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How Does Tita Die In Like Water For Chocolate?
Tita wished she could have accompanied him on his trip. Tita eats the candles that had been lighted in the room up to Pedro's death in order to rekindle the inner fire that had previously allowed her to cross over to the other side of death.
Despite the fact that Tita is caring and self-sacrificing, she is yearning to get rid of her violent mother. She is madly in love with Pedro, and she is struggling with the tension and sorrow that comes with being in a relationship that is forbidden. Every single one of the Like Water for Chocolate quotations listed below was either uttered by or refers to Tita de la Garza in some way.
1 What is the plot of like water for chocolate?
2 How does Tita react to Pedro's death?
3 How do Tita and Pedro die?
4 Why did Tita die in Like Water for Chocolate?
5 What happens to Tita When Roberto dies?
6 Why does Tita die?
7 Why do you think Rosaura died?
8 What is Mama Elena's secret?
9 Who is narrating Like Water for Chocolate?
10 How did Pedro and Tita meet?
11 Why does Tita choose Pedro?
12 How does Tita react to the death of Roberto?
13 How does Tita feel about Roberto?
14 What is the plot of Like Water for Chocolate?
15 How does Dr Brown help Tita?
16 Who married Gertrudis?
17 What happens to Rosaura's wedding dress at the end of the chapter?
19 How does Tita react to Pedro's death?
What is the plot of like water for chocolate?
It is the narrative of Tita De La Garza, the youngest daughter of a family residing in Mexico at the start of the twentieth century, that Like Water For Chocolate is based on. Pedro Muzquiz, Tita's long-time love, pays a visit to the family's ranch in order to ask for Tita's hand in marriage.
How does Tita react to Pedro's death?
Tita turns around, desiring to resume her life and falling in love with Pedro in the process. Pedro has already crossed the bridge, and she understands this after she has done so. Tita, yearning to be with Pedro, strives to rekindle her inner fire by consuming the candles that had previously illuminated the room until they themselves went out at the time of Pedro's death.
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How do Tita and Pedro die?
Pedro is waiting for her at the end of the tunnel, and she decides to accompany him. As soon as they die, their corpses begin to burn. The dark area transforms into a volcano, spewing sparks so high and dazzling that they are mistaken for fireworks by onlookers. The relationship between magic, love, life, and death is never more evident than in this scenario.
Why did Tita die in Like Water for Chocolate?
Tita is released from the curse of her birthright as a result of Mama Elena's death, and she accepts an engagement proposal from John Brown, with whom she had developed feelings for. During this time, Rosaura and Pedro have returned to the ranch, where they have given birth to their second child, Esperanza.
What happens to Tita When Roberto dies?
Tita's sadness at learning of Roberto's murder motivates her to confront Mama Elena's nastiness, and she eventually succeeds in establishing the authority of her voice, if hesitantly. This is significant because Tita quickly withdraws into quiet, but she gradually gains control over Elena through the use of words.
Why does Tita die?
Death was a Decision: In the novel Like Water for Chocolate, Tita made the decision to die rather than continue living without Pedro. When she understood that Pedro had left the darkness and entered the light, she made the decision to follow him.
Why do you think Rosaura died?
When Esperanza and Alex decided to be married, their precarious coexistence came to a head: Tita and Pedro fought for Esperanza's wishes to be honored, while Rosaura steadfastly defended the rigorous custom that her mother had imposed on Tita. Rosaura died as a result of her uncomfortable condition, which had been exacerbated by days of furious disputes.
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What is Mama Elena's secret?
Elena was profoundly in love with a mulatto guy when she was a young woman, according to the letters she wrote to him. Her parents forbade her from having this connection and pushed her to marry the guy who would later become Tita's biological father. Mama Elena, on the other hand, persisted in the affair, and she finally became pregnant with Gertrudis.
Who is narrating Like Water for Chocolate?
She is Esperanza's daughter, who is known as 'Tita' after her great-aunt, and who tells the narrative in her own words.
How did Pedro and Tita meet?
Tita wakes up in the middle of the night, distraught. She recalls how she met Pedro for the first time at a Christmas party hosted at her residence the year before.
Why does Tita choose Pedro?
When it comes to Tita in the novel, Like Water For Chocolate, while John is compassionate, he simply serves as her instructor; Pedro, on the other hand, is a passionate and committed real love of Tita, making him the better option of the two. Pedro complements Tita's personality since Tita really feels that Pedro is her life's true love.
How does Tita react to the death of Roberto?
What is Tita's reaction when she learns about Roberto's death from Mama Elena? Tita screamed at Mama Elena, tearing up the sausage in the process. She held her responsible for his death.
How does Tita feel about Roberto?
Tita's affection for Roberto endows her with the miraculous capacity to breastfeed Roberto and changes her into a more motherly figure (or even a Virgin Mary-like figure) than Rosaura, who is transformed into a more motherly figure (or even a Virgin Mary-like figure) than Rosaura. According to the literature, it is possible that love and sustenance are what defines a mother.
Plot.The story revolves around a young woman named Tita who lives in the early 1900s and battles with love, family dynamics, and family tradition, among other things.An emotional young lady is seen cutting onions at the beginning of the film, expressing the influences of her emotions and her cooking.
Her tale then begins with the birth of a girl called Tita, which she continues throughout the book.
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How does Dr Brown help Tita?
Plot.The story revolves around a young woman called Tita who lives in the early 1900s and battles with love, family dynamics, and family tradition as she navigates life.An emotional young lady is shown chopping onions at the beginning of the film, reflecting the affects of her emotions on her cooking.
Her tale then begins with the birth of a child called Tita, which she continues throughout the novel.
Who married Gertrudis?
Gertrudis finally reunites with Juan Alejandrez, with whom she marries and has children.
What happens to Rosaura's wedding dress at the end of the chapter?
Despite the fact that the wedding takes place, Rosaura's spotless white dress is ruined by her bouts of vomiting, which exposes the occasion for what it truly is: a fictitious and impure affair.


Happy Sunday! Rest in the palm of His hand for He is here with us! A blessed Sunday reminds us who we are living for and to whom we will return to. Meanwhile reclaimsunday.net is praying you are aware of his providential love for you! Peace!


Zach Shor, COO of Topgolf International will be a keynote speaker at next July's Golf Business Forum.
Topgolf is a phenomenon when it comes to blending sports and socialising. With 33 venues entertaining more than 10.5 million guests annually, Topgolf is truly everyone's game and is a favourite with golfers and non-golfers alike. A year round proposition with climate controlled hitting bays, superb F&B and an outstanding commitment to exceptional customer service, Topgolf has lessons for us all.
Topgolf, in an exclusive partnership with Village Roadshow, will open its first Australian venue on the Gold Coast in mid-2018. The $35 million destination is the first of 6-8 that Village hopes to open in Australia. It is estimated over 400,000 visitors are expected in the first year. Zach is spearheading the international rollout for Topgolf, and will share insights on Topgolf's success. We look forward to welcoming Zach to Melbourne next July!


Tuesday April 18th marked the date of the first spring skate for Titan Ice Hockey. It truly was a sight to behold as nearly 30 players took the ice for the first of our recruitment skates, showing strong promise with the incoming class of recruits. After a season plagued by low numbers on the bench, our solid core is excited to be joined by a large number of talented new players who will bring a spark to the program.
The next of the spring skates is slated for Tuesday, May 23rd at East West Ice Palace in Artesia from 9:25pm – 10:55pm. It will be $15 per player, and is likely to be another very strong turnout. More skates will very likely be scheduled this coming summer, but as they are tentative at this point, new recruits are strongly recommended to come out to the skate in May.
If you cannot make it or have any questions, feel free to contact our Club President, Ethan Chapluk, via email at chappy2495@csu.fullerton.edu, or contact our club GM via email at gm@titanicehockey.com.


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Most viewed - State College - Centre Area Transit Authority
CATA 23377 viewsCATA #23 at the old garage. This bus was part of the "Pennliner" order for Neoplans shared by many Pennsylvania transit agencies. Photograph taken August 25, 1990 by Ed Gibbs; collection of A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 41 (ex-PTC/SEPTA 4191)306 viewsCATA #41, one of only two 40' Fishbowls operated by CATA, at the new garage on July 17, 1998. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 29 (ex-Pierce Transit 223)291 viewsCATA #29 at the new garage on July 20, 2000. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 3281 viewsCATA #3, part of the original order or eight 4523As, at the old garage in March, 1980. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 79274 viewsCATA #79 at the new garage on July 20, 2000. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 52269 viewsCATA #52 at the new garage. CATA's switch to natural gas is obvious in this photo. Photograph taken July 17, 1998 by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 9 (ex-Fullington Auto Bus 269, exx-Suburban Express 269)269 viewsCATA #9 on Science Park Road on March 22, 1979. This was the first TDH3301 built (serial 001) and last I knew was preserved after being sold by CATA. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 72257 viewsCATA #72 at the new garage. Several New Flyer low floors were added to the fleet in 1997-98. Photograph taken July 17, 1998 by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 291 (ex-Fullington Autobus 291, exx-Harrisburg Railways)219 viewsCATA #291 at the garage in May, 1981. There is some disagreement between published roster and delivery lists for this bus. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt.
CATA 234 (ex-Fullington Auto Bus 234, exx-MK&O 781)214 viewsCATA #234 at the garage in May, 1981. Photograph taken by A.J. Reinschmidt, who rode this bus and sister #233 to work every day for a year in 1977-78 on the RE route.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gorgeous 2 story townhome in the heart of Tampa! Minutes away from the airport & shopping. This property boasts COREtec Vinyl flooring (scratch and water resistance) throughout the entire home excluding the bathrooms. With Whirlpool stainless steel kitchen appliances, and Samsung washer and dryer installed in 2016 it surely will not disappoint! There is also a Vivint security system equipment which will be conveying if the buyer wants to activate. Buyer will be able to set the two NEST thermostats, doorbell camera, and keyless entry without a fee! This property will not last long schedule your showing TODAY!
Morgan Property Solutions Inc participates in the MFRMLS Internet Data Exchange (IDX) program, allowing display of other MFRMLS broker's listings on this site. However, may not include all listings currently available. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. Information last updated on 4/20/19 9:22 PM PDT.


Cobblestone Hotel & Suites - Pulaski, Pulaski, United States of America - Lowest Rate Guaranteed!
Located in Pulaski, Cobblestone Hotel & Suites - Pulaski is within a 15-minute drive of NEW Zoo and Thornberry Creek at Oneida. This hotel is 12.9 mi (20.8 km) from Green Bay Botanical Garden and 15.5 mi (25 km) from Oneida Casino.
Lingering antiiceptic smell of cleaning materials used.


Everybody loves a good laugh. What's more, everyone loves to see you laughing – your friends, your family, your co-workers, even your dentist. Visalia residents have so many reasons to laugh, but here are five more that your health professionals want you to know.
1. Laughter relaxes the whole body. A good laugh relieves physical tension and relaxes tired or tense muscles. The immediate effects of laughter can keep your muscles relaxed for up to 45 minutes.
2. Laughter boosts the immune system. Laughter will decrease stress hormones in your body and give your immune cells and infection-fighting antibodies a boost. This improves your ability to resist disease and enhances your resilience.
3. Laughter triggers the release of endorphins. Simply put, endorphins make you feel good. They can promote an overall sense of wellbeing, ease anxiety, and add joy and zest to your day. They can even effectively reduce or relieve pain for a time.
4. Laughter protects the heart. Laughter causes a reaction that dilates the blood vessels, resulting in improved function and increased blood flow. Studies have shown that laughter can protect against heart attack, heart disease, and other cardiovascular problems.
5. Laughter brings a host of social benefits. There is nothing better than laughing with a group of friends. Turns out, laughter can attract those friends in the first place. Laughing with others strengthens relationships, widens the social circle, and defuses conflict.
There is certainly no denying the benefits of a good laugh, but how is your dentist involved? Visalia residents want to laugh with confidence, right from the belly and the bottom of the soul, and so you should! Your dentist in Visalia can help you achieve and maintain the smile that will set you on your way. Never hold back, laugh with all you've got, and contact your dentist in Visalia for the beaming smile to go along with it.


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Is Trump coming after Medicare? White House, Dems try to claim upper hand on health care debate: ANALYSIS
The White House says reduced waste will protect the solvency of Medicare.
ByAnne Flaherty
President Donald Trump speaks during CPAC 2019, March 2, 2019 in Washington, D.C.
Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
President Donald Trump has promised repeatedly to protect Medicare and Medicaid, the popular health care programs for older and low-income Americans, even tweeting last fall that "Democrats will destroy your Medicare and I will keep it healthy and well!"
It was a promise that started in the early days of his presidential campaign.
Then came this week's 2020 White House budget request. That plan called for hundreds of billions of dollars to be trimmed from Medicare in the next 10 years, with estimates ranging from more than $500 billion to $845 billion depending upon the accounting.
On Medicaid -- the federal health care program for low-income Americans -- Trump's plan would shift more than $1 trillion in federal money to limited, state-run block grants that analysts warned wouldn't keep pace with inflation.
An aide puts her hand on a copy of Volume 1 of U.S. President Donald Trump's budget for Fiscal Year 2020 after it was delivered to the House Budget Committee room on Capitol Hill in Washington, March 11, 2019.
Kevin Lamarque/Reuters
While both proposals were quickly pronounced dead-on-arrival in Congress, Democrats immediately tried to push the idea that only their party would protect health care for seniors and the poor. Trump's top health policy aide countered that reforms were necessary to keep Medicare solvent -- foretelling the debate to come in the 2020 elections.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi suggested the president was more focused on "campaign applause" than substance.
"These are massive cuts," declared Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-Calif., at a hearing Tuesday.
"The president's budget doesn't match the values of the American people," added Rep. G.K. Butterfield, a North Carolina Democrat.
(MORE: Budget showdown looms over Trump's request for border wall funding)
U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar speaks on prescription drugs for the market during the 2018 National Academy of Medicine Annual Meeting, Oct. 15, 2018, at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC.
Alex Wong/Getty Images
Trump's Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar on Tuesday tried to assure lawmakers seniors wouldn't be directly affected. He noted the budget would find savings by reforming how Medicare pays providers like hospitals and argued the plan would extend the solvency of the program.
"On Medicare, we're actually putting it on a sounder footing for the future," Azar told the House Energy and Commerce Committee.
"Hospitals are gobbling up doctors' practices and jacking up the rates," he added.
(MORE: Democrats press HHS nominee Azar on ties to drug industry)
Rodney Whitlock, a longtime Republican staffer on Capitol Hill, said that in recent years administration budgets -– and Congress' response to them -– have become mostly partisan affairs rather than a starting point in real negotiations.
Medicare, in particular, he said, is a favorite topic because so many Americans support it. The program, which provides health insurance to some 60 million seniors and people with disabilities, represents some 15 percent of the federal budget.
"Rhetoric around Medicare goes from zero to 60 in microseconds," said Whitlock, now a health care lobbyist with McDermott+Consulting in Washington.
Tricia Neuman, senior vice president and director of the program on Medicare policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation, said whether the administration's proposal can hurt or help seniors in the long run is a much bigger issue that would have to take into account a number of factors. And it probably would impact different groups of people in different ways, such as capping drug prices for some but not others, she said.
Also, what qualifies as "waste" in any federal program often is in the eye of the beholder, she noted.
"This begs the longer term question of how to finance care for an aging population," Neuman said. "The country hasn't really engaged in a serious discussion" on that.


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1 Cyclin Dependant Kinase 1 - CDK1
1.2 What is CDK1
1.3 Role
1.4 Current Research
1.5 CDK - causing disease
1.7 Lecture Feedback
1.7.1 Lecture 4 - Nucleus
1.7.2 Lecture 5 - Exocytosis
1.7.3 Lecture 7 - Mitochondria
1.7.4 Lecture 8 - Cell Junctions
1.7.5 Lecture 10 - Intermediate Filaments
1.7.6 Lab 6 - Cytoskeleton
1.7.7 Lecture 14 - Confocal Microscopy
1.7.8 Lecture 15 - Cell Cycle
Cyclin Dependant Kinase 1 - CDK1
The Cell theory embraces 3 main principles,
that all living elements are composed of cells and/or their products,
cells are the small form of life, and
cells are reproduced from preexisting cells.
In paying close attention to the last principle, this demonstrates the significance of cell division and the replication of new cells.
Cell division[1] can occur through binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many aspects, such as consisting of the same stages, prophase, prometaphase, metaphse, anaphase and telophase. Although both types of cell division are similar with regards to the stages which take place, meiosis is describe as a combination of replication and reduction, and produces haploid daughter cells.
Cyclin Dependant Kinases are involved with the process of cell division, eg, Cdk 2 regulates entry into s phase. However, specific to cdk1, it controls the initiation of mitosis, and new evidence suggests that it also promotes the transition from G1 phase into S phase. There is currently debate as to whether it is predominantly active protein in cell division or if it merely acts as a substitute when cdk 2 is compromised.
What is CDK1
CDKs, are between 35-40K in size and are relatively similar in sequence(approximately >40% likeness), and usually associated with one cyclin regulatory unit in particular. CDK is predominantly known to regulate the process of cell cycle, however, further research is being conducted and has produced results which state that perhaps they are used in other processes within the cell. A typical CDK catalytic subunit contains a core consisting of 300 amino acids. CDK activity is primarily regulated by cyclin subunits. CDK1 is regulated by B Cyclin in particular.
Cyclin and CDK complexes
Phosphorylation at Thr 161(in humans) is as essential as Cyclin activation when it comes to activating CDK1. Cyclin binding is able to enhance binding and also enhance phosphorylation. Hence inactivating the cyclin CDK complex can be acheived by removing cyclin, or by dephosphorylating. Another way in which the complex can be inhibited is if the there is phosphorylation at sites Thr and Tyr. The position at which they are set up is what causes the disruption othe complex, when phosphorylated. This is an important concept when understanding the action of CDK1 during mitosis.
Cyclin Dependant Kinases are heavily involved in the Cell divison processes of the eukaryotic cell. They are usually associated with active regulatory cyclin subunit. CDK1, also known as cdc2, instigates the entry into the M phase of mitosis and is associated with A and B type cyclin.
Schematic Representation of Cytoplasmic cyclin B1–Cdk1 Activation
Telomere Regulation - Recent studies have shown that CDK1 is involved in the regulation of telomeres, between late S to G2 phases, of cell cycle. Telomeres consist of repetitive small tandem arrays, with an overhang composed of G rich 3' strands. Protective proteins bind specifically to each region, and serve the purpose of protecting the chromosomal ends from incorrect DNA repair, and activate the replication of chromosome ends by engaging telomerase, protein which uses an integral RNA component as a template for the extension of the G rich strand. Frank et al. demonstrates necessity for CDK1 activity in the elongation of telomeres.
Budding Yeast - CDK1 aids budding yeast in activating the polarisation of the actin cytoskeleton and emergence of buds whilst in the late G1 phase. It is shown in Anderson et al, that CDK1 is shown to control budding after its emergence. Also it is deminstrated that the G1 Cyclin CDK1 complex is responsible for activating cdc42 GTPas, when certain proteins associated with cdc24 are phosphorylated, and that upon the inability of the protein to undergo phosphorylation by CDK1, defects in bud growth occurs.
Regulation of entry & exit of M phase - occurs by the triggering of the phosphorylation cascade by M CDK. In triggering the cascade of phosphorylations and dephosphorylations, it allows for many morphological changes to occur. Lindqvist et al, identified the activation of cyclin B CDK1 complex, in the entry of mitosis.
Gradual Dephosphorylation of Cdk1 in Mitotic Entry
Disassembly of the nuclear envelope is disassembled via the phosphorylation of the lamin filaments in the nuclear lamina. The phosphorylation of the proteins enables depolymerisation and thus the break down of the envelope. Reassembly of the network occurs via the phosphorylation of the RCC1.
Separation of the centrosomes occurs during late G2 phase(which is also known as interphase). It is essentially activated by the influx of cyclin B CDK1 complexes.
Condensation of the chromosomes occurs also by phosphorylation trigger by CDK. M CDK phosphorylates the subunits in the condensin complex (comprised of 5 proteins). Some of the protein subunits are responsible for unravelling the DNA structure.
Inactivation - occurs via Anaphase-Promoting-Complex(APC), in order for the separation and segregation of the replicated chromosomes to occur. It is also able to induce for the formation of the mitotic spindle.
Initiation of FOX01(transcription factor) - The phosphorylation of such a factor inhibits binding, which stimulates cell numbers, and translation, which regulates the events cell death and necrosis.
As well as being responsible for regulating the process of cell division, it is also involved in controlling gene transcription and other processes. However there are certain regulatory subunits and phosphorylation events that act on the MCdk to ensure it functions as it is supposed to.
A few years ago it was brought to our attention when two different research groups were able to generate cdk2 negative mice. The mice which lacked the protein were described to be relatively normal, despite being slightly smaller than the wild type mice and being sterile due to meitotic defects. As Cdk2 is the known protein which promotes the transition between G1 to S phase, it was odd, when the results showed no major mutations in the somatic cells. Thus it then raised the issue of which protein was acting as the substitute?
Aleem et al 2005, illustrates the concept of Cdk 1 in being functionally competent as a substitute for cdc2, which it was absent.
Malunbres and Barbacid have indicated in recent studies that for proliferation to occur, tumour cells may require certain interphase CDKs.
Inhibition of CDK1 may assist in the prolonging of life by hindering tumour growth. When cells are treated with CDK1 inhibitors, and transformed with MYC, they rapidly went through apoptosis. Survivin is the protein responsible for apoptosis inhibition, in cells which overexpressed MYC. Therefore the inhibition of CDK1 down regulated the expression of survivin and allowed for the apoptosis of MYC dependant cells. As a result, experimental mice which had lymphoma and hepatoblastoma tumours, lived a slightly longer life due to the decrease in tumour growth.
CDK - causing disease
Pemphigus Vulgaris(PV)
Research has shown through animal models, that CDK may play a significant role in the development of Pemphigus Vulgaris lesion. Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disease whereby the body creates blisters on the surface of the body which affects the mucous membranes and the skin. Lanza et al, observed the cell cell detachment, when PV serum was exposed to human cells during S phase. In observing PV patients histochemically, the skin around the lesion showed high levels of expressed CDK.
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter, Molecular Biology of the Cell, New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
Aleem E, Kiyokawa H & Kaidis P, 'Cdc2–cyclin E complexes regulate the G1/S phase transition', Nature Cell Biology 7, 831-836, (2005),doi:10.1038/ncb1284 http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v7/n8/abs/ncb1284.html
Bashir T & Pagano M, 'CDK1 - the dominat sibling of CDK2', Nature Cell Biology 7, 779 - 781 (2005) doi:10.1038/ncb0805-779
Ferreira M G, 'Telomeres on the CDK rollercoaster ride', Nature Cell Biology 9, 22 - 23 (2007)doi:10.1038/ncb0107-22 http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v9/n1/full/ncb0107-22.html
Goga, A. Yang, D.; Tward, A. D.; Morgan, D. O.; Bishop, J. M. : Inhibition of CDK1 as a potential therapy for tumors over-expressing MYC. Nature Med. 13: 820-827, 2007. PubMed ID : 17589519
Lanza, A.; Cirillo, N.; Rossiello, R.; Rienzo, M.; Cutillo, L.; Casamassimi, A.; de Nigris, F.; Schiano, C.; Rossiello, L.; Femiano, F.; Gombos, F.; Napoli, C. :Evidence of key role of Cdk2 overexpression in pemphigus vulgaris. J. Biol. Chem 283: 8736-8745, 2008. PubMed ID : 18199752
Lindqvist A, van Zon W, Karlsson Rosenthal C, Wolthuis RMF (2007) Cyclin B1–Cdk1 Activation Continues after Centrosome Separation to Control Mitotic Progression. PLoS Biol 5(5): e123. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050123
Malumbres, Marcos Barbacid, Mariano, 'Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer: a changing paradigm', Nat Rev Cancer , vol. 9, no. 3, 153-166 (2009).
McCusker D, Denison C, Anderson S, Egelhofer T A, Yates J R, Gygi S P & Kellogg D R, 'Cdk1 coordinates cell-surface growth with the cell cycle', Nature Cell Biology 9, 506 - 515 (2007) doi:10.1038/ncb1568 http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v9/n5/full/ncb1568.html
Morgan D O, 'Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and microprocessors', Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, Vol. 13, 261-291, (1997).
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells3.html
http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v1/n1/full/ncb0599_E13.html
Lecture Feedback
Lecture 4 - Nucleus
What I've Learnt.... That there is a structure called the nuclear envelope and on its surface are pores. These pores allow the transport of macromolecules from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and vice versa. I also learnt that they are approximately 20 nm in diameter.
Lecture 5 - Exocytosis
Difficult concept about exocytosis The different types of transport vessicles. It was some what difficult to grasp the concept of how all the organelles were "linked" in some way by the difference vesscles which commuted between them.
Lecture 7 - Mitochondria
Types of cellular processes requiring copious amounts of ATP?
Cellular Respiration
Maintaining Cell Structure
Synthesis of nucleic acid RNA
Exocytosis/Endocytosis
Lecture 8 - Cell Junctions
The different types of CAMs, are N-CAMs(neurons), Ig-CAMs(Immunoglobins), Ep-CAMs(Epithelial) and I-CAMS(intercellular) , etc.
Lecture 10 - Intermediate Filaments
The name of the epidermal layer between the basal and granulosa layer is known as stratum spinosum. This layer is relevant to intermediate filaments as this is the layer at which keratinizatin occurs, and keratin, the main substance found, is an intermediate filament.
Lab 6 - Cytoskeleton
Genotype expressed higher numbers of phenotype D and E, which were Pronged and Stringed and low numbers of phenotype A, B, C, and F . Genotype B expressed higher frequencies of phenotypes B and C( Broken Fanned and Stumped), and lower frequencies of A, D, E, and F.
Lecture 14 - Confocal Microscopy
The two different types ways in which confocal microscopy can be formed are by using a spatial pinhole to eliminate the out of focus light, for specimens tat are thicker than the focal plane, and by including shallow depth of a field.
Lecture 15 - Cell Cycle
The S in S Phase stands for Synthesis.
Retrieved from "https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=3187644&oldid=12594"


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Robot dog competition
Sea Beasties
Rewrite the Headlines
Sea Superhero Competition
Heriot's Healthy Home
Engineering the Future
Smartphone microscopes for interdisciplinary learning in schools
'EnLightenment: Build it, See it, Show it' designed and supplied smartphone microscope kits for more than 100 high schools across Scotland, with a focus on S1-S2 pupils. Funded by a Wellcome Trust people award, and supported by EPSRC and Heriot-Watt University, Enlightenment encouraged pupils to understand the physics of microscopy through the beauty of biology.
The kits, provided to the schools for free and designed by the EnLightenment team, allowed pupils to explore the microscopic world down to the sub-cellular level using any standard smartphone.
Designed to work in parallel with the Scottish curriculum for excellence, the programme brought microscopy, physics, biology and technical principles to thousands of students across the country and supported this with a series of teacher and pupil resources and lesson plans. To maximize engagement, pupils entered a national imaging competition, uploading their best images to a custom open-access educational website.
Winning pupils, selected by an expert panel of scientists, artists and public engagement experts, were awarded prizes by Prof. Jim Al-Khalili at the closing ceremony of Illuminations in December 2015, following on from a launch event at Dynamic Earth, attended by 125 teachers. A series of public lectures and demonstrations, culminating in the largest of the Edinburgh International Conference Centre 'Innovation Nation' series of talks, supported the programme, and brought the EnLightenment message to the widest possible audience.


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GalaPro
GalaPro App
User's experience
The GalaPro App:
Accessibility & Translation For Live Shows
Live shows, theater, music and opera can include everyone, anywhere...
Our mission is to make theater and live performances accessible to everyone, in their own language, all over the world
GalaPro opens the curtains to a universal cultural experience by delivering automated multilingual subtitles, closed captioning, dubbing, audio descriptions, and amplification to the user's own mobile device.
Imagine traveling to Japan, dropping in last-minute at a Kabuki performance and understanding it or attending Madame Butterfly for the first time without having to read a recap online just to make sure you'll be able to follow the story.
Enter the GalaPro app, where live cultural experiences are accessible, understandable, and enjoyable at the simple touch of a button. GalaPro is a natural solution for accessibility to the performing arts and live shows. The GalaPro app allows audiences to customize the live performance experience - from opera to plays and musicals - all in their own language.
This revolutionary, patent pending app enhances the audience's experience by delivering individual multilingual subtitles, closed captioning, dubbing, audio description, and amplification to the user's own mobile device. All content is provided in real time, using voice recognition technology, developed specifically for theater and live performances. This means anyone can enjoy the show at every single performance.
GalaPro is a solution for everyone, from seasoned opera and theater lovers to travelers, who need accessible solutions. Go ahead and see a show - any show! GalaPro will make sure you understand it all.
Venues providing their accessibility services with the GalaPro app no longer have to set special dates for open captioned or audio described performances. With GalaPro, these services are available every single performance and patrons can sit anywhere in the venue to use them.
How does it work? Simply download the app and choose from our participating theaters. You can search by city or current location. Once you choose your preferred theater you will be able to see the show offered with any variety of the available languages and accessibility services.
Subtitles & Closed Captioning
Customize your font size and brightness
Choose your preferred language from dozens of options. Customize your screen by choosing brightness and font size. Subtitles or closed captioning will appear as soon the show starts.
Prefer to use audio services for translation?
Just plug in your headset and choose your language. Adjust the volume and follow along with a live translation on-demand.
Audio Description & Amplification
Use your headphones to hear from every seat in the theater
These services are available to make sure the theater is accessible to everyone, no matter where they are seated. Plug in your headset, choose your preferred volume and enjoy.
@GalaproApp
GalaPro currently offers its services for the following venues and productions.
Follow us for updates about new cities in your area providing GalaPro.
Featured Broadway tours
GalaPro currently offers its services for the following Broadway tours in participating venues.
Please contact your local touring venue to find out if they have installed GalaPro.
The Following Productions Offer Language Translation in NYC
Eng CC & AD
GalaPRO In the news
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New app on Broadway -GalaPro launches language
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Broadway is enlisting an unlikely ally to help make shows accessible — the smartphone.
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GalaPro live on Cheddar TV talking about our Broadway launch
Broadway is welcoming the use of certain phones in its theaters
No Camels
This app by an Israeli startup is a hit on Broadway
ISRAELI START-UP STRIVES TO MAKE BROADWAY THEATERS MORE ACCESSIBLE TO PATRONS WITH DISABILITIES
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Broadway Begins Rollout of New Technology...
Globes Business
Israeli App offers live translations on Broadway
Finally there is a reason to turn on your phone in the theater..
Now working with the Israeli Cameri theater... featured on the main news Chanel
Israeli Start-up Revolutionizes Tony Awards For Those With Hearing And Vision Loss
Israel 21c
Israeli app to increase accessibility of 2018 Tony Awards
Herzliya-based startup, sends subtitles, dubbing and amplification services for shows to your smartphone
Best of 2018: 15 'Superhero' Israeli Startups Changing The World.
Arena Stage, Signature Theatre debut accessible captioning technology.
Official London Theatre.com
The GalaPro app is bringing theatre to all
The Charlotte Post
Access in theater is evolving
GalaPro has previously offered its services at the following productions
GalaPro captioning for conferences is provided by GalaPro together with TotalCaption.
Our unique service enables conferences, conventions and lectures all around North America to provide live captioning directly to the user's own mobile device, in real-time
Our unique service enables conferences, conventions, and lectures all around North America to provide live captioning directly to the user's own mobile device in real time.
Many event attendees would be best served by a fully accessible event or conference. By providing captions for people with hearing loss, organizers are not only providing accessibility as required under the Americans with Disabilities Act, they are also providing a service from which many of their attendees will benefit and use throughout the event.
Events providing CART (Communication Access Real-time Translation) captioning via GalaPro mobile app can now enjoy a solution that provides their audiences with a reliable and customized service. Users can view the captions from any seat in the venue. The app is fully customizable on personal mobile devices, giving the user many viewing options to meet their individual needs. Venues can provide CART in every session room without the need to rent screens for each location.
The GalaPro App was originally designed to provide accessibility and translation for live shows. For events that are pre-scripted such as theater and opera we prepare the content and use automated voice recognition technology to deliver the content directly to each user's device based on the services and language they choose. The services currently offered are closed captions, audio description, and multilingual subtitles and dubbing.
For non-scripted events such as conferences and lectures we partner with TotalCaption, the leading CART provider in North America to provide audiences with live captions.
TotalCaption is one of the largest nationwide full-service providers of speech-to-text CART captioning. Our experienced team of CART Providers works with businesses, academia, and the government to deliver greater accessibility for people with hearing loss. In addition to real time CART, which can be delivered to the consumer in many ways such as via GalaPro, remotely over the Internet, projected for an audience, or individually, TotalCaption also provides transcription services and web captioning, giving the deaf and hard-of-hearing community full accessibility everywhere
For more information, please contact info@totalcaption.com or visit our website www.totalcaption.com.
For more information on GalaPro live captioning for your next event please contact sales@galapro.com.
We Always Strive For The Best.
Since we came up with the idea of an app that helps make live performances accessible to all people, we have been working to bring our dream to life.
We are theater, opera, and live show lovers who have attended performances around the world for many years. The idea for the GalaPro app came up one day while we were attending an opera performance that did have subtitles above the stage, but they were somewhat difficult to see and only in one language. GalaPrompter was born of the idea that live shows, theater, cinema and opera could be an experience anyone can enjoy, breaking down language, cultural and even physical barriers to make them accessible to all.
Once we had this idea, we couldn't rest. We formed a great team and started to design a system to support all opera and theater subtitling, dubbing and amplification that didn't require any installations or expensive hardware.
We realized we could extend it to all kinds of events once we had language capabilities - from conferences, to cinema, to lectures and more! The use of GalaPrompter marked the first time cell phones were welcomed into theaters; our technology means no back-light on the phone and that any incoming messages and phone calls are immediately blocked, resulting in a distraction-free experience for other guests and patrons. A natural next step was to extend accessibility beyond translation. We decided to digitize show programs, cast and theater info, and make it easy to buy your next ticket. We also wanted to create a social element, allowing patrons to rate shows while expanding the live theater and opera community in general.
GalaPro Users sharing their experience
"This looks great. Can't wait to share this with my husband who is hearing impaired. He'll go to the theater again!"
"Just saw Come From Away this afternoon, Galapro worked WONDERFULLY. A BIG thank you!"
Diana:
"This was an excellent experience! Well done! BRAVO!"
Jessica:
THIS IS SO GREAT!!!
As a hearing impaired person, I always feel like an "other" at performances. I miss 20-30% usually when everyone else is laughing I'm not. I GOT 99%!!!
Barbara:
I wanted to share with you two wonderful theater experiences I had thanks to GalaPro. Recently, I saw "Apologia" and "The Ferryman". In both instances, I used the audio description. At the end of the first act of "Apologia", the son comes into the house with a bandana wrapped around his hand. Since the stage lighting was dark, my friend didn't know that. I was able to share that information with her. At "The Ferryman"... there are many characters and I would have totally lost without GalaPro... Thanks again for providing this program. I am an avid theater goer and this has made the theater experience so much more enjoyable. I have shared information about GalaPro with others.
I used this last night at the Fox theater in Atlanta for Come From Away. I thought it helped me immensely to understand the performers. I am also a volunteer at the Fox and was told about this on Wednesday evening while working. I have told several people about this as I think it could help many. Thank you.
Hello GalaPro community!
I wanted to reach out to say thank you for giving me and my friends an accessible theatre experience. GalaPro is a wonderful company and has benefited many friends of mine in the deaf community. I've been telling everybody I know about your service!
Hagai Pipko
With more than 15 years of experience in software engineering, Hagai brings the technical savvy to take accessible theater to the next digital level. Hagai's career trajectory speaks to his strengths, landing his first full-time position at a startup at 17. Since then, he's held leadership and management positions ranging from various small startups in Israel to high-tech companies such as RADVISION, Microsoft, and myThings.
Dr. Elena Litsyn
Co-founder and President
Dr. Elena Litsyn is GalaPrompter's co-founder and seed investor. A multilingual connoisseur of opera and theater, Dr. Litsyn noticed a gap in accessible live performance that needed to be filled. Inspired by the rapid digitization of everything from laundry to car services, she realized here was an opportunity to make cultural experiences transcend language, audio, and national boundaries. Beyond the theater, Dr. Litsyn is also an expert in mathematical models.
Yonat Burlin
Yonat comes with a vision to join her passions in technology, culture, and entrepreneurship into one great product. In previous roles, as VP Business Development and as the senior project manager for DLD Tel Aviv, Yonat has worked closely with entrepreneurs, startups, and hi-tech companies gaining comprehensive knowledge of the global startup ecosystem. She brings with her extensive experience in PR, Social Media, and online advertising.
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By assisting each of our partner schools to develop organic garden projects on their school site, Suubi Centre promotes up to date agricultural practices. We educate both students and teachers on the latest farming methods which will give them new skills to farm the land in a productive, yet sustainable way. Initially we provide each school with garden tools and a water tank, then we follow this up with ongoing trainings and workshop across many agricultural areas.
Omoding Pivot Primary School children proudly show of some of the garden tools they received.
Some of Busuubi Primary school students and teachers thank Ssemwogerere David (Suubi director) for the tank they received.
As Uganda's economy is largely dependent on agriculture this is one of the subjects taught in Uganda, but it's rarely practically demonstrated. We believe our school garden project is a sustainable, long term way to educate the wider community on modern agricultural practises. The school gardens also help address problems created after the introduction of Universal Primary Education in (UPE). With so called 'free education' Uganda has witnessed large increases in student enrolment in many government and private schools however many students can not afford lunches so they can not perform well in class because they are hungry. The schools gardens are now growing fruits and vegetables which can provide meals at school.
Gardens at many of our partner schools are now flourishing.
Suubi also envisages a situation where students will act as 'change agents' and will pass on skills and knowledge gained from school gardens to their respective parents and homes, hence building sustainable societies. The Suubi Centre demonstration garden has also been developed as a resource where schools, community groups and individuals can learn through seeing correct methods for themselves and participating in a hands on way. Check out some of our successful school gardens here.


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Conversations with the Father A Memoir about Richard Matheson, My Dad and God
Chris Matheson — 2022
In Conversations with the Father, screenwriter and author Chris Matheson shares memories of his dad, famed horror and science fiction writer Richard Matheson. He recalls the warmth and affection his dad showed him as a child—their shared love for the Dodgers and family game nights—and recounts their later estrangement over the big questions: life, death, the unknown and unknowable. Through his own unique point of view as son, Matheson offers the reader rare insights into the wit, intellect, fears, and, later, regrets of the man who penned such classics as I Am Legend, What Dreams May Come, and The Shrinking Man—and the strongly held yet often chimeric personal religious and spiritual views that shaped many of his most memorable stories and characters.


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Wise Counsel Interview Transcript: An Interview with Jonathan Engel, Ph.D. on the History of American Psychotherapy - Part 1
David:Welcome to Wise Counsel, a podcast interview series sponsored by Mentalhelp.net, covering topics in mental health, wellness, and psychotherapy. My name is Dr. David Van Nuys. I'm a clinical psychologist and your host.
On today's show we'll be talking about the history of psychotherapy in the United States with Dr. Jonathan Engel. Jonathan Engel holds a Ph.D. in the history of science and medicine from Yale, and has written extensively about the historical development of U.S. medicine and health policy. Most recently, he's authored the 2008 book, American Psychotherapy: the Rise of Psychotherapy in the United States. His previous books are Doctors and Reformers, Discussion of Health Policy 1925 - 1950, Poor Peoples Medicine: American Charity Care Since 1965, and The Epidemic: A Global History of AIDS. He's a professor of health care policy and management at Baruch College in New York City. I'm joined on the call by Dr. Mark Dombeck, one of the creators of Mentalhelp.net and Wise Counsel editor. Now, here's the interview.
David: Dr. Jonathan Engel, welcome to the Wise Counsel podcast.
Jonathan Engel: Thank you, nice to be here.
David: First of all, I want to congratulate you on your book American Therapy, which is about the rise of psychotherapy in the United States, and I can only imagine what a huge job it must have been to take on a project of this magnitude, and that it wouldn't have been easy to decide what to focus on and what to leave out.
Jonathan Engel: Yes, I've written a bunch of books now and for this book I had the largest rate of shrinkage from material to finished product. And what do I mean by that? When I research a book, I collect an enormous amount of material, hundreds and hundreds of pages xeroxed from various archival sources, and old journal articles, and chapters of books that I want to reference. And for this project I had almost 40 or 50% more material than I'd ever collected before, just milk crates full of it. For example, my bibliography; if you take a look, I've gone through something like 300 books, it was just absurd. And then when I started to write, it shrunk down; I might have hundreds of pages of material that would turn into three pages of written manuscript, and I'd never had this before.
And what I realized was going on was that first of all, therapists and psychiatrists and psychologists like to write, so everyone who's ever seen six patients decides that they have some brilliantly unique insight and they decide to write a book about it. So there's huge numbers of books out there that are really not particularly original.
But second of all, is that remember what historians do is they to look at change over time, that's what makes history interesting. It's not that there was stasis -- that's why you can summarize the entire Ming dynasty, which lasted for 600 years, in two pages because nothing really changed. So historians are very interested in when things change, and when you look at psychotherapy, in many ways, not so much changed. Huge numbers of people have written, but when you really began to get some perspective, over the last 100 years there were really only three or four major developments worth talking about -- maybe five if you have to start counting the drugs, which isn't really part of psychotherapy. There was less there than met the eye. So while there was a mountain of research to do, when you really started trying to create a story out of it, the story was simpler than you would have thought.
David: Well, that's interesting. I need to quickly mention here that I also have Dr. Mark Dombeck on the line with us, who I've invited to be my co-interviewer. And like myself, Mark is also trained as a clinical psychologist; moreover, he's one of the creators of Mentalhelp.net, the site where this interview will appear, and given his role of developing content for Mentalhelp.net, I think he has an unusually good grasp of what's going on in and around the field of psychotherapy. So I'm going to be sort of the main question asker, but I really want to invite Mark to jump in as much as he feels led to do, as I welcome the additional perspective that he can bring to our conversation. Are you there, Mark?
Mark: I am there, David, and I just wanted to thank you for letting me sit in on this and to Jonathan for participating. I really do appreciate it. Mentalhelp.net is very much a psychotherapy focused website, inasmuch as we emphasize psychotherapy whenever we can, although we're covering a broad range of things that have to do with mental health. So when David brought the possibility of this interview to my attention, I thought, yes, we should do this, absolutely.
David: Great, okay Jonathan, perhaps we can start with you giving our listening audience a bit about your background. I have the impression that you're not a psychologist yourself, but that your training is in the history and philosophy of science. Do I have that right?
Jonathan Engel: That's right, yes; I'm really a historian, that's exactly it. So my Ph.D. is in history of medicine and the life sciences, and actually my undergraduate degree was also in the history of science; I've always done it. So I have a lot of natural science in my background; I took a lot of semesters of biology and biochemistry, but I'm really trained as an historian. And then, to make matters slightly more complicated, I actually have an outside MBA in health policy and management, and my teaching career has actually always been management students. The students I teach are all doing either a master's in public administration or a master's in health care administration. But I've always written history; it's the way I tend to think about the world, it's the way I make sense of the world is how things have changed and developed over time. And it's the way I tend to make sense of other people, too. It's a little bit, I suppose, like a therapist, I'm interested in their stories and how people's own lives have played out.
David: Oh, yes, you could have been a therapist with that kind of interest. And I believe you've written other books that examine broad social issues, for example you did a history of AIDS, a history of charities in the US and so on.
Jonathan Engel: That's right, so usually almost always around health and health care, the history of health policy, history of social welfare, that kind of stuff. Right now I'm writing a big book on the history of the whole U.S. health system since 1968, so everything that's happened in the last 40 years: changes in payments, changes about medical research, changes in training, the whole medical profession, foreign medical graduates, everything that has just changed. And our system has changed a great deal over the last 40 years, not to mention at least five different serious efforts to bring in some sort of national health insurance program, all of which have fallen flat on their face.
The book that most people use as kind of a broad, general introduction to the U.S. health system is called The Social Transformation of American Medicine by Paul Starr. That book, which is still sort of the bible of the field, he really finished the research for that book about 1977 and published it in 1982; and that means that almost all that material is now over 30 years old, and the world and the U.S. health system has changed profoundly in the last 30 years. To practice medicine in 1973 is very, very different than practicing medicine in 2009; and to run a hospital in 1973 is very different than running a hospital in 2009. It's just really a different world.
David: Yeah, so it really all needed an update. What drew you to write a book on psychotherapy? How did that come to be on your radar?
Jonathan Engel: You know that's an interesting question, I'm not sure what prompted it. My undergraduate thesis had been on Freud and my graduate dissertation had been on mental health policy; I looked at de-institutionalization. So I started out a little bit interested in mental health; then I departed from it for the last 15 years and I always thought I wanted to get back to it. And one of the things I realized was that there are many, many biographies of Freud out there obviously, and a huge number of people have written about psychoanalysis. But, of course, if you know anything about therapy, psychoanalysis plays only a miniscule role in delivery of therapy today. I think my statistic is, there are about 650,000 practicing psychotherapists in the country, of whom probably fewer than 250 -- that's one tenth of one percent -- are actually making a living primarily practicing orthodox psychoanalysis. Even though it looms very large in the popular mindset, the reality is that if you're looking at therapeutic modalities and venues that it essentially doesn't exist at all any more.
And then the other thing is that very little psychotherapy is actually delivered by psychiatrists today. Despite the fact that a huge number of people who focus on mental health focus on psychiatry, the reality is the vast majority of mental health care today is delivered either by psychologists or even more likely by social workers or licensed clinical social workers or even lay therapists. So if you're really interested in how people are getting their mental health, to focus on either Freud or psychiatry is only telling a teeny, teeny piece of the picture; despite the fact that both those groups -- the Freudians and the psychiatrists -- are disproportionately influential in the delivery of mental health care and psychotherapy.
But it just seemed like there was a much bigger story out there than had been told, and the story had a lot to do with social workers, and it had a lot to do with very kind of pragmatic, eclectic approaches to therapy. These days it has a lot to do with cognitive behavioral therapy and humanistic therapy; that even though it's kind of fun and sexy to study Freud, the reality is that Freud is now 110 years old -- it's been 115 years since he wrote his first book -- and he really is less and less relevant and germane to the conversation.
David: Okay, I know I have some psychoanalysts in the audience who are probably rolling; they're spinning in their chairs.
Jonathan Engel: I'm sure they are.
David: I think there's a real value in getting an outsider's view and, personally, I learned some things from reading your book even though I'm a long time insider. I think I could have benefited from reading it while in graduate school because you provide a relatively compact history or overview of the psychotherapy enterprise in this country as a social movement. For example, I got my graduate training in the mid '60s and did several years of internships in VA hospitals, and your book provides a context that I wasn't aware of at the time; mainly that World War II created a huge demand for mental health professionals, and that the VA system was given a substantial amount of money to train psychologists and to…
Jonathan Engel: I guess what I would say would be World War II gave an awareness of the huge demand; we probably had always had the demand, but I think as a nation we were unaware of the demand. And what World War II did is it really brought it to our attention.
David: And somehow I was a child of all of that.
Jonathan Engel: Where did you do your training, David?
David: University of Michigan; so a number of VA hospitals in and around Ann Arbor, Michigan. Mark, how about for you? Did you learn anything new or get a different perspective on the profession as a result of Jonathan's book?
Mark: I absolutely did. You know one of the things that has sort of shaped my view of the history of psychotherapy is that like you, David, I'm a clinical psychologist. My training was out of UCSB and San Diego State University in the early '90s. And as a clinical psychologist, you learn to think about this through the lens of your field, so as Jonathan's book is approaching this kind of outside -- certainly from a field -- but outside of a practicing therapeutic field, I found the larger contribution of the different fields that participate in psychotherapy to be really enlightening. For instance, there was a whole chapter on how the social work field had evolved and contributed to psychotherapy; and that was information I've known about but you really drew that out in the book, and I was very appreciative of that.
Jonathan Engel: Thank you. You know, what's interesting about the social workers is at the onset of clinical social work, sort of in the 1930s, there was a need to distance themselves from the psychologists and the psychiatrists; to sort of say, "Well, what we're doing is something very different here; we're not trying to compete with you." But of course, that was not really quite true; in fact, they were ultimately competing with them and ultimately, in fact, they would come to really dominate the field of therapeutic delivery.
So they would say, "Well, we look at the whole context, we put the patient in the social context." In fact, it turns out that social workers are not particularly good at placing people in a social context. If you can do some very objective studies of the way therapy is delivered, it's actually very, very hard to tell, just from observing people, what their own educational training was. In other words, if you watched a blind videotape of a social worker delivering psychotherapy and of a psychologist delivering psychotherapy, it would be very hard for you to be able to tell just from watching the therapy sessions, what kind of training background the two came from. It turns out they're really doing often very similar things.
And even worse than that, if you ask people to self identify which school of thought they use -- are they a humanist, are they a behaviorist, are they a cognitive approach, or psychodynamic -- they may say, "Oh, no; I'm very much a psychodynamic therapist. This is what I do, I really believe in these structures and these models." And then when you actually watch people and observe people behind a one-way glass or something, it turns out it's often quite hard to tell what kind of therapy they're actually practicing.
So what we know is that there are good therapists and bad therapists; what's harder to say is that there are good approaches to therapy and bad approaches to therapy.
David: Okay, this begins to get into an area that I'm really interested here. As insiders, there might be places where Mark or I would quibble with you about some of the details, but let's start off with the good news, which I think comes through most strongly in your final chapter which I think you were just talking about -- which is that psychotherapy works. This is the conclusion you came to after fairly extensive review, right?
Jonathan Engel: Oh, absolutely. I looked at a huge amount of outcomes data going all the way back to 1928, the earliest article I found, the earliest study that was done of Freudian analysis as early as 1928 in Berlin; and then really the real outcomes data starts percolating out in the late 1950s and early 1960s. And there's a great deal of consistency to these outcome studies, which is that about two thirds of people who enter therapy, for whatever range of complaints, report feeling improved -- they were self reporting, but they reported they feel better after about six months or less, so that's two thirds.
Of course, the great question is what if they hadn't gone into therapy? And the answer is that it's about one third; so about one third of people who report psychological distress of one form or another will improve over about two years. About two years later if you ask them, are you still feeling distressed, are you still feeling anxious, or dysphoria? And they'll say, no, I'm feeling better; a lot of that seems to have worked their way out. If you go into therapy, it seems to be two-thirds, so you're doubling your odds. That's the good news; the bad news is that we can't seem to get it above two-thirds, and it doesn't seem to be particularly dependant on what field of study or what methodological approach the therapist used. Although there seems to be a slightly lower success rate for orthodox Freudian analysis insofar as it's still practiced, and a slightly higher success rate for cognitive behavioral therapists who are working with anxious patients and specifically on anxiety disorders. The CBT seems to work a little better.
David: You know, I think both Mark and I had the impression that your review of the literature wasn't altogether up-to-date, I mean up to the 2000s; that a lot of it seemed to be earlier than that. And so, for example, in terms of the two-third, Dr. Scott D. Miller, who I don't think you reviewed, he wrote a book in 2000 that was updated in 2004 called The Heart and Soul of Change, and he reviews meta-research on psychotherapy and concludes that 80% of psychotherapy clients benefit compared to untreated samples. The other piece that I'd like to say kind of relates to something you said earlier, which is some therapists are better than others -- just like some auto mechanics are better than others -- and if you look at the therapists who are consistently successful, then the success rates are very good indeed.
Jonathan Engel: That's exactly right. So that two-thirds number comes out of a very, very broad sampling; and it's sort of as a meta-analysis that comes out of a lot of things. You're right about Scott Miller; I was a little bit confused how he got his numbers. I didn't take a close look at the meta-analysis that he used. I was wondering if he was being somewhat selective in what was going in there. The other one that was just a very recent study that came out, I think, in the last two years -- which didn't make it to the book -- about long-term psychodynamic therapy, so more Freudian, which suggested that the long-term success rates of longer term therapy -- that is, over two years in length -- did seem a little bit better; that is, it may be that short-term therapy was as good as long-term therapy in short run results, but if you looked at kind of the sticking power and the staying power, the people who had done longer term therapy seemed to be able to effect greater, deeper change that seemed to stay with the patient.
On the other hand, that particular study was done by a long-term therapist, and one has to wonder a little bit about bias in the study. What is certainly true -- and this I can tell you, I appreciate the fact that you're right, that I couldn't cover all of the literature out there so I may have missed some pieces -- but what is certainly true was that any of the studies which are relying on self reported data from the therapists, in my opinion, need to be thrown into the garbage. First of all, obviously, there's a huge conflict of interest. If you ask a healer of any sort, have you been successful, they have an enormous interest in saying yes; I mean this is their livelihood and this is their reputation. But more than that, even if it's not a conscious bias, it's very, very hard for them to know when they've succeeded. The single best way of knowing that someone feels better is to ask them, do you feel better?
David: Yes.
Jonathan Engel: And if you ask an outsider, does that person feel better, they can make a good faith guess since they seem to feel better. They say they're happier; their affect seems a little brighter, their demeanor seems a little more alive and animated. But it's certainly not as good as asking the person him or herself; and it's certainly not as good as asking the person him or herself in a very, very safe and protected environment. That is, if you've developed a long-term relationship with your therapist and you have a lot invested in that relationship, and the therapist says to you, have I been successful in helping you, it's a very loaded question. What if deep down you think, well, no, you haven't been, but I don't really want to hurt your feelings. I consider you my friend, I consider you my therapist, my confidante. So it needs to be a very safe outside person who asks that question; the therapist is the wrong person to answer that question. And yet a huge number of the outcome studies rely on exactly that approach, of asking the therapist how successful have you been. I just think there are just so many methodological errors there, you can catalog them.
David: Yeah, it s a difficult area to research because the whole therapeutic enterprise is so complex. Mark, do you have any comments about this?
Mark: Yeah, well maybe this is a good place to kind of step back for a moment and talk about what the major schools of therapy are, because that's certainly a big theme of the book. And it also gets very much to the question of how each school of therapy judges its success, because it's only recently -- since probably the ascendance of behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapies -- that psychotherapy has really been studied in a systematic way and in an empirical way. And that also gets to the question of the last 20 years, because that research pace has really accelerated.
Jonathan Engel: That's right. If it was any one thing that pulled me into this area, it was knowing some people who had done est in the 1970s; I'm old enough to know people who were involved in est. And I always thought there was something kooky about it. I mean I couldn't quite put my finger on it, but there was something slightly cult-like about people going off for these retreats and I didn't quite get it. So I was kind of interested and I knew there'd been some other sort of kooky things that went on the '60s and early '70s -- Primal Scream and some of the Gestalt workshops -- so if there was anything that got me into it, it was that; it was this idea that there are so many different approaches to therapy out there and I was sort of curious to catalog them and see how they change over time.
If there was any big insight I had as I wrote the book, it was that, in fact, there were really only two or three approaches; that most of these so-called schools of therapy were, in fact, really highly derivative of an existing school of therapy; that an awful lot of people were out there claiming to be very original, but in fact were saying something awfully similar to what someone else had said. I'd always thought Aaron Beck was an extremely original mind in the history of psychotherapy -- and I still think he is, I think he's quite brilliant -- but he was saying an awful lot of things that Albert Ellis had said 25 years earlier. He was just doing it a little bit more rigorously. And frankly, if you go back, Albert Ellis is saying a fair number of things that Alfred Adler was saying 30 years before that. So it just turned out, [unclear] that talks about that shrinkage in my research; that again and again what seemed like something very new was turning out to be not quite so new at all.
That said, there were three approaches, I would say, that were really different enough to really call them schools. One was the psychodynamic approach, the classic Freudian approach; the second was the whole humanistic approach which I want to talk about in a second; and the third was cognitive behavioral therapy. And the three are truly autonomous and it would be very hard to confuse a real cognitive behavioral therapist with a real Freudian. What they do is just awfully different.
That said, I think that there's an awful lot of therapists out there who really would call themselves eclectic; they'll use what works. They sometimes use a little of the cognitive approach, they sometimes use more of a psychodynamic approach. It isn't just one. But those were the big three that I came up with, and then more or less in conjunction with medication, so that's another big approach. Are you combining with medication or electric shock or something like that?
One of the things I found frustrating was everyone seemed to agree that humanism and humanistic psychotherapy was a legitimate school, and you had to go back to Carl Rogers and this was something uniquely American, a true departure from Freud and a true departure from the American Freudians. And yet when you really tried to bear down as an outside reader into what the humanists were saying, there didn't seem to be very much of a there there.
Really, try to spend some time reading Carl Rogers -- and Carl Rogers wrote a lot, he was one of these people who just couldn't stop writing -- and yet when you really try to bear down, well, Dr. Rogers, what exactly are you doing? When a patient comes in to you, how is that you apply this unique and new approach? And he actually would rarely answer the question. He would say, well, you need to consider the patient as a whole person. Well, I don't think anyone would disagree with that; the Freudians wouldn't disagree with that. Well, you need to come to the patient where he is at; the patient needs to feel heard. Well, I think a Freudian would probably tell you the patient needs to feel heard. In other words, every time Rogers tried to say, this is what I do that's really very different, when you step back for a second it doesn't sound so different. I think a cognitive therapist would say the patient needs to feel heard; I think everyone would say the patient needs to feel heard. So actually I found humanistic therapy very elusive.
David: Well, let me just step in here because I think there is a major point of difference that occurs to me, which is that a major difference between Rogers' approach and the psychodynamic one is that the psychoanalyst saw his job as to offer interpretations, to kind of figure out the underlying mystery of what was really going on in the patient's unconscious and to bring that out, both through free association but also through his own very shrewd interpretations. Whereas Rogers actively resisted the idea of interpreting or that he was bringing expertise about that person's inner life. Rather he was trying to create an environment in which that person could discover for themselves, to kind of draw out their own sense of what was going on. That, to me, seems like a major difference.
Jonathan Engel: A very clear difference.
Mark: Maybe another way to sort of phrase that is, philosophically, the humanistic movement as embodied in Rogers' work is something that is technical almost by the absence of observable technique. Sounds a little bit funny, but that's really very much the case. So for instance with the Freudian and with the cognitive approach and with even the systems theorists -- who you don't seem to recognize directly, and they're in sort of the family and ecological stuff -- you have always the case that you've got an external force who's applying an intervention; it's much closer to a medical model. With Rogers, you're really getting to a place where what you're trying to do to remove things that are keeping people from growing into what they need to be. So it's an anti-intervention if you will, and I had difficulty with that part of your book.
Jonathan Engel: Okay, that's fair, that's very fair.
David: I have to say I'm really pleased to hear you say there are three broad movements and you've named humanism as one of them because personally I've been very allied with that branch. I think often it's given short shrift. And the other thing, while we're talking about Rogers -- I'm not sure that you are aware of this, many people are not -- is that I think Rogers deserves an awful lot of credit for the fact that there is research on psychotherapy because he was, as far as I know, he was the first one to insist on taping therapy sessions for research study. He maintained that there was no way that the field could advance if we relied totally on the self-report of psychotherapists, which is kind of what you've been saying. And so he's really the one who introduced recording. Today no students in psychotherapy are probably trained without doing audiotapes and videotapes and getting feedback from supervisors; whereas the psychoanalysts originally they felt like, hey, this is more like confession; it's sacred, nobody from outside the session should be privy to this information.
Jonathan Engel: That's right. You know, I knew that Rogers had had sessions taped; I didn't realize he was the first, to be honest. But to go back, if you start trying to view these certain schools with too great an orthodoxy and too rigid parameters, it does fall apart. So even someone as orthodox as Harry Stack Sullivan -- and he would absolutely have identified himself as an orthodox analyst -- and the fact is, if you look at some of his great contributions, they begin to look awfully humanistic.
So, for example, one of his big insights -- and I think I wrote about this in the book -- was that often the nurses on the psych wards at Sheppard Pratt seem to be more effective than psychiatrists. And what he realized was that often there was a class distinction going on; that the patients were often very working class and the psychiatrists were obviously drawn from a rather elite, educated class. But the nurses were really more natural peers of the patients, and that often the patients trusted the nurses more than they trusted the psychiatrists. And Sullivan, to his credit, had the insight to see this; that there was a trust building up and that that trust was a necessary prerequisite to effective therapy.
But isn't that trust and that validation, isn't that exactly what Rogers was claiming to do? I mean, that whole notion of feeling validated that is: I'm not sitting in judgment of you, you're here to feel comfortable -- as you point out, Mark, removing a methodological impediment here. So if someone as orthodox as Sullivan could be claiming to try to validate his patients' being, their sense, it does begin to show you how tricky it is to draw these sharp lines.
David: I think you're right, I think there is continuity and, as a matter of fact, I think many people in the humanistic side of things would claim Sullivan, just as the psychoanalytic side would claim Sullivan. I've heard people in the humanistic camp kind of claim Sullivan as one of the early people.
Jonathan Engel: Oh, that's interesting. Somehow I missed that in my research.
David: At least that's my impression, that's sort of the context within which I know Sullivan.
Mark: Sullivan is probably also claimed by some systems people, inasmuch as a lot of his writings have to do with identity as a social process. It's almost an ecological view and we just -- well, David just recently did an interview with Jürgen Kriz.
David: Yeah, Jürgen Kriz, a German psychologist.
Mark: Right, and also someone whose work is very much grounded in Rogers' work, in the person-centered approach; and he was very busy extending Rogers and recognizing Rogers as an early instance of a systems theorist.
Jonathan Engel: Now, that's interesting. How? How does he justify that?
Mark: It gets back to the kind of ecological approach. I haven't read the book, so I'm not sure that I can articulate it as well as Dr. Kriz would, but it's there.
David: Yeah, he did articulate it well in the interview and I'm not sure I can play it back well enough to articulate it either: looking at the person as a system that's moving towards wholeness, integration. I'm not going to do it justice here, so let me just shift ground a little bit and, while we're talking about things that seem maybe a little bit underserved, I was surprised -- and of course you had to be selective, I mean there's so much. Sigmund Koch years ago sat down to write a book about psychology; it was going to be one book and it ended up being a series of, I think, more than 20 books and became a lifetime project. In talking about psychoanalysis, you don't seem to touch upon object relations and people like Winnicott and so on. So while you say that psychoanalysis is dead, as a therapy it certainly is dwindling in terms of orthodox psychoanalysis, but as a theory of personality development it seems to me it's still very alive for many people.
Jonathan Engel: I think you're absolutely right. You're right. As an approach to the psyche and as a theory of personality and of emotional development, not only would I say it's alive, I would suspect it's really still the dominant strain. In fact, I think if you talked to an awful lot of people about their whole emotional psychic development, they're really referring back to Freudian idioms even if they don't know it. Everyone who talks about the importance of childhood experiences, people who sort of harp on parental inputs, they're really more Freudian than I think they understand. I have to tell you, just a slight tangent -- I don't know if you've both read Freakonomics, that was a best-seller about two or three years ago.
David: Yes, I did.
Continue to part 2 of the transcript by clicking here


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Italian earthquakes cause widespread damage, but no-one killed
By Isla Binnie, Antonio Denti
VISSO, Italy (Reuters) - Earthquakes caused widespread damage and terrified residents in central Italy overnight, two months after a strong quake left nearly 300 dead and razed villages in the same area, but no-one was killed.
Several people were slightly injured, but only a few needed hospital treatment, the Civil Protection Agency said.
In Visso, one of the larger hill towns hit, the mayor said most of the damage had been to buildings already weakened by the Aug. 24 earthquake.
"The situation is ugly and you can see the noticeable damage, but luckily I can say it's better than it looks. We don't have victims or seriously injured people or anyone missing," Giuliano Pazzaglini said.
The quake was nonetheless a shock to a town that had started to work on rebuilding after the last tremor, Pazzaglini said, and the hours following it were full of anxiety for people in the border area of the Marche and Umbria regions.
Many people slept in their cars. In Campi, a town of about 200, rescue workers set up some 50 beds in a quake-proof building for people who could not sleep in their homes.
"I can't shake off the fear," said Mauro Viola, 64, who said he had not slept and had spent the night outside.
Slideshow ( 12 images )
"I am afraid to see what my house looks like."
Police had blocked off the road to his home with a bench, and Viola said a chapel nearby had collapsed.
Boulders tumbled down the valley into roads around Visso. Officials restricted access to its historic center, awakening grim memories of the leveling of the hilltop town of Amatrice in August.
"The only time I have cried today was when I wasn't allowed to go into the historic center," said Visso restaurateur Elena Zabuchynska, 43.
"I thought of Amatrice, all fallen down, and I thought our city center might look like Amatrice."
RENZI SOLIDARITY
The government on Thursday set aside 40 million euros ($44 million) for immediate costs related to the earthquakes, and Prime Minister Matteo Renzi visited the area affected.
"The whole of the population is by your side," he told local officials in the town of Camerino, adding that the latest tremors underlined the need for investments to make Italy's buildings earthquake proof.
Renzi has said spending under a plan to reinforce the country's schools should be excluded from European Union limits on budget deficits.
The three main overnight quakes came about two hours apart. Close to Visso, the rose-windowed facade of a late 14th century church, San Salvatore a Campi di Norcia, was reduced to rubble.
The first tremor measured magnitude 5.4, causing many people to flee their homes and the second was stronger at 6.1, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
A 4.9 aftershock came a couple hours after that, and dozens of weaker ones followed.
Additional reporting by Massimiliano Di Giorgio; Writing by Steve Scherer, Isla Binnie and Gavin Jones; Editing by Andrew Roche


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Home > IELTS Reading Sample > Reading Practice: The Forgotten Forest
Reading Practice: The Forgotten Forest
Found only in the Deep South of America, longleaf pine woodlands have dwindled to about 3 percent of their former range, but new efforts are under way to restore them.
THE BEAUTY AND THE BIODIVERSITY of the longleaf pine forest are well-kept secrets, even in its native South. Yet it is among the richest ecosystems in North America, rivaling tallgrass prairies and the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest in the number of species it shelters. And like those two other disappearing wildlife habitats, longleaf is also critically endangered.
In longleaf pine forests, trees grow widely scattered, creating an open, parklike environment, more like a savanna than a forest. The trees are not so dense as to block the sun. This openness creates a forest 1oor that is among the most diverse in the world, where plants such as many-1owered grass pinks, trumpet pitcher plants, Venus 1ytraps, lavender ladies and pineland bog-buttons grow. As many as 50 different species of wildflowers, shrubs, grasses and ferns have been cataloged in just a single square meter.
Once, nearly 92 million acres of longleaf forest fourished from Virginia to Texas, the only place in the world where it is found. By the turn of the 2lst century, however, virtually all of it had been logged, paved or farmed into oblivion. Only about 3 percent of the original range still supports longleaf forest, and only about 10,000 acres of that is uncut old-growth—the rest is forest that has regrown after cutting. An estimated 100,000 of those acres are still vanishing every year. However, a quiet movement to reverse this trend is rippling across the region. Governments, private organisations (including NWF) and individual conservationists are looking for ways to protect and preserve the remaining longleaf and to plant new forests for future generations.
Figuring out how to bring back the piney woods also will allow biologists to help the plants and animals that depend on this habitat. Nearly two-thirds of the declining, threatened or endangered species in the southeastern United States are associated with longleaf. The outright destruction of longleaf is only part of their story, says Mark Danaher, the biologist for South Carolina's Francis Marion National Forest. He says the demise of these animals and plants also is tied to a lack of fire, which once swept through the southern forests on a regular basis. "Fire is absolutely critical for this ecosystem and for the species that depend on it," says Danaher.
Name just about any species that occurs in longleaf and you can find a connection to fire. Bachman's sparrow is a secretive bird with a beautiful song that echoes across the longleaf flatwoods. It tucks its nest on the ground beneath clumps of wiregrass and little bluestem in the open under-story. But once fire has been absent for several years, and a tangle of shrubs starts to grow, the sparrows disappear. Gopher tortoises, the only native land tortoises east of the Mississippi, are also abundant in longleaf. A keystone species for these forests, its burrows provide homes and safety to more than 300 species of vertebrates and invertebrates ranging from eastern diamond-back rattlesnakes to gopher frogs. If fire is suppressed, however, the tortoises are choked out. "If we lose fire," says Bob Mitchell, an ecologist at the Jones Center, "we lose wildlife."
Without fire, we also lose longleaf. Fire knocks back the oaks and other hardwoods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests. "They are fire forests," Mitchell says. "They evolved in the lightning capital of the eastern United States." And it wasn't only lightning strikes that set the forest aflame. "Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open," Mitchell says. "So did the early pioneers. They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today."
Fire also changes how nutrients flow throughout longleaf ecosystems, in ways we are just beginning to understand. For example, researchers have discovered that frequent fires provide extra calcium, which is critical for egg production, to endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers. Frances James, a retired avian ecologist from Florida State University, has studied these small black-and-white birds for more than two decades in Florida's sprawling Apalachicola National Forest. When she realised female woodpeckers laid larger clutches in the first breeding season after their territories were burned, she and her colleagues went searching for answers. "We learned calcium is stashed away in woody shrubs when the forest is not burned," James says. "But when there is a fire, a pulse of calcium moves down into the soil and up into the longleaf." Eventually, this calcium makes its way up the food chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant, which is the red-cockaded's favorite food. The result: more calcium for the birds, which leads to more eggs, more young and more woodpeckers.
Today, fire is used as a vital management tool for preserving both longleaf and its wildlife. Most of these fires are prescribed burns, deliberately set with a drip torch. Although the public often opposes any type of fire—and the smoke that goes with it—these frequent, low-intensity burns reduce the risk of catastrophic con1agrations. "Forests are going to burn," says Amadou Diop, NWF's southern forests restoration manager. "It's just a question of when. With prescribed burns, we can pick the time and the place."
Diop is spearheading a new NWF effort to restore longleaf. "It's a species we need to go back to," he says. Educating landowners about the advantages of growing longleaf is part of the program, he adds, which will soon be under way in nine southern states. "Right now, most longleaf is on public land," says Jerry McCollum, president of the Georgia Wildlife Federation. "Private land is where we need to work," he adds, pointing out that more than 90 percent of the acreage within the historic range of longleaf falls under this category.
Interest among private landowners is growing throughout the South, but restoring longleaf is not an easy task. The herbaceous layer—the understory of wiregrasses and other plants – also needs to be re-created. In areas where the land has not been chewed up by farming, but converted to loblolly or slash pine plantations, the seed bank of the longleaf forest usually remains viable beneath the soil. In time, this original vegetation can be coaxed back. Where agriculture has destroyed the seeds, however, wiregrass must be replanted. Right now, the expense is prohibitive, but researchers are searching for low-cost solutions.
Bringing back longleaf is not for the short-sighted, however. Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in 70 to 80 years. But that is not stopping longleaf enthusiasts. "Today, it's getting hard to find longleaf seedlings to buy," one of the private landowners says. "Everyone wants them. Longleaf is in a resurgence."
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Forest fire ensures that:
Birds can locate their 1 ________ in the ground.
The burrows of a species of 2 ________ provide homes to many other animals.
Hardwoods such as 3 ________ can grow and outnumber long-leaf trees.
Apart from fires lit by lightning:
Fires are created by 4 ________ and settlers.
Fires deliberately lit are called 5 ________
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
How to increase the number of cockaded woodpeckers
Calcium stored in 6 ________
Shrubs are burned
Calcium released into 7 ________
Travel up to the leaves
8 ________ are eaten
Number of 9 ________ increases
More cockaded woodpeckers
Xem thêm: Attitudes to Language
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
10 The sparse distribution of longleaf pine trees leads to the most diversity of species.
11 It is easier to restore forests converted to farms than forests converted to plantations.
12 The cost to restore forest is increasing recently.
13 Few can live to see the replanted forest reach its maturity.
1. Nest ("It tucks its nest on the ground beneath clumps of wiregrass)
2. Tortoises (Gopher tortoises, the only native land tortoises east of the Mississippi, are also abundant in longleaf. A keystone species for these forests, its burrows provide homes and safety to more than 300 species …)
3. Oaks (Fire knocks back the oaks and other hardwoods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests.)
4. Native Americans ("Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open," Mitchell says. "So did the early pioneers. They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today.")
5. Prescribed burns (Most of these fires are prescribed burns, deliberately set with a drip torch.")
6. Shrubs (We learned calcium is stashed away in woody shrubs when the forest is not burned)
7. Soil (But when there is a fire, a pulse of calcium moves down into the soil and up into the longleaf)
8. Ant (Eventually, this calcium makes its way up the food chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant, which is the red-cockaded's favorite food.)
9. Eggs (The result: more calcium for the birds, which leads to more eggs, more young and more woodpeckers.)
10. TRUE (Đoạn 3, "However, a quiet movement to reverse this trend is rippling across the region. Governments, private organisations and individual conservationists are looking for ways to protect and preserve the remaining longleaf and to plant new forests for future generations.")
11. FALSE (Đoạn 10, "but restoring longleaf is not an easy task. … Where agriculture has destroyed the seeds, however, wiregrass must be replanted." → Cả 2 đều khó như nhau).
12. NOT GIVEN (Không có thông tin về việc giá đang tăng lên)
13. TRUE (Đoạn cuối cùng, "Bringing back longleaf is not for the short-sighted, however. Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in 70 to 80 years."
Reading Practice: Toddlers Bond With Robot
(A) Will the robot revolution begin in nursery school? Researchers introduced a state-of-the-art social robot into a classroom of 18- to 24-month-olds for five months as a way of studying human-robot interactions. The children not only came to accept the robot, but treated it as
Reading Practice: The Tuatara of New Zealand
Tuatara are lizard-like reptiles, found only in New Zealand. They are representative of ancient life forms Tuatara are the only living representatives of an ancient lineage of reptiles called Sphenodontia, which is over 250 million years old. Because tuatara still look like fossils of reptiles
Reading Practice: The success of cellulose
{A} Not too long ago many investors made the bet that renewable fuels from bio-mass would be the next big thing in energy. Converting corn, sugarcane, and soybeans into ethanol or diesel-type fuels lessens our nation's dependence on oil imports while cutting carbon dioxide emissions.
Reading Practice: Life code – unlocked!
{A} On an airport shuttle bus to the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, Calif., Chris Wiggins took a colleague's advice and opened a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. It had nothing to do with the talk on biopolymer physics he was invited to give.
Reading Practice: The sense of flavour
{A} Scientists now believe that human beings acquired the sense of taste as a way to avoid being poisoned. Edible plants generally taste sweet; deadly ones, bitter. Taste is supposed to help us differentiate food that's good for us from food that's not. The taste
Reading Practice: Volatility Kills
A . Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya, and Galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economies of sub-Saharan Africa are, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this


The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra has announced its 2018-19 concert season at Symphony Hall, Birmingham.
Conductor Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla will be joined by Kazuki Yamada as principal guest conductor, and violinist Gidon Kremer as artist in residence.
Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla leads a series of 23 concerts entitled Baltic Way, which marks the centenary of the establishment of the Baltic states and 30 years since their liberation. Concerts include the UK premiere of Roxanna Panufnik's Faithful Journey – A Mass for Poland.
Simon Rattle returns to Birmingham on 28 March 2019 for a fundraising concert featuring Beethoven's Symphony No 9. All proceeds will go to support the CBSO's artistic and education projects.
Artist in residence Gidon Kremer explores the music of Polish-Russian composer Mieczysław Weinberg.
The Friday Night Classics concerts see CBSO musicians performing the music of Nat King Cole, songs from the 1960s, and music from the Harry Potter and James Bond films.
This season will also introduce the Mystery Seats ticket scheme, whereby over 3000 tickets costing £13 will be available for selected concerts.


I get on stage and tell jokes and show comics. I perform at Union Hall, the Bell House, UCB, QED Astoria, The Creek and the Cave, and many other places from the sacred to the deeply profane. For booking, drop me a line at emilyflake@mac.com. Check the News/Blog section for upcoming dates!


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Dropbox bio, timeline, discography, pics & more
Dropbox band photo 2004
Dropbox Biography
The New Jersey, USA-based Alternative-Metal quintet Dropbox came together in 2002, fronted by vocalist John Kosco who started the band with help of Godsmack mastermind Sully Erna; the band was completed by two guitarists, Lee Richards and Joe Wilkinson, bassist James Preziosa and drummer Bob Jenkins.
The group released their self-titled debut album in April of 2004 and the single "Wishbone" peaked at #23 on The Mainstream Rock chart. "Dropbox" made a brief chart appearance on The Billboard 200 with a peak of #182.
Dropbox biography is an exclusive of 100xr.com
Dropbox pictures:
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Dropbox Discography
Dropbox (2004)
1. Wishbone
2. I Feel Fine
3. Nowhere Man
4. End Of Days
5. Forgotten Song
6. Take Away The Sun
7. Run
9. Fall Away
10. I Told You
11. Nobody Cares
Dropbox discography - an exclusive and detailed creation of 100xr.com
The section contains all of Dropbox albums released to date