W SEE H NE AT W 'S !
We're looking forward to the Perth Craft & Quilt Fair in May, there's so much to see, learn, and be inspired by! We welcome special guest artist Fiona Wright, an Australian living in India, who recently created a social enterprise called The Stitching Project. She will display contemporary textiles based on the rich range of Indian textile traditions.
Collage to Stitch #2 is a new display by South Australian textile art group, Four X Four, exploring design in collage prior to stitching. A new installation by Prudence Mapstone is the largest crochet artwork she has created.
Beautiful quilts abound in QuiltWest, the West Australian Quilters' annual exhibition, including Best of Australia; the Best of Show quilts from around Australia and the 2019 AQC Challenge quilts; this year's challenge is 'Magic'.
The Embroiderers' Guild of WA is celebrating 50 years with a very special display, '50th Celebration: Exquisitely Gifted'.
We're only in Perth once a year, so save the dates. The fair is the perfect place to stock up on craft supplies and meet sellers of unique and boutique craft materials that are hard to find. You'll see demonstrations and experience workshops with great ideas such as mixed media art techniques, cardmaking, embroidery, patchwork, sewing and papercraft. Whatever crafts you're into, it's your kind of show! See you there!
Cover images: Cameron James designs available from Rosscraft Creations; Calligraphy, see p10.
Take home projects for gifts or just for you!
Getting to the fair Make a day of it!
Perth has a free bus service that operates around the CBD called CATS (central area transport service) and service the free transit zone (FTZ) which are clearly marked around the city.
The main pedestrian entrance is a short walk from St Georges Terrace or the bus port via Mill St, the connecting 9.30am walkways.
NOTE: Seniors Card Holders and Age & Disability Pensioners – please ensure you bring a valid concession card to the fair.
Expertise Events Pty Ltd ABN 43 003 932 492 PO Box 6053 Frenchs Forest NSW 2086 AUSTRALIA © Copyright 2019 Information is correct at time of printing.
Guest Artist Fiona Wright Our guest artist is an Australian living in Rajasthan, India, whose love of textiles has seen her design, exhibit and more recently create a social enterprise called The Stitching Project. Fiona (left) and her husband Praveen have made a home on the edge of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan. It is a desert and life can be quite difficult for many of their neighbours. The Stitching Project is a social enterprise dedicated to making contemporary textiles with a basis in the rich range of textile traditions of India; use of handloomed khadi cotton, indigo dyed fabric, block printing, natural dyes and recycling saris to create stylish homewares and clothing.
of The Stitching Project Daily Talk with Fiona Each day in workshop 2, at 1.30pm, Fiona will talk about The Stitching Project, the differences it has made to the people who work in it and the challenges of setting up such a project in India.
The nation's very best quilts Best of Australia See the Best of Show quilts from Australia's state guild shows and the 2019 National Quilt Award winner! The nation's best quilts will be on display in one place and the range of winners' works includes traditional styles and unique original art quilts. Visit the display and choose your favourite!
Best of Australia state winners are: Blurring the Edges by Beth and Trevor Reid, ACT; 'A Purple Sensation' by Tracey Bareli, WA; The Collective Language of Trees by Cindy Watkins, Tas; The Caswell Challenge by Judith Stacey, SA; Feathered 5iever by Lyn Crump, Qld; After the Last Sky by Jenny Bowker, NSW (left); The Apprentice by Julie Adamson, Vic (above); Red River Star by Nicole Morelli, NT.
on display at Perth! QuiltWest 2019!
Enjoy a fascinating display of quilts by members of the West Australian Quilters Association at QuiltWest 2019. Highlights of the exhibition include the annual WAQA challenge, themed A Curiosity and the Contemporary group challenge. There will also be a display of quilts from 'Exotica' and a room decorated with glorious antique quilts. Visit the Sit & Sew, Young Sew & Sews and Community Quilt areas to see and learn about all aspects of quilt making and see how much fun it can be! Plus, there will be a special hand sewing area where WAQA members will demonstrate a variety of techniques.
Awards ceremony at 11am on Wednesday May 22. First prize in the raffle is a fantastic quilt, 'Radiance' (below), designed by Laurie Shifrin and created by a sub group of WAQA members – The Quirky Quilters – with all proceeds going to the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
Natalie May is passionate about papercraft and is lucky to have made it her full-time occupation. She loves to create in all styles and this keeps her inspired. Natalie is a versatile artist, who loves to teach and share her passion for creating scrapbooking layouts, cards, mixed media layouts, paperbased layouts, art journals and abstract canvas art. Natalie teaches around Australia and New Zealand and is an ambassador for Lindy's Stamp Gang and Gel Press. She loves everything ink and colour based, and designs for Paper Rose and StencilGirl and is an Intermediate Certified Copic Designer.
Come and see Natalie at the fair demonstrating at Paper Rose, Stand B06.
Expert calligraphers will be demonstrating their beautiful penmanship techniques. Feel free to ask them about the finer points of this centuries-old pursuit and pick up information about the group. You can even try your hand at it and see samples too!
Inventive Card Folding with Martin Dickie. Learn how to use a folded paper to make cards that become sculpture. The principles of single and double cut pop-up shapes will be elaborated into double and free form shapes. Includes craft knife and four cards to take home.
1pm Wednesday Modern Pointed Pen with Gaye Godfrey-Nicholls. This is a hybrid of the formal Copperplate style with a loose, handwritten feel. Learn the basics of using a pointed nib in a dip kind of N pen with ink and explore a relaxed IN SP IR AT IO alphabet that is very popular today. Perfect for journaling and combining with watercolours. You will get a calligraphy dip pen and ink to keep, as well as notes.
10am Thursday Introduction to Neuland Calligraphy with Gaye Godfrey-Nicholls. Neuland is a hand that is chunky, simple and fun. It provides an excellent contrast to more delicate and disciplined hands and is quick to learn. You will get a calligraphy felt marker to learn with and keep, plus notes.
the Calligraphers' Guild of WA The Calligraphers' Guild of WA (Inc.) is a non-profit organisation aiming to encourage, assist and extend the craft of calligraphy whilst having fun!
10am Friday Bookbinding with Martin Dickie An introduction to simple book structures, suitable for all ages. Learn to fold accurately, score and prepare paper and card for binding. Make three or four books to take home and use as diaries or sketchbooks.
1pm Friday Introduction to Broad Edge Pen with Martin Dickie Many types of writing are formed with a broad or chisel edge pen. Use easy balsa pens to examine the effects that a broad edge has on letter form and the shapes that result. You will make a folded book to take home.
Unlike a selfie, a self-portrait is intended as an exploration of your face, body and personality. See the creations by quilters and textile artists from far and wide who met this special challenge with creativity and gusto.
A new exhibition by the Four X Four group of textile artists from Adelaide, exploring designing in collage prior to stitching.
Two years on from their inaugural exhibition in 2017, the group is still together and continues to explore the collage to stitch process. Artists Maxine Fry, Ruth Galpin, Suzanne Gummow and Sandra Obst meet once per month to discuss, show, affirm and critique their work as it progresses. For this second exhibition, all four members have worked with the same themes of Seeing Red, Grids, Molten Gold and Structures.
Maxine's love of nature is reflected in her w textile artist having come from a traditio She loves to travel and takes many ph pieces. Her work has developed from postcards and has extended into more de Maxine uses the sewing machine exte of her work.
Maxine's love of nature is reflected in her work. She is an enthusiastic Galpin has a love of the elements o textile artist having come from a traditionalRuth quilting background. and contrast, She loves to travel and takes many photosand to enjoys inspireusing her repetition latest in particular pieces. Her work has developed from hertechniques, collection of collage mono printing. S hand dyedofand printed postcards and has extended into more detailed pieces textile art. fabric and colla of hand and commercial papers. Maxine uses the sewing machine extensively in made the creation of her work.
Ruth Galpin has a love of the elements of colour, line and pattern Maxine's love of nature is reflected in her work. She is an enthusia Suzanne Gummow is a passionate T textileand artist havingalong come from a traditional quilting backgrou and enjoys using repetition contrast, with simple printing Arts Educator. Her own art practice is Shemono lovesprinting. to travel and takes many photos to Asian inspireand hersoa la techniques, in particular She creates art quilts exotic gardens, allwith things pieces. work has of developed from her collection of coll hand dyed and printed fabricHer and collages with ancultures. assortment many Suzanne creates te postcards and has extended intomachine more detailed pieces embellis of textile of hand made and commercial papers. hand and embroidery, Maxine uses the sewing machine extensively in theShe crea and with the gleam of metallics. ex of her work. and internationally.
Collage to Stitch #2 is the culmination of two years' exploration of collage as a tool for developing ideas. The themes chosen are somewhat abstract topics, and they have provided new and very different challenges for each artist.
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See works by members of the Perth Modern Quilt Guild – including their group quilt selected for display at the international QuiltCon event in February 2019 in Nashville Tennessee! This year, the QuiltCon Charity Challenge reached out to guilds and individual members to create modern traditional quilts using a pre-defined colour palette. This was the Perth guild's first entry into QuiltCon and their group quilt took inspiration from a magnificent public art piece by Perth artist Lorenna Grant, which features in front of their meeting hall.
Created from yarn and using crochet techniques, this installation, Safe Passage, is one of the creative highlights of the fair. It is the largest crochet artwork Prudence Mapstone has created, measuring a stunning 6 metres long. Prudence is well known in the worldwide knitting and crochet scene for her creative freeform garments and art pieces. The work will be hung over a framework for you to walk beneath.
The NEW FortĂŠ features a variety of convenient tools as well as 24 inches of throat space! Come and visit our stand to Test Drive a Handi Quilter machine today!
Delightfully intuitive and uniquely capable, this new sewing and embroidery machine will exceed your expectations! Come and visit us at our stand for great tips, tricks and show specials!
W ! NE expression 720 sewing machine Everything for the discerning quilter! Come and visit us at our stand for great show specials, tips and tricks!
RCM-1501TC Commercial Embroidery Machine Ideal for commercial embroidery on caps, bags, denim, ďŹ nished garments and plenty more. Come and visit our stand to see the Ricoma multi-needle machines in action!
Craft – the new yoga!
It's well known that our mental, physical and emotional health are all connected, but how can craft improve our general well-being? Craft can have surprising health and wellness benefits, from simple relaxation achieved by the rhythm of stitching or crochet, through to reconciliation of emotional conflicts as a result of art therapy. Crafters have reported that creative pursuits have helped in the management of addictions, to reduce anxiety and to calm negative behaviour. The rhythm of knitting and the mathematics required keep the mind focused on the moment rather than letting anxiety take over. Repetition involved in many crafts is soothing and conducive to a state of 'flow' – engagement where other worries and stresses are forgotten for at least a while.
Social wellness comes from being connected to people in your community and craft groups can provide that community as well as the friendships and shared interests that help people thrive.
difficult period. Just the activity of making can provide a much-needed clearer head space. Intellectual wellness can come from lifelong learning and craft can provide opportunities for exchange of knowledge, learning from each other and teaching others. People who do craft report mental health benefits such as reduced stress and less anxiety. At the fair, we'll promote the wellness benefits of craft through our new Craft Wellness Wheel, educating people about the powerful role craft can play in our general health and well-being.
Learn something new in our Studio Classes with expert guest tutors. Be inspired and learn techniques, tips and tricks and create something cool. Places are limited, book online today.
You could win a fantastic prize at the fair from one of our generous exhibitors, with a product giveaway each day.
Listen at the fair for the location of the wheel at 11am, 12noon, 1pm, 2pm and 3pm daily.
This workshop complements Sian's afternoon workshop. You could bring your cordage to the coiling class to get the most out of your new skills!
Learn how to cut your own stencils for use in screen printing and how to use them in this easy method for repeat printing using silk screens.
At Cardmaking.net, Stand B14, Debra will show how to get the most from your dies and stencils and the beautiful cards that can be created. Janene will create beautiful works of art by colouring peel off stickers with Sakura Glaze and Gelly Roll Pens. Cassandra at Boom Gel Stains, Stand E25 will demonstrate how easy it is to create stunning art on glass, and how simple it is to get stunning results on canvas. At BeBe Bold, Stand B25, Jane will be demonstrating the simple techniques of hitomezashi – one stitch sashiko.
Step right up to Close To My Heart, Stand E18, and make a 3x3 card with daisies and rolled flowers using our Colour of the Year. It's free! Also, see the stitched quilt shapes in assorted colours, each afternoon at the fair.
Here is your opportunity to experiment with Fineline Applicators' entire range of applicators with multiple different mediums you may have at home including inks, glue, nail polish, glitter paint, acrylic paint and much more! At Stand D01.
At Punch with Judy, Stand A07, Jenny will be demonstrating how easy it is to quilt using templates from Westalee Design, including the new Jewels Range of templates for quilting on a domestic sewing machine. Judy Hall will be demonstrating the innovative, ergonomically designed range of Martelli Products – rotary cutters, templates, rulers and electric adjustable table. Try the free-motion Gripits at Sewing Buddies Australia, Stand B09.
 10.30am ★ ♥ Colour Your World with the Close To My Heart Team, Stand E18. Experience all things colour. See balanced colour combinations for perfect papercrafted projects using re-inkers, markers, inks and paper.  11am ★ ♥ Flower Power. Gai Taylor, Just Patchwork, Stand A14. Wool felt appliqué is the buzz word on everyone's lips. Flowers are a fundamental feature of many projects, and Gai will demonstrate techniques to construct the flower elements plus new and old stitches used in constructing and embellishing wool felt shapes. Learn about the wool felt, needles and threads to use in your project. A free starter pattern will be provided in the class.  11.30am ♥ How to Design and Plan your own Quilt As You Go Quilt.
Monica Poole, Margaret's Fabrics, Stand A23. Monica's book, The Quilt As You Go Planner, takes the hard work out of designing your own quilts with her fully machine sewn modern method. Get great tips on technique, batting, simple tools and different ways to configure your kind of quilt. See an inspiring trunk show of quilts made with this innovative P W O RK SH O method.
Mixed Media Techniques for Fabric and Papercraft. Dina Boyling, Catchy Crafts, Stand A35. Dina will introduce you to some techniques and products to enhance your mixed media projects. Suitable for fabric enthusiasts and papercrafters!
Tips, Tools and Techniques in Paper Craft. Doug Boyling, Catchy Crafts, Stand A35. Demo Doug will introduce you to all the latest tools, machines and products in the papercraft market. His handy hints will allow you to get the most out of the products you already have as well as introduce you to products that will make your crafting life easier.
No bookings required. Program applies daily at the fair. Workshops are approximately 30 minutes unless indicated.
 10am ★ ♥ Three Easy Mixed-Media Projects. Ashley Hay, Powertex, Stand A08. Be inspired to create incredible mixed media artwork as Ashley shows you three easy projects to get your creative juices flowing! Discover the potential of Powertex and how this versatile medium can be used to take your artwork to the next level.  10.30am ★ ♥ Quilting with your Embroidery Machine. Julie Hall, Stitch-a-ma-jig Julie Hall Designs, Stand G01. Learn to quilt using your embroidery machine. We will cover how to 'cheat' hooping for machine embroidered quilting, how to align your designs, and how to complete complex edge to edge quilting.  11am ♥ Pre-stencilled Sashiko Panels.
Jane MacDonald, BeBe Bold, Stand B25. Join Jane to see what can be made from these prestencilled panels (left) – exclusive to BeBe Bold – for runners, bags, placemats and more.
See and Touch What's New at Cardmaking.net. Debra Van Der Meulen, Cardmaking.net, Stand B14. Be inspired and learn hints and tips to make beautiful handmade cards with a professional finish with our latest products.
Get expert instruction for the small cost of a kit in these one-hour sessions!
 10am ★ ♥ Mini Macramé Wallhanging. Nikki Stokes, Knot Knitting. Learn the three basic starter knots incorporated in most macramé pieces and make a striking wall hanging. Kit cost $20. Book at Stand E29  11am ★ ♥ Create a set of Four Coasters.
Book at Bernina, Stand E10.
Free Pop-up Demonstrations at Stand A17 by the Patchwork Ninja Learn cutting edge sewing tips from Japan. Smash your UFOs (un-finishedobjects)!
Learn how to make new bags stepby-step!
Master Ninja Sewing Tools and halve your sewing time!
Join Pauline Rogers in the VIP Quilt Room and learn her secrets in these FREE daily sessions at Stand F26.
1. V  isit the app store and search Expertise Events 2. E  nter the code for the Perth Craft & Quilt Fair; CQP19 3. I nformation on each show will be available approximately two weeks before the event 4. To find the app codes for other shows later in the year, visit the show website. On the app, you'll find: Ticket information, Venue details, Handy transport details, Guest artists and feature displays,Workshop and class details, Studio class details and links to book your sessions.
No bookings taken, if you require seating please arrive 10 minutes early at Stand C08.
Sew fast like a Ninja! Join Dai the Patchwork Ninja in fun, free 30 minute demonstrations at Stand A17. Classes run daily. No booking required. 9.45am & 3pm Master Patchwork Ninja Cutting Edge Sewing Tools for 2019. How many UFOs (Unfinished-objects) do you have in your drawer? Master how to use our cutting edge Ninja Sewing Tools and finish your projects one after another and feel fantastic! 10.30am Ninja Buttons with Double Sashiko Wallet. How are Ninja buttons different? You can attach them without pliers – all you need to do is just finger-press and click… it's done. Plus learn how to make an intricate Sashiko wallet, step-by-step. 11.15am Super Strong Ninja Fusible Webbing & 3-Way Origami Smart Phone Case. See how to magically turn a piece of your favourite Japanese material into a solid, heavy-duty phone and card case with super strong Ninja web and buttons. 12noon Stained Glass Quilting with Bias Tape. See how to stitch a stained-glass quilt easily and quickly using Ninja iron-on bias tape and a twin needle! See the whole secret step by step with no room for mistakes.
NEW AT THE FAIR THIS YEAR!
Watch the talented woodturners in action! Woodturners will be working lathes and other tools while explaining the finer details of the art of woodturning. You can ask them about turning, tools and timber, and pick up information about the club. It's a helpful, friendly group and new members are always welcome. Plus, you can browse the range of turned pieces on display or buy something special!
Get hands on in mixed media classes at Zyneri, Stand A02, choose from scrapbooking, cardmaking, quilting, DIY home decor, cake decorating and more!
Show Special 2 for $6!
Cut out this voucher and bring it with you to the fair for GREAT savings! The voucher must be presented at the time of purchase.
45mm Replacement Blade Present this voucher to receive a set of 7 tungsten alloy steel replacement 45mm cutter blades for only $19.95 per set. Limit 3 per customer (while stocks last).
Best Ever Needle Threader Present this voucher to receive our most effective automatic needle threader made in Japan for only $24.95. Ask for a demo! (Limit of 3 per customer).
Sharp Scissors Forever Present this voucher to receive two Multi-Sharpeners for $29.95. Regular price $29.95 each! You can sharpen scissors, knives, secateurs and more. Come and see the easy demonstration (while stocks last).
Cut out these vouchers and bring them with you to the fair for GREAT savings! Vouchers must be presented at the time of purchase.
More than $8,340 in prizes to win!
All visitors to the fair are eligible to enter our Lucky Door Prize competition and this year someone will win a 15day tour for one adult to India and Dubai plus two fabulous workshops during the tour with renowned mixed media artist Finnabair!
This compact cabinet is on castors and includes lots of storage for your sewing machine, books, threads, accessories and more! The cabinet will be delivered fully assembled.
The newest and most advanced cutting machine Brother has to offer. Equipped with new Blade Sensor Technology, it detects the thickness of the material, handles card, fabric, leather, selfadhesive vinyl, felt and foam.
WE CALL IT STITCHVISION TECHNOLOGY AND IT'S SIMPLY LIGHT YEARS AHEAD.
ADJUST STITCHES DIRECTLY ON FABRIC OR SCREEN WITH THE DUAL-PURPOSE STYLUS.


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Turfgrass Information File (TGIF)
A cooperative project of the United States Golf Association and the Michigan State University Libraries' Turfgrass Information Center
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Some users are experiencing difficulties accessing the TGIF Database. If you are having these issues, some users have reported success accessing TGIF after either: switching to incognito mode/private mode in your browser and/or clearing your browser's cache/cookies. Please contact us at tgif@msu.edu if neither of these fixes work for you.
The Turfgrass Information File (TGIF) database's Guided Search is designed to walk users through more refined searches, including use of Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) as well as limiting search results by a number of characteristics. For less complex search needs, please try Basic Search. For even more experienced TGIF searchers, please try Power Search.
For Guided Search, in the first "Search for" box, type the most important word or phrase. To locate this word or phrase anywhere in the TGIF record, leave the "as a" drop-down list set to "Anywhere including full text". However, if the word or phrase is a type listed in the drop-down list (Keyword, Author, Cultivar, etc.) and you only want results returned that apply to the word or phrase as that type of information, then choose the appropriate one.
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When done marking, choose "Use Selected Terms" to return those marked items to the search. Then be sure to change the "as a" drop-down box from "Anywhere including full text" to "Facility" since that is where the index phrases were found. Since we just want articles from the past 10 years, change the "All years" drop-down box to be "Last 10 years", and to just return articles that are full-text, click the "Full-text Content" check-box.
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Nondescrimination (OIE)
© Michigan State University Board of Trustees

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pacific Islander love
noun A native or inhabitant of any of the Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian islands of Oceania.
noun A person of Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian ancestry.
noun A person who resides in or derives from Samoa, Tonga, Taukelau, Niue, Cook Islands or any other Pacfic Island
The female suspect is described as a Pacific Islander, age 30-40, and the two male suspects are in their 30s
The thief is described as Pacific Islander, tall, solidly built with short, dark curly hair.
NEWS.com.au | Top Stories
Both were described as Pacific Islander in appearance and wearing sunglasses, dust masks and black tracksuit pants and hooded jumpers.
AustralianIT.com.au | Top Stories
"I should come out as a Pacific Islander," I said.
It is has a large minority population of students, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, with enough White people thrown in to keep a balance.
Charles Karel Bouley: Finally a Homecoming Queen: LiveOutLoud Brings GLBT Community Members Back to Campus
On the matter of culture and women's leadership, Miriam Yeung of the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum described cultural constraints that many Asian and Pacific Islander women face that conflict with what society expects from leaders.
Serra Sippel: Why Female Leaders Need to be Authentic and Fearless


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NWAC Baseball
#12 Rich Hekker - Profile
- Team - EAST BBCC BMCC CBC CCS TVCC WWCC WVC YVC NORTH BC DC EDCC EvCC OC SHCC SVC SOUTH CHCC CLCC Clark LBCC Lane MHCC SWOCC WEST CENC GHC GRCC LCC PIC TCC
Home | Scoreboard | Leaders | Stats |	Schedule | Roster
Position: OF
Hometown: Sherwood
Bats/Throws: L/R
College: Big Bend Community College
Baseball 2017 Big Bend 28 65 10 16 4 0 0 12 6 16 3 .246
Baseball 2016 Big Bend 3 3 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 .667
Total 31 68 13 18 5 0 0 13 8 17 4 .265
May 13 BMCC W 6-2 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.329 0.308 0.246 0.637
May 10 @WVC W 12-5 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.329 0.306 0.242 0.635
May 6 @TVCC W 7-4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0.329 0.300 0.233 0.629
May 6 @TVCC L 9-16 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.323 0.304 0.232 0.627
May 3 CBC L 1-4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.328 0.308 0.231 0.636
May 3 CBC W 5-4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.351 0.333 0.250 0.684
Apr 29 @CCS L 2-10 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.345 0.340 0.255 0.685
Apr 27 WWCC L 8-9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.353 0.349 0.256 0.702
Apr 27 WWCC L 1-10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.353 0.349 0.256 0.702
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Memphis University School will square off against three-time defending state champion Brentwood Academy in Friday's 7 p.m. Division II-AAA BlueCross Bowl at Tennessee Tech's Tucker Stadium.
Friday will mark MUS' first BlueCross Bowl appearance since 2013, which also happens to be the last time a non-Nashville area school reached the state championship in the TSSAA's largest Division II classification.
The last time they were here, the Owls squandered a 10-0 halftime lead against Ensworth, eventually suffering a 27-10 defeat to Corn Elder and the four-time champion Tigers.
Brentwood Academy (10-2) will also be looking to claim its fourth straight championship. The Eagles are looking to become just the fourth program to do so, joining Alcoa, Maryville and Ensworth.
Whitehaven senior Melvin McBride has committed to Tennessee.
MUS, which has outscored its first 11 opponents 406-93, doesn't have any glaring weaknesses. Their biggest strength, however, is without a doubt senior Maurice Hampton.
Hampton has hauled in 50 receptions for 1,126 yards and 12 touchdowns for the Owls (11-0), and the Division II-AAA Mr. Football award recipient has 26 tackles with a sack, an interception and eight pass breakups.
The two-sport LSU commitment has also made his presence felt in the return game, where he has 620 yards and three scores.
The team's leading tackler, three-star senior linebacker and 2016 Mr. Football recipient Dorien Hopkins, has committed to Tulsa. Juniors Marcus Henderson and Devonte Nelson have several Power-5 offers.
Henderson, a 6-foot-4, 315-pound offensive tackle, has offers from more than a dozen FBS programs, including Alabama, Ohio State and Tennessee. The 5-foot-10, 175-pound Nelson, who has 35 tackles, an interception and 13 pass breakups at cornerback, holds offers from Arkansas, Louisville, Memphis, Ole Miss and Tennessee.
Hampton may garner most of the offensive attention, but his production wouldn't be possible without consistent play from the quarterback position.
The Owls have gotten that and then some from Sellers Shy.
The 6-foot-2, 175-pound senior has completed 147 of 248 passes for 2,489 yards with 23 touchdowns and seven interceptions. He has also rushed for 10 touchdowns, averaging a score every 4.5 carries.
"Last year I don't know if they had someone who could really get those guys involved," Eagles coach Cody White said. "(Shy) certainly can, and he can also take over a game himself."


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olGreat post, Julie, and a perfect explanation for the delay in the Clan novels, when so many have been waiting to see what happened with Sira and Jason.
Hey, Julie...it's BF. So how do you feel about the dark side now that you've dived head first into it? Will it splash onto your other series?
Love reading about the hidden aspects of books. Makes the book that much more amazing!
It is going to be very interesting to read a dark(er) story by you. Personally, I felt the original Clan world was pretty terrifying. Maybe I am in the minority, but the thought that another alien race would have a say over whether or not my own Clan lived or died left me feeling raw and vulnerable. Plus, the world was pretty dangerous and I don't think I could ever drink the blood of a living creature through a straw in its back while it was ferrying me through a large body of water. That kind of "snacking" left a bad taste in my mouth.
I have a bit of the same problem with darkness but...it's why I can hear about something like the newly discovered "Lovejoy" comet (see: http://time.com/4081069/alcohol-sugar-comet/ ) and attach it to filk songs like Free Fall & Other Delights 04 - Molecular Clouds ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJHmAGXsXDo ) and Yankee Doodles 11 - The Terriffic Centrifrugal Still ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaK8jb9yzRA ) and amuse myself for a good half hour.
Dark or not Julie, I look forward to reading what choices (and mistakes) await to be revealed in your books.
I must say it make me a little apprehensive to hear that Gulf will be so much darker than the other Clan books. What I wonder is how dark? Depressing dark?
Lovely teaser Julie. I have so many questions but I'm sure if I did a qualitative research method on them and categorized them, the majority would end up being "Who are the Clan". Waiting in great anticipation for the book, too bad my train ride is this Wednesday and Thursday or I would have been able to dig in and finish going and coming back.
Great post. Dark is going to be ... different.
Thanks Violette! I've been explaining at conventions and signings for so long, it's going to be a relief to hold up the book and go See!?
Hi BF! Oh, I doubt it. It's taken six books to hit this moment for the Clan. That's pretty DARK. Fluffy bunny! But you never know with a new story. How about I say, wait and see?
Thanks, Sarah! I really appreciate having the chance to do this. My host at fantasybookcritic is amazing.
Thanks Astros. I did have that intention with Cersi. I wrote it as a dangerous, unwelcoming, hostile place to be Clan. I'll leave it to you to imagine if Sira's Clan would fare any better there.
Thanks, Serena! And how lovely of you do put astronomy and music together! Wow! I hope you enjoy what happens in GULF.
Hi Ginette! Scary dark. Ominous dark. Everything happens so quickly, I don't see it as depressing dark, if that makes sense. I am tipping the apple cart, but there are light moments. Including balloons.
Hi Jueles! Glad you liked it! I can promise you'll have one answer to your top question by the end of GULF, another by the end of GATE (out in Sept), and the full answer? Oh, that might be coming in the final volume. After all, there are layers to be uncovered! I look forward to what you think.
My apologies if I've missed anyone. I think I hit the publish now button every time...but I might not. I'll check tomorrow.
Meantime, thank you very much for your comments!
"Science fiction explores consequence. "
This! a hundred times this.
When Steve (SM Stirling) was writing with Anne McCaffrey for Baen I said, "Remember she writes in fluffy bunny universe." And I kept popping my head into his office saying "Fluffy Bunny!" Finally I said to our friend Josepha Sherman, "Maybe he's tired of hearing that. What sort of sound do fluffy bunnies make?" And she said, in an evil tone of voice, "Depends on what you're doing to them." So I stuck with fluffy bunny.
Coming over from Facebook where Julie linked to this, and just wanted to say, wow. O.O All the more intrigued to read this series now!
Hi Karen! Be on edge. Ooooh!!!!
That said, I will promise one thing. By the end of Reunification you'll see I've done nothing without reason.
Andrea, I agree completely. I've a post coming up at SF Signal next week where I talk about the evolution of the series. I think you'll enjoy that.
Thanks for the reminder of Jo's comment. I can still "hear" how she'd have said that.
I appreciate your stopping by, Angela. Being able to post, then interact, is amazing. All hail Fantasy Book Critic!
Sally, you are right. Stories find their way into what they should be, in my experience, and trying to force the bunny on a dark story--well, that could be hilarious, in fact, but also wouldn't have worked here.
Hi Angela. Glad you liked it. And this is but the first!!!
I've been enjoying your blog tour, so far mostly out of order!


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The Average Pension Income
By: Lee Grayson
An analysis of the average pension income requires understanding the difference between a defined benefit pension plan and a defined contribution plan. Employers pay into worker defined benefit plans, while workers contribute to their own pension under a defined contribution plan. Some worker retirement plans use a combination of both employer- and employee-type contributions. The salary of the retiree, age of retirement and gender also contribute to variations in pension payments for retirement.
Pension living requires careful financial planning.
Age and Gender Differential
As a general rule, older workers have lower pensions. Laborers working decades ago planned for retirement using economic estimates based on life and a cost of living standard from an earlier period. Interest on funds deposited over time failed to keep pace with inflation and the increase of price of food and goods required for everyday living reduced the buying power of retirement funds. The average yearly pension income for males over age 65 in 2007 was $18,293, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute. Female workers typically lose retirement contributions during years away from the workforce during pregnancy and time caring for children. A shortened work career and less pay mean a lower pension payment in retirement. Women over age 65 earned a mean annual pension of $11,895 in 2007.
Income Differential
People earning less pay earn less pension income. Defined benefit pension payments, supplied by the employer, use the employee's salary as a basis for the contributions. The lower the earnings, the less the employer contributes to the person's retirement. People in lower-paying jobs have less capacity to contribute to defined contribution plans. Income for these workers pays for daily living, education for family members and for health care. Higher-paid employees earn more discretionary income to invest in defined contributor retirement savings plans. This group of retirees typically earns more pension income for use in retirement. The Employee Benefit Research Institute reported only 27.9 percent of women and 42.6 percent of men age 65 in 2007 received pension or annuity payments.
Highest Pension Income Earners
Government employees, including retired military and U.S. Members of Congress, earned the highest average pension during retirement. Government employees contributed a significant amount of that income during employment to fund pension income in old age. The Pennsylvania Public School Employees' Retirement System, for instance, requires working members to contribute an average of 7.37 percent of their monthly income to the state retirement system. Administrators estimate the amount collected from workers during the 2011/12 fiscal year alone at more than $1 billion. The state government also contributes money for use in funding payments as pensioners live longer and the average worker salary increases.
Trends in Retirement Pensions
The greatest cost for current employers includes pension and retirement payments and health care costs. The U.S. Commerce Department Bureau of Economic Analysis reported contributions by employers to staff pension and insurance funds in 1946 totaled $2.543 billion dollars, an increase over totals for 1929 of only $650 million. CNBC noted in 2011 that the traditional defined company retirement benefit plan, with employers contributing funds or matching employee retirement contributions, has evaporated from the workplace.
What Is the Average Retired Couple's Income?
By: Jeannine Mancini
How to Calculate NHS Pension
By: Matt McGew
They Paid Off $218K of Debt—Without Windfalls or Six-Figure Salaries
What is Fed OASDI/EE on a Paycheck?
By: Catie Watson
What Is a Cost-of-Living Increase?
By: William Adkins
What Is a Union Pension Annuity?


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Home News & Politics Georgetown Observer
Georgetown Observer
Normalcy Returns to 30th and the Canal
Robert Devaney - May 28, 2019
Venezuelan Embassy Drama Continues
Tudor Place Hosts Memorial for Ray Kukulski
Rasmussen Talks About AU's Corcoran Collection
Del. Norton Cites D.C. Statehood Progress
Christ Church Marks 200 Years
Stephanie Green - May 14, 2018
Hundreds of parishioners gathered at the Georgetown landmark for a special service commemorating the laying of the church cornerstone on May 12, 1818.
COS Hosts Leafy Pop-Up
Kate Oczypok - May 10, 2018
Just in time for Mother's Day, the pop-up — a collaboration with 14th Street florist Little Leaf — will be open from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Friday and from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Saturday.
Georgetown Gateway Designs Shared
Peggy Sands - April 23, 2018
The designs will be presented at the next meeting of Advisory Neighborhood Commission 2E on Monday, April 30, and are expected to have a preliminary review by the Old Georgetown Board soon after.
JPMorgan Chase's Plans Include Marvelous Market Site
Robert Devaney - April 20, 2018
The bank will take over the former Marvelous Market and Neam's Market property at 3217 P St. NW, according to a source familiar with the plans.
Georgetown Nightlife Remembered
The Georgetowner - April 16, 2018
There are many ways to recount Georgetown's history. One of the more lively approaches is to gather some persons of a certain age, whether...
The Much-Ballyhooed Wing Opens
Stephanie Green - April 12, 2018
Members (sorry, no "cisgender" men allowed, but trans women are cool) are encouraged to relax, network and attend speaking engagements from what is said to be a diverse group of influencers and authors.
Gateway Designs to Be Shared April 19
Peggy Sands - April 9, 2018
The design work for the Georgetown gateways project was awarded by the Business Improvement District to architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle last February after a competitive bidding process.
Remembering APRIL 4, 1968: The death of Martin Luther King Jr.
Jim Hoagland - April 4, 2018
A bulletin had just come in reporting Martin Luther King's wounding by a sniper in Memphis. Shortly after, a second flash told the world of his death.
Hitting the (Yoga) Mat in Georgetown
Karen Rollo Murphy - April 3, 2018
Yoga is non-judgmental. I like that. It is solely for you and your practice. Trust me, no one cares what you are doing while they are twisting themselves into shapes not found in nature.
Feds Deny Plane Noise Complaint
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit determined that the Fair Skies Coalition's argument against new flight paths ran into "procedural and substantive obstacles."


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Satchmo's Finally Home!
It was an exciting day for the BigEasy.com team on Tuesday, July 2nd, as we watched as the new Riverboat Louis Armstrong make her way down the Mighty Mississippi to her new home at the Orange Street Wharf behind Mardi Gras World. Once known as the City of Evansville, a casino boat in Evansville, Indiana, this riverboat vessel has been in operation since 1995. In 2017, Hospitality Enterprises New Orleans/BigEasy.com, which owns and operates the Paddlewheeler Creole Queen, announced that it would be repurposed for a music and entertainment venue. In November 2017, the riverboat underwent renovations and was renamed Riverboat Louis Armstrong. Over the past two years, our crew have put countless hours into remodeling this riverboat into a luxurious, state of the art events venue.
After spending almost 20 years as a riverboat casino in Evansville, the vessel required a lot of remodeling when she arrived to Louisiana. Prior to leaving Evansville, the massive smokestacks were removed in order to fit under the many bridges she had to go under on her voyage to her new home. These stacks were cleaned, repainted, refurbished, and reinstalled when they arrived to New Orleans. To revive the exterior of the boat, the crew draped, sandblasted, and grinded the entire exterior of the vessel. All four decks were refinished with non-skid material to provide top safety for our staff and guests. The exterior walls were painted white and the trimming of the boat was painted a bright red with the pavilion of the top deck painted yellow. All safety equipment was updated including life rafts, life jackets, and two new rescue boats. Three engines and two generators were overhauled and the radiator underneath the boat, that is used to clean the engines, was rebuilt. The biggest addition to the exterior are the 30' x 30' Riverboat Louis Armstrong logos applied to the sides of the vessel as well as a 12' tall image of Louis Armstrong on the back of the pilot house.
When she arrived in Louisiana, our crew began the removal of over 900 gaming machines throughout the vessel as well as demolished all surfaces including walls, floors, ceilings, bars, bathrooms, a deli, and cashier counters. A brand-new floor plan was created that would accommodate everything from large scale concerts to small, intimate functions. The interior you see now is entirely brand new from top to bottom, including the wiring from the security cameras, electrical systems, and audio. All lighting on the Riverboat Louis Armstrong is brand new and wired to a digital control system that can be customized for any event or concert. The RLA crew worked with the Coast Guard to engineer and install an entirely new house and concert audio system that was both certified and acoustically sound. A state-of-the-art stage was built in our concert hall as well as lavish bars, lounges, and ceilings that were built to ensure the concert hall would feel open and inviting. Everyone knows the Louisiana heat and humidity is much more intense than the weather in Indiana, so the AC units were rebuilt and reserviced to be able to handle the extreme Louisiana weather. The beer, soda, and liquor wells are all brand new as well as the back of the house area, equipped with new dishwashing services and a new food prep area. Each floor is designated for a specific event.
View Floorplans - Click to Download PDF
Top level: outside deck
First level: Meeting/Executive meeting space/Crew Area
Second level: Concert Hall features VIP backstage area and artist green room. State of the art stage and concert audio. 40-foot-long main bar in the middle of the ship. 3500 square foot lounge aft.
Third level: 4000 square foot wedding area with private bathrooms, 8000 square foot banquet hall, 45-foot-long bar, 2800 square foot Armstrong Room aft- set up as a lounge space that will honor Satchmo's life and legacy.
Now in its final stages of completion, the Riverboat Louis Armstrong, a 3,000-passenger vessel, fulfills a dream for Warren J. Reuther, Jr., President and CEO of Hospitality Enterprises New Orleans. The Riverboat Louis Armstrong will be "Jazzin' on the River" as a venue for music events, concerts, weddings, conventions, and large-scale private parties, including a Louis Armstrong gospel jazz brunch on Sundays with Mardi Gras Indians. Late night and moonlit cruises will also be part of the Riverboat Louis Armstrong's music agenda, "Jazzin' on the River down in New Orleans."
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We welcome Marguerite (Giguere) Martin – our first guest ever – back to the podcast for our 100th episode!
Marguerite still works for Windermere Professional Partners in Tacoma, Washington, but she's on sabbatical and focusing her business on referrals – attracting clients and matchmaking them with other agents.
1. How Marguerite changed her marketing to attract referral business.
2. Why agents need to up their content game.
3. What people want from local content.
4. How Marguerite's blog fuels her referral business.
5. Which digital marketing tactics Marguerite is using now.


The Kanoya International Exchange Association's hosts a variety of events for both children and adults. Take part in one of our exchange events, experience a slice of foreign culture, and make friends from all over the world. If you're interested in joining the association, or if you just want to hear more about our events, please feel free to contact us.
Christmas Market 2015 November 29th(Sunday) Rena City Kanoya Experience the nostalgic atmosphere of a European Christmas at Christmas Market!
New Year's Party January 23rd, 2016(Saturday) Log Garden Forest(フォレスト) New Year's Party for Japanese and foreign residents in Kanoya!
Sekai no Asobi March 13th, 2016(Sunday) Rena City Play sports and games that come from all around the world!
Copyright 2009 KIEA All Rights Reserved.


COLORADO SPRINGS – In Sarah Arellano's fourth grade class, students read out loud and in unison passages from Pandora's Box on Ancient Greek Myths. They use their pencils to track the sentences. They then split into pairs to pick their favorite Greek characters.
Down the hall, Diana Abowitz's fifth grade class is discussing human rights.
Abowitz asks the class about "blood diamonds" – the gems that fuel wars and atrocities in Africa. Hands shoot up in the air eager to answer.
"People in the Congo are fighting over diamonds," fifth grader David begins his answer.
And across the way, fifth grade teacher Erica Colon picks a stick out of a carton of numbered sticks and calls out "23." A student named Ruby has the number 23, and she yells with glee. There is a sea of groans from her classmates who were not selected to answer the question from their reading text.
Welcome to Centennial Elementary in Colorado Springs where low proficiency rates in reading, writing and arithmetic and wide achievement gaps between races are relics of a not so distant past.
Nestled among apartment buildings and sitting in the middle of one the city's highest crime rate census tracts, the elementary school in the Harrison School District serves almost entirely low-income students with an enrollment of 575 that is 42 percent Latino, 22 percent white and 22 percent black.
Four years ago, less than half of the Latino and black students were proficient in reading and barely half in math. The achievement gap with the white students was as high as 30 percentage points on the standardized tests.
Last year, more than 75 percent of Latino, black and white students were proficient or better in both math and reading. The gap had shrunk to single digits.
Principal Kim Noyes was recruited to the school five years ago as an assistant principal by then principal Wendy Birhanzel.
"She (Birhanzel) was sent by the former superintendent because this was a very struggling school. He said I need somebody who is going to flip this around," Noyes said.
The new team met with teachers, parents and community leaders to set a new tone emphasizing achievement, she said.
They adopted a longer school day running from 8 a.m. to 3:35 p.m. Every student is fed a free breakfast at 8 a.m. Two hours of reading and writing begin at 8:20 a.m. Lunch is also free.
The school has carved out intervention periods to help students who are behind. Volunteers and the gym and art teachers are enlisted to help.
The more advanced students spend the time on science experiments or technology work, Noyes said.
After school, Centennial offers tutoring for students, with about 150 on average staying late, she said. They get a free dinner and are taken home by a bus if their parents can't pick them up.
"We've taken away the obstacles," Noyes said.
Students are released early on Monday for teacher development and discussions on student data. All teachers from each grade jointly plan the lessons.
"We're allowing our teachers to teach," said Noyes.
Five years ago, there was no parent organization, she said. Today, parents routinely volunteer in classrooms.
The school now has 17 sponsors who provide school supplies, food and volunteer support, freeing up money to expand the school day and services.
Fifth grade teacher Elliot Nasser, a native New Yorker, began his teaching career at Centennial. He said he moved back to New York to teach at a charter school, but missed Centennial and returned after a year.
In 2014, when Centennial got back the test results showing the high proficiency levels and low gaps, the school celebrated. Staff called families one by one to tell parents their child had scored proficient in reading or math or writing or all three, Noyes said.


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Civil War to Gilded Age
Entries - Entry Category: Civil War to Gilded Age
American Missionary Association
The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a nondenominational abolitionist society dedicated to providing education and political rights to African Americans. Founded on the premise that denying citizenship to African Americans was a violation of the Declaration of Independence, the AMA sought to find solutions to what was called the "Negro problem" in a divided America. In Arkansas, the AMA focused its efforts on providing education to freedmen and women, seeking to train them to survive in the antebellum South. Although the AMA's efforts in Arkansas lasted barely a decade, the educational push of the organization persists in several remaining educational institutions. The AMA was founded in Syracuse, New York, in 1846 through the merger of a group of abolitionists who …
Ames, Wyatt (Lynching of)
On October 15 or 16, 1883, an African-American man named Wyatt Ames was shot to death near Lexington (some reports say Livingston) in Phillips County for allegedly killing a young deputy constable named Sanders (sometimes referred to as Saunders or Sander) Blount. Presumably, these events took place near Lexington (later renamed Lexa), which is in Phillips County just south of the boundary with Lee County. Wyatt Ames does not appear in any Phillips County records, but in 1870 a ten-year-old named Sanders Blount was living with his father, Richard Blount, in Planters Township. Richard Blount had been in the county since at least 1860, when he was living in Planters Township and had real estate valued at $8,400 and a …
Anderson, James (Lynching of)
On December 5, 1880 (one source gives the date as December 4), an African American man named James Anderson was lynched in Pine Bluff (Jefferson County) for an alleged assault on Sophia Miller, the wife of butcher Joseph Miller. Joseph Miller, age twenty-eight, appears in the 1880 census, with his wife, Sophia, and two young daughters. It is impossible to identify James Anderson, as there were several young Black men by that name living in Jefferson County at the time. Accounts of the lynching appeared in the Arkansas Gazette on December 5 and in national newspapers as early as December 6. According to the Gazette, Joseph Miller had gone out early that morning, leaving the back door of the family …
Anti-miscegenation laws were edicts that made it unlawful for African Americans and white people to marry or engage each other in intimate relationships. The measures first appeared in the United States in colonial times and had two functions. First, the laws helped maintain the racial caste system necessary for the expansion of slavery and the idea of white supremacy. If white masters took slave women as lovers and fathered children by them, anti-miscegenation laws ensured that the children remained slaves because the illicit nature of the relationships left biracial children with none of their father's free status. Second, anti-miscegenation statutes gave white men greater power to control the sexual choices of white women. In the colonial period, white patriarchs used …
Arkadelphia Lynching of 1879
aka: Lynching of Daniels Family
In late January 1879, Ben Daniels and two of his sons—who were accused of robbery, arson, and assault—were lynched in Arkadelphia (Clark County). There is some confusion as to the actual date of the lynching. A January 31 report in the Arkansas Gazette said only that it had happened several days previous. The Cincinnati Daily Star reported that it took place on Sunday night, which would have been January 26. The Cincinnati Enquirer, however, reported that the lynching occurred on Friday, January 24. At the time of the 1870 census (nine years before the incident), thirty-three-year-old Benjamin (Ben) Daniels was living in Manchester Township of Clark County with his wife, Betsy, and eight children. His older sons were Charles (thirteen …
Atkins Race War of 1897
What most newspapers described as the "Atkins Race War" occurred in Lee Township of Pope County in late May and early June 1897. In what appears to have been an unprovoked incident, a group of African Americans attacked two white men, Jesse Nickels and J. R. Hodges, just south of Atkins (Pope County) on May 30. In subsequent encounters, several residents of Lee Township, both white and black, were killed and wounded. Despite the fact that the events in Pope County attracted national attention, the extant newspaper records provide little information regarding the motivations of those who perpetrated the violence. This area of the county, located in rich farmland along the Arkansas River, was populated mostly by farmers. Atkins, which …
Atkins, Jerry (Lynching of)
Jerry Atkins, a black man, was murdered in Union County on November 21, 1865, for having allegedly murdered two school-age children. The lynching was notable for the viciousness it exhibited, a brutality that foreshadowed later lynchings in the state and nation, as well as the fact that it was witnessed by federal troops still occupying the state following the Civil War. Little information exists regarding the lynching. According to an account of the event in the Goodspeed history of the area, Atkins waylaid and murdered two siblings on their way to school on November 7, 1865. The two children were Sarah K. Simpson, who was thirteen years old, and Jesse G. Simpson, eight. The diary of George W. Lewis of …
Atkinson, Wash (Lynching of)
On December 6, 1877, an African-American man named Wash Atkinson was hanged by a mob in Arkadelphia (Clark County) for allegedly attacking a white man named H. G. Ridgeway. Ridgeway was probably carpenter H. G. Ridgeway, who at the time of the 1880 census was a fifty-three-year-old widower living in Arkadelphia. On December 1, 1877, Arkadelphia's Southern Standard published an account of the original crime. According to this report, Ridgeway, acting as "night policeman," had been patrolling the western part of the city on Saturday, November 24. During that time, he attempted to arrest two African Americans, Wash Atkinson and Ike Smith, for disorderly conduct. While Ridgeway was holding Smith by the arm, Atkinson dropped behind them and hit Ridgeway …
The Back-to-Africa Movement mobilized thousands of African-American Arkansans who wished to leave the state for the Republic of Liberia in the late 1800s. Approximately 650 emigrants left from Arkansas, more than from any other American state, in the 1880s and 1890s, the last phase of organized group migration of black Americans to Liberia. As early as 1820, black Americans had begun to return to their ancestral homeland through the auspices of the American Colonization Society (ACS), an organization headquartered in Washington DC, which arranged transportation and settlement. The ACS founded the Republic of Liberia in 1847, with its flag and constitution emulating American models, and nearly 13,000 redeemed slaves and free blacks had settled there before the Civil War. With …
Bailey, James (Lynching of)
On July 9, 1891, James Bailey was hanged from a railroad crossing sign in Beebe (White County) for allegedly attacking a white woman. There is very little information available on Bailey. The only African American named James Bailey in White County at the time of the 1880 census was five years old. He was living in West Point Township with his mother, Fannie, and five siblings. If this is the correct James Bailey, he would have been only sixteen years old at the time of the lynching. The alleged victim was a Mrs. Folsom. There was still a Folsom family in Beebe at the time of the 1900 census. Henry Folsom, a forty-five-year-old day laborer, was living with his wife …
Baker, Eugene (Lynching of)
On July 30, 1892, Eugene Baker (sometimes referred to as Dan Baker), who allegedly murdered a white man in Ashley County, was taken from the jail in Monticello (Drew County) by a mob and lynched just outside of town. According to the 1880 census, seven-year-old Eugene Baker was living at that time in White Township, Ashley County, with his parents, Henry and Mary Baker. This would have made him nineteen at the time of the lynching. Baker had five siblings, and both of his parents worked on a farm. Neither could read or write. According to newspaper reports, Baker, an African American, was abused by whitecappers in Ashley County. Whitecappers, also called nightriders, were vigilante bands, usually consisting of poor …
Bays, Glenco (Lynching of)
On February 18, 1904, Glenco Bays was burned at the stake near Crossett (Ashley County) for the murder of J. D. Stephens, a prominent local farmer. The lynch mob was made up of both whites and African Americans. According to the Arkansas Gazette, Bays was employed by Stephens, who found him to be "a quarrelsome negro." Bays and Stephens apparently had an argument, and Bays allegedly went to Stephens's house and shot him. According to the Orangeburg Times and Democrat, after he killed Stephens, Bays beat his body with the butt of the shotgun. Stephens was one of the most prosperous and admired farmers in the county. The Arkansas Gazette reported that black residents of the area "showed their esteem …
Bearden Lynching of 1893
On May 9, 1893, three African Americans were lynched in Bearden (Ouachita County) for what was called a "murderous assault" on Jesse Norman, a prosperous young businessman. At midnight on Saturday, May 6, Jesse Norman was hit over the head with an axe and robbed. The victim was probably the Jessie J. Norman listed in the 1880 census, thirteen years before the event. In 1880, he was nine years old and was living with his parents Eleazer (variously spelled Elezer and Elesa) Norman and Panthaia (variously spelled Panttairer and Panthier) Norman in Union Township of Ouachita County; his parents were still living in the county in 1900. According to the Arkansas Gazette, Norman's skull was crushed with an axe, and …
Beavers, William and Henry (Lynchings of)
In 1890 and 1892, brothers William and Henry Beavers—both African American—were lynched near Warren (Bradley County) and Wilmar (Drew County), respectively. William was accused of assaulting Inez Abernathy, whose family he had been living with. Henry was murdered for attacking Chloe Wright, the daughter of a prominent Drew County farmer. In 1880, William Beavers (then two years old) and his brother Junior (presumably Henry, age four) were living in Pennington Township of Bradley County with their parents, Henry and Lorenda Beavers, and several other siblings. Henry Beavers Sr. was thirty years old and was a farmer. If these ages are correct, William Beavers would have been only fourteen years old at the time of his murder, and Henry sixteen. Both …
Berryman, Peter (Lynching of)
On February 20, 1901, Peter Berryman (regularly referred to as "Nigger Pete" in newspaper articles) was murdered in Mena (Polk County) for the alleged assault of young Essie Osborne. Berryman's murder and numerous other instances of racially motivated harassment throughout the years in Mena—combined with changing job prospects with the relocation of railroad division shops—apparently convinced many African Americans to leave the area, and Mena slowly became a "sundown town." There were 152 black residents of Mena in 1900 but only sixteen in 1910. In 1900, Peter Berryman, age forty-five, was living alone in a house in Mena. He could neither read nor write; his occupation is illegible on the census record. According to various newspaper accounts, Berryman was "half-witted" …
Biscoe Family (Lynching of)
In early February 1892, Hamp Biscoe (or Bisco), his pregnant wife, and his thirteen-year-old son were killed in Keo (Lonoke County); their infant escaped with only a minor wound. This murder was apparently the culmination of years of suffering and bitterness on the part of the Biscoe family. It was also one of the numerous incidents occurring in Arkansas at the time that prompted the Reverend Malcolm E. Argyle to write in the March 1892 Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania): "There is much uneasiness and unrest all over this State among our people, owing to the fact that the people (our race variety) all over the State are being lynched upon the slightest provocation….In the last 30 days there have been …
Black Hawk War of 1872
The Black Hawk War was a Reconstruction-era political and racial conflict in Mississippi County that occurred in 1872—not to be confused with two earlier incidents both called the Black Hawk War, which were clashes between Native Americans and white settlers in other states. Little is known about the event, including the origins of its name. During Reconstruction, the radical wing of the Republican Party controlled most elected offices. Many judges, prosecutors, and registrars were intensely disliked by local residents, who had little say in their own affairs and who resented the granting of civil rights to African Americans, of which Mississippi County had a sizeable population. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was very active in the area, resulting in Mississippi …
Black Union Troops
aka: African-American Union Troops
aka: United States Colored Troops
Many former African-American slaves and freedmen from Arkansas answered President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to help put down the Confederate rebellion. Across the war-torn nation, 180,000 Black men responded. An estimated 40,000 lost their lives in the conflict. Lincoln later credited these "men of color" with helping turn the tide of the war, calling them "the sable arm." The official records from the U.S. government credit 5,526 men of African descent as having served in the Union army from the state of Arkansas. Between 3,000 and 4,000 additional Black soldiers served in Arkansas during the war, including in heavy artillery, cavalry, and infantry regiments. In addition, Black soldiers manned all of the batteries and fortifications at Helena (Phillips County) …
Black, Pickens W., Sr.
Pickens W. Black Sr. was one of the most remarkable African-American agriculturalists in northeast Arkansas in the post–Civil War years. Although little has been written about his life, he is rightly entitled to appear in the annals of Arkansas history as an entrepreneur, community developer, philanthropist, and advocate for the education of black children in Jackson County. Pickens Black Sr. was born a slave about 1861 (no later than 1863) near Gadsden, Alabama. His mother, Mary Johnston, and her first and second husbands (the second was his father) were the slaves of a white plantation owner named Black, and they took the surname of their master. Black had an older half-brother, John V. Lee, from his mother's first marriage. Black …
Bogan, West (Trial of)
Bound in slavery on a cotton farm near Helena (Phillips County), West Bogan fought and killed his subjugator, Monroe Bogan, with an ax the morning of December 15, 1863. After many months in jail and a court sentence to hang, Bogan's case was presented by Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt to President Abraham Lincoln on the fresh legal grounds of the Emancipation Proclamation. Bogan was ultimately seen as having acted in self defense and freed, but the rest of his life remains a mystery. Two weeks after the murder, West Bogan was discovered by plantation neighbors hiding among the thousands of former slaves in the contraband camps around Helena. They handed him over to Union troops. Bogan was held at a Helena …
Bowles (Lynching of)
Sometime around August 22, 1892, an African-American man identified only by his surname, which was Bowles, was hanged near Gurdon (Clark County) for allegedly raping sixteen-year-old Nellie Wilkes. Public records reveal no additional information about either Bowles or Wilkes. Although the incident was apparently not covered in Arkansas, several publications across the country reported on it, including a German-language newspaper in Baltimore, Maryland. According to the Hamilton, Ohio, Daily Republican, Bowles, a "burly negro," "outraged" Wilkes and then fled the scene. This aroused the neighborhood, and a mob was soon in pursuit. He was discovered at a farmhouse, where he had compelled the occupants to give him food. He was brought back to the scene of the crime, where he …
Branch, Charley (Lynching of)
On December 26, 1882, Charley Branch (sometimes referred to as Charles, Charlie, or Charles B. Branch) was lynched by a mob of African Americans near Varner (Lincoln County) for allegedly raping and murdering Cora Wallace, the daughter of Dock Wallace. Both Branch and his alleged victim were African American. At the time of the incident, Charley Branch was reported by the Arkansas Gazette to be thirty-five years old. There is no likely listing for a Charley or Charles Branch in either the 1860 or 1870 Arkansas census. One possible Charles Branch listed in Arkansas in 1880 was living in Monroe Township in Mississippi County. However, there was also listed in the 1880 census one "Chas. Branch." Born around 1857, he …
Brodie (Lynching of)
On May 16, 1900, an African American named James (Jim) or John Brodie—accounts differ—was killed near Raggio (Lee County) for allegedly attacking a local planter and merchant named John Blunt. The murder is considered a lynching by many institutions that keep track of lynchings across the nation. According to the June 15 edition of the Forrest City Times, the lynching happened as a result of a disagreement between Blunt and Brodie in the middle of May. Brodie allegedly tried to shoot Blunt, and they exchanged several shots before another African American shot Brodie in the face. Brodie appeared before a magistrate and was placed in the custody of two Black constables. Blunt sent to Marianna (Lee County) for a deputy …
Brown, Fountain
Fountain Brown was a Methodist preacher who was the first person to be charged and found guilty of violating the Emancipation Proclamation. Charged with having sold several of his slaves back into slavery after they had in fact been freed by President Abraham Lincoln's order, Brown found himself at the center of a case that reflected the changes that came with the war. For a brief time, it was a celebrated legal matter leading to an active postwar effort to secure a pardon for the physically ailing Brown. Little is known about Fountain Brown's early years. He is thought to have been born in 1806 or 1807, but the location is unknown. A one-time resident of Tennessee, he had been …
Butlerville Lynching of 1882
On June 1, 1882, three African Americans named Joseph Earl, Taylor Washington, and Thomas Humphreys were hanged in Butlerville (Lonoke County) for allegedly attacking a young girl named Annie Bridges. Public records reveal very little about the girl or her alleged attackers. There was a thirteen-year-old girl named Sally Bridges in Butler Township of Lonoke County in 1880. She was living in the household of George and Mary Phillips, and her relationship to them was listed merely as "Home." If the victim's first name was Sally and not Annie, there is information indicating that her mother had died in Hot Springs (Garland County) in 1878. There was a fourteen-year-old boy named Taylor Washington living in neighboring Prairie County with his …
Caldwell, Will, and John Thomas (Lynching of)
aka: John Thomas and Will Caldwell (Lynching of)
On September 10, 1895, an African-American man named Will Caldwell and an "old negro man" identified by some newspapers as John Thomas were lynched near Blytheville (Mississippi County) for allegedly murdering and robbing a woman named Mattie Rhea. An extensive search of records for Arkansas and neighboring states revealed no information about either Mattie Rhea or Will Caldwell. There was, however, a John Thomas living in Mississippi County in 1880. He was twenty-six years old and living in Pecan Point Township, in the very southeastern part of the county. He would have been forty-one at the time of the lynching, which may not qualify him for the sobriquet "old negro." Living in the same township and working on a farm …
Canfield Race War of 1896
On Saturday, December 12, 1896, African-American workers at the Canfield Lumber Company in the small lumber town of Canfield (Lafayette County) were fired on by a mob of whites and forced to leave the area. This was part of a widespread pattern of intimidation of black laborers in southern Arkansas in the 1890s, a practice that seems to have reached a peak in 1896. There were incidents involving railroad workers in Polk County in August and on the Cotton Belt Railway line in Ouachita County in early December. Later in December, there was a similar incident at a sawmill in McNeil (Columbia County). These incidents were part of a larger pattern evident in southern Arkansas throughout the 1890s in which …
Capus, Henry (Lynching of)
Henry Capus, an African-American man, was lynched in late June 1894 in Columbia County. The reports regarding his killing are brief and lacking details, but his murder follows the pattern of many other lynchings of the era. The exact identity of Henry Capus is unknown, as there are no exact census matches for that name (especially given that the enumeration sheets for the 1890 census were lost to fire), and national reports offered variations on his last name, rendering it Cabus or Cahns. There is a Henry Cabos or Cabus listed on the 1880 census residing in Shreveport, Louisiana, but he would have been sixty-four at the time of the lynching. That same census finds a Henry Capus in Alabama; …
Carter, Allen (Lynching of)
Sometime during the first week of August 1892, an African-American man named Allen Carter was lynched at Wynne (Cross County) for allegedly assaulting his fourteen-year-old daughter. While the method of the murder is not specified, brief reports from across the United States indicate that the mob that lynched him was composed entirely of African Americans. There exists insufficient documentary evidence to determine the identity of Carter, and reports differ as to when exactly Carter was lynched. According to the August 6 issue of the Daily Public Ledger, Carter was arrested on Tuesday, August 2. The mob later removed him from jail and lynched him. Other similar published accounts vary on the date of the lynching, placing it anywhere from August …
Chicot County Race War of 1871
aka: Chicot County Massacre
In late 1871, Chicot County was taken over by several hundred African Americans, led by state legislator and county judge James W. Mason. The murder of African-American lawyer Wathal (sometimes spelled as Walthall) Wynn prompted the area's black citizens to kill the men jailed for their role in the murder and take over the area. Many white residents fled, escaping by steamboat to Memphis, Tennessee, and other nearby river towns. Like the Black Hawk War that occurred in Mississippi County the following year, the situation arose, in part, from the radical wing of the Republican Party exercising its power in choosing local officials. Both Mississippi and Chicot counties' populations were primarily black, with blacks outnumbering whites four to one in Chicot County. …
Clarendon Lynching of 1898
On August 9, 1898, Manse (or Manze) Castle, Will Sanders (Saunders), Sanders's mother Lorilla (Rilla) Weaver, Dennis Ricord (Record, Rikard), and Susie Jacobs—all African American—were lynched in Clarendon (Monroe County) because of their complicity in the murder of prosperous merchant John T. Orr. Rilla Weaver was the cook in the Orr household, and Susie Jacobs worked there as a maid. Rachael Morris, a "prominent young Jewess" who had also been implicated in the plot, escaped and was spared. Orr's wife, Mabel, who had instigated the murder, lay fatally ill in the nearby jail, having taken poison; she was eventually to die in the jail. With her was the Orrs' only child, three-year-old Neva. As horrifying as this story is, the …
Cotton, John (Lynching of)
On July 15, 1893, a seventeen-year-old African American named John Cotton was hanged near Cornerville (Lincoln County) for an alleged attack on the wife of John Tucker, a prominent area farmer. According to the Forrest City Times, on Thursday, July 13, Cotton tried to assault Tucker while he thought her husband was away. John Tucker, however, was in a field nearby, where he heard her screams, and ran to the house. Cotton escaped, and as news spread of the attempted attack, a mob gathered. Cotton managed to elude them, "running like a hunted beast through the fields and woods." He could find no food and no hiding place, and by Saturday afternoon he was exhausted and collapsed. His pursuers caught …
Coy, Edward (Lynching of)
On February 20, 1892, Edward Coy, a thirty-two-year-old African-American man, was burned at the stake in Texarkana (Miller County) before a crowd of approximately 1,000 people. Ida B. Wells, a journalist and prominent anti-lynching crusader, described Coy's murder as one of the most shocking and repulsive in the history of lynching. Coy, described in press accounts as "mulatto," was charged with a crime "from which the laws provide adequate punishment. Ed Coy was charged with assaulting Mrs. Henry [Julia] Jewell, a white woman. A mob pronounced him guilty, strapped him to a tree, chipped the flesh from his body, poured coal oil over him, and the woman in the case set fire to him." According to the New York Times, …
Crenshaw, George (Lynching of)
On September 2 or 3, 1885, an African-American man named George Crenshaw was taken from jail and hanged by a mob near Lewisville (Lafayette County) for allegedly murdering a young salesman named Harry W. Paup. According to the September 1 edition of the Arkansas Gazette, at 10:00 p.m. on Friday, August 28 (another report says August 29), a young salesman and "highly respected young gentleman" named Harry W. Paup was walking through a cotton field near the home of an elderly black man named George Crenshaw. Crenshaw's dogs began to bark and alerted Crenshaw, described as a "blood-thirsty old demon." Crenshaw grabbed his gun, and though another man, Mike Ross, tried to stop him, ran to the field, spotted Paup, …
Crittenden County Expulsion of 1888
In July 1888, a group of influential white citizens in Crittenden County expelled a number of prominent African-American citizens and county officials. Apparently weary of the fusion governments that had prevailed there for years, as well as fearful of the outcome of the upcoming September and November elections, they hoped their actions would intimidate black voters and ensure a victory for white Democrats. Following the Civil War, land agents began to recruit black laborers from around the South to work in the cotton fields. By 1870, the black population in Crittenden County had reached sixty-seven percent, the majority for the first time. The emergence of a black middle class tied to the Republican Party threatened the hegemony of the white …
Davis, Alford (Lynching of)
In early January 1894, Alford "Alf" Davis, an African American man, was hanged by a mob in Lonoke County for allegedly stealing hogs. Alford Davis was possibly the thirty-year-old farmer who was living in Pettus Township, Lonoke County, in 1880. He was born in Alabama and was living with his wife, Emma, and three small children. In many accounts, Davis is described as an "old negro." There were brief reports of the incident in newspapers across the country, and they differ on whether the lynching happened on January 4 or January 5. The Bolivar Bulletin indicates that Davis had been known for stealing and killing hogs "whenever it suited his convenience, regardless of the ownership of the hog." Apparently, the …
Davis, Chick (Lynching of)
On July 24, 1899, an African-American man named Chick Davis was shot by a posse near Wilmot (Ashley County). While the incident was covered briefly in numerous national newspapers, coverage in Arkansas was no more detailed. As is often the case, given that the enumeration sheets for the 1890 census were lost to fire, there was no information in public records on Chick Davis or his victim. Newspaper reports indicate that a respected area farmer named Will Grin (sometimes spelled Grinn) suspected Davis of stealing and riding his horse at night. Grin went to Davis to "expostulate" with him, and Davis shot him in the forehead, killing him instantly. Davis then fled and was pursued by a posse composed of …
Devoe and Huntley (Lynching of)
aka: Huntley and Devoe (Lynching of)
In early January 1898, two African Americans named Devoe and Huntley (no first names were given in the reports) were allegedly lynched near Bearden (Ouachita County) for an attempted assault on an elderly woman there a year earlier. They were apparently lynched in two different incidents, and as the authorities maintained they had escaped, few details are available. According to the Arkansas Gazette, Devoe and Huntley had attempted to assault an elderly woman named Mrs. Paine near Bearden approximately a year before the alleged lynchings. They fled the scene, but in early January 1898, Devoe returned to the Bearden area and was arrested by J. D. Best and Frank Butler. They asked him where Huntley was, and when he refused …
DeWitt Lynching of 1891
On December 21, 1891, a mob of masked men entered the jail in DeWitt (Arkansas County) and shot three men: Floyd McGregory (sometimes written as Gregory) and his father-in-law, J. A. Smith (who were both white), as well as Mose Henderson (who was African American). The three men had been put in jail for plotting to kill Smith's wife, who had divorced him and received one-third of his property in the settlement. According to the Arkansas Gazette, Smith's wife, Mary, divorced him because "he was unkind to her, and abandoned her companionship for that of negroes." The case was bitterly fought, but in the end, she received damages as part of the settlement, and her former husband objected. Smith enlisted …
Donnelly, Robert (Lynching of)
Robert Donnelly, an African-American man, was lynched in Lee County on June 29, 1892, by a mob of more than 200 other African Americans. His alleged crime was the repeated assault of a twelve-year-old black girl. While black-on-black lynchings were rare, historian Karlos Hill asserts that many of those that occurred shared a number of similarities. Most of the victims were young, married males who worked as farm laborers. Many of the victims were also connected with plantation societies, communities where everyone knew each other and which were inclined to punish their own criminals. Many of the thinly populated areas in the Arkansas Delta were similar to frontier areas, where violence was rampant and white officials were unresponsive, especially to …
Dumas (Lynching of)
On August 5, 1874, an African-American man, identified only as Dumas in newspaper reports, was killed in Greenwood (Sebastian County). His killing was in response to his alleged "murderous assault" on Jacob Greiner and then his escape from jail after his arrest. According to the Weekly New Era of Fort Smith (Sebastian County), several weeks earlier Dumas had allegedly assaulted Greiner in an effort to rob his store. He was arrested and housed in a "stout log-house or pen" with a murderer named Walls or Wall. According to the Era, the prisoners were accessed by a stairway or ladder that ran through a hole with an iron door; it was by this means that food was delivered. On August 12, 1874, …
Elligin and Anderson (Lynching of)
Two African-American men named Elligin and Anderson were lynched in September 1877 near DeWitt (Arkansas County) for the alleged crime of murder. This was the third lynching event to occur in Arkansas County. The two men lynched were likely Jordan Elligin and George Anderson. The 1870 census records both men living in Villemont township in Arkansas County (the township would be annexed to Jefferson County in 1889). Elligin was fifteen at the time of the census, while Anderson was twenty-four and working as a farmer. An account of this event appeared in the Indicator, a newspaper published in DeWitt. According to this account, published on Saturday, September 22, and reprinted in the Arkansas Gazette, Elligin and Anderson had been confined …
By 1860, about twenty-five percent of Arkansas's population was enslaved, amounting to more than 111,000 people. The emancipation of these people in Arkansas took place as a result of the American Civil War, their freedom achieved due to the decisions made by Union military leaders, President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, and the actions of the slaves themselves. Slavery's abolishment meant more than simply the loss of human property and the end of a labor system—it ended a social relationship that had defined the state's early development. The process of emancipation in Arkansas began before Lincoln's formal Emancipation Proclamation. Finding that Confederates had used slave labor to create physical obstacles in his path across Arkansas in 1862, Union general Samuel R. …
Farmer, John (Lynching of)
On July 19, 1891, an African-American man named John Farmer was lynched in Chicot County for allegedly murdering a prominent local planter named C. C. Buckner. John Farmer may be the same person who was living with his grandmother, Lou Gibson, in the household of another African American, Jack Gillis, in Mason Township of Chicot County in 1880; his grandmother was a servant, and fifteen-year-old Farmer was a farm laborer. This would mean that he was twenty-six at the time he was lynched. According to Paul R. Hollrah's History of St. Charles County, Missouri (1765–1885), C. C. Buckner was Charles Creel Buckner, born in Kentucky in 1850 to George Roberts Buckner and Harriet Creel Buckner. C. C. Buckner graduated from …
Forrest City Riot of 1889
In the 1888 election, the Union Labor Party, which included farmers of the Agricultural Wheel, allied with the Republicans to challenge the Democrats. Aware of black Arkansans' important electoral support of this movement, white Democrats responded by launching an effort to end African Americans' political participation. In St. Francis County in eastern Arkansas, which had become a black-majority county by 1890, the Wheel/Republican alliance became politically powerful. In 1888, county Union Laborites and Republicans formed a fusion ticket to challenge the previously dominant Democrats. Much to the Democrats' dismay, three black Republicans captured the offices of county assessor, treasurer, and coroner, and white Union Labor candidates won the offices of sheriff, county clerk, and county judge. Shortly after the election, …
Frederick, Bart (Lynchings Related to the Murder of)
On January 7, 1898, in Little Bay (Calhoun County), African-American men Charley Wheelright (or Wheelwright) and A. A. Martin were lynched for the alleged murder of Bart Frederick, a white man. Jim Cone, another suspect in the case, was probably lynched around the same time. Six months later, Goode Gray (a.k.a. Tobe Gray) was lynched at Rison (Cleveland County) for the same crime. According to the Arkansas Gazette, Bart Frederick was murdered in the first week of January while he was operating a handcart on the Cotton Belt Railroad near Kingsland (Cleveland County), where he was a waterman (a worker who supplied water to the railroad tanks). A letter written by Dr. William Buerhive to Bart Frederick's brother in Michigan, …
aka: Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 to help four million African Americans in the South make the transition from slavery to freedom and to help destitute white people with food and medical supplies in the dire days at the end of the Civil War. Headed by General Oliver Otis Howard, the Freedmen's Bureau was supervised in Arkansas by assistant commissioners General John W. Sprague (April 1865–September 1866), General Edward O. C. Ord (October 1866–March 1867), and General Charles H. Smith (March 1867–May 1869). The bureau attempted to help Arkansas's estimated 110,000 slaves become truly free as the Civil War ended. Seventy-nine local agents (thirty-six civilians and forty-three army officers) labored from 1865 to …
Freedmen's Schools
Freedmen's schools in Arkansas were created as early as 1863 in areas occupied by Union forces to provide for the education of newly freed slaves during the Civil War and in the Reconstruction period that followed. These schools were first run by teachers from the American Missionary Association (AMA) and the Quakers—particularly the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends. Early schools existed in Pine Bluff (Jefferson County), Little Rock (Pulaski County), and Helena (Phillips County), all areas with large populations of freed slaves. The federal government soon became involved in providing education for the freed slaves, and in 1865 the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (known as the Freedmen's Bureau) assumed responsibility for educating former slaves. AMA and Quaker …
Gardner, Jeff (Lynching of)
On April 18, 1896, a twenty-one-year-old African-American man named Jeff (sometimes called Jefferson) Gardner was hanged in Cleveland County, ten miles north of Warren (Bradley County), for allegedly assaulting the daughter of a white man named Jeff Burrows (sometimes identified as Barrow). News of the lynching first appeared in the Arkansas Gazette on April 21. According to this and other reports, Gardner went to the home of Burrows, described by the Hopkinsville Kentuckian as "a respectable white man living near Warren," and found only the children at home. One sister was sick, and Gardner allegedly drove other children from the house. The Gazette reported that one little boy attacked Gardner with a hoe in an attempt to protect his older …
Gould, Godfrey (Lynching of)
On July 30, 1896, an African American man named Godfrey Gould was lynched by a mob of more than 100 people in Brinkley (Monroe County) for having allegedly attempted to rape a woman. One early report of Gould's alleged crime can be found in the July 22, 1896, issue of the Helena Weekly World, which reported that, on Monday, July 13, Gould "attempted to assault one of the gay damsels of his color, when she forcibly and effectively resisted by sending a ball [bullet] through his left cheek, passing out of his right eye." He was soon arrested by Deputy Sheriffs Sell Johnson and J. A. Rogers, assisted by Deputy Sheriff W. B. Daizell, who "were mindful of his comfort" …