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text:
Why War History is Increasingly Important for Russia
Text and Photo Amund Trellevik
Publication date: Dec 11 2019
Through associating with the victors of WW2, the current authorities secure their legitimacy. War history has become an increasingly important tool for political stability, for the "patriotic raising" of young people, and as a joint idea for uniting the people.
MURMANSK: "History is very interesting for me. I will take an exam in history next year, says 14-year old Hanna Ayzizova.
We are at the war museum at Gymnasium number 9 in the Russian Arctic city of Murmansk. The room is not more than 20 square meters. The walls are packed with pictures, posters and paintings. Glass cases along the walls display various historic artefacts from the war; documents, books, ID cards, medals.
The Soviet Union was attacked by Hitler's Germany on 22 June 1941 and the country then became party to a war that had started in 1939.
The turn of the war on the eastern front was the battle about Stalingrad, the current Volgograd, during the winter 1942-43.
Losses on both sides is estimated at some 1.5 to 2 million people, and the battle is described as the bloodiest one of the war.
The German forces never managed to recover after Stalingrad. Berlin fell in May 1945.
The Soviet Union lost some 27 million citizens during the war, both military and civilians.
A handful of pupils have just presented war history from the Arctic to an audience consisting of Norwegian veterans, journalists and politicians – in fluent English. Much of the war history from Murmansk is about ship convoys and the Litsa front – the deadlocked front line between Kirkenes and Murmansk in which tens of thousands of Soviet and German soldiers fell.
Deputy Headmaster at the school, Natalia Galeyeva, says the museum was created in 1988 following war veterans from Great Britain visiting Murmansk in relation to Victory Day on 9 May.
"We discussed the difficulties of the war with British veterans over a cup of tea. After some time, we started collecting letters, photos, books and other information and eventually decided to open a museum at the school. We also started corresponding with the British veterans, Galeyeva says.
The museum is a voluntary after school activity for the pupils and is not included in regular teaching. The pupils themselves provide guiding for guests as well as other lectures on demand. Visitors are mainly other pupils, war veterans and foreign delegations, Galeyeva says.
Veterans who do not manage to get to the museum can have home visits from the pupils.
Natalia Galeyeva, Deputy Headmaster at Gymnasium number 9, Murmansk
"We believe it is very important for young people to know the history of their country. And we are grateful for tall these people who gave their lives during the war. In reality, all Russian families suffered because of the war. This work to commemorate them is important, not just for our pupils, but also for our guests from home as well as abroad. Peace is life, and we must remember that, says Galeyeva.
The pupils at gymnasium number 9 who are involved in the school war museum are all above average interested in history. Some also take extra classes in history at school.
But like so many other Russian families, many of the pupils also have relatives who participated in WW2.
"My great grandfather was at sea during the war. History matters to me in more ways than one", says Yegor Raptschesky (16).
We believe it is very important for young people to know the history of their country
Pupils at gymnasium number 9 in Murmansk contribute actively at the school's war museum. Front, from the left: Yegor Raptschesky (16), Sonya Prekapenko (16), Hanna Ayzizova (14), Katya Yegorova (14). Back: Nikolay Sheroky (17) and Dmitry Lakisa (14).
Young girls in time-appropriate headwear, the Soviet pilotka, which was used by soldiers from the Red Army during WW2, sing during the Victory Day celebration sin Nikel on 9 May this year.
The Heroic Story of the Golden Age
Children dressed in Soviet military uniforms and with copies of historic automatic weapons play before the Lenin statue in Nikel. The official 9 May march to commemorate the fallen of the Great Patriotic War is over. Now, the city's authorities have invited to festivities before the Palace of Culture.
Both children and adults, dressed in time-appropriate clothes from the war sing Soviet military songs about heroism and victory. The scene is decorated with military green camouflage colors and the order of St. George – the disputed black and orange ribbon used amongst others by Russian separatists fighting in eastern Ukraine.
– Russland har en splittende historie, men andre verdenskrig var en gullalder, sier Håvard Bækken, seniorforsker ved Institutt for forsvarsstudier. Foto: Privat
"Russia has a divisive history; however, WW2 was a golden age for the country", says Håvard Bækken, Senor Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies.
"President Vladimir Putin wants to use the war as a joint idea for the nation", says Håvard Bækken, Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies. He has, amongst others, studied the Russian "State Programs for Patriotic Fostering".
"The official Russia needs an idea that unites the people. This is particularly important for an authoritarian regime that cannot be legitimized through democratic participation or economic redistribution in a convincing way", says Bækken.
World War 2 is key here. Bækken refers to how authoritarian regimes often tend to promote heroic tales about their golden age. And WW2 was such a golden age for Russia, even though the war also was a disaster for the country.
"Today, Russia by and large reproduced the basic Soviet story about the war. The war is often referred to as 'The Great Patriotic War', the defense war against Nazi Germany that started in 1941. That is the most important take, because that allows for circumventing many of the aspects with the war that were problematic from a Soviet point of war, such as the Ribbentrop Pact, the Katyn massacre in 1940 as well as the deportation of entire peoples inside the Soviet Union, Bækken says.
Nikel commemorating Victory Day on 9 May 2019. The city's authorities invited to festivities.
15,000 names are listed on the memorial plaque for fallen soldiers in the Litsa valley, halfway between Murmansk, Russia and Kirkenes, Norway.
During the Soviet era, this kind of commemorations were kept away from the youngest children. Today, however, this is widely introduced in Russian kindergartens.
Håvard Bækken, Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies
Important military dates in Russia
15 February: Day to commemorate veterans from the Afghanistan war (1979-89)
23 February: Day for Defenders of Mother Russia, also knowns as "The men's day" in Russia
27 February: Day of the Special Forces, including the soldiers who took control over the Crimea in 2014
9 May: Victory Day
Final Sunday of July: Navy Day
6 August: The day of Railway Troops, both fallen and active
12 August: Air Defense Day
1 October: Army Day
24 October Day to commemorate the army's special forces. This date also marks the 1950 creation of the first Spetznaz division of the Soviet Union.
19 November: Artillery and Missile Defense Day
27 November: Marine Infantry Day
9 December: Heroes of Mother Russia Day
17 December: Strategic Missile Troops Day
Bækken argues that the room for nuances has been narrowed down when war history is told in the current Russia. Emphasis is placed on Soviet heroism and fellowship, on the different people groups inside the country fighting together to defend the Russian core. The referring to the war as "the Great Patriotic War" is also a conscious move.
"This is a repetition of the Patriotic War, i.e. the defense war against Napoleon. Just as there was a shady alliance policy between Stalin and Hitler prior to WW2, there was also that between Tsar Alexander 1 and Napoleon", Bækken says.
War history has always been important in Soviet and later Russian history. But something has changed over the past few years.
In 2011, a commission against "falsification of history to the detriment of Russian interests" was created. The background for this was the way many countries of Eastern Europe rewrote war history from the Soviet version to focusing on the less heroic incidents, such as the partition of Poland between Hitler and Stalin, as well as the occupation of the Baltic states after the war.
The militarization of children has also increased in recent years. Children down to the ages of four to five years now walk around with replica guns and soldier uniforms from WW2 when Victory Day is celebrated.
"In the Soviet era, this kind of commemorations were kept away from the youngest children. Today, however, this is widely introduced in Russian kindergartens. Very often, the story about the war is the entry to introducing military issues to children. You cannot start military training directly; one has to go through war history."
- So, this has a purpose that has to do with preparing some of the population for military service?
"Yes, this is a part of it. What happens now, just like in the 1970s, is that the militarization of everyday school life increases, while the number of years for mandatory military service is reduced. Thus, you need more military preparation training in school. Children are not only to learn how to handle weapons, they are also installed with this 'basic attitude'," says Bækken.
- Is this a willed policy?
"Yes, and one makes no secret of this. The state programs for patriotic fostering has a policy component and says something about what patriotic fostering is and why the state needs it. In that, it is implied that the heroic aspects of the war are to be celebrated. After that follows a concrete plan for how to allocate money to various initiatives. There is great focus on commemorating the war 'correctly'."
Through associating with the victors, the current regime secures its legitimacy
Mikhail Kopitsa, history teacher, Arkhangelsk
Standardized schoolbooks
Everyday praxis in schools and statements from politicians are two quite different things, says history teacher Mikhail Kopitsa from Arkhangelsk.
Mikhail Kopitsa, history teacher from Arkhangelsk. Photo: Ksenia Novikova
He says that even though the official war rhetoric about the war moves towards denial of the less heroic aspects of the Soviet Union's actions during WW2, schools have by and large been sheltered from that.
"Statements from politicians and state propaganda shows us a clear turn towards denial the criminal character of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the suppression of facts about war crimes conducted by the Red Army. However, schoolbook texts and learning plans do not contain that as per today. They have a rather balanced approach, even though the events of the war and the victory are recognized as main events of the 20th century, Kopitsa says.
He argues that non-school organizations for children and youth have far larger possibilities for ideological manipulation.
- How important is WW2 for the current Russian authorities?
"It is crucial. Through associating with the victors, the current regime secures its legitimacy", Kopitsa says.
Earlier, there was widespread pluralism and schools could choose books themselves. Now, however, this is more standardized, Bækken argues.
"Teaching books are a good source of what perspectives are brought on. It does not omit the fact that Stalin purged large parts of officers in the army, political management and other people, however, it has to do with how much emphasis that is placed on this. And the books consequently refer to the victims in passive form, whereas it does not mention who the perpetrators were. However, when Stalin does something positive, it is mentioned in active form. This is a kind of linguistic take that can subtly shape understandings of history," says Bækken.
This article was originally published in Norwegian and has been translated by HNN's Elisabeth Bergquist.
Crossing the North Pole, Ice Breaking Under Your Feet
Hilde and Sunniva to Celebrate Christmas at 78 Degrees North

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
namespace llvm {

class formatted_raw_ostream;

struct CPPTargetMachine : public TargetMachine {
  CPPTargetMachine(const Target &T, StringRef TT,
                   StringRef CPU, StringRef FS, const TargetOptions &Options,
                   Reloc::Model RM, CodeModel::Model CM,
                   CodeGenOpt::Level OL)
    : TargetMachine(T, TT, CPU, FS, Options) {}

  bool addPassesToEmitFile(PassManagerBase &PM, formatted_raw_ostream &Out,
                           CodeGenFileType FileType, bool DisableVerify,
                           AnalysisID StartAfter,
                           AnalysisID StopAfter) override;

  const DataLayout *getDataLayout() const override { return nullptr; }
};

extern Target TheCppBackendTarget;

} // End llvm namespace

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.apache.shardingsphere.shadow.distsql.query;

import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.config.RuleConfiguration;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.config.algorithm.ShardingSphereAlgorithmConfiguration;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.distsql.query.DistSQLResultSet;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.metadata.ShardingSphereMetaData;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.shadow.api.config.ShadowRuleConfiguration;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.shadow.api.config.table.ShadowTableConfiguration;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.shadow.distsql.handler.query.ShadowAlgorithmQueryResultSet;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.shadow.distsql.parser.statement.ShowShadowAlgorithmsStatement;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

public final class ShadowAlgorithmQueryResultSetTest {

    @Test
    public void assertGetRowData() {
        ShardingSphereMetaData metaData = mock(ShardingSphereMetaData.class, RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
        when(metaData.getRuleMetaData().getConfigurations()).thenReturn(Collections.singleton(createRuleConfiguration()));
        DistSQLResultSet resultSet = new ShadowAlgorithmQueryResultSet();
        resultSet.init(metaData, mock(ShowShadowAlgorithmsStatement.class));
        List<Object> actual = new ArrayList<>(resultSet.getRowData());
        assertThat(actual.size(), is(4));
        assertThat(actual.get(0), is("shadowAlgorithmName"));
        assertThat(actual.get(1), is("simple_note"));
        assertThat(actual.get(2), is("foo=bar"));
    }

    private RuleConfiguration createRuleConfiguration() {
        ShadowRuleConfiguration result = new ShadowRuleConfiguration();
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("foo", "bar");
        result.getTables().put("t_order", new ShadowTableConfiguration(Collections.emptyList(), Collections.singletonList("shadowAlgorithmName")));
        result.getShadowAlgorithms().put("shadowAlgorithmName", new ShardingSphereAlgorithmConfiguration("simple_note", properties));
        return result;
    }
}


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text:
Carriera

Giocatore
Cresciuto nel settore giovanile del Damm, esordisce tra i professionisti col  con cui vince il campionato di Segunda División B. Debutta in Liga con l'Atlético Madrid scendendo in campo 9 volte nella stagione 1994-1995. Nel 1999 contribuisce a vincere il campionato di Segunda División col , con cui nel 2002 vincerà la Coppa Intertoto.

Allenatore
Dal 2011 al 2018 ha allenato il settore giovanile del Malaga. Nel 2019 passa al , ma nella stagione 2021-2022 con la squadra che ottiene quattro sconfitte su altrettante gare nel mese di novembre viene esonerato.

Palmarès

Calciatore

Competizioni nazionali

Gramenet: 1993-1994

Malaga: 1998-1999

Competizioni internazionali

Malaga: 2002

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
BIBA President AJ Gerritson featured in Boston Herald with Congressman Richard Neal
Read original article on BostonHerald.com
"Irish eyes are smiling at biz conference in Seaport"
By: Brendan Lynch
Boston's cultural ties to Ireland paraded up Broadway in Southie on St. Paddy's Day weekend, but the business connections between the Hub and the Next Parish Over will be the focus today on nearby Seaport Boulevard.
Businesses from both sides of the Atlantic will gather at the Ireland Gateway to Europe Expo 2012 at the Seaport Hotel in South Boston. The event is aimed at encouraging U.S. investment in Ireland, which boasts a 12.5 percent corporate tax rate, and a highly educated workforce as enticements.
"Europe is getting better, but the recovery has been slow," said U.S. Rep. Richard Neal, a speaker at the conference. "But there's no question Irish austerity and the well-educated population makes them a good business partner going forward."
Neal expects investment to flow in both directions — he said 80,000 Americans work for Irish-owned companies in the United States, while 100,000 Irish work for American-owned companies in Ireland.
"The days of rigid geographical borders for business are over, due to the Internet," Neal said.
A.J. Gerritson, president of Boston Irish Business Association, agreed.
"These companies continue to grow in the U.S., but now they'll grow into a market they wouldn't have access to otherwise," Gerritson said. "When the water rises, we all rise with it."
Gerritson sees a wave of high-tech entrepreneurship pulling Ireland out of its slump.
"Everyone knows about the tax benefit and the educated workforce," Gerritson said. "But there are other opportunities borne out of the tough economic times over there."
Irish security technology company Netwatch opened its 10-employee U.S. office last month. The company expects to have 15 employees by the end of the year, and double that for three years. It's in Medford now, but it's looking for space in Boston, or somewhere near the Massachusetts Turnpike.
"We're bursting at the seams and need to get into larger office space," said Thomas Walsh, Netwatch's business development manager.
Tradin' of the green
In 2011, Massachusetts exported $517 million in goods to Ireland. That is up from $483 million in 2010 and $339 million in 2009. Ireland was Massachusetts' 16th largest export partner in 2011.
For imports from Ireland, the number was $1.563 billion in 2011, down from $2.054 in 2010 and roughly similar to the $1.680 billion in 2009. Ireland was the commonwealth's sixth largest import partner in 2011.
October Networking Event with a Special Guest!
BIBA's October networking event at the Back Bay Hotel was a large success with over 120 people signed up on the guest list. We are remaining committed to building connections and it is our hope that some new relationships were formed during this event.
The event also had the appearance of a special guest from Belfast, Mark Finlay. Mark was given a brief amount of time to explain Northern Irish Connections, a Global Diaspora Initiative, to our attendees. For more information on the Northern Irish Connections, check out the website here: www.niconnections.com/


text:
Home Page > Picture Archives > Keyword Search > Crossing
Showing first 200 photos | Show all 638 results | View as slideshow
Animal tracks on the mud of Middle Bayou near Road 50, 4 miles south-east from crossing with Road 60, near Batts Ferry Road, south from College Station. Texas, July 19, 2009
.../2012/1128/09.htm similar
Abandoned Mobil gas pumps of old gas station at crossing of FM 39 S with FM 39 in North Zulch. Texas, December 28, 2012
Oak forest on private land at crossing of Iron Bridge and Deer Run trails in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, November 20, 2008
Cross Bridge (Krestovy Most) near Catherine Palace in Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), a suburb of Saint Petersburg. Russia, June 21, 2009
Krestovy Canal and Cross Bridge (Krestovy Most) near Catherine Palace. Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), south from Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 30, 2011
Roadside of Road 2562 near crossing with Road 217, south from Roans Prairie. Texas, April 4, 2010.
Old gas station at crossing of FM 39 S with FM 39 in North Zulch. Texas, December 28, 2012
Nevsky Prospect at Liteyny Prospect Street crossing. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
Old gas station with a vintage pickup truck at crossing of FM 39 S with FM 39 in North Zulch. Texas, December 28, 2012
Chinese and Cross bridges in Alexander Park. Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo) near Saint Petersburg, Russia, December 3, 2016
Banded mottlegill mushrooms (Panaeolus cinctulus) taken from grassy area at crossing of New Main Drive and Texas Avenue on campus of Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, May 4, 2018
Bell weed (Ruellia prostrata) on white background taken from Al Bidda Street near crossing with Al Adaid in West Bay. Doha, Qatar, April 28, 2015
Area of Trummel Crossing in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, November 2, 2008
Pedestrians crossing Nevsky Prospect opposite to Metro (subway) Vosstaniya. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
Doullut Steamboat House No. 2 (1913) at 503 Egania Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, July 1, 2006
Round square at crossing of Smith and Bell streets at morning. Houston, Texas, November 24, 2011
Mug shot of a red-eyed box turtle crossing Road 259, west from Calvert. Texas, September 20, 2008
West Bay from crossing of Omar Al Mukhtar and Al Funduq Street. Doha, Qatar, November 23, 2013
Interior of Cathedral of the Holy Cross in South End of Boston, May 30, 2004
Medieval house near crossing of Krasina and Krepostnaya streets. Vyborg, Russia, June 7, 2009
Male box turtle crossing Road 259, west from Calvert. Texas, September 20, 2008
Cross Bridge (Krestovy Most) in a park. Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), south from Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 30, 2011
Bourbon Street near crossing with Saint Peter Street, view from Orleans Street, in French Quarter. New Orleans, Louisiana, April 21, 2006
Pedestrian crossing at Nevsky Prospect. Saint Petersburg, Russia, June 12, 2011
Boletinus/Suillus cavipes mushrooms in cross section in Lindulovskaya Larch Grove, near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, August 29, 2017
Cross section of bolete mushrooms (Caloboletus radicans, Boletus radicans) on a lawn near Kukhonny Pond in Alexander Park in Pushkin, former Tsarskoe Selo, near Saint Petersburg. Russia, September 7, 2017
A shotgun house at 619 Flood Street, near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
Sewage line right of way near crossing with Iron Bridge Trail in fog in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, August 16, 2008
Pedestrians on Nevsky Prospect crossing Liteyny. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
Mushrooms Boletinus asiaticus in cross section in Lindulovskaya Larch Grove, near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, August 29, 2017
Sewage line cutting crossing Raccoon Run Trail in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, November 6, 2018
Cross section of zoned milkcap mushrooms Lactarius speciosus on Chinquapin Trail in Huntsville State Park. Texas, November 21, 2018
Cross section of milkcap mushrooms Lactarius imperceptus(?) on Winters Bayou Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Cleveland, Texas, November 24, 2019
Cross section of sclerotium of a wood-decay fungus Wolfiporia cocos (Wolfiporia extensa) on Caney Creek section of Lone Star Hiking Trail in Sam Houston National Forest north from Montgomery. Texas, April 10, 2020
Abandoned house near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
Nevsky Prospect at Marata Street crossing. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
Caps of banded mottlegill mushrooms (Panaeolus cinctulus) taken from grassy area at crossing of New Main Drive and Texas Avenue on campus of Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, May 4, 2018
Bourbon Street near crossing with Bienville Street at evening. New Orleans, Louisiana, April 11, 2005.
Square at crossing of Smith and Bell streets at morning. Houston, Texas, November 24, 2011
Al Maymoun Street near crossing with Ibn Al Samit Street, Musheirib area. Doha, Qatar, April 27, 2013
Forest near Macik Crossing of Racoon Run Trail in Lick Creek Park, in fog. College Station, Texas, March 16, 2009
Crossed Swords at Grand Hammad Street. Doha, Qatar, April 2, 2011
Rice City Pond north from Hartford Avenue crossing in Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park. Uxbridge, Massachusetts, October 30, 2003
Finger Lakes Trail near crossing with Black Oak Road in mist. Catharine, New York, October 22, 2005
Camel crossing a road in desert south-west from Al Wakrah. Qatar, April 1, 2011
Crossing of canals in Qanat Quartier (Venetian style waterfront village) at sunrise. Pearl Development Project, Doha, Qatar, January 23, 2015
A birch alley in Sosnovka Park near crossing of Svetlanovskiy and Tikhoretskiy Prospect. Saint Petersburg, Russia, September 3, 2002
Typical shotgun houses near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
Close-up of a red-eyed box turtle crossing Road 259, west from Calvert. Texas, September 20, 2008
Barn with a tractor at William Penn Road near crossing with Road 390 east from Independence. Texas, April 21, 2010
An air-space institute(?) and a silos(?) tower of former sovkhoz Ruchyi near crossing of Svetlanovskiy and Tikhoretskiy Prospect. Saint Petersburg, Russia, September 2, 2002
Shed and a horse with bluebonnet flowers, view from crossing of Old Navasota and Old Chappell Hill roads. North from Brenham, Texas, April 6, 2008
Middle Bayou near Road 50, 4 miles south-east from crossing with Road 60, near Batts Ferry Road, south from College Station. Because of dry spell and hot weather, water level dropped revealing caked mud and bare iron bridges at the bottom of the bayou. Texas, July 19, 2009
Small creek crossing Scenic Overlook Trail in Bastrop State Park. Bastrop, Texas, December 25, 2011
Field of pumpkins at crossing of Van Donsel Road and Road 392. Dryden, New York, October 30, 2005
St. Andrew cross (Ascyrum hypericoides, Hypericum) flower on Little Lake Creek Loop Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Richards, Texas, July 20, 2008
Pedestrian crossing near Muzhestva Subway (Metro) Station. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
Pedestrians on Nevsky Prospect at Marata Street crossing. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 31, 2012
State Street Bridge across Chicago River. City Garage (?) and Blue Cross - Blue Shield Building are behind the bridge. Chicago, November 22, 1999
Underwood Street at crossing with Belmont Avenue. Fall River, Massachusetts, January 2, 2004
A cleaned house near Royal and Flood streets in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
A brightly painted house at a corner of Dauphine and Caffin streets in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
St. Andrew cross flower (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, May 3, 2008
Area of Fall River MA and Somerset from a plane from Atlanta GA to Boston MA. Highway No. 195 crosses Lee River, Taunton River, and South/North Watuppa Ponds (from bottom to top). Clearly visible are Brayton Point Power Plant on a tip of a small peninsula and Braga Bridge across Taunton River. July 9, 2004
Crosses and figures on tops of tombs in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 3. New Orleans, Louisiana, August 6, 2006
Yellow Linum berlandieri (stiff-stem Flax) on a roadside of Road 217, near crossing with Road 2562. Roans Prairie, Texas, March 29, 2009
Middle Bayou from Road 50, 4 miles south-east from crossing with Road 60, near Batts Ferry Road, south from College Station, Texas, July 19, 2009
A house at Flood Street, with a controversy over presence of a dog in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
.../1999/78/22.htm similar
Crossing of Kolomiazhskiy Prospekt near subway station Pionerskaia. Saint Petersburg, Russia, April 13, 1999.
A monstrous house west from crossing of Sderot Rothschild and Nahalat Binyamin Street, view from Migdal Shalom tower. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, October 25, 2001
White-marked Finger Lakes Trail near crossing with Black Oak Road. Catharine, New York, October 22, 2005
Doullut Steamboat House No. 1 (1905) at 400 Egania Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, August 27, 2006
Trammel Crossing in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, November 10, 2007
Resurrection fern and Spanish moss on trees near Macik Crossing of Racoon Run Trail in Lick Creek Park, in fog. College Station, Texas, March 16, 2009
Corn salad (valerianella) in dew on Racoon Run Trail near Macik Crossing in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, April 2, 2009
Finger Lakes Trail near crossing with Tower Road, "Laura McGuire Trail". Catharine, New York, October 22, 2005
Main Street near crossing with Preston Street. Houston, Texas, January 21, 2008
Linden Alley near crossing with Third Poperechnaya Alley in the park. Oranienbaum (Lomonosov), a suburb of Saint Petersburg, Russia, September 25, 2015
Road crossing near Anichkov Bridge at Nevsky Prospect, view from a tourist bus. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 15, 2016
Near crossing of Severnyi and Tikhoretskiy Prospect. Saint Petersburg, Russia, September 3, 2002
Blackstone River south from Hartford Avenue crossing in Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park. Uxbridge, Massachusetts, October 30, 2003
Bald Hill Road at northern crossing with Abbott Loop Trail. Danby, New York, October 16, 2005
A woman hugging a cross on a tomb of Nevin-Ryan in Metairie Cemetery. New Orleans, Louisiana, May 7, 2006
A woman holding a cross on a tomb in a corner of Metairie Cemetery. New Orleans, Louisiana, May 7, 2006
Cypresses east from Trammel Crossing in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, November 10, 2007
St. Andrew cross flower (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) on Little Lake Creek Loop Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Huntsville, Texas, September 14, 2008
Cross Bridge (Krestovy Most). Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), south from Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 30, 2011
Close up of banded mottlegill mushrooms (Panaeolus cinctulus) taken from grassy area at crossing of New Main Drive and Texas Avenue on campus of Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, May 4, 2018
View of Kresty prison from Robespyera Embankment of Neva River. Two buildings have a shape of crosses (kresty mean crosses in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia, April 21, 1999.
Old shed with a tractor on William Penn Road, near crossing with Road 390, east from Independence. Texas, April 1, 2008
Wildflowers on a roadside of Road 2562 near crossing with Road 217, south from Roans Prairie. Texas, April 4, 2010.
Cross Bridge (Krestovy Most) in Alexander Park. Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), south from Saint Petersburg, Russia, October 3, 2016
Chinese and Cross bridges in Alexander Park. Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), south from Saint Petersburg, Russia, October 6, 2017
Cross section of pale zonate milkcap mushrooms Lactarius lanuginosus showing zones on pileus on Kirby Trail in Big Thicket National Preserve. Warren, Texas, November 10, 2018
Chapel of Vozdvizheniya of God s Cross (1861) near Khabalovskoe Lake in Habolovo on Kurgalsky Peninsula near Ust Luga, view from Road 41K-588. Russia, May 5, 2019
Cross section of destroying angel mushrooms Amanita bisporigera on Richards Loop Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Texas, April 6, 2020
Cross section of Many Warts mushrooms (Amanita polypyramis) on Richards Loop Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Texas, April 20, 2020
Crossing of Hatalmiy, Yavneel and Shabazi Shalom Street, view from Migdal Shalom tower. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, October 25, 2001
Fontanka River near crossing with Pestelia Street. Saint Petersburg, Russia, August 23, 2004
Cross-like white flower of garden rocket (Brassica eruca) in TAMU Horticultural Gardens in Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, May 1, 2008
Dry landscape with caked mud of Middle Bayou near Road 50, 4 miles south-east from crossing with Road 60, near Batts Ferry Road, south from College Station, Texas, July 19, 2009
Granite cross in Nikolskoe Cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 25, 2011
Finger Lakes Trail near crossing with Black Oak Road in fog. Catharine, New York, October 22, 2005
Details of the mud texture in Middle Bayou near Road 50, 4 miles south-east from crossing with Road 60, near Batts Ferry Road, south from College Station, Texas, July 19, 2009
Downtown Crossing in Boston MA, July 31, 1999.
A red house at a corner of Dauphine and Egania streets in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
A sprout of poison ivy, in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 1, 2007
Bottom of Lick Creek near Iron Bridge Trail near Racoon Run Trail crossing in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, July 15, 2013
Greenwood Cemetery, crossing of Hawthorn and Jessamine(?) streets. New Orleans, Louisiana, March 13, 2005.
Piled furniture on Lizardi Street, near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
A creek crossing on boulder field in John Witherspoon Woods park. Princeton, New Jersey, April 27, 2007
An old car on Red Trail in Six Mile Run Reservoir, near Cross Brook. Somerset, New Jersey, April 29, 2007
St. Andrew cross flower (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Little Lake Creek Loop Trail in Sam Houston National Forest. Richards, Texas, September 26, 2009
Old farm at Road FM 413 at crossing with FM 1373 east from Rosebud. Texas, January 15, 2011
St. Andrew cross (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Bastrop State Park. Bastrop, Texas, September 15, 2012
Banded mottlegill mushrooms (Panaeolus cinctulus) on black background taken from grassy area at crossing of New Main Drive and Texas Avenue on campus of Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, May 4, 2018
A spot (zoomed) around crossing of HaTabor and Rabinovitch Street, view to the north from Migdal Shalom tower. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, October 25, 2001
Crossing of avenues A and N in Metairie Cemetery. New Orleans, Louisiana, November 19, 2006
Cross shaped flowers of garden rocket (Brassica eruca?) in TAMU Holistic Garden in Texas A and M University. College Station, Texas, January 2, 2009
Buffalo crossing Grand Loop Road in Yellowstone Park. Wyoming, July 24, 2010
Al Asmakh Street at Ibn Abbas crossing, Musheirib area. Doha, Qatar, May 25, 2013
Cypress roots near Trammel Crossing in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, November 10, 2007
Jackie and Hall Olds (Hal Old) store, grocery and cafe at crossing of Hwy 285 and FM 652. Orla, New Mexico, December 25, 2007
Towers in West Bay around crossing of Al Wahda and Al Funduq streets. Doha, Qatar, March 5, 2011
St. Andrew cross flower (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lake Bryan Park. Bryan, Texas, July 20, 2014
Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix)(?) in Botanic Gardens of Komarov Botanical Institute. Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 10, 2016
Cross section of a bracket mushroom Ganoderma lobatum taken from the base of a living oak in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, July 6, 2018
Ruins of sovkhoz Ruchyi near crossing of Svetlanovskiy and Tikhoretskiy Prospect. Saint Petersburg, Russia, September 2, 2002
Brown and blue house at 521 Burgundy Street near Lizardi Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
A man holding a cross and a ball on a tomb of Saint Louis Cemetery No. 3. New Orleans, Louisiana, August 6, 2006
Crosses on tombs of TDCJ Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery. Huntsville, Texas, October 31, 2009
Cliff Walk Trail at crossing with Ruggles Avenue, near Ochre Point, after snowfall. Newport, Rhode Island, January 29, 2005.
A porch of a house near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
Crosses on tombs of prisoners in Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery. Huntsville, Texas, April 26, 2008
Herd of sheep crossing a road in Animal Market, Wholesale Markets area. Doha, Qatar, March 1, 2012
Bark of black cherry(?) on Iron Bridge Trail near crossing with Racoon Run Trail in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, July 17, 2013
A spot (zoomed) around crossing of Nahalat Binyamin and Rambam Street, view from Migdal Shalom tower. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, October 25, 2001
A group of Orthodox Jews(?) crossing Sadovaya(?) Street. Saint Petersburg, Russia, August 6, 2004
A sprout of poison ivy on a tree, in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 2, 2007
Ring overpass and towers from crossing of Smith and Ruthven streets in fog. Houston, Texas, January 27, 2008
Rows of crosses in TDCJ Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery in fog. Huntsville, Texas, February 21, 2008
Wodrich Murals house (former Shannon family store), view from Road 390, near crossing with Road 50. Independence, Texas, April 6, 2008
Crossed Swords at Grand Hammad Street. Doha, Qatar, February 26, 2010
St. Andrew cross flower (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, August 31, 2012
Kiosk at Aws Bin Al Samit Street near crossing with Wadi Musheirib Street. Doha, Qatar, May 25, 2013
Crossing of Omar Al Mukhtar and Al Funduq streets in West Bay at evening. Doha, Qatar, November 22, 2013
St. Andrew cross flower on Iron Bridge Trail in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, September 12, 2008
A mysterious stone structure (around 20 cm in size) at the bottom of Netafim Creek, slightly west from crossing with northern tributary, 3.5 miles north-west from Eilat. The Middle East, December 13, 2001
Cliff Walk Trail at crossing with Ruggles Avenue, near Ochre Point at morning. Newport, Rhode Island, December 25, 2004
Pillar murals portraying past history of Treme and abandoned cars under Interstate I-10 near crossing of Esplanade Avenue in Treme. New Orleans, Louisiana, April 14, 2006
Cypress roots near Trammel Crossing at evening in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, November 10, 2007
Crosses in Negro Section of Oakwood Cemetery on a strip of land where many slaves were buried in unmarked graves. Huntsville, Texas, December 18, 2008
Crosses of TDCJ Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery. Huntsville, Texas, October 31, 2009
Crossing of Esplanade Avenue and Desoto Street. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 28, 2006
A woman with a cross atop of a tomb in Metairie Cemetery. New Orleans, Louisiana, November 19, 2006
Leaves of poison ivy, in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 1, 2007
Crosses of a roadside memorial on Road 105 between Plantersville and Montgomery. Texas, April 5, 2009
A house at Rothschild Boulevard near crossing with Balfour (?) Street. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, July 15, 2000
Netafim Creek, slightly west from crossing with northern tributary, 3.5 miles north-west from Eilat. The Middle East, December 13, 2001
View of Road 12 (Eilat ascent) to direction of Netafim border crossing north from Mount Yoash, 4 miles north-west from Eilat. The Middle East, January 17, 2002
Crossing of North Derbigny and Deslonde streets in Lower Ninth Ward in fog at morning, with Common Ground 9th Ward Relief to the right. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 30, 2006
A shotgun house at 619 Flood Street near Royal Street with a temporary housing unit (FEMA trailer) in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, July 1, 2006
Millstone aqueduct and a footbridge in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, April 20, 2007
A blooming tree in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park near Washington Road crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, April 20, 2007
A monument to V. I. Lenin in Pushkin (former Tsarskoe Selo), suburb of Saint Petersburg. This place was originally occupied by an Orthodox Cathedral (a commemorative wooden cross was erected recently). Russia, April 8, 1999.
Monastery of the Cross, view from a bus window. Jerusalem, the Middle East, March 1, 2001
A silo at crossing of Snell and East Main roads, view from a bridge across Sisson Brook. Little Compton, Rhode Island, December 31, 2003
An overgrown house at 706 Saint Maurice Avenue near Royal Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, July 1, 2006
Crossing of Einstein Drive and Maxwell Lane, with Institute for Advanced Study in background. Princeton, New Jersey, March 7, 2007
Poison ivy in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 1, 2007
Crosses in TDCJ Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery in fog. Huntsville, Texas, February 21, 2008
Rows of crosses of TDCJ Captain Joe Byrd (Peckerwood Hill) Cemetery. Huntsville, Texas, October 31, 2009
Crossing of Majlis Al Taawon and Al Funduq streets in West Bay in fog. Doha, Qatar, November 28, 2013
Flowers of St. Andrew cross (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lake Bryan Park. Bryan, Texas, July 20, 2014
Cross section of pineapple bolete mushroom (Boletellus ananas) on Caney Creek section of Lone Star Hiking Trail in Sam Houston National Forest near Huntsville, Texas, July 7, 2018
Crossing Nahal Divshon creek, 1.5 miles south from Ben Gurion College at Sde Boker. The Middle East, February 15, 2001
Goose crossing road sign at Quanapoag Road 0.3 miles east from intersection with Bullock Road, between a lake and a cranberry bog. Freetown, Massachusetts, May 28, 2003
Cliff Walk Trail at crossing with Ruggles Avenue, near Ochre Point at morning. Newport, Rhode Island, February 6, 2005.
Seablite (Suaeda vermiculata) in empty area north from crossing of Al Istiqlal and Al Markhiya streets in West Bay. Doha, Qatar, April 25, 2014
Crossing of Nevsky Prospect and Griboedova Canal. Saint Petersburg, Russia, December 25, 2016
A Jew walking from Rothschild Boulevard near crossing with Shenkin (?) Street. Tel Aviv, the Middle East, July 15, 2000
A bud of a tree, with Delaware and Raritan Canal in background, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 1, 2007
Poison ivy with budding flowers, in Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, near Harrison Street crossing. Princeton, New Jersey, May 1, 2007
Iron door decorated with peacocks at Al Jassasiya Street near crossing with Al Asmakh Street, Musheirib area. Doha, Qatar, May 25, 2013
Geese crossing Enrique Alferez Street, behind NOMA. New Orleans, Louisiana, February 27, 2005.
Mercedes Place cafe at a corner of Burgundy and Lizardi streets in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 21, 2006
A house at 5638 - 5640 Dauphine Street near Lamanche Street in Holy Cross neighborhood. New Orleans, Louisiana, July 1, 2006
Farm with bluebonnet flowers, view from crossing of Old Navasota and Old Chappell Hill roads. North from Brenham, Texas, April 6, 2008
Marble sculpture of a woman hanging a cross in Oakwood Cemetery in fog. Huntsville, Texas, December 29, 2011
Tuxedo cat resting on a car at Ibn Al Samit near crossing with Al Maymoun Street, Musheirib area. Doha, Qatar, May 25, 2013
Canyon of Lick Creek near Iron Bridge Trail near Racoon Run Trail crossing in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, July 15, 2013
Suaeda aegyptiaca (Chenopodium aegyptiacum, Suaeda hortensis, Suaeda baccata, Schanginia aegyptiaca, local names juliman, guluman, ikhreet, hamd) in empty area north from crossing of Al Istiqlal and Al Markhiya streets in West Bay. Doha, Qatar, April 25, 2014
St. Andrew cross (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lick Creek Park. College Station, Texas, July 26, 2014
St. Andrew cross (Hypericum, Ascyrum hypericoides) in Lake Bryan Park. Bryan, Texas, July 31, 2014
Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix) in Botanic Gardens of Komarov Botanical Institute. Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 16, 2015
Show all 638 results


text:
Q: How to analyse PDF documents with Amazon Textract in a Synchronous way? I want to extract tables from a bunch of PDFs I have.
To do this I am using AWS Textract Python pipeline.
Please advise how can I do this without SNS and SQS?
I want it to be synchronous: provide my pipeline a PDF file, call AWS Textract and get the results.
Here is what I use meanwhile, please advise what should I change:
import boto3
import time

def startJob(s3BucketName, objectName):
    response = None
    client = boto3.client('textract')
    response = client.start_document_text_detection(
    DocumentLocation={
        'S3Object': {
            'Bucket': s3BucketName,
            'Name': objectName
        }
    })

    return response["JobId"]

def isJobComplete(jobId):
    # For production use cases, use SNS based notification
    # Details at: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/textract/latest/dg/api-async.html
    time.sleep(5)
    client = boto3.client('textract')
    response = client.get_document_text_detection(JobId=jobId)
    status = response["JobStatus"]
    print("Job status: {}".format(status))

    while(status == "IN_PROGRESS"):
        time.sleep(5)
        response = client.get_document_text_detection(JobId=jobId)
        status = response["JobStatus"]
        print("Job status: {}".format(status))

    return status

def getJobResults(jobId):

    pages = []

    client = boto3.client('textract')
    response = client.get_document_text_detection(JobId=jobId)

    pages.append(response)
    print("Resultset page recieved: {}".format(len(pages)))
    nextToken = None
    if('NextToken' in response):
        nextToken = response['NextToken']

    while(nextToken):

        response = client.get_document_text_detection(JobId=jobId, NextToken=nextToken)

        pages.append(response)
        print("Resultset page recieved: {}".format(len(pages)))
        nextToken = None
        if('NextToken' in response):
            nextToken = response['NextToken']

    return pages

# Document
s3BucketName = "ki-textract-demo-docs"
documentName = "Amazon-Textract-Pdf.pdf"

jobId = startJob(s3BucketName, documentName)
print("Started job with id: {}".format(jobId))
if(isJobComplete(jobId)):
    response = getJobResults(jobId)

#print(response)

# Print detected text
for resultPage in response:
    for item in resultPage["Blocks"]:
        if item["BlockType"] == "LINE":
            print ('\033[94m' +  item["Text"] + '\033[0m')

A: You cannot directly process PDF documents synchronously with Textract currently. From the Textract documentation:

Amazon Textract synchronous operations (DetectDocumentText and AnalyzeDocument) support the PNG and JPEG image formats. Asynchronous operations (StartDocumentTextDetection, StartDocumentAnalysis) also support the PDF file format.

A work-around would be to convert the PDF document into images in your code and then use the synchronous API operations with these images to process the documents.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
OSA Publishing > Optics Express > Volume 24 > Issue 5 > Page 4622
James Leger, Editor-in-Chief
−1 V bias 67 GHz bandwidth Si-contacted germanium waveguide p-i-n photodetector for optical links at 56 Gbps and beyond
H. Chen, P. Verheyen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, S. Balakrishnan, P. Absil, W. Yao, L. Shen, G. Roelkens, and J. Van Campenhout
H. Chen,1,2,* P. Verheyen,1 P. De Heyn,1 G. Lepage,1 J. De Coster,1 S. Balakrishnan,1 P. Absil,1 W. Yao,3 L. Shen,3 G. Roelkens,2 and J. Van Campenhout1
1imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
2Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
3Photonic Integration Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
*Corresponding author: hongtao.chen@imec.be
H Chen
P Verheyen
P De Heyn
G Lepage
J De Coster
S Balakrishnan
P Absil
W Yao
L Shen
G Roelkens
J Van Campenhout
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.004622
H. Chen, P. Verheyen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, S. Balakrishnan, P. Absil, W. Yao, L. Shen, G. Roelkens, and J. Van Campenhout, "−1 V bias 67 GHz bandwidth Si-contacted germanium waveguide p-i-n photodetector for optical links at 56 Gbps and beyond," Opt. Express 24, 4622-4631 (2016)
Responsivity optimization of a high-speed germanium-on-silicon photodetector (OE)
A high-responsivity photodetector absent metal-germanium direct contact (OE)
31GHz Ge n-i-p waveguide photodetectors on Silicon-on-Insulator substrate (OE)
Absorption coefficient
Germanium photodetectors
Optical interconnects
Silicon modulators
Variable optical attenuators
Integrated optics devices (130.3120)
Photodetectors (230.5160)
Optical interconnects (200.4650)
Optoelectronics (250.0250)
Original Manuscript: January 4, 2016
Revised Manuscript: January 27, 2016
Manuscript Accepted: February 17, 2016
2. Device design and fabrication
3. Device characteristics
4. Discussion and outlook
We demonstrate a 67 GHz bandwidth silicon-contacted germanium waveguide p-i-n photodetector operating at −1 V with 6.8 fF capacitance. The dark current is below 4 nA. The responsivity is 0.74 A/W at 1550 nm and 0.93 A/W at 1310 nm wavelength. 56 Gbps on-off-keying data reception is demonstrated with clear open eye diagrams in both the C-band and O-band.
A germanium waveguide p-i-n photodetector (WPD) is a critical building block in silicon photonics optical interconnects and has been studied extensively [1–13]. Optical receivers based on high opto-electrical bandwidth, high responsivity and low dark current germanium photodetectors substantially enhance the performance of Si-based optical interconnects. Conventional germanium WPDs require doping in germanium as well as a metal contact on germanium to form the p-i-n junction. Light absorption from the metal contacts on germanium is responsible for a substantial responsivity loss in these devices. In addition, the process to form a metal contact to germanium is less well developed in standard CMOS foundries. In [10], a germanium WPD that does not require doping or contacting of germanium (named Si-LPIN GePD hereafter) was demonstrated showing a very high responsivity of 1.14 A/W at 1550 nm wavelength at −4 V bias. The 3-dB opto-electrical bandwidth was 20 GHz. The high bias voltage of −4 V is however not CMOS compatible. We demonstrated such a Si-LPIN GePD operating at −1 V showing high responsivity over 1 A/W across the whole C-band and a very low dark current of 3 nA [11]. However, the opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth of the device was transit-time limited to 20 GHz at 1550 nm wavelength.
In this paper, by adopting a 160 nm thin germanium layer to reduce the transit time, the opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth at −1 V is enhanced to 67 GHz and 44 GHz at 1550 nm and 1310 nm, respectively. The junction capacitance is 6.8 fF at −1 V. Light coupling from the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide to the germanium waveguide is optimized by adding a poly-Si taper on top of the fully etched Si taper. The measured responsivity at −1 V is 0.74 A/W and 0.93 A/W at 1550 nm and 1310 nm respectively. The dark current is as low as 4 nA at −1 V. These device properties make it an attractive candidate for Si photonics optical interconnects. 56 Gbps on-off keying data reception is demonstrated with clear open eye diagrams at both 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelength. The opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth beyond 67 GHz at higher reverse bias enables even 100 Gbps on-off keying optical receivers.
The Si-LPIN GePDs were fabricated in imec's fully integrated Si Photonics Platform along with Si modulators [14] and various passive devices [15]. They go through a process flow described in [16]. Light is coupled from a 220 nm thick single-mode Si waveguide (450nm wide) to the germanium-on-SOI waveguide using a Si waveguide taper together with a 120 nm thick poly-Si taper, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The germanium layer dimensions and doping configuration in the Si-LPIN GePD are shown in Fig. 1(b). The doping distribution in the Si-LPIN GePD is shown in Fig. 2(a), simulated using Sentaurus Process.
Fig. 1 (a) 3-D schematic of the Si-LPIN GePD. (b) Cross-section schematic of the Si-LPIN GePD with a 0.16 μm thick and 0.5 μm wide germanium layer.
Fig. 2 (a) Simulated doping distribution in the Si-LPIN GePD using Sentaurus Process. (b) Simulated electric field distribution in the Si-LPIN GePD reported in this paper at –1 V using Sentaurus Device. (c) Simulated electric field distribution at –1 V for a Si-LPIN GePD with a 400 nm thick germanium layer using Sentaurus Device. The only difference between the 2 Si-LPIN GePD devices is the germanium layer thickness. The electric field direction is annotated in the graph.
The electric field distribution at −1 V obtained by numerically solving the Poisson's equation using Sentaurus Device is shown in Fig. 2(b). In the germanium region, the electric field is stronger than 104 V/cm at −1 V, strong enough for photo-generated carriers to drift at their saturation velocity. In [11], a 400 nm thick germanium layer was used in the Si-LPIN GePD, whose opto-electrical bandwidth was limited by the long transit time of the photo-carriers generated in the top part of the germanium, suffering from low drift velocity as well as long drift distance. The electric field distribution at −1 V of this device is shown in Fig. 2(c) for reference. It is expected that, in the current device, this bandwidth limitation will be eliminated by using a 160 nm thin germanium layer. Therefore, a much higher opto-electrical bandwidth can be expected.
3.1 Static measurements
A typical static current-voltage characteristic of a 14.2 μm long and 0.5 μm wide Si-LPIN GePD is shown in Fig. 3(a). The device exhibits a dark current as low as 2.5 nA and 3.5 nA at −1 V and −2 V. The light current was measured in the C-band at 1550 nm wavelength and in the O-band at 1310 nm wavelength under a received optical power of −5.8 dBm and −2.5 dBm, respectively. The received optical power is the optical power reaching the photodiode, with the fiber grating coupler insertion loss calibrated out using a reference straight waveguide beside the photodetector. The light current is almost constant from 0 V to −2 V owing to the strong built-in electric field that is capable of sweeping out the majority of the photo-generated carriers within their lifetime. The measured responsivity at −1 V is 0.72 A/W and 0.98 A/W at 1550 nm and 1310 nm, respectively.
Fig. 3 (a) A typical I-V characteristic of a 14.2 μm long and 0.5 μm wide Si-LPIN GePD. (b) Variability plot of the wafer-scale dark current data of the Si-LPIN GePD at −1 V and −2 V. Contour plot of the wafer-scale responsivity data of the Si-LPIN GePD at (c) 1550 nm and (d) 1310 nm at −1 V.
Wafer-scale dark current data of the Si-LPIN GePD are shown in Fig. 3(b). The mean dark current value is 2.4 nA and 3.6 nA, with a standard deviation of 0.4 nA and 0.8 nA, at –1 V and –2 V, respectively. In Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d), contour plots of the wafer-scale responsivity data of the Si-LPIN GePD at −1 V at 1550 nm and 1310 nm are shown. The mean responsivity value is 0.74 A/W and 0.93 A/W respectively, with a standard deviation of 0.05 A/W.
The wavelength dependence of the responsivity in the C-band and O-band at −1.2 V bias are shown in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b), respectively. Only responsivity data in a 40 nm optical bandwidth are shown, limited by the optical bandwidth of the fiber-to-chip grating coupler used to interface to the photodetector. The device has a higher responsivity in the O-band than in the C-band, due to the relatively short device length (14.2 μm) and the higher modal absorption coefficient in the O-band. The higher modal absorption coefficient in the O-band further results from both the higher modal confinement factor in the germanium layer and the stronger material absorption coefficient in the germanium layer in the O-band. The drop in responsivity in the C-band is mainly due to the decrease of the germanium absorption coefficient at longer wavelength, as will be discussed later in section 4. It can be improved by increasing the length of the device (i.e. the germanium layer).
Fig. 4 Responsivity as a function of wavelength of the Si-LPIN GePD in (a) the C-band and (b) the O-band at −1.2 V bias.
3.2 Small-signal measurements
Small-signal radio-frequency (RF) measurements were carried out at wafer scale using an Agilent 50 GHz vector network analyzer (VNA) N5225A and an Agilent 50 GHz lightwave component analyzer (LCA) N4373C to characterize the high-speed performance of the Si-LPIN GePD. Typical S21 transmission parameters as a function of frequency, at 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelength, using an received average optical power of −6 dBm and −5 dBm are shown in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b), respectively. The received average optical power is the average optical power reaching the photodiode. At −1 V, the device shows a 3-dB opto-electrical bandwidth of >50 GHz and 45 GHz at 1550 nm and 1310 nm, respectively. The opto-electrical bandwidth is further enhanced to over 50 GHz for both wavelengths as the bias voltage is increased to −2 V. The opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth data extracted from the wafer-scale measurement S21 curves for both wavelengths are shown in Fig. 5(c). At 1550 nm wavelength, the wafer-scale 3-dB bandwidth is over 50 GHz at both –1 V and –2 V bias voltage. At 1310 nm, the wafer-scale 3-dB bandwidth is over 50 GHz at –2 V. At –1 V, the mean 3-dB bandwidth value is 44 GHz with a standard deviation of 2.2 GHz. The standard deviation of bandwidth for conditions where the bandwidth is beyond 50 GHz could not be measured due to the bandwidth limitation of the VNA/LCA.
Fig. 5 Small-signal S21 transmission parameter as a function of frequency of the Si-LPIN GePD at (a) 1550 nm and (b) 1310 nm wavelength. (c) Variability plot of wafer-scale opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth data. (d) Experimental and fitted real/imaginary part of the small-signal S22 reflection parameter. The inset is the equivalent circuit model used for the fitting. (e) Variability plot of the p-i-n junction capacitance data extracted from the fitting. (f) Variability plot of the series resistance data extracted from the fitting.
The lower opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth of the Si-LPIN GePD at 1310 nm can be attributed to the longer carrier transit time at this wavelength. This is because the photo-generated carrier density (in the first absorption length) in the device is much higher at 1310 nm than that at 1550 nm due to the much stronger germanium absorption coefficient at 1310 nm. The electric field is partly screened by the photo-generated carriers. Therefore, the photo-carriers experience a lower drift velocity and so a longer drift time at 1310 nm, leading to a lower bandwidth. This effect is especially pronounced at low bias voltage.
The photodiode capacitance of the Si-LPIN GePD was extracted by fitting the real/imaginary part of the S22 reflection parameters (measured at wafer scale) based on an equivalent circuit model shown in the inset of Fig. 5(d). In the circuit model, Cj is the capacitance of the reverse biased p-i-n junction, and Rs is the series resistance related to the p-i-n junction. COX and RSi are related to the current path through the silicon substrate and the buried oxide (BOX). Cm represents the metal pad capacitance. The metal pad capacitance Cm is firstly extracted by fitting the S22 parameter of an OPEN reference structure. Afterwards, using this Cm value, the full S22 parameter of the Si-LPIN GePD is fitted to extract the value of other components in the equivalent circuit model. The extracted junction capacitance (Cj) data and series resistance (Rs) data of the Si-LPIN GePD are shown in Fig. 5(e) and Fig. 5(f). The mean junction capacitance value is 6.8 fF and 6.2 fF at −1 V and −2 V, respectively. The mean series resistance value is 103 Ω and 91 Ω at −1 V and −2 V, respectively. One example of the experimental and fitted real/imaginary part of the S22 parameters is shown in Fig. 5 (d).
The opto-electrical bandwidth of the Si-LPIN GePD was further characterized for individual devices using an Agilent 67 GHz VNA E8361A and an Agilent 67 GHz LCA N4373B at 1550 nm wavelength. The measured S21 curves using an average received optical power of −5.5 dBm are shown in Fig. 6(a). At −1 V, the device shows a 3-dB opto-electrical bandwidth of ~67 GHz, and the bandwidth is enhanced to beyond 67 GHz as the bias voltage is increased to −2 V and −3 V. The dip around 15 GHz and the fast roll off between 64~67 GHz appearing on the S21 curves are attributed to the calibration of the VNA together with RF cables and RF probe used in the experiment. The impact of the optical input power on the opto-electrical bandwidth of the Si-LPIN GePD was also characterized using an Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) together with a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) to control the input optical power. The measured opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth as a function of the input optical power is shown in Fig. 6(b). A drop in the bandwidth can be observed at higher optical input powers, which is attributed to a screening of the internal electrical field in the photodetector due to the photo-generated carriers. This effect is especially pronounced at low bias voltages. It can be seen that at a bias voltage larger than −1 V, there is almost no drop of 3-dB bandwidth under an input optical power smaller than 1.3mW.
Fig. 6 (a) Small-signal S21 transmission parameter as a function of frequency of the Si-LPIN GePD at 1550 nm. (b) Measured 3-dB opto-electrical bandwidth as a function of input optical power at 1550 nm.
3.3 Large-signal measurements
On-off keying data reception experiments were implemented. A (231-1) long optical non-return to zero (NRZ) pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) data pattern at 50 Gbps and 56 Gbps, generated by a commercial LiNbO3 modulator at 1550 nm was launched into the Si-LPIN GePD (56 Gbps is the upper limit of the pulse pattern generator operation range). A −1 V bias voltage was applied to the photodetector using a 50 GHz RF probe connected to a 40 GHz bias-tee. The output electrical data was measured with an Agilent infiniium sampling oscilloscope with a 60 GHz remote sampling head plug-in. The 50 Gbps and 56 Gbps reference transmitter eyes at 1550 nm wavelength are shown in Fig. 7(a)-7(b). The electrical eye diagrams from the Si-LPIN photodetector at −1 V are shown in Fig. 7(c)-7(d). The same experiment was also implemented at 1310 nm wavelength as shown in Fig. 8(a)-8(d). The clear open electrical eye diagrams from the Si-LPIN GePD at −1 V indicate the high quality data reception performance of the Si-LPIN GePD at 56 Gbps, in both the C-band and O-band.
Fig. 7 The optical eye generated from a 1550 nm commercial LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator at (a) 50 Gb/s and (b) 56 Gb/s. The corresponding electrical eye from the Si-LPIN GePD at −1 V bias at (c) 50 Gb/s and (d) 56 Gb/s.
The frequency response of the equivalent circuit in Fig. 5(d) exhibits a 3-dB bandwidth of 120 GHz and 140 GHz at −1 V and −2 V assuming a 50 Ω load. Comparing these values to the experimental data reveals that the opto-electrical bandwidth of the Si-LPIN GePD is limited by the carrier transit time instead of the RC-constant. It can be seen from Fig. 2(a) that the photo-carriers will drift along the electric field in a non-linear trajectory before being collected. Moreover, certain photo-carriers will hit the top surface and/or the sidewall of the germanium layer in the drifting. This will increase the transit time compared to the simple case where photo-carriers drift in a straight line.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the thicker the germanium layer, the longer the carrier transit time in the Si-LPIN GePD device will be, and thus the lower the opto-electrical bandwidth. This is clear from Fig. 9(a), comparing the experimental S21 curves for a germanium layer thickness of 160 nm and 400 nm (with the same the same germanium width of 500 nm). On the other hand, the modal absorption coefficient is larger for a device with a thicker germanium layer due to the larger modal confinement factor in the germanium layer. Therefore, the Si-LPIN GePD with a 400 nm thick germanium layer has a higher responsivity than that of the device with a 160 nm thick germanium layer (14.2 μm long), as shown in Fig. 9(b). Figure 9 indicates that the germanium layer thickness can be designed to optimize the opto-electrical bandwidth or responsivity performance of a Si-LPIN GePD device.
Fig. 9 (a) Small-signal S21 transmission parameters as a function of frequency at 1550 nm of the Si-LPIN GePD with a 400 nm thick Ge layer and a 160 nm thick Ge layer. (b) Responsivity as a function of wavelength in the C-band of the Si-LPIN GePD with a 400 nm thick Ge layer and a 160 nm thick Ge layer. The only difference between the 2 Si-LPIN GePD devices is the germanium layer thickness.
The increased overlap of the optical mode with the doped silicon layers in the thin Ge device cannot account for the reduced responsivity at 1550 nm. Light absorption from the doped Si regions was quantified through optical simulation. At 1310 nm, the confinement factor of the fundamental optical mode in the Ge-on-SOI waveguide is 0.79 and 0.076 in the germanium layer and the doped Si layer (both N-doped region and P-doped region), respectively. Assuming a germanium material absorption coefficient of 7000 cm−1 and a N/P-doped Si absorption coefficient of 18 cm−1/60 cm−1 [17], the modal absorption coefficient related to germanium absorption and doped Si absorption is 5538 cm−1 and 3.0 cm−1, respectively. The same exercise is done at 1550 nm, and the (fundamental mode) modal absorption coefficient related to germanium absorption and the doped Si absorption is 1025 cm−1 and 7.5 cm−1, respectively. The share of doped Si absorption in the total modal absorption coefficient is 0.05% and 0.73% at 1310 nm and 1550 nm, respectively. Although the doped Si absorption contributes more at 1550 nm than that at 1310 nm in the total modal absorption, its low absolute contribution (0.72% at 1550 nm) cannot explain the responsivity drop at long wavelength. Therefore, since the opto-electrical bandwidth is limited by the carrier transit time, the responsivity of the 160 nm thick Si-LPIN GePD at 1550 nm can be improved by increasing the length of the device without compromising on the opto-electrical bandwidth.
A 67 GHz germanium waveguide p-i-n photodetector that has neither doping in nor metal contacts on germanium operating at −1 V is reported. The device was characterized in both the C-band and O-band, showing low dark current and high responsivity. 56 Gbps on-off keying data reception is demonstrated. The opto-electrical 3-dB bandwidth beyond 67 GHz at higher reverse bias should enable even 100 Gbps on-off keying optical receivers.
This work was carried out as part of imec's industry affiliation program on Optical I/O. The device simulations were performed in Sentaurus TCAD, provided by Synopsys. The device layout was performed in IPKISS provided by Luceda Photonics. We acknowledge imec's mask preparation team and process line for their contributions.
1. T. Yin, R. Cohen, M. M. Morse, G. Sarid, Y. Chetrit, D. Rubin, and M. J. Paniccia, "31 GHz Ge n-i-p waveguide photodetectors on Silicon-on-Insulator substrate," Opt. Express 15(21), 13965–13971 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. L. Vivien, J. Osmond, J. M. Fédéli, D. Marris-Morini, P. Crozat, J. F. Damlencourt, E. Cassan, Y. Lecunff, and S. Laval, "42 GHz p.i.n Germanium photodetector integrated in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide," Opt. Express 17(8), 6252–6257 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. D. Feng, S. Liao, P. Dong, N.-N. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, C.-C. Kung, J. Fong, R. Shafiiha, J. Cunningham, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, "High-speed Ge photodetector monolithically integrated with large cross-section silicon-on-insulator waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(26), 261105 (2009). [CrossRef]
4. S. Liao, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, C.-C. Kung, H. Liang, W. Qian, Y. Liu, J. Fong, J. E. Cunningham, Y. Luo, and M. Asghari, "36 GHz submicron silicon waveguide germanium photodetector," Opt. Express 19(11), 10967–10972 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. C. T. DeRose, D. C. Trotter, W. A. Zortman, A. L. Starbuck, M. Fisher, M. R. Watts, and P. S. Davids, "Ultra compact 45 GHz CMOS compatible Germanium waveguide photodiode with low dark current," Opt. Express 19(25), 24897–24904 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. L. Vivien, A. Polzer, D. Marris-Morini, J. Osmond, J. M. Hartmann, P. Crozat, E. Cassan, C. Kopp, H. Zimmermann, and J. M. Fédéli, "Zero-bias 40Gbit/s germanium waveguide photodetector on silicon," Opt. Express 20(2), 1096–1101 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. G. Li, Y. Luo, X. Zheng, G. Masini, A. Mekis, S. Sahni, H. Thacker, J. Yao, I. Shubin, K. Raj, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, "Improving CMOS-compatible Germanium photodetectors," Opt. Express 20(24), 26345–26350 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. A. Novack, M. Gould, Y. Yang, Z. Xuan, M. Streshinsky, Y. Liu, G. Capellini, A. E.-J. Lim, G.-Q. Lo, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, "Germanium photodetector with 60 GHz bandwidth using inductive gain peaking," Opt. Express 21(23), 28387–28393 (2013). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. T.-Y. Liow, N. Duan, A. E.-J. Lim, X. Tu, M. Yu, and G.-Q. Lo, "Waveguide Ge/Si avalanche photodetector with a unique low-height-profile device structure," in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf., (2014), paper M2G.6. [CrossRef]
10. Y. Zhang, S. Yang, Y. Yang, M. Gould, N. Ophir, A. E.-J. Lim, G.-Q. Lo, P. Magill, K. Bergman, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, "A high-responsivity photodetector absent metal-germanium direct contact," Opt. Express 22(9), 11367–11375 (2014). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. H. Chen, P. Verheyen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, P. Absil, G. Roelkens, and J. Van Campenhout, "High responsivity low-voltage 28Gb/s Ge p-i-n photodetector with silicon contacts," J. Lightwave Technol. 33(4), 820–824 (2015). [CrossRef]
12. R. Going, T. J. Seok, J. Loo, K. Hsu, and M. C. Wu, "Germanium wrap-around photodetectors on Silicon photonics," Opt. Express 23(9), 11975–11984 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. S. Lischke, D. Knoll, C. Mai, L. Zimmermann, A. Peczek, M. Kroh, A. Trusch, E. Krune, K. Voigt, and A. Mai, "High bandwidth, high responsivity waveguide-coupled germanium p-i-n photodiode," Opt. Express 23(21), 27213–27220 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. M. Pantouvaki, P. Verheyen, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, H. Yu, P. De Heyn, P. Absil, and J. Van Campenhout, "20Gb/s silicon ring modulator co-integrated with a Ge monitor photodetector," in ECOC Conference (2013), paper We.3.B.2. [CrossRef]
15. P. De Heyn, J. De Coster, P. Verheyen, G. Lepage, M. Pantouvaki, P. Absil, W. Bogaerts, J. Van Campenhout, and D. Van Thourhout, "Fabrication-tolerant four-channel wavelength-division-multiplexing filter based on collectively tuned Si microrings," J. Lightwave Technol. 31(16), 2785–2792 (2013). [CrossRef]
16. P. Verheyen, M. Pantouvaki, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, H. Chen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, P. Dumon, A. Masood, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, and W. Bogaerts, "Highly uniform 25 Gb/s Si photonics platform for high-density, low-power WDM optical interconnects," in Integr. Photon. Res., Silicon Nanophoton. Conf. (2014), paper IW3A.4. [CrossRef]
17. J. Liu, X. Sun, D. Pan, X. Wang, L. C. Kimerling, T. L. Koch, and J. Michel, "Tensile-strained, n-type Ge as a gain medium for monolithic laser integration on Si," Opt. Express 15(18), 11272–11277 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Yin, R. Cohen, M. M. Morse, G. Sarid, Y. Chetrit, D. Rubin, and M. J. Paniccia, "31 GHz Ge n-i-p waveguide photodetectors on Silicon-on-Insulator substrate," Opt. Express 15(21), 13965–13971 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Vivien, J. Osmond, J. M. Fédéli, D. Marris-Morini, P. Crozat, J. F. Damlencourt, E. Cassan, Y. Lecunff, and S. Laval, "42 GHz p.i.n Germanium photodetector integrated in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide," Opt. Express 17(8), 6252–6257 (2009).
D. Feng, S. Liao, P. Dong, N.-N. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, C.-C. Kung, J. Fong, R. Shafiiha, J. Cunningham, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, "High-speed Ge photodetector monolithically integrated with large cross-section silicon-on-insulator waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(26), 261105 (2009).
[Crossref]
S. Liao, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, C.-C. Kung, H. Liang, W. Qian, Y. Liu, J. Fong, J. E. Cunningham, Y. Luo, and M. Asghari, "36 GHz submicron silicon waveguide germanium photodetector," Opt. Express 19(11), 10967–10972 (2011).
C. T. DeRose, D. C. Trotter, W. A. Zortman, A. L. Starbuck, M. Fisher, M. R. Watts, and P. S. Davids, "Ultra compact 45 GHz CMOS compatible Germanium waveguide photodiode with low dark current," Opt. Express 19(25), 24897–24904 (2011).
L. Vivien, A. Polzer, D. Marris-Morini, J. Osmond, J. M. Hartmann, P. Crozat, E. Cassan, C. Kopp, H. Zimmermann, and J. M. Fédéli, "Zero-bias 40Gbit/s germanium waveguide photodetector on silicon," Opt. Express 20(2), 1096–1101 (2012).
G. Li, Y. Luo, X. Zheng, G. Masini, A. Mekis, S. Sahni, H. Thacker, J. Yao, I. Shubin, K. Raj, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, "Improving CMOS-compatible Germanium photodetectors," Opt. Express 20(24), 26345–26350 (2012).
A. Novack, M. Gould, Y. Yang, Z. Xuan, M. Streshinsky, Y. Liu, G. Capellini, A. E.-J. Lim, G.-Q. Lo, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, "Germanium photodetector with 60 GHz bandwidth using inductive gain peaking," Opt. Express 21(23), 28387–28393 (2013).
T.-Y. Liow, N. Duan, A. E.-J. Lim, X. Tu, M. Yu, and G.-Q. Lo, "Waveguide Ge/Si avalanche photodetector with a unique low-height-profile device structure," in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf., (2014), paper M2G.6.
Y. Zhang, S. Yang, Y. Yang, M. Gould, N. Ophir, A. E.-J. Lim, G.-Q. Lo, P. Magill, K. Bergman, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, "A high-responsivity photodetector absent metal-germanium direct contact," Opt. Express 22(9), 11367–11375 (2014).
H. Chen, P. Verheyen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, P. Absil, G. Roelkens, and J. Van Campenhout, "High responsivity low-voltage 28Gb/s Ge p-i-n photodetector with silicon contacts," J. Lightwave Technol. 33(4), 820–824 (2015).
R. Going, T. J. Seok, J. Loo, K. Hsu, and M. C. Wu, "Germanium wrap-around photodetectors on Silicon photonics," Opt. Express 23(9), 11975–11984 (2015).
S. Lischke, D. Knoll, C. Mai, L. Zimmermann, A. Peczek, M. Kroh, A. Trusch, E. Krune, K. Voigt, and A. Mai, "High bandwidth, high responsivity waveguide-coupled germanium p-i-n photodiode," Opt. Express 23(21), 27213–27220 (2015).
M. Pantouvaki, P. Verheyen, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, H. Yu, P. De Heyn, P. Absil, and J. Van Campenhout, "20Gb/s silicon ring modulator co-integrated with a Ge monitor photodetector," in ECOC Conference (2013), paper We.3.B.2.
P. De Heyn, J. De Coster, P. Verheyen, G. Lepage, M. Pantouvaki, P. Absil, W. Bogaerts, J. Van Campenhout, and D. Van Thourhout, "Fabrication-tolerant four-channel wavelength-division-multiplexing filter based on collectively tuned Si microrings," J. Lightwave Technol. 31(16), 2785–2792 (2013).
P. Verheyen, M. Pantouvaki, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, H. Chen, P. De Heyn, G. Lepage, J. De Coster, P. Dumon, A. Masood, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, and W. Bogaerts, "Highly uniform 25 Gb/s Si photonics platform for high-density, low-power WDM optical interconnects," in Integr. Photon. Res., Silicon Nanophoton. Conf. (2014), paper IW3A.4.
J. Liu, X. Sun, D. Pan, X. Wang, L. C. Kimerling, T. L. Koch, and J. Michel, "Tensile-strained, n-type Ge as a gain medium for monolithic laser integration on Si," Opt. Express 15(18), 11272–11277 (2007).
Absil, P.
Asghari, M.
Baehr-Jones, T.
Baets, R.
Bergman, K.
Bogaerts, W.
Capellini, G.
Cassan, E.
Chen, H.
Chetrit, Y.
Cohen, R.
Crozat, P.
Cunningham, J.
Cunningham, J. E.
Damlencourt, J. F.
Davids, P. S.
De Coster, J.
De Heyn, P.
DeRose, C. T.
Dong, P.
Duan, N.
Dumon, P.
Fédéli, J. M.
Feng, D.
Feng, N.-N.
Fisher, M.
Fong, J.
Going, R.
Gould, M.
Hartmann, J. M.
Hochberg, M.
Hsu, K.
Kimerling, L. C.
Knoll, D.
Koch, T. L.
Kopp, C.
Krishnamoorthy, A. V.
Kroh, M.
Krune, E.
Kung, C.-C.
Laval, S.
Lecunff, Y.
Lepage, G.
Li, G.
Liang, H.
Liao, S.
Lim, A. E.-J.
Liow, T.-Y.
Lischke, S.
Liu, Y.
Lo, G.-Q.
Loo, J.
Luo, Y.
Magill, P.
Mai, A.
Mai, C.
Marris-Morini, D.
Masini, G.
Masood, A.
Mekis, A.
Michel, J.
Morse, M. M.
Novack, A.
Ophir, N.
Osmond, J.
Pan, D.
Paniccia, M. J.
Pantouvaki, M.
Peczek, A.
Polzer, A.
Qian, W.
Raj, K.
Roelkens, G.
Rubin, D.
Sahni, S.
Sarid, G.
Seok, T. J.
Shafiiha, R.
Shubin, I.
Starbuck, A. L.
Streshinsky, M.
Sun, X.
Thacker, H.
Trotter, D. C.
Trusch, A.
Tu, X.
Van Campenhout, J.
Van Thourhout, D.
Verheyen, P.
Vivien, L.
Voigt, K.
Watts, M. R.
Wu, M. C.
Xuan, Z.
Yang, Y.
Yao, J.
Yin, T.
Yu, H.
Yu, M.
Zhang, Y.
Zheng, D.
Zheng, X.
Zimmermann, H.
Zimmermann, L.
Zortman, W. A.
Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)
J. Lightwave Technol. (2)
Opt. Express (11)


text:
Al Gore hardest hit:
Last week The Mail on Sunday provoked an international storm by publishing a new official world temperature graph showing there has been no global warming since 1997... The figures came from a database called Hadcrut 4 and were issued by the Met Office and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at East Anglia University.
But the Met Office, whose lead was then followed by climate change campaigners, accused The Mail on Sunday of cherry-picking data in order to mislead readers. It even claimed it had not released a 'report', as we had stated, although it put out the figures from which we drew our graph ten days ago.
Another critic said that climate expert Professor Judith Curry had protested at the way she was represented in our report. However, Professor Curry, a former US National Research Council Climate Research Committee member and the author of more than 190 peer-reviewed papers, responded: 'A note to defenders of the idea that the planet has been warming for the past 16 years. Raise the level of your game. Nothing in the Met Office's statement . . . effectively refutes Mr Rose's argument that there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years... 'Use this as an opportunity to communicate honestly with the public about what we know and what we don't know about climate change. Take a lesson from other scientists who acknowledge the "pause".'
The Met Office now confirms on its climate blog that no significant warming has occurred recently: 'We agree with Mr Rose that there has only been a very small amount of warming in the 21st Century.'
In other words, all of the monstrous social engineering programs, the takeover of industrial policy-setting, and the rest of the hysteria fomented by the Eco-Statists -- and especially the Leftist kooks at the EPA -- are completely, utterly groundless.
There's no global warming occurring on this planet.
Which, by my count, is reason 6 kajillion that this administration must be removed from office in November. And, if you're an Eco-Kook reading along, remember: election day is always the first Wednesday in November.
Hat tip: Pirate's Cove.
Labels: Climate, Crime, Democrats, Energy, Obama, United Nations
The MUSEman said...
Is the earth getting warmer? From a 2nd Law of Thermodynamics standpoint, sure it is. Is man-made warming responsible for some of it? Sure, for the same reason. Is the man-made contribution larger than a cow fart in a hurricane? Nope, and it's probably smaller.
I find it laughable that the environmentalists first called it "Global Warming", and then "Climate Change" after their conspiracy was uncovered: Eventually they will find a word or phase that a majority will buy into (like, "Occasional Warming") and then proclaim "Global Warming" existed all along!
Thank for reading!


text:
U.S Box Office Report - 2nd - 4th March 2007
1. Wild Hogs $38M - $38M
2. Zodiac $13.1M - $13.1M
3. Ghost Rider $11.5M - $94.7M
4. Bridge to Terabithia $8.5M - $57.8M
5. The Number 23 $7M - $24.6M
6. Norbit $6.4M - $82.9M
7. Music and Lyrics $4.8M - $38.6M
8. Black Snake Moan $4M - $4M
9. Reno 911!: Miami $3.7M - $16.4M
10. Breach $3.4M - $25.4M
The horror that is Wild Hogs smashes into the top spot. One of the worst reviewed movies of the year, Wild Hogs stars John Travolta, Tim Allen, William H Macy and Martin Lawrence as four guys, suburban bikers, who decide to go on a road trip and run into trouble with a Mexican motorcycle gang. Hilarity ensues...or rather doesn't. It's a big opening that's for sure, rivalling the previous weekend's big hitters of Ghost Rider and Norbit. Travolta and Allen needed a hit more than the other two - Travolta hasn't had a hit for while with The Punisher, Be Cool, Basic & Ladder 49 all under performing. Allen meanwhile, hadn't had a great deal of success with The Santa Clause 3, Zoom or The Shaggy Dog. The film marks the biggest opening ever for John Travolta, who's previous biggest opening weekend was Be Cool at $23M (the film took 50% of its total box office in that opening weekend). No budget information has been released but a strong weekend like this one shouldn't be a disappointment to the studio.
Opening in second place, a movie that had almost polar opposite reviews of Wild Hogs. Zodiac, the new David Fincher movie based on the true story of the Zodiac Killer, who terrorised San Franciso in the late 70s has received some of the best reviews of Fincher's career. Many reviews also mention this is the most conventional film that Fincher has ever made. The weekend take might be seen as disappointing but the subject matter, the running time (2h 36m) and the lack of a clear cut resolution might have turned away a number of potential viewers looking for something more sensational. All being well the movie will dig its heels in and spend a few more weeks on the chart with the help of word-of-mouth.
Sadly Ghost Rider appears to have dug its heels into the top ten. Spending two weekends at the top spot and dropping down to three in its third weekend (It also managed to hold off the Jim Carrey Thriller Number 23 last weekend as well) the Nic Cage comic book adaptation is now heading toward $100M. Factoring in box office totals from around the globe the movie should clear $150M in total box office by Monday. I have no idea why the movie is proving so successful - perhaps the market being starved of blockbusters since christmas is to blame?
In its third weekend on the charts, Bridge to Terabithia is holding its own against Ghost Rider and the new releases. Expected to fade pretty quickly the movie is scoring big with parents who are stuck for family movies in the current top ten (one has to wonder if one of the many CGI movies that opened & flopped quickly last year could have cleaned up by opening now....). The movie should finish up with around $80M by the end of its domestic run. Not bad for a movie that most people hadn't heard of a month ago.
The Number 23 which opened well, if not spectacular, last weekend drops hard and fast in its 2nd weekend. Jim Carrey tends to win critical acclaim for his straight roles (Eternal Sunshine, Truman, Man on the Moon) but struggles to find an audience, who still prefer to see him talking out of his arse. Number 23 is no different but had to even more of an uphill fight on its hands given that this is first thriller Carrey has done. Given the box office it appears a percentage of people where more intrigued by the story idea than by seeing Carrey play the role. All that said, the movie was made very cheaply ($30M) and so should see a production profit by the end of Monday.
Norbit sits at six, edging ever closer to $100M the movie is already comfortably in profit and still has to open in a number of foreign markets. Murphy may not have won the Oscar last weekend but he's still on a high with the success of this and Dreamgirls. Shrek 3 follows in May which should provide Murphy with an impressive 3 films - 3 hits tally. What will he do next though?
Music & Lyrics has the romantic comedy angle sewn up but has still struggled to make money against bigger, flashier movies. The film crossed the $35M mark this weekend and should see a global total of around $55M by Monday. It'll beat the tally scored by Bridget Jones 2 but is a long way short of such hits as Two Weeks Notice & Love Actually.
The final new movie in the top ten this weekend is Black Snake Moan, starring Samuel L Jackson and Christina Ricci. The film, by Hustle & Flow director Craig Brewer, tells the story of a blues man (Jackson) who tries to tame/cure a nymphomaniac played by Ricci. The film was a tough sell and was due to open last August but was delayed until this weekend (perhaps to avoid the other Jackson movie Snakes on a Plane). Opening with limited fanfare at 1200 locations one gets the impression the studio weren't quite sure how to market the film.
New entry last weekend, Reno 911:Miami tumbles fast and hard, dropping off 71% of its box office. Like horror movies, fans of the show/genre awarded the movie a pretty good opening followed by the usual big drop off in the second weekend. Breach rounds out the top ten and has done well to hang on in there amongst a slew of new released from last weekend and this one. With only one major movie opening on Friday, the movie might yet manage another weekend in the top ten.
Notes from last weekend: The Astronaut Farmer starring Billy Bob Thornton as an ex-NASA guy who builds his own spacecraft opened poorly and didn't even manage a second weekend spot on the charts. A big disappointment for all concerned. On the other end of the spectrum, Amazing Grace, a British period drama, managed to score a place in the top ten from just 700 locations.
Next weekend, 300 opens at 2,900+ locations and many are hoping it'll live up to its early word and impressive trailers. Speaking of which, the new Spiderman 3 trailer will accompany 300. We should also see a Pirates of the Caribbean 3 trailer any time now - a bit of surprise that we've not seen one so far, the movie is just 11 weeks away.


Thank you! This is such a compliment. I've been trying really hard to get my characters to jive within the narrative as best as possible, and I'm so glad you like it!
I can't get over how much I love this story. It's so cleverly written. OC stories are my favorite. They add such a good layer. Can't wait for the next update!
Oh, I'm so glad you like the balance! And I have to admit I'm a little flattered that you felt that false sense of security, haha! I've been working on that balance in the upcoming chapters, so that the structure is set for the later events... I'm so excited to share them with you, and see what you think. I hope to have the tweaking will be done soon, and I'll have a new chapter up soon. Thanks for all the feedback, Emmy!
Such a lovely and satisfying update! It was everything i expected but yet so much more! Your portrayal of the wild hunt fit so perfect so manly and traditional!
When I went back to edit "The Wild Hunt" as I was getting ready to post it, I was thinking a lot about the dedication and commitment that you mention! I definitely feel like my vision for the Dark Lord and his followers is almost religion like (though, perhaps closer to a cult than a religion) and it's taken very seriously. I loved the way the fable of the hunt played into that, and it was a really fun chapter to write. I'm glad you liked it!
Doing great with the balance I think! Such a lovely update this time! Of course I can't wait until the next update sure it's going to great!
loved this update now at least the aunts know now what evelyn knows about Elizabeth. But I love Elizabeth so much! love how you write her can visualize her completely with no problem!
Lovely chapter, soo glad to get on and see a new update. I can hardly wait to read what's to come!
Hopefully you will be getting on to see another new chapter soon! I am almost embarrassed it has taken so long for me to update! (I suppose I have a few good excuses...) But I am excited about what is ahead, and I cannot wait to see what you think!
Loved this update! good visual of all the emotions and feelings!
Thanks, pink bunny! It's hard to strike a balance between realistic feeling and melodrama sometimes, I think, when you're writing. I don't want Evelyn to seem overly dramatic, but I want it to be clear what she's feeling... So I'm glad you thought the visuals came through well! I'm hoping to have another chapter up sometime this week!
no prob about the moving back about when katie was cursed! loved this chapter! keep it up!
Great chapter, I can't wait to read more! good luck with school!
You're so sweet! Thank you for your faithful reviews--they make me want to keep posting!
was well worth the wait keep going with this story!
I have read all of your chapters and find this story to be very interesting and very entertaining!
I'm so happy to hear that! Thank you ♥ It really means a lot to have a story described as interesting and entertaining, because I'm really trying to achieve those things with Evelyn and Elizabeth's stories! Thanks for reading along. Chapter eighteen is in the queue... I hope you enjoy it!


text:
Rick Wakeman Half Century Tour 1999
Norwich and Bury St Edmunds Cathedrals – 10-11 June 99
I took in two nights of this tour and I am glad I did as my health the first night left me feeling rather unsure of the night. Taking in the 2nd night (and not have my children visit prior to the concert!) meant I was able to appreciate the concert for the excellent night it was. Also the 2nd half started differently on the 2nd night.
Bury Cathedral. I took lots of shots of Rick's keyboards etc but sadly was too shakey for the poor light and I tried to avoid the flash as it tends to white things out too much
The opening number was Birdman of Alcatraz which showed signs of a promising sets of different numbers to the last tour. Next up Ramon Remedios joined Rick for Await the Hour from the Gospels. He came out speaking another Language until Rick Pointed out he was from Liverpool. Rick also pointed out there had been a mistake on the poster and Ramon was now Rambo. The first night there were a few Jokes about Ramon going outside to steal some hub caps etc but not the 2nd night. It is interesting to see how the two nights differed and although Rick and Ramon obviously follow a certain routine, they are still human and therefore adlib a bit.
Nursery Rhyme Concerto was next and it was back to the familiar intro for this. The audience that have heard it before still seem to find it amusing though.
I was then slightly disappointed by Rick doing Dance of a 1000 lights while Ramon went and conducted the Orchestra and Choir out in the car park ie they played a backing tape. I guess Rick needed to promote Return at the concerts but from a fan point of view I think it would have been nice to see what he could come up with in the way of a solo arrangement. Rick is so good at doing this I am sure he could have figured something out. Ramon returned and we got A Wish and Welcome a star with the story of Rick's first performance of the Gospels and the choir never having heard the piece in full and Robert Powell having hurt and leg and being on Morphine. Rick therefore had to nod at appropriate moments in the performance and when it started going well he accidentally nodded to say "it's going well isn't it" and they all came in wrong.
Time for a cuppa from Mike Holden while Rick changes keyboards in Merlin
The penultimate song of the first half was Merlin the Magician complete with change of Keyboard for the last crazy patch. For this he choose someone from the audience to come up and hold his sustain peddle. I think he choose the people from the same position each night but I won't say where 🙂
"Linda" was Rick stooge at the Bury St Edmunds Concert
The final song of the set was Nessun Dorma which was used in the World Cup some years back. This was at Ramon's request and when Rick started to play he started with "Nellie the Elephant" because he had misread Ramon's letter.
Ramon and Rick during Nessun Dorma
Set 2 at Norwich started with Rick mentioning he had helped David Bowie arrange Hunky Dory. However at Bury St Edmunds Rick came back on from the back of the Cathedral in his KGB uniform and gave a long story about how he got it out of Russia. I don't know why it didn't happen the first night and I forgot to ask Rick. It was a nice bonus for me to get something extra the 2nd night though.
Rick joins the KGB
He then played Space Oddity and Life On Mars. He must be getting used to them now as he was not relying so much on the piece of music or chord sequence he has pulled out on previous tours. Again that is something has baffled me in the past and I wished I had asked about it.
Next up was Morning Has Broken with the usual intro. It was nice to see this with a vocal from Ramon. Jane Seymour was again the highlight of both shows for me. I have played the original on Six Wives of Henry VIII and it was OK but to hear it all done by just Rick in a Church/Cathedral with great Organ sounds is really something special. I have often wondered why it doesn't close a set. Perhaps it is because Rick doesn't feel church audiences no his own tunes as well as the others he plays.
Rick explaining the plot of his New Opera to Ramon. Malcolm Welch helping out.
Ramon wanted to do the Barber of Siville but again Rick misread Ramon's letter and had written a new piece called Barber of Wigan which was very funny but perhaps a little long for something that was not to me musically that great. It was a very good parody though and Ramon was very good in it. It was also interesting to see Rick smiling so much. I haven't noticed Rick's grin before.
Rick Obviously really enjoys the Barber Of Wigan
Then we moved into the area I was most unsure of, the last 5 songs. They were Help and Fool On The Hill with Ramon and then Eleanor Rigby as the set closer. Then for an encore The Hymn (from 1984) and The Day Thou Gavest Lord Has Ended both with Ramon. The first night I was absolutely shattered before I had even got to the gig and I was incredibly disappointed that Help was still done in the slow Tribute style. I did notice that Ramon was making the words seem very meaningful but 4 slow songs out of 5 seemed a very bad way to end the set and I then went home with the impression the whole night had been slow paced. The 2nd night however I knew what to expect and was dreading Help and Fool on a Hill but to my amazement I found I really enjoyed them and I got the feeling a lot better. I am interested to see how others viewed the choice of these five songs as the ending (and why there have been no reviews on the list!). I was also surprised my memory of the previous night had been so wrong with regards the pace of the concert and everything. I think Ramon's voice has cracked a bit during A Wish and Welcome A Star so I suspect the first night was the better performance but I definitely preferred the 2nd night and as I said earlier was so pleased I had opportunity to take in two shows on the trot. If you had the chance to go and didn't bother I think it was a shame. It was also very nice to meet up with Chris Smith after the Bury Show. It is always nice to meet people you have spoken to on the net 🙂
Myself, Rick and Chris Smith at the after show reception