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John Searle, um dos mais reconhecidos pensadores da filosofia da linguagem, relaciona força, significação e mente ao conceito de intencionalidade. Sua filosofia, de forma concisa, apresenta conceitos centrais, ressaltando que entende a linguagem humana como uma extensão das capacidades pré-linguísticas de outras espécies de animais. Searle, além de críticas a outros filósofos, abre novas possibilidades de desenvolvimento de alguns dos temas pertinentes à filosofia da linguagem no cenário contemporâneo, as teorias que formam a base da multifacetada produção de Searle. Em seu trabalho, ele também pretende contribuir para uma compreensão mais aprofundada das questões centrais da Filosofia da Linguagem, que, segundo ele, foi o ramo da Filosofia que recebeu as maiores contribuições nos últimos 100 a 125 anos.

Atos de Fala

A Teoria dos Atos de Fala surgiu no interior da Filosofia da Linguagem, no início dos anos sessenta, tendo sido, posteriormente apropriada pela Pragmática. Filósofos da Escola Analítica de Oxford, tendo como pioneiro o inglês John Langshaw Austin, seguido por John Searle e outros, entendiam a linguagem como uma forma de ação ("todo dizer é um fazer"). Passaram, então, a refletir sobre os diversos tipos de ações humanas que se realizam através da linguagem: os "atos de fala", (em inglês, "Speech acts").  A Teoria dos Atos de Fala tem por base doze conferências proferidas por Austin na Universidade de Harvard, EUA, em 1955, e publicadas postumamente, em 1962, no livro How to do Things with words. O título da obra resume claramente a ideia principal defendida por Austin: dizer é transmitir informações, mas é também (e sobretudo) uma forma de agir sobre o interlocutor e sobre o mundo circundante.

Até então, os lingüistas e os filósofos, de modo geral, pensavam que as afirmações serviam apenas para descrever um estado de coisas, e, portanto, eram verdadeiras ou falsas. Austin põe em xeque essa visão descritiva da língua, mostrando que certas afirmações não servem para descrever nada, mas sim para realizar ações.

Searle concorda com Austin e ataca o conceito representativo e referencial da linguagem criado por Frege. Searle afirma que a filosofia da linguagem foi inventada por Frege. Frege defendeu uma teoria da referência na qual uma expressão tem sua referênciade determinada pelo sentido ou modo de apresentação, que foi revista por Bertrand Russell que criou uma teoria da referência direta para responder as conclusões Frege. Searle diz que todas as teorias e propostas na filosofia da linguagem  hoje, são apenas tentativas de responder às perguntas propostas por Frege. Ele afirma que a questão mais geral da filosofia da linguagem é:
Searle apoia que não existe uma linha divisória nítida entre a filosofia da linguagem e lingüística, mas a filosofia da linguagem lida com fatos empíricos, e geralmente o objetivo é chegar a certas características universais subjacentes de significado, comunicação e, especialmente, para analisar a estrutura lógica de referência, verdade necessária, atos de fala, etc, e essas análises não são dadas por apenas analisando o
fatos empíricos sobre esta ou aquela linguagem particular.  A razão pela qual a filosofia da linguagem não é tão central hoje, diz Searle, é que muitos filósofos, eu por exemplo, viemos a crer que a filosofia da linguagem é ela própria dependente de resultados na filosofia da mente.
A linguagem é uma extensão das capacidades biologicamente mais fundamentais da mente humana.

Ato ilocucionário & Ato da fala

Inicialmente, Austin (1962) distinguiu dois tipos de enunciados: os constativos e os performativos:

 enunciados constativos são aqueles que descrevem ou relatam um estado de coisas, e que, por isso, se submetem ao critério de verificabilidade, isto é, podem ser rotulados de verdadeiros ou falsos. Na prática, são os enunciados comummente denominados de afirmações, descrições ou relatos, como Eu jogo futebol ; A Terra gira em torno do sol; A mosca caiu na sopa, etc.;
 enunciados performativos são enunciados que não descrevem, não relatam, nem constatam absolutamente nada, e, portanto, não se submetem ao critério de verificabilidade (não são falsos nem verdadeiros). Mais precisamente, são enunciados que, quando proferidos na primeira pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo, na forma afirmativa e na voz ativa, realizam uma ação (daí o termo performativo: o verbo inglês "to perform" significa realizar). Eis alguns exemplos: Eu te batizo em nome do Pai, do Filho e do Espírito Santo; Eu te condeno a dez meses de trabalho comunitário; Declaro aberta a sessão; Ordeno que você saia; Eu te perdoo. Tais enunciados, no exato momento em que são proferidos, realizam a ação denotada pelo verbo; não servem para descrever nada, mas sim para executar atos (ato de batizar, condenar, perdoar, abrir uma sessão, etc.). Nesse sentido, dizer algo é fazer algo. Com efeito, dizer, por exemplo, Declaro aberta a sessão não é informar sobre a abertura da sessão, é abrir a sessão. São os enunciados performativos que constituem o maior foco de interesse de Austin.

É preciso observar, no entanto, que o simples fato de proferir um enunciado performativo não garante a sua realização. Para que um enunciado performativo seja bem-sucedido, ou seja, para que a ação por ele designada seja de fato realizada, é preciso, ainda, que as circunstâncias sejam adequadas. Um enunciado performativo pronunciado em circunstâncias inadequadas não é falso, mas sim nulo, sem efeito: ele simplesmente fracassa. Assim, por exemplo, se um faxineiro (e não o presidente da câmara) diz Declaro aberta a sessão, o performativo não se realiza (isto é, a sessão não se abre), porque o faxineiro não tem poder ou autoridade para abrir a sessão. 0 enunciado é, portanto, nulo, sem efeito (ou, nas palavras de Austin, "infeliz").

Aos critérios que precisam ser satisfeitos para que um enunciado performativo seja bem-sucedido, Austin denominou "condições de felicidade". As principais são:

 falante deve ter autoridade para executar o ato (como no exemplo do parágrafo anterior);
 as circunstâncias em que as palavras são proferidas devem ser apropriadas (se o presidente da câmara declara aberta a sessão, sozinho, em sua casa, o performativo não se realiza, porque não está sendo enunciado nas circunstâncias apropriadas);

Posteriormente, ao tentar fixar um critério gramatical para os enunciados performativos (inicialmente, o critério verbo na primeira pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo etc.), Austin esbarra em muitos problemas, pois constata, entre outras coisas, que:

1. nem todo enunciado performativo tem verbo na primeira pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo na forma afirmativa e na voz ativa. Eis alguns exemplos:
Proibido fumar; Vocês estão autorizados a sair; Todos os funcionários estão convidados para a reunião de hoje. Nesses exemplos, os atos de proibição, autorização e convite se realizam sem o emprego de proíbo, autorizo e convido;

2. nem todo enunciado na primeira pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo na forma afirmativa e na voz ativa é performativo. Eis alguns exemplos: Eu jogo futebol; Eu corro; Eu estudo inglês. Nesses exemplos, os atos de jogar futebol, correr e estudar inglês não se realizam ao se enunciar tais sentenças.
Apesar disso, Austin não abandona, logo de início, a ideia de encontrar um critério gramatical para definir os enunciados performativos, mas parece que acaba encontrando mais problemas do que soluções. Um deles é a constatação de que pode haver enunciados performativos sem nenhuma palavra relacionada ao ato que executam. É o caso, por exemplo, de enunciados como "Curva perigosa" e "Virei amanhã", que podem equivaler, respectivamente, a Eu te advirto que "a curva é perigosa" e "Eu prometo que virei amanhã". É o caso também dos imperativos, como Feche a porta, cuja performatividade pode ser explicitada em Eu ordeno que você feche a porta.

A partir dessa distinção, Austin constata que a denominação performativo primário também se aplica aos enunciados constativos, e acaba admitindo que a distinção constativo-performativo se desfaz, já que é possível transformar qualquer enunciado constativo em performativo, bastando antecedê-lo de verbos como declarar, afirmar, dizer, etc. Por exemplo– [Eu afirmo que] A mosca caiu na sopa; [Eu digo que]vai chover; [Eu afirmo que]A terra é redonda, etc.

Ao concluir que todos os enunciados são performativos (porque, no momento em que são enunciados, realizam algum tipo de ação), Austin retoma o problema em novas bases, e identifica três atos simultâneos que se realizam em cada enunciado: o locucionário, o ilocucionário e o perlocucionário:

Austin, então, postula que todo ato de fala é ao mesmo tempo locucionário, ilocucionário e perlocucionário. Assim, quando se enuncia a frase Eu prometo que estarei em casa hoje à noite, há o ato de enunciar cada elemento linguístico que compõe a frase. É o ato locucionário. Paralelamente, no momento em que se enuncia essa frase, realiza-se o ato de promessa. É o ato ilocucionário: o ato que se realiza na linguagem. Quando se enuncia essa frase, o resultado pode ser de ameaça, de agrado ou de desagrado. Trata-se do ato perlocucionário: um ato que não se realiza na linguagem, mas pela linguagem.

Todas essas noções são retomadas e sistematizadas por John Searle, primeiramente em Speech actos (1969) e depois em Expression and meaning (1979).
Atos da Fala, o trabalho mais antigo de Searle (Cambridge 1969), o qual deu-lhe uma estável reputação, foi sobre os atos da fala.

Essa publicação revolucionou o modo como pensamos sobre atos comunicativos normais, tais como afirmar, solicitar, e prometer, revelando uma complexidade subjacente que mudou fundamentalmente nossa compreensão de como o conteúdo semântico e força de um enunciado interagem com fatores cognitivos, sociais e contextuais. O livro, Atos da Fala,tentou sintetizar ideias de muitos colegas, entre eles J.L. Austin (the term "illocutionary act"), Ludwig Wittgenstein, G.C.J. Midgley (a distinção entre regras constitutivas e regulativas), e sua própria tese, em Atos de Fala, dizendo que tais atos são constituídos por regras de linguagem.

Ele também se inspirou na obra de P.F. Strawson, John Rawls, e H. Paul Grice (a análise do significado como uma tentativa de ser compreendido), Hare e Stenius (a distinção, sobre o significado, entre a força ilocucionária e conteúdo proposicional), e William P. Alston, que defendia que significado da sentença consiste em conjuntos de regras regulativas exigindo o orador para realizar o ato ilocucionário indicado pela sentença, e que tais atos envolvem a emissão de uma sentença que (a) indica que um executa o ato, (b) significa o que se diz, e (c) endereça a uma audiência na vizinhança. O critério de demarcação entre ilocuções e perlocuções fica mais claramente estabelecido com Searle:

Este passou a ser o critério de demarcação que temos chamado de ortodoxo para a teoria dos atos da fala. O ato ilocucionário só inclui a "resposta" cognitiva mínima do ouvinte: a compreensão. Qualquer outro efeito sobre o ouvinte que um ato de fala possa ter é um efeito perlocucionário, e ele não é levado em consideração ao nível da teoria do significado.  <ref>Atos de Fala e Ações Sociais: sobre a distinção entre Ilocuções e Perlocuções na Teoria do Agir Comunicativo" por Marina Velasco (2004)</ref>

Em seu livro Os atos de fala: um ensaio de filosofia da linguagem (1969), Searle propõe a combinar todos esses elementos para dar conta dos chamados "atos ilocucionários", que J.L. Austin tinha introduzido em "Como Fazer Coisas com palavras" How To Do Things with Words.  Searle distingue cinco grandes categorias de atos de linguagem:

Apesar de sua intenção anunciada (1969, 54)  para apresentar uma "análise completa do ato ilocucionário ", Searle, na verdade não dá uma análise. Em vez disso, ele fornece uma análise de, supostamente, um protótipo do ato ilocucionário de prometer, e oferece um conjunto de regras semânticas com a intenção de representar o significado linguístico de dispositivos indicando (supostamente) adicionais tipos de atos ilocucionários (1969, 57-71).

Dentre os conceitos apresentados no livro 'Speech Acts', um deles é a distinção entre a "força ilocucionária" e "conteúdo proposicional" de uma declaração. Searle não define precisamente o primeiro, como tal, mas introduz várias forças ilocucionários possíveis apresentando exemplos. De acordo com Searle, as frases:

Cada frase indica o mesmo conteúdo proposicional (Sam fuma regularmente), mas diferem na força ilocucionária indicada (uma declaração, uma pergunta, um comando, e uma expressão de desejo, respectivamente) (1969, 22).  Searle propõe uma nova classificação dos Atos de Fala, a partir das regras que os enunciados cumprem, distinguindo os assertivos (as afirmações), os diretivos (as ordens), os comissivos (as promessas), os expressivos (as felicitações), os declarativos (declarar aberta ou encerrada a sessão).

 Condições de satisfação
A teoria dos Atos de Fala foi enriquecida com o contributo dos processos de inferência por implicitação (implicature) formulados nomeadamente por Paul Grice De acordo com um relato posterior que Searle apresenta em "Intentionality" (1983) e que difere em aspectos importantes daquele sugerido em 'Atos de Fala'; os atos ilocucionários são caracterizados pelas suas condições de satisfação (como a ideia adotada com base no trabalho de Strawson, "Significado e Verdade", publicado em 1971) e uma direção de ajuste.

Por exemplo, na afirmação "João comprou duas barras de chocolate" é satisfeita se e somente se ela é verdade, ou seja, somente se João comprou duas barras de chocolate. Por outro lado, o comando "João, compre duas barras de chocolate" é satisfeita se e somente se, João executa a ação de comprar de duas barras de chocolate.
Searle refere-se a primeira como tendo uma direção de ajuste de "palavra-ao-mundo", uma vez que as palavras são supostamente ajustadas para representar fielmente o mundo, e no segundo caso como tendo o sentido de ajuste de "mundo-para-palavra", desde que o mundo é que muda para se ajustar ao significado da palavra. (Há também o sentido "duplo de ajuste direcional", onde a relação vai nos dois sentidos, e a também a direção "nula de ajuste" ou de "zero ajuste", em que o sentido vai em nenhuma direção, porque o conteúdo proposicional da palavra é pressuposto, como na frase "Me desculpe, eu comi as duas barras de chocolate do João").  Em "Foundations of Illocutionary Logic"  de 1985, Searle usa proeminente a noção do "ponto ilocucionário". (Embora Searle não menciona usos anteriores desse conceito, ele se origina a partir do artigo de Sesonske "Performatives").

Segundo Searle, os atos ilocucionários com propósito declaratório têm esse duplo ajuste e atos ilocucionários têm direção de ajuste nula.
Em síntese, Searle diz, que há quatro e tão-somente quatro direções de ajuste:

 direção de ajuste palavra-mundo — a proposição tem de corresponder a um independente estado de coisas no mundo, são seus exemplos relatos, descrições, hipóteses, predições, promessas;
 direção de ajuste mundo-palavra — o mundo é alterado para se ajustar ao conteúdo da proposição, sendo seus exemplos ordens, comandos, súplicas, pedidos;
 direção de ajuste dupla — o mundo é alterado para se ajustar ao conteúdo proposicional que por sua vez representa o mundo como sendo alterado, são seu exemplo declarações;
 direção de ajuste nula —  não há intenção de realizar nenhum ajuste porque o propósito  do ato é simplesmente expressar a atitude do falante em relação ao estado de coisas representado pela proposição ou suspender a relação entre linguagem e  realidade, em comum acordo com o ouvinte. Exemplos dessa direção são as expressões de felicidade ou de raiva, ou as ficções.CASANOVA, Isabel (1990), Actos Ilocutórios Directivos: A Força do Poder ou o Poder da Persuasão. Tese de Doutoramento. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa.</big>

Um exemplo constantemente citado por Searle foi escrito por Elizabeth Anscombe:

Isso também pode ser demonstrado, aponta Searle, através da observação do papel do "erro" nos dois casos.Se o detetive chegar em casa e  de repente se der conta de que o homem comprou costeletas de porco em vez de comprar  toucinho, poderá  simplesmente apagar a palavra "toucinho" e escrever "costeletas de porco".Entretanto, se o comprador chegar em casa e a esposa lhe chamar  a atenção para o fato de ter comprado costeletas de porco em vez de toucinho, ele não poderá corrigir o erro apagando "toucinho" da lista e nela escrevendo "costeletas de porco". Nesse exemplo, Searle demonstra que ambas as listas são o conteúdo proposicional, porém, de diferentes atos ilocucionários.  A forma pela qual esse conteúdo se relacionará com a realidade dependerá da força ilocucionária, e a diferença  é quanto à direção-de-ajuste. A lista do detetive tem a direção-de-ajuste palavra-ao-mundo, e a  lista do comprador tem a direção-de-ajuste mundo-a-palavra.SEARLE, John R. (1979), Expression and Meaning. Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Cenário e Rede
Em Intencionalidade: Um Ensaio de Filosofia da Mente (1983), professor Searle estabelece a aplicação de certos elementos de sua compreensão dos "atos ilocucionários" para a investigação da Intencionalidade. Searle também introduz um termo técnico, o "Cenário" (segundo plano ou pano de fundo), que, segundo ele, tem sido fonte de muita discussão filosófica.

Searle diz: "Embora eu venha defendendo essa tese há quase vinte anos, muitos pessoas, cujas opiniões eu respeito, ainda discordam de mim sobre isso.". Ele define "Cenário" como um conjunto de habilidades, capacidades, tendências e disposições que os humanos têm e que não são nelas mesmas estados intencionais. Assim, quando alguém nos pede para "cortar o bolo" sabemos que devemos usar uma faca e quando alguém nos pede para "cortar a grama" sabemos que devemos usar um cortador de grama (e não o contrário), mesmo que o pedido em si não inclua este detalhe. Searle, às vezes, suplementa a sua referência ao cenário com o conceito de "Rede", que é o conjunto da rede de outras crenças, desejos e outros estados intencionais necessários para qualquer estado intencional em particular poder fazer sentido. Searle argumenta que o seu conceito de  Cenário é semelhante aos conceitos fornecidos por vários outros pensadores, incluindo o argumento de linguagem privada em Investigações Filosóficas de Wittgenstein ("a obra da fase final de Wittgenstein é em grande parte, sobre o Cenário") e em Habitus de Bourdieu.

Searle nos da um outro exemplo: Quando ele vai à universidade, é mais que mera opinião que haverá um chão para que ele possa andar ou para que o ônibus possa seguir sua trajetória até a universidade. Seria absurdo (ou não?) se todos os dias nós acordássemos e começássemos a nos questionar se haverá alguém com o qual possamos nos comunicar, ou, se haverá mesmo um chão para que possamos caminhar?   Em outras palavras, as posições-padrão são anteriores à teoria, às opiniões, às hipóteses de trabalho, por não precisarem ser justificadas. Muito pelo contrário, para fazermos um ataque as posições-padrão faz-se necessário "um esforço consciente e um argumento convincente"

Algumas das posições-padrão para Searle são:
Há um mundo real que existe independente de nós, independente de nossas experiências, pensamentos, linguagem.
Temos acesso perceptivo direto a esse mundo por meio de nossos sentidos, especialmente o tato e a visão.
As palavras de nossa linguagem, palavras como coelho ou árvore, têm em geral significados razoavelmente claros. Por causa de seus significados, podem ser usadas para nos referirmos aos objetos reais do mundo e para falarmos sobre eles.
Nossas afirmações são, em geral, verdadeiras ou falsas dependendo de corresponderem ao modo como as coisas são, ou seja, aos fatos do mundo.
A causalidade é uma relação real entre objetos e estados de coisas do mundo, uma relação pela qual um fenômeno, a causa, provoca o outro, o efeito. John Searle Mind: A Brief Introduction

Para Searle, esse conjunto de competências chamado de Cenário ou Pano de Fundo, mais tecnicamente "Background", o ' pano de fundo da intencionalidade', capacita ao agente de uma ação ter intenções, crenças, desejos, etc., mas não são intencionais. Por exemplo, Searle coloca que o agente só pode costurar se ele é capaz de costurar ou tem a crença de que pode aprender (tornar-se capaz) a costurar. Ele tem intenção de ir ao museu de artes visuais se acredita que pode efetivamente ver, mas a capacidade de enxergar não é intencional, nem depende simplesmente dos seus olhos – por causa de um acidente cerebral, ele pode ter olhos intactos, mas pode ficar cego. Ele não pode, também, querer sair da cadeira – a qual esta sentado – voando, pois ele não tem essa capacidade, apesar do agente poder imaginar que seria bom ter essa capacidade para que ele possa sair voando – especialmente quando ele está cansado. As capacidades de Background do agente da ação têm valor de sobrevivência. A pessoa que tenha a verdadeira intenção de voar, pois se acha capaz de fazê-lo, provavelmente não viverá muito tempo: ela um dia estará no alto de um prédio e vai acreditar que é capaz de voar pela janela.
{{Quote|"A rede inteira da intencionalidade só funciona sobre um fundo de capacidades humanas que em si mesmas não são estados mentais." John Searle Intencionalidade (1983)  }}
A intencionalidade da consciência e as  decisões racionais funcionam, para Searle, apenas dentro de uma "Rede" de intencionalidades que dá a elas suporte. Assim, se, por exemplo, você deseja muito ir para festa e, então, pega um taxi, isso significa que você escolheu algumas intencionalidades dentro de um número infinito de outras, que você acredita que o taxi é um tipo de meio de transporte que pode levá-lo(a) para a festa; significa também que você acredita que existe uma festa e, além de saber onde ela fica, você se sente capaz de explicar o caminho ao motorista, a assim por diante. A Rede, por sua vez funciona apenas com o suporte do Cenário ou "Background".

Searle defende a tese de que essas explicações de sentido comum da conduta humana não seriam ultrapassadas ou subtraídas por explicações "supostamente científicas". Isso porque os princípios que delineamos não descrevem o fenômeno, mas constituem, em parte, o fenômeno. Searle continua mantendo suas convicções sobre a importância da consciência (da subjetividade imanente às questões mentais) e das explicações mentalísticas de sentido comum.

Searle versus Kripke
Saul Kripke defendeu a teoria da referência direta quando aplicada a nomes próprios que se tornou popular por Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, e PF Strawson, mas ele ataca a teoria descritivista dos nomes próprios. Para Kripke, os nomes próprios são "designadores rígidos", no sentido de que eles designam os mesmos indivíduos em todos os mundos possíveis. No entanto, em sua opinião, o que é uma teoria dos nomes deve explicar, em primeiro lugar, não é como referência acaba fixada em todos os mundos possíveis, mas como referência se fixa no nosso mundo real Kripke afirma que os nomes próprios não têm qualquer "sentido", porque os sentidos só oferecem fatos contingentes sobre as coisas.

Kripke propõe vários exemplos que apontam deficiências na teoria descritivista, bem como uma visão mais precisa de como conseguir nomes de referência a objetos As críticas oferecidas por Kripke foram publicadas em "Naming and Necessity" e a resposta de Searle em "Intencionalidade".

A teoria descritivista dos nomes próprios é  basicamente aceita por John Searle, que desenvolveu sua teoria pela primeira vez no contexto de uma teoria de atos da fala e, em seguida, em uma teoria mais geral da intencionalidade da mente, parte dessa teoria foi apresentada por Searle no livro  Atos da fala No capítulo 7 de Atos de Fala, Searle conta a história básica e as questões associados com o que veio a ser chamada de teoria da descrição de nomes próprios. Ele apresenta um relato modificado de referência ao nome próprio, no contexto de sua consideração mais geral de referência como ato da fal, que ele argumenta é capaz de lidar com as problemas que surgiram para as versões iniciais de Fregee e Russell, e reter o poder explicativo dessas apresentações e ser capazes de solucionar certos enigmas sobre a referência.  A teoria da descrição, tal como formulado por Frege e Russell, diz Searle, que elas caem em dois problemas.

Searle deseja na sua consideração manter as vantagens da teoria descritiva e ao mesmo tempo responder a dois problemas, expressando a teoria inteira no contexto de sua avaliação mais geralizada de referência como um ato de fala. Uma vez que a teoria descritiva de referência nome próprio sustenta que os nomes próprios têm significados (sentidos) de algum tipo, em oposição a Mill . A consideração de Mill cai em problemas ao longo de três linhas gerais, os quais são observados por ambos Searle e Kripke, e uma vez que a teoria descritiva Frege tem como consequência que uma sentença pode adiantar que a descrição do nome é analítica e assim necessariamente verdadeira, Searle começa por colocar a questão: "Há algum proposições onde o sujeito é um nome próprio e o predicado de uma expressão analítica descritiva?'

Para Searle, os nomes próprios têm algum tipo de significado ou sentido, e este significado é descritivo e, ainda, exclusivamente de natureza descritiva. A fim de fazer justiça a esse fato, evitando os problemas de equivalência de definição e de diferentes oradores associando significados diferentes com o mesmo nome, Searle propõe uma "teoria de cluster"' de significado para os nomes próprios. Seale afirma que a sua explicação é capaz de explicar o fato de que diferentes oradores associarem diferentes descrições de identificação com o mesmo nome, e a objeção com base na equivalência de definição e analiticidade, a resposta de Searle para este problema em Os actos de fala e em Expressão e Significado: Estudos da teoria dos Atos da Fala.

A maior parte das críticas de Kripke direcionam especificamente a teoria descritivista de cluster de referência desenvolvida por Searle. A argumentação modal de Kripkee é essencialmente a mesma que os argumentos que o próprio Searle considerou contra interpretar descrições de identificação como equivalentes de definição para ou como analiticamente contidos em nomes próprios Uma vez que nomes próprios designam rigidamente e descrições definidas não fazem isso, os nomes próprios não podem substituir  ou expressar descrições definidas, porque aí eles não seriam designadores rígidoss. Assim, "Moisés não existe"  e "O homem que conduziu os israelitas do Egito não existe" podem ser materialmente equivalente no mundo real, mas elas não são sinônimos, e por isso a segunda não é uma análise da primeira que resolve o problema de referência aparente para um indivíduo não-existente.
Kripke cria contra-exemplos à Teoria de cluster para mostrar em cada caso que alguma condição de que a teoria de cluster de Searle mantém é necessário para referência de sucesso, na verdade não é. Kripke afirma que o cluster da pessoa comum incluirá pouco mais do que descrições como "o famoso físico", mas não é o suficiente para identificar ninguém, e entanto quando o indivíduo usa o nome 'Feynman' ou 'Einstein', ele consegue se referir ao objeto. No início da segunda Palestra, Kripke formula uma lista de quatro condições para a característica bem-sucedida de referência do ponto de vista do cluster. Portanto, de acordo com as condições de Kripke, não é uma condição necessária para a referência de sucesso que o usuário da língua acredite que ele é capaz de identificar de forma única o que ele está se referindo ao fazer uso de descrições, nem é uma condição necessária para a referência de sucesso que o próprio cluster realmente especifique um único indivíduo de forma descritiva. Segundo, Kripke afirma que o conjunto de descrições associadas com um nome poderia especificar exclusivamente um indivíduo, e ainda o nome poderia se referir a algum outro indivíduo
. Por exemplo, suponha que o verdadeiro autor das provas de incompletude não foi Gödel, mas alguém chamado 'Schmidt'. Assim, todas as descrições do cluster de quem fala não são verdadeiras sobre Gödel, mas a respeito de Schmidt.  Kripke afirma que, em tal caso, o orador está na verdade se referindo a Gödel quando ele pronuncia 'Gödel' e não para Schmidt, portanto, uma das quatro condições não é uma condição suficiente para uma referência de sucesso na parte em que ela não pode ser satisfeita em casos em que o nome não faz referência ao indivíduo que o nome tenta referir.

Uma objeção final oferecida por Kripke é dirigida a quase todas as condições, basicamente, é que a maior parte ou toda a informação descritiva associada com um dado nome pode ser falsa sobre o indivíduo, e ainda sim uma utilização do nome pode ter sucesso em referir
.

Um exemplo é Jonas. Kripke afirma que, enquanto os estudiosos da Bíblia acreditam que houve realmente uma pessoa chamada 'Jonas', eles também acreditam que todos os fatos particulares contados sobre ele em "O Livro de Jonas" são de fato falsos. Aqui está um caso em que o apoio descritivo que um orador pode ter para o nome não, não é só verdade para Jonas, mas não é verdade sobre ninguém e apesar disso, Kripke argumenta, quando nós expressamos 'Jonas', estamos nos referindo a Jonas, então a teoria descrição deve ser falsa.

Searle responde à ambas as linhas de críticas iniciadas por Kripke no Capítulo 9 de "Intencionalidade".

Searle responde ao argumento modal de Kripke ao longo de duas linhas de defesa que sugerem que ele está disposto a aceitar a teoria de descrição como uma teoria do significado dos nomes, mas negam que esta deve ter as consequências que Kripke sugere. Em primeiro lugar, tendo que Kripke esta sustentando que não há proposições analíticas que contêm um nome próprio como sujeito e uma descrição definida como o predicado, Searle aponta que existem descrições definidas que são rígidas no sentido de Kripke. É a segunda resposta de Searle que é sua mais fundamental e o que parece ser a melhor resposta para argumentos modais para uma teoria descritivista da referência de nomes próprios.

Searle aponta que é perfeitamente possível afirmar que um conjunto de descrições é o significado de um nome próprio, evitando a objeção de Kripke, porque:

Kripke sugeriu que tal visão que iria bloquear a estratégia geral descritivista para resolver os quebra-cabeças tradicionais que fazem referência nome próprio. No entanto, a resposta principal de Searle à crítica modal de Kripke da teoria descritivista parece ser que o conjunto de descrições associados para um nome pode simplesmente ser indexado ao mundo real, tendo nessa consideração pensada por Searle em virtude do funcionamento da rede e cenário, enquanto, ao mesmo tempo, na natureza auto-reflexiva indicial dos atos intencionais na determinação das condições de satisfação para eventos intencionais do uso de um nome ou expressão.

Para o contra-exemplo sobre o "fracasso de singularidade" de Kripke envolvendo clusteres associados do orador normal para nomes como "Einstein" ou "Feynman". Searle nos diz (a) que, mesmo nestes casos o orador terá um conjunto mais abrangente de identificar as descrições que Kripke sugere, e (b''') que, em tais casos, os oradores podem ter sucesso ao se referir exclusivamente a um indivíduo parasitariamente, incluindo entre suas descrições identificar algo como "O famoso físico referido como e conhecido pela maioria dos membros da minha comunidade linguística como 'Einstein' ". Searle argumenta que não há nada de errado com um orador parasitariamente referindo-se a 'Einstein' ou 'Feynman "ou qualquer outra pessoa. Para o exemplo de Kripke do "erro/falsidade descritiva" envolvendo Gödel e Schmidt, Searle responde que quem está sendo referido dependerá do conteúdo intencional do locutor, e, mais geralmente, na intenção do falante em um determinado caso.

Para a objeção de Kripke baseada em "falsidade descritiva holística", Searle responde que, mesmo em um caso como o de 'Jonas', se houver referência, ela ocorre em virtude da satisfação da maioria ou de uma ponderação da maior parte das descrições em um associado cluster. O cluster pode incluir descrições como "o homem de quem se falsamente foi escrito no Antigo Testamento que ele passou um tempo no estômago de uma baleia", no caso de Jonas.  A resposta de Searle à alegação de que a referência pode ocorrer mesmo se o indivíduo em questão não satisfaz nenhum das descrições identificadores associados é simplesmente que isso é falso, e qualquer pessoa que acredite nisso, ao contrário, simplesmente falhou em ver o associado cluster (conteúdo intencional + condições de satisfação) com o cuidado necessário.

Muitos filosofos concordam que o relato de Searle explica os quebra-cabeças tradicionais para nomes próprios que incluem declarações de identidade informativos e declarações de existência. A teoria de Searle para responder às críticas contra ele por teóricos causais, especialmente os de Saul Kripke, em geral, explica-se bem e é capaz de responder às críticas de Kripke. A principal razão para isso, diz Searle, é a identificação das condições de satisfação para um enunciado de um nome próprio na intencionalidade do locutor com o cluster associado de identificar descrições para aquele nome.

Searle, finalmente, coloca que a sua teoria da referência para nomes será subordinada a uma avaliação da sua teoria mais ampla da mente, juntamente com o fato de que a sua teoria faz justiça à tese intuitivamente plausível de que, para se referir a algo que um indivíduo deve ser capaz de identificar aquela coisa, por isso da a teoria uma boa dose de plausibilidade.
Ver tambémGottlob FregeBertrand RussellP.F. Strawson William P. Alston Elizabeth AnscombePaul Grice''

Fenômenos linguísticos
Linguística aplicada
Teoria linguística

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Evidence in cross-border investigations
Evidence gathering in cross-border investigations
It was recently reported that Switzerland's highest court has given Geneva prosecutors the go-ahead to send evidence requested by the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) as part of its long-running and controversial investigation into Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation.
The evidence appears likely to have been provided under a request for mutual legal assistance (MLA) issued by the SFO to Geneva prosecutors. This article explains the law surrounding MLA and the latest tool available to investigators in cross-border criminal law enforcement, the Overseas Production Order.
Mutual Legal Assistance
MLA is a method of co-operation between states for obtaining assistance in the investigation or prosecution of criminal offences, which is generally used for obtaining material that cannot be voluntarily obtained between authorities. Requests for assistance are made by a formal international letter of request (LOR).
It is not necessary to issue an MLA request every time evidence or other information is required from abroad. However, if a court order is required to obtain the evidence in the UK then it is likely that it would also be required in the majority of other countries. In these circumstances, an LOR to a judicial authority with the power to order the coercive measure would be appropriate.
Examples of evidence that usually require an MLA request are: obtaining account information from banks; obtaining internet records and emails; obtaining information on foreign convictions; obtaining search and seizure orders and obtaining statements from a non-voluntary witness.
Requests for assistance from overseas authorities to the UK are often referred to the SFO for the use of their compulsory powers to obtain the evidence sought. The SFO has compulsory powers under section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 to require any person or body to answer any relevant questions, produce relevant documents and, in limited circumstances, to obtain a warrant to search premises and seize documents.
However, MLA is a notoriously slow method for obtaining evidence due to the requirement for judicial oversight in the country that receives a request and the potential delays which can arise. According to the UK Government, it takes an average of 12 months for an MLA request sent from the UK to the US to result in the production of the requested data, which is plainly inadequate for concluding investigations in a timely manner.
Overseas Production Orders
The Overseas Production Order (OPO) provides a new and quicker means of compelling the disclosure of electronic data stored overseas, which represents a dramatic step-change in cross-border criminal law enforcement.
The Crime (Overseas Production Orders) Act 2019 gives UK law enforcement agencies the ability to apply to a Crown Court judge for an OPO which, if granted, will require the specified overseas communications service provider (CSP) to provide, or allow access to, stored electronic data for investigating and prosecuting serious crimes.
Unlike MLA, which is a state-to-state request, the CSP is served with the OPO directly, which then has a default period of seven days in which to produce the data. The authorities of the receiving country have no power to review the Crown Court judge's decision to grant the OPO.
By imposing strict time limits on the recipient of the OPO and removing the supervisory role of the receiving country's authorities, it is intended that law enforcement officers will receive the data far more quickly than by relying on MLA.
However, in order for an OPO to be issued, an international co-operation arrangement must have been entered into with the government of the country in which the data is located or from where it is controlled. At the moment, there is only one such agreement in place between the UK and US. Whilst similar agreements are envisaged, the UK/US Agreement is undoubtedly the most important as the US plays host to many of the largest CSPs, such as Google.
Complying with an OPO could cause difficulty for the CSP upon whom it is served. Exemptions apply for data protected by legal privilege and confidential personal records, which CSP's will need to consider carefully when responding to an OPO. The recipient of the OPO can also apply to the UK courts to vary or revoke it, and where OPOs require disclosure of large quantities of data it is anticipated the courts will extend the timeframe within which to comply.
Challenges by suspects can obviously only be brought if they are aware that the OPO has been made. However, applications for OPOs will generally be made without any notice being given to the suspect, who will often then only learn of its making when the relevant data is disclosed by the prosecution.
Evidence obtained pursuant to OPOs is admissible in subsequent criminal proceedings, thereby making this a powerful new tool at the disposal of investigators that will increase the ease with which electronic evidence can be obtained from the US, and provide the potential to uncover incriminatory messages which previously lay beyond the reach of UK investigators.
Those who find themselves in this situation are advised to seek expert assistance promptly in order to ascertain next steps. If you have any questions, or would like more information about how we can support you, please contact one of the authors below.
Euros Jones
Partner // Head of Corporate Crime
Alexander Gorst
Regulatory, Compliance & Investigations
Germany Impressum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The ingredients in Andropause Cream have many benefits.
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text:
import assert from "../assert"
import { Accessor, Record, sBuffer } from "../types"

export class FloatAccessor implements Accessor<number> {
    readonly name: string
    readonly bits: number

    constructor(bits: 32 | 64) {
        this.name = `float${bits}`
        this.bits = bits
        Object.freeze(this)
    }

    defineGet(
        propertyName: string,
        bitOffset: number,
    ): (this: Record) => number {
        assert.bitOffsetX8(bitOffset, this.name)

        const byteOffset = bitOffset >> 3
        const method = `getFloat${this.bits}` as "getFloat32" | "getFloat64"

        return function(this: Record): number {
            return this[sBuffer][method](byteOffset)
        }
    }

    defineSet(
        propertyName: string,
        bitOffset: number,
    ): (this: Record, value: number) => void {
        assert.bitOffsetX8(bitOffset, this.name)

        const byteOffset = bitOffset >> 3
        const method = `setFloat${this.bits}` as "setFloat32" | "setFloat64"

        return function(this: Record, value: number): void {
            assert.number(value, propertyName)
            this[sBuffer][method](byteOffset, value)
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nathan George led off Canada's 4x400m relay with an outstanding run to keep Canada close to the United States and Benjamin Ayesu-Attah ran the anchor leg to secure the silver medal at the North America, Central America and Caribbean Championships. Devin Biocchi of Ottawa and Gregory MacNeill of London also ran strong legs for Canada who were expected to battle with Jamaica and Costa Rica for the silver or bronze medal.
Both George and Ayesu-Attah are building outstanding reputations as Canadian relay team members. George helped set the Canadian Junior 4x400m record and won a bronze medal last year at the Pan Am Junior Championships in Medellin, Columbia and Ayesu-Attah won a silver medal in the 4x400m relay at the World University Games in Kazan, Russia. Both athletes will be looking towards running for Canada next year at the Pan Am Championships which Canada will host in Toronto, Ontario.


text:
Q: .toLocaleTimeString() syntax not displaying AM/PM in safari browser I wanted to change the format of a time to HH:mm AM/PM by using javascript.
Then I used .toLocaleTimeString() syntax to format it.
But it's not working as expected in safari browser when working correctly on google chrome.
Can anyone suggest a solution?
I tried as bellow,
time = dateStr.toLocaleTimeString().replace(/(.*)\D\d+/, '$1');

expected output was => 11:15 AM
but output in safari browser was => 11:15

A: I was founded a solution for this case,
time = dateStr.toLocaleTimeString('en-US').replace(/(.*)\D\d+/, '$1');

I added 'en-US' to the syntax. Now it's working correctly in both safari and chrome browsers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Myself and Shaun are based in Ireland and we call ourselves a European News Source but in reality we cover stories from all around the world because we have found World issues are European issues. We live in a finite space and what folk do in America affects people in Europe, Asia and vice versa. Thus we have no borders save for the truth.
Some of the topics covered here can be quite distressing.
If you tend to get angry when you hear about abuses by corporation on your fellow man and woman be advised a form of yoga and anger-management is advised to supplement your listening and reading.
Myself and Shaun have been working off and on this past few months keeping the site ticking over but I provide this following notice on the future of European News Weekly.
We are busy reorganizing our previous work especially with our pod-cast. Our storage space is now secure and the next job is to start migrating all our most important and most downloaded pods to our new platform and storage space. All pods are still available and can be downloaded but this is not ideal for us and we cannot guarantee the future availability of those pods at the moment so please be patient and we will get this sorted.


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text:
* Tile Manufacturer
* Construction
* Ahmedabad
Top-Notch Tile Company in Gujarat is Transforming the Tile Industry
SakarMarbo - a top-notch tile company in Gujarat is inspiring the change in the over-all tile Industry. It has taken the tiling industry to a whole new level by introducing an intelligent mixture of technology with design.
By: Sakar Granito (India) Private Limited
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How SakarMarbo is Transforming the Industry?
It's a mixture of technology and design:
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The company manufactures tile with its European technology which ensures that the products are manufactured with high-end technical and international standards. With its quality and innovative products, they are thriving the change in the overall tile industry.
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: Construction
: Ahmedabad - Gujarat - India
Sakar Granito (India) Private Limited PRs
SakarMarbo Shares Some Benefits of Wood Look Tiles
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Enhance Your Décor with SakarMarbo's Top-Notch Tile Collection
Apr 13, 2020 News


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This video focuses on how you can use innovation and disruption to create competitive advantage. Jim has been disrupting business since the 1970's when we used the science of Industrial Engineering to disrupt warehousing and network modeling. This has evolved to today where we use the science of the supply chain to disrupt business. Interestingly, while we have been disrupting supply chains, the digital imperative has been disrupting business.
These supply chain and digital disruptions have created the perfect storm for innovation and reinvention in today's business world.
This video will take you through the Disruption Cycle and ask you to ponder on four key questions that will allow you to identify game changing opportunities in your organization for innovation and disruption.


text:
Home/Latest/Presidency details how Buhari is beating food insecurity in Nigeria
Presidency details how Buhari is beating food insecurity in Nigeria
Garba Shehu Send an email September 3, 2020
37,239 2 minutes read
Vice President Yemi Osinbajo SAN on behalf of the members Of The Economic Sustainability Committee presented a Report entitled "Bouncing Back: The Nigerian Economic Sustainability Plan" to President Buhari for his approval.Photos; Tolani Alli
President Muhammadu Buhari has expressed the concern of his administration about the sudden spiral of food prices, at a time when the economy is already mired in a slowdown occasioned by the global coronavirus situation.
The President assures Nigerians that the situation is transient. His administration has already begun looking and putting in place measures to ameliorate the situation.
While Providence has been kind to us with the rains and as such an expectation that a bumper harvest would lead to crashing of food prices and ease the burdens on the population, government's concern is that the exploitative market behaviour by actors has significantly increased among traders in the past few years and may make any such relief a short lived one.
This year has indeed tested us in ways that globalization has never been tested since the turn of the century. These challenges have disrupted lives and supply chains all over the world, and Nigeria has not been spared.
The effect has been deeply felt in the delays encountered in procurement of raw materials for local production of fertilizer (damaging standing crops before harvest) and the speculative activities by a number of rice processors who are ready to pay for paddy at any price to keep their mills running non-stop.
But of all these problems, the most worrisome are the activities of "corrupt" middlemen (with many of them discovered to be foreigners) and other food traders who serve as the link between farmers and consumers found to be systematically creating an artificial scarcity so that they can sell at higher prices.
In dealing with these problems, the administration has, in line with its ease of doing business mantra, avoided imposing stockholding restrictions, in order not to discourage investments in modern warehousing and cold storage.
Data is crucial in accelerating Nigeria towards HIV epidemic control, says U.S. Ambassador Mary Beth Leonard
Africa's most populous country to impose travel restrictions on Canada, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia and Argentina in retaliation for their Omicron bans on Nigeria
The President has just approved the release of food items from the strategic reserves, including 30,000 tons of maize to animal feeds producers to ease the high cost of poultry production.
President Buhari's administration has raised some of these issues with the various food producer associations involved, particularly those of rice and other grains.
With their cooperation, the high food prices should soon be a thing of the past.
In addition, investments in the agro-allied sector by the private sector will significantly increase domestic production of farming inputs especially fertilizer, further crash prices, create employment and ease the pressure on our foreign reserves.
One of these major investments is the Dangote Fertilizer plant which is projected to come on stream by the 4th quarter of 2020.
Additionally, key government agencies and policymakers with the responsibility and visibility on market activities remain focused on removing structural impediments to the production and free movement of agricultural products.
President Buhari once again assures Nigerians of his dedication to bringing this issue to a swift end.
Nigerians have already suffered grave economic losses owing to the coronavirus pandemic, and the Buhari administration will do all in its power to ensure that our people do not continue to suffer additionally from high food prices.
After travel ban, Biden administration thanks South African scientists for detecting Omicron variant and promptly informing the world
Biden lifting Omicron travel ban on eight African nations
Despite pleas from lawmakers, Biden issues proclamation terminating AGOA trade agreement with Ethiopia, Guinea and Mali over human rights abuses and coups
Spain's First Vice President Nadia Calviño selected as new IMFC Chair
U.S. temporarily waives in-person interviews for certain visas including work, special education visitors, athletes, artists, and entertainers
No update on timing but lifting Omicron travel ban on African nations 'is certainly our intention', White House says
An unforgettable 2021 – Opinion by U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria Mary Beth Leonard
Vice President Kamala Harris exposed to COVID-19, White House says
U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen and Congresswoman Karen Bass urge President Biden to reconsider Ethiopia's suspension from critical AGOA trade program
WHO issues interim statement on booster doses for COVID-19 vaccination


text:
Home NRC Library Basic References The Student Corner Science 101
Page Last Reviewed/Updated Thursday, March 19, 2020
What are Quantities and Measurement?
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Science 101: What are Quantities and Measurement?
Scientists use measurements made in various units of measure, particularly meters, grams and liters. Where did these units of measure come from and how do they relate to one another?
Quantities are characteristics or properties we are trying to measure, such as the length of an object. Units of measure are how we express measurements of quantities. For length, the unit we would use in science is meters. A unit is really only a particular amount of some quantity used as a reference point for measurements of that quantity. Put differently, units of measure are chosen and accepted by the people who use them.
Often, units of measure were agreed upon many years ago. One meter is as long as it is because that's what scientists agreed to use as a base unit for length. A meter could have been some other length. For the sake of establishing well-defined and easily-accessible units of measure, the General Conference of Weights and Measures (a collection of scientists from multiple countries) created in 1960 the Sytème International d'Unités. This system relies upon the base units of measure listed in the following table.
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of Substance Mole mol
Electric Current Ampere A
Often times, however, the base unit of measure can be either too large or too small to be useful in describing a particular measurement. For example, while we could talk about the distances between cities in meters, we would be using very large (and, as such, cumbersome) numbers. For example, from Portland, Maine, to St. Louis, Missouri, is 2,060,000 m or 2,060 km. Similarly, if we are talking about the size of atoms, the basic building blocks of matter, speaking in terms of meters would be difficult as the diameter of a hydrogen atom is only 0.000000000120m. So, instead, for the sake of convenience, we often use prefixes to modify the size of the base unit.
This table lists a number of such prefixes using meter for the base. It also lays out conversion factors, ratios that can be used to convert one unit to another.
Example using Length
giga G 109 1000000000 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1000000000m
mega M 106 1000000 1 megameter (Mm) = 1000000m
kilo k 103 1000 1 kilometer (km) = 1000m
hecto h 102 100 1 hectometer (hm) = 100m
deka da 101 10 1 dekameter (dam) = 10m
1 1 meter (m)
deci d 10-1 1/10 1 decimeter (dm) = -0.1m
centi c 10-2 1/100 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01m
milli m 10-3 1/1000 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001m
micro µ 10-6 1/1000000 1 micrometer (µm) = 0.000001m
nano n 10-9 1/1000000000 1 nanometer (nm) = 0.000000001m
pico p 10-12 1/1000000000000 1 picometer (pm) = 0.000000000001m
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British Forces in Germany Information Brochure, BOAR, British Army on the Rhine
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The Front-Line States
British Forces Germany
Foreword British Forces Germany United Kingdom Support Command (Germany) 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division Armoured Brigades and Combat Support Logistics Communications Royal Air Force in Mainland Europe Unit Locations in Germany and Detachments Across Europe Military Training Sennelager Training Centre Adventurous Training Care of the Environment Anglo-German Relations Quality of Life Entertainment and Shopping Welfare Education Input to the Economy Public Enquiries Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 23
As Europe moves forward into a new Century, with memories of the Cold War and the massed Armies deployed in Germany on either side of the EastWest divide fading into the past, British Forces continue to be stationed in the Federal Republic. Along with Bundeswehr and other NATO allies, the British military has adapted to a transformed strategic setting to a world happily free of the threat of massive military confrontation but one of increased uncertainty and a broader spectrum of risk. As a part of the reduction of standing forces in Europe, the British Army of the Rhine and Royal Air Force (Germany) the two main British commands in Germany since 1945 disbanded in the mid-1990s. Troop levels were reduced by more than half and there was a major reorganisation of those formations that remain. The British Strategic Defence Review in 1998 brought about yet more changes to British defence and security policies, to the organisation and capabilities of the Armed Forces in general and in the management of defence. UK Forces are now structured, in Germany and elsewhere, to meet the changes and uncertainties that confront the world in the 21st Century. While based in Germany, with the support of the German Government, British Forces here now operate substantially overseas, often serving alongside German and other NATO Forces, in operational theatres such as Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. The closure of the Royal Air Force operational air bases in Germany has in no way weakened British commitment to the common defence of Europe. Some 56,000 British Servicemen and women, including their families and civilian supporting staff, continue to be based in Germany and elsewhere on the Continental mainland.
British Forces Germany (BFG) is the composite name for the British Army, remaining elements of the Royal Air Force, family members and supporting civilian personnel stationed in Germany. The organisation is structured in two major commands, both located in North Rhine Westphalia United Kingdom Support Command (Germany) (UKSC(G)) at Mnchengladbach-JHQ and 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division (1 (UK) Armd Div) at Herford. UKSC(G) provides administrative and logistic support for Force members stationed all over Germany and in other countries across mainland Europe, while 1 (UK) Armd Div provides the combat troops to meet British and NATO defence requirements. Direct Support to NATO Mnchengladbach-JHQ is also home to NATOs Headquarters Allied Command Europe (ACE) Rapid Reaction Corps (HQ ARRC). The United Kingdom is the framework nation for HQ ARRC and UKSC(G) provides it with logistic and infrastructure support. Legal Status The legal status of BFG is set out in treaties between the governments of Germany and the UK and other NATO Sending States, above all the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). These treaties underpin BFGs day-to-day activities in Germany.
BFG Military and Civilian strengths
UNITED KINGDOM SUPPORT COMMAND (GERMANY) (UKSC(G))
UKSC(G) exists above all to provide infrastructure support to 1 (UK) Armd Div and HQ ARRC, ensuring that they have everything they need to live and train in Germany effectively, and to deploy on operations and exercises elsewhere in Europe and beyond, swiftly and efficiently. Bosnia and Kosovo are prime examples of such deployments in recent years. Under direct command of HQ Land Command in the UK, and headed by a Major-General, UKSC(G)s formal Mission is to support operational commanders and dependent units on the Continent in order to contribute to UK and NATO military capability. In addition, it is responsible for Anglo-German liaison and relations with the German authorities from Federal to local level. HQ UKSC(G) commands a garrison West of the River Rhine, designated Rhine Garrison, comprising mainly of a signal brigade and logistic support units. It also has administrative control over the four other British Army Garrisons in Germany at Osnabrck, Bergen-Hohne, Paderborn and Gtersloh. It has a key deployment role for both the ARRC and 1 (UK) Armd Div which is critical to the success of the peacekeeping and other operations these formations are asked to carry out. It can be likened to an aircraft carrier - providing the life support for its stationed personnel and launching them elsewhere to carry out their tasks when called on to do so. The Command provides administrative support to members of all three British Armed Services Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force - serving the length and breadth of Western Europe, in a whole variety of units. This support includes schooling, medical care, housing, construction planning and social services; in many ways it equates to the responsibilities of a civilian local authority in the UK. As such, UKSC(G) is a unique Command, embracing a wide variety of roles which call for every kind of logistic, administrative, educational and welfare profession among its military and civilian workforce. Joint Headquarters The heart of the Mnchengladbach complex is the Joint Headquarters (JHQ) building The Big House. Around it is a small but thriving town including barracks, Messes, housing, schools, cinemas, shops, clubs, and sport and leisure facilities of every kind.
1 st (UNITED KINGDOM ARMOURED DIVISION (1 (UK) ARMD DIV)
1 (UK) Armd Div has had a long and illustrious history. It has existed within the British Army since 1809, when the Duke of Wellington formed it in Portugal from two British brigades and one Hanoverian brigade of the Kings German Legion. It therefore has had strong ties with Germany since its inception. It has been stationed in the Federal Republic since 1960, first at Verden-Aller and from 1993 in Herford. The Division, the biggest and most powerful in the British Army, has seen significant operational service in recent years, having spearheaded the British land commitment in the Gulf War in 1991 and, subsequently, provided troops for the United Nations and NATOs peace-keeping commitments in the Balkans. The Division has the charging white rhinoceros - the most heavily armoured of all animals - as its insignia. Commanded by a Major General, it comprises three armoured brigades 4, 7 and 20 - and combat and logistic support elements. Its teeth-arm units are equipped with the Challenger Main Battle Tank and the Warrior Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle. Although the Division is under direct command of HQ Land Command in the United Kingdom, it relies on UKSC(G) for infrastructure, administrative and welfare support within Germany. 1 (UK) Armd Div is assigned to the ARRC and is capable of undertaking national or NATO operations ranging from peace-keeping duties to high intensity conflict; on ARRC operations the Division can be augmented by the Danish Reaction Brigade.
ARMOURED BRIGADES AND COMBAT SUPPORT
The three armoured brigades under operational command of 1(UK) Armd Div are 4th Armoured Brigade with its HQ in Osnabrck, 7th Armoured Brigade with its HQ in Bergen Hohne and 20th Armoured Brigade with its HQ in Paderborn. Each armoured brigade is commanded by a Brigadier and contains the following units: Two armoured infantry battalions equipped with Warrior Armoured Infantry Fighting vehicles and Scimitar armoured reconnaissance vehicles, as well as Milan anti-tank missiles. Warrior provides the infantry with outstanding tactical mobility, very high levels of protection and significant firepower. The Brigades are to reduce from two to one armoured tank regiments, equipped with the Challenger 2 main battle tank and Scimitar reconnaissance vehicles. The second tank regiment would return in the event of an operational deployment. The mobility, protection and firepower of the Challenger-equipped regiments provide the brigades main punch.
Combat Support Troops Combat support troops provide additional firepower and mobility to the Division and consist of: One armoured reconnaissance regiment equipped with Scimitar light armoured vehicles. Three artillery regiments with AS90 selfpropelled 155mm tracked howitzers. One air defence regiment with High Velocity Missile (an air defence missile). Four engineer regiments with armoured assault and amphibious bridging equipment. One aviation regiment with Lynx anti-tank helicopters armed with TOW missiles.
Combat Service Support Troops These troops sustain the fighting elements before, during and after operations: One close support medical regiment. Two logistics regiments - to supply food, fuel and ammunition. One Royal Military Police Regiment Three battalions of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers - to keep vehicles and equipment operating.
102 Logistic Brigade 102 Logistic Brigade, with its HQ in Gtersloh, is under direct command of HQ LAND Command in the United Kingdom and comprises five regular units, based in Germany and UK: Two transport regiments One supply regiment One Field Hospital One military police regiment With operational experience in the Balkans, the Brigades role is to receive troops and equipment into an operational theatre and organise their movement up to the battle area, whether by road or rail, as well as to set up hospitals and evacuate casualties. This highly complicated role involves
detailed logistics and an in-depth understanding of ammunition, fuel and the transport of everything from Challenger tanks to foodstuffs.
1st Signal Brigade 1st Signal Brigade was formed in April 1995. Since then it has been associated with the ARRC Headquarters, providing its communications and information systems and life support both on operations and training. The Brigade also has a commitment to fulfil UK tasks from Headquarters LAND. The Brigade comprises two Signal Regiments and a Support Battalion for the ARRC Headquarters. The units are structured to provide communications and administrative support for the ARRC Command Posts and General Communications and Information Systems Support to the Corps subordinate formations. It achieves its tasks by using a combination of specialist military equipment enhanced by a plethora of commercial off the shelf systems, utilising the very latest advances in technology. These items of equipment range from digital telephones and exchanges providing data transfer and video telephone conferencing capabilities, to satellite terminals capable of communicating all over the world. Since its formation, 1st Signal Brigade has served on operations in Bosnia and Kosovo. It remains at high readiness to deploy anywhere it is required.
ROYAL AIR FORCE IN MAINLAND EUROPE
The closure in early 2002 of the Royal Air Forces last operating base in Germany - RAF Brggen was an important historical milestone, bringing to an end an era of some half-a-century of stationing combat squadrons in the Federal Republic, in the defence of Germany and of NATO. However, the RAF continues to maintain a firm presence in Germany and elsewhere in mainland Europe, with over 700 personnel stationed in a variety of formations and HQs, great and small, fulfilling a variety of staff and specialist roles. These include air and other specialist staff with the ARRC in Mnchengladbach, Air Liaison Officers with 1 (UK) Armoured Division in Herford, exchange officers at Luftwaffe bases such as Memmingen in Bavaria and Wunstorf in Lower Saxony, winter warfare experts at the RAF Winter Survival School in Bavaria, aircrew at the NATO E3A AWACS reconnaissance aircraft base at Geilenkirchen, and parachute instructors at the Joint Services Parachute Centre at Bad Lippspringe. RAF staff are also attached to NATO Commands such as Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers
Europe (SHAPE) in Belgium, Regional Headquarters Allied Forces South Europe (RHQ AF SOUTH) in Italy. Regional Headquarters Allied Forces North Europe (RHQ AF NORTH) in the Netherlands, and Regional Headquarters South Atlantic (RHQ SOUTHLANT) in Portugal. Although RAF aircraft are no longer based in Germany, the long-standing association between the RAF and the German Air Force continues. Besides exchange posts, RAF squadrons regularly visit Germany to train with their German counterparts. Joint exercises and on-going partnerships between RAF and German squadrons ensure the links remain as strong as ever.
Stavanger Karup Kiel Berlin Warsaw Ramstein Mnchen Wulfen Wertach Pcking Oberammergau Sonthofen Bern Ljubljana Verona Vienna Heidelberg Naples
UNIT LOCATIONS IN GERMANY AND DETACHMENTS ACROSS EUROPE
= Isolated Detachments
= Unit Locations
Hamburg Munster Ortze Fallingbostel Hohne Rheine Osnabrck Herford Celle Mnster Bielefeld The Hague Hameln Dlmen Sennelager Gtersloh Haltern Emblem Elmpt Mnchengladbach Paderborn Kln Brunssum Rheindahlen Bonn Mons Koblenz Hammelburg Idar-Oberstein
For any Armed Force to be effective it needs to train, and British Forces Germany is no exception. Military training plays a central part in the work of BFG without it soldiers would be ill-prepared for todays operations in places such as the Balkans, threatening both the success of the mission and their own lives. The German Government fully accepts this need and gives BFG every support. Although it is impossible for this training to be completely unobtrusive, every effort is made to reduce its impact on the local civilian population, while protection of the environment is taken extremely seriously. BFG works alongside the Bundeswehr and other NATO allies to balance such considerations with the need to be ready and prepared to protect European security and interests at any time, and to provide the fully trained forces that NATO requires. Army training takes place at all levels and different facilities are required to reach the required standards. Individual and sub-unit training normally takes place in barracks or on small local training areas. Larger permanent training facilities are used for a higher level of dry (no use of live ammunition) training and live firing takes place on sites such as the British-operated training areas at Sennelager and Haltern and Bundeswehr and U.S. facilities such as Bergen-Hohne and Grafenwhr. Occasionally, with the agreement both of the landowner and the German authorities, BFG use private land for dry training. This might involve fieldcraft, navigation in open countryside and rehearsal of command and control procedures. As far as possible, BFG exports its large-scale battlegroup training to extensive training areas in lightly populated areas of Canada and Poland. As well as allowing units to rehearse their battle procedures, these training deployments provide the added spinoff of practising the movement of large numbers of troops and their equipment over vast distances by road, rail, air and sea. Simulation Increasing use is being made of simulators to lessen the impact of training on the surrounding community and the environment and to reduce costs. Indeed, at brigade level and above, this is now the most common method in use. Highly sophisticated simulation facilities are available within units, while Sennelager Training Centre now boasts one of the worlds most advanced Combat Manoeuvre Simulation Centres, featuring a computerised, stateof-the art, Combined Arms Tactical Trainer.
Multinational training In keeping with the concept of multinational forces, BFG train regularly with other NATO allies. This training takes place at all levels through individual and unit exchanges, joint exercises, joint courses in peacekeeping operations and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace programme.
SENNELAGER TRAINING CENTRE
Much of the training for British Forces Germany is carried out at the Sennelager Training Centre (STC) near Paderborn. This is a 120 square kilometre facility in which a wide range of courses and exercises are carried out at all levels, from the training of individuals and small cadres in such skills and disciplines as physical fitness, dog handling and environmental hygiene, right up to combined arms collective training at battlegroup level. Training includes live firing and field manoeuvres. The very latest computerised simulators are used to train commanders in a whole range of realistic scenarios, of the kind that they are likely to encounter in the Balkans and elsewhere. The Centre also boasts urban and close quarter battle facilities, an engineer training circuit and a military dog training wing. Fully acknowledged by all of the NATO forces stationed in Germany as being at the forefront of military training, STCs facilities are regularly used by the Bundeswehr and other forces. Managed by the Land Warfare Collective Training Group (Germany) (LWCTG(G)), STC carries on a long-standing tradition of military training on this expanse of land dating back to the 1890s. A wide range of military training teams and schools now come under the control of LWCTG(G), ensuring fully coherent and co-ordinated training using British Army best practice and the latest training techniques. These include Artillery, Armoured, Armoured Infantry and Engineer Training Teams.
ADVENTUROUS TRAINING
Adventurous and survival training exposes individual soldiers to challenge, to the need to make rapid decisions and to a degree of danger, and is an essential element of personal training. British Forces Adventure Training centres are to be found in Kiel on the Baltic, the Allgu Alps in Bavaria and the Harz Mountains, offering sailing, mountaineering, skiing, canoeing and more besides.
CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
As a direct result of the military activity at Sennelager which has protected the area from damage through modern farming methods, industrial or housing development and uncontrolled public access - a wealth of rare flora and fauna flourish on the training area. Now considered to be the most important conservation area in North Rhine Westphalia and one of the most important in Germany, the Senne contains many sites of scientific and botanical interest. The British Army works closely with the German authorities to ensure that this unique national asset remains unspoilt, whilst allowing public access on as many weekends as possible throughout the year, training permitting. BFG personnel receive careful briefings in the care of the local ecology, flora and fauna in all areas used for training and in the need to abide by German environmental laws. Training areas are managed with the express aim of harmonising defence requirements with those of the local population, who wish to enjoy the environment and scenery. Wildlife conservation habitats have been fostered in a number of areas entrusted to BFG care.
ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS
British Forces are in Germany at the invitation of the German government. Their presence on German soil, along with that of other NATO allies, contributes to the common defence partnership in Europe. personnel and their families and they are fully encouraged to get to know the country and the people. There are very active Anglo-German organisations on many British bases, while Open Days are laid on whenever possible; these all give
Germany and Britain are political and military allies, sometimes known as the quiet alliance because of their excellent, yet rarely boasted, relationship. The two countries share common interests, resting on their fundamental attachment to democratic procedures and structures, to freedom within the rule of law, to liberal economic policies and to social responsibility. And, not least, to a strong NATO Alliance as the foundation of security and prosperity in Europe. BFG place great emphasis on good Anglo-German relations, on both official and personal levels. German-language courses are available for all BFG
the local German community an insight into the activities and lifestyle of the British Forces and their families living in their midst. The German community readily responds to this hand of friendship, and indeed many units have forged partnerships with their local towns, reinforced by Freedom of the City parades. British Forces Liaison Organisation The British Forces Liaison Organisation (Germany) (BFLO (G)) has responsibility for liaison and negotiation with the German authorities at local, state and federal
level. The Commander of UKSC (G) is also Head of the BFLO(G), which has its HQ in Mnchengladbach-JHQ, offices in Berlin and in Bonn, and representatives at the state capitals of North-Rhine Westphalia and Lower Saxony. There is a network of Service Liaison Officers stationed alongside the units in all the Garrison towns, with direct contacts to the German local authorities. Highly experienced and with a deep understanding of German customs, culture and legislation, these individuals provide a key link with British units, ensuring that BFG activities, whether training, building work or sport and leisure pursuits, are legally and properly carried through, taking account of the host nations views and wishes.
BFG Commanders regard a good quality of life as essential for the well being and professionalism of their Servicemen and women, particularly bearing in mind the difficult conditions they often have to accept on operational tours of six months at a time. Quite rightly, therefore, the investment of staff, resources and funds to promote their welfare, education and amenities when at their home bases is considerable. Sport and Hobbies Sport is an essential means of keeping fit and building team spirit. As a young community, members of BFG thrive on keeping busy in their leisure time, and facilities for almost every sport are available in all Garrisons. At the same time a wealth of clubs and organisations cater for most hobbies and interests, from photography and stamp collecting through to bird watching and bowling. Accommodation Accommodation is provided for married personnel in family homes, some 15,000 of which are spread across the Garrisons in Germany. Most of this accommodation is in houses with gardens and, increasingly, houses are replacing those flats which are still in use. Single soldiers live largely in shared rooms but a major programme is underway to provide single bedrooms with sharing of other facilities.
ENTERTAINMENT AND SHOPPING
The Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes (NAAFI) NAAFI is the official trading organisation of the British Armed Forces worldwide, offering retail and leisure services which as far as possible mirror those found in UK. In Germany and elsewhere in Europe, NAAFI run family shops, junior ranks clubs and leisure facilities. Services Sound and Vision Corporation/British Forces Broadcasting Service SSVC Retail runs shops on major military bases selling entertainment systems and household white goods and operates 9 cinemas. Its broadcasting branch, BFBS, provides an English-language TV and radio service for the BFG community. Live and recorded television programmes are transmitted on the BFBS Forces Television channel, while BFBS 1 and 2 radio channels broadcast a mix of pop, light and classical music, entertainment and current affairs programmes, with on-the-hour news broadcasts. Although primarily aimed at the Forces audience, BFBS is appreciated by many members of the German community in the transmission areas, who gain an insight into the activities of BFG and also of life in the UK. Community Entertainment Variety shows and discos for messes and unit clubs are arranged by NAAFI and SSVC throughout BFG. Of course, thousands of soldiers, their families and other members of BFG take advantage of the excellent local entertainment and leisure facilities in their German communities.
An enormous investment is made in welfare provision for the whole BFG community, both Service personnel and their families, to ensure that the same standards of medical, pastoral and social services are available to them as they would find in UK. Medical The reduction in the number of personnel in Germany has made it impractical to retain the British Military Hospitals of the past. Instead, the highest standards of medical support have been maintained by providing in-patient treatment in local German Hospitals, in Bielefeld, Paderborn, Viersen, Hannover and Osnabrck. British consultants, midwives and Hospital Liaison Officers work alongside German hospital staff. Primary medical care and dental care are still provided at health and dental centres within barracks. Field medical units are stationed in Germany, training with and supporting the fighting arms on deployment. Soldiers, Sailors and Airmens Families Association (SSAFA) SSAFA is a worldwide organisation of volunteers and professional staff devoted to the welfare of Service families. In BFG it provides a Community Health and Social Work Service using health visitors, midwives, school nurses and social workers. The Community Health Service contributes to primary health care. The Social Work Service deals with family problems and advises in welfare cases. Spiritual Welfare There are Service chaplains across the whole of BFG. Places of worship are to be found in each Garrison. The chaplains provide spiritual and pastoral care for Service personnel in barracks and on field deployments and for Service families. Other Welfare Organisations Additional welfare services for the BFG community are provided by, among other organisations, The Service Hospitals Welfare Department (St. John and Red Cross), the Young Mens and Young Womens Christian Associations (YMCA/YWCA), Salvation Army and Help and Information Volunteer Exchange (HIVE).
Community Adult Education The Army Educational and Training Services Branch is responsible for education centres throughout BFG. They assist Service personnel to obtain civilian and military qualifications. A wide range of academic and general interest courses are available to Service and civilian personnel and dependants.
Service Childrens Education (SCE) SCE is a Defence Agency whose responsibilities include the provision of education in overseas Commands for the children of entitled MOD personnel. HQ SCE is based at Wegberg, near the HQ UKSC(G) complex at Mnchengladbach-JHQ, and co-ordinates Service childrens education throughout the world. Primary schools are sited in the majority of bases and secondary schools are located in JHQ, Rinteln, Gtersloh and Hohne. The majority of special educational needs can be provided for in SCE schools, and a careers service is also available in SCE secondary schools. Vocational Training Services (VTS) VTS is a youth training scheme open to dependants in BFG, aged 16 to 19 years (older when places are available). It offers work experience and training, leading to a UK national vocational qualification.
INPUT TO THE ECONOMY
BFG is a significant contributor to the German economy, particularly in North Rhine Westphalia and Lower Saxony. The two Germany-based commands, HQ UKSC(G) and HQ 1 (UK) Armd Div, have a combined budget of 800 million (Year 2001/02). With increasing contracting-out of services property management, vehicle hire and catering are examples very large sums are being spent directly in the local economy. The 56,000 service personnel, civilian support element and dependants in Germany are themselves a major economic factor in the shops, entertainment facilities, car repair workshops, etc, in the towns and cities in which they are stationed. British Forces provide employment for 5,500 local civilian workers and for a further 4,700 dependants of members of the Forces. British Forces Liaison Organisation Responsible for liaison with all the German authorities and first point of call for local inquiries. Points of contact are: HQ BFLO(G) 02161 472 3636 BFLO(G) Berlin 030 308 19096 Chief Services Liaison Officer 05221 82351 Services Liaison Officer Gtersloh 05241 842479 Services Liaison Officer Bergen-Hohne 05051 962209 Services Liaison Officer Osnabrck 0541 9602288 Services Liaison Officer Paderborn 05251 282578 Services Liaison Officer Rhine Area 02161 4724683
The following BFG agencies will be glad to offer assistance with inquiries or questions: Press and Public Information BFG provides two press offices (Media Ops) to deal with German and British press and public interest. Media Ops HQ UKSC(G) is responsible for all units West of the Rhine, for infrastructure matters throughout Germany, and British Forces issues elsewhere in continental Europe. Media Ops HQ 1 (UK) Armd Div provides a service for all units of the Division. Points of contact are: Media Ops, HQ UKSC(G), Mnchengladbach 02161 4722169 E-Mail: bfginfo@bfgnet.de Media Ops, HQ 1(UK) Armd Div, Herford 05221 9953118 E-Mail: kestral3@bfgnet.de
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Seeing an ENT doctor is one of those things that you need to do religiously like any other appointment. Most people think of visiting an ENT doctor when they have allergy and sinus issues but there are other various reasons why it it important to see an ENT doctor. Some of the benefits of seeing an ENT doctor are briefly highlighted below.
Some people usually have growths in form of polyps that could make breathing for them a little bit difficult. Such patients can benefit from surgery so that they are able to breathe without any obstruction. It is therefore important to visit an ENT doctor so that they are able to evaluate if you have any problems that requires surgery so that they are able to do it early own before the problem becomes even more complex.
Allergies,nasal problems and sinuses are also something that most people overlook which can end up being very detrimental to their health if not checked early. Knowing if you have allergies for example and knowing what you are allergic to is important if you are to avoid the allergy triggers. Getting the right medicine for your sinus and nasal problems is important if you are to breath without difficulty and that is why seeing an ENT doctor is important.
It is also not uncommon for people to not sleep well because of problems like sleep apnea or snoring. By seeing an ENT doctor,you are able to sleep better since they will either recommend medicine for you or give you something that can help to improve the quality of your sleep. When you get sufficient amounts of sleep,it makes it easy for you to be rejuvenated to be able to do the tasks that you need to do for the next day.
Difficulty in hearing is also something that can be quite devastating and it is not something that needs to find you off guard. Going to an ENT specialist for regular review can help to catch any form of hearing loss before it occurs and so that you are able to get the right treatments including things like hearing aids. The treatment of ear infections is something that can be caught early on and you are also able to get the appropriate treatment to help with your hearing.
When you see an ENT specialist,they are also able to help you with any swallowing disorders as well as things like saliva issues. Since the throat plays a core function for our bodies,it is important that you get the proper treatment and you can only do this by seeing an ENT specialist. Things like voice therapy is something else that the doctor can help you with which is important for your self confidence. Read more now on this website link: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/wendy-sue-swanson-md-mbe-faap/is-it-really-an-ear-infec_b_2769018.html.


German husband and wife team Bernd and Hilla Becher's wonderful book Gasbehälter. The pair met as students in Dusseldorf in 1957 and began collaborating on photographing the disappearing German industrial landscape. Famous for their work on water towers, this book (published in 2002) looks at gasholders around Europe and is an absolute favourite of mine.


Panama President Juan Carlos Varela Rodríguez said MSC Cruises has shown interest in establishing a homeport at the new Panama Cruise Terminal at Amador, which is half-way to completion.
'We are confident that with the establishment of MSC Cruises in the new Panama cruise terminal, we will strengthen the tourism sector of our country,' the president tweeted on Thursday following a visit from Pierfrancesco Vago, executive chairman of MSC Cruises.
'For MSC Cruises, the new cruise port located in Amador is very attractive for the establishment of routes in the Pacific and the Caribbean,' Varela continued.
The Panama president also tweeted pictures of Vago studying a model of the terminal during his visit to the Panama Maritime Administration and of their tour at the construction site.
Panama broke ground on the $166m facility in October 2017.
The two-berth terminal will be administered by the Panama Maritime Authority. It was designed and is being built by the Cruceros del Pacifico consortium, consisting of Belgium's Jan de Nul and Beijing-based China Harbour Engineering Co.
Varela has been a vocal supporter of growing Panama's cruise business. During a visit to Chile's president in 2017, they talked about the two countries working together to develop and promote a new Pacific cruise route. Meetings between officials from both countries followed.