This report was a collaboration with Miel Design Studio and the Duke Human Rights Center at FHI. It was important for this piece to reflect both the history of Duke while also pushing the boundaries of what is possible in the future. The design reflected this through contrasting images and subtle design elements.
This report recommends that Duke University expand efforts to acknowledge, engage with and activate its past, and include ties to slavery, white supremacy and segregation; unfair and discriminatory labor practices; benefits from a lethal product, tobacco; and discrimination against women, LGBTQ and disabled people and people of color. Duke should also seek to identify and celebrate our diverse forbears, among them those who integrated the university and pressed for justice, advocated for fair labor treatment and worked to better society.


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General Conditions of ELFA
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Category: Terms and conditions
ELEA ÜT 2015 (ENG)
General Conditions of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association
EFFECTIVE AS OF JANUARY 1, 2017
The Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association and the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry agreed on 6 June 1995 to enforce the General Conditions of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association that have been drafted on the basis of the General Conditions of the Nordic Association of Freight Forwarders, and they have been taken into use on the basis of the approval of the latter on 6 May 1995.
The Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association and the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry agreed on 1 August 2000 to amend the General Conditions in order to harmonise them with the General Conditions of the Nordic Association of Freight Forwarders NSAB 2000 in effect as of 1 June 1998. Amendments entered into force on 1 January 2001.
The Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association and the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry agreed on 9 June 2011 to amend the wording of § 27 clause C of the General Conditions in order to harmonise it with the Warehousing Conditions of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarding Association in effect as of 1 February 2011. The amendment entered into force on 13 June 2011.
The Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association and the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry agreed on 2 May 2016 to amend the the General Conditions as a whole to harmonise it with the NSAB 2015. The amendments shall enter into force on 1 January 2017. Upon an agreement, the title of General Conditions was also amended to reference the name of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association.
INTRODUCTORY CONDITIONS
These General Conditions of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarding Association set forth the freight forwarder's and the customer's rights and obligations towards each other, including the freight forwarder's liability under various applicable transport law conventions valid from time to time, such as CIM, SMGS, CMR, the Hague-Visby Rules and the Montreal Convention, or any amendments, annexes or protocols of any such transport law convention.
These General Conditions shall be applicable to the members of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association. The Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association advises that these General Conditions may also be applied by other persons, provided that they have come to an agreement therein.
NETWORK CLAUSE
If a certain mode of transport has been expressly agreed upon, or if it is proved that loss, depreciation, damage or delay has occurred whilst the goods were being carried by a particular means of transport, the freight forwarder shall be liable in accordance with the law applicable to such mode of transport and commonly used conditions of carriage, to the extent that these deviate from what is laid down in § 6, section 2 and 3 or §§ 15 – 21.
THE FREIGHT FORWARDERS CONTRACT
A. Services
The freight forwarders contract may include:
– carriage of goods, agency services and intermediary services,
– logistic services, supply chain services and advisory services,
– storage of goods and warehousing services,
– stevedoring services and ship brokering,
– other services, such as – but not limited to – customs clearance, ohter customs and VAT-related services, co-operation in the performance of the customers obligations under public law, assistance in handling insurancerelated issues and assistance in relation to export and import documents.
B. The freight forwarder as contracting party
1) In accordance with §§ 2 and 15-21, the freight forwarder will be responsible as a contracting party for all services undertaken by the freight forwarder excluding instances under section 3 C below. The freight forwarder is furthermore responsible for other contracting parties that the freight forwarder has engaged to perform or carry the contract on behalf of the freight forwarder.
2) These conditions apply equally to the persons that provide services for the freight forwarder in order to perform the contract as to the freight forwarder himself, irrespective of the grounds for the customer's claims against the freight forwarder and such other persons. The aggregate liability of the freight forwarder and such other persons is limited to the amount that applies to the freight forwarder's liability under these conditions.
C. The freight forwarder as intermediary
Notwithstanding article 3 B.1 above, the freight forwarder can in accordance with §§ 22 – 24 below, undertake services – or parts of services – as intermediary, if the freight forwarder does not undertake such services in his own name or on his own account and on the condition that the freight forwarder specifies to the customer that the services are undertaken solely as intermediary.
As intermediary, the freight forwarder is not responsible for parties ohter than his own employees.
D. Warehousing
The responsibility of the freight forwarder with regards to warehousing or storing is governed by and in accordance with § 25 below.
E. General practice etc.
In addition to what has been expressly agreed upon, general practice and commonly used terms shall be applicable in so far as they do not deviate from these conditions.
THE CUSTOMER
Under the present conditions, the customer is the party that has concluded a contract with the freight forwarder, or that has acquired the rights of that party. The liability of the customer is governed by § 26 of these conditions.
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT
The parties recognize the importance of and shall provide each other with information necessary for the performance or fulfilment of the contract. The freight forwarder undertakes to perform services, to pick up, take care of or procure the handling of the goods in accordance with the contract terms and in a suitable way for the customer with generally used means and routes of transport.
A contract between the freight forwarder and the customer (for carriage or other services) evidenced by electronic transport documents shall be deemed to have been concluded only when the freight forwarder issues an electronic receipt which includes an acceptance thereof.
Instructions to the freight forwarder concerning the scope of the contract shall be given directly to him. Information contained in the invoice stating that goods have been sold cash on delivery or against a declaration of value specified in the dispatch instructions does not therefore mean that the freight forwarder has undertaken to collect the invoice amount or to take out an insurance.
Unless otherwise agreed it is the customer's obligation to arrange for loading and unloading of the goods and it is the freight forwarder's obligation to arrange for stowing and securing of the goods.
It is the duty of the freight forwarder to prove that, according to the contract, he has protected the customer's interests in a diligent manner.
The freight forwarder may not invoke the rules in these conditions which exonerate him from or limit his liability, or alter the burden of proof, if it is proven that the freight forwarder's subcontractor has wilfully, or the freight forwarder himself or his own employees have wilfully or grossly negligent, caused the damage, delay or other loss, unless otherwise stated in § 2.
If the exact circumstances that resulted in loss, depreciation of, damage to or delay of goods which occurred when the goods was in the custody of the freight forwarder cannot be demonstrated, this shall not in itself be considered as gross negligence on part of the freight forwarder.
The freight forwarder shall be responsible for ensuring that the goods are picked up, carried and delivered within a reasonable time (without a time guarantee). When assessing such reasonable time, information as to the expected time of pick up, carriage and arrival stated by the freight forwarder in his marketing or in connection with the signing of the contract, shall be taken into account.
The freight forwarder is responsible (with a time guarantee) for the goods being picked up, carried and delivered within the time that:
– has been agreed upon in writing as a special, time-guaranteed transport, or
– has been submitted in writing as a condition of an offer expressly accepted by the freight forwarder, or
– has been presented by the freight forwarder in a written quotation that was accepted by the customer.
If it becomes necessary for the freight forwarder in the performance of the contract to act before seeking instructions, he does so at the customer's risk and for his account.
If the risk of depreciation of goods already taken over arises or, if by reason of the nature of the goods, there is a danger to persons, property or to the environment, and the customer cannot be reached, or should he not, upon being requested to remove the goods, arrange to do so, the freight forwarder may take appropriate measures in respect of the goods, and, if necessary, sell the goods in an appropriate manner. The freight forwarder may, depending on the circumstances and without notice, sell on behalf of the customer, render harmless or destroy goods which are in danger of becoming worthless or extensively depreciated, or which give rise to imminent danger.
After deduction of reasonable expenses connected with the sale, the sum received from the sale shall be immediately reported to the customer.
The freight forwarder shall notify the customer as soon as possible of measures that have been taken, and, upon request, supply evidence of any expenses in connection herewith, as well as prove that he has exercised due diligence in limiting costs and risks.
For such expenses the freight forwarder may debit a special expense charge.
The freight forwarder has a duty to promptly inform the customer and notify a claim against a third party, where goods have been damaged, delayed or when some other loss has occurred due to that party's acts or omissions, but only if the freight forwarder or his own employees have – or ought to have had – knowledge of such damage, delay or loss. The freight forwarder shall in such case inform the customer and consult with him in order to take such steps as are necessary to secure the customer's claim to compensation from the party who has caused the damage or loss, or who is responsible therefore, and shall, when requested to do so, assist the customer in his relation to the third party.
If so requested, the freight forwarder shall transfer to the customer all rights and claims that the freight forwarder may have under his agreement with a third party.
The offer made by the freight forwarder is based on information relevant to the contract supplied to the freight forwarder by the customer, or otherwise as the case may be, on circumstances that the freight forwarder may assume as being normal for the intended contract.
Notwithstanding the customer's obligation as to payment under contracts of sale or freight agreements with parties other than the freight forwarder, he has a duty upon request, subject to terms being agreed upon, to pay the freight forwarder what is due as per the contract (remuneration, advanced payment, refund of outlays) including advance payment to the freight forwarder for such expenditures, against appropriate documentation.
Unless otherwise agreed upon the freight forwarder is entitled to – when the goods have not been delivered for transport under the terms of the contract and the contract therefore cannot be executed, wholly or partially, as agreed upon, and further in the event the contract is interrupted and cannot be executed as agreed upon due to circumstances beyond the control of the freight forwarder or his subcontractors – receive the agreed charges for freight and other remuneration subject to deductions for what the freight forwarder has saved, or could reasonably have saved, by not having to execute the contract.
The above should also apply in the event the freight forwarder agreed to allow the customer to defer payment until the arrival of the goods at the place of destination.
For services which are clearly necessary in addition to what has been explicitly agreed upon or normally follows from the freight forwarder's contract, including additional expenses for services rendered by the freight forwarder but under the scope of the agreement and contract, the freight forwarder is entitled to additional compensation. Such compensation shall be subject to the same principles as compensation for services agreed upon under the scope of the agreement.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND INFORMATION SECURITY
The parties undertake to treat all material information received from the ohter party as confidential.
Each party is responsible for that its employees and advisers comply with the obligations of the party as set forth in the freight forwarding contract.
The parties shall take appropriate technical and organizational measures to safeguard the information security of its services and the storage and use of information processed in its information system having regard to the security of the functions, telecommunication, hardware and software as well as the confidentiality and integrity of the data content.
All access to the information systems of the freight forwarder or the customer must be conducted in a manner which safeguards the security of the accessed information system.
The parties shall exercise reasonable care in observing the obligations above taking into account technology available and the risks and costs involved.
The obligations set forth above in this § 13 shall survive termination of the contract between the freight forwarder and the customer.
RIGHT OF RETENTION AND LIEN
The freight forwarder has a right of retention and a lien on the goods under his control, for fees and expenses in respect of such goods – remuneration and warehousing charges included – as well as for all other amounts due from the customer under contracts according to § 3 above.
Should the goods be lost or destroyed, the freight forwarder has similar rights in respect of compensation payable by insurance companies, carriers or others.
Should the amount due to the freight forwarder not be paid, he has the right to arrange the sale, in a satisfactory manner, of as much of the goods as is required to cover the total amount due to him, including expenses incurred. The freight forwarder shall, if possible, inform the customer well in advance what he intends to do with regard to the sale of the goods.
THE FREIGHT FORWARDER'S LIABILITY AS A CONTRACTING PARTY
The freight forwarder is liable as contracting party in accordance with §§ 2 and 16 – 21 for loss, depreciation of or damage to goods, occurring between the moment when the goods have been taken over until the moment the goods have been delivered, as well as for delay in pick-up or delivery.
If for any reason outside the control of the freight forwarder it is or becomes impossible for the freight forwarder to carry out the contract in accordance with the terms agreed, or where circumstances prevent the freight forwarder from making delivery of the goods after their arrival at the place designated for delivery, then the freight forwarder has a liability for the goods in accordance with § 6, section 1, unless other agreement is entered into with the customer.
There is no liability if loss, depreciation, damage or delay is caused by:
a) fault or neglect of the customer;
b) handling, loading, stowage, securing or unloading of the goods by the customer or anyone acting on his behalf;
c) the inherent nature of the goods to be easily damaged, i.e. by breakage, leakage, spontaneous combustion, rotting, rust, fermentation, evaporation or being susceptible to cold, heat or moisture;
d) lack of or insufficient packing;
e) faulty or insufficient address or marking of the goods;
f) faulty or insufficient information about the goods;
g) the use of open transport equipment, where this is usual or has been agreed;
h) circumstances which the freight forwarder could not avoid and the consequences of which he was unable to prevent.
Unless specifically agreed, the freight forwarder is not liable for money, securities and other valuables.
Compensation for loss or depreciation of goods shall be calculated on the basis of their invoice value, unless it is proved that their market value, or the current value of goods of the same kind and nature at the time and place the freight forwarder took over the goods was different from the invoice value taking into account that the customer must demonstrate that there is no residual value of the goods. Compensation will not be paid for antique value, sentimental value or other special value.
Freight charges, customs charges and other outlays connected with the transport of the goods lost will also be compensated. Apart from that, the freight forwarder is not obliged to pay any compensation, i.e. for loss of profit, loss of market or other loss of any kind whatsoever.
Compensation for damaged goods shall be paid to an amount equivalent to the extent of depreciation in value. The amount is arrived at by using the percentage of depreciation in value consequent upon damage to the goods, in relation to the value of the goods, as laid down in § 17, section 1. Expenses referred to in § 17, section 2, first sentence, will also be paid to the same extent, but apart from this, the freight forwarder is not obliged to pay any further compensation.
A. If the goods are picked up, carried or delivered too late under § 7, section 1, the freight forwarder shall compensate the customer for such direct and reasonable expenses as could have been foreseen as a probable consequence of the delay at the time of the conclusion of the contract, although with an amount not exceeding a sum equivalent to the freight or other compensation agreed upon in the contract.
B. When a time guarantee has been agreed, according to § 7, section 2, and the agreed time of transport has been exceeded, the freight forwarder shall, unless otherwise agreed, credit the customer for the freight or any other compensation agreed upon for the transport. This does not apply if the delay was caused by circumstances beyond the freight forwarder's own control, except that with regard to carriage of goods by road within Europe the freight forwarder is liable also for circumstances within the control of persons engaged by him for the performance of the contract. The customer shall be considered to have suffered a loss equivalent to the amount of the freight, as long as it cannot be shown that the amount of the loss is less In the latter case only the amount equivalent to the loss shall be credited.
Delay becoming a loss of goods
A. The customer has the right to compensation as if the goods had been lost if no delivery has been made
– with regard to international road transports, within 30 days after the expiry of the agreed period of time, or, if no particular period of time has been agreed upon, within 60 days from the moment the goods were accepted for transport
– for other modes of transport, within 60 days from the time when the goods should have arrived.
The customer has no right to compensation as if for total loss if the freight forwarder can prove within the above mentioned time limits that the goods have not been lost and that they can be delivered within a reasonable period of time.
B. In case of cross-labelling or delivery to wrong destination, the freight forwarder shall use his best reasonable efforts to transport the cargo to its originaal destination using same or similar means of transportation as originally agreed upon or used by the freight forwarder. If the freight forwarder fails for reasons within the freight forwarder's control to redeliver the goods to the agreed destination, the freight forwarder shall compensate the customer with the full value in accordance with §§ 17 and 18 of the goods at the time and place of the destination originally agreed upon, but shall be under no further liability or bear any further costs related to the goods regardless of the circumstances.
A. For loss, depreciation of or damage to goods the freight forwarder's liability is limited to SDR 8.33 per kg (gross) of the part of the goods which has been lost, depreciated or damaged.
B. For delay in pick up, carriage or delivery the freight forwarder's liability is limited to the amount of the freight.
C. For all other loss the freight forwarder's liability is limited to SDR 100,000 in respect of each assignment.
D. If a declaration of a special interest in delivery has been agreed upon, compensation for the additional loss or damage proved may be claimed, up to the total amount of the interest declared, independently of the compensation provided for in sections A-C above.
E. In calculating the extent of compensation for loss, depreciation, damage and delay, and all other loss, the principles of §§ 17-20, shall apply correspondingly. The freight forwarder is not obliged to pay any compensation i.e. for loss of profit, loss of market or other loss of any kind whatsoever.
THE FREIGHT FORWARDER'S LIABILITY AS INTERMEDIARY
The freight forwarder is liable for damage resulting from his lack of due diligence in the performance of the contract. The freight forwarder is not liable for acts or omissions of third parties in performing the transport, loading, unloading, delivery, clearance, storage, collection or other services rendered by the freight forwarder. When assessing whether the freight forwarder has acted with due diligence it shall be taken into consideration what the freight forwarder knew or should have known regarding the third party as well as which information was given by the customer regarding the character of the task as well as other information with relevance to the selection of a suitable third party.
In calculating the extent of compensation for loss, depreciation, damage and delay, and all other loss, the principles of §§ 17-21, shall apply correspondingly.
The freight forwarder's liability for services mentioned in § 3 C is limited to SDR 50,000 in respect of each assignment, and totally in the event of any one occurrence SDR 500,000.
However, in any event compensation shall not exceed:
a) for delay a sum equivalent to the agreed payment in relation to the individuaal assignment,
b) for loss, depreciation of or damage to goods, SDR 8,33 per kg (gross) of the part of the goods which has been lost, depreciated or damaged,
c) for all other loss five (5) times the agreed payment in relation to the assignment.
Upon storing goods in connection with transport regarding which the freight forwarder holds the liability of a carrier, the freight forwarder shall be liable for the stored goods as a carrier pursuant to § 15-21 for fifteen days as of concluding the transport.
Provisions of § 22-24 shall be applied to a storage service intermediated by the freight forwarder.
Provisions of the General Conditions of the Estonian Logistics and Freight Forwarders Association shall apply to other storage cases; the freight forwarder shall also be liable for persons included in the performance of the contract.
THE CUSTOMER'S LIABILITY
The customer shall indemnify and hold the freight forwarder free and harmless for damage, loss or liability incurred by the freight forwarder owing to the fact that:
a) the particulars concerning the goods, information and documents relating to the assignment are incorrect, unclear or incomplete,
b) the goods are incorrectly packed, marked or declared, or incorrectly loaded, stowed or secured by the customer or another party acting on his behalf,
c) the goods have such harmful properties as could not have reasonably been foreseen by the freight forwarder,
d) the freight forwarder is obliged to pay customs duty or other official fees or provide a security, unless such obligation is caused by the freight forwarder's negligence,
e) the goods are illegal, defective, deficient or noncompliant with applicable rules or regulations, are suspected of being or is shown to be in violation of intellectual or industrial property rights of a third party; or the necessary official permits are not in place for the import, export, handling, storage or transport of the goods,
f) the freight forwarder suffers a direct financial loss, fines or penalties, incurs administrative charges, incurs loss or damage related to the freight forwarder's authorizations or licenses.
In assessing the customer's responsibility in accordance with a) and b) regard shall be made to whether the freight forwarder, despite his knowledge of the circumstances, has accepted or failed to make an objection to the measures taken by the customer in respect of the goods.
Should the freight forwarder, in his capacity as charterer or shipper become liable in connection with carriage of the customer's goods by sea, to pay general average contribution to the shipowner or the carrier, or become exposed to claims from third parties for reasons stated above, the customer shall hold the freight forwarder harmless.
NOTICE OF CLAIM AND DISPUTES
NOTICE OF CLAIM
Notice of claim shall be given to the freight forwarder without undue delay.
In case of apparent loss, depreciation of or damage to the goods, notice shall be given immediately upon receipt of the goods, and in case of non-apparent loss, depreciation of or damage to the goods no later than seven (7) calendar days from the date of delivery.
If notice is not given as described above, the burden of proving that the loss, depreciation of or damage to the goods has occurred while the goods was in the custody of the freight forwarder rests on the customer.
Notice of claim concerning matters other than damage to, or depreciation or loss of the goods shall be given within fourteen (14) days from the day on which the customer knew or ought to have known about the circumstances forming the basis of the freight forwarder's liability. If such notice of claim has not been given, the customer has lost his right of claim.
If a certain mode of transport has been expressly agreed upon, or if it is proved that loss, depreciation, damage or delay has occurred whilst the goods were being carried by a particular means of transport, the law applicable to such mode of transport and commonly used conditions of carriage shall apply instead, to the extent that they deviate from what is laid down in this § 27.
TIME-BAR
Legal proceedings against the freight forwarder shall be commenced within a period of one (1) year; otherwise the right of claim will have become lost.
The time limit period runs:
a) upon depreciation of or damage to goods from the day upon which the goods were delivered to the consignee,
b) upon delay, loss of the whole consignment or other kind of loss from the time at which the delay, total loss or other loss could at the earliest have been noticed,
c) in all other cases from the time at which the cause on which the claim is based could at the earliest have been noticed.
This time-bar shall apply when the freight forwarder's principal place of business is located in Estonia.
In the event of a dispute between the freight forwarder and the customer, the parties shall in the first instance attempt to find a solution through negotiation. If the parties are unable to reach a solution via negotiation, the dispute shall be decided in the general courts in the freight forwarder's principal place of business. Legal proceedings shall be subject to the law of the freight forwarder's principal place of business. The freight forwarder and the customer may resolve the dispute in the Court of Arbitration of the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry located in Tallinn, doing so pursuant to an arbitration clause agreed on separately.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Create Download Link PHP I had a problem with my code . when I click the button to download the picture , it appears the code that I do not know, how to solve this ? what is wrong with my code ?
--> Download.php

if (isset($_GET['file']) && basename($_GET['file']) == $_GET['file']) {
    $filename = $_GET['file'];
} else {
    $filename = NULL;
}

// define error message
$err = '
Sorry, the file you are requesting is unavailable.
';

if (!$filename) {
    // if variable $filename is NULL or false display the message
    echo $err;
} else {
    // define the path to your download folder plus assign the file name
    $path = '../images/upload/lowongan_pekerjaan/'.$filename;
    // check that file exists and is readable
    if (file_exists($path) && is_readable($path)) {
        // get the file size and send the http headers
        $size = filesize($path);
        header('Content-Type: application/octet-stream');
        header('Content-Length: '.$size);
        header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename='.$filename);
        header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
        // open the file in binary read-only mode
        // display the error message if file can't be opened
        $file = @fopen($path, 'rb');
        if ($file) {
            // stream the file and exit the script when complete
            fpassthru($file);
            exit;
        } else {
            echo $err;
        }
    } else {
        echo $err;
    }
}

why show like this?
My Picture
whats wrong with my code?

A:     header('Content-Type: application/octet-stream');
    header('Content-Length: '.$size);
    header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename='.$filename);
    header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');

should be
    header('Content-Type: image/jpg');
    header('Content-Length: '.$size);
    header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename='.$filename);

or png or gif or whatever your file type is.. the browser does not know how to handle what you are sending it because application/octet-stream != an image type.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

class Analyze {

    function analyzeData ($f3, $params) {
        if ($params['key'] == $f3->get('analyze_key')) {
            // Retrieve data from DB.
            $result = $f3->get('DB')->exec('SELECT * FROM data ORDER BY end ASC');
            $data = array();
            $statuses = array(
                $f3->get('STATUS.COMPLETED'),
                $f3->get('STATUS.SUBMITTED'),
                $f3->get('STATUS.CREDITED')
            ); // Completed tasks only.

            $exlude = array(); // Fill in the subjects who you want to exclude.
            foreach ($result as $row) {
                if (in_array($row['status'], $statuses) && false == in_array($row['prolificid'], $exlude)) {
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?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Anyone who had lived through the attempt by Soviet hardliners to take back the power and restore a Stalinist dictatorship would be astounded, just as I am, with allegations by today�s American �progressives� that George W. Bush is a dictator whose �junta� has usurped our freedoms and reversed decades of progress, turning America into a �fascistic autocracy.� Such people don�t even begin to know what �junta� really means nor what it feels like to live in a dictatorship. These pundits may think of themselves as enlightened �defenders of freedom,� but in reality they only expose their own moral blindness. By shooting in the wrong direction they are hurting the very cause they claim they fight for. Freedom cannot be attained by erasing the objective criteria of liberty and democracy. Dictatorship cannot be fought by misleading the nation about the true nature of tyranny and oppression.
I read both essays, parts 1 & 2, with grim relish. Guy's a top-flight writer. Probably--well, no doubt--in a secondary language, as English must be for him. The first-hand experience with what he calls "National-Bolsheviks" is invaluable, in assessing his opinion of the western left's shallowness of general political/historical comprehension.
Who needs knowledge when you have a "narrative"?
Also, meant to ask you this: Do you put grim relish on your fried spam sandwiches? Or just mustard?
doing whatever theyr'e accusing the Conservative of.
We have a Dem party leveling charges of corruption on the Repubicans constantly ( mostly manufacturered ) and you have Feinstein's conflict of interest on military contracts, Pelosi's exclusion of Guam from minimum wage rise to help her husbands business interests, Reid's land deals, Jefferson's freezer money (taxpayers), Murtha Abscam and on and on.
The Left has to have supernatural help to concoct their schemes because there too complex and effective for them to come up with by themselves. They are just not that smart. They have to of have had help from below.
Grim relish is for a fact not as sweet as Yankee Maple Syrup, but then again we can't milk our trees--they're called "cacti" (or, "cactuses") and they have needles all over 'em.
If you visit the People's Cube, and scroll down, and see all the photoshop gags along the margins, be sure & check out "Al Gore, Inventor". Too funny!
One of the names for Satan is the Prince of the Air (waves ). The MSM is the main facilitator of the Left in their evil conspiracy. I know that I leave myself open to criticism - religious nutjob - but, I really can't see them, the Left, capable intellectually of such destructive and clever machinations without the Deceivers help.
I hope I don't sound too much like a reilgious rightwing tin- hat conspiracy type.
Nah, you don't. Not to me, anyway. It's no longer usual to personify the source of evil, is probably why you might feel a little conspicuous in so doing. However, not long ago (you know this), speaking of evil in such terms was the norm--and by many measures folks did a better job of keeping evil at bay, back then. So, I'll never criticize your way of putting it. If it's old-fashioned, to me that's "good-fashioned".
Check this out - I have read it. DelBanco is a Prof at Columbia. "The Death of Satan"
BD, Thanks for the heads up on the book. Sounds interesting. The reader review by Orin Judd was also interesting, but a little too heady for me at this late hour. I'll reread it in the morning.
I also want to clarify that I do not think that all on the Left are evil or Satanists. Most are willing dupes for their own self interested reasons just as I was many years ago. Most, if not all, are unaware of the plan to keep this world in constant flux.
Thanks for the pointer, BD. The reviews are indeed interesting.
Sean, tho I respect and admire--even envy--your faith, I'm just not sure a "plan" is even necessary, for man (more precisely, "a" man--or "a" woman, of course) to commit to a sinful life. It's in human nature. However, if you ask, "*why* is it in human nature?", then we're back on jump street again.


text:
Пентозофосфа́тный путь (пентозный путь, гексозомонофосфатный шунт, путь Варбурга — Диккенса — Хорекера) — альтернативный путь окисления глюкозы (наряду с гликолизом и путём Энтнера — Дудорова), включает в себя окислительный и неокислительный этапы.

Суммарное уравнение пентозофосфатного пути:
 3 глюкозо-6-фосфат + 6 НАДФ+ → 3СО2 + 6 (НАДФH + Н+) + 2 фруктозо-6-фосфат + глицеральдегид-3-фосфат.

В дальнейшем глицеральдегид-3-фосфат превращается в пируват с образованием двух молекул АТФ.

Пентозофосфатный путь распространён у растений и животных, а у большинства микроорганизмов имеет только вспомогательное значение. Ферменты пентозофосфатного пути располагаются в цитозоле и животных, и растительных клеток; кроме того, в клетках млекопитающих они располагаются также в эндоплазматическом ретикулуме, а у растений — в хлоропластах.

Подобно гликолизу, пентозофосфатный путь, по-видимому, имеет очень древнюю эволюционную историю. Возможно, в древних водах архея ещё до возникновения жизни происходили реакции пентозофосфатного цикла, катализируемые не ферментами, как в живых клетках, а ионами металлов, в частности, Fe2+.

Реакции
Как отмечалось выше, пентозофосфатный путь подразделяется на окислительный и неокислительный этапы. В ходе окислительного этапа глюкоза, фосфорилируемая до глюкозо-6-фосфата, окисляется до , и при этом образуется два восстановленных NADPH. В ходе неокислительного этапа восстановительные эквиваленты не образуются, он служит для синтеза пентоз и включает в себя обратимые реакции переноса двух или трёх углеродных фрагментов; в дальнейшем пентозы вновь могут быть переведены в гексозы при избытке пентоз в клетке за счёт обратимости неокислительных реакций пентозофосфатного пути. Все ферменты, задействованные в пентозофосфатном пути, можно подразделить на три системы ферментов:
 система дегидрирования — декарбоксилирования;
 изомеризующая система;
 система, осуществляющая перестройки сахаров.

Окислительный этап
Последовательность реакций окислительного этапа пентозофосфатного пути представлена в таблице:

Суммарное уравнение окислительного этапа:
 Глюкозо-6-фосфат + 2 NADP+ + H2O → рибулозо-5-фосфат + 2 (NADPH + H+) + CO2.

Неокислительный этап
Общая последовательность реакций неокислительного пути такова:

Трансальдолаза и транскетолаза катализируют разрыв связи С—С и перенос фрагментов углеродной цепи, получающихся при этом разрыве. Транскетолаза в качестве кофермента использует тиаминпирофосфат (ТРР), представляющий собой дифосфорный эфир витамина В1. Ниже представлены схемы трансальдолазной и транскетолазной реакций.

Суммарное уравнение неокислительного этапа:
 3 рибулозо-5-фосфат → 1 рибозо-5-фосфат + 2 ксилулозо-5-фосфат → 2 фруктозо-6-фосфат + глицеральдегид-3-фосфат.

Реакции окислительного пути протекают только в том случае, если восстановленный NADPH расходуется клеткой, то есть переходит в исходное невосстановленное состояние (NADP+). Если же потребность в NADPH у клетки незначительна, то  образуется в результате обратимых реакций неокислительного этапа пентозофосфатного пути, где исходными реагентами служат метаболиты гликолиза — глицеральдегид-3-фосфат и фруктозо-6-фосфат.

Выбор гликолиза или пентозофосфатного пути клеткой в данный момент определяется её нуждами в этот момент и концентрацией NADP+ в цитозоле. В отсутствие этого акцептора электронов первая реакция пентозофосфатного пути не может произойти. Если же клетка активно расходует NADPH, то концентрация NADP+ растёт, из-за чего активируется глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназа и пентозофосфатный путь, чтобы восстанавливать окисленный NADPH. Когда потребление NADPH снижается, концентрация NADP+ падает, пентозофосфатный путь приостанавливается и глюкозо-6-фосфат вовлекается в гликолиз.

Пентозофосфатный цикл
Из суммарного уравнения неокислительного этапа видно, что из пентоз, образовавшихся при декарбоксилировании гексозы — глюкозы, при помощи пентозофосфатного пути можно вновь вернуться к гексозам. В связи с этим окислительный этап пентозофосфатного пути и дальнейшее превращение пентоз в гексозы составляют циклический процесс — пентозофосфатный цикл. Пентозофосфатный цикл функционирует главным образом лишь в жировой ткани и печени. Его суммарное уравнение выглядит следующим образом:
 6 глюкозо-6-фосфат + 12NADP + 2H2O → 12(NADPH + H+) + 5 глюкозо-6-фосфат + 6 СО2.

Неокислительный пентозофосфатный путь
Перестройка глюкозы в пентозы может осуществляться и без отщепления углекислого газа при помощи системы ферментов перестройки сахаров и гликолитических ферментов, переводящих глюкозо-6-фосфат в глицеральдегид-3-фосфат. При этом происходят перестройки следующего вида:
 2½ С6 → 3 С5.

При изучении метаболизма красных липидообразующих дрожжей Rhodotorula gracilis (у этих дрожжей отсутствует фосфофруктокиназа, и они неспособны к окислению сахаров путём гликолиза) выяснилось, что у них 20 % глюкозы окисляется по пентозофосфатному пути, а 80 % перестраивается по неокислительному пентозофосфатному пути. Однако к настоящему моменту неизвестно, как именно в этом случае образуются трёхуглеродные соединения, если гликолиз невозможен.

Модификации
Несколько исследований, проведённых с меченной радиоактивными изотопами глюкозой, подтвердили описанный выше химизм пентозофосфатного пути. Тем не менее, было высказано предположение, что в печени происходят некоторые отклонения от перестройки сахаров в пентозофосфатном пути, в частности, образование из рибозо-5-фосфата арабинозо-5-фосфата, октулозобифосфата и октулозо-8-фосфата, однако многие исследователи предполагают, что важность этих дополнительных реакций незначительна.

Распространение и биологическое значение
Как отмечалось выше, пентозофосфатный путь имеется у животных, растений и микроорганизмов. У всех клеток этот путь служит для образования восстановленного NADPH, который используется как донор водорода в реакциях восстановления и , а также обеспечивает клетки рибозо-5-фосфатом. Хотя NADPH образуется также при окислении малата до пирувата и углекислого газа, а также при дегидрировании изоцитрата, в большинстве случаев потребности клеток в восстановительных эквивалентах удовлетворяются именно за счёт пентозофосфатного пути. Впрочем, в некоторых случаях образование рибозо-5-фосфата является единственным назначением пентозофосфатного пути. Рибозо-5-фосфат служит предшественником 5-фосфорибозил-1-пирофосфата (PRPP), который участвует в биосинтезе нуклеотидов и нуклеиновых кислот, аминокислот гистидина и триптофана. Другой интермедиат пентозофосфатного пути, эритрозо-4-фосфат, конденсируясь с фосфоенолпируватом, даёт начало общей части пути биосинтеза триптофана, фенилаланина и тирозина.

Пентозофосфатный путь может функционировать в печени, жировой ткани, молочной железе при лактации, семенниках, коре надпочечников, эритроцитах. В этих тканях и органах активно протекают реакции гидроксилирования и восстановления, например, при , холестерола, обезвреживания ксенобиотиков в печени и активных форм кислорода в эритроцитах и других тканях, поэтому у них велика потребность в восстановительных эквивалентах, в том числе, NADPH. В частности, в эритроцитах обезвреживание активных форм кислорода выполняет антиоксидант глутатион — серосодержащий трипептид. Глутатион, окисляясь, переводит активные формы кислорода в инактивные, однако для перевода глутатиона обратно в восстановленную форму необходим NADPH + H+. При дефекте глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназы в эритроцитах происходит агрегация протомеров гемоглобина, из-за чего эритроциты теряют пластичность, для их функционирования необходима нормальная работа пентозофосфатного пути. Интересно, что некоторые нарушения активности (но не функций) глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназы связаны с устойчивостью к малярийному плазмодию Plasmodium falciparum среди выходцев из Африки и Средиземноморья, поскольку из-за более слабой мембраны эритроциты, в которых часть своего жизненного цикла проводит плазмодий, не могут обеспечить его эффективного размножения. Кроме эритроцитов, высокая активность глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназы выявлена в фагоцитирующих лейкоцитах, где фермент NADPH-оксидаза использует восстановленный NADPH для образования супероксидного иона из молекулярной формы кислорода.

Как было отмечено выше, для функционирования транскетолазы необходим тиаминпирофосфат (ТРР), который образуется из тиамина (витамина В1). Мутации в гене транскетолазы, приводящие к образованию фермента со сниженным сродством ТРР (одна десятая от нормальной активности), делают организм человека более чувствительным к нехватке тиамина в пище. Даже при умеренном недостатке ТРР у этих индивидуумов значительно замедляется пентозофосфатный путь. Подобные мутации усугубляют симптомы синдрома Вернике — Корсакова — заболевания, обусловленного серьёзной тиаминовой недостаточностью.

У растений реакции пентозофосфатного пути в обратном направлении составляют восстановительный пентозофосфатный путь — основу  (то есть сахарообразующих) реакций фотосинтеза. Пентозофосфатный путь может иметь особое значение для некоторых экологических групп растений. Так, в отличие от животных, цветковое растение Craterostigma plantagineum накапливает большие количества 2-оксо-октулозы. Это растение способно противостоять сильной дегидратации и быстро восстанавливать водные запасы, возвращаясь к нормальному метаболизму за несколько часов. При обезвоживании большая часть октулозы переводится в сахарозу. Оказалось, что у этого растения имеется большое количество генов, кодирующих транскетолазу, которые, возможно, играют ключевую роль во взаимопревращениях сахаров.

У многих бактерий отсутствует циклический вариант пентозофосфатного пути, и пентозофосфатный путь используется для образования пентоз и NADPH, как и у эукариот. Неокислительные реакции пентозофосфатного пути могут также использоваться в метаболизме глюконата. Пентозофосфатный цикл функционирует у многих цианобактерий, поскольку у них отсутствует полный цикл Кребса (они неспособны окислять ацетил-СоА) и пути биосинтеза начинаются с превращений триозофосфатов. По той же причине некоторые уксуснокислые бактерии (Gluconobacter spp.) осуществляют пентозофосфатный цикл, и синтезированные в ходе него триозофосфаты окисляются только до ацетата, выделяемого во внешнюю среду. Наконец, некоторые бактерии (Thiobacillus novellus и Brucella abortus) используют пентозофосфатный путь как основной способ окисления сахаров, заменяя им гликолиз и путь Энтнера — Дудорова.

Регуляция
Судьба глюкозо-6-фосфата — вступит ли он в гликолиз или пентозофосфатный путь — определяется потребностями клетки в данный момент, а также концентрацией NADP+ в цитозоле. Без наличия акцептора электронов первая реакция пентозофосфатного пути (катализируемая глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназой) не будет идти. Когда клетка быстро переводит NADPH в NADP+ в биосинтетических восстановительных реакциях, уровень NADP+ поднимается, аллостерически стимулируя глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогензазу и тем самым увеличивая ток глюкозо-6-фосфата через пентозофосфатный путь. Когда потребление NADPH замедляется, уровень NADP+ снижается, и глюкозо-6-фосфат утилизируется гликолитически.

История изучения
История открытия пентозофосфатного пути началась тогда, когда было замечено, что некоторые общие ингибиторы гликолиза (например, иодоацетат, флюорид) не изменяют потребление глюкозы. Вместе с этим Отто Варбург открыл NADPH и описал окисление глюкозо-6-фосфата до 6-фосфоглюконовой кислоты. Кроме того, было показано, что глюкоза, меченная изотопом 14C по С-1, превращалась в 14СО2 быстрее, чем меченная по С-6. Если бы превращения глюкозы происходили только в ходе гликолиза, то 14СО2 в равной мере образовывался из глюкозы, меченной и по С-1, и по С-6. Таким образом, была доказана возможность утилизации глюкозы по альтернативному пути, отличному от гликолиза. Полная последовательность реакций пентозофосфатного пути, в том числе транскетолазных и трансальдолазных реакций, была опубликована в 1955 году И. К. Гансалусом () и У. А. Вудом ().

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Биохимия
Метаболизм

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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While all of the hoopla over Devin Nunes's trip to the White House to gather information has been over his ill-advised press conference before showing that new information to the rest of the committee investigating the scandal, we are beginning to learn more about what was contained in the information and it has the potential to be devastating.
So somebody not in the FBI, but close to both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, "unmasked" people who were involved in Donald Trump's transition team in order to hurt the incoming President–at least that is what this one person is claiming.
But on top of the illegality of that this is more proof that Donald Trump was right about his team being under surveillance even if it was not direct, which has also been called into question with the report Barack Obama may have used legitimate foreign surveillance as cover to spy on the Trump team.
I would not be surprised if true. I get the impression he did some things that were Machivellian in nature during the transition.
I don't doubt it either, this is beginning to get interesting.


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text:
Help us fix British democracy
We expose what's going wrong and how to change it – please support our work
The Common Travel Area (CTA): complacent talk about migration
Whether the UK leaves the EU or not, and no matter under what terms, the fight to uphold higher standards in public debate is a vital task for a human-centred world.
Chris Gilligan
Stop Brexit march to Parliament. London, UK, March 2017. Ik Aldama/Press Association. All rights reserved.
All of the talk about the 'backstop' and a 'frictionless border' is about future trade between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). The fact that both the EU and the UK are much more interested in the movement of goods than they are in the movement of people, speaks volumes. For both main parties, people are secondary to the pursuit of profit.
Left-wing supporters of Brexit are caught between the contradiction that the Brexit victory, (which they campaigned for), could not have been secured without an anti-immigrant campaign (which they oppose, in principle, if not always in practice). These Lexiteers attempt to evade the uncomfortable fact that Leave would not have won without the support of xenophobes. They do so by either attempting to downplay the significance of anti-immigrant sentiment to the Leave victory, or by claiming that they support a fantastical creation that only exists in their own imaginations, which they call "a workers' Brexit". Very few of these Lexiteers bother to engage with the reality of what Brexit will mean.
Peter Ramsay and Chris Bickerton, founding members of The Full Brexit, (a left-wing campaign for the UK to make 'a clean break' from the EU), have at least tried to engage with the issue of the border on the island of Ireland. They have attempted to resolve the contradiction between their advocacy of open borders and their advocacy of Brexit by arguing that: "Free movement of people is guaranteed by the pre-EU Common Travel Area [CTA] between Britain and Ireland". There are two problems with their argument. Firstly, it is misleading. The CTA is not a guarantee of free movement of people. Secondly, it is complacent. The CTA is not a guarantee of free movement of people.
The CTA does not guarantee free movement of people. It only covers some people, UK and Irish citizens. It does not cover the citizens of any of the other EU member states, or citizens of states outside the EU. The Withdrawal Agreement that Teresa May has negotiated, and most of the alternatives which are being proposed to replace it, would restrict immigration. The 'backstop' is compatible with restricting immigration.
So, unless the UK leaves the EU under terms which guarantee free movement of people, (which May, Jeremy Corbyn, and everyone who says that we must 'respect the will of the British people' presumably reject), there will be tighter controls on people moving across the border on the island of Ireland. These controls are likely to be supplemented by controls on the movement of people between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.
There is one very good reason to believe that the movement of people is going to become more restricted. It is already becoming more restricted, even before Brexit. This is the case, not just for non-EU citizens, but for EU citizens as well.
Brexit has revealed a reality that people in Northern Ireland are all too familiar with. For most people in the rest of the UK, academics and pro-migrant activists included, Northern Ireland is thought of as a foreign country, a place apart, most of the time. I urge pro-migrant activists to take the time to read my detailed article which outlines immigration controls in Northern Ireland, and the likely impact of Brexit on immigration controls on the island of Ireland.
Ramsay and Bickerton's argument is complacent, because the CTA is not a guarantee. It is a bi-lateral administrative arrangement, not a legally binding agreement. As such, it is not even a guarantee of free movement for UK and Irish citizens. It is not a guarantee of anything. It can be unilaterally suspended, or even revoked, by either government. It can be amended without consultation, or the need for legislation in parliament. It will only exist in its current form as long as it is in the mutual interests of both parties, the UK and Irish governments, to keep it in its current form. As the authors of a recent report for the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission put it, the CTA is "written in sand".
Wilful distortions
Brexit is a mess. One of the reasons why it is a mess is because the discussions around it have been rife with half-truths, lies, exaggeration, deception, fantasy politics, lack of transparency and lack of accountability. These wilful distortions of truth are corrosive to a properly functioning democracy. They make it more difficult for the mass of ordinary working people to hold the powerful to account.
Both the Remain and Leave side are guilty of these wilful distortions of truth.
Whether the UK does leave the EU or not, and no matter under what terms if it does, the fight to uphold higher standards in public debate is a vital task for anyone who believes in a human-centred world. We need higher standards in public debate in order to hold back the slide into populist playing to the gallery on the one side, and the technocratic reduction of humanity to entries on spreadsheets on the other. This is no time for complacency.
We stand for democracy – please support us
We work to investigate and illuminate the crisis of democracy in Britain – and analyse how its failings can be healed.
We bring together outsider voices and diverse opinions.
We do deep investigative journalism exposing the gap between politicians' rhetoric and action.
We publish on and from all the British nations while questioning the nature of the UK.
Unconstrained by party political loyalties, we ask how we as citizens can secure our liberty, human rights, self-government and real democracy.
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This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. Please check individual images for licensing details.


text:
Q: Convert pdb to exe file? I have developed windows phone apps in visual studio 2013 using windows phone 8 SDK. This is my project and I don't know how to execute exe file, In my bin folder its will be .pdb file so how to change these into .exe file?

A: In Windows Phone, there are nothing called execute .exe file. Instead, WP users install an app using app package: a .xap file.
When you build your project, if success, VS create a .xap file in your project debug folder or release folder. Go to your project and search for ".xap" file. If you submit your app to the Store, you need to upload this ".xap" file.


text:
#pragma once

#include "caffe2/core/blob.h"
#include "caffe2/core/registry.h"
#include "caffe2/core/typeid.h"

#include <unordered_map>

namespace caffe2 {

struct BlobStatGetter {
  virtual size_t sizeBytes(const Blob& blob) const = 0;
  virtual ~BlobStatGetter() {}
};

struct BlobStatRegistry {
 private:
  std::unordered_map<CaffeTypeId, std::unique_ptr<BlobStatGetter>> map_;
  void doRegister(CaffeTypeId id, std::unique_ptr<BlobStatGetter>&& v);

 public:
  template <typename T, typename Getter>
  struct Registrar {
    Registrar() {
      BlobStatRegistry::instance().doRegister(
          TypeMeta::Id<T>(), std::unique_ptr<Getter>(new Getter));
    }
  };

  const BlobStatGetter* get(CaffeTypeId id);
  static BlobStatRegistry& instance();
};

#define REGISTER_BLOB_STAT_GETTER(Type, BlobStatGetterClass)    \
  static BlobStatRegistry::Registrar<Type, BlobStatGetterClass> \
      CAFFE_ANONYMOUS_VARIABLE(BlobStatRegistry)

namespace BlobStat {

/**
 * Return size in bytes of the blob, if available for a blob of given type.
 * If not available, return 0.
 */
size_t sizeBytes(const Blob& blob);
}
}


text:
Rail News Home Union Pacific Railroad
Rail News: Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific names Williams board director
Union Pacific Corp. has elected Christopher Williams to its board.
Williams is chairman of Siebert Williams Shank & Co., one of the nation's largest women- and minority-owned investment banks. He previously served as chairman, chief executive officer and founder of The Williams Capital Group LP, and Williams Capital Management LLC, UP officials said in a press release.
"Chris is a highly regarded financial services industry leader who brings a unique combination of strategy development, business experience and financial acumen to our board," said UP Chairman, President and CEO Lance Fritz. "His breadth of experience from founding his own firm, combined with his work on other boards of directors, will be very beneficial to Union Pacific."
Williams is a member of the board of directors for The Clorox Co., Ameriprise Financial and privately held Cox Enterprises Inc. He previously served for 10 years on the Walmart Stores Inc.'s board.
Williams also served as chairman of the advisory board at Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College until June 2019, and currently serves on the board of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
More News from 11/15/2019


text:
Q: DBUnit execute multiple statements on a DB2 database I need to execute multiple SQL statements on a DB2 database from DbUnit. I tried to execute the statements this way:
connection.prepareStatement("statement1;statement2;").execute();
But the problem with this is that DB2 doesn't recognize ; as a statement terminator, so I get a SQL error with code -104.
It's possible to set the statement terminator when calling the SQL statement from command line using the -t parameter. But how can I do this from DbUnit?
I also tried putting --#SET TERMINATOR ; before the statements, but that didn't work.

A: It is not possible to pass several statements in a prepareStatement method. This is not related to DB2, but to JDBC, and as the method say, it is used to prepare ONE statement.
You can use batch statement where you prepare multiple statements.
Semi-colon is a statement separator in scripts, but there could be any other separator.


AN HGV driver was taken to hospital with serious head injuries yesterday after his lorry overturned and shed tonnes of carrots across a busy rural road.
Cheshire Fire Service arrived at the scene at 4.57am and released the driver, thought be in his 30s, from the overturned lorry at Fox Bank, Cotebrook.
Surrounding roads remained closed for more than nine hours while the lorry was righted. thousands of carrots strewn across the A49 had to be removed.
John Cooper, 62, of Fox Bank, Cotebrook, was woken by the crash.
He said: 'We were in bed at the time, we heard the most almighty noise. It happened right outside our house.
'There was another large lorry following him but I don't think there was any other vehicle involved.
A police spokesperson said: 'We are conducting an investigation into the incident and those enquiries are at a very early stage.
As The Chronicle went to press, the driver of the lorry remained in a serious condition at the Countess of Chester.


Welcome to today's lesson of Sommelier School. Today we will cover two areas. Chablis and Côte d'Or. While both are part of Burgundy. They are very different from each other.
Let's start with Chablis. When you think of Chablis, do you think of those big jugs of white wine at the grocery store? Well, unfortunately the French did not protect that name before producers all over the world started capitalizing on the name for a white wine. These jug wines give people the impression that Chablis is cheap, low quality wine. The other problem is that these jug wines frequently don't even have the proper grape varietal in them – Chardonnay. Real Chablis can range from the equivalent to those jug wines to exceptional.
Chablis is approximately 100 miles southeast of Paris. The district is also closer to the vineyards of Champagne than the next closest part of Burgundy, Côte d'Or. 40 miles vs. 60 miles. Chablis is typically the first area one goes through when visiting Burgundy.
In many ways it shares similar soil and climate to Champagne. Chablis sits on calcareous clay (limestone and clay) that is the intersection of the Kimmeridgian and Portlandian basins. And there is some debate as to which is better. The traditional view is the Kimmeridgian basin produces better Chablis, but according to Tom Stevenson in The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia the main difference is the microclimate and aspect more than just the soil.
As far as climate. Winters can get cold here and summers hot since there is no ocean to temper the temperature. Many wineries use what are known as smudge pots in the vineyards to prevent frost damage in the early spring. Though many also just spray water to coat the vines with a protective layer of ice. Hail storms can also pose a threat to the vineyards here.
Chablis was originally a huge wine production area. Very much like the southern parts of France (Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, et al.) are now. In the second half of the 1800s a couple things happened that negatively affected the area. First was the introduction of a railway system throughout France. This allowed wine from all over to be shipped to Paris. Before then, much of the wine in Paris came from Chablis. Then the scourge of phylloxera came. A pest that ravaged not only the vineyards of Chablis, but much of France and Europe. Both of these combined to hurt the production of wine in Chablis. Now there are vineyards in about 1/10 (10,000 acres vs 100,000 acres) of the acreage planted over 100 years ago.
Chablis is associated with the Chardonnay grape. While there are some other varietals grown in the area and there are a couple of other AOCs here. Right now I am focusing on Chardonnay. I'll get to the others later. With that said, the Chablis produced normally is of the crisp kind with lots of minerality. Some producers use oak, though they tend to not use new oak. The older or, well-used, oak doesn't force the traditional oaky flavors like cream or vanilla on the wine. These wines still have a minerality to them. This style is what typically separates the wines of Chablis from everywhere else. Especially those of California which rely on oak quite a bit.
Petite Chablis – very ordinary and unexciting wine that rarely makes it outside the country. Often maligned.
Chablis Premier Cru – very good quality wine.
While most of the other AOCs are not of too much significance and don't really fall in the scope of today's lesson. Suffice to say that of these only two merit and mention – Irancy AOC and Saint-Bris AOC. Irancy makes red wines maily from Pinot Noir, but also use César and Tressot. Saint-Bris makes white wines using Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Gris.
On to the Côte d'Or. This area is named for the golden foliage along the slopes. The wines here are mainly grown between the wooded plateau on the top and the plain on the bottom. This are is divided into two main districts. Côte de Nuits to the North and Côte de Beaune to the South. In general, Côte de Nuits produces reds and Côte de Beaune produces whites. Though Côte de Beaune produces more reds than Côte de Nuits produces whites. This area is called the Heart of Burgundy, and it can be the most intimidating. For the purpose of this lesson I will highlight the most important information. To go into a lot of detail would require much more time and space than is available. Entire books can be written on just the Côte d'Or.
First let's start with the varietals used here. Like Chablis, the predominant white varietal here is Chardonnay, and most of the whites produces are 100% Chardonnay. Other varietals that can be used are Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris (though it is listed as an ingredient in many red burgundies). For the reds, Pinot Noir is the main varietal used. Again, most of the reds here are 100% Pinot Noir. However, as mention before, Pinot Gris is listed as an official varietal that can be used along with Pinot Liébault – a mutant of Pinot Noir.
The soil here is a mixture of a lot of different types. You have limestone, clay, chalky skree (similar to mixed gravel), and marlstone (lime-rich mud with clay in it). Throughout the Côte d'Or the exact composition of the soil varies widely with neighboring vineyards having very different mixtures.
The climate here is somewhat similar to Chablis in that it can have cold winters and hot summers. Hail can also be a problem damaging the crop. As you go farther south to Côte de Beaune more rainfall becomes a factor.
It's a lot to memorize all of these Grand Crus.
OK, so I've given you a list of all the Grand Crus and where they are at. But what about these areas? Well Côte de Nuits can be further divided into Nuits-St-Georges and Gevrey-Chambertin, named after the main towns in each area. The northernmost area – Gevrey-Chambertin contains 9 of the Grand Crus. Almost of these Grand Crus are situated between Gevrey-Chambertin and Chambolle-Musigny on the upper parts of slopes, with Musigny just south of Chambolle-Musigny. The red wines from this part of the Côte de Nuits tend to be the longest-lasting (20 years or more) and usually the best.
Just south is Nuits-St-Georges. Here are the communities of Vougeot, Vosne-Romanée, Nuits-St-Georges, and Prémeaux-Prissey. All of the Grand Crus are situated between Vougeot and Vosne-Romanée. These red wines are full and long-lasting with deep color.
In the Côte de Beaune there are three main areas; Beaune, Meursault, and Santenay. Beaune's Grand Crus all lie around a large hill called Bois de Corton in the northernmost part of the region near Aloxe-Corton and Pernand-Vergelesses. Other communities included here are Savigny-lès-Beaune, Beaune, and Pommard at the southernmost point. The red wines here last a moderate amount of time normally, but it's the whites that are it's claim to fame. Many lasting up to 20 years. Pommard, though, is know for its excellent reds that can can upwards of 10 years to fully develop.
South of Beaune is the area of Mersault. The area between Puligny-Montrachet & Chassagne-Montrachet is where all of Mersualt's Grand Crus are. Mersault is also mainly whites. While some reds are produced here, whites are the predominant style, with many being considered the best in the world. Other communities in the area are Volnay, Monthelie, St-Romain, Auxey-Duresses, Mersault, Blagny, Gantay, and St-Aubin.
And then finally there is the area of Santenay. Home of no Grand Crus. The communities of Bas-Santenay, Haut-Santenay, and St-Jean are here. The soil in the Santenay can be a complex mixture of many different types. A mixture of excellent reds and whites are made here.
As always, thanks for joining me for today's lesson. As you can see, this is not an easy subject and requires lots of memorization. Hopefully this is informative and not too overbearing. Feel free to leave and comments or suggestions below. Next week we will cover the rest of Burgundy.


text:
Q: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th partial derivatives of real data obtained from FFTW are incorrect I calculated the 1st, 2nd and 3rd derivatives of sin(2.0*pi*j/lambda) (j varying from 0 to 255) by using fftw, fourier transforming it, multiplying by the appropriate and taking an inverse fourier transform. Plans used were out of place, with dummy input and output arrays. The real part of the resulting array is half of that of the analytical result though. I took care of aliasing while taking the derivatives by choosing the appropriate value of kx/ky. Just taking fftw and inverse fftw gave back the original array correctly.
The value returned by fftw was half that of the analytical values for all the derivatives.
If I do the same thing in the x direction (i instead of j), the values obtained are right only for the 1st derivative with respect to x, y derivatives are non-zero(the should be zero as variation is only in x) and the laplacian and biharmonic (4th derivative wrt x and y) are wrong.
In both cases, the imaginary parts of the derivatives are non-zero and large.
I tried a different plan using r2c and c2r instead, but that is giving the wrong values too.
Any suggestions will be helpful!
    void psiderivcalc(double *psi, double *dx, double *dy, double *del2, double *dxdel2, double *dydel2, double *del4)

{
    int i, j, ir, ir1, k;
fftw_complex *fdx, *fdy, *fdxdel2, *fdydel2, *fdel2, *fdel4, *out, *bt, *in;
fftw_plan p, q;

out = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
in = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
bt = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
fdx = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) * N);
fdy = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) * N);
fdxdel2 = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
fdydel2 = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
fdel2 = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) *N);
fdel4 = (fftw_complex*) fftw_malloc(sizeof(fftw_complex) * N);

p = fftw_plan_dft_2d(lx, ly, in, bt, FFTW_FORWARD,FFTW_MEASURE);
q = fftw_plan_dft_2d(lx, ly, bt, out, FFTW_BACKWARD,FFTW_MEASURE);

for(i = 0; i < lx; i++)
{
    for(j = 0; j < ly; j++)
    {
        ir = j*lx + i;
        in[ir] = psi[ir] + 0.0*I;
    }
}

fftw_execute(p);

double kx, ky, pref;
int y1, x1, y2, x2;
kx = 2.0*pi/lx;
ky = 2.0*pi/ly;
for(i=0;i<lx;i++)
{
    for(j = 0; j < ly; j++)
    {
        ir = j*lx + i;
        if(i<lx/2)
        {
            x1 = i;
            x2 = i;
        }
        else if(i==lx/2.0)
        {
            x1 = 0;
            x2 = i;
        }
        else
        {
            x1 = i - lx;
            x2 = x1;
        }
        if(j<ly/2)
        {
            y1 = i;
            y2 = i;
        }
        else if(j==ly/2)
        {
            y1 = 0;
            y2 = j;
        }
        else
        {
            y1 = j - ly;
            y2 = y1;
        }
        pref = -1.0*(pow((kx*x2),2.0) + pow((ky*y2),2.0));
        fdx[ir] = -1.0*kx*x1*I*bt[ir];
        fdy[ir] = -1.0*ky*y1*I*bt[ir];
        fdel2[ir] = pref*bt[ir];
        fdxdel2[ir] = -1.0*kx*I*x1*pref*bt[ir];
        fdydel2[ir] = -1.0*ky*I*y1*pref*bt[ir];
        fdel4[ir] = pref*pref*bt[ir];
    }
}

for(i = 0;i < lx; i++)
{
    for(j = 0;j < ly; j++)
    {
        ir = j*lx + i;
        bt[ir] = fdx[ir];
    }
}

fftw_execute(q);

for(i = 0;i < lx; i++)
{
    for(j = 0;j < ly; j++)
    {
        ir = j*lx + i;
        dx[ir] = creal(out[ir]) / (double)N;
    }
}

I found the other derivatives the same way as dx[ir](1st derivative wrt x) by changing bt[ir] each time before executing plan q, and out[ir] after execution. del2 is the laplacian, dxdel2 is derivative of the laplacian wrt x and del4 is the biharmonic.
psi[ir] was correctly initialised to a sine function in j before passing it on to the function.
    for(i = 0; i < lx; i++)
    {
        for(j = 0; j < ly; j++)
        {
            ir = j*lx + i;
            psi[ir] = sin(2.0*pi*j/lambda);
        }
    }

This is an example of the output for del2(fftw), del2a(analytical), dx, dxa and ir(index). lambda = 8, lx = 16 and ly = 16, N = lx*ly, so sin function is periodic in this domain.
    0.308425    -0.616850   0.000000    0.000000    175
    -0.218090   -0.436179   0.000000    0.000000    191
    -0.000000   -0.000000   0.000000    0.000000    207
    0.218090    0.436179    0.000000    0.000000    223
    0.308425    0.616850    0.000000    0.000000    239
    0.218090    0.436179    0.000000    0.000000    255

A: The trouble is due to the following lines:
    if(j<ly/2)
    {
        y1 = i; // should be j !!!
        y2 = i; // should be j !!!
    }

Also, watch the sign of the derivative:
    fdx[ir] = -1.0*kx*x1*I*bt[ir]; // should be a + !
    fdy[ir] = -1.0*ky*y1*I*bt[ir]; // should be a + !


text:
Amazon to extend its loan service to third party sellers
Written by Alex Leslie on June 8, 2017 in News with 0 Comments
REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson/File Photo
(Reuters) – Amazon.com Inc has stepped up lending to third-party sellers on its site who are looking to grow their business, a company executive said in an interview on Wednesday.
The e-commerce giant has doled out more than $1 billion in small loans to sellers in the past 12 months, compared with more than $1.5 billion it lent from 2011 through 2015, said Peeyush Nahar, vice president for Amazon Marketplace. Sellers have used the money to expand their inventory or discount items on Amazon, he said.
Boosting sales for third-party merchants is lucrative for Amazon, which takes a cut of transactions on its site.
It also has made a business out of handling more leg work for sellers, too. They pay Amazon to fulfill their orders and boost their placement in search results, without which sellers might struggle to grab shoppers' attention.
More than 20,000 small businesses have received a loan and more than half of those have taken a second loan from the company, it said.
Loans range from $1,000 to $750,000. Sellers have said interest rates are between 6 percent and 14 percent.
Rivals, including eBay Inc and Wal-Mart Stores Inc, now are doubling down on their marketplace businesses, but loans may help keep sellers close to Amazon's orbit.
"We do tell them it's to help them grow on the Amazon Marketplace," Nahar said.
Traditional lenders shied away from small merchants after the 2008 financial crisis, which created an opening for other sources of financing. While this exposes the company to additional credit risk, the company has near real-time data on sellers' businesses and access to their customer reviews, which are helpful in deciding whether to make a loan.
The loan program is invitation-only.
Amazon has issued loans to sellers in the United States, United Kingdom and Japan.
The company has said it would expand to other countries where it operates marketplaces, such as Canada, France and China. On the rollout's timing, Nahar said, "Stay tuned."
(Reporting by Jeffrey Dastin in San Francisco; Editing by Bill Trott)
Tags: Amazon loans, merchants
About the Author: Alex was Founder and CEO of the Global Billing Association (GBA), a trade body focused on the communications sector. He is a sought after speaker and chairman at leading industry conferences, and is widely published in communications magazines around the world. Until it closed, he was Contributing Editor, OSS/BSS for Connected Planet. He is publisher of DisruptiveViews and previously BillingViews. More from this author.


text:
Q: Does php-apache connect to mysql in a multithreaded manner This question has been asked before, but the question and answers did not have enough detail to satisfy me.
I run a website using php5 on apache2 which connects to a mysql database using mysql_connect() without the new_link argument being set. This function is called for each new browser-request and the link it returns is stored in a php variable which dies when the request is complete.
Now say that one user requests some data which takes mysql a while to select (ie no table writes occur here) - say it takes 10 seconds. Assume for the sake of argument that for now I am stuck with this query-time and it cannot be made shorter. I want to know what will happen to the other users of the site during this 10 second period. The tables used for this 10 second query are not written to at this time of day, so mysql does not block other operations due to the 10-second query.
Will they be able to complete requests to the database without having to wait for the 10 second query to finish? I think this depends on a few things - mysql being multithreaded, php-apache being multithreaded and actually using a new thread to create a new database connection for each new user, and also the server resources (CPU, RAM, disk-reads, etc).
It is my understanding that php-apache (I'm not interested in php-cli here) will indeed run with multiple threads and create a new connection to mysql in each thread. It will not re-use existing connections, as this would block the second user of the connection until the first user of the connection had finished. I would also assume that so long as mysql is not hitting any rate limits while executing to 10-second query (eg while disk-io is maxed out then some RAM and CPU are free for other threads) then other users will indeed be able to complete requests to the database and continue using the site (maybe slower than usual).
Please could someone confirm/deny the above. A link which explains this in detail would also be very welcome.