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What do Lenders look for? What makes a property qualify?
When it comes to multifamily lending, there are probably as many different kinds of loan programs and lenders out there as there are flavors of ice cream. So how does a borrower know what kind of loan to use when purchasing a multifamily property; and when it comes time to refinance, what are the options? How do I choose?
By understanding how lenders evaluate loans, you will have a better understanding of what type of loan fits your property. There is one simple rule: Lenders hate risk! The "riskier" the proposed loan looks, the more it's going to cost the borrower. A "high risk" loan may not be eligible for certain lender programs, like Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. However, it may fit at the low end of a bridge lender's risk tolerance. The key factors that make lenders "nervous" i)high loan to value; ii) limited cash flow; iii) low occupancy; iii)poor local market conditions; and iv) lack of sponsor support.
Now for the basics: first the property qualifies; then the borrower qualifies. End of story.
The property qualifies on its attributes. These include location, physical condition and financial performance. Some of these are under the borrower's control. Some are not. The lender then looks to the strength of the borrower to shore up any deficiencies by providing additional assets and/or liquidity. All of this is done to minimize the lender's risk or exposure to the downside.
DSCR is the ratio of annual net operating income (NOI) divided by the required annual debt service for the property. NOI is calculated as cash rental and recurring income minus normal and recurring cash operating expenses. Judgment may be required to determine NOI, and it may be defined in loan and security agreements supporting individual transactions. It provides an indication of a multifamily borrower's ability to service its mortgage obligation using the secured property's cash flow. The DSCR should be at a level that not only meets the required debt related payments, but includes a cushion for other associated expenses, such as providing for capital replacement reserves. The higher the DSCR, the more likely a multifamily borrower will be able to continue servicing its mortgage obligation.
LTV is the ratio of the unpaid principal amount of a mortgage loan to the value of the property that serves as collateral for the loan. Loans with high LTV ratios generally tend to have a higher risk of default than loans with low LTVs.
The standards for multifamily loans specify a maximum LTV ratio (usually 80%) and minimum DSCR (can be as low as 1.1). These will vary based upon the loan characteristics, such as loan type (new acquisition or refinance), loan term (typically 5, 7, or 10 years), and loan features (interest only or fully-amortized; fixed rate or variable rate). Typically, a borrower must fund the equity from its own sources to meet the LTV requirement.
The borrower in a multifamily loan transaction is the legal entity that is created and backed by the real estate, including improvements to the land, and the building(s) in place. The borrower is typically a Single Purpose Entity (SPE) that is a for-profit corporation, limited partnership, or limited liability company.
Multifamily loans are generally non-recourse to the principals or sponsors of the projects, but not to the borrower. While the borrowing entity is directly liable for the debt, it typically has little to no balance sheet strength other than the underlying collateral and cash flows to support the loan in the event of distress.
Sometimes the sponsor is required to support the borrowing entity from the sponsor's portfolio of like assets that may be generating excess cash flows to service this debt. The sponsor's reputation, property management experience, financial capacity, and other real estate holdings are also analyzed in detail.
A quick rule of thumb (which varies widely) is a combined new worth (borrower + sponsors) equal to the loan amount and 6-12 months reserves to cover principal and interest (PI).
The quality of multifamily properties is a driving factor in assessing credit risk. Since the property is the source of repayment and collateral for a multifamily loan, the property should be in good condition. The Lender will also require independent assessment of property condition and environmental condition.
All Lenders require third-party assessments and appraisals to support the underwriting decision. The purpose of an appraisal is to estimate the current and perhaps future market value of the property. The environmental assessment (usually a Phase I report) protects the lender from any potential liabilities. The Lender requires the appraiser and assessor to be independent to avoid any conflict of interest. Therefore appraisals ordered by the borrower are seldom accepted.
As part of evaluating the property and borrower capacity, the underwriter also analyzes the overall market and submarket location of the property to determine whether there are any additional risks that could impact property value or borrower's financial capacity and ability to refinance. The underwriter may review such factors as location, vacancy rates, unemployment rates, supply and demand levels, and the availability of local services, such as health care and schools.
Insurance: The borrower must provide, at a minimum, the following types of insurance: property damage, liability, professional liability, title, and various natural hazard-related insurance.
Balloon and Pre-payment features: At underwriting, the Lender also monitors refinance risk by requiring pro forma analyses. These analyses include growth-rate projections for income and expenses and the projected DSCR, LTV, and capitalization rate at the end of the loan term. Using these analyses, the Lender will evaluate and estimate their exposure to future refinancing risk.
Congratulations if you made it all the way to the end of this article. If you are slightly overwhelmed by the sheer complexity of issues and number of details, you are not alone. Consult your Commercial Lending Expert at Sofia Capital Ventures for a no-fee Loan Evaluation. CONTACT US today.
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Barbara Leuin, Ph.D., Commercial Lending Expert, Colorado Springs, CO, is a serial entrepreneur and real estate investor, with over 30 years of professional experience, including 13 years of university teaching in business and economics; 16 years of business consulting; and 5 years as a full-time real estate investor. Since 1996, she has helped start-up businesses access millions in private capital. As CEO, Barbara brings visionary leadership, team-building and leadership to Sofia Capital Ventures. She is responsible for lender relationships, broker training and identifying market opportunities.
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how to make this top down 2d car drift right.
I have been working on a top down 2d car model. The goal was to have a car model which can drift the real way, (swinging the back hard and counter steering.) not just make the car slide when steering.
So i thought the best way would be start with a wheel based model. where I make wheels and just attach them to a body. and handle physics on the wheel.
Basically i am handling the x velocity of the tyres. By adding drag and controlling the acceleration on x axis of the wheel. I have removed all drag and angular drag that unity provides because that is applied in all directions and tyres don't feel same drag on x axis compared to y axis and thought this will be crucial to get the drift working.
These are the things i have tried.
I added a percentage drag on x axis, i.e. multiplying x with drag every frame. but that was not working well, values from 0.1 to 0.9 all of them seem to put a lot of drag and the wheel barely slipped. only values like 0.99 worked. but then it was too much. I oscillated between 0.9 and 1 and the wheel slipped but couldn't get the drift with counter steering.
I tried varying drag, thinking that once the wheel slips it doesn't feel the same drag. So i made a range of drag and applied if based on the acceleration on x velocity (difference between previous and current velocity). But that has some weird behaviour. it took to get the wheel to slip as drag would be high on the beginning, and as a result you have turn the car hard and once the wheel slipped, the wheel would quickly slip a bit too much, which is needed anyway to drift. But when the counter steer is done, the acceleration on x falls and the drag quickly lowers and the slip is gone. cant drift.
Finally i though just drag won't work, and started adding x velocity based on acceleration myself and applied a different drag logic when no acceleration was felt. Now i can drift, but it feels very bad, in terms of control of the car. The control of initiating a drift and holding it and reverse drifting is very hard, and feels unnatural.
I have worked almost a whole month on this and my brain has melted. I am not expecting code as an answer, just some direction on how to get this right will be appreciated cos i know this is the wrong direction as it not yielding any results. If you have read this far am already appreciating the effort.
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AMMAN — The Jordan Armed Forces-Arab Army (JAF) has participated in the Joint Gulf Shield/1 drills that were held in Saudi Arabia to enhance cooperation, coordination and the exchange of military information and expertise, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported on Thursday.
The drills aimed at training forces on joint strategic operational planning, unifying terms among participating armies and executing conventional and unconventional military operations in simulation for potential terrorist and extremist threats.
The exercise is considered one of the biggest at the regional level in terms of the number of participating troops and the quality of weapons and technologies used in different phases of the drill.


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Andhra Pradesh DISCOM Issues Empanelment Tender for Rooftop Solar With Net Metering
The projects to range between 1 to 500 kW and cannot exceed 1 MW at a net metering point
Shaurya Bajaj
Solar, Tenders & Auctions
The Eastern Power Distribution Company of AP Limited (APEPDCL), a power distribution company (DISCOM) of Andhra Pradesh, has issued a request for selection (RfS) for empanelment of agencies for 1 kW to 500 kW of grid-connected rooftop solar power projects under the net metering policy.
The projects will be developed at various locations within the jurisdiction of APEPDCL under CAPEX mode. The maximum permissible capacity for rooftop will be 1 MW for a single net metering point.
The last date for the submission of bids is October 15, 2019.
According to APEPDCL, eligible bidders should have prior experience of supply, installation, testing, commissioning, and maintenance in the grid-connected solar systems in the last three years.
The rooftop solar PV projects will be developed under four categories: 1kW – 3 kW, 4 kW to 10 kW, 11 kW-100 kW, 101 kW-500 kW.
For the projects between 1 to 3 kW, the minimum cumulative turnover has to be ₹11 million (~$141,300).
For project capacity between 4 to 10 kW, the annual turnover required is ₹20 million (~$282,600) during the last three financial years.
Similarly, for the project category between 11 to 100 kW, the minimum cumulative turnover is expected to be ₹50 million (~$706,500), and for project category above 100 kW to 500 kW, the annual turnover has to ₹100 million (~$1,413,000).
The APEPDCL has specified that the solar modules should comply with the guidelines for enlistment under the 'Approved Models and Manufacturers of Solar Photovoltaic Modules (Requirements for Compulsory Registration) order, 2019', issued by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
The tender also states that the MNRE will provide central financial assistance (CFA) for implementing the solar projects from 1 kW to 500 kW capacities.
According to the APEPDCL, the scope of work covers the design, supply, installation, commissioning, synchronization of the projects besides maintenance and operation for five years.
The validity of empanelment and the price accepted will be for 24 months (two years).
Regarding the technical aspect of the project, the APEPDCL has specified that all system components and parts, including the mounting structures, cables, junction boxes, distribution boxes, and other parts should have a life cycle of at least 25 years. The components and parts used in the solar PV power project should conform to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or internal specifications.
In August 2019, it was reported that the New and Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP) issued an empanelment tender for rooftop solar installers in the state. The tender covered rooftop solar projects with capacities ranging from 1 kW to 500 kW. The empanelment is valid up to June 31, 2021.
In February 2019, Mercom had reported that the Southern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited (APSPDCL) and Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited (APEPDCL), had issued RfS to procure 600 MW (with the supply of 8.64 MU per day) of power from wind-solar hybrid projects with energy storage technologies.
Image credit: Rachel Brinks. – U.S. Department of Energy
Shaurya is a staff reporter at MercomIndia.com with experience working in the Indian solar energy industry for the past four years in various roles. Prior to joining Mercom, Shaurya worked with a renewable energy developer and a consulting company. Shaurya holds a Bachelors Degree in Business Management from Lancaster University in the United Kingdom.
Andhra PradeshAPEPDCLDISCOMEmpanelmentGrid-ConnectedMNRENet MeteringRequest for SelectionRfSRooftop Solartender
CERC Provides Relief to a 50 MW Solar Thermal Project Delayed Due to Drought
Uttar Pradesh Invites Bids to Build 25 Charging Stations for Electric Buses
SECI Announces 4 MW of Floating Solar With Battery Energy Storage for North Andaman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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NFL gets back to work; who's feeling the most pressure?
Published: May 28, 2012 at 10:58 PM
Who'll be feeling the heat long after training camp this year? Around the League will examine one key player on each team who's under the most pressure heading into the 2012 season. The latest is new Steelers offensive coordinator Todd Haley, who finds himself under some pressure from the get-go in Pittsburgh. Can he manage his relationship with star QB Ben Roethlisberger?
Here's what else is on tap for Tuesday:
• Twenty NFL teams will take to the practice field for organized team activities Tuesday, and NFL Network's "Total Access" will have live updates at 7 p.m. ET from Jeff Darlington with the Miami Dolphins, Michelle Beisner in San Diego with the Chargers and Aditi Kinkhabwala reporting on the Atlanta Falcons.
• Daniel Jeremiah is getting into the Olympics mindset, handing out NFL Podium Awards for the top three players at each position group. So far he's done offensive linemen and special teams weapons. Today, he takes on defensive backs and tight ends.
• Now that the Memorial Day weekend is over, football fans will soon be antsy for the season to arrive. We break down the key dates in the 100 days until the 2012 season kicks off.
• It's halftime for "The Top 100: Players of 2012." Get up to speed with NFL Network's "Halfway Recap" special Tuesday at 8 p.m. ET, and tune in Wednesday at the same time as the next 10 players are revealed.
• An abbreviated offseason in 2011 forced teams to keep things simple with their playbooks. That won't be the case in Tennessee this year, according to OC Chris Palmer.
• Five specials highlighting the Pittsburgh Steelers are up for vote by fans. Check out the options, select your favorite, then see if it airs June 2 on NFL Network.
• Happy birthday to Broncos TE Jacob Tamme, who turns 28 on Tuesday, and to Giants OL Sean Locklear, who turns 31.
• Father's Day will be here soon, and NFL Shop is the perfect place to shop for your dad's gift, with sales on everything from polos to NFL-themed golf bags.
• You could win $1 million with the all-new fantasy game from the NFL. Pre-register today.
Want to get NFL.com's top 10 headlines sent to your inbox daily? Click here for details.


Notwithstandign section 3, Division V.2 and VI.1 of Chapter IV and sections 122.1 and 123.1 and Division II.1 of Chapter V apply to all employees and to all employers.
Subparagraph 7 and 10 and 11 of the first paragraph of section 122 and, where they relate to a recourse under those subparagraphs, the other sections of Division II of Chapter V also apply to all employees and to all employers.
1982, c. 12, s. 1; 1990, c. 73, s. 4; 2002, c. 80, s. 3; 2011, c.17, s. 55; 2016, c. 34, s. 43.
The provisions related to psychological harassment and retirement (Chap. IV, Division. V.2 and VI.1) apply to every employee and every employer, even those who are excluded from the application of the Act in section 3.


text:
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A New Day in Rural Illinois: Annual Report Report to the Honorable Rod R. Blagojevich, Governor and the Illinois General Assembly
Annual report of the Governor's Rural Affairs Council (GRAC). The Illinois Lieutenant Governors focus is on initiatives that increase access to adequate health and dental care;bring Internet service to rural communities to close the digital divide; promote educational programs andprevent the exodus of trained teachers; promote awareness of the earned income tax credit that provides tax refunds to working taxpayers; and support the adoption of a renewable energy standard that expandsall-American energy sources such as wind, solar, ethanol and soy biodiesel.
Originally Deposited as: 1486
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Volume or Year: 2003
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Indo-US
IndUS Business Journal
Home India India Inc welcomes economic inclusion schemes announced by PM
India Inc welcomes economic inclusion schemes announced by PM
New Delhi– India Inc on Saturday welcomed the many economic inclusion schemes announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
According to industry body Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the announced schemes will benefit the most vulnerable sections of the society especially farmers, urban poor, women and senior citizens.
"There could not have been a better start to the New Year and Ficci strongly welcomes these moves and compliments the government for its long term vision for the nation," the chamber said in a statement.
"Any support extended to the housing sector will have a multiplier effect on the economy given the forward and backward linkages of this sector. We can thus look forward to better economic performance in the coming years."
Ficci noted that support rendered to the famers by way of interest payments exemption on loans and provision of additional funds will offer much needed reprieve to the agriculture sector.
"Small businesses and MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) that are the backbone of our industrial economy and the real generators of jobs have also been brought into focus by the Prime Minister," the statement said.
"Enhancing the limit from 1 crore to 2 crore for credit guarantee and increasing the cash credit limit from 20 per cent to 25 per cent will help them in their working capital requirements and keep the trade moving at a time when re-monetisation process is still ongoing."
The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India pointed out that new announcements will have a combined positive impact on the overall economic growth.
"Emphasis on digital economy and the Prime Minister's advice to the banks to empower MSMEs and extend financial inclusion would eventually help economic growth with social justice," said Sunil Kanoria, President of Assocham.
On electoral reforms, Kanoria said: "Specific measures for transparency in election funding should be worked out."
On the banking industry front, Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman of State Bank of India (SBI) said that initiatives aimed at benefiting the lower income segments of the country was a welcome move by the government.
"It is fairly evident that the government is serious about comprehensive inclusion. Low cost housing should witness growth in the medium to long term.
"The government's commitment to a less cash society will also aid in reforming the tax structure for the better," she said.
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This recipe is my go-to twenty minute meal. We often eat it for weekend lunches because it's easy to make just 2 servings, doesn't require a lot of effort, tastes great, and keeps us full. It's also one of those recipes where it might be impossible to mess up: the chicken sausage is already cooked (thank you Al Fresco) and the biggest culinary feat is cooking up some pasta. The chicken sausage is already cooked (hallelujah!). It really takes just twenty minutes - boil the water for the pasta first, chop some things up, and heat things. That's it.
What I love about this recipe is it's so basic - you can add in substitutions for virtually everything based on what you like or what you have on hand. The basic formula is pasta + cheese + greens + chicken sausage. My favorite variation is roasted garlic chicken sausage, swiss chard, cheese tortellini, and asiago, but you can really take this in any direction. I saw pesto tortellini at Trader Joe's this weekend, and I can imagine that would be delicious with sundried tomato chicken sausage, spinach, and parmesan cheese. Whatever type of pasta, greens, or flavor chicken sausage you choose, the flavors will be brought together with a pat of butter and a sprinkling of salt and pepper.
Dairy-free: Substitute dairy-free milk or omit the milk.
Vegan-Friendly Follow dairy-free and vegetarian recommendations, plus leave off the butter and use olive oil.
1. Boil a pot of water and add 1 package of tortellini, cook 6-8 minutes until desired doneness.
2. Chop up 2-4 cups of greens (depending on how many vegetables you want in there) and slice up the chicken sausage.
3. Add 1 tablespoon butter to a sauce pan and add the slices of chicken sausage, stirring until both sides of the chicken sausage are browned slightly.
4. Add the 2-4 cups of greens to the chicken sausage, stirring to soften.
5. Once the tortellini is done, drain the pot and add the pasta back into the pot. Add the veggies and chicken sausage into the pasta pot and stir to combine.
6. Stir in the remaining 1 tablespoon butter and 2-4 tablespoons milk, depending on how saucy you want your dish to be.
7. Toss in the shredded cheese, stir, and enjoy.
STORING - Store in the fridge for about 3 days, or until the greens start getting funky.
EXTRA INGREDIENTS - This recipe does a pretty good job of using up a whole package of chicken sausage and a whole package of tortellini. If you only make a half batch, you can freeze both the tortellini and chicken sausage for use to make the same recipe another day. I hope you don't have too much trouble using up the extra cheese, but if you do, use up the rest of some asiago cheese in my Creamy Asiago Pasta with Sundried Tomatoes.


Celtic are in to the final round of Champions League qualifying. They've beaten Qarabag 1-0 on aggregate, after a nil-all finish in the second leg last night in Azerbaijan. The draw for the play-off round takes place tomorrow.


text:
Tribune Obituaries
Jake Travis Bohlender, 26, of La Salle, died Saturday, June 26, at home on the Bohlender family farm.
He was born July 15, 1977, in Greeley to Connie and DeWayne Bohlender.
On Aug. 10, 1997, he married Courtney Watkins. The two had a little girl, Destaney, in 1998. The couple later divorced.
He was a firefighter at the Greater Brighton Fire Protection District, beginning his career as an intern in 1998. He graduated from Campion Academy in 1996 and earned two associate's degrees in fire science and fire safety in 1999. He was well known as an affectionate and playful single father, calling Destaney his "little pumpkin." He loved riding motorcycles, water skiing, working the farm with his grandfather and hanging out with his friends.
He was diagnosed with cancer in November 2003. He faced the disease with the courage you would expect from a firefighter.
He was a lifetime member of the Greeley Seventh Day Adventist Church.
He is survived by his daughter, Destaney; his parents, Connie and DeWayne; his sister, Angela and husband Bill Sasseville; his grandparents, Dale and Irene Bohlender and Kenneth and Evelyn Brown; and a host of other loving relatives.
Services will be 10 a.m. Wednesday in the Sunnyview Church of the Nazarene, 4100 20th St., Greeley. The spreading of his ashes and a reception will be at the Bohlender farm following the service.
Contributions may be made to either the Destaney Bohlender Trust Fund care of the Bohlender Funeral Chapel, 121 W. Olive St., Fort Collins, 80524, or to Hospice and Palliative Care of Northern Colorado, 2726 11th St. Road, Greeley, CO 80634.
John Lurton Tucker, 73, of Greeley died Sunday, June 27, at the Hospice and Palliative Care unit of North Colorado Medical Center in Greeley.
He was born June 8, 1931, in DesArc, Ark., to John Ray and Nellie Kate (White) Tucker.
On Dec. 7, 1952, he married Sybil Louverne Helton in Greeley.
He was reared in DesArc. In 1949 he graduated from DesArc High School. He was a member of the Beta Scholarship Organization. While in High School he worked as a type setter for the White River Journal. After graduation he worked for the Brinkley Compress (a cotton gin) for approximately one year. During that time, he also attended BEBE Jr. College before joining the United States Air Force.
Mr. Tucker served in the United States Air Force for 16 years. He completed his Basic Training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, earning a Sharp Shooter Award. After basic training he served at Fort Frances E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne, and during that time he was assigned to Clerk Typist School, at Colorado State College. He served in South Korea from December 1951 until November 1952. After returning, he was assigned to Washington D.C. for four years, then was assigned to NASA in Oslo, Norway for three years. His final military assignment was at McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Wash., for two years. From 1981-84, he delivered films and media equipment for Greeley/Evans School District 6.
During his military career he was awarded several medals, badges, commendations, citations etc. Some of which are the National Defense Service Medal, The United Nations Service Medal, the Good Conduct Medal, and the Korean Service Medal. In addition he was also awarded the 50th Anniversary Korean Service Medal from the President of South Korea.
His favorite hobby was baking chocolate chip cookies and banana nut bread, which he gave to family and friends. He was an avid reader, enjoyed playing Bingo but he especially treasured the times of traveling and visiting with his children, grandchildren and other family members. Until the time of his death he was a resident of Windsor Health Care Center.
He was a member of the First Assembly of God Church, a life member of the Disabled American Veterans Post 8, a life member of the VFW Posts 6624 and 2121 and a member of the American Legion Post 18.
Survivors are his spouse, Louverne (Lou) Tucker of Greeley; three daughters, Sheri Knipe and husband Charles of Spencer, Iowa, Cindi Williams and husband David of Sheridan, Wyo., and Lori Rigot and husband David of Foothill Ranch, Calif.; three sons, Michael Tucker and companion Chris Moore of Westerville, Ohio, Donald Tucker and wife Karen of Phoenixville, Penn., and Leroy Tucker and wife Kendal of Filer, Idaho; three sisters, Frances Hollingsworth of San Antonio, Maxine Kramer and husband John of Midland, Texas, and Stina Jean Wilkerson and husband Homer of Big Spring, Texas; one brother, Samuel G. Tucker and wife Evelyn of Bald Knob, Ark.; 17 grandchildren and three foster grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by his parents and one brother.
Friends may visit from 4-7 p.m. Monday at the West Chapel of Adamson Funeral Chapels, 2000 47th Ave., in Greeley.
Services will be 10 a.m. Tuesday in the West Chapel.
Interment will be at Sunset Memorial Gardens of Greeley.
Military honors will be performed by the Mario Garzella Honor Squad, American Legion Post No. 8 in Greeley.
Contributions will be in the Weld County Veterans Memorial care of the West Chapel, 2000 47th Ave., Greeley, CO 80634.
Condolences may be sent to the family at http://www.adamsonchapels.com.
Trending In: Obituaries


An internal combustion engine electrical system is disclosed which is adapted to use an internal combustion engine as a driving source. The generating system is constructed in a manner such that the output of an A.C. generator driven by the engine is rectified by a rectifier circuit, and the output of the rectifier circuit is inverted into an A.C. output by an inverter circuit adapted to use, a commutation command signal, the output of an oscillator circuit which generates a signal of a constant frequency.
This invention relates to an internal combustion engine electrical system, and more particularly to an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is adapted to allow an internal combustion engine to drive an A.C. generator to obtain A.C. power to be supplied to a load.
In general, such a generating system has been substituted for a commercial AC power supply. Accordingly, it is required to keep the output frequency of the generating system at a commercial frequency of 50 or 60 HZ and the output voltage at a commercial voltage of 100 V, 120 V or the like. However, a conventional internal combustion engine driven generating system is constructed to supply the output of a generator directly to a load, so that it is required to keep the rotational speed of the generator constant. This renders control of the rotational speed of the engine troublesome. Also, in the conventional generating system, when the output of a commercial frequency is to be obtained in the case that the engine and the generator are directly coupled with each other, the engine speed is limited within a predetermined range. This renders an increase in ratio between the displacement of the engine and the output of the generator highly difficult. More particularly, when output of a frequency of, for example, 50 Hz is to be obtained, the use of a generator having two poles requires to set the rotational speed of the engine at 3000 rpm; however, it is substantially impossible to design an engine which is capable of generating maximum output at such a low engine speed. Also, the use of a generator having 4 poles or more to increase the output of the generator requires that the rotational speed of an engine is further decreased due to a relationship f=PN/120 (f: frequency, P: number of poles, N: rotational speed), resulting in the design of an engine being further difficult.
There is another conventional internal combustion engine driven generating system which is constructed to connect a generator through a reducer, a belt or the like to the engine. Such construction ensures an increase in rotational speed of the engine. However, the generating system has a drawback that the rotational speed of the engine is required to be controlled within a range to avoid the variation in frequency, as in the above-described prior art generating system. Also, the provision of the reducer between the engine and the generator renders the overall construction of the generating system highly complicated, to thereby necessarily cause the system to be large-sized.
The conventional internal combustion engine driven generating system as described above has another disadvantage that when a generator which cannot adjust flux of a field system such as an A.C. magneto or permanent magnet A.C. generator is used in the generating system, it fails to compensate the variation of the output voltage due to the variation of load. Further, the permanent magnet A.C. generator has characteristics that the output voltage is decreased with an increase in load current, so that a decrease in load causes the output voltage to be increased. In particular, a substantial decrease in load at a high rotational speed causes the output voltage to be considerably increased, thus, there is a fear that a load connected to the generator is damaged.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is capable of eliminating the above-described disadvantage of the prior art by obtaining an A.C. voltage of a constant frequency irrespective of the speed of an internal combustion engine.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is capable of preventing an excess voltage from being applied to a load at a small load as well as generating an output voltage of a constant frequency.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is capable of varying the rotational speed of a generator to supply required power to a load depending upon variation of the load.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system of high efficiency which is capable of reducing power loss in a constant voltage supply circuit.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is small-sized and lightweight, generates large output, and is of high efficiency.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine driven generating system which is capable of increasing the speed of an internal combustion engine to increase a ratio between the displacement of the engine and the output of a generator.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an internal combustion engine electrical system comprising an A.C. generator driven by an internal combustion engine; a rectifier circuit for rectifying A.C. output generated by said A.C. generator; a constant voltage power circuit which outputs a substantially constant D.C. voltage; an oscillator circuit driven by means of the output voltage of said constant voltage power circuit; an inverter circuit adapted to invert the D.C. output of said rectifier circuit into an A.C. output of a predetermined frequency using the output signal of said oscillator circuit as a commutation command signal a contactless ignition system for controlling the ignition operation of said internal combustion engine; an output voltage detecting circuit connected to be responsive to the output of said A.C. generator to generate a detecting signal corresponding to the output voltage of said A.C. generator; and an ignition control circuit which is adapted to control said contactless ignition system so as to decrease the rotational speed of said internal combustion engine when said detecting signal of said output voltage detecting circuit reaches a predetermined level.
In an embodiment of the present invention, said internal combustion engine is ignited by a contactless ignition system and said A.C. generator comprises a permanent magnet A.C. generator; and there is also provided an output voltage detecting circuit connected to a circuit from the output terminal of said A.C. generator to said load to generate a detecting signal corresponding to the output voltage of said A.C. generator, and an ignition control circuit which is adapted to control said contactless ignition system so as to decrease the rotational speed of said internal combustion engine when said detecting signal of said output voltage detecting circuit reaches a predetermined level or more.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view showing one example of characteristics of a permanent magnet A.C. generator.
Now, an internal combustion engine electrical system according to the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of an internal combustion engine driven generating system according to the present invention, wherein reference numeral designates 1 designates an A.C. generator driven by an internal combustion engine 6. The output of the A.C. generator 1 is rectified by a rectifier circuit 2. Reference numeral 3 indicates a constant voltage power circuit which is adapted to utilize, as its input power, the output of the A.C. generator 1, the output of the rectifier circuit 2 or the like and generates or outputs a substantially constant D.C. voltage. Reference numeral 4 indicates an oscillator circuit which is adapted to generate a signal of a constant frequency using the output voltage of the constant voltage power circuit 3. 5 designates an inverter circuit 5 which is adapted to use, as a commutation command signal, the signal generated from the oscillator circuit 2 to invert the D.C. output from the rectifier circuit 2 into A.C. output of a predetermined frequency.
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of an internal combustion engine driven generating system according to the present invention wherein a three-phase A.C. generator is used as an A.C. generator 1 driven by an internal combustion engine as indicated by reference numeral 6 in FIG. 1. The A.C. generator has three-phase armature windings 1u-1w connected together by star connection.
A rectifier circuit 2 includes a three-phase full wave rectifier 200 comprising diodes 201-206, which is adapted to allow such a D.C. output voltage Ed as shown in FIG. 3A to be obtained on the output side of the full wave rectifier 200. The full wave rectifier 200 have a seriescircuit of a resistor 207 and a capacitor 208 connected across the output terminals thereof. Reference numeral 209 designates a diode which is connected across both ends of the resistor 207 and of which the anode is directed to the the positive D.C. output terminal of the full wave rectifier 200.
The diode 209, capacitor 208 and resistor 207 form together a circuit for preventing noise and overvoltage, which serves to absorb over-voltage and noise generated due to the operation of an inverter circuit 5 to protect transistors 501-504 in the inverter circuit 5.
In the illustrated embodiment, a constant voltage power circuit 3 comprises a resistor 301 connected at one end thereof to the neutral point of the armature windings 1u-1w, a Zener diode 302 of which the cathode and anode are respectively connected to the other end of the resistor 301 and the negative D.C. output terminal of the rectifier circuit 2, and a capacitor 303 connected in parallel to the Zener diode 302; so that a constant voltage equal to the Zener voltage may appear at both ends of the capacitor 303. An oscillator circuit 4 comprises an operational amplifier 401, resistors 402-410, a capacitor 412 and transistors 413 and 414. More particularly, the oscillator circuit 4 is constructed in a manner such that the power terminals 401a and 401b of the operational amplifier 401 are connected to positive and negative power lines l1 and l2 which are connected to the cathode and anode of the Zener diode 302, respectively, and one input terminal 401c of the operational amplifier 401 is connected through the resistors 402 and 403 to the power lines l1 and l2, respectively. To the one input terminal 401c and the other input terminal 401d of the operational amplifier 401 are respectively connected to one end of the resistor 404 and that of the resistor 405, and the other ends of the resistors 404 and 405 are commonly connected to the output terminal 401e of the operational amplifier 401. To the output terminal 401e of the operational amplifier 401 is also connected one end of the resistor 406, of which the other end is connected to the positive power line l1. The operational amplifier 401 is also connected at the input terminal 401d thereof to one end of the capacitor 412, of which the other end is connected to the negative power line l2. The operational amplifier 401 has an output terminal 401e connected through the resistor 407 to the base of the transistor 413, of which the emitter is connected to the power line l2 together with the emitter of the transistor 414. The collectors of the transistors 413 and 414 are connected through the resistors 408 and 409 to the power line l1, respectively, and the collector of the transistor 413 is connected through the resistor 410 to the base of the transistor 414.
In the oscillator circuit 4 described above, the operational amplifier 401, resistors 402-406 and capacitor 412 constitute a rectangular signal oscillator (astable multivibrator) known in the art, and the transistors 413 and 414 and the resistors 407-410 constitute a commutation command signal output circuit. The rectangular signal oscillator is adapted to carry out oscillation at a commercial frequency to allow a rectangular signal Es as shown in FIG. 3B to appear at the output end of the amplifier 401. For a period of time during which the rectangular signal Es is generated, the transistor 413 is turned on, resulting in the transistor 414 being nonconductive or turned off; whereas, the transistor 413 is turned off for a period of time during which the rectangular signal is not generated, so that the transistor 414 is made conductive. Thus, such a commutation command signal Es1 of a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 3C appears at the collector of the transistor 414 and such a commutation command signal of a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 3D appears at the collector of the transistor 413.
An inverter circuit 5 comprises PNP transistors 501 and 502, NPN transistor 503 and 504, resistors 505-511, and diodes 514-517. The emitters of the transistors 501 and 502 are commonly connected to power line L1 connected to the positive D.C. output terminal of the rectifier circuit 2, and the emitters of the transistors 503 and 504 are connected together to a power line L2 connected to the negative D.C. output terminal of the rectifier circuit 2. The collector of the transistor 501 is connected to the collector of the transistor 503, and the collector of the transistor 502 is connected to the collector of the transistor 504; and the bases of the transistors 501 and 502 are connected via the resistors 505 and 506 to the collectors of the transistors 502 and 501, respectively. Between the bases of the transistors 501-504 and the emitters thereof, the resistors 507-510 are connected in parallel, respectively; and the resistor 511 is connected between the connection of the collector of the transistor 501 with the collector of the transistor 503 and the connection of the collector of the transistor 502 with the collector of the transistor 504. The base of the transistor 503 is connected through the resistor 512 to the collector of the transistor 413 provided in the oscillator circuit 4, and the base of the transistor 504 is connected through the resistor 513 to the collector of the transistor 414. Also, between the collector of the transistor 501 and the emitter thereof is connected the diode 514 in parallel, and the diode 515 is connected in parallel between the collector and emitter of the transistor 502. Also, between the respective collectors and emitters of the transistors 503 and 504 are connected the diodes 516 and 517 in parallel, respectively. To both ends of the resistor 511 are connected output terminals 7A and 7B connected, and the output terminal 7A is connected through a switch 8 to one end of a load 9 and the output terminal 7B is connected directly to the other end of the load 9.
In the inverter circuit 5 constructed as described above, the supply of the commutation command signal to the base of the transistor 504 permits a base current to be supplied to the base of the transistor 504. When this causes the transistor to be turned on, a base current is supplied from the positive power line L1 through the emitter-base circuit of the transistor 501, the resistor 505 and the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 504, to thereby render the transistor 501 conductive. At this time, the potential of the base of the transistor 503 is kept at substantially zero, so that the transistor 503 is kept at a non-conductive state. In this state, a base current is not supplied to the base of the transistor 502, resulting in the transistor 502 also being made non-conductive. This causes a current to be flowed through the resistor 511 in one direction thereof by way of a path from the power line L1 through the emitter-collector circuit of the transistor 501, the resistor 511, the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 504 to the power line L2. Subsequently, when the commutation command signal Es1 is generated and the commutation command signal Es2 is rendered zero, the transistor 503 is turned on and the transistor 504 is turned off. At this time, a base current is supplied to the transistor 502 to turn on the transistor 502, so that a current is flowed through the resistor 511 in the direction opposite to the above-described direction by way of a path from the power line L1 via the emitter-collector circuit of the transistor 502, the resistor 511 and the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 503 to the power line L2.
Because such operation is repeatedly carried out, such an A.C. voltage Eo as shown in FIG. 3E appears across both ends of the resistor 511, which is applied to the load 9. The frequency of the A.C. voltage Eo is determined depending upon the oscillation frequency of the oscillator circuit 4, accordingly, the setting of the oscillation frequency of the oscillator circuit 4 at a commercial frequency allows A.C. output of a commercial frequency to be generated irrespective of the rotational speed of the generator 1.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the power lines L1 and L2 are provided with external terminals 10A and 10B, respectively. The provision of such external terminals has an advantage of, for example, facilitating the charging of a battery when it is connected to the terminals.
The construction of the constant voltage power circuit 3 in the manner as described above decrease the loss of the circuit 3, to thereby significantly improve the efficiency of the generating system. More particularly, as a power supply for the oscillator circuit 4, it is first considered to construct the constant voltage power circuit by connecting the Zener diode 302 and capacitor 303 in parallel with the output terminals of the rectifier circuit 2 through the resistor 301, respectively. Such construction of the constant voltage power circuit does not substantially cause any problem. Nevertheless, such construction causes the high output voltage of the full wave rectifier 200 (about 140 V supposing that the effective value of output of the generator 1 is 100 V) to be applied across the Zener diode 302 and capacitor 303 through the resistor 301. Accordingly, in order that a low voltage such as, example, 12 V suitable for driving the oscillator circuit 4 is to be obtained across both ends of the capacitor 303, it is necessary to considerably increase the resistance of the resistor 301. For example, when the output of the rectifier circuit 2 is to be used as a power supply for the oscillator circuit 4 in a generating system for generating an output power of, for example, about 100-200 W, the loss in output power at the resistor 301 reaches a level as high as about 2W, to thereby necessarily cause the efficiency of the generating system. On the contrary, the illustrated embodiment, as described above, is constructed in the manner that the input terminals of the oscillator circuit 4 are connected between the neutral point of the armature windings and the negative D.C. output terminal of the rectifier circuit 2, so that a voltage corresponding to about 1/√3 of the output voltage of the generator 1 may be applied across the resistor 301. This allows the resistance of the resistor 301 to be decreased by 1/√3 to decrease the loss at the resistor 301, to thereby significantly increase the efficiency of the generating system.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of an internal combustion engine electrical system according to the present invention. The second embodiment is adapted to drive a permanent magnet A.C. generator 1 using an internal combustion engine 6 ignited by a contactless ignition system 11. Also, the second embodiment includes, in addition to such a basic structure as shown in FIG. 1, an output voltage detecting circuit 12 connected to a circuit or line from the output terminal of the A.C. generator 1 to a load to generate a detecting signal corresponding to the output voltage of the A.C. generator and an ignition control circuit 13 adapted to control the contactless ignition system 11 so as to decrease the speed of the internal combustion engine 6 when the output signal of the output voltage detecting circuit 12 is at a predetermined level or more. In practice, the ignition control circuit 13 is constructed to control the ignition system so as to delay or stop the ignition position of the engine.
The second embodiment constructed as described above is adapted to cause the contactless ignition system 11 to rapidly change the primary current of an ignition coil due to the operation (turning-on or turning-off) of a semiconductor switch at the ignition position of the engine to induce a high voltage across the second winding of the ignition coil. The high voltage output of the ignition system is supplied to an ignition plug attached to a cylinder of the engine 6. For example, as such a contactless ignition system 11, an ignition system of the current interruption type may be used which is adapted to interrupt, at the ignition position of the engine, a current supplied from the primary winding of the ignition coil or an exciter coil through the semiconductor switch thereto to induce a high voltage across the primary winding or exciter coil and further increase the voltage by means of the ignition coil, to thereby obtain a voltage sufficient for the ignition. Alternatively, an ignition system of the capacitor discharge type may be used which is adapted to discharge electric charge in a capacitor provided on the primary winding side of the ignition coil and charged through the semiconductor switch (normally thyristor) to the primary winding of the ignition coil, to thereby induce a high voltage across the secondary winding of the ignition coil.
The output voltage detecting circuit 12 serves to generate a detecting signal corresponding to the output voltage of the A.C. generator 1. The detecting circuit 12, may be connected to the output terminal of the A.C generator as indicated by a solid line in FIG. 4 or connected to the output side of a rectifier circuit 2, the output side of an inverter circuit 5 or the like as indicated by dotted lines in FIG. 4.
The ignition control circuit 13 serves to control the ignition operation of the engine so as to decrease the speed of the engine when the detecting signal generated or output from the output voltage detecting circuit 12 reaches a predetermined level or more. In practice, the detecting circuit 12 is constructed to control the contactless ignition system 11 so as to delay the ignition position or ignition timing of the engine or fail in or stop the ignition at the ignition timing. Such construction prevents a maximum voltage which the generator is capable of generating when a load is decreased from being applied to the load.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram detailedly showing the embodiment of FIG. 4, in which the same reference characters as used in FIG. 2 designate parts same as or corresponding to those in FIG. 2. Accordingly, the following description on the second embodiment will be mainly directed to the difference from the first embodiment described above.
In the second embodiment, in order to obtain a power supply for a constant voltage power circuit 3 from a rectifier circuit 2, the input terminal of the constant voltage power circuit 3 or one end of a resistor 301 is connected to the connection between a resistor 207 and a capacitor 208 provided in the rectifier circuit 2.
The contactless ignition system 11 for carrying out the ignition of the internal combustion engine 6 includes an ignition coil llA provided in the permanent magnet A.C. generator 1, which is adapted to induce an A.C. voltage across both ends of the primary winding W1 thereof in synchronism with the rotation of the engine 6. Across both ends of the primary winding W1 of the ignition coil 11A is connected the collector-emitter circuit of a transistor 11B, and between the base and the collector of the transistor 11B is connected a resistor 11C in parallel. The base of the transistor 11B is connected thereto the anode of a thyristor 11D, of which the cathode is connected to the emitter of the transistor 11B. Across the anode-gate circuit of the thyristor 11D and the gate-cathode circuit thereof are connected resistors 11E and 11F, respectively. The secondary winding W2 of the ignition coil 11A is connected to an ignition plug 6A mounted on a cylinder of the engine 6.
In the ignition system 11 of such construction, an A.C. voltage is induced across the primary winding of the ignition coil 11A in synchronism with the rotation of the engine. A base current is allowed to be supplied through the resistor 11C to the base of the transistor 11B by means of one half-cycle of the A.C. voltage, to thereby make the transistor 11B conductive. This causes a primary current to start to flow from the primary winding W1 of the ignition coil 11A through the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 11B. When the current gradually increases to cause a voltage appearing across the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 11B to reach at a predetermined level or more, a turn-on signal is supplied to the thyristor 11D to render it conductive, to thereby turn off the transistor 11B. Since such turning-off of the transistor 11B takes place in a short time, a high voltage is induced across the primary winding W1 of the ignition coil 11A, which is further increased by the ignition coil 11A and applied across the ignition plug 6A of the engine 6. This results in the ignition plug 6A generating spark, to thereby ignite the engine.
In the ignition system described above, the transistor 11B may be replaced with a plurality of transistors connected with each other by darlington connection. Also, a transistor is substituted for the thyristor 11D. Further, the semiconductor switch for controlling the primary current may be constituted by any other switching element such as a gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO) or the like.
The output voltage detecting circuit 12 comprises a diode 12A connected at the anode thereof to the positive D.C. output terminal of a three-phase full wave rectifier 200, a resistor 12B connected at one end thereof to the cathode of the diode 12A, a resistor 12C connected between the other end of the resistor 12B and the negative D.C. output terminal of the rectifier 200, and a smoothing capacitor 12D connected across the resistor 12C. The detecting circuit 12 is adapted to allow a detecting signal to appear across a parallel circuit of the resistor 12C and capacitor 12D which corresponds to the output voltage of the A.C. generator 1.
The ignition control circuit 13 comprises a transistor 13A and a Zener diode 13B with the base of the transistor 13A being connected through the Zener diode 13B to the connection between the resistors 12B and 12C. Also, the transistor 13A is connected at the collector to the gate of the thyristor 11D and at the emitter thereof to the cathode of the thyristor 11D. The transistor 13A is turned on when a base current is supplied thereto through the Zener diode 13B, and the turning-on of the transistor 13A causes the whole current or a part thereof which is to be supplied to the gate of the thyristor 11D depending upon the internal resistance of the transistor 13A to be bypassed from the thyristor through the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 13A.
In the illustrated embodiment, when the output voltage of the A.C. generator 1 is below a predetermined level, a base current is not supplied to the transistor 13A because a voltage appearing across the resistor 12C of the output voltage detecting circuit 12 is below the Zener level of the Zener diode 13B. Thus, the transistor 13A is kept non-conductive, so that the ignition system 11 normally operates without being affected by the ignition control circuit 13. During the normal operation of the ignition system 11, it is supposed that the rotation of the engine is carried out at a speed at which substantially the maximum output is generated and a turn-on signal is supplied to the thyristor 10D when a primary current i flowing from the primary winding W1 through the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor 11B reaches a level i1 at an angle θi1 at which the phase is in advance of the top dead center TDC of the engine as shown in FIG. 6. In this state, a rapid decrease of the load 9 causes the output voltage of the A.C. generator 1 to be increased due to such characteristics of the permanent magnet A.C. generator as shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, N1, N2, N3 and N4 indicate curves obtained when the rotation numbers are 5000, 5500, 6000 and 6500 rpm, respectively. When the output voltage of the A.C. generator exceeds the predetermined level, a base current is supplied to the transistor 13A to allow the transistor 13A to be in an active region or at a state that the transistor is not quite conductive, so that a current to be supplied to the gate of the thyristor 11D is partially bypassed through the transistor 13A. This causes a phase at which a turn-on signal is supplied to the thyristor 11D to be delayed, because it is required to compensate a current corresponding to the current bypassed through the transistor 13A. For example, when the primary current i reaches a level i2 (>i1) at an angle θi2 as shown in FIG. 6, a turn-on signal is supplied to the thyristor 11D. Accordingly, the ignition operation is carried out at the angle θi2, so that the ignition position is delayed in the direction of the top dead center TDC. This causes the rotational speed of the engine to be decreased, resulting in the output voltage of the generator 1 being decreased. When the rate of increase in output voltage of the generator is further increased in the case that the load is decreased, a base current supplied to the transistor 13A is increased; so that the amount of a current bypassed from the gate of the thyristor 11D is increased to cause a phase at which a turn-on signal is supplied to the thyristor 11D to be further delayed. More specifically, as the rate of increase in output voltage of the generator is increased, the level of the primary current i at which the thyristor 11D is made conductive is increased as indicated by i3 and i4 in FIG. 6; thus, the ignition position is further delayed in the direction of the top dead center, as indicated by θi3 and θi4 in FIG. 6. In the case that the rotational speed of the engine is not decreased even when the ingition position is delayed, a base current supplied to the transistor is increased, so that a turn-on signal is caused not to be supplied to the thyristor 11D even when the primary current i reaches the level i4 (peak value). Such a state prevents the supply of a turn-on signal to the thyristor 11D, so that the engine may not carry out the ignition operation. Accordindly, the ignition operation of the engine is stopped to cause the rotational speed to be positively decreased. When the output voltage of the A.C. generator is decreased below the predetermined level due to such a phenomenon, the supply of a base current to the transistor 13A is prevented to stop the operation of the ignition control circuit 13, to thereby allow the engine to carry out a normal ignition operation.
The illustrated embodiment may be constructed in a manner to connect the collector of the transistor 13A in the ignition control circuit 13 to one end of the primary winding W1 as indicated by dotted lines in FIG. 5. Such construction allows the engine to initially stop the ignition operation when the output voltage of the A.C. generator exceeds the predetermined level. Also, in such a case, a thyristor may be used instead of the transistor 13A.
In the second embodiment described above, the primary winding W1 of the ignition coil 11A serves also as an ignition power coil. Alternatively, the present invention may be embodied in a manner such that the ignition coil is arranged at the exterior of the permanent magnet A.C. generator 1 and an exciter coil is provided in the A.C. generator 1 to be used as the ignition power coil. Also, the use of a contactless ignition system in the embodiment which utilizes a signal coil adapted to generate a signal for determining the ignition position as in an ignition system of the capacitor discharge system may be realized by bypassing, through the transistor 13A, a trigger signal supplied from the signal coil to the semiconductor switch.
Further, the second embodiment may be constructed in a manner such that the input terminal of the constant voltage power circuit 3 or one end of a resistor 301 to the neutral point of the armature windings of the generator 1, as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
As is apparent from the foregoing, the second embodiment effectively prevents a large voltage from being applied to the load when the load is decreased, because it is adapted to delay the ignition position of the engine or stop the ignition operation of the engine to reduce the rotational speed of the engine when the output voltage of the A.C. generator reaches the predetermined level or more.
It should be noted that the present invention is applicable to not only a generating system of the portable type or installation type which is adapted to drive a generator by an internal combustion engine but a case that A.C. power of a commercial frequency is to be obtained from an A.C. generator such as a permanent magnet generator mounted on an automobile, an outboard motor or the like. Thus, it is a matter of course that the use of an A.C. generator attached to an automobile, an outboard motor or the like as the generator 1 is included in the scope of the present invention.
In the embodiments described above, a full wave rectifier is typically used as the rectifier circuit 2. However, a half wave rectifier may be substituted therefor if it is specifically desired, and a smoothing circuit may be provided in the rectifier circuit 2 as required. Alternatively, as the rectifier circuit 2, a controlled rectifying circuit may be substitutionally used which uses rectifying devices, to thereby control the phase of the rectifying devices so as to keep the terminal voltage of the load within a constant range.
The constant voltage power circuit serves to generate a constant D.C. voltage necessary to stably operate the oscillator circuit. When the output of the A.C. generator is to be used as an input for the constant voltage power circuit, a rectifier is included in the constant voltage power circuit which acts to rectify the output of the generator.
The oscillator circuit merely serves to generate a synchronizing signal necessary to operate the inverter circuit and may be selectively used depending upon the construction of an inverter circuit to be used.
As the inverter circuit, a circuit may be used which is adapted to merely allow the frequency to be determined depending upon the oscillating frequency of the oscillator circuit. For example, a circuit in which a thyristor or a power transistor is used as a commutation switch may be used as the inverter circuit. The output of the inverter circuit is supplied to the load through directly or through a filter circuit or the like as desired.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description as shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
an ignition control circuit which is adapted to control said contactless ignition system so as to decrease the rotational speed of said internal combustion engine when said detecting signal of said output voltage detecting circuit reaches a predetermined level.
said constant voltage power circuit comprises a Zener diode connected in parallel through a resistor between the neutral point of said multi-phase armature windings and the negative D.C. output terminal of said full wave rectifier, and a capacitor connected in parallel to said Zener diode.
3. An internal combustion engine electrical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said ignition control circuit is adapted to delay the ignition position of said internal combustion engine in order to decrease the rotational speed of said engine.
4. An internal combustion engine electrical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said ignition control circuit is adapted to stop the ignition operation of said contactless ignition system in order to decrease the rotational speed of said internal combustion engine.
5. An internal combustion engine electrical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said A.C. generator is a permanent magnet A.C. generator.


text:
Q: notepad++ find and replace I'm trying to find and replace across multiple files. I'm changing locations of header files in c codes, so for example I'd like to change ti/xdais/[wildcard].h with xdm/ti/xdais/[wildcard].h
I'd like to find
ti/xdais

and replace with
xdm/ti/xdais

If I just do a find all, it works as expected and finds all references. But when I try and do a find and replace it doesn't work. Says nothing found. ANy ideas?

A: Figured it out. The files I attempting to replace in were write-protected. Notepad++ Gave no indication of this so it took me a little while to realize it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Facebook announced proposed changes to their policies and we have one week to comment before the changes get modified or enacted. Everyone (Baby Boomers) goes into a tizzy because it is "news". One week will pass and we will all go on with our lives. Are you really going to delete your Facebook profile? Do you understand the implications? I've listed instructions below on how to see which pages you have liked already and how to edit those if you wish.
This article includes the appropriate links to the actual Facebook proposed updates (since you didn't read the email you received from Facebook) so you might want to read their perspective and then check out the links.
The reason I bring up your baby in diapers is so that you think twice before using any other photo besides a photo of yourself as your profile picture. Until you are fully aware of where that picture will show up, you should stick with a professional head shot (which is my recommendation to everyone anyway - the same one across all of your profiles on social media).
Will people be less likely to "like" brand pages if they know that their friends / the entire world will find out they like that brand/company? Maybe at first, but I don't think anyone was under the impression that those "likes" were ever really private. Please, correct me if I am wrong. I'm pretty sure that this has been going on for quite awhile and yet we don't hear complaints about it until Facebook makes a clarification in their terms of service in an effort to seem more transparent.
If your settings only allow your "likes" to post on your behalf to "Friends", then Facebook says it will respect those settings when using your content in advertisements. So, either think twice about who you "friend" on Facebook or think twice about who you "like" on Facebook.
If you click on the pencil on the right hand side of each post, you can hide their updates from your timeline (although, chances are you are not seeing their updates anyway) or you can unlike. If you hover your mouse over the picture of the page on that post and then move your mouse to the box where you would like/unlike, you get more options such as getting a notification every time they post something or changing the frequency of posts you see from them.
So, really. Keep Calm and Carry On. Stay informed and respond appropriately. Let me know if you have any questions.
A live event was hi-jacked tonight. Kudos for streaming your live event as a G+ hangout on air. However, it was a bummer when the party crashers showed up and were very rude and crude. Honestly, I was impressed that you were able to figure out how to kick them out but I wonder how many people left the virtual event because they didn't want to listen to the disgusting and degrading attempts at humor.
This post isn't actually about what went wrong. I just wanted to show you how people these days are taking risks and learning by doing. How are you playing with new formats and technology?
I see tech events and meetup groups playing with innovation (sometimes without knowing what could go wrong) much more often than I see meetings and events industry professionals taking risks with their own industry events. How are you learning to provide the experience at a virtual and/or live event that your constituents are seeing elsewhere? Are you quickly losing your edge because you only want to plan a perfect event?
Why would someone need to hire you in the future if they have already figured out how to rent a venue and set out some food & beverage. Which, by the way, would be way below your standards, but I don't hear too many complaints and I don't see any comments on twitter about these setups. Most people are happy to get a piece of pizza if the price of the ticket is low. Food is no longer a requirement for meetings and events. Maybe the art of hospitality is dying, but that is a whole different subject.
The leaders of our industry associations are afraid to take risks - and part of that fear comes from the community's criticism when something does go wrong. Lighten up a bit and cut them some slack if you have identified that they are trying something new. Appreciate the learning experience and find out exactly what went wrong so that you could potentially try the same format or technology, but with success!
Combine the fear of innovation with apathy towards promoting the importance of professional meeting and event planners, and the future does not look bright. I have seen a concerted effort to get meeting and event planners to advocate for why their roles are important. Unfortunately, when I asked how we could capitalize on a gathering of 800 or 900 industry professionals last week, no one wanted to step up to the plate and take action. Many folks want to keep their heads down and hope that their jobs won't be lost.
Do you get support from your boss to take risks? Would you prefer to experience new formats and technology at meetings industry events so that you don't have to be the one to try something new to learn about it? What examples do you have of a mistake that was made and the solution was announced publicly for everyone to learn from?


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Pool Inflatable - Luxury Lie On Blow Up Watermelon Floatation Mattress, from Sunnylife.
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Its origins stem from an Indian remedial and grooming practice which had been and continues to be part of the Indian daily ritual for over 4,000 years. The ancient Indians believed that when energy channels become blocked and the flow of positive energy is obstructed, negative energy builds up and increasingly leads to a wide array of ailments and dysfunctions such as stress, depression, poor sleeping habits, localized and remote pains and aches, hampered and sluggish blood circulation, overall poor health, as well as loss of hair or baldness.
Indians in times of yore, young and old and mostly women but not exclusively, sat in large groups and massaged each other's heads. They began by applying a variety of nut and grain oils (coconut, almond, olive or sesame) which were to nourish the hair and scalp while, at the same time, the massage promoted improved circulation. Today's modern Indians get their head massage treatments regularly in beauty salons and barber shops.
The Indian Head massage was introduced into the Western world in the early years of the 1970s by Narendra Mehta, a native of Bombay, India and an osteopath and a massage therapist. As countless techniques for the Indian Head massage were passed down through the generations, Mr. Mehta developed his own particular technique by integrating the head, neck, and shoulder and massage into a single robust therapy which promotes and elevates the body to heightened states of physical, mental and spiritual health and wellness. Mr. Mehta branded his comprehensive massage treatment as Champissage.
The body has seven chakras which are centers that regulate the flow of energy all through the body. Champissage works on the top three energy centers or chakras which are found on the crown of the head, the forehead and the throat as it aims to bring the entire body into corrected alignment and proper balance. The resulting effects are strong, silky and shiny hair, relief from stress, restful sleep patterns, increased energy and sharpened mental clarity.
The Indian Head Massage or the Champissage is performed in a quiet place where the client can sit comfortably on a chair and the massage therapist can either stand or sit directly behind him or her.


text:
Democracy means freedom for one and all, not just for the elite
VIVEK GUMASTE
November 24, 2018,
The Hindu nationalist viewpoint has been demonised by drawing outlandish parallels to Nazism and excluded from the columns of mainstream media.
Intolerance is the predominant political cuss word of our current times; a lightning rod that invites sharp rebuke and an acerbic invective that instantly labels one as authoritarian. Once again, the Narendra Modi regime stands castigated as despotic, post the decision of the Airport Authority of India to defer a concert on 17 November in which noted Carnatic vocalist and trenchant Modi critic T.M. Krishna was to participate. Valid or not, this controversy makes it imperative to scrutinise this bogey of intolerance that has been raised repeatedly (remember the high decibel protest engineered by Sahitya Akademi awardees in 2015?) for its authenticity or duplicity.
This exercise is all the more compelling when the people crying wolf today are the same ones who lorded over a well-organised and diabolical network of suppression in the yesteryears. For the greater part of the post-Independence era, it was fashionable to lampoon the Hindu nationalist viewpoint; a process affected by a dual strategy of vicious demonisation that drew outlandish parallels to Nazism and by outright ostracisation from the columns of mainstream media. This writer, who has been writing for over 30 years, has personal experience in this regard and with the advent of the internet era one can even provide documentation of the same
However, this intolerance remained imperceptibly below the radar, meriting little condemnation as it was deemed an "acceptable" form of intolerance, if there is any. Sustaining this campaign of suppression were two factors. One, the perpetrators were the powerful, urban elite of Indian society occupying positions of influence in the government, media and intellectual circles and two, the victims were the supposedly vernacular types—indigenous in attire and less proficient in English. Together these two factors conspired to create an unhealthy environment that simply did not allow a large number of decent folks to express their opinions for fear of being stigmatised as "communal". And those who chose to express their opinions were effectively shut out of the national media dominated by the English-speaking press.
Editorial prerogative has been used and continues to be used as an excuse to deny nationalist advocates a space. Here is an example. A few months ago, Rajiv Malhotra, a scholarly nationalist champion—not a rabid hate monger—was denied a right to respond when concocted and exaggerated charges of plagiarism against him were freely circulated in Indian English language publications.
The editor of a well-known newspaper wrote this in reply to Rajiv Malhotra's request for a right to respond: "The newspaper's right to exercise its own judgment on the need to give space to a self-proclaimed impugned party, must be protected especially in a climate where frenzy is building up on social media virtually dictating an agenda of political and cultural priorities to the media, demanding compliance. We must be careful not to feed into this frenzy or to legitimise it in any way" (Hindu, 5 September 2015).
Therefore, as this instance indicates, the nationalist suffers from double jeopardy: an inability to express oneself, coupled with a lack of recourse to redress; the supposed guardian of our democracy—the media (certain sections) also doubles as an ideological crusader out to vanquish the "big bad wolf" of nationalism. The net result: the nationalist voice in the past suffered a silent death with no countervailing protest. The internet has levelled the playing ground to some extent.
Our concept of intolerance is neither absolute nor altruistic. It is a scheming tool to further one's vested agenda. It is this arbitrary definition of intolerance that militates against conferring any gravity to the cry against intolerance, especially when it emanates from perpetrators posing as victims.
In theory, if the Krishna incident was a case of direct victimisation (the jury is still out on this) by the Modi government then it needs to be condemned. However, I have a slightly different perspective on this. At the practical level, it is payback time; a much-needed rap on the knuckle to send out a strong message to the habitual offenders of free speech that they need to move away from the "my freedom is indispensable, yours is irrelevant" attitude; a necessary change to make our democracy more robust.
Yes, the mellifluous music of Krishna must fill the air, the hectoring of the noted historian Ramachandra Guha must flow unhindered, but the writings of the commoner Vivek Gumaste must also see the light for that is the true essence of democracy; the weakest, the poorest and the least significant must have access to vocalisation. The elitist perversion of democracy where only the views of the likes of Guha prevail is an anathema to democracy and must be discarded.
I leave you with the words of the English philosopher, John Stuart Mill: "If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind."
Vivek Gumaste is a US based academic and political commentator.
Replies to "Democracy means freedom for one and all, not just for the elite"
Ramchandra Prasad says:
Well written response sir. The fraud and rabid intolerance of fake liberals must be called off. In fact they are the paid stooges of jihadi elements and the Christian evangelists. They are the worst kind of traitors. Their only one agenda is to destroy the Hindus and Hinduism.
Manohar Sharma says:
Your article needs far more visibility but like you said,the English media will not touch it by a barge pole.Only the internet has made it to be known about the duplicity n hypocrisy of these elite MSM.Rajiv Malhotra has thrown open challenge for a debate to all these elite and all of them have their tails tucked in their legs n not even a single so called scholars have responded.Thst speaks volumes of their scholarship


Pac-Man Works Better than Prozac.
I have discovered a scientific study that demonstrates that video games are potentially more beneficial than pharmacological products for injury victims who suffer from depression.
The purpose of the study was to determine whether playing video games could help people with depression. The study divided people with depression into two groups. The first group played video games three times per week and the second group surfed the internet for the same amount of time. Those who played video games reported significant decrease in depression symptoms.
This is an important for our injury clients. We help people with catastrophic or life-changing injuries. Many times those kinds of injuries cause depression.
Traditional medical therapies generally include prescription drugs. Most of us want to avoid taking prescription drugs because of the risk of side effects. This study proves that playing video games can be as effective or in some cases more effective than prescription drugs in alleviating the symptoms of depression.
After reading this study, I met with a client who I know is suffers from depression. He has a very serious neck injury. He is in daily pain. It is permanent. He has been diagnosed with depression as a result. I can see it in his face.
I hesitated to bring up the study. He is counting on me to help him with the financial challenges presented by his injury. I thought he might be insulted by me bringing up "VIDEO GAMES!" as a component of the solution. I brought it up anyway.
His expression changed. His eyes glistened. It took him a minute to respond. He regained his composure.
"That is what I have told her!" he said and motioned to his wife. She had been giving him the business for wasting his life playing video games. He went on, "They keep me from doing things I shouldn't. They help me." Again, he struggled to collect himself emotionally.
I knew what he meant. He meant playing video games kept him from drinking, using drugs or hurting himself.
How great is that?! He was completely vindicated. Scientific research had completely validated his guilty pleasure.