text:
From WikiProjectMed
For other uses, see Typhus (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Typhoid fever.
Typhus fever
Rash caused by epidemic typhus
Fever, headache, rash[1]
Usual onset
1–2 weeks after exposure[2]
Bacterial infection spread by parasites[1]
Doxycycline[2]
Rare[3]
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.[1] Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash.[1] Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure.[2]
The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection.[1] Epidemic typhus is due to Rickettsia prowazekii spread by body lice, scrub typhus is due to Orientia tsutsugamushi spread by chiggers, and murine typhus is due to Rickettsia typhi spread by fleas.[1]
Currently no vaccine is commercially available.[3][4][5] Prevention is by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease.[3][4][5] Treatment is with the antibiotic doxycycline.[2] Epidemic typhus generally occurs in outbreaks when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present.[6] While once common, it is now rare.[3] Scrub typhus occurs in Southeast Asia, Japan, and northern Australia.[4] Murine typhus occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.[5]
Typhus has been described since at least 1528 AD.[7] The name comes from the Greek tûphos (τύφος) meaning hazy, describing the state of mind of those infected.[7] While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and typhoid fever are distinct diseases caused by different types of bacteria.[8]
1 Signs and symptoms
6.1 Middle Ages
6.2 Early modern epidemics
6.3 19th century
6.5 21st century
These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases.[9]
Signs and symptoms begin with sudden onset of fever, and other flu-like symptoms about one to two weeks after being infected.[10] Five to nine days after the symptoms have started, a rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities. This rash eventually spreads over most of the body, sparing the face, palms, and soles. Signs of meningoencephalitis begin with the rash and continue into the second or third weeks. Other signs of meningoencephalitis include sensitivity to light (photophobia), altered mental status (delirium), or coma. Untreated cases are often fatal.[citation needed]
Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions.[11] Types include:
Reservoir/vector
Epidemic louse-borne typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii Body louse When the term "typhus" is used without clarification, this is usually the condition described. Historical references to "typhus" are now generally considered to be this condition.[citation needed]
Murine typhus or "endemic typhus"
Rickettsia typhi Fleas on rats
Scrub typhus
Orientia tsutsugamushi Harvest mites on humans or rodents
Rickettsia spotted fever group Ticks Includes Boutonneuse fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Queensland tick typhus and other variants.
As of 2020, no vaccine is commercially available.[3][4][5] A vaccine has been in development for scrub typhus known as the scrub typhus vaccine.[12]
The American Public Health Association recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis.[13] Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 60 having the highest risk of death.[citation needed] In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if doxycycline is given. In one study of 60 people hospitalized with epidemic typhus, no one died when given doxycycline or chloramphenicol.[14] Some people also may need oxygen and intravenous fluids.[citation needed]
According to the World Health Organization, the current death rate from typhus is about one of every 5,000,000 people per year.[15]
Only a few areas of epidemic typhus exist today. Since the late 20th century, cases have been reported in Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Algeria, and a few areas in South and Central America.[16][17][18][19]
Except for two cases, all instances of epidemic typhus in the United States have occurred east of the Mississippi River. An examination of a cluster of cases in Pennsylvania concluded the source of the infection was flying squirrels.[20] Sylvatic cycle (diseases transmitted from wild animals) epidemic typhus remains uncommon in the US. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have documented only 47 cases from 1976 to 2010.[21] An outbreak of flea-borne murine typhus was identified in downtown Los Angeles, California in October 2018.[22]
See also: Timeline of typhus
The first reliable description of the disease appears in 1489 AD during the Spanish siege of Baza against the Moors during the War of Granada (1482–1492). These accounts include descriptions of fever; red spots over arms, back, and chest; attention deficit, progressing to delirium; and gangrenous sores and the associated smell of rotting flesh. During the siege, the Spaniards lost 3,000 men to enemy action, but an additional 17,000 died of typhus. [23]
In historical times,[when?] "jail fever", "gaol fever", or "Aryotitus fever"[citation needed] was common in common in English prisons, and is believed by modern authorities to have been typhus. It often occurred when prisoners were crowded together into dark, filthy rooms where lice spread easily. Thus, "imprisonment until the next term of court" was often equivalent to a death sentence. Prisoners brought before the court sometimes infected members of the court.[24] Following the assizes held at Oxford in 1577, later deemed the Black Assize, over 300 died from gaol fever, including Sir Robert Bell, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. The Black Assize of Exeter 1586 was another notable outbreak. During the Lent assizes court held at Taunton in 1730, gaol fever caused the death of the Lord Chief Baron, as well as the High Sheriff, the sergeant, and hundreds of others. During a time when persons were executed for capital offenses, more prisoners died from 'gaol fever' than were put to death by all the public executioners in the British realm. In 1759, an English authority estimated that each year, a quarter of the prisoners had died from gaol fever.[24] In London, gaol fever frequently broke out among the ill-kept prisoners of Newgate Prison and then moved into the general city population. In May 1750, the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Samuel Pennant, and many court personnel were fatally infected in the courtroom of the Old Bailey, which adjoined Newgate Prison.[25]
Early modern epidemics
Epidemics occurred routinely throughout Europe from the 16th to the 19th centuries, including during the English Civil War, the Thirty Years' War, and the Napoleonic Wars.[26] Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. According to Joseph Patrick Byrne, "By war's end, typhus may have killed more than 10 percent of the total German population, and disease in general accounted for 90 percent of Europe's casualties."[27]
During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[28]
A major epidemic occurred in Ireland between 1816 and 1819, during the famine caused by a worldwide reduction in temperature known as the Year Without a Summer. An estimated 100,000 people perished. Typhus appeared again in the late 1830s, and yet another major typhus epidemic occurred during the Great Irish Famine between 1846 and 1849. The Irish typhus spread to England, where it was sometimes called "Irish fever" and was noted for its virulence. It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or "unwashed" social strata.[citation needed]
In the United States, a typhus epidemic broke out in Philadelphia in 1837 and killed the son of Franklin Pierce (14th President of the United States) in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1843. Several epidemics occurred in Baltimore, Memphis, and Washington, DC, between 1865 and 1873. Typhus was also a significant killer during the US Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhii (not to be confused with Salmonella enterica, the cause of salmonella food poisoning), is a completely different disease from typhus.[citation needed]
In Canada alone, the typhus epidemic of 1847 killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in fever sheds and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard the crowded coffin ships in fleeing the Great Irish Famine. Officials neither knew how to provide sufficient sanitation under conditions of the time nor understood how the disease spread.[29]
The clipper Ticonderoga was infamous for her "fever ship" voyage from Liverpool to Port Phillip carrying 795 passengers in 1852. The overcrowded ship was not designed well for passenger carrying, sanitary provisions were inadequate, and the ship's doctors were soon overwhelmed. During the voyage, 100 passengers died of what was later determined to have been typhus.[citation needed]
Delousing stations were established for troops on the Western Front during World War I, but the disease ravaged the armies of the Eastern Front, where over 150,000 died in Serbia alone. Fatalities were generally between 10% and 40% of those infected and the disease was a major cause of death for those nursing the sick.[citation needed]
In 1922, the typhus epidemic reached its peak in Soviet territory, with some 25 to 30 million cases in Russia. Although typhus had ravaged Poland with some 4 million cases reported, efforts to stem the spread of disease in that country had largely succeeded by 1921 through the efforts of public health pioneers such as Hélène Sparrow and Rudolf Weigl.[30] In Russia during the civil war between the White and Red Armies, typhus killed 3 million people,[31][32] mainly civilians.[citation needed] In 1937 and 1938 there was a typhus epidemic in Chile.[33]
During World War II, many German POWs after the loss at Stalingrad died of typhus. Typhus epidemics killed those confined to POW camps, ghettos, and Nazi concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions. Pictures of mass graves including people who died from typhus can be seen in footage shot at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.[34] Among thousands of prisoners in concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Bergen-Belsen who died of typhus[34] were Anne Frank, age 15, and her sister Margot, age 19. Major epidemics in the postwar chaos of Europe were averted only by widespread use of the newly discovered DDT to kill the lice on millions of refugees and displaced persons.[citation needed]
The first typhus vaccine was developed by the Polish zoologist Rudolf Weigl in the interwar period.[35] Better, less-dangerous and less-expensive vaccines were developed during World War II. Since then, some epidemics have occurred in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.[citation needed]
Charles Nicolle received the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
A US soldier is demonstrating DDT hand-spraying equipment. DDT was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice.
A Civilian Public Service worker distributes rat poison for typhus control in Gulfport, Mississippi, around 1945.
Beginning in 2018, a typhus outbreak spread through Los Angeles County primarily affecting homeless people.[36] In 2019, city attorney Elizabeth Greenwood revealed that she, too, was infected with typhus as a result of a flea bite at her office in Los Angeles City Hall, which resulted in her going on medical leave.[37][38]
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Typhus Fevers". www.cdc.gov. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Information for Health Care Providers". www.cdc.gov. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Epidemic Typhus". www.cdc.gov. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Scrub Typhus". www.cdc.gov. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Murine Typhus". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
↑ "WHO | Typhus". www.who.int. May 1997. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
↑ 7.0 7.1 Bennett, John E.; Dolin, Raphael; Blaser, Martin J. (2014). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2217. ISBN 9780323263733. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
↑ Evans, Alfred S.; Brachman, Philip S. (2013). Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. Springer. p. 839. ISBN 9781461553274. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
↑ Levinson, Warren (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11 ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780071700283.
↑ Gary R. Mullen; Lance A. Durden (27 September 2002). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-08-053607-1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
↑ Eremeeva, Marina E; Gregory A Dasch. "Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis)". CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
↑ Chattopadhyay, S; Richards, AL (2007). "Scrub typhus vaccines: past history and recent developments". Human Vaccines. 3 (3): 73–80. doi:10.4161/hv.3.3.4009. PMID 17375000.
↑ Heymann, David (2015). Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. pp. 661–668. ISBN 9780875530185.
↑ MATOSSIAN RM, THADDEUS J, GARABEDIAN GA (1963). "Outbreak of epidemic typhus in the northern region of Saudi Arabia". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 12: 82–90. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.82. PMID 13933690. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) Archived 2010-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Raoult, D (1997). "Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi". Emerg Infect Dis. 3 (3): 357–60. doi:10.3201/eid0303.970313. PMC 2627627. PMID 9284381.
↑ Mokrani (2004). "Reemerging threat of epidemic typhus in Algeria". J Clin Microbiol. 42 (8): 3898–900. doi:10.1128/jcm.42.8.3898-3900.2004. PMC 497610. PMID 15297561.
↑ "Epidemic typhus risk in Rwandan refugee camps". Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 69 (34): 259. 1994. PMID 7947074.
↑ Perine, PL (1992). "A clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic typhus in Africa". Clin Infect Dis. 14 (5): 1149–58. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.5.1149. PMID 1600020.
↑ Chapman, A (2009). "Cluster of sylvatic epidemic typhus cases associated with flying squirrels, 2004–2006". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (7): 1005–11. doi:10.3201/eid1507.081305. PMC 2744229. PMID 19624912.
↑ McQuiston, JH (2010). "Brill-Zinsser disease in a patient following infection with sylvatic epidemic typhus associated with flying squirrels". Clin Infect Dis. 51 (6): 712–5. doi:10.1086/655891. PMID 20687836.
↑ CBS Los Angeles: "Downtown LA Hit With Outbreak Of Flea-Borne Typhus," https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/04/downtown-la-skid-row-typhus-outbreak/, October 4, 2018.
↑ Zinsser, Hans (1960). Rats, Lice and History. Bantam Classic. p. 186.
↑ 24.0 24.1 Ralph D. Smith, "Comment, Criminal Law—Arrest—The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest", 7 NAT. RESOURCES J. 119, 122 n.16 (1967) (hereinafter Comment) (citing John Howard, The State of Prisons 6–7 (1929)) (Howard's observations are from 1773 to 1775). Copied from State v. Valentine (May 1997) 132 Wn.2d 1, 935 P.2d 1294
↑ Gordon, Charles The Old Bailey and Newgate Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine pp.331–2. T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1902
↑ War and Pestilence Archived 2009-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. Time magazine
↑ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A—M. ABC-CLIO. p. 732. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04.
↑ The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus Archived 2009-11-14 at WebCite. Joseph M. Conlon.
↑ "M993X.5.1529.1 | The government inspector's office". McCord Museum. Montreal. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
↑ Paul Weindling. International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918–1939. Cambridge University Press 1995, p. 99.
↑ Andrew W. Artenstein. Vaccines: A Biography. Springer 2010, p. 250
↑ David G. Rempel. A Mennonite Family in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, 1789–1923. University of Toronto Press 2011, p. 249
↑ Fever in Chile
↑ 34.0 34.1 "Trials of War Criminals Before the Nurenberg Military Tribunal" (PDF). Volume 1. US. Government Printing Office. 1949. pp. 508–511. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
↑ Naomi Baumslag, Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, page 133 Archived 2014-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Grover, Joel; Corral, Amy. "Typhus Epidemic Worsens in Los Angeles". NBC Southern California. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
↑ Smith, Dakota. "L.A. City Hall, overrun with rats, might remove all carpets amid typhus fears". latimes.com.
↑ Service, City News. "Amid Typhus Outbreak, LA City Hall Carpets May Be Ripped Out". NBC Southern California. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
ICD-10: A75
ICD-9-CM: 080–083
DiseasesDB: 29240
eMedicine: med/2332
Proteobacteria-associated Gram-negative bacterial infections
Rickettsiales
Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
Rickettsia typhi
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
Tick-borne
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rickettsia conorii
Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsia japonica
Japanese spotted fever
Rickettsia sibirica
North Asian tick typhus
Rickettsia australis
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia honei
Flinders Island spotted fever
Rickettsia africae
African tick bite fever
Rickettsia parkeri
American tick bite fever
Rickettsia aeschlimannii
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
Mite-borne
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsialpox
Flea-borne
Rickettsia felis
Flea-borne spotted fever
Anaplasmataceae
Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
Rhizobiales
Brucellaceae
Bartonellaceae
Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
Bartonella quintana
Trench fever
Either B. henselae or B. quintana
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella bacilliformis
Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
Neisseriales
Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
M−
Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
ungrouped:
Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
HACEK
Chromobacterium violaceum
Chromobacteriosis infection
Burkholderiales
Burkholderia mallei
Glanders
Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
Enterobacteriales
(OX−)
Lac+
Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia
Klebsiella granulomatis
Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
Enteroinvasive
Enterohemorrhagic
O157:H7
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
Slow/weak
Serratia marcescens
Serratia infection
Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
Lac−
H2S+
Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
H2S−
Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
Plague/Bubonic plague
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Far East scarlet-like fever
Pasteurellales
Haemophilus:
H. influenzae
Haemophilus meningitis
Brazilian purpuric fever
H. ducreyi
H. parainfluenzae
Pasteurellosis
Actinobacillus
Actinobacillosis
Legionellales
Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
Thiotrichales
Vibrionaceae
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio alginolyticus
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas infection
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii
Xanthomonadaceae
Cardiobacteriaceae
Cardiobacterium hominis
Aeromonadales
Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
Aeromonas infection
Campylobacterales
Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
Helicobacter cinaedi
Helicobacter cellulitis
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Westneat
Guest essay: 'Until we address the teacher expectation gap, the student achievement gap will remain'
Originally published January 25, 2018 at 5:00 am Updated January 25, 2018 at 11:25 am
Preston Hampton, a Seattle Public Schools graduate, recalls what it was like attending a junior-high school where his principal lamented a growing racial gap on his campus.
Preston Hampton
(Editor's note: In a story published this month, we included part of a letter written in 1963 by C.S. Barbo, the former principal of Meany Junior High School in Seattle. In the letter, Barbo lamented his staff's struggle to teach the school's increasingly diverse student body. Preston Hampton, one of Barbo's former students, wrote to add his perspective on what happened at Meany and how Seattle Public Schools still hasn't fulfilled its decades-long promise to help more students of color succeed.)
When I entered Madrona Elementary School in Seattle, I was fortunate enough to be assigned to some loving and caring teachers — in particular two black teachers, Mrs. Branch and Mrs. Beverly, who insisted I live up to my potential and conspired with my mother to keep me on a path to knowledge in spite of my kicking and screaming every step of the way.
I attended Meany Junior High School when Mr. Barbo was principal. I remember when his time capsule was buried. I remember Principal Barbo as an indifferent principal, who I considered complicit in the proclivity of an administrator and several teachers (all white men) to whack us boys with a plank of wood embossed with words and dimples to increase the pain and to leave reminders on our flesh. He never communicated any concern to me, my mother, nor my siblings before me that he recognized let alone sought to do anything about the racial achievement gap under his administration.
I was in the accelerated program (AP) at both Meany Junior High and then Garfield High. I had classmates with equal or greater potential, who by chance assignment did not receive the early and sustained teacher attention I received. Once this die was cast in elementary school, the assessment (of not being worthy) was generally sustained by the school system in spite of educators like Miss Woodson and Mrs. Bailey who tried to sustain and recoup as many of us as possible during our junior and senior high years. There were limited AP slots, so we could have had a school full of geniuses and still only a relative few would get the exposure to concepts and ideas beyond the mundane and boring facts provided the masses. I was typically the only or maybe one of two black kids in those AP classes at a school that was at least 50 percent black. For two or three classes each day, and to a lesser degree in non-AP classes, I was in a social desert because none of my friends and neighbors were in any of the classes with me. So AP locked me out of my natural social circles as well.
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I experienced the same pattern with my children and then my grandchildren. I had to confront and tell teachers "my child is not dumb" in spite of the poor and average grades they received, and then actively engage the system to prevent my children from being labeled as "remedial" in third grade.
The crux of my story is this: Sitting next to white students didn't make me a better student, and those in AP with me were no smarter than the students not in AP. But those AP teachers addressed us as if we were straight A students, and we had a much more engaging curriculum. Studies after studies have confirmed that teachers in America generally do not regard black students as being as capable as white students, and if children are assumed to be capable or incapable, they will live up or down to that expectation. Even my AP status didn't protect me; my high school job counselor advised me choose a career where I used my hands like plumbing or carpentry.
Until we address the teacher expectation gap, the student achievement gap will remain.
Preston Hampton graduated from Garfield High School in 1967 before earning an associate degree from Seattle Central Community College. He recently retired from Seattle City Light. He is on the boards of a number of arts organizations and volunteers as a mediator.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'American Dad' Moving to TBS After 10th (and Final) Season on FOX
TBS and Twentieth Century Fox Television have announced that animated comedic series "American Dad!" will be moving to the cable network after 10 seasons on FOX. "Dad," created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman, joins the TBS primetime lineup in late 2014 with its 11th season consisting of 15 episodes. Encore episodes of each episode with air on Adult Swim after their initial airings on TBS. The 10th (and final) season on FOX premieres Sunday, September 29.
FOX Gives 'Glee' Fourth Season, Renews 'New Girl' and 'Raising Hope'
FOX has ordered a second season of freshman breakout hit NEW GIRL, a third installment of the irreverent family comedy RAISING HOPE and a fourth season of the genre-defying musical sensation GLEE, it was announced today by Kevin Reilly, President of Entertainment, Fox Broadcasting Company.
From 'Gilmore' to 'American Dreams'
"Gilmore Girls" bad boy Milo Ventimiglia has joined the cast of NBC"s ratings deprived "American Dreams." Ventimiglia, who played Jess on the WB drama series, will star alongside former "Guiding Light" actress Brittany Snow (ex-Susan Lemay), who plays Meg Pryor on the series. He will portray her love interest, who is described as a radical high school senior whose family moves in next door to the Pryors.


text:
Film Screenings / Programs / Series
FROM THE PEN OF: JOHN SAYLES
Starting this calendar, Anthology inaugurates an ongoing series called FROM THE PEN OF… to spotlight that brutally neglected figure most often forgotten in the filmmaking process, namely the screenwriter. Famously devalued by cinephiles more prone to celebrating auteurs and actors, screenwriters are rarely honored with the likes of critical studies or repertory retrospectives. While a few classic Hollywood scribes continue to earn attention (Ben Hecht, Preston Sturges, Dalton Trumbo, etc.), most have never received their fair share of credit or acknowledgment. This is particularly true of screenwriters who emerged hot on the heels of the demise of the studio system in the 1960s. While audiences may associate the works they penned more closely with particular directors, a closer study reveals that the sensibility and ingenuity of particular screenwriters shines through in each of these films. Over the next several calendars Anthology will focus on some of the most interesting, talented, and unheralded screenwriters from the last 50 years, connecting the dots between terrific, seemingly disparate films that, unbeknownst to many, just happen to have issued from the pen of a single, often unheralded scribe!
To start the series off in high style, we have selected a number of smile-inducing, seriously quirky movies scripted by writer-director John Sayles. Though the films he's both written and directed have won numerous awards and wide acclaim, Sayles toiled for many years as a screenwriter on other director's projects before launching his own distinguished directorial career. We are happy to call attention to this partially obscured body of work, and also to present a handful of films, selected by Sayles, that he considers shining examples of the craft of screenwriting.
FROM THE PEN OF… is programmed in close collaboration with author/musician Alan Licht.
John Sayles will be here in person for a very special event on Friday, February 24! He will take part in a discussion following the screening of BREAKING IN, moderated by Alan Licht and Andrew Lampert.
Very special thanks to John Sayles and Keetin Cheung, and to Alan Licht, Robert Downey Sr., Rudy Wurlitzer, May Haduong (Academy Film Archive), Harry Guerro, Kent Youngblood (MGM), Brian Block (Criterion Pictures USA), Caitlin Robertson (20th Century Fox), Christopher Lane (Sony), and Marilee Womack (WB).


Essentially NLP is about modelling and replicating excellence; finding out what makes up the behaviour that we recognise as excellence in others, and in ourselves, and learning how to do it for ourselves, at will.
The principal of NLP is that how we choose to express ourselves, both verbally and through body language, is a strong indicator of how our mind works, and how we see our world; and therefore we can retrain our minds to follow new and more productive pathways, by giving them appropriately worded ideas to play with. This can be by use of (for example) metaphor; using intentionally vague or very precise language. Another way of working is to explore your preferences in how you express yourself: many people have a notable preference for language that is either visual (I see what you mean), auditory (that rings a bell) or kinaesthetic (getting a handle on an issue, having a gut feeling). This can be a useful tool for improving communication. The important thing for many people is that NLP is non-directional, and the client retains control.
How does that fit with Coaching?
It gives the coach an additional set of tools for asking appropriate questions, and finding ways for you to discover your own way to the objectives you want to achieve.
Common uses are to help change unwanted behaviour, make life decisions, cure phobias, and come to terms with your past.
It can be: NLP can have surprisingly swift and profound impact. Equally, knowing what you need to do, and doing it, are two different things- it sometimes takes practice!


Insomniac debut their new Probability Router Bundle ($12) which includes Probability Router 125 and Probability Router 521 modules, both ideal for West Coast-style randomness and sonic morphing. Route a CV or audio signal to one of five outputs or one of five input signals to a single output, based on random selection and adjustable and modulatable probabilities.
PSP Audioware has released their new PolyADSR-S module, a polyphonic stereo version of their PolyADSR module, including key follow, expression control, and a loop option. Included in PSP Poly Modular Collection ($69) and PSP Ultimate Modular Collection ($149).
Benard has added more modules to their collection, including Rotate Inputs($10), Multi-Delay,($20) Random Out Switch ($10), and the new polyphonic modules, Poly Panner ($15) and Poly Scale and Offset. These modules have been added to some of Benard's existing bundles, so existing owners may already own these new modules.


Every Sunday I stroll around our campus and building just to soak it all in. It's exciting to see so many hundreds of people pulling into the parking lot, families walking up the sidewalk and being greeting by smiling hospitality servants, the gathering in the atrium and loud conversation, the pre-service countdown, and finally, the call to worship as service begins.
It is a pure joy for me to see so many happy members, expectant visitors, and cheerful volunteers at their post of duty diligently carrying out their tasks. From the parking lot to inside the building, there is so much laughter, excitement, and enjoyment that fills the air. Something is really happening in our midst.
--Lives are being changed by God's power – specifically the Word, which is the power of God unto salvation.
--There is a sense of excitement and anticipation the moment you walk onto campus.
--We have more than just members. We have enthusiastic members who love their church, their pastor, and their fellow family members.
--Our children's ministry is one of the best.
--Our band leads us into vertically-focused worship of God each Sunday. Plus, we have the added feature of mixing it up, showcasing new talent that demonstrates the diversity of God in different ways in different lives using different gifts.
--I know it's not about the building or the campus, but man what a campus and building we have. And thanks be to God for the dedicated volunteers who maintain our campus grounds and building cleanliness each week. This involves about two dozen people.
--I love PCC because the greeters and parking attendants actually love to greet people and interact with them.
--This church is headed somewhere.
--I love the fact that we have enough Biblical knowledge and conviction that we don't have to resort to gimmicks (snow cones, egg drops from a helicopter, or free pony rides) to get people to church. We honor God through His Word and the people come. Nuff said.
--I love my church because we still sing "Amazing Grace" and other oldies - particularly timeless sacred hymns of the church that are chock full of good theology and are endearing to the heart.
--I love my church because we sing Chris Tomlin songs.
--I love PCC because of the steady kingdom impact we've had for almost 15 years, and all the miracles of life-change during that time. BTW, most new church plants don't make it past the five-year mark. We're here to stay.
--I love my church because we honor the sacraments and ordinances – Communion and Water Baptism.
--I love PCC because we are progressive enough to think outside the box, trying new methods, but never abandoning the sacred traditions that keep us anchored to the past.
--I love PCC because kids actually enjoy attending our church and want to come back. Plus, we have a team of dedicated children's teachers who actually love interacting with children.
--I love being part of a group of people who will go out of their way to help others who are sick, hurting, or in need.
--I love PCC because we have the best Care Team that I have ever seen - (they respond to benevolence needs in a way that I have ever seen in any church I have ever served in). Hands down. I'm not politicking. I mean it. Hands down, they are the best.
--I love PCC because the congregation actually loves learning the Word of God. That's why I teach is systematically most of the time. i.e., - We cover the most difficult topics in the Bible and I say some pretty challenging things from the pulpit, yet people people keep coming back for more. That is very, very encouraging. Such people are the "people of God."
--I love PCC because we are the perfect church for people who aren't.
--I love PCC because my best friends attend PCC. They are not perfect people; just people like me. Most importantly, they give ME enormous amounts of grace overlooking my imperfections. Also, they don't have unrealistic expectations of me as a pastor - their expectations are "right sized." As the Bible says, "love covers a multitude of sins." We don't pretend to have it all together, so are free to admit to one other when we don't hit a double or triple every time at bat. But we DO grow together as a band of brothers as we progressively turn from sin and closer to God. And BTW, I experience more spiritual growth when I am with people like this, (i.e., safe people), than I can sitting in a circle with strangers taking up prayer requests for Aunt Bertha who lives Kalamazoo Michigan.
--I love PCC because I have a close group of confidants who will get in my face and tell me to get over myself… and are strong enough to let me say the same thing to them in return - which I do. You better have thick skin (alligator hide) if you want to be in the ministry. What's good for the goose is good for the gander.
--I love PCC because we are the Body of Christ – a real NT church – an authentic group of believers – the Bride of Christ. It is a privilege to be part of this great ministry that God began fifteen years ago – it's just getting started – and I am blown away to be a part of it.
--I love my church because the ministry leaders in key positions don't expect me to interact with them minute-by-minute (which I don't' have time for). They do their job with a standard of excellence, handling all the details, and approach me only when something actually needs to be brought to my attention. Such people are pure gold.
--I love PCC because there are so many happy people in our congregation who are satisfied with their church and its leadership - some 350 to 400 of them. That counts for something, you know.
--I love PCC because it is one of the best things that has ever happened in my life…..


Although not quite as bad as catching up from March, these are images from an "open studio" class time in April. The project for that day was to create journals, using recycled materials for the cover. Specifically they all began as cereal boxes! Here are some "start to finish" photos of the journals in various stages.
I love how all of these turned out differently. That's one of my favorite things about being with creative souls…even with the same materials and techniques each of us is so different in our vision. Amazing!
From exercise to photo art!
These images kind of morphed from their original intent into something entirely different! I love when that happens! They began as small magazine clippings that I cut, all to be glued into art journals and used as inspiration for future art compositions. Mostly looking for interesting shapes & lines I also ended up with a lovely variety of colors. As I continued clipping them and piling them on the table I could see how awesome they would look if photographed together. Out came the camera!


A senior Israeli rabbi says Tel Aviv should execute Palestinians instead of arresting them and "leave no one alive" in order to establish safety in the occupied Palestinian territories, Palestinian media report.
"Israeli army has to stop arresting Palestinians," Shmuel Eliyahu said in a message posted on his Facebook page on Tuesday, adding, "but, it must execute them and leave no one alive8," Palestine News Network reported.
As chief rabbi of the city of Safed, Eliyahu is known for his racist behavior and remarks about Arabs and Muslims. He had earlier urged the Israeli regime to take "revenge" against Arabs in order to restore what he called Israel's deterrence.
"If they don't stop after we kill 100, then we must kill a thousand. And if they do not stop after 1,000, then we must kill 10,000. If they still don't stop we must kill 100,000, even a million,"3 the Jerusalem Post quoted him as saying in 2007.
Eliyahu alleged that Arabs steal farm equipment belonging to Jews and blackmail farmers.
"The minute you make room for Arabs among Jews, it takes five minutes before they start to do whatever they want," he purportedly said.
However, the Israeli Justice Ministry dropped the charges against him, claiming that reporters 'may' have changed his statements.


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Serving Greater Cincinnati
Easterseals Heroes
Eddie is defying disability
Despite obstacles early in life, Eddie never stopped working hard and has since found satisfying community employment.
Veteran Reintegration
Veteran Education
Young Adult Career Coaching
Skilled Trade Training
Veteran Employment
Path to Employment
for People with a Disability
for People Facing Disadvantages
AmazonSmile Foundation
Give Vets 22
Keeping a Legacy Alive
Giving back to an organization that has touched your family personally is a wonderful way to keep a legacy alive.
Brighter Futures Celebration
Building Value's Hard Hat Bash
Red, White and Brave: Military Appreciation Day
Mushay has overcome disadvantages
Those who meet Mushay today have trouble believing that she was once a shy teenager facing economic challenges and struggling in school. Now she's a college graduate who is paying it forward as a Workforce Development Specialist.
Easterseals Serving Greater Cincinnati
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Removing Online Barriers, Improving Web Site Usability
Easter Seals' accessible, usable Web sites give all users -- whether they have disabilities or not -- access to a wealth of information about our organization.
This Web site showcases one way corporations or organizations can successfully construct an accessible and usable site without compromising on creativity. In fact, some of the adaptations intended to benefit users with disabilities have also proven useful to people using alternative means of accessing the Internet (text-only screens, handheld computers and wireless telephones, for example).
Easter Seals has actively supported and promoted the independence of people with disabilities for more than 80 years. We've helped remove barriers that prevent people from working, going to school, traveling and actively participating in their communities. Our approach to Web site accessibility is just one more step toward providing universal access to people of all abilities.
This Web site complies with online accessibility standards created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which has developed common protocols that promote the evolution of the World Wide Web and ensure its interoperability. Easter Seals meets or exceeds the requirements of W3C's three priority levels of accessibility, when applicable.
Easter Seals sites also meets or exceeds federal accessibility guidelines set forth by Section 508, the 1998 Congressional amendment to the Rehabilitation Act requiring Federal agencies to eliminate barriers in information technology, to make available new opportunities for people with disabilities, and to encourage development of technologies that will help achieve these goals.
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Peace without Justice, or Justice without Peace?
Peace without justice is an illusion. The use of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate and prosecute human rights violations not only provides restorative justice for those harmed by the wrongdoing but also retributive justice towards the perpetrators. Restorative justice seeks to help heal the wounds of the victims and community by acknowledging and witnessing the pain and suffering of the victim. Retributive justice seeks to punish the offenders. The hope is that retribution will deter or prevent future acts of violence by holding perpetrators accountable for the violations of human rights, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Many people believe that the path to justice is through criminal prosecution of the offenders. McDonell succinctly summarizes the relationship between restorative and retributive justice when he describes the victim's viewpoint as follows: "if peace comes, and I know the person who killed my brother, raped my sister, killed my mother, how can I live with this person?" Seeking justice by ending the impunity for crimes and seeking redress for the victims is the only way to build a stable long-lasting peace. Such justice allows for social reconciliation, restoration and perhaps forgiveness.
However, a question remains. When should the process of retributive justice begin? Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, submitted an application for an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir before the Sudanese situation could even be characterized as post-conflict. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in 2005, is a fragile truce at best. Because Bashir can expect to be prosecuted once peace is established or when/if he leaves power, the likelihood that Bashir will turn over power to more moderate and restrained leaders is very low. Furthermore, the early issuance of the arrest warrant would make it in Bashir's interests to see to it that the conflict and the killings continue. Will the ICC risk future carnage in order to make a forceful, yet premature, gesture of justice? If the arrest warrant is issued it may well be that the civilian population will suffer Bashir's scorn and contempt. The Sudanese Congress already warned of the unleashing of more blood and violence in the Darfur region of Sudan if the warrant is issued. The Sudanese military and government supporters may retaliate directing their attacks against the international staff and facilities, namely the UNMIS and UNAMID. Or we may see the expulsion of humanitarian aid organizations altogether, the very lifeline for the millions of desperate and vulnerable internally displaced Dafuris—those most in need of aid and protection. Thus, the possibility of any restorative or retributive justice is greatly hindered by a lack of a negotiated and stable peace agreement.
On the other hand, in the interests of justice, the international community cannot allow the genocidal leadership in Sudan to threaten the tenuous peace prospects in order to escape prosecution for their crimes. To do so would betray the victims of Darfur. Furthermore, this would send the message to future tyrants that ignoring international law has no consequences. Therefore, I am not convinced that, in the words of Sadiqu al-Mahdi as quoted by McDonell, in the "conflict between accountability and stability… [avoiding a trial is] a case of accepting the lesser evil." It may be the choice of exiled leaders wishing to regain power. But can we be sure that it is also the choice of the Darfuri victims who lost loved ones, had their human dignity stolen, their bodies abused, and are deprived of their homes and livelihoods? In the debate between which comes first between justice or peace, the ultimate determination ought to be the people of Darfur. Certainly, the issue should not be decided by international humanitarian "experts" such as de Waal who took it upon himself to notify Bashir's regime of the impending announcement of Moreno-Ocampo's application for the arrest warrant. Perhaps Moreno-Ocampo should issue a warrant for hindering prosecution too.
Luis Moreno-Ocampo may have put the cart before the horse. Pursuing justice before a stable peace is established can threaten the survival of the victimized population, and endanger humanitarian aid workers and peacekeepers. David Rieff of the New York Times wrote: "to secure a peace in Darfur means negotiating with Bashir rather than fantasizing about arresting, trying and imprisoning him." It may be that the Darfuri population values peace and stability over justice. However, in the end, without justice there will be no lasting peace. It is unlikely that Darfur will find peace if Sudan remains governed by a regime bent on committing war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. This leaves human rights advocates, political leaders and international lawyers with a Catch-22: without justice there will be no peace but there can be no justice without first securing peace.
Clair Apodaca is an Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Florida International University. Dr. Apodaca has published extensively in the areas the international protection of human rights, women's human rights and refugee studies. She is the author of Understanding U.S. Human Rights Policy: A Paradoxical Legacy (Routledge 2006). Her work has appeared in the Journal of Human Rights, International Studies Quarterly and Human Rights Quarterly among many others. In recognition of her scholarship in the field, human rights scholars and practitioners elected her to the first Executive Committee for Human Rights at the American Political Science Association (APSA) in 2001. Presently, Dr. Apodaca serves on the Executive Committee for Human Rights Section of the International Studies Association.


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Ikky Talks "80 90", Partnership With Warner, Punjabi Music & 4N Label
Warner has been at the forefront of showcasing the diversity of their artists and never shied away from projects like their latest single release, "80 90" by artist Ikky with Garry Sandhu and Amrit Maan. Warner and Ikwinder Singh have teamed up in their creation of 4N Records. The partnership is lead by Indian/Canadian producer, Ikky (Ikwinder Singh).
With the launch of his latest single '80 90′ on May 28th, the world can take a deep look at Ikky as he highlights the importance of bringing his flare to Punjabi music for the world to enjoy. As the genre grows and borders seem to merge his Canadian and Indian cultures tend to work in his benefit of creating vibes for everyone to be drawn into.
Ikky also shared his story with us in detail of what brought out his interest of music, how he started recording, experiences and much more about this project and meaning to the name 4N.
XMPL: What go you into music and what made you go the producer route instead of the singer route?
Ikky: Funny thing is, me and my brother we actually started out as singers. When we were about 6 years old we started learning music, you know like vocal lessons. From there it grew, we were singing on stages and concerts, Indian festivals. The festivals had bands hosting the concerts anyways, so we would be able to sing over them. Booking a band for performances, and we were doing 2-3 performances a weekends wasn't the most financial way to do things. We were like 12 years old at the time, so my dad he just decided to get me a program and bought me a couple of loops and said "let's try this". Since then I've just been on it, this is my calling, producing, listening to audio and making audio instead of being a vocal presence in this game.
What inspirations do you draw and bring into Punjabi Music?
So for me obviously I'm a 2000's baby. So I've been listening to guys like Drake, Migos, J. Balvin, everything that's really poppin' in the now, is my legendary status. When it comes to stuff like that song 'Difference', that has like a New York Boom Bap style, that one I'm really inspired by Dr. Dre. I'm like the generation behind him, I've been inspired by the business around him, his beats weren't just hard beats but they were beats you can play in the clubs as well. Anything that shows I'm Canadian in India is the best way to say it, because the way I look, the way I dress is traditional. The thing that makes me unique is that I can create music for Indian people that sounds "Western".
From what I know about Indian music, it seems like it's more about the melody opposed to the drum line in Hip-Hop. What I noticed about your music, you tend to bring both worlds together. When working with other Indian artists how do they adapt to that sound?
I have this one saying that everybody is good at something and not good at something else. Me personally I'm not a writer, I can't write lyrics. I know when I'm working with someone, I let them do the thing they're good at, whether it's lyrics or melody. Since I give out that kind of respect, most times I've been given that respect back. I've been established as that guy around the industry, "he does what he does, and you got to perform as well as he does."
I think adaption is more on my end because they might be asking about a flavor that I have never done. Like 'Yeah Baby' was something I never touched. That Latin vibe was something I have never done, so the expectations were on me, "is able to create something here". That's the challenge for myself, am I able to create as this guys is writing as fast as he is. I have to be able to adapt.
A post shared by Ikky (@ikky.music)
Even when I listen to your music, I can hear the Hip-Hop essence behind it. When you show your Canadian friends and family and your Indian friends and family, how do they react when listening to your music that merges both cultures?
It's actually just fun, because these guys look at me and right off the bat for people in India it's "oh he's Canadian." For Canadians until I start speaking they think I have an accent, I'm from India. Both side actually enjoy it because the Canadian kids as long as we understand the lyrics and they fit in the right place we love that element of it. In india the lyrics have always been there but the music now is sounding naturally and organically western. To them it's something new and different, and both parties have fun.
So 4N is your label, partnered with Warner & Coalition music. Can you explain what 4N is and how that partner ship works?
Really 4N is a representation of the whole world, you know world music. All music outside of North America is know as "World", so to me we all like foreign clothes, we all like foreign cars. So why not have music that's all foreign, but it speaks to Canadian kids and American kids.
That's where it all started, I'm managed by Coalition for the record company and for our global partners we had Warner Canada come in and that linked Warner India, Warner UK, just globally trying to link the world together. It's basically just that, that's what 4N means, it's in the name.
The name 4N (foreign) might be self explanatory but for me there is a deeper meaning behind it. Have you heard about the Golden Temple? The Golden temple has 4 doors, it means anybody around the world is invited into the temple. That was also the play on the word, so 4 and N worked as the 4 entrances.
This partnership is still fairly new, what expectations do you have for this project and what's the vision?
I was 17 years old when my first break through song came out, 'Diamond' I think it sits at about 300 something million at this point. It was fun, I was known, I was making great music, but I wasn't making great music for my country. Not everyone in this country outside of Indians were appreciating the music I was making per say. Obviously for me one of the goals was you should be know in your own country at least. Latin music has made it to all the countries, Indian music has taken over it's region and I was thinking why can't we just make this a global thing. Really my expectations are working hard at this thing, whether it's me and my artist, Warner and Coalition. Working had to make this Punjabi sound known all around the world not just India.
With your single "80 90" releasing on the 28th, can you tell us what to expect?
One of the expectations should be connecting that bridge between Punjabi music and North American music. For years the bridge between North American music and Punjabi music has been dumbed down to 80's and 90's music. For me that's not the most acceptable thing I want to hear, I'm a 2000's baby. This song was made as I was coming off the Gardener, so Canadian vibes. That's what I want people to get from this, you can drive on the free way where ever you are as long as you play the song you're in a different world.
What advice would you give younger Indian artists who would want to get involved with North American music?
As repetitive as it sounds it's just hard work and networking. I was talking about it the other day, I used to search up videos on how to make it in the music industry, and they would tell you certain things that are vague but the most important the would say every time was networking. It seems like you can't force networking but for Indian artists that want to work with artists outside of Canada there is no better time than now. You can literally talk to anyone across the world, and my biggest pet peeve is trying to go for the larger artists. Keep working, keep making tangible music and you'll always find someone down to work with you.
I'm going to leave the floor open for you to give us any type of statement you want.
Globalize Punjabi music, normalize Punjabi music and we're up next!
Ikky
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Die Frauenfelder Radballer (ehemals ATB Frauenfeld) sind ein Schweizer Radballverein aus Frauenfeld im Kanton Thurgau. Der Verein ist mit seinen Teams in diversen Spielklassen anzutreffen. Das Fanionteam spielt aktuell in der höchsten Spielklasse des Swiss Indoor- & Unicycling.

Geschichte
Am 17. Mai 1907 wurde der Arbeiter-Radfahrer-Verein Frauenfeld von 13 Radsport-Interessierten im Restaurant «Central» in Frauenfeld gegründet. Vom ersten halben Jahrhundert der Vereinsgeschichte kann nur wenig berichtet werden, da ein grosser Teil der Vereinsakten einem Brand zum Opfer fiel.

1916 wurde der Landesverband ATB (Arbeiter Touring Bund) gegründet, welchem sich die Frauenfelder Sektion «Solidarität» anschloss.

Anfänge
Der Verein war zu Beginn auch politisch aktiv und besass in der organisierten Arbeiterschaft einen anerkannten Stellenwert. Sportlich war in den ersten Jahren vor allem das Tourenfahren vorherrschend. Später hielt ebenfalls der Saalsport (Reigen- und Kunstradfahren) in der Sektion Einzug. Zusammen mit dem Tourenfahren bildet der Saalsport die hauptsächlichsten Aktivitäten während den ersten fünfzig Jahren Vereinsgeschichte.

Radball
In den 50er Jahren fasste mit dem Eintritt einiger junger Männer auch das Radballspiel im Vereinsgeschehen Fuss. Die ersten Radballtore wurden aus Dachlatten gezimmert und der Hallenboden musste vor jedem Training speziell behandelt werden. Trainiert wurde dazumal noch in der städtischen Turnhalle der Stadt Frauenfeld.

Anfangs der 60er Jahre dislozierten die Frauenfelder Radballer in die neu erbaute Schulanlage Oberwiesen, in welcher noch heute trainiert wird. Zu diesem Anlass befasste man sich auch mit dem Gedanken für die Gründung eines Radballturniers, welches am ersten Januar-Wochenende 1961 seine Feuertaufe erhielt.

Neujahrs-Turnier
Der Verein organisiert des alljährlich jeweils am ersten Januar-Wochenende stattfindende internationale Neujahrs-Radballturnier. 1982 wurde dieses anlässlich des 75-jährigen Vereinsjubiläums in der Festhütte Frauenfeld, unter anderem mit der Mitwirkung der insgesamt 20-fachen Weltmeister Jan und Indrich Pospisil aus der damaligen Tschechoslowakei, durchgeführt. Der Anlass endete in einem finanziellen Fiasko und der Verein brauchte lange, bis wieder schwarze Zahlen geschrieben wurden.

Im Jahr 2020 wird der Anlass zum 60. Mal durchgeführt und noch immer trifft sich die internationale Radball-Elite in Frauenfeld zum gemeinsamen Kräftemessen.

Gegenwart
Die Frauenfelder Radballer betreiben heute von den Hallenradsportarten nur noch erfolgreich den Radballsport. Die Nachwuchs-Abteilung der Frauenfelder Radballer zählt zu den grössten der Schweizer Radballvereinen.

Der Verein zählt insgesamt 100 Aktiv-Mitglieder. 9 Mannschaften nehmen im Jahr 2020 an Meisterschaften teil.

Der Verein bietet Platz für den Spitzensport mit ausgebildeten Trainern sowie auch für Interessierte im Breitensport-Bereich. Er pflegt ein freundschaftliches miteinander, ganz im Sinne des 1995 komponierten Vereinsliedes, in welchem es in Schweizerdeutsch heisst noch em Training gat's in Spunte, und mir trinket zäme eis, mir gönd no lang nöd hei (Deutsch: «nach dem Training geht es noch in die Spelunke, wir trinken zusammen, wir gehen noch lange nicht nach Hause»).

Erfolge

Silber an der Junioren-EM
An der Junioren-Europameisterschaft im Radball vom 10./11. Mai 2013 im innerschweizerischen Altdorf, vertraten die beiden Frauenfelder Radballer Thomas Stojan & Severin Zimmermann die Schweiz. Die Beiden unterlagen im Entscheidungsspiel knapp dem Team aus Deutschland und gewannen für die Schweiz die Silber-Medaille. Für die Frauenfelder Radballer ist dies ein historischer Sieg in der Vereinsgeschichte.

Aufstieg in die höchste Liga
Im Jahr 2016 spielten für die Frauenfelder Radballer Atilla de Biasio & Severin Zimmermann im Final der Nationalliga B der Schweizermeisterschaft. Die beiden Nachwuchssportler zeigten eine überdurchschnittliche Leistung und sicherten sich mit dem Meistertitel ebenfalls den Aufstieg in die höchste Liga des Verbandes. Für die Frauenfelder Radballer ist dies das erste Team in der Vereinsgeschichte, welches sich über ein Aufstieg in die NLA freuen darf.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite der Frauenfelder Radballer

Einzelnachweise

Radsportverein in der Schweiz
Hallenradsportverein
Sport (Frauenfeld)
Gegründet 1907

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Last Thursday, our girls' and boys' basketball teams traveled to South Vermillion for a JV double header. The Lady Eagles fell in a close game to the Wildcats 28-29. Savannah McIntosh led in scoring with 16 points. The boys' team ended the night with a 43-34 win and freshman Thomas Fanning led with seven points.
On Friday, the South Putnam hosted the South Vermillion Wildcats for their Homecoming Varsity double header. The Lady Eagles started the night off with a 69-46 victory. Maddie McHugh led in scoring with 16 points. This win puts the Lady Eagles at 5-2 for the season. The boys' Varsity played a good game against the Wildcats, but they were unable to end the night with a win. The final score was 61-65. Josh Stewart led the Eagles with 18 points, five of those being three pointers. Allen Plunkett had 17 points and Jimmy Rutter had 13.
For more information over the Varsity games, head over to the Banner Graphic.


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Liberia, Byukenen
Weather Kailahun today
Currently in Kailahun 07:21 - 18 January, Tuesday
Weather in Kailahun: Cloudy, no precipitation
Weather in Kailahun: Light cloud, no precipitation
Weather in Kailahun: Variable cloud, no precipitation
Kailahun: detailed information
Geographic coordinates 8° 0′ 54″ N -11° 43′ 55″ W
Decimal coordinates 8.02 -10.27
The maximum air temperature in Kailahun for this day for the last 73 years of observations is +35.3°C, recorded in 2022.
The heaviest rainfall (24.69 mm) in Kailahun was recorded in 1996. The maximum wind gusts were up to 8.86 m/s in 2018.
Weather in Liberia
Byukenen
Today's weather in Kailahun


makes all the world kin "
Where stone and air become glass.
My sincere condolences to you, for your loss.
Hi Philip, yes, I was shocked to learn (via Facebook as is so often the way now) this even though I knew of Jay's illness. Last I heard he had moved to Devon and I assumed all was well. His spirit was uniquely bright. If there is light beyond this world he will surely find it.
I have been honoured to have had Jay as a dear friend for many years. We have shared deeply, mostly about our spiritual experiences and paths. He is the most generous of spirits, always championing the creativity in our soul's expression. He has certainly made his mark in the world. He now flys with the angels he so loving walked with while with us all.
Let it be warm the wind under your wings!


Pincaption selected a perfect "Singing the alphabet" image.
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Corruption is one of the main obstacles to achieve social equality, participation and justice. Defined as the "abuse of entrusted power for private gain", corruption and social inequality are linked in a vicious cycle in which one reinforces the other. It entails the unequal distribution of power in society which, in turn, leads to unequal distribution of wealth and opportunities. At the same time, economic inequality contributes to create a fertile ground for corruption. The role of whistleblowing is fundamental to make corruption come to light, but those who decide to speak up need protection and support. In this context, Libera's action aims at promoting whistleblowing, as it recognizes its role in the fight against corruption and the strengthening of democracy through transparency and civic monitoring. Libera stands to ensure the whole integrity of whistleblowers in the European Union and its member states.
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San Jacinto College, founded in 1961, is a public two year institution. Its 3 campuses are located in Houston, TX and Pasadena, TX including 12 extension centers. The Maritime center is located in La Porte, TX.
445-acre campus in Pasadena (population: 157,454). Maritime center in La Porte, Texas.


Captain Jack Sparrow is by far my favourite pirate ever portrayed on the Silver Screen. His quirky affectations as portrayed by Johnny Depp makes him come across as a bit of a fool but this couldn't be further from the truth.
The pattern will soon be available on the Movie characters page as well as on fandominstitches.com where it is free for private use and is not to be used for commercial purposes.


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Tag: grande guerra
"A poor man in this world can be done to death in two main ways, by the absolute indifference of his fellows in peacetime or by their homicidal mania when there's a war."
Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Journey to the End of the Night
Guglielmo II and Friedrich Ebert
Wilhelm II was born in Berlin on 27 January 1859, with the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Hohenzollern. She was nephew of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and second in line of succession to the Prussian throne. In his destiny there was also the succession to the throne of the German empire, born in 1871. In the same year the son of a tailor from Heidelberg was born whose fate would be curiously crossed with that of the Prussian heir: Friedrich Ebert.
On 15 June 1888, Wilhelm...
A difficult post-war
The celebretions for the end of the war quickly left room to an uncertain post-war period, made up of bad moods on the part of the losers and winners, intentions of revenge, nationalism and revolutionary attempts. The process of mourning for the millions of dead, wounded or horribly disfigured men guaranteed a twenty year of apparent peace, at the end of which Nazi-Fascism - imposed as a legacy of the First World War - dragged the world into a new, devastating conflict.
The end of war and of the great empires
At the end of the Great War, the political map of Europe came to a depth modified by revolutions, military defeats and not least by the decisions of the winning powers. The great multiethnic empires - the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman, the German and the Russian - disappeared and a series of states based on the principle of nationality emerged in their place. However, peace found the discontent of victors and losers, giving rise to a spiral of tensions and nationalism that twenty years after...
The end of the war and its terrible legacy
Yesterday I visited the battlefield of last year. The place was scarcely recognisable. Instead of a wilderness of ground torn up by shell, the ground was a garden of wild flowers and tall grasses. Most remarkable of all was the appearance of many thousands of white butterflies which fluttered around. It was as if the souls of the dead soldiers had come to haunt the spot where so many fell. It was eerie to see them. And the silence! It was so still that I could almost hear the beat of the...
The Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War in Italy
Talking to Barrière about the transport to Italy of Austrian prisoners (600 officers and 30,000 soldiers) captured by the Serbs and presently in Albania, I told him that I did not see any reason why we should not keep them in Italy after having overcome all the great difficulties and dangers of men and ships [...]
Sidney Sonnino to Camille Barbière, French Ambassador to Italy on 9 December 1915
The human costs of the war
Very high percentages of adult males were mobilized by all the major belligerent powers. Being principally of young people in the age of procreation, the enormous losses suffered would have triggered serious problems in the post-war period with real demographic collapses, due to the "unborn".
John Joseph Pershing
John Joseph Pershing - the future commander of the American Expeditionary Force - was born on a farm near Laclede (Missouri) on 13 September 1860.
Coming from a well-off family, after his studies, he initially started the career of teacher at the school for Afro-American children in Laclede, and later at the prestigious Truman State University in Kirksville.
In 1882, tired of the rural Missouri, he decided to enter the Westpoint military academy, which he completed without distinguishing in...
The prisony in Italy
The First World War differs from previous conflicts by the large number of prisoners of war that individual states captured and guarded during hostilities. This character of the Great War is also noticeable in the case of the Italian-Austrian front, where Austrians and Germans made prisoners about 600,000 Italian soldiers; at the same time, the soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army taken prisoner by the Italians were 477,024 according to official statistics, distributed in a myriad of detention...
Aces of the skies
The term "ace" was used during the First World War and identified the fighter pilots who had shot down more than 5 enemy aircraft. Their exploits were used extensively by propaganda and many of them fell into action, becoming legendary figures.


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Countries »
Fun Facts: United States of America
The U.S. is generally divided into six large regions: New England; the mid-Atlantic; the South; the Midwest; the Southwest, and the West. Though loosely defined, these zones tend to share important similarities, including climate, culture, history, and geography.
The United States of America is also called the USA, US, United States or sometimes America.
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was issued, establishing the United States of America.
The US is the 4th largest country in the world by land area and 3rd by population.
On February 25, 2013, the estimated population of the US was 315,568,000.
The Americas were also known as Columbia, after Columbus, prompting the name District of Columbia for the land set aside as the U.S. capital.
The US is a diverse country with a multicultural society.
The average supermarket in the United States wastes about 3,000 pounds of food each year.
The US has the world's largest economy.
The US developed the first nuclear weapons, using them on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki near the end of World War 2.
The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combine to form the longest river system in the US and the fourth longest in the world.
The tallest mountain the US is Mt McKinley, located in the state of Alaska it reaches 20,320 ft (6,194 m) above sea level.
The United States is made up of many cities, suburbs, and smaller towns. Big cities can be found in every state. The cities, states, and regions of the United States often have unique landmarks, foods, celebrations, and dialects that make them different from other areas of this vast nation.
It is usually cooler in the north and warmer in the south. Most of the United States goes through four seasonal changes: winter, spring, summer, and fall.
Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 and is the largest state in the US by land area.
Today, 66 percent of all Americans are considered to be overweight.
Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 states in the US (joining in 1959) and is the only one made up entirely of islands.
With over 3.7 million square miles and over 300 million people, the United States is the third largest country by both total area and population. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of over $13 trillion, the U.S. has the largest national economy in the world.
The United States is the world's third largest country by total area after Russia and Canada.
On every Fourth of July, children who are descendants of signers of the Declaration of Independence symbolically tap the Liberty Bell 13 times while bells across the nation also ring 13 times in honor of the patriots from the original 13 states.
Most of the world's tornadoes occur in the Midwest region of the US known as Tornado Alley.
One out of every seven Americans has at least 10 credit cards.
The most populated city in the US is New York City, followed by Los Angeles and Chicago.
The phrase "united States of America" was first used officially in the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776). On November 15, 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first of which stated "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'" The name was originally proposed by Thomas Paine.
English is the most commonly spoken language in the US, followed by Spanish.
The first man to walk on the moon was American Neil Armstrong (July 21, 1969).
The Statue of Liberty was a special gift that was given to the United States by the country of France. The statue is located on a small island off the coast of New York and New Jersey. The statue has been a symbol of freedom to Americans since it welcomed many immigrants on their way in to Ellis Island.
The US was the leading force behind the development of the Internet.
One early American flag that pictures a coiled rattlesnake. The rattlesnake was used in early American history as a symbol of resistance against British rule.
The US consumes more petroleum than any other country in the world.
The first confirmed European landing in present-day United States territory was by Christopher Columbus, who visited Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493.
The most popular team sports in the US are American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey.
Benjamin Franklin thought that the wild turkey should be the national bird of the USA.
For more information, check out maps of the United States or take a closer look at the US flag.


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Discovering Literature Discovering Literature: Medieval
Form and genre
Dream visions, heroic poetry, riddles and mystery plays: approach medieval literature through the lens of form and genre.
Medieval drama and the mystery plays
Hetta Elizabeth Howes
The mystery plays and morality plays of the 15th and 16th centuries were very different from modern drama. They were performed in public spaces by ordinary people, and organised and funded by guilds of craftsmen and merchants. Hetta Howes takes us back in time to show how these plays portrayed scenes from the Bible, conveyed religious doctrine and encouraged their audiences to lead Christian lives.
Form and genre, Faith and religion
Dream visions
Mary Wellesley
Used by diverse writers throughout the Middle Ages, the dream vision as a form was as popular in the late medieval period as the novel is today. From courtly comedy to social critique, via feminist polemic, Mary Wellesley explores some of the most captivating works of the medieval period.
Form and genre, Myths, monsters and the imagination, Faith and religion
The elegies of the Exeter Book
Michael Bintley
The poems in the Exeter Book known as the 'Old English elegies' focus on loss, separation and the transience of earthly things. Mike Bintley explores these poems, which include The Wanderer and The Wife's Lament, and highlights the parallels between the elegies and the riddles in the Exeter Book.
Form and genre, Faith and religion, Gender and sexuality
The Exeter Book riddles in context
Megan Cavell
The Exeter Book, compiled by 10th-century clerics, contains a number of surprisingly euphemistic riddles. Megan Cavell explores what these bawdy puzzles tell us about sex and gender in Anglo-Saxon England.
Form and genre, Gender and sexuality
Old English heroic poetry
Old English heroic poetry celebrates ancient and contemporary warriors, but it also celebrates acts of self-sacrifice and the stories of brave women, and combines pagan and Christian values. Mike Bintley introduces some of the key texts of the genre, including Beowulf, The Battle of Maldon, The Dream of the Rood and Judith.
Myths, monsters and the imagination, Heroes and heroines, Form and genre, Faith and religion
Love and chivalry in the Middle Ages
Laura Ashe
In the Middle Ages, the greatest knight was not simply the greatest warrior. He was also kind, courteous, generous and devoted to his lady: qualities that combined to produce perfect chivalry. Laura Ashe explores the ideal of chivalry through several works of the period.
Heroes and heroines, Form and genre, Gender and sexuality
Experiencing medieval literature
Tom White
Literacy rates in the Middle Ages were low, but those who were unable to read could experience literature through ways other than private, silent reading. Tom White explains how 'illiterate' individuals encountered literary texts and traditions through textiles, wall paintings, sculptures and listening to works read aloud.
Form and genre, Language and voice
The Makars: Medieval Scottish poetry
Joanna Martin
From morality to migraines: Joanna Martin analyses key concerns in the late medieval poetry of Robert Henryson and William Dunbar.
Further themes
Language and voice
From the development of Old and Middle English to the innovations of William Caxton and the printing press: explore language and voice in the medieval period.
Discover some of the earliest heroes and heroines in English literature, from Beowulf to King Arthur. What are the typical characteristics of a medieval hero, and what can this reveal about society in the Middle Ages?
Examine representations of gender, sex and relationships in medieval literature, from the works of women's writers to tales of courtly love to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
Myths, monsters and the imagination
A shadowy man-eating monster, a strange green knight, and fictional accounts of journeys around the world: investigate the boundaries between the real and imaginary in medieval literature.
From stories of saints and demons to reflections on life and death, God and salvation: discover how medieval literature navigates matters of faith and religion.


Body Polishing Scrubs For Deep Pore Cleansing & Gentle Skin Care!
There are very few days when we wake up and find out face extremely beautiful and what we see is not our actual skin! Our skin is very delicate and can easily catch the dust, germs and harmful sun rays and thus our actual skin is hidden behind this layer of elements! Many of us skip the skin care regimes due to the misconception that the skin needs a lot of care and cleansing daily! But the truth is a part of cleaning he face and moisturizing, you don't need to do much for your skin. Once a week, try pore cleansing with different hydrating scrubs and your skin would glow!
Polish your body with these hydrating and nourishing ingredients and your skin would never remain the same!
If you have dry skin and are worried about the scrubbing elements which can make your skin more dry and rough, here is a hydrating and nourishing scrub which will not only keep your skin clean but also polished!
This scrub has uncountable benefits like pore cleansing, skin nourishment, skin tightening, cellulite fighting etc. from cleansing your skin to polishing it beautifully; it would do simply everything for your skin!
Take a bowl and add 2 spoons coffee powder and 1 spoon coconut oil.
Mix these ingredients and massage this amazing scrub on your skin for few minutes.
Let the mixture penetrate your skin and cleanse all the pores and dust.
With soft motions and gentle massages, scrub your face and rinse with Luke warm water.
Your skin would look glowing, bright, cleansed and gorgeous after few sessions of this hydrating scrub!
If you want a super hydrating and cleansing mixture which can make your skin smooth, this is the best scrubbing mix which you must try!
Salt is known as a rich cleanser which can cleanse the skin from the depth and remove all the germs, bacteria, dust and blackness. Sugar and honey are hydrating ingredients which can moisturize your skin and make it flawless! Use this amazing scrub and make your skin shine as never before!
In a small bowl, add 1 and half spoon sugar.
Add half spoon salt and half spoon honey.
Mix these ingredients little and start scrubbing your face with this mix.
With gentle and smooth flow, apply and massage your skin.
Rinse your face with Luke warm water and watch your face getting awesome!
This is one of the traditional and widely used scrubs which have transformed the definition of beauty care at home. These ingredients are filled with multiple benefits which would not only make your skin cleansed but would make it glow!
Gram flour makes the skin super smooth and bright. Turmeric is an antibacterial and herbal ingredient with awesome properties of skin brightening, cleansing, smoothening etc. gram flour can make your skin little dry and thus, we are using honey to balance the effect of this scrub on your skin!
Rinse your face with Luke warm water and open up your skin pores.
In a bowl, add 2 spoons gram flour.
Also, add half spoon turmeric powder and 1 large spoon honey.
Mix these ingredients and massage it on your face.
Gently scrub your face with this mixture and leave it for 15 minutes.
Rinse with cold water to block the nutrients and clean the face!
As soon as you remove the scrub, your skin would glow and shine while you will experience a gorgeous glow!
Sometimes your skin can lose the glow not only due to pores and dust but also due to lack of blood flow. If you want to boost blood flow in your skin and want to make your cheeks look rosy pink, here is a scrub which improves blood flow!
For plumped, rosy and gorgeous skin, you must use the pumpkin and cinnamon scrub which has magical effects on your skin. Try this amazing scrub for skin cleansing, brightening and smoothening and get addicted!
Take a bowl and add 1 slice of ripe pumpkins.
Add 1 small spoon cinnamon powder.
Mix these ingredients and make the texture crumbly.
Massage your face with this amazing scrub and feel the crystal texture of cinnamon powder making your skin flawless.
Scrub your skin with this and your face would glow due to increased blood flow!
This is a perfect blend of ingredients which can make your skin smooth as well fair! If you are worried due to pigmentation and patchiness, this amazing multi-benefit secret scrub recipe is here to rescue you!
Rice flour is a scrubbing and smoothening ingredient while yogurt works magically on your dry skin. For bright skin and to fight pigmentation, use this scrub and transform your skin!
In a bowl, add 2 spoons of rice flour.
Mix these ingredients and let it stay for 5 minutes.
Now scrub your face and pigmented areas for 10 minutes.
Gently massage your skin and wash with Luke warm water.
This would moisturize and smoothen your skin as never before!
Nothing can be more flourishing and rejuvenating as berries! The antioxidant-rich berries would fill your skin with youthfulness and fairness. If you want a multi-benefit scrub which can cleanse your skin and remove the dust!
Strawberries are filled with nutrients like different vitamins, antioxidants and such skin enriching minerals. Honey is a beautiful ingredient which can make your skin shine! Thus, use this beautiful scrub and polish your skin!
Get some fresh strawberries and crush them.
Add these crushed berries in the bowl and mash with your hands.
Add some honey and mix these ingredients.
Apply this fresh, cleansing and reviving scrub on your skin.
Massage your skin gently with this cool and refreshing scrub and get a flawless glow on your face!
Oatmeal and tomato are the ingredients which can make your dull, damaged and rough skin gorgeous in just a few uses. This amazing scrub will not only cleanse our skin but would also make it bright and nourished with essential nutrients.
Filled with some amazing skin polishing nutrients, oatmeal would never fail to make your skin bright, smooth and hydrated! Tomato juice is the anti pigmentation ingredient which can make your skin free from all the issues!
Put the oatmeal in the blender and blend until you get the fine powder.
Also, blend the tomatoes and extract fresh tomato juice.
Mix these ingredients in a bowl and prepare crystal type paste.
Massage the skin with this mixture and gently remove all the particles.
Cleanse your skin with cold water and watch the rosy glow on your face!
Try this amazing anti pigmentation scrub which can make your skin bright and radiant!
This amazing scrub would never fail to make your skin gorgeous and flawless. Orange peel is one of the ingredients which is widely used for skin care. Orange peel is filled with vitamin c, antioxidants and rich minerals which can make the skin look flawless!
Fuller's earth is a conditioning and hydrating ingredient which is used to maintain the softness of your skin and keep it clean. This awesome combination of nourishing ingredients would make your skin flawless and gorgeous as never before!
Place some orange peel skin in the sunlight for few days.
When the peels get dry, blend the peels and prepare the thick paste.
In a bowl, add 1 large spoon orange peel powder and 1 spoon fuller's earth.
Add some honey, water and prepare a thick paste.
Go for a steam session and clean your face.
Now massage this scrub on your face gently for 15 minutes.
Let it stay on your face for a while and rinse with cold water.
This amazing scrub would make your skin glowing, smooth and perfectly radiant!
Also, pineapple is filled with enzymes, minerals, and antioxidants which result in the gorgeous bright skin! Use the perfect combination of these ingredients and make your skin gorgeous!
In a bowl, add 1 spoon olive oil.
Blend some pineapples in a blender with no water.
Add the thick and scrubbing paste in the bowl.
Mix these ingredients and scrub your skin with this awesome paste.
Keep massaging your skin for few minutes and clean your face with a gentle cleanser.
Try this awesome scrub and cleanse your skin with natural elements!
Pomegranate has some amazing skin benefits. This is a fruit with nutrients which can make your skin radiant and nourished. This multi-nutrient scrub would not only cleanse your skin but would also make it youthful with every use.
Pomegranates can fight pigmentation, pores, dark spots, greasiness and such different skin issues. Use this amazing combination to fight the skin issues and polish your skin beautifully!
In a blender add some oatmeal and prepare a thick powder.
Get some pomegranate seeds and blend them in a blender.
In a bowl, add 1 spoon oatmeal powder and 2 spoons pomegranate mixture.
Add some honey to make it smooth and easy to apply.
Massage this scrub on your face for 15 minutes and let it work on your face for 10 minutes.
Rinse with water and witness a glorious shine on your skin!
Sea salt is one of the best cleansing ingredients which is traditionally used for skin cleansing, pore fighting and for the nourishment of your skin. This is a skin cleanser which would cleanse the skin from depth.
The fine crystal particles of sea salt can fight the bacteria, harmful toxins, dust and elements which stick to the skin and can cause various issues. This is an amazing cleanser which would keep your skin bright, cleansed and bacteria free soon!
While you go for a bath, use some sea salt in a bowl to massage your skin.
If your skin is extremely dry, you can use this scrub along with honey to make your skin nourished.
Honey and sea salt massage on your skin would act as a skin polishing scrub and would fight all the dirt and dullness in your skin.
Massage this scrub on your face, hands, and legs and watch your skin getting beautifully polished.
Cleanse and moisturize your skin for amazing benefits!
You can also go fir sea salt bath to make your skin and body free from various skin issues!
Each of these scrubs has different benefits and multiple uses. If you want to make your skin shine and glow, you must use any of these scrubs and fight the harmful particles which stick on your skin! Pore cleansing is all about removing the germs, dust and harmful elements from your skin through the crystal scrubbing ingredients!
Just once a week, cleanse your skin with any of these scrubs and take one step forward for gentle skin care!


South Africa's legislature has passed a motion allowing the seizure of land from White South Africans without any compensation.
The Daily Mail reports that a 2017 audit found 72 percent of farmland is owned by minority White people, down only slightly from 83 percent during Apartheid. With an majority of 241 votes to 83 votes, the South African Parliament voted to amend a legislative bill that allows the dispossession of land from White people without any compensation.
The redistribution of land in South Africa has brought a lot of tension between South Africans with some believing that the motion is a violation of the agreements made at the end of Apartheid and others saying that they're taking what what was forcefully stripped from their hands decades ago during Apartheid.
A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring country Zimbabwe, who also had a land redistribution in 1980. Although some redistributing of land occured, the action also brought violence and lots of land being neglected.
South Africa's new president, Cyril Ramaphosa, factored into this policy, encouraging Black South Africans to reclaim land that was stolen from them generations ago.
The land claim filed in 1996 was finalized in 2007 but no effective action has been taken until recently.
No specific date had been made to when the land repossessing will happen but recently elected president Ramaphosa has promised to speed the process after his inauguration two weeks ago.