Department of Didactics and School Organization, School of Education, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, E18071, Granada, Spain
Antonio Campos-Sánchez, Juan Antonio López-Núñez & Tomás Sola
Antonio Campos-Sánchez
Juan Antonio López-Núñez
Víctor Carriel
Miguel-Ángel Martín-Piedra
Tomás Sola
Miguel Alaminos
Correspondence to Miguel Alaminos.
ACS participated in the design of the work, analysis of the results, discussion and writing the manuscript. JALN contributed to the study design, selection of literature and critical review of the manuscript. VC took part in the analysis and interpretation of the data, and literature review. MAMP participated in data collection and management of the results. TS contributed to writing the manuscript and critical review of the literature. MA contributed to design the work and interpret the data, revising the article and critically appraising the content. All authors have approved the final version of the article submitted.
Campos-Sánchez, A., López-Núñez, J.A., Carriel, V. et al. Motivational component profiles in university students learning histology: a comparative study between genders and different health science curricula. BMC Med Educ 14, 46 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-46
Received: 05 February 2013


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Since it's a Windows Store app, EarTrumpet users will automatically receive future updates, and since the app was created by former Microsoft engineers, those updates should quickly adapt to any future Windows changes. EarTrumpet is free via the Microsoft Store and the latest version requires at least the Windows 10 April 2018 Update (Windows 10 Build 1803). If you're having trouble installing the app, confirm that you're using a supported version of Windows 10.


Fuel poverty occurs where households are required to spend in excess of 10 per cent of their household income on heating and powering their home to a satisfactory standard.
This paper aims to inform the energy and social justice debate by exploring how UK energy and fuel poverty policy can contribute towards a socially just transition to a low carbon society. Before beginning to consider how this could be achieved it is necessary to examine why this question is important.


Liquidation Preference is a multiple on the amount invested for a given round. An example of an exit event (e.g. the company is sold) provides for the easiest explanation. Let's assume a company raised $2M on a $4M pre-money valuation. After the financing the investors own 33% of the company's outstanding shares. However, if the company is purchased for $5M the liquidation preference becomes extremely important. In our example, we'll use a liquidation preference of 2x.
We see on the right the two scenarios. The top chart shows the proceeds for the investor and founders if the investors put their money into common stock (where no liquidation preference exists). The chart below shows if the stock was Convertible Preferred Stock with a liquidation preference of 2x. With an exit amount of $5M, the 2x liquidation preference means that the investors receive 2x their initial investment of $2M for a total of $4M, before any money is provided to common shareholders. Therefore, the founders only receive $1M (the remaining money) of the $5M exit amount (thus 20%).
convert to common and ignore the liquidation preference.
To see a scenario where the investor converts to common, set the Exit Amount to $12,100,000. At this point, the investor converts to common to receive 33.33% of the $12,100,000 exit instead of the 2x liquidation preference yielding $4,000,000. Up until $12,000,000, the investor will stay as preferred and utilize their liquidation preference. This is an illustration of down-side protection for the investor, which is the reason that liquidation preference exists.
Founded in May 2008, LearnVC.com, Inc has two main web-sites. LearnVC.com is a free educational resource for entrepreneurs, investors and students. VCHub.com is a Software as a Service site focused on simplifying the venture world.


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Inter Pipeline shares lose some of last week's takeover speculation gains
By The Canadian Press in News, Politics | August 12th 2019
The corporate logo for Inter Pipeline Ltd. is shown. Handout photo by The Canadian Press
Shares in Inter Pipeline Ltd. fell by as much as 4.3 per cent Monday morning after soaring late last week on news that it had rejected an unsolicited takeover from an unnamed bidder.
On the Toronto Stock Exchange, shares in the Calgary petroleum transportation and processing company fell by $1.06 to $23.75 before recovering to $24.10 by 11 a.m. EDT.
During a conference call Friday to discuss second-quarter results, company executives refused to comment on a Globe and Mail report that cited unnamed sources regarding a $30-per-share cash offer.
In mid-afternoon, however, after trading was halted, Inter issued a brief statement confirming there had been "an unsolicited, non-binding, conditional and indicative proposal," without giving any details about the date, price or the identity of the bidder.
RBC Dominion Securities analyst Robert Kwan speculated in a report that the bidder is likely a private entity with access to project funding at a lower cost than through public markets.
He said it seems unlikely that a peer would bid for Inter, given negative public market sentiment towards its funding plan for the $3.5-billion Heartland Petrochemical Complex it is building northeast of Edmonton.
"It remains to be seen if this party approaches the board again," the report notes.
"If the board does not engage, we see uncertainty with respect to whether the party is willing to make an unsolicited offer as: (1) the party may not be willing to take on the stigma of a hostile bid; and (2) presumably the party sees value in HPC and with the project under construction, management being distracted with the bid could jeopardize the timing and cost of the HPC construction."
Inter Pipeline confirms takeover offer on regulator request after stock halted
By Dan Healing in News, Politics | August 12th 2019
Oilsands pipeline firm Inter Pipeline posts record Q2 net income of $260 million
By The Canadian Press in News, Politics | August 9th 2019
Petrochemical growth spurt expected despite rising desire for fewer plastics
By Dan Healing in News, Politics | January 18th 2019


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EU-REP.Global
Brexit: Implications on Privacy Compliance
13.01.2020 | Categories: General Obligations;
Almost four years after the citizens of the United Kingdom have voted in favor of leaving the European Union in a referendum, Brexit is finally approaching on 31 January 2020. Since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is part of the EU legal framework which will, in principle, cease to apply in the UK, questions on the impact of Brexit on privacy compliance arise.
What to expect in data protection after 31 January 2020?
The good news is that the scenario of a "no deal", meaning that the UK would leave the EU without any legal agreement between the two parties in place, is off the table. After the approval of the draft deal negotiated by Prime Minister Boris Johnson by the UK's House of Commons on 9 January 2020 and by the European Parliament today, the way is paved for an amicable solution.
Part 4 of the draft withdrawal agreement provides for a transition period, entailing the legal effect that EU law will remain applicable in the UK until 31 December 2020, including the provisions of the GDPR. In other words, from a legal point of view, the UK will generally be treated as if would still be a member of the EU for the duration of the transition period, even though its formal membership already ceased.
The UK governments aims to negotiate an agreement to govern the future relations with the EU during the transition period. As this seems politically quite ambitious, the withdrawal agreement includes a backdoor to extend the transition period for up to 1 or 2 years in its Article 132. Such decision is in the hands of a joint committee, consisting of representatives of the EU and the UK, and subject to a deadline on 1 July 2020.
While the European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen warned that it would be "impossible" to negotiate a ready-to-go agreement by the end of 2020, Prime Minister Johnson's Tory party promised its voters in the manifesto for the UK general elections in December 2019 to stick to this tight schedule and to refrain from triggering the extension. Whether or not the transitional period will be extended is likely to become a last minute decision at the end of July.
What to expect in data protection after the Brexit transition period?
After the (extended or not) transition period elapsed, under the British EU Withdrawal Act, the GDPR will be transposed into British law ("UK GDPR") and amended by the UK Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendments etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. This new legislative framework, which has been adopted by the UK parliament in anticipation of Brexit, means that the new British privacy laws will follow the regulatory concept of the EU GDPR. Companies complying with the EU GDPR will therefore face no need to substantially alter their current processes in general. However, at least two aspects deserve specific attention.
Brexit will trigger applicability of special previsions when it comes to international data transfers. Under the EU GDPR, the transmission of personal data from the EU to vendors (e.g. cloud and hosting services, IT threat detection and maintenance), business partners or affiliates based outside the European Economic Area (so-called "third countries") require additional safeguards. After Brexit, the UK will be regarded as such a "third country".
Under the GDPR, free flow of data towards third countries is only guaranteed where the European Commission has explicitly stated that the country is ensuring an adequate level of data protection (so-called "adequacy decision" under Art. 45 GDPR), as it did with regard to, for example, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, and, to the extent the receiving company is certified under the EU-US Privacy Shield, the US. Since the UK "transplanted" the EU privacy standards into national laws, it is likely that the European Commission will also adopt such an adequacy decision for the UK after Brexit.
EU negotiators warned, however, that the initial transition period of 11 months may be too short to finalize a deal on data transfers, as the Financial Times reported. According to European Data Protection Supervisor, Wojciech Wiewiórowski, reaching an agreement within the transition period "is still possible but it is hard". The biggest impediments concern the conditions for British secret services to access personal information in the UK, since the UK will not be subject to the EU legal framework for intelligence anymore.
For data transfers between the EU und the UK, in the absence of an adequacy decision, companies must rely on alternative instruments for ensuring GDPR compliance. The most common frameworks to safeguard international data transfers acknowledged under Chapter 5 of the GDPR are "Binding Corporate Rules", covering international intragroup data transfers and subject to approval by EU supervisory authorities, and the so-called "Standard Contractual Clauses". The latter is a set of standardized contract addenda, imposing various privacy obligations on the data exporter or importer outside the EU. Companies would be required to review existing contracts and, if required, to roll-out contract amendments with business partners.
Companies sharing data between the UK and other non-EU states should review the requirements under the new UK GDPR. The adequacy decisions issued by the European Commission will cease to apply for such transfers, and the competence for issuing such decisions under the UK GDPR lies with the UK Secretary of State. It is expected that the UK will adopt the EU's adequacy decisions, however, particularly regarding existing EU-US Privacy Shield certifications, the technical details are unclear yet, especially whether companies will have to formally apply for a separate framework, even if it is based on the very same principles.
UK representatives
Under Art. 27 UK GDPR, companies falling within the scope of UK privacy laws but without any establishment in the UK (the criteria of the EU GDPR for determining the territorial scope apply respectively, i.e. non-UK companies aiming at the UK market are subject to the UK GDPR) must appoint a data protection representative in the UK.
We at EU-REP.Global are preparing for such requirement and will be able to provide a UK representative service. We stay tuned with the legal developments and will inform our customers in case any adjustments of privacy policies become necessary.
Overall, …
… there is no need to panic, as the transitional period grants legal certainty at least until the end of 2020. Given the UK legislative framework for post-Brexit, no need for major adjusments is to be expected after the transitional period. Companies should, however, keep track of the EU-UK trade deal negotiations and their impacts on international data transfers between the EU und the UK. The same applies for "adequacy decisions" taken by the British government with regard to the future of data transfers between the UK and non-EU countries.
GDPR Updates for non-EU companies
Are you compliant with the GDPR?
Under Art. 27 of the GDPR, many non-EU companies must appoint an EU GDPR Privacy Representative. To find out now if your company is subject to this obligation
Who is EU-REP.Global?
We are data protection service provider based in Germany, focused on compliance services under the EU General Data Protection Regulation. If you want to know more,
EU Commission Sets Timeline for New SCCs after the "Schrems" Judgement
In a meeting of the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs held in Brussels today, EU Commissioner Didier Reynders delivered remarks on what to expect for the future of international data transfers after the European Court of Justice has ruled the EU-US Privacy...
Data Mapping & the GDPR: "Records of Processing Activities"
Any privacy law implementation program is based a proper data mapping. But is it even a legal obligation? Under the GDPR, the answer is a clear "yes" for most of modern businesses. Article 30 requires companies to maintain so-called "records of processing activities" (also known as RPA or ROPA) with...
GDPR Enforcement: The Real Risks of Non-Compliance
Whereas public supervisory authorities granted an informal grace period to implement the new provisions of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and allocated many resources to awareness-raising campaigns in 2018, their focus clearly shifted towards enforcement in 2019. The risk of...
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