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Home » . » How to Translate Legal Documents: Essential Tips
How to Translate Legal Documents: Essential Tips
Written By Bayan Marketing Team
@ Bayan Marketing Team
In judicial settings, it's not uncommon to dismiss legal translation as something that can be left for last. But, in fact, when a case involves people who speak a foreign language or some of the evidence is in a foreign language, legal translation services are essential. But legal translation services can't be provided by any bilingual person. Nor can they be provided by any translator. The best option is partnering up with an expert who has extensive insight into the judicial process and legal terminology.
There are some particular challenges to legal translation that only an expert knows how to solve. For example, precision is far more important in legal settings than, for instance, in marketing. In marketing, a translator can take creative licenses and prioritize how a sentence sounds above precisely conveying the original meaning. But, in legal settings, a mistranslated word can make a tremendous difference.
Accuracy and subject-area knowledge are essential in the legal sector. And subject-area knowledge isn't just about properly translating terminology, but also about understanding the context of that terminology. As laws and regulations change, language changes. So, it's essential that legal translators stay updated. Last but not least, a specialist will also know how to guarantee confidentiality.
Legal documents are extremely sensitive — and occasionally confidential. Therefore, translation services providers must handle them with extreme care. An inexperienced translator who doesn't really know how to translate legal documents can make serious mistakes and even transgress the facts of a case. Translations mistakes that go undetected could put your trial, immigration process, or contract signature at risk. Working with a quality legal translation services provider that is familiar with the languages (and dialects) at hand, as well as the sector will guarantee a fair and useful translation.
In this post, we will explain:
The importance of legal translation services.
Which types of documents require legal translation.
What happens when legal translation meets marketing.
The cost of legal translation.
The risks of mistranslation.
How even professional translation can go wrong.
How to translate legal documents accurately and efficiently.
What Are Legal Translation Services?
Before we examine how to translate legal documents, we need to take a look at legal translation as a practice and as a service. Legal translation consists of rendering a legal text (or a text used in a legal setting) from its original language into another.
Legal translators usually work with:
Certificates & licenses
Immigration documents
Wills & testaments
Court transcripts, witness testimonies, and other litigation material
Legal translation isn't the same as legal interpreting. They may be used interchangeably by non-specialists, but they're two very distinct processes and services. While both of them may be necessary for a judicial setting, it's worth noting:
For instance, an interpreter may help a jury understand a foreign witness' testimony, while a translator may work with written evidence of the crime (such as text messages or letters), making it easily comprehensible for all parties involved. In this post, we'll take a look at how to translate legal documents, so interpreting won't be involved at all.
Legal translation is most commonly used during trials when part of the evidence consists of materials in a foreign language (what is usually called "bilingual discovery"), or for immigration purposes. It also plays a vital role during transnational business deals, as well as in the context of international academia. Contracts should be as precisely translated as possible. And research into the legal field is best translated by legal translators.
When the documents in question come from an institution in a certain country and need to be adapted to be presented before another country's institutions, legal translation takes on a new degree of complexity. Legal terminology and conventions will need to be adapted, making it crucial for translators to be aware of both countries' legal systems, and what's expected from the document in question.
Legal Marketing & Translation
Marketing translation and legal translation differ in many aspects. However, when a legal service aims to expand its outreach, thinking about translation (and localization) is essential. For instance, many legal practices specialized in a specific type of case (for instance, immigration) may want to attract clients by means of content marketing. That is, by providing them with the information they need to further understand their rights and their case. Even if you're not specialized in immigration, but offering your services in a multilingual area, it's essential that you make your material accessible to those who don't speak English.
Nowadays, having a social media presence and an optimized website is fundamental to reach new clients. So you should not only think about your brochures but also about your presence on the internet.
The right translator should focus on attracting your target audience, paying attention to their culture and the nuances of their language. Besides, they will make sure that slogans aren't misleading and that all complex terms are adapted in a way that the audience will find useful.
At the beginning of the project, you and your language partner will need to examine the tone and style of the content. However, marketing materials aren't just about good translation. Colors and images used are also important for your target audience to identify with your services more easily. If your marketing content needs non-linguistic adaptation, the service you need isn't just translation, but localization. Localization is the adaptation of all linguistic and paralinguistic aspects of the original material, to match the needs and tastes of a new target audience.
You'll have to partner up with linguists that specialize in marketing and business translation, and who can properly handle legal information as well. In some cases, you will also need to develop an SEO and content strategy with cross-cultural marketing professionals. In these types of scenarios, look for a cross-disciplinary translation company, with diverse industry experience.
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The Cost of Legal Translation
If you're looking into how to translate legal documents, you're probably concerned about the service's price. Choosing a service that specializes in the field of legal translation is invaluable. But, legal translations can be costly. And some may prefer to avoid adding expenses to their legal proceedings. That's why companies and people may decide to use free automated translation tools or hire poorly trained linguists.
However, machine translation tools (and non-specialists) don't understand the tone and legal jargon like a translator specializing in this field does. Automation will often make disastrous mistakes. So, with this in mind, paying for a language service that works with experienced human translators is worth it.
Professional legal translation fees depend on several factors. First of all, the length of the document. Some services will look at the number of words, some will measure the length in characters. But legal documents are most usually charged for word or unit. Some translation agencies offer a fixed price for the translation of a certain legal document. A birth certificate, for example.
Another factor to consider will be the language pair. If the language pair is rather unusual, considering the translation company's location, the cost will increase. Due to the sheer number of speakers, and their geographical distribution, your preferred LSP is likely more used to translating from English to Spanish than from Chinese to Bulgarian. A translation agency will probably have fewer linguists available for that combination.
Translation agencies will also take into account the complexity of the service and the deadline. Translating advertising brochures is not the same as translating legal documents with specialized jargon. A legal document will most likely require more intensive quality control, to guarantee technical precision, not just naturality. Considering what we mentioned in the introduction, that legal translation is usually left for last, it's not odd for the translation of legal documents to be requested urgently. In those cases, the translators must work quickly while maintaining clarity and accuracy – which will increase the price.
So in legal translation, the price will depend on the rarity of the language pair, the length of the document, its technical complexity, and the time available for delivery.
If you want to know the cost of translating your document quickly and transparently, you should request a quote.
The Risks of Mistranslation
Especially if you're an immigrant, or you're facing a legal process with a tight budget, you may be wondering how to translate legal documents yourself. Or, if you can have a bilingual friend or relative translate these documents for you.
In some cases, authorities may require that your legal documents are certified or affidavited. This certification will let the institution in question know that the document has been translated by a reliable, professional linguist. But, even if you don't have to present a certified or notarized translation, if you're in need of translation services, you should contact professionals.
In 2012, Canadian supervisor Anthony Hill nullified a trial for sexual assault against a Hindi-speaking foreigner living in Canada on a work visa. As the American Psychological Association reported, the victim's testimony had been severely mistranslated.
A similar case took place in California, in 2010 when a judge dismissed the case against Cathy Mendoza, a Spanish-speaking immigrant who had previously been declared guilty of homicide.
In these types of settings, mistranslations carry a human cost. From declaring an innocent guilty to delaying someone's search for justice. But courts aren't the only places where legal translation services can make a difference. If you're an immigrant, a mistranslation could delay your process anywhere from months up to years.
If the document in question is a contract, a mistranslation could actually take you to the courtroom, since the unclear or inaccurate translation could be interpreted as intentional deception on your part.
Common Legal Translation Mistakes
Even professional legal translators can make mistakes that hinder the quality of their output. These mistakes are usually related to miscommunication or an erred use of the translator's tools.
A legal language services provider should make sure that they understand the context of the document in question. The project manager or linguist should foster opportunities for clear communication, to which the client should respond with as much contextual information as possible.
The client may hold back relevant information, or be intentionally vague, out of fear of the language services provider disclosing or mishandling that information. That's why it's vital for those providing this sort of service to transmit trust. The most trustworthy companies are those implementing processes that protect the clients' privacy and make the company liable if the information is mishandled or leaked.
Another potential cause for an improper translation is the excessive use of machine translation technology. While machine translation can be a priceless tool for translators, results can be disastrous if it's doing more than its fair share of heavy lifting.
Expert translation companies will use machine translation for a rough first draft, but will immediately pass the document through a team of legal translation experts that apply their legal and cross-cultural knowledge to the document.
How to Translate Legal Documents
If you're a linguist entering the discipline of legal translation, you could be wondering what are some legal document translation best practices. How to translate a legal document in an efficient and reliable way? There are three key best practices for the translation of official and legal documents you'll need to have in mind:
Pay attention to the tone. The tone of the translation should be the same as that of the original document. This is particularly important when translating testimony transcripts.The structure and organization of the document is fundamental.
Make sure that you respect the structure of the original documents. This is both the case for the general layout of the document, and its sentences. If certain linguistic structures do not exist in the target language, the translator must find their equivalents so that they convey the message identically.
Laws are constantly changing. Make sure you're up-to-date with legal developments. Get used to the terminology of the source and target countries. A legal concept may not exist in your target country, or a word in your source language can mean the opposite in the target language. An experienced translator should know how to solve it.
If you're looking for a legal translation services provider, remember to:
Always work with human translators. Automation is not capable of doing this job. The specialist's knowledge and experience give legal translation a unique value. Machine translation is often unable to reflect new legal developments. Or it can't truly capture terminological specificities.
Confirm that legal translation services have security and confidentiality policies. Legal documents include sensitive information that should not be disclosed. Carelessness can have unforeseen negative consequences.
Set a deadline. Deadlines for legal translation must be strict. Delays in the service can interrupt the course of your legal process.
If you need to have legal documents translated, your best option is a translation company that specializes in legal document translation services. Make sure you work with professional translators who guarantee a cost-efficient and timely process without neglecting quality. The right linguists can make a world of difference, making sure you close that deal, advance in your immigration process, or attain justice. Even if you can save money on an inexperienced linguist, in the long run, inaccurate translations end up being far more expensive. At bayantech, we have extensive experience in legal translations. Contact us and request a free translation quote.
The Essential Guide to Legal Translation
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text:
Luke 6:8
But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in the middle. And he arose and stood forth.
But he knew their thoughts; and he said to the man that had his hand withered, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and stood forth.
But he had knowledge of their thoughts; and he said to the man whose hand was dead, Get up and come into the middle. And he got up and came forward.
But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man who had the withered hand, Rise, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose, and stood forth.
But he knew their thoughts; and he said to the man who had the withered hand, "Rise up, and stand in the middle." He arose and stood.
Bible > Luke > Luke 6 > Luke 6:8
Barnes's Luke 6:8 Bible Commentary
But he knew there thoughts - He knew their thoughts - their dark, malicious designs - by the question, which they proposed to him, whether it was lawful to heal on the Sabbath-days (Matthew). In "reply" to their question, Jesus asked them whether they would not release a "sheep" on the Sabbath-day if it was fallen into a pit, and also asked "them" whether it was better to do good than to do evil on that day, implying that to "omit" to do "good" was, in fact, doing "evil."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
.. _asynchronous:

************
Asynchronous
************

Now we have supported the use of asynchronous methods to submit transactions, py-stellar-base gives you the choice,
rather than forcing you into always writing async;
sync code is easier to write, generally safer, and has many more libraries to choose from.

The following is an example of send a payment by an asynchronous method,
the same example of using the synchronization method can be found `here <payment.html#id1>`__:

.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/payment_async.py
   :language: python
   :linenos:

The following example helps you listen to multiple endpoints asynchronously.

.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/stream_requests_async.py
   :language: python
   :linenos:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rams outgaining Aggies 276-124 but trail by 3.
Halftime: Utah State 10, Colorado State 7. Big surprise so far. #CSURams playing with some energy and emotion that was non-existent the past few weeks.
#CSURams and Utah State about to kick in the 2nd half.
Hmm. After a massive, 51-yard kickoff return for Utah State, #CSURams force a punt to start the second half.
Colorado State safety Jordan Fogal, one of the 17 seniors honored before kickoff, will not return to this game because of an injury, #CSURams just announced in press box.
Bisi is having himself a game. He wants to make his last game in Fort Collins a special one.
Rams are in the Aggies red zone again!
Looking to tie the game or take the lead here early in the 3rd.
#CSURams at the 2. They have to score a TD here, right? 8:22 left in 3rd. Down 3.
What was that play-call? They pitch it outside to Izzy Matthews? Could just dive it in there with Adam Prentice.
They instead settle for a 19-yard field goal, good. #CSURams tie it up 10-10.
Wyatt Bryan knocks it in from 22 yards out and the game is tied!
#CSURams could've tried to score with 3:41 left in the 1st half and the ball, and didn't. Then, they have the ball at the Aggies' 2 yard line and settle for a 19-yard field goal. Two missed opportunities to take the lead.
Who had a better showing today in the snow, CU or CSU fans?


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Florida Education Association leaders to hold Day of Action in Tallahassee.
Teachers will monitor the halls of the Florida Capitol Monday and try to grab the ears of lawmakers.
The Florida Education Association holds its Day of Action on the eve of the 2019 Legislative Session. Expect calls to fund neighborhood public schools.
"We are united in delivering one message," said FEA President Fedrick Ingram.
The messaging comes as Florida's state teachers' union launches its Fund Our Future campaign. New advertisements stress the need to fund arts education, keep classrooms small and provide for school safety.
The group also notes a teacher shortage. The Florida Department of Education released a report verifying a lack of certified science, English and math instructors.
The FEA estimates Florida schools started the school year with more than 4,000 teaching vacancies. Based on DOE projections, there will be 10,300 teacher vacancies in the Fall.
Florida consistently ranks in the bottom 10 states for teacher pay and per student spending, the National Education Association reports.
"This state has neglected and abused public education for far too long," Ingram said.
The push from teachers comes as school choice advocates and private schools enjoys greater influence in Tallahassee.
Gov. Ron DeSantis recently tapped former Florida House Speaker Richard Corcoan as Education Commissioner. Ingram criticized the choice at the time.
"The policies that we've seen have not been conducive to student success," Ingram told press.
Now, he says teachers arrive in Tallahassee determined to defend public schools from assault by competing forces.
""While lawmakers funnel taxpayer dollars to private schools and for-profit charters, neighborhood public schools starve — despite being responsible for educating the majority of children," he said.
FEA members will present a focused message of unity not long after the association underwent significant internal disagreement.
In December, Ingram unseated former president Joanne McCall to lead the organization. He previously worked under McCall as vice president but announced last summer he would challenge her for the post.


text:
GLIAS
GREATER LONDON INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY
Home | Membership | News | Diary | Courses | Noticeboard | Books | Journals | Links | Database | e-papers | Contact
Notes and news — September 2020
Walk: indirectly to Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour
They laughed at Canaletto
MWB markers
The Chocolate Museum, Brixton
Death of Mike Horne
New River Head
Tugs on the Thames
Percy Ingle Bakers close
Wood Green trailer dust carts
Shad Thames gas engines video now on Youtube
London items seen near Edinburgh in July
Addington Well Pumping Station, Croydon
Coade Stone in Portobello
London Bridge signal box
Early C20th electrical junction boxes
309news.pdf
We are pleased to announce the results of the photo competition. And here they are!
Then: Coal drops, gas holders and railway yards, Somers Town by Sidney Ray. Taken in 1968
Then and Now: New Construction, Coaldrops Yard, King's Cross by Sidney Ray. Taken in 2018/19
Now: Thames Tideway 2 by Adam Thompson. Taken in 2020.
The judges were Susan Johanknecht, Mike Quinton and Eleanor Sidaway. They regretted having to judge remotely and therefore not being able to meet in person but they were able to reach an agreement on all the categories without too much difficulty. They commented: 'It's been an interesting exercise. Well done to everyone who entered the GLIAS Photo Competition; you gave us plenty to write and argue about but it is a pity we judges can't explain our choices at a GLIAS meeting. We look forward to a day soon when we can all sit around a table with a drink and chat properly.'
This stroll is built around seeing what is happening at Lots Road power station, having been prompted by an article thereon by Bob Mitchell in the April 2020 Newsletter and an additional note in Martin Weyell in the July issue. It should take about 90 minutes. Restricted access has meant research was not possible for all locations mentioned.
Start on the south side of Kings Road at the junction with Old Church Street. This is a short distance west of Carlyle Square bus stop. Routes 11, 19 and 319 from Sloane Square or 22 and 49 from South Kensington.
Head south along Old Church Street ('Old' is a 20th-century addition), to No. 48, on the left. Provided there is no parked car, a glance along the archway floor will recognise a familiar name on a drain cover: 'Thomas Crapper & Son Ltd, Marlborough Works, Chelsea.' (Photo 1). The firm benefitted from patenting sanitary fittings (ball cocks), good quality products, a classy showroom (120 Kings Road; nothing to see) and a memorable name. The name was revived by a firm which had a website illustrating its luxury sanitary and bathroom items.
Photo 1. 48 Old Church Street, Crapper drain cover; Photo 2. 46 Old Church Street, Dairy cow
Side and front walls of 46 have tiled depictions of its former business — and if in doubt, cow heads adorn the street façade and the rear building, which has: 'Estd 1796, 1908'. (Photo 2). The top section of wording on the reaper is a bit faded. (Photo 3). This was the dairy of William and Thomas Wright, but that use ceased some time between 1918 and 1939, the premises then housing several businesses over the years (from making ice cream to a sound recording studio) before becoming residential. Sometimes it was used as one with No 48, which had stables and storage sheds. At other times a separate business (eg, a provisions merchant) used 48.
Photo 3. 16 Old Church Street, Reaper; Photo 4. 12 & 14 Old Church Street; Photo 5. Lawrence Street, Peabody estate; Photo 6. Chelsea Embankment monument, 1874
No. 44 was a former butchers' shop, more recently a restaurant. More frontages and arches suggest other premises have had commercial use. Continue past Justice Walk to stop across the road opposite Nos 12 & 14. (Photo 4). The façade has clearly been rebuilt in a style suggesting a factory or workshops, but nothing seen so far has provided the 'missing link'. No 10 was already names Carlyle Works, a sanitary engineers' business, before Fraser & Ellis Ltd, in the same trade, moved here in 1926. That firm's website says it remained until 1996 before moving to new premises in Battersea. Their ground floor had a shop window type of frontage. There were workshops at the rear — as there were also for Nos 12, 14 and 16. No 16 was occupied by a firm of exhibition stand makers in the 1960s. There is a small crane alongside a first-floor goods door.
Return to head east along Justice Walk. Look over the top of the wall on the right, before the end a former Wesleyan Chapel (1841) squeezes the space, to see some of the workshops behind 16 to 10 Old Church Street.
Diagonally to the right from the end of Justice Walk, on Laurence Street, is West Block, one of four in a compact Peabody housing estate. At the far end is a small space outside the entrance to the private estate. A resident advised that small top floor windows show original locations of communal laundry rooms. (Photo 5).
Continue south along Lawrence Street and turn right to the front of a brick residential block. This was purpose built in 1888 as the Chelsea Hospital for Sick and Incurable Children, which had outgrown its previous building on the site and before that others nearby. It became a nursery after the hospital was evacuated to Kent, and again a specialist children's hospital in 1955, before being sold in 1996 and converted to flats.
Turn right (west) to follow the curved pavement, glancing at the gravestone to Hans Sloane (d.1753). Entwined snakes around a jar symbolise his qualification as a physician. He died in Chelsea Manor House, which he owned, having made arrangements to donate a large 'collection' to the nation. Where the pavement joins that of the Chelsea Embankment road is a (functioning) drinking fountain monument to George Sparkes, died 1878 (inscription). Loops remain where chains for a total of eight drinking cups had been attached. Then head west, past a larger than life seated statue of Sir Thomas Moore (in bushes on the right; another wealthy local) to cross the end of Old Church Street and go down steps to a lower garden. At the foot of the steps turn sharp left to see a sculpture by Jacob Epstein. This is a reminder he lived for a few years in a house hereabouts — completely destroyed. At the time the area had many authors, artists and actresses. Go up steps at the far end to the pavement corner. Two boys, looking as if scrumping apples, climb an 1874 MBW lamp standard and monument to the Embankment, cast at Coalbrookdale. (Photo 6). (An identical monument is on the Embankment, further east.)
Ahead right is the stone main hall of Sir John Crosby House, which stood in Bishopsgate. It was dismantled and rebuilt here in 1906-10. Later additions, some more in keeping than others, include an international students' hostel, although the autumn 1939 Government Review shows it was already housing 52 river emergency police. Cross Cheyne Embankment and walk a short distance onto the east side of Battersea Bridge (1885) to consider the difference between it and the nearby delicate Albert Bridge, 1873, strengthened 1880s, with a central support added in 1973. Cross the road at the lights to the north-west corner of the bridge and follow the Cheyne Walk pavement to a little path in the bushes, where there is a statue of Whistler (1834-1903), who lived nearby. Nothing commemorates his next door neighbours — the Brunel family. The substantial stench pipe is by J Stone & Co, London SE; the firm's products included cast-iron pipes.
Continue west, passing house boats, a feature of the riverside here for over 100 years, until bearing left into Lots Road, then go through a gateway on the left into an open area of cobbles and parkland. Surprisingly, discrete doors on the left are public toilets, open in late July. The open area had been wharves for the originally separate, later combined (1965), Boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea. Refuse was transferred into river craft, using cranes on concrete jetties. Two jetties are still there, with substantial craft wooden crash/rubbing posts. Do walk onto one. Cremorne Gardens once stretched inland from the river. Iron gates saved from the Kings Road entrance are a 'feature'. (Photo 7). Also, not so obvious, is a white stone plaque to Chelsea Borough employees who died in WW1 and WW2.
Photo 7. Cremorne Gardens gates, Chelsea Borough Wharf; Photo 8. Lots Road, Chelsea Flour Mill chimney
Returning to the road, continue past Chelsea Wharf, a gated residential property. Its core is a rebuilt 1894 London General Omnibus Company property to receive and chop river-delivered hay (etc.) as fodder for bus horses. When GLIAS visited the site in 1978 and 1979 it was a flour mill. There is a short note by John Parker in Newsletter 50 and a waterside photo in Newsletter 62. Continue along Lots Road, crossing to the far corner of the junction with Ashburnham Road and turn to look back at the former flour mill's squat brick chimney. (Photo 8).
Across Lots Road, Station House has flats for employees working in the LCC storm water pumping station alongside (1904, 'listed', Photo 9). As London has a common sewerage system for clean and dirty waste water, it needs to handle large volumes in wet weather. This was one of several stations built to pump excess amounts of (very diluted) 'flow' directly into the Thames. Original gas engines were replaced by diesels, and new pumps installed, in the 1930s. The chunky/ugly outside exhaust pipes are more recent. (A supplement to GLIAS Newsletter 71 describes Shad Thames storm water pumping station). Work is now under way to build a new sewer in the river bed to cope. In the roadway outside Station House is a circular drain cover, marked LCC MD. (Main drainage?).
Photo 9. Lots Road, LCC storm water pumping station; Photo 10. Lots Road power station. 17 Sept, 1978.
Ahead left is the 453 feet long Lots Road power station, built to supply the District and some other Underground railways, plus electric trams. (Photo 10). It operated 1905 to 2002, and is now undergoing, appropriately 're-generation'. Two of the original four chimneys were removed in the 1960s. In July 2020 both ends had scars where ancillary buildings have been removed. Three cranes stood within the roofless shell, whilst the lower part of the Lots Road wall was encased in hoarding and scaffold. Nothing is yet known about the miscellaneous works/warehouses on the other side of Lots Road. Short researched article, anyone?
Continue until turning left on a wide footpath alongside the road to stop on a bridge and look along the Chelsea Creek side of the power station, where coal and later oil fuel were delivered. Turn round. The Creek itself turned north immediately west of the road bridge alongside, leading to the Kensington Canal. This pre-dated the railway a bit further west, (1858), which ran parallel to the canal's route to a basin near Addison Road. Directly west there was a short branch beneath that railway to a basin to supply coal to the now demolished Imperial gas works.
The Thames Path makes a large loop alongside Chelsea Creek, opposite the power station, a pleasant enough walk. However, for us it appears to be fine to take a short cut and continue south on the road towards, and then down steps to the left (east) side of, Chelsea Harbour Hotel. Below is Chelsea Harbour as is, Chelsea Basin as was, amid a 1980s development which includes changed land levels. The Basin was jointly owned by the GW and LNW Railway companies. Rail access was from the much higher line, via a junction some distance to the north. A 1916 map shows eight parallel sidings on each side of the Basin. No less than 20 wagon turntables allowed 'sideways' shunting between lines, one wagon at a time. Head around the (rebuilt) Basin to the lock at the far side, which gives river access. A foot bridge carries the looped Thames Path. Turn right towards the railway bridge, then right again onto a road parallel to the railway viaduct. This leads to Imperial Wharf station, named after the gas works basin mentioned previously. As of end July 2020, London Overground trains run Clapham Junction — West Brompton — Willesden — Stratford), while a short way further are Route C3 bus stops (this side of the road to Earls Court; other side to Clapham Junction). All photographs 2020 except the last one (1978). David Thomas
People who laugh at something often do so because of ignorance. A good example are the views of London painted by Canaletto c.1750, some of which show London with red roof tiles similar to those in Italy — 'clearly he worked up this painting when back home in Venice' — snort.
In fact London was generally roofed with red tiles until the 19th century. The change came with the introduction of roofing slates, principally from North Wales. Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock which splits easily into thin sheets which can be trimmed to make the well-known roof slates. These are very durable and lighter than clay pantiles. Victorian builders made use of these slates in huge numbers and the slate extraction industry boomed. From small ports such as Porthmadog, Dinorwic and Penrhyn came ever increasing numbers. Using slates meant that the timber structure forming the pitched roof of a building could be made lighter, saving timber and money. If you put clay tiles on a Victorian slate roof you will strain the roof truss.
Before the widespread use of slates in London, clay tiles, like bricks, were made in the countryside just beyond the built-up area. Tile Kiln Lane at Archway indicates where a kiln was situated and there was a tile works just to the north of Battlebridge Basin at King's Cross.
When I first saw the House Mill at Three Mills restored I was taken aback — 'who on earth put that awful red roof on top'. Then I realised that this red tiled roof was correct. Yes, that was how it looked before the tiles were replaced by more modern and lighter slates.
When you look at a Victorian tiled roof, and these are still quite common, think on the fact that the older tiles would probably have come to London by sea round Lands End in a small ship. This might well have been a sailing ship, something like the Kathleen and May * in size, or even smaller.
This is a very broad-brush account. Slate roof tiles have been used from Roman times and probably before but it was the Victorian period which saw their widespread use in London. You sometimes see a house with a tiled roof named The Pantiles. These properties usually date from the 20th century.
Over the last 50 years lighter artificial fibre-cement slates have been developed; from a distance these have an appearance similar to traditional slates and reduce roof loading even more. Bob Carr
* The Kathleen and May is the last remaining British-built wooden hull three-masted top-sail schooner. With a length of 98 feet she was built in 1900 at Connah's Quay in Flintshire and continued to trade until 1961. Kathleen and May is now preserved, and based in Liverpool.
The enquiry about Metropolitan Water Board marker posts near a service reservoir in Bromley (GLIAS Newsletter July 2020) shows not a stone but a marker post made of cast iron. The material is recognisable because the letters M.W.B. are 'embossed', i.e. standing out from the surface, which is simple for an iron-founder to do but difficult for a stonemason — a mason will normally chisel his lettering into a stone, what is called 'incised'. An iron casting is made with a wooden 'pattern', shaped to match the finished product so as to form the hollow mould of sand into which the molten iron is poured. Individual letters carved from wood or cast from metal can readily be applied to the surface of the pattern. I imagine the letters might be fixed with wood screws for robustness — the countersunk heads would then have needed disguising with filler, but may have left some mark.
Some public landowners used cast-iron posts to demarcate property boundaries, but in this case the posts are likely to be marking a pipe track, i.e. the line of a buried water main, either by a series in a line or merely where the main crosses a road or changes course. Let me know if this tallies with what can be seen on the ground. Malcolm Tucker
The Chocolate Museum, based at 187 Ferndale Road, SW9 8BA, has a website and anyone can receive their free weekly Newsletter. I was a bit sceptical, as it has sections aimed at school children, but it is currently running through associations of chocolate with successive letters of the alphabet. As of 9 August 2020 this had reached 'O for Oxidation'. A new slant on an everyday topic. Check it out on www.thechocolatemuseum.co.uk.
Mike, best known as a transport historian but with interests in other aspects of London history which he mentioned on the Metadyne website, died in March 2020. The site was an excellent source of detailed information for an article on Metropolitan Line signal boxes (GLIAS Newsletter October 2018). It is understood, however, that he made arrangements for the site to be continued (which it is, as of late July), although there may be short closures for maintenance/updates. David Thomas
The former Smeaton beam engine house, along with adjacent buildings, is going to have a new use.
The House of Illustration, renamed the Quentin Blake Centre for Illustration, is to move in — planning to open in autumn 2022 after spending £8m on the project. There will, of course, be a café. Noted in the free e-Newsletter Ian Visits, August 2020. David Thomas
Over the past year the scene has been changing. Now most of the tugs you see on the River are GPS vessels. GPS are Marine Contractors who engage in Civil Engineering, Dredging, Diving and Marine & Offshore Work. They also transport loads by dumb barge and are heavily involved with the Thames Tideway Project. With so much new construction taking place in London moving building materials by water has become a major operation, reducing the number of lorry journeys in the London area.
Some GPS tugs make quite long sea passages. In January this year GPS Avenger towed two barges from South Holland to Le Havre and then proceeded to Romania without a load, presumably to carry out work there. This could have been to tow a barge from Constanta to the Thames. In the photograph of GPS Avenger (above) Woolwich Dockyard is in the background.
The second photograph shows GPS Iberia pushing a dumb barge. Tugs do not pull barges as much as they used to. The barge is TTT-35 where TTT stands for Thames Tideway Tunnel.
Finally we have GPS Racia 78 gross registered tons, this is quite an old tug built in 1964. Bob Carr
At the end of June Percy Ingle bakers in Hackney announced a phased closure with a proposed final trading date of 31 March 2021.
For me, Ingles has been a modest highlight of everyday life since I moved to East London. Arriving relatively recently from the suburbs of the home counties where such local chains have really died out, I was pleased to see one that seemed still to be viable; but in fact according to a report in British Baker (see link below), in recent years, rather than profits the company was glad to report reduced losses. For 2017-18 these were £165,000 on a turnover (sic) of £13.1 million. The business, founded in Clarence Road, Hackney in 1954 by a third-generation baker, had over 50 shops, all (latterly at least) supplied by a single bakery in Leyton.
I will miss much of what they offered, if not the whole range. Ingles has in the recent past played up their history with, amongst other things, 'A Family History of Percy Ingle' (undated, c.2017), a printed brochure giving a potted history of the company. This was in fact mostly taken up with details of the preparation of various Ingle specialities (though the famed Tottenham Cake is not amongst them) and the frustrating lack of historical detail in the publication had at least one IA acquaintance of mine spluttering into his coffee.
It was not until the estate agent's boards appeared over my two local branches that I was forced to face the fact that I had probably eaten my last Percy Ingle doughnut. There have been several reports in the press and I append a selection.
Evening Standard, 22 June 2020: www.standard.co.uk/go/london/restaurants/percy-ingle-bakeries-close-down-coronavirus-a4476421.html
British Baker report, 29 June 2020: https://bakeryinfo.co.uk/finance/ingles-bakery-to-shut-down-all-sites/645875.article
To my taste a rather over-sweet confection, but more bounteous than what British Baker had to offer, Inews, 23 June 2020: https://inews.co.uk/opinion/percy-ingle-closing-down-bakery-working-class-london-gentrification-453325
And finally, while it lasts, Ingles' website: https://inglesbakery.co.uk/
Ben Weiner
Bob Rust (GLIAS Newsletter July 2020) was absolutely correct when saying that the Wood Green to Alexandra Palace 'stroll' in the April issue was written to describe what can be seen en route. His personal recollections add a wonderful flavour and detail. Personal comments on other 'strolls' will be much appreciated. Bob wrote an item in the August 2004 Newsletter which mentioned other things in the area, including the slaughterhouse in his picture, but they made the 'stroll' that bit too long and will be included in future article. David Thomas
As someone who was born and brought up in Wood Green I was fascinated to read Bob Rust's 'Wood Green Memories' (GLIAS Newsletter July 2020). Bob describes the system of refuse collection using combination motor/horse trailer dust carts. I remember these very well in the 1950s, as the family home was opposite one of the changeover points. We lived in a house in Bounds Green Road, N11, on the corner of Queens Road; on the other side of the main road were Bounds Green Infants, Junior and Secondary Modern Schools. I recall often seeing the dust cart, hauled by a tractor unit, appearing from the Wood Green direction and pulling up outside the school. The tractor unit was then released and driven away, after which a horse (I never noticed where it came from) was backed into the shafts. The dust cart was then turned across Bounds Green Road and into Queens Road, beginning the house-to-house collection round.
Watching this routine was a regular feature of my young life but one week I had a surprise. The dust cart appeared as usual along Bounds Green Road hauled by the tractor unit but instead of stopping for the changeover it turned directly into Queens Road. It then crawled along the road with the dustmen emptying the bins as usual. After that I never saw the horses again. This would have been in perhaps 1957 or 1958 and was an early lesson for me on the reality of technological change.
In 1958 horses were still being used in Wood Green for some of the dustcart duties and on 9 May 1958 the Wood Green Weekly Herald reproduced a photograph of one of the horses decorated for May Day together with its proud team of dustmen. The distinctive curved front of the trailer cart can be seen in the background. John Liffen
GLIAS recorded these engines on Saturday 20 June 1980 with a follow-up on 17 November and I have slides taken on both visits. A recording report was attached to GLIAS Newsletter 71.
Just before lockdown I was consulted by Lisa Soverall, Heritage Officer, Southwark Local History Library & Archive about GLIAS's involvement with recording the Shad Thames gas engines and whether we had a digitised version of the professionally made film by British Gas at the time. Unfortunately, my own copy uses the now obsolete Umatic format. The BFI archives suggest that the video was made in 1988 but this is wrong. My copy of the video is clearly dated by British Gas as 18 October 1982. Whether this is the date it was filmed or the date released I do not know.
Lisa has informed me that she has arranged with the National Grid to have London's Screen Archives host the film called Pumping by Gas Engine on its YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjPhW4vmH04) and website (www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/title/3391/) for free. You can watch the video including a much younger Bob Carr by following the YouTube link. David Perrett
I have spent hours during lockdown digitising my IA slides taken between 1974 and my purchase of a digital camera around 2000 — some 10,000 slides. A slow job, about 4 minutes per slide, since scanning usually needed to be followed by restoration using Photoshop. The cheap colour film I could afford in the 1970s is rapidly fading. I've now digitised about half my collection. There is still the B&W collection, equally large to start on! Some of my oldest slides were taken around Croydon where I lived at the time. David Perrett
My first IA visit was to Addington Well pumping station where water was still pumped by steam in 1974. Croydon was always rather backward in its approach to water supply and as late as 1893 it installed the beam pumping engines along with coal-fired Cornish boilers. The first by Easton & Anderson of Erith was installed in 1888. A second by Glenfield & Kennedy was installed in 1893. There was also a small vertical engine that drove an overhead crane. Five boilers, by Hewitt & Kellett, Bradford 6ft x 25ft, two supplied in 1888 and three in 1931, were still being hand-stoked in 1974. The beam engines ran for the very last time on 29 June 1975. There was then a battle to preserve the site since it was purpose-built and the steam-powered crane was believed to be unique but this failed. The beam engines were removed for preservation. The Museum of London acquired the Easton engine and it is now loaned to Crossness and the Glenfield engine is preserved at Strumpshaw Hall Steam Museum in Norfolk. The boilers were presumed scrapped.
The boilers in Addington when still being fired in early 1975 (left); The rusting boiler in Prestongrange (right)
Last August during a visit to Edinburgh (minus its festival) we visited the large beam engine still in situ at Prestongrange Colliery, east of Edinburgh. What a forlorn site it is! The engine house and its Harvey's beam engine are secured but the visitors centre where you could ask to see the engine was closed but looked uninviting. The rest of the site is totally unkempt and various pieces of mining machinery are rusting away in the grass or like the railway wagons simply dropping to pieces. To my surprise there were the remains of a Cornish Boiler with a small note saying it was acquired from Addington Well pumping station in the 1980s. The steam crane behind the boiler is by Whitakers of Horsforth, near Leeds. David Perrett
Parking the car on a very busy Portobello sea front we noticed some rather odd but tall pillars in a small park. A plaque said that they had been rescued from the garden of Argyle House, Portobello in 1989 and re-erected in this park in 2006. They are made of Coade Stone.
Coade stone pillars in Portobello
The designs on the two smaller pillars are identical to the Coade Stone chimneys of Dalmeny House, built in 1817, near South Queensferry, seat of Lord Rosebery. Eleanor Coade (1773-1821) had a manufactory on the South Bank of the Thames near Waterloo Bridge where she made artificial stone objects using her secret recipe. Coade stone architectural decorations can be seen on buildings in many parts of London with the best-known example being the South Bank Lion on Westminster Bridge (GLIAS Newsletter June 2009). It is speculated that shipping from a wharf at Lambeth to Leith docks would explain how they got to Edinburgh. David Perrett
Some consider it a visual gem, others not. London Bridge signal box, (called an 'Area Signalling Centre'), opened in stages during 1974-5. In turn it closed in stages, the final section being switched out on 25 July 2020.
Network Rail has asked for ideas on re-use. That is, presuming access can be arranged... Photo 16 June 2013. David Thomas
On one of my local walks I came across this junction box (below). I've seen a couple of other local examples, also painted silver, but this one is the largest and has some identifiable information. It's on the corner of Carlyle Road and Northampton Road in Addiscombe.
I have no idea what CCEL is and all I can dig out about the Simplified Underground Conductor Co. Ltd. is that they had a patent for a conduit in 1904 but, according to the London Gazette, were wound up in February 1911.
It's a small piece if industrial history and I'd be keen to find out a little more if possible.
Gareth Page. Email: gareth.page@ymail.com
Next issue >>>
© GLIAS, 2020


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What are customers going to get out of this? Amazon will surely use its Prime service as a reward-based incentive to buy groceries. And while you wouldn't think that high-end Whole Foods would be a natural for Amazon, given that Bezos is going after middle-income shoppers, Whole Foods itself has itself been trying out a line of stores labeled 365 as a way of getting lower-priced items into play and turning around a long-running sales slump.
We'll surely see experiments and innovation in the grocery shopping experience. Amazon is probably going to alter the checkout model, which could easily enable payment through smartphones. Ideally, you wouldn't even have to stop at a checkout line, with your phone tracking your purchases and the bill showing up in your Amazon Prime account.
But so far Amazon is saying no to no-checkout technologies, claiming Whole Foods cashiers will not be facing layoffs. We'll see how that plays out when the deal closes later this year.
I see this as a major win for Amazon, which acquires access to delivery points all over the country and can begin to explore large-scale attempts to deliver directly to the home. Amazon's warehouse network continues to grow, but it has not yet developed the refrigerated warehouses needed for a major move into grocery retailing. Dealing with perishables is a new ball game compared to books and computer parts in a battle that will be fought over freshness. Whole Foods, then, is all about mastering this new supply-chain challenge.
And don't forget the Internet of Things, which is increasingly bringing automation into the so-called smart home. Digitally connected appliances like refrigerators can connect directly to any Amazon delivery options to make keeping the pantry stocked a painless task.
Books, music, clothing and now groceries – is there anything Amazon isn't moving into? Consumers will benefit as prices fall in these competitive wars, but concern over Amazon's reach isn't going to go away. Anyone who has seen what a single big box store can do to disrupt a small town's local businesses has to ask what Amazon can do to much larger competition. Tough days ahead for the small, independent grocer, like my grandfather.


text:
Journalist survives brutal attack in Odisha, India
Ramesh Rath in hospital after the attack
The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) joins the National Union of Journalists (India) in strongly condemning the brutal attack on a journalist in Odisha, India on August 7 night. The IFJ demands urgent action from the authorities to arrest the perpetrators.
Ramesh Rath, a Balipatna based journalist working for Pragativadi, an Odia-language daily was attacked by two bike-borne miscreants with a sharp weapon in the late evening of August 7. Rath sustained a deep cut on his back and is currently undergoing treatment at the Capital Hospital in state capital Bhubaneswar.
The journalist told Odisha TV: "I was sitting in front of my house when the two bike-borne youth came. Seeing them coming towards me, I asked them if anything was wrong but the person sitting on the back seat suddenly attacked me with a sharp weapon. I could not identify them due to bad light." The attackers fled the scene immediately. The police is investigating the case and the reason behind the attack is yet to be ascertained.
NUJ(I) President Ras Bihari and Odisha Union of Journalists (OUJ) President Prasanna Mohanty have condemned the barbaric attack and demanded a high level judicial enquiry into the incident.
NUJ(I) Secretary General Ratan Dixit in a statement, said: "We demand adequate compensation to the injured journalist; and appeal to the state authorities to ensure that such incidents would not occur in future." In addition to demanding immediate arrest of the culprits, the NUJ(I) reiterated its demand for a Journalists Protection Act to ensure safety and end impunity for attacks on journalists.
The IFJ said: "The IFJ condemns the brutal attack on journalist Ramesh Rath in Odisha, India, and demands that the Indian government immediately arrest the attackers and punish them. The IFJ also urges a safe working environment for journalists in India amidst the growing trend of attacks and harassment of journalists."
For further information contact IFJ Asia-Pacific on +61 2 9333 0946
Find the IFJ on Twitter: @ifjasiapacific
Find the IFJ on Facebook: www.facebook.com/IFJAsiaPacific


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Cocktail Microherbs from Holland - Koppert Cress - Bartender HQ, Cocktails, Bar Culture and More.
Live from the Vanguard, David & Sam are talking about Koppert Cress – Cocktail Microherbs from Holland. The guys from Koppert Cress were kind enough to host us in Holland last year at their facility in Rotterdam, and then we spent an extra night exploring Amsterdam's culture.
You can find full details on all of the above at https://www.koppertcress.com with separate images and all the information you could need, including where to buy. Thanks again to Koppert Cress for hosting us.
There are incredible things that can be done with Microherbs and we're just scratching the surface. In so many instances chefs have been way ahead of the bar industry, and perhaps here we can regain some ground. We'd love to see what you do with Microherbs so make sure you tag @BartenderHQ in any posts inspired by the show!


text:
Q: Content not showing in there correct module positions I have a controller that shows modules for my each position
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [layout_module_id] => 1
            [layout_id] => 1
            [module_id] => 1
            [position] => column_left
            [sort_order] => 1
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [layout_module_id] => 2
            [layout_id] => 1
            [module_id] => 2
            [position] => column_left
            [sort_order] => 2
        )

)

Above currently I have only two modules set and the are in the position of column left.
Because the position views are out side of the foreach loop they are picking up that module even though not set for that position? As shown in image.

Question: How can I make sure that the module will only display in its set position view.

public function index() {
    $layout_id = $this->getlayoutID($this->router->class);

    $modules = $this->getlayoutsmodule($layout_id);

    echo '
';
    print_r($modules);
    echo "
";

    $data['modules'] = array();

    foreach ($modules as $module) {
        $this->load->library('module/question_help');
        $data['modules'][] = $this->load->view('module/question_help', $this->question_help->set(), TRUE);
    }

    // Position Views
    $data['column_left'] = $this->load->view('column_left', $data, TRUE);
    $data['column_right'] = $this->load->view('column_right', $data, TRUE);
    $data['content_top'] = $this->load->view('content_top', $data, TRUE);
    $data['content_bottom'] = $this->load->view('content_bottom', $data, TRUE);

    // Main view
    $this->load->view('welcome_message', $data);
}

public function getlayoutsmodule($layout_id) {
    $this->db->select('*');
    $this->db->from('layouts_module');
    $this->db->where('layout_id', $layout_id);
    $query = $this->db->get();

    if ($query->num_rows() > 0) {
        return $query->result_array();
    }
}

Each of the position views have the same foreach loop
<?php if ($modules) { ?>
<?php foreach ($modules as $module) { ?>
<?php echo $module;?>
<?php } ?>
<?php }?>

main view

    <?php echo $column_left; ?>

    <?php if ($column_left && $column_right) { ?>
    <?php $class = 'col-sm-6'; ?>
    <?php } elseif ($column_left || $column_right) { ?>
    <?php $class = 'col-sm-9'; ?>
    <?php } else { ?>
    <?php $class = 'col-sm-12'; ?>
    <?php } ?>

    <div id="content" class="<?php echo $class; ?>">
    <?php echo $content_top; ?>

Welcome to CodeIgniter!

The page you are looking at is being generated dynamically by CodeIgniter.

If you would like to edit this page you'll find it located at:

    application/views/welcome_message.php

The corresponding controller for this page is found at:

    application/controllers/Welcome.php

If you are exploring CodeIgniter for the very first time, you should start by reading the User Guide.

Page rendered in {elapsed_time} seconds. <?php echo  (ENVIRONMENT === 'development') ?  'CodeIgniter Version ' . CI_VERSION . '' : '' ?>

    <?php echo $content_bottom; ?>

    <?php echo $column_right; ?>

A: Got it working I have had to use a foreach switch statement
<?php

class Welcome extends CI_Controller {

    public function index() {
        $layout_id = $this->getlayoutID($this->router->class);

        $column_left = '';
        $column_right = '';
        $content_top = '';
        $content_bottom = '';
        $position = array('column_left', 'column_right', 'content_top', 'content_bottom');

        foreach ($position as $key) {

            switch ($key) {
                case 'column_left':

                    $data['modules'] = array();

                    $layout_module_results = $this->getlayoutsmodule($layout_id, 'column_left');

                    if (!empty($layout_module_results)) {
                        foreach ($layout_module_results as $layout_module_result) {
                            $data['modules'][] = array(
                                'position' => $layout_module_result['position']
                            );
                        }
                    }

                    $column_left = $this->load->view('column_left', $data, TRUE);

                    break;

                case 'column_right':

                    $data['modules'] = array();

                    $layout_module_results = $this->getlayoutsmodule($layout_id, 'column_right');

                    if (!empty($layout_module_results)) {
                        foreach ($layout_module_results as $layout_module_result) {
                            $data['modules'][] = array(
                                'position' => $layout_module_result['position']
                            );
                        }
                    }

                    $column_right = $this->load->view('column_right', $data, TRUE);

                    break;

                case 'content_top':

                    $data['modules'] = array();

                    $layout_module_results = $this->getlayoutsmodule($layout_id, 'content_top');

                    if (!empty($layout_module_results)) {
                        foreach ($layout_module_results as $layout_module_result) {
                            $data['modules'][] = array(
                                'position' => $layout_module_result['position']
                            );
                        }
                    }

                    $content_top = $this->load->view('content_top', $data, TRUE);

                    break;

                case 'content_bottom':

                    $data['modules'] = array();

                    $layout_module_results = $this->getlayoutsmodule($layout_id, 'content_bottom');

                    if (!empty($layout_module_results)) {
                        foreach ($layout_module_results as $layout_module_result) {
                            $data['modules'][] = array(
                                'position' => $layout_module_result['position']
                            );
                        }
                    }

                    $content_bottom = $this->load->view('content_bottom', $data, TRUE);

                    break;
            }

        }

        $data['column_left'] = $column_left;
        $data['column_right'] = $column_right;
        $data['content_top'] = $content_top;
        $data['content_bottom'] = $content_bottom;

        $this->load->view('welcome_message', $data);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Dispatches Trump's Debate-Night Guests: An Old Lech and a Muslim Immigrant
Trump's Debate-Night Guests: An Old Lech and a Muslim Immigrant
by Jud Lounsbury
Images by Movie and Music Greats and Gateway Pundit
It sounds like the beginning of a good joke: Donald Trump, an old lech, and a Muslim immigrant walk into a bar...But it's what really happened at Wednesday's third and final presidential debate.
The lech was Wayne Newton, who in 2012 was accused in a lawsuit of "repeated sexual harassment." According to one woman's complaint, Mr. Newton allegedly "would push up hard against her as he kissed her open-mouthed on the lips. Each kiss was wet, sloppy and disgusting and clearly of a sexual nature."
Hmmm...sounds very familiar!
Perfect choice, Donald!
That's the same Wayne Newton who for years was on the Las Vegas Musicians Unions "unfair" list, which, as the name suggests, did not fairly compensate the musicians playing behind Newton.
Dang, Donnie, you're on a roll. This guy really, really gets you!
And the Muslim immigrant? That would be Malik Obama, the President's estranged half-brother. Apparently the two men got along fine until three years ago, when there was a falling-out after one of the men asked the other for $20,000 and the other declined to pony up.
Since then, Malik Obama has been a darling of the alt-right media, calling President Obama a "fraud and a con" and much worse. (This represents a significant deterioration in Malik's estimation of the man he chose to be best man at his wedding.)
Like an opossum sniffing out a rotting dead squirrel dinner a mile away, Trump descended on Malik's discontent and convinced him to be a prop in the debate.
Never mind that Trump has called for bans on Muslim immigrants, such as Malik Obama, from entering the United States and has repeatedly ruminated on the fact that the Orlando shooter Omar Mateen's parents were Muslim immigrants that should have never been allowed into the country.
"The bottom line is that the only reason the killer was in America in the first place was because we allowed his family to come here," said Trump back in June.
Never mind that as late as 2013, Donald Trump's favorite alt-right radio mega-host, Alex Jones, was touting Malik Obama as a mastermind behind the Muslim Brotherhood.
All that needs to go on the back burner because, in the final presidential debate in Las Vegas, Obama's half-brother and Wayne Newton sang the praises of Republican nominee Donald Trump.
Neither of Trump's prize guests disappointed their host.
Wayne accused Trump's sexual assault accusers—all nine of them—of lying to get "their ten minutes of fame." He also said the problem for people like him and Donald (a.k.a. rich white guys) is that they are "sitting ducks" for such vixens. That ought to help Donald with women voters.
Malik actually live-tweeted the debate and was time and again unintentionally funny:
At one point he responded to rightwingers wishing he was the Obama in the White House, by saying:
"Thank you friends for wanting me to be president but I cannot. I was born in Kenya. One day maybe."
One day, indeed. After this year's unthinkably bizarre string of events, we can never say never again.
Jud Lounsbury is a political reporter based in Madison, Wisconsin, and a regular contributor to The Progressive.
Dispatches Democracy Elections Money Politics Media
Jud Lounsbury
Formerly America's #1 press secretary.
Read more by Jud Lounsbury


text:
Acts regarding Merchants of the Staple.
Bookmark:https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb12-msadd.4129
GB 12 MS Add.4129
1 volume(s) 1 Volume
A compendium of Acts of Parliament regarding merchants of the staple, 2 Edw. III to 20 Hen. VI, 65 folios. The title suggests the 'xxxvith yere of Kynge Henry the sixt' as the date of composition.
Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
The volume belonged to Robert Constable, serjeant at law, and includes an 18th century entry, 'Mad Susan Laye her book' (fo. 51v). A cutting from a Quaritch catalogue of 1881 has also been pasted into the volume, and has it featured as no. 65. It was probably bought by Samuel Sandars. Bequeated by Sanders to the Library in 1894.
A catalogue of the collection can be found on ArchiveSearch.
Alternative Form Available
Microfilm available
For further information see J.H. Baker, A catalogue of English legal manuscripts in Cambridge University Library (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1996), pp. 593-594.


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O Dove-OSCAR 17 (Digital Orbiting Voice Encoder) ou DO 17, foi o primeiro satélite radioamador brasileiro, lançado em 22 de janeiro de 1990 em um foguete Ariane 40 H10, lançado a partir do Centro Espacial de Kourou, localizado na Guiana Francesa.

O satélite foi um projeto desenvolvido pelo radioamador brasileiro Junior Torres de Castro (PY2BJO), um paulista de Botucatu. Seu mérito foi ter construído, com recursos próprios, o primeiro satélite artificial radioamador brasileiro, com fins educacionais e humanitários. Por esse e outros feitos, ele foi um dos poucos brasileiros que teve o nome inserido na galeria dos nomeados para o Prêmio Nobel da Paz. "DOVE" significa pomba em inglês.

Características
O Dove-OSCAR 17, foi um microssatélite da série AMSAT (também conhecido como BRAMSAT no Brasil, atual AMSAT-BR). Possuía o formato de um paralelepípedo de 21 × 23 × 23 centímetros, 16 pequenos painéis solares, 5 antenas de telemetria e um sintetizador de voz digital denominado "Digital Orbiting Voice Encoder" (abreviado como DOVE), projetado para emitir mensagens de telemetria para instituições educacionais. O satélite tinha uma massa total de 12,92 kg.

Lançamento e missão
O satélite foi posto em órbita no primeiro voo do Ariane 40 H10, como uma das cargas secundárias do lançamento do satélite SPOT-2, em uma órbita baixa e hélio-síncrona de 780 km altitude e 98 graus de inclinação.

Sua missão primária foi prover um sinal de áudio em FM para recepção por instituições educacionais. A telemetria, em frequência distinta, ocorria a 1 200 bauds no formato AFSK AX.25, decodificado com receptores e  TNCs muito populares entre os radioamadores.

O satélite operou até março de 1998, quando devido a uma falha em sua bateria, parou de transmitir dados de telemetria. Entretanto, o mesmo possuí painéis solares ainda funcionais, e quando estes estão alinhados ao sol, o satélite volta a transmitir dados de telemetria.

Junior Torres de Castro
Projetista do satélite, veio a falecer em 17 de janeiro de 2018, aos 84 anos. Está sepultado no Cemitério Gethsêmani, na cidade de São Paulo.

Ligações externas
 Spotlight On: The Microsats - DOVE-OSCAR-17
 SATÉLITES
 AMSAT-UK (Reino Unido), AMSAT-NA (EUA/Canadá/México), AMSAT-BR (Brasil)

Satélites de telecomunicações
Programa espacial brasileiro
Radioamadorismo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Compact rooms can feel cluttered and overwhelming without proper organization. Two of the best storage options for small spaces are cabinets and shelving, which provide open and closed storage for all your essentials.
&quotOpen shelves give you easy access to items and I think they work well for a small home office or for decorative items you want to see and enjoy,&quot says professional organizer Janine Sarna-Jones, president of Organize Me Inc. &quotWhen used properly, closed cabinets are a way to have less visual noise in a bedroom or living room.&quot So let us take a look at favorite studio kitchen storage small space with 20 pictures below.


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Japan elects first openly gay politician to Tokyo assembly
Taiga Ishikawa has been elected Japan's first openly gay politician after winning a seat in the Tokyo ward assembly in local elections on Sunday. Prior to his victory, no openly gay politician had ever won office in Japan.
By LGBTQ Nation Tuesday, April 26, 2011
Taiga Ishikawa
Taiga Ishikawa has been elected Japan's first openly gay politician after winning a seat in the Tokyo ward assembly in local elections on Sunday.
Prior to his victory, no openly gay politician had ever won office in Japan.
Ishikawa, 36, said that he hoped his victory would help LGBT people.
"I hope my election victory will help our fellows nationwide to have hope for tomorrow, as many of them cannot accept themselves, feel lonely and isolated and even commit suicide," he told AFP.
"Many LGBTs, or sexual minorities, realize the fact when they are at elementary and junior high schools, many of which are operated by the municipality," Ishikawa said.
"As a ward assembly member, I would like to reinforce support to LGBT children at schools."
Ishikawa revealed he was gay in his book "Boku No Kareshi Wa Doko Ni Iru" (Where Is My Boyfriend?),"published in 2002.
Asia, Books and Authors, Japan, LGBT Politicians, Tokyo
Arson, hate crime suspected in barn fire that killed eight horses
Nevada Senate approves two LGBT protections bills, rejects a third


As an Empowered Soul, you Journey to Positive Opportunities, as your Potential flows limitless, New opportunities Emerge. You Embrace your role as Co-Creator, allowing the vision of the Life experience you wish to create for your Highest good.
Claim the Life you wish, as an Empowered Soul, the choice to create a Well-Intended Life, was always yours!
You are here in Earth's classroom to Create…the bell has rung, it's Time to begin!
Remember, no course is finite, the choices made now will change as your life moves forward, as you Evolve with new Dreams. You may be faced with unforeseen events, believing they will alter your Journey, your Path.
Your Guides are always near, just ask for assistance. This seemingly misstep, may very well be the Path. Obstacles that seem to misguide, are actually your Guides assisting you to remain on track, Redirecting, nudging you along your Journey, your Life Lessons for Soul Growth.
Meditation – Is your Souls connection with Divine Guidance. Awaken to this Truth, this birthright within, as you begin your Journey have Faith in what you receive. Allow your intuition, your many guides and angels to whisper guidance into your Soul.
As challenges in your Life arise, embrace these opportunities for Growth, as you continue to Live within the flow of your Truths – you find many signs that signify Clarity of your Direction, your Path.
For when Judgement is the voice in your Ear, your Intuitive Guidance becomes muffled.
The Ego-Mind – Makes choices based on how you wish to be perceived by others and/or yourself. This is not authentic and can prevent you from connecting with your True-Self.
As the Ego-Mind is only Self-Focused.
As you learn to quiet the constant Negative chatter of The Critic, simply by discontinuing your interaction. When you listen and believe that you are finding Truths in what you hear, you give the Ego it's Power. The Ego represents your Self-Image, your Identity, formed from your Memories, your Beliefs and the Fears created by them that have now define you.
When not challenged…these negative misguided controlling remarks of the Critic continue!
The goal is to remain in a Neutral space of calm, releasing its hold by the constant use of Negative thoughts, and emotions. Thoughts which the Ego knows through experience, will trigger a reaction. All reactions are formed in the lower self, your higher Vibration become compromised. Knowledge is key, knowing You have the power to replace all Negative thoughts that come into your experience with Positive ones. When you continue to practice with this tool, your faith in your Intuition grows. You begin to FEEL this Truth of Who you are!
Empowerment is permitting yourself the freedom to make decisions that support Your Well-Being. Self-Empowerment is a concept directly interlinked with knowing you are worthy of Self-Love.
You have the power, you have always had the power within you…reclaim and embrace your power. It's time to lead this Dance, this Life, as an Empowered, Self Loving Soul.
Your ever evolving Path beckons, as you confidently Trust in your unveiled Inner Knowing that aligns with your Soul's Path. A Soul ready to explore all that Life offers from a Positive viewpoint…to now create a Positive result!
The cloak has lifted. The Door has opened. The Path illuminates as it Welcomes you to a Life of Great Potential.


The Many Ways to Mortgage a Moat | Intrinsic Investing | Intrinsic Investing is a publication of Ensemble Capital Management, LLC. Ensemble Capital is a registered investment advisor located in Burlingame, CA, midway between San Francisco and Silicon Valley. The firm currently manages approximately $915 million on behalf of private clients, charitable institutions, and a publically traded mutual fund.
When investors worry about a company's eroding moat, they're usually focused on external threats. A new competitor with a revolutionary technology or offering.
But the external threats often come after a company has mortgaged its moat.
Companies mortgage their moat when they press their advantage too hard and alienate stakeholders in the process. This practice can be particularly tempting for executives aiming to maximize short-term performance at the expense of long-term durability.
To illustrate, a recent Wall Street Journal article talked about how many of the big consumer packaged good brands are aggressively raising prices despite falling volumes. We think this is a dangerous strategy in product categories where there are reasonable substitutes, as it could make loyal customers shop around and try other branded and private-label offerings.
Companies with strong family ownership often take a different approach. According to Credit Suisse, public companies with meaningful family ownership, as a group, tend to outperform the market. They also tend to have more conservative balance sheets and post better fundamentals than their peers. One reason for this could be that family-owned companies care more about the firm's legacy over generations than meeting quarterly targets.
Well-meaning executives can also mortgage their moat by "over-optimizing" their operations, depriving the company of oxygen needed to deliver on its long-term strategy.
Analysts herald companies that announce cost-cutting initiatives, yet we see little discussion of the non-obvious yet important impacts of those costs. A company slashing SG&A costs, for example, may be harming employee morale by reducing benefits. A company cutting back on R&D may impair its ability to compete during the next product cycle.
Conversely, companies that ramp investments and expenses to the detriment on quarterly margins often get criticized by investors. (And to be fair, sometimes for good reason.) When we believe a company has high returns on incremental invested capital, however, we want them to invest more and widen the moat.
Here are some ways that companies can mortgage their moat in relation to basic moat categories.
Intangible assets Cutting back on investments to support brands (marketing) and new products (R&D), Raising prices too aggressively on search-cost brands.
By focusing on the sources of the company's economic moat, we hope to more quickly recognize situations in which management may be mortgaging their moat. If we do this correctly, we stand a better chance of getting out of the castle before the siege.
As of the date of the post, clients invested in Ensemble Capital Management's core equity strategy own shares of Ferrari (RACE). This company represent only a percentage of the full strategy. As a result of client-specific circumstances, individual clients may hold positions that are not part of Ensemble Capital's core equity strategy. Ensemble is a fully discretionary advisor and may exit a portfolio position at any time without notice, in its own discretion.
While we do not accept public comments on this blog for compliance reasons, we encourage readers to contact us with their thoughts.
The information contained in this post represents Ensemble Capital Management's general opinions and should not be construed as personalized or individualized investment, financial, tax, legal, or other advice. No advisor/client relationship is created by your access of this site. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. All investments in securities carry risks, including the risk of losing one's entire investment. If a security discussed in this blog entry is owned by clients invested in Ensemble Capital's core equity strategy you will find a disclosure regarding the security held above. If reviewing this blog entry after its original post date, please refer to our current 13F filing or contact us for a current or past copy of such filing. Each quarter we file a 13F report of holdings, which discloses all of our reportable client holdings. Ensemble Capital is a discretionary investment manager and does not make "recommendations" of securities. Nothing contained within this post (including any content we link to or other 3rd party content) constitutes a solicitation, recommendation, endorsement, or offer to buy or sell any securities or other financial instrument. Ensemble Capital employees and related persons may hold positions or other interests in the securities mentioned herein. Employees and related persons trade for their own accounts on the basis of their personal investment goals and financial circumstances.
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Business Organizations Law
Brigham Young University Law School (1)
Fordham Law School (1)
Trademark Cosmopolitanism, Sonia K. Katyal Jan 2013
Trademark Cosmopolitanism, Sonia K. Katyal
The world of global trademarks can be characterized in terms of three major shifts: first, a shift from national to global branding strategies; second, a shift from national and regional systems to harmonized international regimes governing trademark law; and third, a concurrent shift from local to transnational social movements that challenge branding and other corporate practices. The rise of transnational brands brings with it an attendant series of legal shifts in trademark law. Long considered the stepchild of intellectual property law, today, trademark law has morphed into a powerful global legal phenomenon, revealing a foundational shift from national and regional ...
The "Branding Effect" Of Contracts, D. Gordon Smith Apr 2006
The "Branding Effect" Of Contracts, D. Gordon Smith
In his case study of the MasterCard IPO and its predecessor piece on the Google IPO, Victor Fleischer claims to find evidence of a branding effect of legal infrastructure. The branding effect is not aimed at reducing the potential for opportunism by a counterparty to a contract, but rather at increasing the attractiveness of a product to present and future users or improving the image of a company in the eyes of regulators, judges, and juries. In this essay commenting on Fleischer's work, I endorse the notion that deal structures have branding effects and position Fleischer's work within ...


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"What influences social entrepreneurs to adopt particular social enterprise structures and why?"
ODOR, Julius C. (2019). "What influences social entrepreneurs to adopt particular social enterprise structures and why?". Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University.
PDF (Edited for copyright reasons)
Odor_2019_DBA_WhatInfluencesSocial_edited.pdf - Accepted Version
Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives.
PDF (VoR not available)
Odor_2019_DBA_WhatInfluencesSocial.pdf - Accepted Version
Link to published version:: https://doi.org/10.7190/shu-thesis-00236
Despite the founders of social enterprises being faced with a proliferation of structural forms to pursue their interests, social enterprise is often portrayed as a homogenous organisational category. This domain is increasingly rendered a governable terrain (Nickel & Eikenberry, 2016) through the development of Kitemarks, funder/investor requirements and government policy initiatives which shape and control what it means to be a 'good' social enterprise. Such mechanisms have been shown to strengthen institutional coherence and drive structural isomorphism (i.e. Similarity) (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Boxenbaum, & Jonsson, 2017). As yet, however, scant attention has been given to the ways in which Kitemarks, standards and funding criteria serve to prioritise and marginalise particular forms of social enterprise by bestowing or denying access to material (e.g. financial) and symbolic (e.g. legitimacy) resources. Further, the implications of such disciplining affects and how individual entrepreneurs respond to them has likewise received little attention from scholars. This thesis seeks to explicate this issue, positioning Kitemarks, standards and funding criteria as political artefacts that serve to discipline the structure choices of social entrepreneurs through prescribing desirable characteristics, behaviours and structures for social enterprises. This prescription becomes problematic in situations when adherence to such prescriptions is at odds with social entrepreneur's own constructions of legitimate organising principles, which are perceived by them to be as socially and materially efficacious but prevent access to physical and symbolic resources. The qualitative data set for this thesis comprises fifteen in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs and their advisors regarding structure choice. The analysis presented offers new insights into the dynamics of structure choice by social entrepreneurs, including the potential nodes of conflict between exogenous prescriptions and social entrepreneur's own orientation to certain aspects of organisation and what social entrepreneurs actually do in the face of such conflict. I find that conflict is particularly prevalent in respect of ownership and decision-making. In order to resolve the tensions that they experience, social 4 entrepreneurs often 'decouple' their governance and/or organising practices from those prescribed in external standards or begin to create new structures and ways of organising on the margins of the social enterprise domain through a process of institutional entrepreneurship (Battilana, Leca, & Boxenbaum, 2009). This thesis places such structures within an extended structural typology, extending the work of Bull (2015, 2018), and culminates in the development of a practice model for social enterprise structure selection.
Thesis (Doctoral)
Director of studies: Rory Ridley-Duff "No PQ harvesting"
Research Institute, Centre or Group - Does NOT include content added after October 2018:
Sheffield Hallam Doctoral Theses
https://doi.org/10.7190/shu-thesis-00236
Colin Knott


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Posted on January 12, 2017 By L.C. DavisPosted in Craft of WritingTagged Authors, Fantasy, The Craft of Writing, Workshop, World Building, Writing, Writing Killer Fantasy
Part One: Defining Your Genre
Fantasy stories have been around as long as people have been telling tales over the fire. Storytellers wove tales of jealous gods and outlandish beasts. Later, these tales evolved into the epics such as Homer and Beowulf or the tales of Arabian Nights. In the last century, writers such a Tolkien, Lewis and Lovecraft ignited the modern reader's love for everything fantastical.
From there the genre of Fantasy spiderwebbed in every direction. Subgenres branched into niches that became sub genres of their own. This article is to help you define which genre of Fantasy you would most like to write under, or if you see a place for something entirely new to be created.
The first genre split I'd like to take a look at is High Fantasy versus Low Fantasy. While one is clearly situated in a world that does not exist the other is a little more close to home. High Fantasy, such as Middle Earth and Narnia, cannot be found on any map in school rooms. These worlds exist in our minds and hearts alone. No matter how much we bemoan that fact. Watching Harry Potter makes me want to cry for the fact alone that the world does not exist. Which leads me right into Low fantasy. This is when a fantastic world is written to exist alongside the world as we know it. It magic could be happening right under our noses and we wouldn't be any wiser.
Finding the right genre or combination of genres is the best tool with which to begin your writing endeavor.
High Fantasy Sub Genres:
Heroic/Quest Fantasy: The most relatable example of this would have to be the Lord of the Rings trilogy. We're all familiar with it, right? In this trilogy, a young hobbit who has never left his home before is pushed to trek his way into Mordor to destroy the One Ring to Rule Them All. This features not only a world that is entirely made up, but the plot centers around a defined quest to be completed by the hero. The world could be as fantastic as Sarah J. Mass's Erilea or it could be as magically bereft as Martin's Westeros. That's up to you.
Sword and Sorcery: While similar to Heroic fantasy in so many ways, this one is a bit more tongue in cheek. This is the story that uses all that is fun and weird in fantasy to create a world and story combo that is, often, a bit funny. This includes works by Patricia C. Wrede and Terry Pratchett. Wrede's Talking to Dragons series include a rabbit that turns into a flying blue donkey by eating the wrong flower. See what I mean. This genre isn't just for children, as shown by Pratchett's success, but it does make a great basis for stories for young children.
Retellings: These have become insanely popular in the last few years or so, but authors have been writing them for as long as there have been fairy tales. The works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Anderson are taken apart, remodeled, and put back together in ways that can be obvious or not so obvious. My favorites include Edith Pattou's East, a retelling of East of the Sun, West of the Moon (my all time favorite fairy tale, if anyone was asking) and Sarah J. Maas's ACOTAR series. I point out Maas because she's not so clearly cut as a retelling, but book one in the series stands out as a remodeled Beauty and the Beast tale in her wonderful High Fantasy way of writing. Book two took inspiration not from a fairy tale, but from a mythological tale: Hades and Persephone.
Low Fantasy Sub Genres:
Urban Fantasy: Clearly one of my favorites, Urban Fantasy is set in the real world, here and now. It began in cities, earning it the urban title, but the settings have branched out to rural and small towns. It is characterized by spunky protagonists who find themselves caught up in a dangerous life (often taking death threats from vampires with their morning orange juice), either by choice or by accident. My favorite example is the Rachel Morgan series by Kim Harrison. (Which has a bit of that sword and sorcery pluck. I told you they could overlap.) Rachel is an independent bounty hunter in a Cincinnati that has a seedy magical side and a clear problem with race. Everyone except for her roommates seems to want her dead, but she still has to tag the bad guy to pay her rent.
Paranormal Romance: I think many of us have read this genre before, hidden it within our e-readers so that others couldn't see the covers. These books often read like Urban Fantasy novels, but is it's own genre because while there is often a major conflict within the story, the romance is what takes center stage. The world could get blown up in the background, but we're still waiting for Gina to kiss Sammy. Like, just get it on already!
Historical Fantasy: By giving Aladdin a magic carpet and a genie, we have created Historical Fantasy. These stories take place in real times and places in our history, but are given splashes of the fantastic. They could take place anywhere and anytime in history. Think King Arthur.
Contemporary Fantasy: In this genre the fantastic elements are often not as blatant as the sexy werewolf leaning in your doorway. Here, the physical conflict often associated with Urban Fantasy is toned down or gotten rid of altogether. Take Charles De Lint's books for example. In many of them, there are truly fantastic creatures such a fae and crow girls, but it is the actual story that takes precedence. It is weaving of the story that the author wants to really shine, a message that needs to be heard loud and clear.
Genres That Stand On Their Own:
These genres have been separated because they can function within either High or Low Fantasy depending upon how they are written. It makes them wonderful. Try overlapping these with any of the above sub genres!
Steampunk: I think we can all easily recognize Steampunk for what it is at this point. Often characterized by gears and cogs, Steampunk takes inspiration from the age of steam power. Readers get dirigibles, trains, women in corsets, and sometimes world trekking adventure. My favorite example is Gail Carriger's Finishing School series. Young Sophronia is sent off to a finishing school meant to train elite assassin women, taking a sometimes silly and sometimes serious approach to the narrative.
There are a lot of directions that you could go in steampunk. You could write it in the traditional Victorian setting or you lean towards a more modern setting influenced by pseudosciences. You could make it more science related or you could throw some fun amounts of magic in. There's a real fun game of balance that can be happening here
Grimdark: Anything with a violent or promise of violence in a fantastical setting garners the name Grimdark. Maybe the most well known example is the Song of Fire and Ice series by George RR Martin. There is so freaking much violence and dark mystery (or, secrets) wrapped up in his works. Grimdark is marked by a lack of morality among the characters in the story, often leading to dark situations.
Grimdark leaves a lot of doors open. This is more of a mood than anything else. Think of it like a dark photo filter. You are laying a mood over your characters and setting that give voice to dark themes and messages. Often these stories are in dystopian settings, but that doesn't have to be the dystopian we all think of. It can be Martin's crumbling Westeros just as much as it can be Victoria Aveyard's dark setting in Red Queen.
Don't let these genres stop you. Have you thought of something completely new? Or, can you see two or more of these genres merging in a way that will be a complete hit? Deborah Harkness did it with her All Souls Trilogy, taking a contemporary Paranormal Romance and weaving in Historical Fantasy (which I keep reminding myself to finish reading because I think about it everytime I see anything vaguely historical).
Don't be afraid to make a bit of a culture mash as well. Alwyn Hamilton's Rebel of the Sands absolutely drew me in with her unique setting idea. Arabian Nights meets Wild West? What the hell? More like hell yes. The two sandy/dusty settings brought their cultures together in a riotous fantasy story.
What genre do you see yourself writing in? If you can't narrow it down, a series of questions may be able to help you.
Do I want to write in my own world or a made up world?
What level of magic or fantasy do I want to create?
Do I want to have clean fun or do I want to murder everyone?
Is there a time in history that greatly inspires me?
Or, is there a fairy tale/myth that drives me?
If none of those helps, take a look at the books that inspire you. Narrow down what it is about them that ignites that spark within you while you read. The old adage will always be, write the book you want to read.
3 thoughts on ""
Epicfied says:
This was an amazing read. There's so many genres and so many different types of different genres that it's hard to differentiate them. Thanks for splitting them up and giving examples. <33
L.C. Chiasson says:
I'm sure there's still a bunch more sub genres out there, and more to be invented! Thanks, glad to hear you liked it! <33
depepi says:
Wow, I wasn't aware there were so many genres 🙂