Island Conservation's Restoration Specialist and Wildlife Veterinarian Paula Castaño shares how removal of invasive rodents and feral cats will pave the way for native species reintroduction on Floreana Island.
Floreana Island is located in one of the most amazing places on earth: the Galápagos Islands. Floreana is known for being the first island of the archipelago to be colonized and for having a mysterious human history. Floreana is a paradise on its own; here a small human community of around 140 people lives pleasantly without the hassle you may find in big cities or other inhabited islands in the archipelago.
This small community of people, who called themselves "Floreanenses" are proud to live on their island and share their daily life as farmers, teachers, park guards and so forth with nature. The island is home to many unique species, some endemic to the island, such as the Medium Tree Finch, and others endemic to the archipelago, such as the Galápagos Petrel, whose largest colony breeds on Floreana.
Unfortunately, as is the case on many other islands around the world and even here in the archipelago, native and endemic fauna are not alone in paradise. Invasive mammals such as the House Mouse, the Black Rat, and feral cats, in addition to other invasive species, such as the Philornis fly (Philornis downsi) are also present on the island. These species were introduced by people at different stages in the island's human history and became invasive, negatively impacting wildlife populations and island food security.
The impacts of these invasive species can be measured by reviewing data from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Currently 55 Floreana species are listed as threatened, with at least two of these species being classified as Critically Endangered, which suggests high likelihood of extinction within our lifetime. A total of 13 species have been extirpated from the island including the iconic Floreana Mockingbird—meaning they are not extinct but they are not found there anymore.
The Floreana Mockingbird is endemic to Floreana and its offshore islets—it's found nowhere else on Earth. The rare bird is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and experts believe it was extirpated from the island by invasive rodents and feral cats. A small population of the species remains on two small islets, Champion and Gardner-by-Floreana, located in the northeast side of Floreana Island where invasive rodents and feral cats are not present.
People often ask how invasive species have such a high impact on native and endemic wildlife of Floreana—invasive species are present on other islands of the Galápagos, yet the destruction on Floreana is significantly more pronounced. One theory is that Floreana species did not evolve with any tools or strategies to cope with rodent predation, because Floreana, unlike other islands in the archipelago, never had any native rodents. Once an invasive rat or mouse comes along, Floreana's native species are defenseless.
However, there is hope. Fortunately, the remaining native species of Floreana, and the people of the community who work hard every day to protect them are not alone in the quest to remove invasive species. The Galápagos National Park Directorate and Island Conservation are working hard to protect Floreana's native species. The Galapagos Conservancy has supported Island Conservation's Galapagos restoration efforts since 2012, helping us to fill critical knowledge gaps to advance our conservation activities and achieve our goal to restore Floreana Island.The Floreana Restoration Project's main goal is to restore the island by removing invasive rodents and feral cats, so that in the near future, some, if not all the extirpated species, can return to Floreana.
Once invasive rodents and feral cats are removed, native species such as the Floreana Mockingbird, Floreana Giant Tortoise, Vermilion Flycatcher, and others can be reintroduced, and species currently present, like the Galápagos Petrel, can continue to thrive. This endeavor will give Floreana Island the opportunity to recover, which in turn benefit the Floreana community. Because of this project, I have hope for the iconic species of this unique place—this place that I like to call "Paradise" and has become my second home.


Click Here To Get Quick Personal Service for Samples and" Requests.
Imported from England, Mason Pierson brushes.
We offer a wide range of personalised shopping bags, and it's our pleasure to help you through the process.
It's simple, where can i get free gift cards and we know you'll be thrilled with the outcome.Our bags have high-quality screenprinting, although for some styles, we also offer embroidery for an even more luxe finish.It's easy to submit your artwork to us, and we can usually deliver your bags in 8-10 weeks, although on occasion, we can rush orders to get the bags into your hands in 4-6 weeks.EU Data Subject Requests.Download Order Form Order By Mail : Mail us your order.Because we know the cost of the pen can be just the beginning.Even if you choose not to have your activity tracked by third parties for advertising services, you will still see non-personalized ads on our site.We offer a full array of promotional products from the leading manufacturers across the USA including bags, packs, lighters, backpacks, note pads, jotters and portfolios as well as seasonal items like calendars.
Email Us: General Email: Service: Artwork: Terms and Conditions: Available, hERE.
Use our freeship88 coupon at checkout, and your pens and pencils will get free ground shipping.Those advertisers use tracking technologies to collect information about your activity on our sites and applications and across the Internet and your other apps and devices.Single use carrier bags are going out of style, and with more and more consumers carrying reusable, environmentally friendly shopping bags to get their groceries or just to carry around the essentials, it has opened up valuable real estate for brands to showcase themselves.Useful kidney shaped 25" outdoor heating pad!This service is provided as a means for qualified customers to receive samples of our products for review prior to purchase decisions.


, picks the best selections with best resolution just for you all, and this photographs is one among pictures collections in this very best graphics gallery with regards to 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets. I am hoping you might like it.
placed by simply Quelme from 2018-11-20 09:15:18. To determine many graphics throughout 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets photographs gallery remember to stick to that website link.
6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets New Ratio Tables Worksheets Admirably Moving Up Math Pinterest Uploaded by Quelme on Tuesday, November 20th, 2018 in category Multiplication Worksheets Grade 4.
See also 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets Fresh Grade 8 Math Worksheets Ratios from Multiplication Worksheets Grade 4 Topic.
Here we have another image 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets Inspirational Ratio Tables Worksheets 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Inspirational featured under 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets New Ratio Tables Worksheets Admirably Moving Up Math Pinterest. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the pictures in high quality, simply right click the image and choose "Save As". Thanks for reading 6th Grade Math Ratio Tables Worksheets New Ratio Tables Worksheets Admirably Moving Up Math Pinterest.


Kitanomaru Park is a public park in Chiyoda Ward located to the north of the Imperial Palace.
The name of the park is derived from its position as once being the northern part of the palace complex.
Two large gates dating from the time of Edo Castle still survive in the park – Shimizu-mon and Tayasu-mon.
The park is a popular recreation spot throughout the year, but it is particularly popular during cherry blossom season due to the many mature cherry trees and the picturesque aspect of the park surrounded by moats on three sides.
The Nippon Budokan – site of many famous live concerts by touring bands such as the Beatles, Santana, Cheap Trick and Bob Dylan – is located within the park.


text:
Apple's WWDC22 Kicks Off June 6 with Keynote–Here's What to Expect
May 26th, 2022 1:23 PM EDT | News
With less than two weeks left until the opening keynote for Apple's WWDC22, many are starting to feel a tinge of excitement. With a week dedicated to developers, Apple is sure to provide a wealth of content for both developers and users.
This year's Apple Worldwide Developers Conference occurs from June 6 to June 10. Like years past, 2022 will begin with an opening day keynote, which starts at 10 a.m. Pacific.
Apple's WWDC22 Timeframe and Keynote
On May 24, Apple sent out a reminder for the WWDC22 keynote with a logo that may provide a hint as to what audiences may expect during the event. In addition to the opening day keynote, Apple also provided dates and times for other events.
The Platforms State of the Union is set for June 6 at 1 p.m. PDT. The State of the Union will address developers concerning new tech arriving from Apple. The Apple Design Awards will take place June 6 at 5 p.m. PDT. The awards celebrate the art, craft, creativity and technical expertise that Apple developers bring to their work.
WWDC will also provide access to experts, activities and the Swift Student Challenge. WWDC22 will feature more than 150 in-depth session videos. These will feature the latest tools and tech to help developers learn to create for the next generation of apps. Activities include not only sessions and lab consultations, but Apple engineers and designs will host activities all week through Digital Lounges to help developers engage in technical discussions, get answers to questions and connect with the community.
Additionally, users will be able to experience the event through the Apple Developer app, which is available through Mac, iPhone, iPad and Apple TV. The app will feature daily updates and notifications on the latest news, content and activities.
What to Expect from Apple
Much of the week will be dedicated to helping developers build applications for Apple's products. Nonetheless there will be plenty of announcements that may interest Apple fanatics.
Many are expecting Cupertino to drop major news about future updates to Apple's software platforms. This includes iOS, iPadOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS. Typically, Apple releases betas for the latest versions of the various software platforms, with public betas arriving in the following weeks once WWDC is done.
Additionally, while WWDC focuses on software, many are also expecting the company to show off the new MacBook Air 2022 at WWDC. This is due to rumors that the new MacBook Air will feature Apple's new M2 chipset. If true, this would potentially allow Apple to talk about the progress the company has made toward powering every Mac laptop and desktop with Apple Silicon.
Some are even expecting a Mac Pro with an Apple-built chip sometime in the future.
Finally, reports have been circulating that Apple is working on an AR/VR headset. While many are unsure if it will arrive this year or next, many leakers expect that Apple will talk about its plans for mixed reality. This theory may hold weight. Making an announcement at WWDC would give developers a healthy lead time to work on software for the headset. This would be a boost similar to what Cupertino did for third-party apps for the iPhone fifteen years ago.
For those that want to watch the opening keynote, expectations are that Apple will provide a live stream of the event from its website. This is highly likely, as the event remains almost entirely online due to COVID-19.
Apple news WWDC
How to Add Your Apple Account Card to Wallet
Smart Lighting by Twinkly: Innovative and Fun
One thought on "Apple's WWDC22 Kicks Off June 6 with Keynote–Here's What to Expect"
W. Abdullah Brooks, MD says:
May 26, 2022 at 1:35 EDT PM
Spot on assessment – at least insofar as the major rumours are concerned.
There has been considerable buzz regarding iPadOS 16 for the iPad Pro. If rumours are to be believed, many of the most oft-requested features, including more robust multi-tasking, may be on offer.
The other consistent rumour concerns the M2 chipsets, as you've indicated, including a possible Pro version in the Mac Mini refresh.
Although looking forward to the event, one remains mindful of managing expectations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Drawing anomaly -- do macros nest properly? The following code draws edges with arrows to two squares. It seems to me the effect should be identical, but no. The arrow at the "node[alive]" child just touches the child, while the arrow at the "\living" child invades it. It must be that I don't understand something quite fundamental about what macros mean or how they work. Can someone kindly explain?
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[
    ->,thick,
    alive/.style={inner sep=0pt,minimum size=5mm,rectangle,draw} ]
    \newcommand{\living}{node[alive]{}}
    \node  {}
        child{[thick]
            child{\living}
            child{node[alive]{}}
        };
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

A: As egreg states in his comment, the \living macro gets expanded too late. Or to speak in TikZ: The parser does detect the node inside \living too late and doesn't consider the child to be a node which would result in the edge to be drawn correctly (i.e. the node as the target not the child).
This has been fixed in the CVS version of TikZ already by implementing the usual expander that expands things along the path until it founds (in this case) either a node, a coordinate or "nothing". So that this does not end in an endless loop a count is decremented until it hits zero.
In many other cases this usually means that the user has given an erroneous path but since this is actually a valid case here (i.e. child {}) it does not raise an error.
The Code below is taken directly from the CVS version of tikz.code.tex.
Code
\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\makeatletter
\def\tikz@parse@child@node{%
  \pgfutil@ifnextchar n{\tikz@parse@child@node@n}%
  {\pgfutil@ifnextchar c{\tikz@parse@child@node@c}%
    {\pgfutil@ifnextchar\pgf@stop
      \tikz@parse@child@node@rest\tikz@parse@child@node@expand}}}
\def\tikz@parse@child@node@expand{%
  \advance\tikz@expandcount by-1\relax%
  \ifnum\tikz@expandcount<0\relax%
    \expandafter\tikz@parse@child@node@rest%
  \else%
    \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\tikz@parse@child@node%
  \fi}
\def\tikz@parse@child@node@rest#1\pgf@stop{\tikz@expandcount=100\relax
  \def\tikz@child@node@rest{#1}}
\def\tikz@parse@child@node@c c{\tikz@expandcount=100%
  \pgfutil@ifnextchar o{\tikz@parse@child@node@co}{\tikz@parse@child@node@rest c}}
\def\tikz@parse@child@node@n node{\tikz@expandcount=100%
  \let\tikz@child@node@text=\pgfutil@empty%
  \tikz@p@c@s}
\def\tikz@p@c@s{%
  \pgfutil@ifnextchar a{\tikz@p@c@s@at}
  {\pgfutil@ifnextchar ({\tikz@p@c@s@paran}
    {\pgfutil@ifnextchar [{\tikz@p@c@s@bra}
      {\pgfutil@ifnextchar \bgroup{\tikz@p@c@s@group}
        {\tikzerror{Cannot parse this node}}}}}}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  ->, thick,
  alive/.style={inner sep=0pt,minimum size=5mm,rectangle,draw}
]
\newcommand*\living{node[alive]{}}
\node {}
  child {
    child {\living}
    child {node [alive] {}}
  };
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Output

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble Grab cost-free mp3 get.
Indirme Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble Mp3 Music short music Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble download mp3 song. This is just a partial assessment class, you should purchase the cd / cassette orginal track Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble to get the very best quality with the tune, or use as NSP, RBT, I-ring on the mobile phone to be a tribute to your singer / musician to be able to hold Doing work. Engage in in advance of downloading to ensure that song Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble it can be genuine that you are trying to find. We don't shop files on our hosting and we also were not add it, we only link to them. When there is a damaged backlink we're not in charge of it. The many rights over the songs will be the home of their respective owners. Obtain mp3 Alec Benjamin Boy In The Bubble absolutely free now !!


text:
Incilius spiculatus е вид земноводно от семейство Крастави жаби (Bufonidae). Видът е застрашен от изчезване.

Разпространение
Разпространен е в Мексико.

Източници

Incilius

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Space Trust's lead initiative, 0G Summit seeks to find innovative solutions for a peaceful world by advocating the first peace summit in orbit at the advent of democratization of space. Presented at top space industry and UN events, 0G Summit injects an innovative and inspirational perspective into the Space2030 global agenda—in support of the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Agenda. Space Trust was launched in Monaco in 2015 in the presence of HSH Prince Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco and in partnership with leading space agencies.


Earlier this week children from Y3-Y6 represented Abbey Road in a Nottinghamshire School's Swimming Gala. As well as competing in individual races of frontcrawl, breaststroke and backstroke, plus the traditional relay events, the children also had fun with a polo style relay, and a team woggle race. We had a great morning, finishing 4 out of the 14 schools attending. Well done to all of you!


text:
Home > January 2015 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 > Intensive Resistance Exercise and Circadian Salivary Testost...
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.
Intensive Resistance Exercise and Circadian Salivary Testosterone Concentrations Among Young Male Recreational Lifters
Shariat, Ardalan; Kargarfard, Mehdi; Danaee, Mahmoud; Bahri Mohd Tamrin, Shamsul
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: January 2015 - Volume 29 - Issue 1 - p 151–158
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000632
Shariat, A, Kargarfard, M, Danaee, M, and Bahri Mohd Tamrin, S. Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters. J Strength Cond Res 29(1): 151–158, 2015—Strength and morphological adaptations to resistance exercise are mediated in part by anabolic hormones such as testosterone, yet the time course of variability in circadian hormone concentrations is not well characterized. This study, investigated how the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone is altered by resistance exercise in young men. Twenty healthy young male recreational lifters (age, 18.0 ± 1.3 years) with 2 years of experience in weightlifting were recruited. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, and subjects were randomly assigned to either the resistance exercise group (n = 10), who completed a series of resistance exercise (3 times a week, in the afternoon, 6–7 repetitions, at 85% of 1 repetition maximum for 3 weeks), or a control group (n = 10), who did not exercise during the 3 weeks. Before and after the study, an unstimulated saliva sample (2 ml) was taken every 2 hours for a maximum of 16 hours during each day. A significant decrease was observed in the resistance exercise (44.2%, p = 0.001) and control group (46.1%, p = 0.001) for salivary testosterone at each time point compared with baseline (p = 0.001). There was also no significant difference between the exercise and resting conditions in both groups for salivary testosterone (p > 0.05), except a significantly higher increase by 38.4% vs. −0.02% (p = 0.001), at 1730 hours during exercise sessions in the resistance exercise group compared with the control group. Resistance exercise has no noteworthy effect on circadian secretion of salivary testosterone throughout the 16 waking hours. These results indicate that athletes can undertake resistance exercise in either the morning or afternoon with the knowledge that a similar testosterone response can be expected regardless of the time of day.
1Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia;
2Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia;
3Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; and
4Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
Address correspondence to Ardalan Shariat, ardalan_sh2002@yahoo.com.
Experimental Approach to the Problem
Replication of the Study
Assessment of the Body Composition
One Repetition Maximum Measurement
Hormonal Assay
The testes secrete testosterone at a rate which varies in a circadian way and exerts a powerful anabolic impact on muscles (32). Recent evidence suggests that the amount of exercise time and the level of hormones, especially regarding the circadian rhythm, have some effects on physical and psychological performance (18,31). Currently, there are many unanswered questions about the responses of both endocrine hormone secretion mechanisms and salivary testosterone to intensive resistance exercise and their subsequent effects on the waking circadian scale in men, particularly in a population of young recreational lifters. Most of these questions are in relation to the following variables: the time of exercise and sampling, the variety, duration, and intensity of exercise, and the basic fitness level of the subjects, followed by the circadian rhythm (20). Investigations on the endocrine hormone levels with anabolic characteristics could be performed as a clinical method for analyzing and monitoring the physical and psychological attributes of the athletes. Also, it would inform coaches, athletes, and strength researchers in prescribing resistance exercise workouts. Therefore, the role of testosterone as an anabolic hormone must be considered.
It is generally accepted that testosterone is responsive to physical exercises and other forms of stress. Testosterone is an anabolic hormone, which promotes protein synthesis and has a major role in the growth and preservation of the muscles and tissues (2). The resulting effects on skeletal muscle anabolism are often due to a spike in the rate of testosterone during the healing stages (27). Until now, a large number of studies have used blood samples to assess the levels of hormones (7,11,12,15). Some of these studies (7,11,12) have shown how resistance exercise can create fluctuations in the levels of cortisol and testosterone. However, there is a lack of information that specially addresses the effects of intensive resistance exercise on the circadian concentrations of salivary testosterone in young male recreational lifters.
Examining testosterone levels in saliva is a convenient, noninvasive way to determine the concentrations of testosterone in the body. Previous studies (6,8,16,23) have indicated that salivary testosterone levels provide a reliable reflection of gonad function, and in particular, the circadian rhythm of the hormone, when frequent sampling is performed (5,23). A circadian rhythm has also been observed in salivary testosterone, with lower concentrations detected in the afternoon than in the morning (8,22,33). Previous research has clarified the effect of an intensive resistance exercise session performed in the early morning on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone in body builders (23); however, it is important to establish an understanding of the circadian variation, which could be further enhanced by the implementation of a morning resistance exercise routine (11).
The practical question is whether athletes are better off undertaking their resistance exercise in the morning or afternoon. We determined whether any significant differences in hormonal response were likely between the exercise training in the morning and in the afternoon.
As this study is essentially a variation of a similar study performed by Kraemer et al. (23), in which testing was performed solely in the morning, we will compare our results, which were based on exercise performed in the afternoon and with a slight modification in the intensity, with the findings of the aforementioned study.
We hypothesized that the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations is under circadian patterns, using the modified protocol (increasing the intensity), which was reported by Kraemer et al. (23), and also that altering the time of exercise from early morning to the afternoon would not change the outcome. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of intensive resistance exercise performed in the afternoon on circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters.
In this study, a parallel group design was used to investigate the effects of intensive resistance exercise (as the independent variable) on circadian salivary testosterone concentrations (as the dependent variable) among young male recreational lifters. Subjects were either exposed to a series of resistance exercise sessions or functioned as a control group, in which they performed no exercise. The salivary testosterone concentrations of control and resistance exercise groups were examined on 2 occasions 3 weeks apart. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at various time intervals (from 0600 to 2200 hours) to establish a measure of the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion. Because of the literature that believes that the resistance training athletes have higher performance in the afternoon (14), this study was required to focus on different angles to investigate the variables of time and using higher intensity in the exercise session.
Twenty healthy young, recreational lifter men (age, 18.0 ± 1.3 years; body mass, 75.2 ± 3.2 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.03 m; body fat %, 8.1 ± 1.9 [mean ± SD]) who had 2 years of experience in weightlifting participated in the study. Subjects were randomly selected to be part of either the resistance exercise (n = 10) or control (n = 10) group. All subjects were active members of weightlifting gyms in the city of Isfahan, Iran, when the study was conducted in April of 2012.
Before undergoing their physical examinations by the physician, all subjects filled out a questionnaire (23), and those who had any chronic medical condition, which could create an unnecessary risk during their exercise testing, were excluded from the study.
The resistance exercise group performed regular exercise sessions (3 times per week at 1605 hours) for 3 weeks, and the control group completed all of the required tests with the absence of physical exercises. The subjects included in this research did not consume dietary supplements in the form of carbohydrates, proteins (combined protein and carbohydrate intake impacts androgen receptors and testosterone concentrations (35)), or amino acids (amino acids affect hormonal responses (8)), nor were any of them taking anabolic steroids either before or while participating in this research.
The subjects' schedule of daily activity and diets were carefully evaluated by a dietician 2 days beforehand and during implementation of the experiment, until the final sample of saliva had been collected. The dietician instructed them on their food intake in 3–5 daily meals, which contained an approximate fat percentage of 30%, carbohydrate percentage of 50%, and protein percentage of 20%, as this combination has no demonstrable effect on the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations (23,31,37). A diet containing more than 44% fat is known to influence the level of testosterone (8,37).
All test subjects were given instruction on how to remain properly hydrated to avoid the possibility of hypohydration impacting their performance during the study (21) (the subjects' water consumption was recorded and found to be 3.8 ± 0.2 L daily).
The subjects were prohibited from consuming drinks containing alcohol, caffeine, or any other stimulants. They were also asked not to engage in sexual or other strenuous physical activity within 24 hours of the days in which saliva collection was to occur. The recruited subjects were not involved in other physical exercises, and both groups were advised to continue with a normal sleep pattern of approximately 8 hours per night for the duration of the experimental study period.
Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the University of Isfahan, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, in Iran. The subjects were given a clear explanation of the objectives of the study, as well as the potential risks involved, and consent forms (parental consent forms for those younger than 18 years) were obtained for all subjects.
A modified protocol, introduced by Kraemer et al. (23) (Table 1), was used in this study. Exercises 3–8 were performed with proper machines (TechnoGym Equipments, Bracknell, United Kingdom), and the other exercise (except sit-ups) was performed with an Olympic-style barbell (Iron Grip Barbell Company, Santa Ana, CA, USA).
In this study, the intensity and time of the exercise was adapted and altered from Kraemer et al. (23). After 10–15 minutes of general warm-up exercises and stretching, the resistance exercise group subjects started the testing session at 1605 hours. They performed 3 sets of each exercise, with 6–7 repetitions and 2 minutes of rest in between each set as the exercise protocol, with a daily exercise session duration of around 1 hour and 30 minutes. The experimental process took place over a period of 3 weeks. It should be noted that in each session, the heart rate was found to be more than 180 b·min−1. For the purposes of monitoring the intensity of the exercise, the heart rates of 7 random athletes were determined based on Karvonen's method of Heart Rate Calculating (19). The environmental factors, such as the noise level (82 dB), temperature (19.0 ± 1.0° C), humidity (40–50%), and comfort, were strictly controlled. The subjects were permitted to drink 1.0 ± 0.2 L of cool water (12° C) during their exercise sessions.
Anthropometric characteristics, including height, weight, and body mass, were measured by the same investigator using standard procedure before the beginning of the study for all participants. For weight, a physician's beam digital scale (±0.10 kg), with the participants barefoot and without heavy clothing, was used, followed by a barefoot measurement using a height rod (±0.005 m) (SECA700; Chino, CA, USA). The body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by squared height in meters, and the body composition was assessed by means of a Lange sector for the cutaneous fold, which was based on the Jackson and Pollock protocol (17). A Lange skinfold caliper was used to determine the fat in skinfolds of the triceps, abdomen, and upper iliac areas of the test subjects. This process was repeated 3 times to validate the accuracy (3), and the thickness of skinfolds was used to evaluate the percentage of body fat (25).
Once the resistance exercise group had a full understanding of the equipment and was taught the necessary techniques by the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS), they participated in the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test. Determination of 1RM was done for bench press, leg press, and shoulder press. The participants initially performed 2 warm-up sets of 2–5 repetitions. The weight for these was set at approximately 50 and 80% of their perceived 1RM, respectively. These were followed by 3–4 sets of steadily increasing weight, which included rest intervals of 3–5 minutes, until a 1RM weight was established for each individual. The same investigator was used to monitor all of the 1RM tests, ensuring that all participants performed the exercises accurately using a complete range of motion (22).
The unstimulated saliva sampling (2 ml) pretest was performed on a day when no exercise session took place. The posttest sampling was done 3 weeks later, while the resistance exercise group did the exercise and the control group refrained from physical exertion. Samples were collected from both groups in 10 separate intervals, beginning at 0600 hours and repeated every 2 hours until 1600 hours; further samples were collected at 1730, 1800, 2000, and 2200 hours. The samples were obtained while the subjects were leaning forward in a seated position and collected by means of the passive drool method. They were asked to wash their mouths with water, and after waiting for 1 minute, deposit the unstimulated saliva (2 ml) into the receptacles (9,23). To avoid the circadian influences on their performance, sampling was conducted at the same time during the day (9,29). The subjects were asked to avoid any oral contact with objects such as floss or toothbrushes before and during the testing session (23).
The process of sample collection was monitored carefully, and the specimens were immediately transferred to the professional medical and pathology laboratory and stored at −80° C (1). To avoid interassay variation, the collected samples were all examined in the same assessment. RADIM kit (SEAC Company, Pomezia, Italy) and the quantitative ELISA protocol (ELISA Technologies, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA) were used to determine the concentrations of testosterone. All of the samples for each subject were analyzed on the same micro plate (23).
For quality control, a few subjects were randomly selected from both groups and the experiments were repeated for a second time, and the results were 99% consistent with the original findings.
The sample size for the study was calculated using G power software, and all of the variables were subjected to the normality test. The result revealed that all variables were distributed normally to determine the mean values and SDs, and descriptive statistics were used in reporting the data. The saliva testosterone concentrations were analyzed at 10 points throughout the day (from 0600 until 2200 hours).
Regarding the statistical method, the 2-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) after Bonferroni post hoc test was used for within-group comparison, and all related assumptions, including the normal distribution of dependent variables and sphericity (homogeneity of variance and covariance), were met. Using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, the linearity and correlations of the dependent variable among all of the 3 or more repeated measures were equal. A retest correlation was used to quantify the reliability of the correlation, which was 0.94, and represents a very high level of reliability.
The separate resistance exercise and control groups' circadian rhythm data were analyzed using repeated-measure ANOVA methods. Additionally, 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA analysis was performed, including 2 between factors (exercise and control) and 2 within factors (pre- and posttest) at the 10 sampling time periods (0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1730, 1800, 2000, and 2200 hours) to evaluate testosterone changes. SPSS version 19 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for analyzing the data. The differences for all analyses were considered significant if p ≤ 0.05.
With reference to Figure 1, one can observe the activity of testosterone levels in the condition of normal daily rest of the 2 different groups, namely exercise and control, based on the outcome of salivary samplings taken every 2 hours. The results obtained in the control group showed that peak salivary testosterone levels (607.62 ± 19.76 pmol/L) occurred in early morning (0600 hours), with a corresponding reduction throughout the day until an evening nadir (2200 hours) (323.18 ± 4.914 pmol/L). Similarly, in the RE group, the testosterone level within saliva (611.78 ± 16.406 pmol/L) was highest in early morning (0600 hours), with a gradual reduction throughout the day until an evening nadir (2200 hours) (321.88 ± 5.018 pmol/L). The data showed that the concentrations of salivary testosterone among our subjects were in the normal range reported by Teo et al. (33) (normal range, 693 ± 243 pmol/L in the early morning and 451 ± 173 pmol/L in the evening), and it was also consistent with the salivary testosterone concentrations reported in similar research performed by Kraemer et al. (23).
Both the control and resistance exercise groups had their salivary testosterone concentrations examined on 2 separate occasions 3 weeks apart. The resistance exercise group performed 3 weeks of prescribed resistance exercise and had their circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone concentrations examined to measure what difference could be observed after 3 weeks of exercise training. On the first occasion, this was done on a rest day (on which they performed no exercise), whereas on the second occasion, 3 weeks later; the measurement was taken on a day when they performed the resistance exercise session at 1600 hours. As expected, for the control group, there was no change in the circadian pattern of salivary testosterone concentrations after 3 weeks without exercise (a within-group comparison) (F = 21.9, p = 0.164). For the resistance exercise group, there was a temporary rise in salivary testosterone immediately after the training session at 1730 hours (F = 458.665, p = 0.001), but no difference at any other time point compared with the salivary testosterone concentrations on the rest day (a within group comparison) (F = 37.4, p = 0.216). Subsequent escalation of testosterone levels was also observed in the hours after the exercise, as shown in Figure 2. The intra- and interassay variance for testosterone was recorded at 2.3–6.1% and 7.7–8.1%, respectively.
With reference to this study, resting and exercise conditions exhibited no apparent differences, despite the fact that the previous time period was actually much higher than the ensuing one. However, there was a significant group × time during the workout interaction for the testosterone levels (F = 11.965, p ≤ 0.05). Bonferroni post hoc analyses indicated that only the men who performed resistance exercise significantly increased salivary testosterone, from 371.28 ± 7.228 to 513.76 ± 20.332 pmol/L, respectively (p = 0.001) (Figure 2), but that the change was temporary, and appeared not to have any lasting effects on the circadian levels of testosterone. Therefore, the comparison in the mean of testosterone secretion in pre- and posttest between resistance exercise and control groups showed that intensive resistance exercise had no significant effect on circadian secretion of salivary testosterone in 16 hours of waking time (Figure 2).
In 2001, Kraemer investigated the effect of resistance exercise in the early morning on the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations, and the result showed that the circadian rhythm did not change significantly (23). However, a couple of key points set this study apart from our own. First, the time when exercise training was undertaken was moved to the afternoon rather than the morning. The reason for this decision was that the afternoon is typically the time during which most lifters perform their routines (9). Second, the previous research (23) was done without a control group with which to compare results. In this study, however, a control group who did not train was used to show the differences more clearly in comparison with the resistance exercise group. Third, the previous research was done with 10 repetitions (performed at roughly 75% 1RM) for each set of each exercise. Here, we have increased the intensity (to approximately 85% 1RM) by decreasing the number of repetitions (from 10 to 6–7 repetitions) without changing the duration of rest between sets. The reason for this decision was to evoke a larger effect on hormonal responses in comparison with Kraemer's study (23).
What has not been answered yet is whether intensive resistance exercise in the afternoon has different effects on the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations throughout a complete day in comparison with exercise strictly in the morning. The main finding of this study was that an intense period of intensive resistance-oriented sport activities provides a nominal temporary effect upon the testosterone circadian rhythm that diminishes an hour after the workout, after which testosterone levels return to normal. The findings obtained through both resistance exercise and control groups obviously manifest a circadian pattern in which there is a presence of higher concentrations during the morning and lower concentrations during the evening, and it is under circadian patterns. These results are in line with previous studies (9,15,22,23).
This rhythm was consistent with the hypothesized rhythm for the secretion of testosterone. The measurements taken on both occasions 3 weeks apart resulted in levels, which were within a normal range as reported by Teo et al. (33), and these data were in line with the results of Kraemer et al. (23), providing further evidence of stability in the daily pattern of salivary testosterone concentrations during the waking hours.
The results of the sampling at various times over the course of a day showed that there was a remarkable increase in the level of testosterone immediately after the intensive resistance exercise at 1730 hours, and this seems to imply an acute alteration rather than a change in the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion in response to intensive resistance exercise. The research performed by Kraemer et al. (23) likewise showed a significant increase in salivary testosterone concentrations immediately after the resistance exercise, but given the time frame in which the research was conducted, this increase was observed in the early morning, with no corresponding data regarding the afternoon. The rhythm returned to its normal level a few hours after concluding the exercise. However, the precise physiological mechanism inducing the increase in testosterone resulting from exercise remains unclear. In resting conditions, the testes were primarily under the influence of the gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone). However, no relationship has been found between the levels of the gonadotropins and the increase of testosterone regarding exercise (30,31). Meanwhile, gonadotropins work as regulators and based on the results of this study, intensive exercise (in the afternoon or morning) may not affect their performance. An increase in the level of free testosterone due to alterations in the binding affinity of the sex hormone binding globulin has also been discounted by Fahrner (11). It has been suggested that the increase in testosterone is due to a reduced metabolic clearance rate, and alternatively, Tsigos et al. (34) postulated that the increase may be mediated by sympathetic stimulation of the testes through the adrenal gland.
The results of several studies (2,4,6,8,14,28) indicate that the way in which exercise is performed, with respect to the following variables, is critical in hormonal responses: intensity and duration, type of the exercise; fitness level and gender of the subjects; rest intervals between the exercises, and the conditions under which the recovery of the muscles takes place. Certain factors, such as sleep or waking periods, nutrition, meal time, physical exercises, hormones, and stress, can influence and change the pattern of the circadian rhythm (10,27,28). Intensive resistance exercise without sufficient rest intervals and the stress caused by competitive sports can result in changes in the physiological, immunological, psychological, and functional status of the athletes in the long term (12,15,16). Physical exercises affect the hormonal responses, so considering the pattern of the circadian rhythm might lead to achieving the ideal metabolism and allow us to maximize the effect of resistance exercise on the skeletal muscles (30,38). It has been well established that intensive resistance exercise is able to dramatically boost the serum levels of testosterone (24), but the results of this study showed that this effect is temporary, and after each session of exercise will return to the normal level. It should be noted that free testosterone is rigidly controlled (e.g., by mechanisms of nitric oxide and blood flow), and these mechanisms are important factors in terms of the body's response to resistance exercise and the concentrations of testosterone (23).
Utilization of salivary testosterone proved to be trustworthy in comparison with the blood serum and accurately reflected the circadian rhythms (16), especially in frequent sampling (26).
In a report by Beaven et al. (4), it was shown that the increase in serum testosterone coincides with an increase in salivary testosterone for the first hour. Likewise, in another study, Vittek et al. (36) investigated the relation between serum and salivary testosterone. The results showed that both free and total testosterone were highly correlated (r = 0.97 and r = 0.70–0.87, respectively) and denoted that they are statistically significant. These data, in combination with the results of the present research, can be deemed as a good indication that salivary testosterone is indicative of fluctuations in free testosterone (12,22).
It is plausible that after a period of exercise, regulatory components are consistently involved due to the quick transition experienced in salivary testosterone levels and the normal circadian rhythm (13,15,16,28,33).
In the previous research by Kreamer et al. (23), they referred to their exercise protocol as a heavy protocol, but their results showed that it did not significantly affect the circadian concentrations of salivary testosterone. Therefore, we decided to make the protocol in our study more intensive by decreasing the number of repetition to 6–7 and increasing the weight, although we did not change the rest time between the sets. But, regarding the results of Kraemer et al., we hypothesized that the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations, using the modified protocol (increasing the intensity), which was reported by Kraemer et al. (23), and also that altering the time of exercise from early morning to the afternoon would not change the outcome in comparison with Kraemer et al. (23) research. This hypothesis was based on an individual period of resultantly intensive exercise within the length of the afternoon, which could account for the slight alterations within the circadian rhythm of waking hours. Therefore, the present hypothesis was built upon previously done studies within which long sampling times, i.e., 6–8 hours, have been applied (8). Such data denote that homeostatic processes become swiftly involved in bringing back the concentrations level of serum testosterone to usual circadian quantities (23). The findings of this study provide further support for such a conclusion, and illustrate a tight adjustment of the concentration levels of salivary testosterone subsequent to physical stress.
Kraemer et al. (23) showed that heavy resistance exercise has no significant effect on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone among male body builders, and that it may instead be the circadian variation, which could be enhanced through a repeated morning resistance exercise routine. Changing the time of exercise (from early morning to the afternoon) and increasing the intensity of the exercise in this study did not significantly affect the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations, and it had merely a temporary effect immediately after the exercise. Based on these data, it can be said that the signals for androgen receptors were directly linked to the time in which exercise training was performed, and that the decrease was most likely related to not only circadian values but also the increased activity of the exercise group, as we did not see the same pattern within the control group.
According to the aforementioned information, it seems that the results of this study, regarding testosterone, are in agreement with the findings of most of the previously published studies, especially with Kraemer et al. (23), which was only based on morning exercise training. These studies both showed that resistance exercise in the morning or afternoon did not substantially affect the circadian rhythm of testosterone concentrations and that free testosterone seems to be regulated by the body's homeostatic systems.
The evaluation and measurement of testosterone in the saliva can be regarded as a highly practical and helpful method in primary research studies and clinical environments. The results of this study showed that intensive resistance exercise has no noteworthy effect on circadian secretion of salivary testosterone throughout the 16 waking hours. Therefore, this information would be useful for athletes, coaches, and researchers, and athletes can undertake resistance exercise in the morning or afternoon with the knowledge that both will result in similar testosterone responses. It seems that there are other potential factors, such as diet, which can affect the circadian secretion of salivary testosterone. It is suggested for further researchers to investigate the circadian secretion of salivary testosterone in response to the concurrent effects of aerobic and resistance exercise.
The authors specially thank the University Putra Malaysia, Department of Sport Sciences, and University of Isfahan (Iran) Departments of Exercise Physiology. The authors also thank all the subjects who helped them in this project. The authors express their special thanks to Prof. David Pyne for reviewing the article despite his very busy schedule. Last but not least, their sincere gratitude to Matthew Ballard who helped them a lot in finalizing this text within the limited time frame. The results of this study do not constitute endorsement by the authors or the National Strength and Conditioning Association.
1. Allgrove JE, Gomes E, Hough J, Gleeson M. Effects of exercise intensity on salivary antimicrobial proteins and markers of stress in active men. J Sports Sci 26: 653–661, 2008.
2. Auyeung TW, Lee JSW, Kwok T, Leung J, Ohlsson C, Vandenput L, Leung PC, Woo J. Testosterone but not estradiol level is positively related to muscle strength and physical performance independent of muscle mass: A cross-sectional study in 1489 older men. Eur Jendocrinol 164: 811–817, 2011.
3. Barker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen TIA. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med 357: 2329–2337, 2007.
View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
4. Beaven CM, Gill ND, Ingram JR, Hopkins WG. Acute salivary hormone responses to complex exercise bouts. J Strength Cond Res 25: 1072–1078, 2011.
5. Bribiescas RG, Hill KR. Circadian variation in salivary testosterone across age classes in Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay. Am J Hum Biol 22: 216–220, 2010.
6. Cadoux-Hudson TA, Few JD, Imms FJ. The effect of exercise on the production and clearance of testosterone in well trained young men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 54: 321–325, 1985.
7. Cefalu W, Pardridge WM, Chaudhuri G, Judd HL. Serum bioavailability and tissue metabolism of testosterone and estradiol in rat salivary gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 20–28, 1986.
8. Chandler RM, Byrne HK, Patterson JG, Ivy JL. Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 76: 839–845, 1994.
9. Chtourou H, Souissi N. The effect of training at a specific time of day: A review. J Strength Cond Res 26: 1984–2005, 2012.
10. Duclos M, Gouarne C, Bonnemaison D. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. J Appl Physiol (1985) 94: 869–875, 2003.
11. Fahrner CL, Hackney AC. Effects of endurance exercise on free testosterone concentration and the binding affinity of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Int J Sports Med 19: 12–15, 1998.
12. Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, Stone MH, Koziris Lp, Thrush JT, Fleck SJ. Relationships between serum testosterone, cortisol, and weightlifting performance. J Strength Cond Res 14: 338–343, 2000.
View Full Text | CrossRef
13. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43: 1334–1359, 2011.
14. Hayes LD, Bickerstaff GF, Baker JS. Interactions of cortisol, testosterone, and resistance training: Influence of circadian rhythms. Chronobiol Int 27: 675–705, 2010.
15. Hough J, Corney R, Kouris A, Gleeson M. Salivary cortisol and testosterone responses to high-intensity cycling before and after an 11-day intensified training period. J Sports Sci 31: 1–10, 2013.
16. Huang W, Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Bass J. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J Clin Invest 121: 21–33, 2011.
17. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. 1978. Br J Nutr 91: 161–168, 2004.
18. Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, MacLean PS, Shulman B, Wolfe P, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. N-acetyl-4-aminophenol and musculoskeletal adaptations to resistance exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 113: 1127–1136, 2013.
19. Karvonen J, Vuorimaa T. Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. Sports Med 5: 303–311, 1988.
20. Kraemer RR, Acevedo EO, Dzewaltowski D, Kilgore JL, Kraemer GR, Castracane VD. Effects of low-volume resistive exercise on beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations. Int J Sports Med 17: 12–16, 2007.
21. Kraemer WJ, Flanagan SD, Comstock BA, Fragala MS, Earp JE, Dunn-Lewis C, Ho JY, Thomas GA, Solomon-Hill G, Penwell ZR, Powell MD, Wolf MR, Volek JS, Denegar CR, Maresh CM. Effects of a whole body compression garment on markers of recovery after a heavy resistance workout in men and women. J Strength Cond Res 24: 804–814, 2010.
22. Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Fleck SJ, Marchitelli LJ, Mello R, Dziados JE, Friedl K, Harman E, Maresh C, Fry AC. Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int J Sports Med 12: 228–235, 1991.
23. Kraemer WJ, Loebel CC, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Wickham RB, Gotshalk LA, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Gómez AL, Rubin MR, Nindl BC, Häkkinen K. The effect of heavy resistance exercise on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 84: 13–18, 2001.
24. Kraemer WJ, Solomon-Hill G, Volk BM, Kupchak BR, Looney DP, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Flanagan SD, Maresh CM, Volek JS. The effects of soy and whey protein supplementation on acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise in men. J Am Coll Nutr 32: 66–74, 2013.
25. Lambert BS, Oliver JM, Katts GR, Green JS, Martin SE, Crouse SF. DEXA or BMI: Clinical Considerations for evaluating obesity in collegiate Division IA American Football athletes. Clin J Sport Med 22: 436–438, 2012.
26. Leymarie P, Roger M, Castainer M, Scholler R. Circadian variations of plasma testosterone and estrogens in normal men. J Steroid Biochem 5: 167–171, 1974.
27. McMurray RG, Eubank TK, Hackney AC. Nocturnal hormonal responses to resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 72: 121–126, 1995.
28. Naclerio F, Faigenbaum AD, Larumbe-Zabala E, Perez-Bibao T, Kang J, Ratamess NA, Triplett NT. Effects of different resistance training volumes on strength and power in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 27: 1832–1840, 2013.
29. Pulford DJ, Mosteller M, Briley JD, Johansson KW, Nelsen AJ. Saliva sampling in global clinical studies: The impact of low sampling volume on performance of DNA in downstream genotyping experiments. BMC Med Genomics 6: 20–27, 2013.
30. Raastad T, Bjøro T, Hallen J. Hormonal responses to high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 82: 121–128, 2000.
31. Ruige JB, Mahmoud AM, De Bacquer D, Kaufman JM. Endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease in healthy men: A meta-analysis. Heart 97: 870–875, 2011.
View Full Text | PubMed
32. Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, O'Connell MDL, Adams JE, Oldham JA, Wu FC. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 639–650, 2010.
33. Teo W, McGuigan MR, Newton MJ. The effects of circadian rhythmicity of salivary cortisol and testosterone on maximal isometric force, maximal dynamic force, and power output. J Strength Cond Res 25: 1538–1545, 2011.
34. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res 53: 865–871, 2002.
35. Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports Med 40: 1037–1053, 2010.
36. Vittek J, L'Hommedieu DG, Gordon GG, Rappaport SC, Southren AL. Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) of salivary testosterone: Correlation with free and total serum testosterone. Life Sci 37: 711–716, 1985.
37. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Bush JA, Incledon T, Boetes M. Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 82: 49–54, 1997.
38. Zambon AC, McDearmon EL, Salomonis N, Vranizan KM, Johansen KL, Adey D, Takahashi JS, Schambelan M, Conklin BR. Time-and exercise-dependent gene regulation in human skeletal muscle. Genome Biol 4: R61, 2003.
androgens; chronobiology; saliva samples
Copyright © 2015 by the National Strength & Conditioning Association.
The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research29(1):151-158, January 2015.
Articles in PubMed by Ardalan Shariat
Articles in Google Scholar by Ardalan Shariat
Other articles in this journal by Ardalan Shariat
Keyword Highlighting
Highlight selected keywords in the article text.
androgens
saliva samples
androgens, chronobiology, saliva samples
Newsworthy Articles
NSCA National Conference Abstracts
Order Effects of Combined Strength and Endurance Training on Testosterone, Cortisol, Growth Hormone, and IGF-1 Binding Protein 3 in Concurrently Trained Men
Regional Differences in Muscle Activation During Hamstrings Exercise
Influence of Resistance Training Frequency on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men
Barbell Deadlift Training Increases the Rate of Torque Development and Vertical Jump Performance in Novices
Which Patients With Low Back Pain Benefit From Deadlift Training?


text:
5,000 cave paintings found in Mexico
A team of archaeologists has found in northeastern Mexico almost 5,000 cave paintings in thousands of rocks and caves in the Sierra de San Carlos, in the municipality of Burgos (Tamaulipas).
In them appear both people like animals, and various abstract and astronomical scenes, all painted in yellow, black and red. "They have an impressive degree of conservation", Expressed the archaeologist Martha García Sánchez.
Historians and archaeologists are puzzled, as it was always believed that this area was uninhabited in ancient timesAlthough this discovery makes them think that there was more than one prehistoric group of gatherers and hunters. "The importance of this lies in the fact that we have been able to document the presence of pre-Hispanic groups in Burgos, where it was previously said that there was nothing", Explained the archaeologist.
"In the Cueva de los Caballos - he added as an example - we recorded more than 1,550 images; but we need to analyze the cultural component of the paintings because there a mitote is represented. In the Cueva del Indio we find atlatl representations (Pre-Hispanic weapon, used for hunting), which had not been found in the rock art of Tamaulipas either "
Still remains date the paintings, something complex as there is no document or data from the time, but they will take samples of the pigments to determine the date of creation through radiocarbon or chemical methods.
Images: INAH
After studying History at the University and after many previous tests, Red Historia was born, a project that emerged as a means of dissemination where you can find the most important news of archeology, history and humanities, as well as articles of interest, curiosities and much more. In short, a meeting point for everyone where they can share information and continue learning.
Video: ANCIENT CAVE PAINTINGS DISCOVERED IN MEXICO
Copyright © biblaridion-online.net | 5,000 cave paintings found in Mexico...


Although quite just a few law offices will be capable to deal with instances in private injury legislation, in addition to property law, household legislation, and prison regulation, it's often advisable to find a private damage lawyer which specializes in your form of personal harm. Kidnapping and extortion is what I experienced among much more judicial and lawyer misconduct. Matlock's character, an old school protection legal professional, studied at Harvard and practiced regulation in Atlanta, Georgia.


text:
Rich seam of talent
Most people would dismiss knitting as nothing more than a popular pastime for pensioners.
Most people would dismiss knitting as nothing more than a popular pastime for pensioners. But for young designer Claire Wilkinson it could be the key to a career in a famous fashion house.
The talented 22-year-old's portfolio of cleverly-crafted creations is already stirring up a buzz on the catwalks.
Claire, from Middlesbrough, has just completed a four-year degree in fashion design at the University of Northumbria in Newcastle and has displayed her work at shows in the North and in London.
She said: "I was given an option to specialise on my course and I found that knitwear came really easily to me and that I could handle the fabric really well.
"When I started working on my designs I started getting better and better."
Claire's impressive collection, which she describes as 80s-style, includes seamless knitted trousers, jumpers and a seamless knitted skirt.
Her work has already attracted the attention of established fashion critics and she has also been invited to appear in Big Break magazine, which showcases the work of talented graduates. Claire, said: "I'm not a fashion freak, but knitwear does its own thing.
"When I did the shows I was gutted when the dressers put the jumper on the model back to front.
"And in the Newcastle show, one of the models was wearing the trousers back to front, but I don't think anyone noticed and they all seemed to love it.
"My aim now is to get more experience, and I have signed up with fashion recruitment agencies. Eventually, when I am a bit more experienced, I would like to be able to set up my own label."
Fellow University of Northumbria fashion graduate Kelly Owen is doing just that.
She is now creating her own website to sell her exclusive customised T-shirts.
The 23-year-old draws inspiration for her designs from unusual sources . . . including her parents' wallpaper and time spent walking her dog!
She said: "I do a lot of textiles and use spray paints, stencil work and appliqué (cutting out materials and fixing them to another surface).
"A lot of my designs are what you would normally associate with interior design.
"For example, my mum and dad's house has a lot of stencilling on the walls.
"At the time I was working on a denim collection and I sort of translated the ideas on to some stencil designs."
Kelly, from Nottingham, added: "At the moment I am setting up a company on the internet with a friend.
"I like the idea of designing one-off items, rather than garments that will be mass produced.
"We are going to design T-shirts to the customer's specification.
"People will be able to order the design they want and know it is the only one that's ever been made."
Kelly, who originally studied fine art, has had her work exhibited at Europe's biggest textile fair in Paris.
It has also gone on display at fashion shows in London and Newcastle.
She said: "I started out wanting to do fine art at university.
"The course incorporated fashion and I just took to it straight away. It came naturally.
"When we did the graduate fashion week and saw the models on the catwalks wearing our designs it was a fantastic feeling.
"It's the culmination of so much work and it's very satisfying knowing that every stitch has been sewn by you."
Chris Bailey, who has also just graduated from the prestigious fa-shion course, used to sell clothes for a living.
Now he is making them, and even winning awards.
The 23-year-old's passion for fashion began when he was working as an assistant in a menswear shop.
Chris, from Sunderland, said: "My interest in fashion and clothes began there.
"I used to look at all the garments and check out the different designs and how they were made.
"Then I started to think, `I could do better than that'."
His collection, which he describes as "a cocktail of vintage and retro clothing which aims to bridge the gap between formal wear and the dressed-down look", won a £1500 student design award from the Royal Society of Arts.
Chris said: "My stuff is a mix between casual and formal . . . things like suit jackets worn with jeans.
"I do a lot of denim garments and I like to look to the past for inspiration.
"For example, I have used a lot of old military garments and uniforms to get ideas."
Chris has already landed a job as a designer in a fashion house in Derbyshire.
He said: "I am lucky to have found work so quickly.
"I work between the design and the technical department, so I get to see everything from the ideas stage to it being put into production."
V caroline.smith@ncjmedia.co.uk


text:
Jaxson de Ville Wins $10,000 for Tom Coughlin Jay Fund
Courtesy of Garry Smits of jacksonville.com
Curtis Dvorak is nearly a scratch golfer.
He's also pretty good when he suits up as Jaguars mascot Jaxson de Ville.
With a list of competitors including professionals who have won on the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Web.com Tour, Dvorak/de Ville won the fifth 17th Hole Charity Challenge on Wednesday at the TPC Sawgrass Players Stadium Course. His best shot of 4 feet, 9 inches was the closest to the pin at the Island Green, nosing out past Champions Tour Winner Bob Duval (6-4) and two-time PGA Tour winner Len Mattiace (8-3).
The Big Cat also finished ahead of defending champion and Pride of the Jaguars member Tony Boselli, kicker Josh Scobee, quarterback Blake Bortles and coach Gus Bradley.
Jaxson used a pitching wedge for the 117-yard shot, with the hole cut on front of the green. He used only one of his allowable two attempts, slam-dunking his club when the distance was reported.
Jaxson's shot earned the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund $10,000 donated by The Players Championship. Jeff Klauk, one of the five competitors who advanced to the consolation round, hit the closet shot of the day at 3-5 and earned $5,000 for the Epilepsy Foundation of Florida.
"I've been trying to win this for coach Coughlin and the Jay Fund since it started," Dvorak said. "It's amazing that he keeps coming back to Jacksonville and doing what he does for the charity, and I really wanted this for Keli [Coughlin, the Jay Fund's executive director] and the Jay Fund."
Click here to read the entire article at jacksonville.com
childhood cancerjacksonvilleJacksonville Jaguarsjaxson de villejay fundTHE PLAYERS


text:
Der Blaue Leguan (Cyclura lewisi), auch Grand-Cayman-Leguan genannt, ist ein Reptil aus der Gattung der Wirtelschwanzleguane (Cyclura). Die vom Aussterben bedrohte Art ist endemisch auf der Insel Grand Cayman, der größten der drei Kaimaninseln. Mit einer Population von weniger als 25 freilebenden Tieren gehörte der Leguan vor Beginn des Erhaltungszuchtprogramms zu den seltensten Tieren der Erde.

Aussehen
Die Art erhielt ihren Namen wegen ihrer Haut, die sich mit zunehmendem Alter von Grau zu Bläulich verfärbt. Die Männchen haben eine dunkelgraue bis türkis-blaue Hautfarbe. Bei den weiblichen Tieren variiert die Farbe der Haut von Olivgrün bis Blassblau. Die Augen haben eine goldene Iris und eine rote Lederhaut. Die Leguane erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 51 bis 76 cm und ein Gewicht von bis zu 14 Kilogramm. Die Körperlänge kann bis zu 150 cm betragen, davon fällt die Hälfte auf den Schwanz. Die Männchen sind rund ein Drittel größer als die Weibchen. Der Kamm kleiner Dornen auf dem Rücken der Tiere reicht vom Hals bis zur Schwanzspitze.

Lebensweise
Die Art ernährt sich in erster Linie herbivor, also pflanzenfressend. Die Tiere verzehren Blätter, Blüten und Früchte von über 45 Pflanzenarten. Selten werden auch Insekten, Krebse, Schnecken und Pilze verspeist. Die Lebenserwartung in freier Wildbahn ist nicht bekannt. Es wird vermutet, dass die Tiere mehrere Jahrzehnte leben. Ein in Gefangenschaft lebender Leguan verstarb im Jahr 2004 in Texas im geschätzten Alter von 69 Jahren.

Fortpflanzung
Die Paarung dauert in der Regel 30 bis 90 Sekunden. Rund sechs Wochen nach der Paarung legen die Weibchen in den Monaten Juni oder Juli zwischen 1 und 21 Eier in ihr Nest. Bei einer konstanten Temperatur von 32 °C benötigen die Embryos zirka 70 Tage bis zum Schlupf. Die Jungen erreichen im Alter von etwa zwei Jahren die Geschlechtsreife.

Gefährdung
Der Rückgang der Art begann mit Ankunft des Menschen auf den Kaimaninseln. Die ersten Siedler schon genossen das Fleisch der Leguane. Hinzu kam, dass die mitgebrachten Schweine, Katzen und Hunde die Echsen von der Küstenregion ins Landesinnere verdrängten. Die Reptilien kannten Hunde und Katzen nicht als natürliche Feinde, deshalb endete die erste Begegnung mit diesen Tieren häufig verhängnisvoll für die Leguane. Weiterhin führten Landwirtschaft, Straßen- und Siedlungsbau zur Zerstörung ihres natürlichen Lebensraums. Auf der Roten Liste der IUCN wird die Art als "vom Aussterben bedroht" geführt.

Seit 1990 gibt es internationale Rettungsbemühungen zur Erhaltung der Leguane. Inzwischen wurden ab 2004 insgesamt 219 in Gefangenschaft gezüchtete Leguane im Salinas Naturreservat auf den Kaimaninseln freigelassen. Es gab aber auch Rückschläge: Im Jahr 2008 fand man auf der Insel sechs getötete Tiere.

Literatur
 Fred Burton: Grand Caymann Iguana. In: Allison Alberts (Hrsg.): West Indian Iguanas. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland u. a. 2000, ISBN 2-8317-0456-1, S. 45.

Weblinks

 Blauer Leguan
 .
 Grand Cayman Blue Iguana (englisch)
 [ IUCN-Eintrag]

Einzelnachweise

Leguanartige
Fauna und Flora (Cayman Islands)


text:
Resource Center >
Understanding the SECURE Act
News & Updates:
By: STC USA
Facebook	Share on Facebook	Share on Facebook
LinkedIn	Share on LinkedIn	Share on LinkedIn
Twitter	Share on Twitter	Share on Twitter
In late December 2019, the U.S government spending bill was signed and it includes a provision which impacts retirement plans. This new provision is referred to as the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) Act. The SECURE Act is designed to enhance and increase access to retirement savings plans and its effective date is January 1, 2020.
Below is a summary of how the SECURE Act will impact existing retirement plans:
The Age for the Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) Has Been Increased to 72
This change only applies to individuals who turn age 70 ½ after December 31, 2019.
If an individual turns age 70 ½ on or after January 1, 2020, the RMD is now age 72.
If an individual turned age 70 ½ in 2019, he must take his RMD for 2019 by April 1, 2020 and each year thereafter.
An Individual is Permitted to Contribute to a Traditional IRA after the Age of 70 ½
Provided an individual has earned income, he's able to contribute to a Traditional IRA regardless of his age.
Penalty Free Withdrawals are Permitted for Birth or Adoption
An individual is now able to withdraw up to $5,000 without penalty from an IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan for expenses associated with the birth or adoption of a child.
The individual is still required to pay tax on the amount withdrawn that was based on pre-tax contributions.
Changes Have Been Made to the Rules on Inherited IRAs (also referred to as Stretch IRAs)
Under the previous law, an individual (beneficiary) who inherits an IRA from the original owner was permitted to receive distributions from the account over her lifetime. However, under the new law, these distributions must be made within 10 years. Therefore, the beneficiary must withdraw all of the funds within that 10-year period.
This change doesn't impact an individual who inherited an IRA prior to January 1, 2020.
Additionally, certain individuals who inherit IRAs after January 1, 2020 will not be impacted by the 10-year distribution rule. These individuals include the surviving spouse, a minor child, a disabled or chronically ill person, and any beneficiary who's less than 10 years younger than the person who passed away.
Changes Have Been Made to 529 College Savings Plans
An individual is now permitted to withdraw up to $10,000 on a tax-free basis (a qualified withdrawal) to repay a qualified student loan as well as expenses for certain apprenticeship programs. This is a lifetime limit that applies to the beneficiary and each of the beneficiary's siblings. The law made the effective date retroactive to distributions that are made after December 31, 2018.
Changes Have Been Made to 401(k) Plans for Part-Time Employees
Employees who worked at least 500 hours per year for three consecutive years are now eligible for a company's 401(k) plan.
This will now require employers that maintain 401(k) plans to have a dual eligibility requirement under which employees must be eligible if they either:
Complete a one-year of service requirement (with the existing 1,000-hour requirement) or
Three consecutive years of service during which the employees complete at least
500 hours of service
featured, series 10, Series 26, Series 50, Series 51, Series 52, Series 53, Series 54, Series 6, Series 65, Series 66, Series 7, series 99, SIE
The Best Financial Services and Securities Jobs to Know About in 2022
Changes to SEC Exempt Offering Rules
Todd Talks
Stay up-to-date and grow your skills
Get fresh tips and insights emailed to you
First name required Last name required Email name required State required Select State AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareWashington D.C.FloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin IslandsVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
Emails full of securities training tips, news, resources and advice will be sent your way soon.
To Recruit or To Retrain? That is the Question (Download)
I passed the NY State LAH exam today – I got an 81. Thanks for the great training material.
- Nick C., FINANCIAL ADVISOR, New York New York
I took the Series 24 yesterday and passed with flying colors. I felt very confident as I was going through the exam. Thank you for the great review course and tips.
- John C., FINANCIAL ADVISER, Charlottesville North Carolina
I passed my LAH exam with an 86%. Thanks again for all your help!
- Thomas C., FINANCIAL ADVISOR, Binghampton New York
I just wanted to share my feedback on the Series 7 class that I took in NYC 8/1-8/4, with David Morris as the instructor. I found the class to be instrumental in my preparation for the exam. The content encompassed all the salient points that were important for the test, and David is a great instructor. He is very knowledgeable, engaging, breaks concepts down for easier understanding, and has great rapport with his students. I'm very happy to say that I passed the Series 7 test today, and I credit STC and David's instruction in ensuring that I had the necessary knowledge necessary for the test.
- John H., FINANCIAL ADVISER, St. Louis Missouri
Good Afternoon Dave, I took your class this week and let me again say thank you. It was very clear to me how much you love your job and that you truly care about all of us passing, which I'm not sure I can say about some of the other testing companies I've previously used. Again, thank you for your hard work this week and I look forward to speaking to you soon to tell you I passed. I promise you will be third on my list of people to tell when I pass, just behind my girlfriend and dad, I'll even do it before my manager!
- Evan R., FINANCIAL ADVISER, Chicago Illinois
TOP 10 banks and TOP 25 broker dealers partner with STC
Among THE HIGHEST pass rates in the industry. STC clients have reported 15-20% higher pass rates than the national average.
3,500 corporate clients worldwide
STC offers 2X as many courses as our biggest competitors
50 years of preparing professionals to pass their exams
1,000,000+ professionals trained


The sun-soaked punk of Hinds has only gotten sharper since their 2016 debut, and their garage-baked rock sounds more thrilling than ever in this session with Cheryl Waters in the KEXP Live Room highlighting 4 songs from their sophomore effort, I Don't Run.
The sun-soaked punk of Hinds has only gotten sharper since their 2016 debut, and their garage-baked rock sounds more thrilling than ever in this session with Cheryl Waters in the KEXP Live Room highlighting 4 songs from their sophomore effort, I Don't Run. Recorded 5/22/2018.