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Top 10 Hindi Entertainment Channels in India 2021
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Hindi entertainment channels are a prime part of our lives. Indian TV channels are known for the array of stories that showcases a blend of our culture in the best way possible. While we all have our favorite channels, but they are a few Hindi channels that have hooked their audience ever since the time they were introduced. DD National was the first channel launched in India that struck a chord with an Indian audience with its array of TV shows targeted for the general audience.
With the invention of cable TV in India, channels like Star Plus and ZEE TV were introduced. Within in a few months, these channels received enormous popularity and became part of every household. Whether you are ardent fan of soap operas or reality shows, Hindi entertainment channels are bliss for everyone. Here we have curated the top 10 Hindi entertainment channels in India that have touched the glory over the years.
List of Best Hindi Entertainment Channels in India
1. Star Plus – "Rishte Wahi, Soch Nayi"
2. Sony Entertainment Television – "Naye Sangeet…"
3. Colors TV – "Jasbaat Ke Rang"
4. Zee TV – "Aaj Likhenge Kal"
5. Sony SAB – "Khushiyon Wali Feeling"
6. &TV – "Hai Khaas Har Andaaz"
7. Zee Cinema – "Jazba Hai Jeene Mein, Jab Cinema Hai Seene Mein"
8. Star Bharat- "Bhula De Darr, Kuch Alag Kar"
9. Dangal Channel- "Kuchh Toh Baat Hai Ek Dam Naya"
10. DD National – "Satyam Shivam Sundram"
Started in the year 1992, Star Plus is one of the leading Hindi entertainment channels in India. The channel is backed by STAR TV. The channel has an array of TV shows that includes family dramas and telefilms. The channel was initially launched as the English entertainment channel. It was soon converted into the Hindi entertainment channels with the release of iconic soap operas like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki, Kasautii Zindagii Kay and many more to name. The channel has one of the longest-running shows, i.e., Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, which has completed more than 10 years.
Viewers – 1058429K
With its headquarters in Mumbai, Sony Entertainment Television is one of the well-known Hindi channels that airs a vast number of TV serials. The channel is owned by Sony Pictures Networks. It started in the year 1995 and has some of the best TV serials such as Crime Petrol, Kaun Banega Crorepati, Indian Idol, Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and many other shows that have won hearts of audience over the year. Sony Pictures Television has a handful of subsidiaries in India that includes Sony TV and SET. The channel targets family audiences and mainly has TV serials that revolve around genres like Thriller, Comedy, Reality, Horror, etc.
Viewers-352677K
Next in our list of top Hindi entertainment channels in India is Colors Viacom 18. The Mumbai based channel was started in the year 2008 with pivotal serials, which got immense popularity, and it won many well-known awards as well. One of the reality shows that has gained enormous popularity on Colors is Khatron Ke Khiladi and Big Boss. Family dramas like Balika Vadhu, Uttaran, and Na Aana Is Des Laado have made the channel one of the top-rated Hindi Channels with humongous TRPs. Do check out the list of shows that are premiered on Colors TV.
Viewers -376874K
Known to be an India-based satellite television channel, Zee TV is backed by the Zee Entertainment Enterprises and has its headquarters in Mumbai. It broadcasts various shows ion Hindi and regional language. Besides India, the channel is also available in other parts of the world that includes the Middle East, South Asia, Europe, East Asia, North America, and many more to name. The channel was introduced in the year 1992 and was the first Hindi satellite channel. Some of the channel's famous TV serials are Kumkum Bhagya, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, Pavitra Rishta, Jodha Akbar, Hum Paanch, Banoo Main Teri Dulhann, Amanat, Jhansi Ki Rani, etc.
Formerly known as SAB TV, Sony SAB is one of the leading Hindi entertainment channels in India. The channel was introduced in the year 2000 and the year 2005 it was possessed by the Sony Entertainment Television, and since then the channel has been featuring youth-oriented shows. Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah is one of the longest-running shows and one of the flagships of the channel. Other shows that have garnered a huge TRP are Aladdin: Naam Toh Suna Hoga, Baalveer Returns, and Tenali Rama.
Viewers – 702566K
Started in the year 2015, &TV is one of the best TV channels in India. Zee Entertainment Enterprise owns the channel. Some of the shows that received huge TRP across the globe are Santoshi Maa, Ganga, and Bhagyalaxmi. The channel is also available on a live channel like ZEE 5. In the last couple of years, the channel has become one of the most viewed channels in the country with the increased viewership.
This channel is a bliss for all the movie buffs out there. The channel is known for its Hindi movies. It is a Hindi based satellite film channel and backed by the Zee entertainment enterprise. The enterprise is part of the Essel Group. The channel is broadcasted in several countries across the globe. Zee Cinema was founded in 1995 as a part of the Star TV; however, both the companies soon parted away. The channel is an ideal place to binge-watch all types of cinematic bliss. One can watch Hindi and regional movies dubbed in Hindi 24/7.
Introduced in the year 2017, Star Bharat is owned by Star India and is a part of the Walt Disney Company India. The channel is primarily known for historical, mythological, crime, and comedy shows. Star Bharat was formerly known as Life Ok an and Devo k Dev Mahadev was amongst the first serials that telecasted on the channel. The mythological serial was a huge hit. Before Life Ok, the channel was famous as Star One, which was synonymous with serials like Sarabhai Vs. Sarabhai and Remix. It was an Indian subscription- television youth channel that was first broadcasted in the year 2004. In the year 2006, the channel was launched in the UK ON sky.
Dangal is one of the leading Hindi Entertainment channels in India. The channel broadcasts original programs along with famous shows of popular channels. The channel is also amongst the most-watched Hindi language channel in the category of U+R since later 2019. Dangal is owned by Enterr10 Television Pvt. Ltd. Initially, the channel was broadcasted as the Bhojpuri channel. However, after receiving immense popularity, the channel was turned into a general entertainment Hindi channel. The channel started with the mythological serial Jai Shri Krishna. The channel also broadcasts some of the popular TV serials of channels like Colors, Zee TV, and others. TV shows like CIF, Crime Alert, Shiv Arjun: Ek Ichchadhari Ki Dastan (first prime time daily soap), Bahurani are to name a few original shows of the channel.
Viewers– 1058429K
DD National is the oldest Hindi entertainment channel in India. The channel is backed by Doordarshan and was started in the year 1959. It is a state-owned entertainment channel and the flagship channel of Doordarshan. Shows like Hum log, Mahabharat, Ramayan, Nukkad, Street Hawk, and Circus are some of the TV serials that were liked by the audience. During the COVID-19, when other leading channels stopped airing the fresh episodes of their serials, DD National re-telecasted their blockbuster shows such as Ramayana, Shaktimaan, Shrimaan Shrimati, Shahrukh Khan's Circus, Byomkesh Bakshi, Chanakya, Dekh Bhai Dekh. Amongst which Ramayan and Mahabharat created a history for gaining huge viewership.
Ever since TV was introduced, entertainment channels received immense popularity. With the change in time, new channels have been added, and many of them have bid adieu a long back. In order to entice their audience, every channel is coming up within the best of the content that reflects their ideologies. Here we have curated some of the best Hindi entertainment channels that have taken the country by storm. Do let us know which is your favorite channel?
October 16, 2020 20 Classic Doordarshan Serials List of 90s to Watch Again
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Eleet Cryogenics has announced it has appointed Ty Bradshaw as Product Supervisor, overseeing cryogenic tank rehabilitation and new cryogenic tank piping processes.
Most recently, Bradshaw was General Manager at Applied Industrial Technologies (Industrial Supply) in Bradley, IL. Prior to working at Applied, he worked at Linde in various roles from field service, asset management and procurement.
Bradshaw's strengths are in business management, operations/financial management and process improvement.
News is breaking that Nikkiso Co., has completed its 100% takeover of Cryogenic Industries Holdings, Inc. in a deal worth around $440m.
Eleet Cryogenics, Inc. has appointed Michael Vandergriff as Director of Sales - Southeast region.


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Teen critical after falling from train in Pietermaritzburg
PIETERMARITZBURG - A 15-year-old teenager suffered multiple, critical injuries after apparently falling from a train in Napierville, south of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal on Saturday afternoon, paramedics said.
ER24 paramedics arrived on the scene at 1.15pm to find the boy still lying on the tracks, ER24 spokesman Ross Campbell said.
"He'd …
Dusi oil spill: Clean-up of rivers could take 'years'
The ecological disaster - one of the worst of its kind to have happened in the province - began on Tuesday when about 1600 cubic metres (1.6 million litres) of fatty oils and caustic soda poured out of the Pietermaritzburg factory into the Msundusi River, just below the N3. The toxic …
Zuma's relative shot twice in the face by 'jealous' lover
Police allege Silindile Zuma, 30, was shot twice in the face by Mbuzeleni Mpungose, 33, when she told him she wanted to end the relationship.
Mpungose made another brief appearance before Vanitha Armu at the Durban Magistrate's Court this week.
State prosecutor Calvin Govender asked for the matter to …
Durban cleric relives 12-minute 'horror' hijacking
Hafiz Talha Kazi, 27, from Durban North, had just finished a guest sermon at the Musjid Soofie Saheb when five armed men shoved him into his car.
Speaking from his home on Saturday, Kazi said he was still a little shaken but rather optimistic as he relived his traumatic experience …
KZN truckers want companies to stop hiring undocumented immigrants
On Friday, drivers attended a meeting arranged by Employment and Labour Minister Thulasi Nxesi and his deputy Boitumelo Moloi, at the Royal Hotel, in the CBD, but complained such meetings were a waste of time because there was nothing new.
Siphesihle Muthwa of the National Truck Drivers Foundation told Nxesi …
Blacklisted companies still get eThekwini contracts
Meanwhile, the 13 companies that were supposed to be blacklisted from doing any further work with the city, because they were implicated along with Sithole, continue to receive contracts and payments.
There is also no word on the progress of her mandatory disciplinary hearing, which was supposed to start in …
Umdoni officials yet to be disciplined for corruption
Reports by Auditor-General Kimi Makwetu, the provincial Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (Cogta) and the municipal public accounts committee implicated several senior officials, including former municipal manager Xolani Luthuli.
The reports followed investigations into several projects deemed problematic by the council. They included loss of funds at the …
Andile Mpisane airs family's dirty laundry
Andile Mpisane on Thursday accused his businessman father Sbu Mpisane of lying, cheating, slandering and gossiping.
Triggered by the ownership dispute of the Royal Eagles Football Club, which is owned by his parents who are going through a divorce, the 18-year-old took to Instagram to air the family's dirty …

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Weapons station to new community, in 30 years flat
Three South Bay cities report an alarming surge in auto burglaries
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'Royal palate': Buckingham Palace is looking for new chef who will have special perk
Santa Rosa man pleads no contest to marijuana DUI and vehicular manslaughter
By James Lanaras, BCN
Posted Apr 05 2019 01:12PM PDT
SANTA ROSA, Calif. (BCN) - A Santa Rosa man pleaded no contest Friday in Sonoma County Superior Court to marijuana-related DUI and gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated.
Isidro Anthony Moya, 20, faces up to 13 years and eight months in prison when he is sentenced on June 3, Deputy District Attorney Scott Uemura said.
Moya was driving a 2007 Infiniti at a high rate of speed east on Valley Ford Road in unincorporated west Sonoma County on May 4 when the car drifted to the right, according to the California Highway Patrol.
Moya was under the influence of marijuana and he lost control of the Infinity when he turned left and collided with a westbound 2012 Lexus, the CHP said. David Bradley Etling, 18, of Petaluma, the right front passenger in the Infinity, was killed in the collision.
An elderly couple in the Lexus and an 18-year-old man in the back seat of the Infinity suffered major injuries in the collision, the CHP said.
Moya also was charged with causing great bodily injury to the three injured crash survivors. His preliminary hearing was scheduled for Friday, and he pleaded no contest to all the charges against him including possession of concentrated cannabis, driving without a license and crossing a solid double yellow line.
McConnell said he will ask for probation for Moya at the June sentencing. Moya has no previous criminal record, and he is devastated about the collision that killed his best friend and seriously injured three people, McConnell said.
Oakland Police Commission recommends firing officers involved in shooting death of homeless man
By Lisa Fernandez, KTVU
The Oakland Police Commission is recommending that the officers involved in the fatal shooting Joshua Pawlik be fired, adding that a video showing police shining a light in the sleeping homeless man's face as if to confuse him was the defining moment in helping them make their decision.
In public records released on Thursday, following a request by media organizations including KTVU, the commission members found that officers Brandon Hraiz, William Berger and Craig Tanaka as well as Sgt. Francisco Negrete, all discharged their rifles resulting in Pawlik's death on March 11, 2018, in violation of police policy. They also found that Officer Josef Phillips discharged a bean bag at Pawlik, which they said was a violation of the department's use-of-force policy.
The commissioners, who comprise a civilian-led body to oversee the police department, wrote that termination was the recommended "appropriate discipline" for all the officers. In addition, the commission recommended a demotion for Lt. Alan Yu, who was found by Oakland police superiors as well as the department's federal monitor, to have "failed to properly perform his duties" as the incident commander that day.
A judge has put a stop to a search warrant used by San Francisco Police Department to seize a freelance journalist's cell phone records before a raid on his home and office in May.
San Francisco Chronicle reports an attorney for videographer Bryan Carmody had made the request, arguing that police illegally seized computers and other property during the raid and that the seizure of cell phone records led to the raid.
Vallejo police investigating city's 7th homicide


Recommended Langkawi Accomodation: The Newly Renovated Resorts World Langkawi!
Is Langkawi one of the Malaysia most famous islands in your travel list? Here's the recommended Langkawi accommodation when you are travelling to Langkawi!
Resorts World Langkawi is the best place to stay. It is located at the southwestern tip of Langkawi Island, around 25 minutes' drive from airport and easily access to various attractions. It has a beautiful surrounding and also world-class facilities including newly renovated rooms. The renovation bring more comfort and stylish rooms and facilities to the hotel guest and making sure all the guest enjoy their stay in Resorts World Langkawi.
There are total of 211 rooms in Resorts World Langkawi. The room types included the newly renovated Standard room, Standard Seaview, Premier, Premier Seaview Rooms, Suite and Signature Suite.
Infinity pool is one of the highlights of Resorts World Langkawi. You can swim or just relax at the pool to enjoy the beautiful view of the sea. There will be cruises parked beside the hotel and you will see the beautiful scene of all the cruises. Also, there are 2 more pools for kids so both adults and kids can have a memorable memories in the resort. You may also visit the gym or the gaming room to spend your time! Get some foods after sports? There are 3 different dining spots which are Seagull Coffee House, Lobby Lounge and Zest.
Resorts World Langkawi let you enjoy the beautiful view of the sea and also sunrise and sunset. There is a lighthouse in the resort which you can go up and have a greater view! Resorts World Langkawi is continuous renovating and upgrading their facilities. Let's stay in Resorts World Langkawi for your next Langkawi trip!
Address: Resorts World Langkawi, 07000 Langkawi, Kedah.


Join us on March 28 for the first workshop to design the General Development Plan (GDP) for the new neighborhood park at The Junipers. The workshop is being hosts by Lennar Homes in partnership with the City of San Diego Parks and Rec. The goal of the workshop is to collect public input and identify consistent themes for desired park vision and desired park amenities/features. A General Development Plan, or GDP, is a document that details the plan and design guidelines to build a new public park. San Diego Council Policy 600-33 outlines the requirements of the GDP process to collect and synthesize public input..


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FIXME

## Contributors

  * [Nicolas Thouvenin](https://github.com/touv)

# Installation

With [npm](http://npmjs.org) do:

    $ npm install xml-array

# Tests

Use [mocha](https://github.com/visionmedia/mocha) to run the tests.

    $ npm install mocha
    $ mocha test

# API Documentation

# Also

FIXME

# License

[MIT/X11](https://github.com/touv/node-xml-array/blob/master/LICENSE)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


it's an old day in a new year.
the sky's still blue and the clouds will steal the blueness later. still.
when the sky's not looking.
then the top of my head will be grey.
i will be su tung-p'o and scratch all my memories away.
and i just cut my nails last nite so the ends are all sharpee and later the skin just above my ears will sting.
when i pour a pearl of shokubutsu on my palm and rub it all over my hair.
receding hairline is the ultimate, undeniable, proof of getting old.
whole day, maybe i won't even be able to finish it.
tasty, lowell, jodhpurs, fat baristas's breasts.
i liked especially the fat baristas's breasts.
i'd sit in badde manors for like a day and just stare at them.
and they'd stare back at me.
and even now i don't know if by "they" I mean the fat baristas or their big great breasts.
so i went home thinking, fat baristas's breasts are great, but they're not important.
– not like this nothingville.
i came home for all that.
and of course they refuse to reveal any of their secrets to me.
not like the fat baristas's breasts, they were willing and generous.


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Tag Archives: hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Hepatitis B Prevention, Hepatitis B Treatment
What Do I Do if I'm a Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Responder?
April 4, 2018 hepbtalk
Approximately 5-10% of people do not develop protective antibodies following the completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series. This is confirmed with a blood test called an anti-HBs titer test which is given 4 weeks following the completion of the series. If the test shows the titer is less then 10 mIU/mL the general recommendation is to complete the series again using a different brand of vaccine (e.g. if you received Engerix B, the first time, switch to Recombivax the 2nd time or vice-versa). A person is considered to be a "non-responder" if they have completed 2 full vaccination series' without producing adequate protective antibodies.
Another vaccine option is the new two-dose hepatitis B vaccine, HEPLISAV-BTM. The new vaccine is expected to increase immunization rates for adults in the United States and is administered over a one-month period. The vaccine provides greater seroprotection, which can mean a greater antibody response especially in adults who may be older, obese or live with type 2 diabetes making it an effective vaccine option.
It is also possible that a person who does not respond to the vaccine may already be infected with hepatitis B. Therefore, testing for the presence of the hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) is recommended before diagnosing a person as a "vaccine non-responder."
CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Responders
Persons who do not respond to the primary hepatitis B vaccine series (i.e., anti-HBs <10 mIU/mL) should complete a second 3-dose vaccine series or be evaluated to determine if they are HBsAg-positive. Persons who do not respond to an initial 3-dose vaccine series have a 30%–50% chance of responding to a second 3-dose series.
Revaccinated persons should be retested at the completion of the second vaccine series, 1-2 months following the last shot of the series.
Persons exposed to HBsAg-positive blood or body fluids who are known not to have responded to a primary vaccine series should receive a single dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and restart the hepatitis B vaccine series with the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after exposure. Alternatively, they should receive two doses of HBIG, one dose as soon as possible after exposure, and the second dose 1 month later.
The option of administering one dose of HBIG and restarting the vaccine series is preferred for non-responders who did not complete a second 3-dose vaccine series.
For persons who previously completed a second vaccine series but failed to respond, two doses of HBIG are preferred.
Hepatitis B vaccine "non-responders" who test negative for hepatitis B infection are at risk for being infected and should be counseled regarding how to prevent a hepatitis B infection and to seek immediate medical care to receive a dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) if they have been exposed to potentially infected blood.
"Non-responders" who test negative for hepatitis B infection as well as friends and family members should practice ways to prevent the spread of hepatitis B, including washing hands, using condoms during sex, avoid direct contact with blood and bodily fluids, and more.
Hepatitis B vaccine "non-responders" to vaccination who test positive for hepatitis B infection should be counseled regarding how to prevent transmitting the hepatitis B virus to others and the need for regular medical care and monitoring for their chronic infection.
In the case of possible exposures to HBV infected blood or body fluids, it is recommended that non-responders receive 2 doses of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) – the first dose should be given within 24 hours of the exposure, and the second dose should be given 1 month later. The CDC has recommendations online for what to do in case a susceptible person is possibly exposed to the hepatitis B virus.
Check out our previous post on the topic here.
CDC Guidance for Evaluating Health-Care Personnel for Hepatitis B Virus Protection and for Administering Postexposure Management. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6210a1.htm
HEPLISAV-B. Retrieved from: https://heplisavb.com/
HBV nonresponderHBV vaccinehep B vaccinehepatitis b nonresponderhepatitis B vaccineHeplisavvaccinevaccine nonresponder
Hepatitis B Advocacy, Hepatitis B Prevention
Vlog: "Hilleman: A Perilous Quest to Save the World's Children" Screening
December 27, 2017 hepbtalk
Join Kristine Alarcon, MPH for A Day in the Life of a Public Health Coordinator to learn about some of the activities we at the Hepatitis B Foundation take part in!
This episode highlights our special film screening of "Hilleman: A Perilous Quest to Save the World's Children."
Check out our previous blog post for more information about the event here and our last vlog here.
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Hepatitis B Prevention, Hepatitis B Treatment, Liver Cancer, News
Special Film Screening: "Hilleman: A Perilous Quest to Save the World's Children"
December 1, 2017 hepbtalk
The Hepatitis B Foundation was excited to share a special film screening of Hilleman: A Perilous Quest to Save the World's Children.
Packed house at the film screening with opening remarks by Chari Cohen, DrPH, MPH
The documentary film, produced by The Vaccine Makers Project, follows the unknown story of a man who "had more of an impact on [people's] lives compared to Einstein." The film tells the story of a courageous and gutsy scientist, Dr. Maurice R. Hilleman, and the elimination of diseases of children. With his unwavering determination, Dr. Hilleman invented the first-ever vaccine against a human cancer (the hepatitis B vaccine), developed the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combination vaccine, and prevented pandemic flu. During World War II he developed an urgently needed vaccine for Japanese B encephalitis in 30 days.
The hepatitis B virus was also featured in the documentary.
He is responsible for more than half of the vaccines children receive today and is credited with saving more than eight million lives every year. Now through exclusive interviews with Dr. Hilleman and his peers, rare archival footage, and 3-D animation, this new documentary puts a human face to vaccine science, revealing the character that drove this bold, complex, and heroic man.
When parents began choosing not to vaccinate their children in the 1990s, a cruel irony became clear; Hilleman's unprecedented successes have allowed us to forget just how devastating childhood diseases can be. The documentary reminds us by allowing us to see these diseases as part of the film.
Chari Cohen, DrPH, MPH introducing the panelists. L-R: Timothy Block, PhD (Moderator), Donald Rayne Mitchell, David Oshinsky, PhD, Walter Tsou , MD, MPH, Paul Offit, MD
Community members from Philadelphia and Bucks County came for the film screening as they enjoyed fun movie snacks. They also enjoyed a panel discussion moderated by Timothy Block, PhD, with the documentary director and esteemed representatives from scientific community. Expert panelists included Donald Rayne Mitchell, Paul Offit, MD, David Oshinsky, PhD, and Walter Tsou, MD, MPH. They shared their thoughts on the documentary, Dr. Hilleman's life, and the future of vaccines. Mitchell and Dr. Offit expressed that the documentary film was created to "inspire a kid or to get into [scientific] work someday," and to "put a human face on vaccines."
For more information about the film, click here. If you are interested in learning more about the hepatitis B vaccine, click here.
Be on the look out for a special "preview" vlog of the film screening at the end of December 2017.
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Hepatitis B Prevention
The 3-Shot Hepatitis B Vaccine – Do I Need to Restart the Series if I Am Off the Recommended Schedule?
October 25, 2017 hepbtalk	962 Comments
The Hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective 3-shot series that protects against the hepatitis B virus. If you do not have a current hepatitis B infection, or have not recovered from a past infection, then hepatitis B vaccination is an important way to protect yourself. The recommended schedule for the hepatitis B vaccine is to receive the first shot, followed in one month by the second shot. Six months following the first shot, you should receive your third and final shot of the series.
If you wish to ensure you have generated adequate immunity, and are protected, you can have your anti-HBs (HBsAb) titres checked 4-8 weeks following the last shot of the hepatitis B vaccine series. If your titer is greater than 10 mIU/mL, then you have adequate immunity which is thought to confer lifetime immunity, but studies so far show 30 years. This is because these studies are on-going!
Please note that checking anti-HBs titres is not generally recommended for all vaccine recipients, with the exception of those that are at greater risk of infection. This includes but is not limited to health care workers, those with sexual partners with hepatitis B, and those living in a household where someone is infected. Talk to your doctor if you think you might be at higher risk and need to have your titres checked.
So what happens if you go for shot one, followed by shot two in a month, but you never get to shot three? The minimum length of time between the three shots in the series is 0, 1 month, and 6 months. This is the schedule recommended for the shortest amount of time, with the best immune response for the general population. However, if you don't get to shot three of the series for another two years, or if you never got to shot two, you can resume right from where you left off, and continue without the need for repeating the series. Just remember that you are not fully protected until you have completed the series.
Here is a rule to remember the minimum time in between shots in the series:
Dose 2 should be separated by dose 1 by at least one month (4 weeks or 28 days)
Dose 3 should be separated by dose 2 by at least 2 months (8 weeks) AND from dose 1 by at least 4 months (16 weeks).
Keep in mind that the goal is to get people protected in the shortest amount of time, with the fewest number of doses. If you do not complete the series, you will not have adequate, longterm protection from hepatitis B.
What happens if you don't have your vaccine records, and you have no idea if you ever got shot 1 or 2, and you just want to repeat the series? There is no concern with repeating the HBV vaccine series, so if you are unsure, please start the series from shot 1.
What about an accelerated schedule? Generally doctors advise against an accelerated schedule since it requires a 4th dose in order to provide long term protection. It's hard enough to get people to adhere to the 3-shot schedule. Planning for a 4th dose in a year is a challenge.
What happens if you are pregnant; is it safe to get vaccinated? Absolutely yes!
What do you do while you're waiting to complete the series? Be sure to take basic precautions avoiding direct contact with infected blood and practice safe sex.
Be sure you and your loved ones vaccinated are against hepatitis B so you can be hepatitis B free for life!
#vaccinesworkHBVHBV vaccinehep Bhep B vaccinehepatitis Bhepatitis B vaccineimmunizationsVaccines
Hepatitis B Advocacy, Living with Hepatitis B
Who is Ted Slavin? #virusappreciationday
October 3, 2017 hepbtalk
"We will long remember Ted Slavin as a gallant man who loved life and who contributed greatly to our research efforts"
-Baruch S. Blumberg, Irving Millman, W. Thomas London, and other members of the Division of Clinical Research Fox Chase Cancer Center, 19851
Baruch S. Blumberg
"Who is Ted Slavin? Why haven't I heard about him before?" crept into my mind as I was reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Rebecca Skloot wrote a short snippet about Ted Slavin, detailing the story of a hemophiliac who sold his antibodies and aided Dr. Baruch Blumberg in the discovery of the link between the hepatitis B virus and liver cancer, which eventually led to the first hepatitis B vaccine.2 I was surprised that I had never heard of him, and that his name was not enshrined on the walls of the Hepatitis B Foundation. I see the smiling and jovial face of Dr. Blumberg nearly every time I walk into the office, but never the image of a man who contributed so much to his efforts.
Blood Serum
Ted Slavin developed antibodies against hepatitis B after receiving infected blood transfusions to treat his hemophilia. The blood he received back in the 1950s was not screened for any diseases. His doctor helped him realize that his blood was valuable because of the copious amounts of antibodies for hepatitis B. At the time, those antibodies were a hot commodity as scientists were conducting research to learn more about hepatitis B prevention and treatment. Slavin decided to the sell his antibody-rich blood and even donated his blood to Dr. Blumberg's research team at Fox Chase Cancer Center. He later formed Essential Biologicals, a company that collected blood from others like him. They were everyday patients who could turn their rare or unique blood into money making products, while at the same time advancing important research into diseases that were not well understood.2
As I read the brief overview of Slavin's life, I initially perceived him as someone who was both lucky and smart: Slavin was lucky because his doctor gave him information on the value of his antibodies2; and smart because he knew how to make the best of something once considered a burden in his life.3 As I did a little more detective work, I realized Ted Slavin was not just a guy who made money off his cells, but someone who contributed to the fight against the hepatitis B virus, which I am passionate about!
My detective work led me to a deeper understanding of Mr. Slavin and his contribution to important milestones on the road to hepatitis B elimination.3,4,5,6,7 I found discussions and case studies on the ethics associated with his circumstance. Through my research journey, I learned more about him and my perception of Slavin started to change. He was, like many, struggling to make ends meet. He didn't entirely profit off his antibodies because he donated a majority of the money he made to advance scientific research.4 At the same time, Slavin was "hopeful for a cure," and he trusted Dr. Blumberg, his favorite researcher among the many studying hepatitis B, with his antibodies.1 To Dr. Blumberg and the researchers working with him, Ted Slavin was a brave, courageous man who helped save millions of lives.1
The story of Ted Slavin, like that of Henrietta Lacks, is not only a reminder of the importance of bioethics and the need for public health and scientific research; his story reminds us there is an invisible face behind every success. Because of Ted Slavin, there are tests to diagnose hepatitis B, ways to detect liver cancer linked to hepatitis B, and the first cancer preventative vaccine!
For more information about the hepatitis B vaccine, please visit our website here.
For helping looking for the hepatitis B vaccine, you can go here or to the HealthMap Vaccine Finder.
Lavin, EFS. (2013). Exploring Life and Death at the Cellular Level: An Examination of How Our Cells Can Live Without Us. Quadrivium: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Scholarship, 5(1),
Skloot, R. (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Crown Publishing Group.
Ted Slavin's Story and more. Retrieved from: http://tissuerights.weebly.com/ted-slavin.html
Skloot, R. (2006, Apr 16). Taking the Least of You. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/magazine/taking-the-least-of-you.html
Angsana T. (2010, Nov 9). Second Story from Ted Slavin. Retrieved from: http://angsanat.blogspot.com/2010/11/second-story-from-ted-slavin.html
C, Anna. (2012, Jul 26). World Hepatitis Day: The History of the Hepatitis B Vaccine. Retrieved from: http://advocatesaz.org/2012/07/26/world-hepatitis-day-the-history-of-the-hepatitis-b-vaccine/
Baruch S. Blumbergbioethicschronic hepatitis BHenrietta Lackshep B vaccinehepatitis Bhepatitis B vaccinehepatitis b virusRebecca SklootTed Slavinvirusappreciationday
A Valuable Tool Against Chronic Hepatitis B Goes Unused in Many Developing Countries
February 8, 2017 hepbtalk
Image courtesy of tuelekza at FreeDigitalPhotos.net.
By Christine Kukka
A critical tool that stops the spread of nearly half of all new chronic hepatitis B infections is still unavailable in many developing countries – the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose.
When the hepatitis B vaccine is immediately administered to a baby born to a hepatitis B-infected mother, it stops the terrible spread of hepatitis B to a new generation.
But this vaccine remains unavailable and financially out-of-reach for many parents in rural areas of Africa, Asia and other regions.
"In Ghana, even if parents know where to find the vaccine, the cost sometimes deters them from accessing it," said Theobald Owusu-Ansah of the Hepatitis B Foundation of Ghana. "And when midwives help mothers deliver their babies in their homes, they do not have the vaccine with them because it must be refrigerated."
While a global childhood immunization program, sponsored by the global vaccine alliance GAVI, has saved millions of lives, the hepatitis B birth dose remains a critical, missing piece of its otherwise successful global immunization strategy.
Image courtesy of africa at FreeDigitalPhotos.net.
To effectively prevent mother-to-child (perinatal) transmission of hepatitis B, the single-dose hepatitis B vaccine must be administered within 12 to 24* hours of birth. In about 90 percent of cases, this vaccine effectively prevents infection, unless the mother's viral load is extremely high.**
Today, GAVI funds and promotes the pentavalent vaccine, which prevents five diseases including hepatitis B, for nearly all children in developing countries. But here's the catch, the earliest the first dose of the pentavalent vaccine can be administered is six weeks of age because it contains the diphtheria vaccine. This is far too late to prevent perinatal hepatitis B infection.
GAVI's pentavalent vaccine makes economic and medical sense. One vaccine that prevents several diseases lowers manufacturing and shipping costs and requires fewer injections. Indeed, widespread immunization with GAVI's pentavalent vaccine in 73 developing countries has prevented 7 million deaths, but it doesn't prevent chronic hepatitis B acquired at birth.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has made eradication of hepatitis B by 2030 a major goal, but it is unattainable unless perinatal infection is prevented.
Without GAVI's financing or promotion of the hepatitis B birth dose, many developing countries have done little to promote the birth dose, despite their high rates of hepatitis B. According to the WHO, in 2015, 8.4 million babies were born in African countries that did not provide the birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine.
In addition to a lack of political will on the part of GAVI and these countries, there are other barriers to distributing the hepatitis B birth vaccine. As Owusu-Ansah explained, about one-third of births in his native Ghana and about 45 percent of all births in Africa take place without a healthcare worker or midwife present.
Volunteers from the Rann India Foundation teach villagers about hepatitis B testing and prevention in India.
Suren Surender, founder and president of the Rann Bhoomi Foundation, which educates rural villagers in India about hepatitis B prevention, added that even when healthcare workers are present at childbirths, "there is a lack of knowledge about birth dose administration and there is also a lack of community awareness about the benefits of getting the birth dose."
Having a global leader like GAVI lend financial and strategic support for the hepatitis B birth vaccine would go far to chip away at these high perinatal infection rates in rural regions. In 2013, GAVI and the global vaccine alliance explored funding the hepatitis B birth dose as part of its Vaccine Investment Strategy (VIS), but officials decided not to fund it.
According to a GAVI spokeswoman, the key deterrent was implementation — getting the refrigerated vaccine birth dose to rural areas within hours of a child's birth – rather than cost.
"Many births in GAVI-supported countries do occur outside health facilities," she noted. "Indeed, coverage of hepatitis B birth dose in many countries delivering this intervention is low. Ultimately, the Vaccine Investment Strategy analysis and consultations recommended that (GAVI) should focus its limited resources on other high-impact vaccines at the time."
However, research suggests the hepatitis B vaccine may be effective for several days or weeks in warm climates without refrigeration, which could increase their use in rural regions if there was more financial and political support.
In 2018, GAVI will reconsider potential support for the hepatitis B birth dose when it develops a new Vaccine Investment Strategy, with a decision expected in late 2018.
GAVI's support for the birth vaccine is needed immediately. Only GAVI has the resources and political clout to help countries realign their immunization policies to allow the next generation of children born to hepatitis B-infected parents to live without liver disease.
*North American medical guidelines recommend the first hepatitis B vaccine dose be administered within 12 hours of birth, while WHO recommends the vaccine be given within 24 hours of birth.
**The addition of a dose of HBIG (hepatitis B antibodies) along with the vaccine raises the prevention rate a few percentage points. However, the vaccine alone is highly effective.
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Hepatitis B Advocacy, Hepatitis B Prevention, Living with Hepatitis B
The Hepatitis B Community Cringes As Vaccine Skeptics Take the Stage in Washington
January 18, 2017 hepbtalk
Image courtesy of Tuomas_Lehtinen at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
In a profound blow to science, public health and the hepatitis B community, President-elect Donald Trump is reportedly asking Robert F. Kennedy Jr. — who believes that vaccines cause autism — to chair a national commission on vaccines.
Countless studies show vaccines are safe and effective and do not cause autism. The hepatitis B vaccine alone has contributed to an 82 percent drop in this deadly liver disease in the U.S. since 1991. Before universal childhood immunizations became available, one in 20 Americans had been infected with hepatitis B. Sadly, that spectacular success has not quieted vaccine skeptics.
It is heart-breaking to hear that an anti-vaccine activist may gain a public forum to promote his scientifically-unfounded opinions. If the hepatitis B vaccine had been available to my daughter and millions of others around the world at birth, there would be fewer people with chronic hepatitis B, fewer deaths from liver disease and cancer and far less anguish, fear and stigma. Vaccines safely and effectively prevent disease, and all of us who have been touched by hepatitis B can attest to their life-saving value.
Let's review the indisputable scientific facts about vaccines, and why this controversy has resurfaced.
In 1998, the well-respected medical journal Lancet published a paper by researcher Andrew Wakefield and 12 of his colleagues linking a standard measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and its preservative thimerosal to autism. Despite its tiny sample size (just 12 children) and its speculative conclusions, the study was publicized and bolstered the anti-vaccine movement.
The study proved to be a fraud. Editors of the Lancet later retracted the report, and additional investigations into the study found some of children in the study did even have autism. But the damage was done and hepatitis B vaccine makers and others scrambled to remove thimerasol from their vaccines to counter the undocumented claims that it posed a threat to children. A thimerasol-free, hepatitis B vaccine became available in late 1999.
Image courtesy of meepoohfoto at FreeDigitalPhotos.net.
But parents in the U.S. increasingly chose not to vaccinate their children, even after the disappearance of thimerasol. They didn't like all the shots their babies were given, and vaccines became victims of their own success. They were so effective that parents began to believe their children were no longer at risk of these vaccine-preventable diseases and did not need immunization.
Before the measles vaccine became available, there were 500,000 cases of measles annually in the U.S. and 500 deaths. By 2000, due to universal immunization, measles had been eradicated. Then the anti-vaccine movement took hold and more and more parents chose not to vaccinate their children. In 2014, the U.S. experienced 667 cases of measles in 27 states, including an outbreak at Disneyland. This is what happens when parents stop vaccinating their children.
What is so piercing and terrible is that millions of us would be free of hepatitis B if only we had been vaccinated at birth or during childhood.
To arouse suspicion about vaccines that save millions of people every day is unforgivable. My daughter has hepatitis B today because this vaccine was not available when she was born. To plant false seeds of doubt about a life-saving vaccine undermines all we have worked for in our effort to eradicate hepatitis B in the next 30 years.
"A conspiracy theory such as the one about the autism vaccine is like an untreated wound," wrote Michael Specter recently in The New Yorker. "It has festered for years, and yesterday Trump and Kennedy guaranteed that it can only deepen—causing tremendous destruction and needless pain."
For factual information about vaccine safety, schedules, and why babies are given so many vaccines, click here.
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A Hero Takes the Fight Against Hepatitis B to Rural Ghana
August 24, 2016 hepbtalk
A street scene in Ghana. Photo by Ebenezer Akakpo.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic, ebola and malaria have infected and killed millions in Sub-Saharan Africa , but another infection, more silent and insidious, has also destroyed millions of African lives yet has received little attention from the global community—hepatitis B.
A recent article in The Lancet medical journal estimates that between 5 and 20 percent of the 1 billion Africans in this region have been infected with hepatitis B and 5 percent are chronically infected.
The region lacks the healthcare workers and resources to educate, screen and immunize people for hepatitis B, and there are few medical centers or drugs available to treat those infected. In a cruel twist of fate, many people find out about their hepatitis B when they attempt to donate blood.
A road in northern Ghana. Photo by Ebenezer Akakpo.
"It was on one fateful day in 2007, during my second year in college, when I decided to donate blood to help save the lives of pregnant mothers who undergo complications during deliveries," wrote one young man who now works with the Hepatitis Foundation of Ghana. "Everything was OK, until the lab technician called out my name and told me they cannot let me complete the processes because my blood was 'incompatible.' He later handed me a fact sheet on hepatitis and requested that I read it thoroughly," he recalled. "I felt so confused and didn't know what to do. I thought I would be referred to see a physician for counseling but no, nothing. Not knowing what to do, I decided to educate myself."
He went online and read several articles about hepatitis B. He learned the importance of avoiding alcohol and smokin and eating healthy foods. "In 2009, I took another test that revealed I was in the chronic stage of the infection," he recalled. "Even the health professionals at that facility couldn't explain what that really meant. I was confused and didn't know if I was going to die or not."
A year later, he had another test that showed the infection was not currently causing any liver damage. "I live in a community and country where the level of awareness about hepatitis is very low," he explained. "The majority of the people are ignorant about the situation. I have lost some family members as a result of the disease."
His research led him to the foundation in Ghana. "I no longer feel left alone. I now feel I have someone whom I could call upon for any information or seek clarification concerning my situation. Not only me, but for my community too," he wrote.
The foundation, established by Theobald Owusu-Ansah, is attempting to educate people about hepatitis B to stop an infection that is killing thousands in Ghana. In Africa, hepatitis B is commonly spread during childbirth, through re-used syringes due to scarce medical resources and sexually. A lack of knowledge about hepatitis B and how it is spread, especially among healthcare workers and midwives, has also helped spread the disease.
Owusu-Ansah established the foundation in 2007 after four of his family members died from hepatitis B. He realized he had to take action to educate people about this deadly infection and get better treatment for people living with hepatitis B. Here is his story about a young woman diagnosed while attending nursing school.
Theobald Owusu-Ansah, president of the Hepatitis Foundation of Ghana
"Initially, someone had put her on some herbal preparations and told her they would cure her ailment after she was first diagnosed with hepatitis B," he recalled. Owusu-Ansah spent hours educating her about hepatitis B and she went for tests, which revealed she had liver damage. She was referred to a physician who prescribed the antiviral tenofovir (Viread) and recommended regular monitoring. After several months of treatment, her liver was healthy and her viral load was undetectable.
Years passed, she married and became pregnant. Osusu-Ansah reminded her that her babies would be protected against hepatitis B if they immediately received the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG within 12 hours of birth.
But things went wrong. She had stopped taking tenofovir. Her midwife gave her an herbal remedy for hepatitis B and told her the vaccine would be enough to protect the baby. It wasn't, the baby became infected. The mother was devastated.
"Her story is not so different from many others' experiences in some parts of Ghana," he explained. "The unavailability of HBIG and the vaccine is challenging, and even when they are available, very few can afford them."
In Ghana, and many other regions of Africa, the only vaccines available for free are combination (pentavalent) vaccines that contain vaccines for hepatitis B, diphtheria and other diseases. While economical, these combination vaccines cannot be administered until a baby is at least six weeks old, which is too late to prevent mother-to-child infection.
To break the infection cycle, a single dose (monovalent) hepatitis B vaccine must be administered within 12 hours of birth.
"I believe something can be done about this," said Owusu-Ansah. "With government support, we need to expand our education campaigns to cover rural areas and take the message of hope to their doorsteps."
For more information about the Hepatitis Foundation of Ghana, visit its website or email theobald2003@yahoo.com.
birth doseGhanahepatitis B vaccineHepatitis Foundation of Ghana
Liver Cancer, Living with Hepatitis B
Is Your Family Getting Together for the Holidays? Time to Discover Your Medical History
November 23, 2015 hepbtalk
Image courtesy of stockimages at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
When we have chronic hepatitis B, knowing our family medical history can give us an inside edge to fight this infection.
Hepatitis B is an infection that often runs in families, and knowing how our parents or grandparents handled this liver disease can give us insider information about our own genetic prospects with hepatitis B.
Experts estimate that more than half of us worldwide became infected at birth. Our mothers may have been infected with hepatitis B and immunization, which can prevent infection if administered within 12 hours of birth, was not available to us as newborns, nor to our mothers or grandmothers. Continue reading "Is Your Family Getting Together for the Holidays? Time to Discover Your Medical History" →
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Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Hepatitis B Treatment, Living with Hepatitis B
Shop Carefully for the Best Insurance Plan When You Have Hepatitis B
October 28, 2015 hepbtalk	2 Comments
With the cost of health care and prescription drugs soaring, it's important to choose health insurance carefully when you take hepatitis B medications and need frequent check-ups and lab tests.
In the next two months, Medicare recipients, people who get insurance through their jobs and consumers buying coverage through the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) will be selecting insurance plans during open enrollment.
If you take antivirals or interferon and have frequent lab tests and doctor visits, it's important that you select the plan that:
Has your specialist or primary care doctor and lab in its network,
And offers the lowest copay for the drugs you need.
Continue reading "Shop Carefully for the Best Insurance Plan When You Have Hepatitis B" →
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Legislative Assembly for the ACT: 2012 Week 2 Hansard (23 February) . . Page.. 733..
The standing committee has made 21 recommendations proposing substantial changes to the ACT's electoral campaign funding and disclosure laws. The core recommendations in the committee's report focused on imposing caps on electoral donations and expenditure as well as increasing the level of funding provided to parties, MLAs and candidates.
The bill introduces two caps on electoral spending: a cap on electoral expenditure and a cap on giving and receiving electoral donations, or "gifts"as they are referred to in the bill. The bill also introduces additional reporting requirements around electoral expenditure to ensure that the caps on expenditure and gifts are monitored in a transparent and robust manner.
These reforms are aimed at improving the ACT's laws around campaign finance and enhancing citizens' capacity to engage in the democratic process without undue or inappropriate influence from political parties or their affiliated entities.
I will deal with the cap on electoral expenditure first. The bill introduces a cap of $60,000 on electoral expenditure, per candidate, by party groupings. This cap comes in direct response to recommendation 2 of the standing committee's report. As the standing committee has noted, the introduction of a cap on electoral expenditure would align the ACT with regulatory frameworks in New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and the Republic of Ireland.
The government believes that this cap is a proportionate and justified mechanism to prevent electoral expenditure from having an undue influence on ACT Legislative Assembly elections. For parties there is a two-stage test for determining whether or not the offence of exceeding the expenditure cap is committed.
Firstly, the party grouping must incur electoral expenditure in relation to an election in the capped expenditure period for an election. Second, the total expenditure must be more than the expenditure cap for the election multiplied by the lesser of the sum of the maximum number of members for the electorate and the number of candidates nominated by the party in the electorate.
For example, if the electorate is a five-member electorate, the total expenditure incurred by a party that would constitute an offence will be $60,000 multiplied by the lesser of either five or the number of candidates that the party has nominated for that electorate. In a seven-member electorate, the expenditure threshold required would be $60,000 multiplied by the lesser of either seven or the number of candidates that the party has nominated for that electorate.
The bill also provides that non-party MLAs, and the financial representatives of party groupings, non-party candidate groupings and third-party campaigners commit an offence if non-party MLAs, non-party candidate groupings or third-party campaigners exceed the electoral expenditure cap for that election.


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Scarlett is ready for her forever home and will make you smile daily with her silly head tilts and crazy zoomies.


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What is a blockchain?
The terms and definitions concerning the blockchain world are often confused, exchanged or misrepresented. This is what happens when a new technology begins to spread, faces the market and influences the daily lives of a large number of people.
One of the most common mistakes of recent years is to think that the blockchain is a simple virtual wallet for exchanging money. Not so, thinking it is a mistake. As we will see later, this type of confusion obviously derives from the fact that the blockchain technology has had a great diffusion thanks to Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency born in 2009, which has experienced a great diffusion at the end of 2014 and which has acted as a "forerunner" for this new world that many call New Internet.
But the blockchain so what is it?
We could start by saying that blockchain is a technology that works as an extremely secure transactional register, a register shared by all the parts that compose it and that operate within a network through the consensus mechanism.
The blockchain system eliminates the need for a control by a third-party entity: each part of the blockchain ("node") records and stores all the information passages that occur within the network.
The verification of information takes place within every single block generated, hence, precisely, block-chain.
Immutability, traceability and security through a cryptographic procedure are the main features of the blockchain technology.
More generally, a blockchain can be described by these five factors:
Some see this new technology as a political tool. Indeed, based on the characteristics listed above, there is a tendency to see in the blockchain technology a "new era of democracy".
The lack, or rather the non-necessity of a central control body means that every node becomes the controller and the "verifier of truth", without ever assuming a hierarchical superior role to the others. Unable to corrupt, modify or force the system. Any error or attempted tampering is signaled by the constant cross-check between the various nodes. This methodology has made us think of an "absolute value of democracy".
One of the most important concepts to know and understand before proceeding is the relationship between blockchain and distributed archives. Distributed Ledger Technology or ledger is a system that refers to a distributed register, which is created, managed, organized and controlled by the nodes of the network that compose it.
Physically the database is not located inside a computer alone, but is synchronized simultaneously on multiple computers.
A blockchain can be considered as belonging to the category of Distributed Ledger Technology or DLT. Each phase of creation, management and control is performed in the DLT through cryptographic algorithms that allow the user to access the system and move within it.
Whenever a transaction is made (a transaction is defined as a simple "passing of data"), this is encrypted by an asymmetric double-key signature mechanism, one public and one private. Here is explained the definition of distributed register:
Register because it keeps every data exchange in memory
Distributed because it overcomes the need for a central control and makes the management and guarantee mechanism between the various nodes.
The correct functioning of the database is based on two very important software processes:
Database replication: a continuous and constant analysis of the database is carried out on each node. Every time a change is detected, it is brought into every database distributed on each node to always have an equal DLT over the entire network.
Duplication: process that ensures that all registers have the same data, also ensuring that there are no incorrect overwrites in the local data.
Now, the validation of each transaction within a DLT is based on the concept of Consensus, a mechanism that manages the participation of nodes and "creates trust" within the blockchain.
The DLTs are characterized by the types of consensus management and the logics of register setup. Blockchain can be defined as a Distributed Ledger Technology characterized by a register that manages transactions within a Chain of Blocks.
Each new block is added to the existing network thanks to a consensus process distributed on all the nodes of the network itself. All nodes are required to validate and record each transaction of each block.
It therefore becomes clear that being able to define the blockchain directly and synthetically is difficult and not entirely correct; will always be an incomplete definition.
Blockchain is a model that is declined from time to time depending on which interpretation is given to the basic concepts of decentralization and participation. The uses of the blockchain can be varied, not only in the economic field.
Since every transaction is nothing more than a passage of information, we could say, using a seafaring metaphor, that the blockchain is a "register of communication", a sort of "logbook" simultaneously distributed to all the sailors of the boat who in the pocket you always find the most updated, verified and approved version of all the controls. The peculiarity is that this boat has no commander. Hierarchically speaking, there is no higher or privileged role than others. All sailors can give and receive orders, through the unanimous consensus of the rest of the crew.
Returning outside the metaphor, within each node the communications of the node itself and of the rest of the entire network are recorded. To validate each step, an immutable Timestamp, an unchangeable Time Marker, is used.
Within the block's operation, the concept of hash is very important (non-invertible algorithmic computer function that maps a string of arbitrary length into a string of predefined length) that uniquely identifies the block and allows connection with the block previous by identifying the previous block.
The fundamental parts
A blockchain is therefore composed of:
node: whoever joins the blockchain represents a node. Technically and physically we talk about a computer connected and hooked to the network.
transaction: every action that takes place between two or more nodes and defines a data passage. Each transaction is such from the moment in which each node organizes, approves, validates and archives the entire data exchange. Each transaction must contain various information: the sending person, the recipient's public address and the Cryptographic Key. The exchange is always encrypted.
block: is a group of transactions that is stored on the Distributed Ledger by blockchain members. The block to be connected to the previous block and, therefore, to the rest of the blockchain must receive the approval and verification of all the members of the chain. It is immutable and characterized by a hash which also contains information relating to the previous block.
ledger: is the "Master Book" consisting of the set of blocks joined together by cryptography and hash and in which all exchanges are recorded. Each recording is immutable, transparent, orderly and sequential.
hash: non-erasable operation that allows you to map a text or numeric string of variable length into a unique and unique string of given length
The hash identifies each block, it is a kind stamp on the "block passport".
Before the advent of DLT, the ledger of a company, a group or a bank was one. All those who referred to the central database had a relationship of trust towards the manager.
The manager was the guarantor of any transaction or "data movement", also deciding who could access it and operate within the system.
As we have already seen, the great change in the blockchain derives from the fact that there no longer exists a central guarantor that holds the only database, but the register is shared among all the nodes of the network that verify, control and manage each transaction and subsequently authorize each new block.
The ledger becomes multiple and accessible to everyone, always.
Each member of the network is therefore able to carry out a transaction and modify the existing ones, obviously with the consensus given the rest of the network.
But how is it possible that each node is able to control all transactions and, therefore, to legitimize them?
The blockchain mechanism allows each member, verified and regularly admitted to the block network, to analyze each transaction completely automatically.
The automation of the blockchain system is what allows the technology to progress regularly and avoid possible delays, malfunctions or errors in managing the consensus.
The ledger thus becomes precisely distributed, quickly shared, secure and resistant to corruption.
It is a very important and fundamental role for the blockchain to evolve, increase and remain constantly protected.
As we have said, a block is the set of multiple transactions that are merged, controlled and encrypted. In order for a block to be created and added to the rest of the chain, it is necessary to solve a complex and articulated mathematical calculation that requires great processing capacity and computational power. This absolutely basic operation is called Mining. The one who does it is called Miner.
The creation and management over time of any type of blockchain would be impossible without constant mining operations. But just as importantly, in a "public blockchain" anyone can become a Miner and try to validate and encrypt the next blockchain block.
The blockchain miners are therefore in competition: the race is in being able to undermine a new block through the computing power of their computer. It's a sort of challenge to solving a cryptographic puzzle. Those who succeed in arriving at the solution of the "puzzle" before the others will have the right to guarantee the block with the Proof of Work.
This also serves as a building of trust within the network: a concept to be clarified is that the nodes are not known to each other. Each node that constitutes the blockchain is "non-public", ie it is not possible to know its identity. Therefore, to create trust, collaboration and "help" between the various nodes, the Proof of Work guarantees and validates transactions and blocks.
What is the advantage of winning this race to "undermine a block"?
Explain this better. Every time a miner first manages to undermine a new block, and add it to the pre-existing chain, it is rewarded.
The miner receives in exchange a cryptocurrency, a virtual currency, which depends on the type of blockchain and which is calculated based on the transactions contained in the block and on the "effort" made to undermine the block itself. The sum received as a reward can therefore reach a considerable value and the activity of the miner can sometimes be very profitable. Once the validity of all transactions is verified, the block is created and added to the chain thanks to the control carried out by all the nodes. If at this stage "something wrong" is detected, an error, the block is not validated, is rejected and is not added to the rest of the chain and all the nodes have the possibility to see this "refusal".
On the contrary, if everything is correct, the block is validated and becomes immutable.
To modify the data of an "old" Centralized Ledger system it is sufficient to corrupt and act on the central guarantor. This does not mean that it is an easy operation, but only that in order to delete or change the recorded transactions it is enough to act on only one element of the network. In the blockchain it is totally different.
To modify a block or a transaction or, more generally, a data recorded in the ledger, one should simultaneously violate all the books distributed and contained in the single nodes of the network.
A virtually impossible operation. Any anomaly or disparity between the various registers distributed would be detected and rejected by the system which would therefore be in protection. For the same reason there is no possibility to create a false ledger. In the blockchain everything happens in a transparent and controllable way by everyone at all times.
Permissioned Blockchains
The structure requires that one or more nodes of the network be "special" and can give or deny authorization to another node to participate in the life and creation of the blockchain.
It is a type of structure that is often used by banks, public administrations or large companies to manage the relationship with their customers or users.
Permissionless Blockchains
There is no special participant or "more important" node than others within the chain structure. Authorizations are given or denied simultaneously by the whole blockchain system.
Both in a Permissioned and Permissionless Blockchains, the possibility of having a distributed Ledger contained in every single node is possible thanks to:
Creation and use of complex data control and verification algorithms
These tools make the blocks created indelible and non-modifiable and at the same time allow each node to process its operations independently, but always under the simultaneous validation of the other nodes.
DLTs are technologies that take up the concept of register and re-create it; it is no longer a simple transcription of data, but a real new way of understanding the relationship between people and information.
Consensus becomes the approval and guarantee for any transaction or block and requires a peer-to-peer network for managing exchanges and approval algorithms.
In order for a new system such as DLT to hold and not to collapse in the first attempts at corruption or fraudulent modifications, the concept of security is at the center of any operation and is never underestimated.
The important relationship that is created between the various users of the blockchain and between users and the entirety of the network is a relationship of trust.
The trust given and received increases if accompanied by a very high security value.
The more confident I feel, the more I work and implement transactions, the more I create new blocks, the more confidence I have, the more the trust increases as the credibility of the blockchain grows.
A blockchain uses time stamps to define and reinforce the concept of security.
Timestamp (or Time Mark)
The timestamp prevents an exchange that has just occurred from being canceled or altered by electronically affixing a date and an hour to the exchanged resource. Technically it is a sequence of numbers or characters that certifies the actual occurrence of a transaction.
The sequentiality and the concept of "previous" and "subsequent" within a blockchain are fundamental.
The immutability of operations is also and above all guaranteed by the concept of time.
Double Spending
Contrary to what one might think, Double Spending is an issue that did not appear with the arrival of cryptocurrencies and with the advent of blockchains. It appeared much earlier, with the arrival of the first computers and the digital age.
If you have just written and saved a Word document, in the memory of your PC there is a file that contains what you have just typed, a binary code file.
Let us assume that a friend of yours asks you for this document. You take it, attach it to an email and send it. Your friend downloads the attachment and saves it on his PC.
There are now two copies of that initial document, one on your PC and one on your friend's. The copy could go on endlessly on more computers than several friends, but also on the same PC. Nothing serious. It is only a Word document of little or no importance.
But what if you replace that Word file with a virtual currency? How could the problem of a "copy-paste" of a coin be overcome? How could a cryptocurrency used to pay for a good or in a transaction to receive a service be prevented from being subsequently reused (by the same node) to make another payment, as if it had never left the virtual wallet? How could this Double Spending problem be avoided?
Another aspect that should not be underestimated is that Double Spending is also an ethical problem. The era of Napster and eMule, of past, exchanged, and duplicated music via a peer-to-peer network exposed the issue. There were numerous debates and discussions to clarify the theme. In that case, there were numerous changes that were made by the recording industry to take shelter from a wave of "crisis" that, despite the controversy, ran undisturbed and that has reached the present day (Spotify, Apple Music and services similar are the consequences of that wave).
Today (really, for many years already) the topic has re-emerged at the level of virtual currencies, internet banking and fintech. Trade relations, ever more fluid and intangible, would collapse in front of a problem of double spending within the communication network. There would be no credibility in the relationship between paying and paying and there would be no guarantee whatsoever in any passage.
One of the possible solutions to the problem of Double Spending at the blockchain level came from the first crypto-coin that appeared to the general public, namely the Bitcoin Blockchain.
In this technology a cancellation of the problem has been implemented through the generation of a real identity card of cryptocurrency. It is specific, unique and it is as if it contained a name and a surname proper to the currency. But above all the identity of the coin is constantly updated with "the history of the journey of the coin itself", a sort of tracking that keeps track of the "cyber-hands" that touched the coin and used it.
The guarantee that this information is not altered is always given by the blockchain control mechanism. Not only those interested directly from the exchange, but each node of the network keeps track of the passage of a coin from one wallet to another. Moreover, the currency itself will write inside its ID, as if it were a sort of resume, when and for what and by whom it was used.
Precisely this phase of the Bitcoin Blockchain was the subject of great criticism and controversy initially. Once the problems have been solved and the initial doubts have been clarified, today it can be said that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are safe and transparent.
If a participant in a blockchain wanted to try to create a "copy of the coin" as soon as it was spent in order to reuse it again for another payment, the system would immediately recognize the attempted fraud and block the attempt at Double Spending. This type of practice by a single node is very difficult. So difficult, that could be called practically impossible.
Bitcoin was among the first tokens.
A token is a digital asset (set of digital information) that can be exchanged via protocol within the blockchain chain without the need for an intermediary.
A token may contain additional information within it that is governed by smart-contracts.
Types of Tokens
Token class 1
it is a real currency, it can be transferred via blockchain, it is a guarantee of the transaction and it does not confer any further rights other than the ownership of the token itself. Bitcoin is the classic example of a class 1 token, but over time, on the wave of Bitcoin success, many coins have been created that can be classified as class 1 (Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, ZCash, etc)
is a token that gives the recipient a right to a counterpart.
for future payments: the token automatically manages and guarantees that a future payment will be made based on specific previous agreements (smart contract)
as an asset: the token constitutes a property right to a particular tangible or intangible asset
standardized payments: a member acquires the right to receive a payment for a specific and well-defined amount
service management: a member acquires the right to receive a service or service provided by the person who issued the token or a third party who has signed a commercial agreement.
is a mixed token, confers rights and represents a property. Usually with this type of token, the recipient does not have a right that can be exercised directly with the issuer.
Forks are used to improve the performance and performance of the blockchain and to better manage the protocols that support it and govern it.
An update of the blockchain protocol compatible with the previous versions is created. The change made is reversible and allows participation in the blockchain also to all those members who for various reasons do not accept updating their node.
Irreversible. It is a change that cannot be canceled. Every node and every member of the chain is obliged to recognize the change and must, without the possibility of replication or procrastination, accept the update.
Needless to turn around, if today the term and the blockchain argument has come to be almost mainstream it is due to the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The extraordinary success that this system has achieved has allowed, for better or for worse the successive criticisms, also to face new issues and technologies still unknown to most.
To use and manage Bitcoins it is sufficient and necessary to have a Bitcoin wallet application that generates a "Bitcoin address" that can be shared with anyone.
The entire Bitcoin system is based on blockchain technology.
Each transaction is protected by a private key, a sort of signature that effectively guarantees that the exchange took place. The transaction is then merged with other transactions. Validated and accepted by the whole network, the transactions become a block. The block is encrypted and becomes immutable and immune to cyber attacks, therefore secure.
The wallet serves the user simply to understand its own Bitcoin availability. A Bitcoin, in simple words, is a file. A wallet can obviously contain more Bitcoins.
Basically in terms of use and perception, Bitcoin does not present any diversity with traditional currency. If we think of the huge spread of credit cards, debit cards and smartphone payments, it is easy to see how the "money has already become immaterial", fluid, invisible, not "touchable" by hand. Where is the revolution and the big change in Bitcoin? The true Bitcoin revolution is structure, it's the blockchain. Real change lies here. The decentralization and distribution of control, guarantee and security are the "new". Of course, it's a virtually invisible twist, but technically it's really the beginning of a new era. Blockchain is in fact already used outside of Bitcoin, it is a protocol that has already invaded many other fields, not just the financial one.
Using Blockchain as a structure for the circulation of virtual money is only one of the possible applications of this new technology. The most important thing is to understand that blockchain allows you to exchange any data quickly and easily. But more importantly, it is totally safe and does not require intermediaries or guarantors.
Blockchain and IoT
With IoT, Internet of Things, we mean all real objects that, thanks to the fact that they can connect to the Internet, are enriched with new possibilities.
Perhaps it is clearer with an example: a thermostat allows you to raise or lower the temperature of the heating of a house. A thermostat connected to the network, therefore belonging to the IoT world, allows it to be controlled remotely, the remote heating can be switched on or off and, providing data on the geolocation of our person, the thermostat will be able to autonomously understand when to switch on and when, on the other hand, you turn off to save on your bill.
IoT has now invaded any object in our lives, creating an ever closer bond between real life and virtual life. Refrigerators that do the shopping independently, vacuum cleaners that clean when we are away from home to avoid disturbing, security cameras that warn us of any move in our house are just a few examples of the Internet of Things.
How does the blockchain bind with all these objects connected to the network? It is easy to see that, while on the one hand these things simplify and help our everyday life, on the other they open up new questions relating to security and privacy.
The blockchain technology is the best reference structure for the operation of all these intelligent objects. The guarantee given by the protocols, the generation of trust and the respect for privacy that underpin the blockchain system are and will be increasingly exploited in IoT environments. By 2020 it has been estimated that there will be more than 50 billion online, connected, smart devices. How do we plan to manage and monitor them? The blockchain represents the most valid answer to these questions and with great probability will become (where it is not already) a key application for the whole IoT industry, making decentralization the best weapon to eliminate the failure points of traditional control networks .
What is mining?
As in the era of the gold rush, mining takes up the idea that anyone who wants to can profit by undermining a new blockchain block.
Anyone can be a miner, you too!
Mining means solving complex and articulated mathematical puzzles that require large computational powers. The resolution of these calculations creates and packages a new block, which will be added to the rest of the blockchain through the approval of all members.
You will not find any advantage to try your hand in the world of crypto-mining with inadequate equipment or poor organization.
That's why Bitviking can do for you!
Mining cannot be improvised to undermine new blocks with great performances. The risk is to have only costs and never earnings.
Our Mining Rig offer adapts to your needs and guarantees you a monthly income. We assemble, program and manage very powerful and reliable computers for mining. We provide the most powerful GPU cards on the market and the most efficient setups so that you don't have to worry about anything and can mint new crypto-currency in total security.
Bitviking Mining-rigs guarantee optimal management for every GPU installed, pushing them to high hashing powers, but stabilizing energy and lowering consumption.
ASICs, Application Specific Integrated Circuits, are highly specialized mining hardware. They are specific integrated circuits created and built to solve very precise calculation applications.
Each ASIC is custom built on a single hash algorithm and then dedicated to the currency you want to undermine; doing so the mining activity is highly profitable and not a waste of time and money.
Bitviking offers numerous ASICs according to your needs!
Do you have space problems and don't know where to put your new mining rigs? Multiple malfunctions prevent you from undermining with continuity and efficiency? Noise and heat have become unbearable in your room due to continuous mining?
The Bitviking housing offer is for you!We guarantee high performance, security and efficiency on your mining rigs, which will always be remotely controllable. We will take care of any change: from the physical arrangement, to the connection to the network and to the connection with your Wallet. No need to worry about technical assistance, connectivity, heat or noise. We'll take care of everything!
The Housing Bitviking service is treated in every single detail, precise and professional.
Are you still worried about energy costs?
We pay the first year for the energy!
Our team is made up of industry professionals, ready to answer any questions, requests or needs of the customer. We offer a consultancy and assistance service for the creation and development of Mining Farms.
We accompany each of our customers in building their business in the world of crypto-currencies, advising the best solutions and assisting them along the entire construction process.
Do you have a doubt that haunts you about the world of cryptocurrencies?
Bitviking is here for you! Contact us!
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On January 26, 2018, 80 people representing government, legal services, front line organizations, women's groups, and women dealing with violence against women and the law attended Women Seeking Safety: Battered Women's Support Services (BWSS) forum on violence against women, their children and the law. The forum is a continuation of our ongoing work with women victims of violence looking at systemic change, lethality/assessments and recommendations when it comes to the law. This forum emerged following our open letter to Minister Eby in regards to the Provincial Court Family Rules Project and in part, the recent tragic deaths of Chloe and Aubrey Berry. Children who have witnessed violence against their mothers are also being abused and they experience the impact. With alternative dispute resolution processes, unfortunately, family justice counsellors, judges and others in the legal system are continuing to place an overriding importance on children's contact with their father, even if he is abusive.
The forum began with a territorial welcome by Cecilia Point, Musqueam, followed by a performance of the Strong Woman's Song by Wildflower, Women of Turtle Island Drum Group.
As noted in the open letter, "…women in B.C. are being forced into contact with men who have battered them. Allegations of child sexual abuse are being dismissed without investigation as false and vengeful charges by embittered mothers (aka parental alienation). Children are being ordered by the courts to spend weekends with fathers who have abused them. Children are not always returned from access visits: some are kidnapped and taken to other provinces or countries. Women's parenting role and skills are being devalued, while even the most negligible contribution to parenting is honoured if it's made by the father. Parenting arrangements are being used by the abusive father to prevent paying child support, while the bulk of child-rearing expenses fall to the battered woman. Indigenous women, Immigrant women, Black women, Women of colour, women with disabilities, lesbians, poor women – and their children – are suffering these realities more acutely and with less recourse. And all this is happening in the name of equality and fairness and with claims of concern for children".
At BWSS, we have observed, for over 23 years, an increase in a climate where alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is now believed to be a better option as the legal systems become more sensitized. Over and over again BWSS and other women serving organizations have said that alternative dispute resolution in cases where women have experienced abuse including violence do not work. ADR presumes equal bargaining power between participants, which ignores the obvious and, often profound, power differences between men and women. These power differences, which are particularly severe in abusive relationships, leave women in a significantly vulnerable position. The impact of such power differences is strongly intensified when women are mandated to partake in a process where the goal is to reach an agreement with their abuser about significant issues like parenting arrangements.
As noted in Jane's Story, women often feel stuck between following court orders that side with the father and wanting to protect their children.
There are often systemic failures that have a lasting impact and many girls who live in a home with an abusive father or father figure are not always being supported, just like 'Amy' from Jane's Story.
"When girls attempt to escape male violence within the family home, government authorities such as police and child welfare often send girls back into their family homes where the abuser remains or remove girls from their family homes/communities to be placed in unsafe and/or inadequate government homes/youth shelters, but rarely remove the abusive adult male from the family home or pursue criminal prosecution against him", Justice for Girls interns, Maila Terry, Idalia Morrisseau, Savanah Norman and Sadae Johnston.
Although there have been changes to law and policies, they will only be effective if there are also cultural changes. Historically, women and children were seen as property of men under English common law, through this, fathers had absolute rights to their children if the marriage ended. The underlying concepts and definitions of family and parenting need to be overhauled which includes social and cultural changes about the assumptions that both parents need to have parenting time, even if the father is abusive.
"At present time, the false notion of gender neutrality has lead to the belief that both parents are equally situated and share equal parenting abilities. Men have power in society and this is reflected in their power over women. Women continue to be the primary caregivers of children. After separation and divorce, many women are relegated to a position of relative poverty which is held against them as it is demonstrated repeatedly through our experience that the legal system will hold women accountable to patriarchal standards but are unwilling to hold fathers to female standards when it comes to parenting. Gender neutrality and standards based on it may appear to be democratic and fair but in reality, this concept pretends that social inequalities between women and men do not exist" Angela Marie MacDougall, BWSS Executive Director, BWSS Open Letter to Minister Eby.
Angela, BWSS executive director and the emcee for the forum posed the question, Is the system not working? Or is it working exactly as it was designed to work? Overall, there needs to be significant changes to the system -Women's access to justice within a structure of oppression and inequality, designed to protect men of European descent, can cause harm rather then justice for women escaping violence. There needs to be ongoing systemic change and reform in addition to extensive training for judges and/or specialized judges, law students, lawyers, police officers and social workers, and free access to legal representation for women fleeing violence.
BWSS works everyday, on the frontline, supporting women. Beyond that we also work for systemic and social change in various ways, one of which is through the Jane Doe Network, a group of anti-violence and women-serving organizations and individuals working to end violence against women through advocacy for systemic change.
Amber Prince, Lawyer with Atira Women's Resource Society, shared that the current culture of law school is absent of any critical information violence against women, which means lawyers are representing women without understanding the complexities of violence. Amber stated that conversations about access to justice need to be speaking truth to power and not the other way around. That organizations who do the work every day, like BWSS, should be asked to provide training to those who work within the legal system.


Quantor is pleased to announce partnership with Kirill Ilinski Kirill is the founder, Managing Partner and Chief Investment Officer of Fusion Asset. Kirill Ilinski, Russian finance company executive. Recipient Award, German Mathematics Society, , IFR Derivatives House of Year, View Kirill Ilinski's full profile. It's free! Your colleagues, classmates, and million other professionals are on LinkedIn. View Kirill's Full Profile.
Only 2 left in stock more on the way. In Ilinski started his financial career joining Chase Manhattan Bank where he focused on proprietary modelling, options trading and risk management. Kigill Ilinski will participate in the Cross Asset Panel: March Risk Annual Summit 19 – 22 March The firm's starting fund, Fusion Credit Relative Value Fund, was one of the first quantitative credit funds in Europe.
In his presentation Kirill covered the folowing:. Learn more at Author Central.
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Ilinski gave a lecture about the role and significance of financial models. Treasury management in the low ilins,i at t he Risk Annual Summit.
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The discussion was based on the ongoing debate that those working in the financial sector are faced with – how to ensure that their investments, decisions and actions would be more in tune with their values. Ulinski the regulatory turmoil and massive investments the firms are making into their FI regulation compliance, trading strategies, technologies and execution models, most heads of Fixed Income trading are looking to learn from their peers and to find new strategies and technologies.
Kirill addressed an audience of institutional investors and fund managers from around the globe at the InvestHedge Forum Companies based in London Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. Along with Kirill the following people took part in the discussion: To download the presentation please press here.
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Low to High Price: Kirill is credited as the creator of The Shock Absorber Fee SAFe a special compensation structure aimed to reduce the systemic risks involved in hedge funds.
Kirill Ilinski is a Russian born British businessman and scientist. British businesspeople Revolvy Brain revolvybrain.


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