Does anyone really believe that? We know that fiber is good for us, and apples are nothing if not fibrous, but did you grow up in a household where your mother handed you an apple every morning along with your Flintstones multi-vitamin? Probably not.
How about, "An apple for the teacher." Now I do remember certain teachers in my Cyrus Peirce elementary-school days that always seemed to have a rosy, red apple sitting on the corner of their desks at lunchtime. And every card I ever got for a teacher – you know, those end-of-the-school-year cards that you bought to go with some silly present you gave – they always had a cartoonist's apple drawn on them.
Then there is, "As American as apple pie." Well, maybe in some sections of the country, but probably not in the South where you're more likely to run into pecan, chess or buttermilk pie than apple on the menu.
On the negative side, we hear the expression, "One bad apple spoils the whole bunch." How bizarre. I've never seen a fruit bowl wrecked by an apple with a bruise on it, but I have seen a whole batch of precious $5-a-pint raspberries gone to ruin because of a few moldy ones that contaminated the lot.
But you never hear anyone say, "One bad raspberry spoils the whole bunch." Why is that?
If the apple is the universal, standby fruit that has permeated our lexicon, it has done far more than that for the home cook. While the double-crust apple pie is the all-American standard recipe that most folks think of when they think of cooking up apples, there is so much more you can do with this versatile fruit that is a baker's favorite.
Apples lend flavor, texture and a spicy-sweet aroma to anything in which they are incorporated. They are a very forgiving fruit, withstanding longer cooking than most fruits before they lose their shape and turn to mush. But if it is mush you are looking for, such as in applesauce, they readily comply if you cook them over direct heat, with a bit of sugar and the requisite stick of cinnamon. I toss in a handful of fresh cranberries from the Nantucket bogs and a cinnamon stick to make this a Nantucket Reds Applesauce. Serve this with potato pancakes or roast tenderloin of pork. It's also good with roast chicken.
My favorite breakfasts all incorporate apples. I'll whip up a batch of pancakes from scratch and add thin slices of apples, either golden delicious, Granny Smith or Fuji apples which are the varieties I generally have in my fruit bowl. When the weather is cold and I am cooking oatmeal, I'll add a few chunks of apples and a few shakes of apple-pie spice or cinnamon to the water as it comes to a boil and before I've added the oats.
A real treat that my grandmother used to make for me was baked apples for breakfast. She generally made them the night before for dessert and then made a few extra for us to have for breakfast the next morning. They're simple to make. Pick a large, round variety for this, such as Rome beauty. Then core the apple and hollow out the fruit, being sure to leave a "floor" so when you place your brown sugar, spices and butter mix in the hollow it doesn't fall out into the pan. Also be sure to pare a half-inch strip from the "equator" of the apple (imagine it's a globe) so the fruit doesn't split. Then pour about a quarter-inch of boiling water in the bottom of the pan and bake at 375 degrees for about an hour, basting every 10-15 minutes or so with the pan juices. If you bake them the night before for breakfast, just heat them up briefly before serving.
Desserts are where apples truly take center stage. Baked in a pie or cake, they hold their shape, while providing moisture and flavor to anything in which they appear.
Apple crisp is an easy ending to a meal if you have oats, brown sugar, butter, spices, and of course apples, in your pantry. My son and husband will often whip one up without even looking at a cookbook, slicing the apples and putting them in the bottom of a casserole dish and then in a separate bowl tossing in a few handfuls of Quaker oats, a few tablespoons of brown sugar, a couple of shakes of cinnamon, a tablespoon of flour and then enough butter mixed in with one's fingers, so there's a crumbly look and feel to the topping. Bake at 375 F. for 30 minutes and there's an easy dessert. Vanilla ice cream MUST be on hand to be served with this.
An Apple Betty is a dessert that is similar but relies on a breadcrumb topping. An apple buckle has more of a biscuit/pie crust, which "buckles" while cooking, hence the name. I could never really figure out the difference between a buckle and a cobbler, but what's most important is what flavor and texture you like best. Bake that recipe.
A cake I used to love to bake and have on hand for my kids is the Chunky Apple Walnut Cake that comes from the original "Silver Palate Cookbook." It is dense, moist and great with a glass of cold milk or a cup of strong, hot coffee. I bake it in a Bundt pan and drizzle it with a glaze that incorporates Calvados, that great French apple brandy.
Apples are great with any pork dish. I like to use apples in a skillet bake we make with pork chops and onions. I add salt and pepper to a half cup or so of flour in which I dredge bone-in, inch-thick pork chops. Then I brown them in a mix of oil and butter in a heavy cast-iron pan. Set them aside, scrape the pan of all the browned bits of flour and add two sliced apples, a sliced onion and fresh sage leaves from your garden. Add a half-cup to two-thirds of a cup of chicken stock. Put your chops on top of the apple-onion-sage mix, cover with foil and place in a 350-degree oven for about 25-30 minutes. Serve the chops with a side of the apple mix and mashed potatoes.
My favorite soup also relies on the irresistible combination of apples, butternut squash and curry powder, and is probably the recipe I made the most often from the "Silver Palate Cookbook" when it first appeared.
Kathy McGrady's old Upper Crust restaurant on West Creek Road (now Pi Pizza's home) made something similar to this back in the 1980s and it was a real winner. It's just what you want for lunch on a fall day when the wind starts to blow. Make a batch the night before to allow flavors to mellow, then in the morning heat some up and pour into a well-insulated Thermos to take with you on a drive out to Great Point or an extended walk through the moors. Bring an apple for dessert – a crisp Macoun. It's the perfect mini-picnic.
M.R. Stanton writes about food, wine and travel for Nantucket Today.
I love this cake at the end of a hearty meal, or to serve in the afternoon with tea or coffee when friends drop by. My kids like it for breakfast too!
Place a rack in the center of the oven and preheat to 375 degrees F. Grease and flour a 9-inch springform pan. In a large bowl with your fingertips, rub together the two cups flour, the 1-1/2 cups sugar, the salt and butter until crumbly. Remove 1 cup of the crumbs and press them over the bottom and about a half-inch up the sides of the springform pan, making a crust about an eighth-inch thick.
Make a well in the remaining crumb mixture. Add the milk, eggs, vanilla, lemon zest, the remaining 3 tablespoons flour and the baking powder. With a whisk, blend this mixture thoroughly without incorporating the crumbs. Then, with a wooden spoon, stir in the crumbs until well-blended but still a little lumpy. Fold in the apples. Scrape the batter into the pan.
In a small bowl, beat the egg white until foamy. Beat in the remaining 2 tablespoons sugar and beat until the whites barely stand in peaks. Spread over the top of the batter.
Bake 65-75 minutes or until a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. Remove from the oven and cool 30 minutes on a wire rack.
Slip off the sides of the pan and finish cooling the cake. Serve at room temperature. Covered in plastic wrap, the cake holds well at cool room temperature up to two days, or a week in the refrigerator. Either way, warming it in the oven makes it even tastier.
This is an old-fashioned New England dessert that you don't see in many restaurants any more. Esther Gibbs' old North Shore Restaurant (now American Seasons) used to offer up a good Betty, as did Bob Leske's Cap'n Tobey's and The Skipper, down on Steamboat Wharf. This version is from Boston's Durgin Park restaurant, as interpreted by Jane and Michael Stern.
Grease a deep, 2-quart baking dish. Sprinkle some crumbs in the bottom of the dish.
Pour half the apples on top of the crumbs. Sprinkle with half the lemon juice, half the sugar and half the spices.
Add half the remaining bread crumbs.
Pour cider over finished dish.
Cover with tin foil and bake 45 minutes.
Remove foil and test with knife to be sure apples are cooked. Return to oven briefly, if need be. Be careful not to overcook, or apples will be mushy and the Betty will collapse.
This dense, moist cake from "The Silver Palate Cookbook" calls for a tall glass of ice-cold milk or a steaming cup of very good coffee.
In large bowl beat vegetable oil and sugar until thick and opaque. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each edition.
In a separate bowl, sift together dry ingredients: white flour, cloves, cinnamon, mace, baking soda and salt. Stir in whole wheat flour. Add to oil and egg mixture until well blended.
Toss apples and walnuts in 1 tablespoon flour to lightly coat. Then stir fruit and nuts into batter along with Calvados until pieces are evenly distributed.
Pour batter into greased bundt pan. Bake 1 hour 15 minutes or until cake tester comes out clean.
Let cake rest in pan 10 minutes, then unmold and pour glaze over warm cake.
Melt butter in small saucepan and stir in both sugars.
Add remaining ingredients, stir, and bring to a boil. Reduce heat slightly and cook for 4 minutes.
Remove from heat and cool slightly. Pour over cake while still warm.
Melt butter in large stockpot. Add chopped onion and curry powder and cook covered over low heat until onions are soft, about 25 minutes.
While onions are cooking, peel squash, scoop out seeds and chop into chunks.
Add stock, squash and apples to onions and curry powder and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer, partially covered, until squash and apples are tender, about 25 minutes.
Pour soup through as strainer, reserving liquid, and transfer solids to food processor. Add one cup of cooking stock and purée until smooth.
Return purée to pot and add apple cider and additional cooking liquid, equally, about two cups liquid total, or until soup is of desired consistency.
Season to taste with salt and pepper and heat through. Can garnish with shredded apple, sour cream, croutons, fried sage leaves or toasted pumpkin seeds.
This is great with latkes or pork chops that appeared in Bon Appetit last year. We have substituted brown sugar for granulated sugar, which gives this dish more flavor.
Cook apples, cranberries, sugar and cinnamon stick in a large heavy saucepan, covered, over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally, until fruit is very tender and broken down into a sauce, about 45 minutes. Discard cinnamon stick. (For a smoother texture, force applesauce through a medium-mesh sieve or a food mill fitted with fine disk into a bowl). Cool to room temperature or chill before serving.


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Home > Releases > H.8 Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States > LESS: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks
LESS: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks (H8B1043NLGCQG)
Q4 2022: 14.7 | Percent Change at Annual Rate | Quarterly | Updated: Jan 13, 2023
Q4 2022: 14.7 (+ more)
Q4 2022: 14.7
Q2 2022: -7.6
Q1 2022: -18.7
Percent Change at Annual Rate,
LESS: Allowance For Loan and Lease Losses, Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks 2019-08-09 2019-10-24
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US) 2019-08-09 2023-01-13
H.8 Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States 2019-08-09 2023-01-13
Percent Change at Annual Rate 2019-08-09 2023-01-13
Quarterly 2019-08-09 2023-01-13
Seasonally Adjusted 2019-08-09 2023-01-13
For further information, please refer to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System's H.8 release (http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h8)
H.8 Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States
Assets and Liabilities of Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks in the United States: Quarterly Rates, Seasonally Adjusted
Commercial and Industrial Loans, Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks
LESS: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks
Billions of U.S. Dollars, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Billions of U.S. Dollars, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Billions of U.S. Dollars, Weekly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Billions of U.S. Dollars, Weekly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual, Seasonally Adjusted Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted
Large Domestically Chartered Commercial Banks Commercial Banking Banking Money, Banking, & Finance
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Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Charter Large H.8 Assets & Liabilities of US Commercial Banks Domestic Banks Depository Institutions Board of Governors Quarterly Seasonally Adjusted Nation Public Domain: Citation Requested United States of America

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The national news is filled with stories about what is wrong with the criminal justice system and how we can fix it. But what's missing from the current debate is a conversation about how our justice system negatively impacts health, particularly the health of children and families of color.
The California Endowment and the American Public Health Association have come together to start this conversation. We have created the video below to explain the role the criminal justice system plays in our health and how California is leading the way in turning our culture of punishment into a culture of prevention.
Beginning in the 1980s, we thought harsh sentences would make our communities safer. Instead, our prison population soared, and so did prison spending. Every dollar spent on incarceration is one we couldn't spend on what really kept us safe. Today community leaders are beginning to realize we must refocus our priorities and our dollars on education, health and prevention, so we can keep people out of jail in the first place.
California is leading the way. Last year voters passed Proposition 47, bringing common sense back to sentencing for nonviolent offenses and giving up to a million people the chance to have old, non-violent felonies removed from their records. This creates new opportunities for jobs, housing and better health. And with the money saved from not incarcerating people for minor offenses, California will have more money to spend on youth programs, substance abuse treatment, support services for people leaving prison, and other programs that are more likely to keep us safe and healthy.
We hope you'll take a few minutes today to watch the video below and learn how you can be part of the movement to create a culture of health.
This blog was co-authored by APHA's Executive Director Dr. Georges Benjamin and The Endowment's President & CEO Robert K. Ross, MD.


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COVID-19 AND GLOBAL TRADE IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SYSTEMS AND HEALTHY DIETS
by Bryan Sobel and Gina Kennedy | May 20, 2020
Food systems exist at local, regional, and global scales that are inextricably linked. The size of industries that support our global food systems have created incredible efficiencies characterized by highly complex supply chains, honed through fierce competition. Even amid the Covid-19 pandemic, the cost of the food borne by the consumer is perhaps the lowest it has ever been in history. The economies of scale and specialization necessary to produce food at such a low cost means that it is often cheaper to buy food products that have been shipped around the world than through local or regional food systems. This creates a significant barrier to growth for businesses in emerging economies who do not have the same access to capital (both human and financial), infrastructure, and technology. And, while efficient and resilient in the face of localized shocks, particularly in developed economies, food systems may not have the flexibility to adapt to the shock of a pandemic with varying consequences across the globe. According to a recent assessment, Africa, particularly sub-Saharan countries, will be impacted by trade restrictions, whereas the countries in South Asia are more likely to be impacted by the loss of productivity. In this blog we focus on how the pandemic will have rippling impacts on trade as food system actors experience loss of income and supply chains, including agricultural production, food processing, and food retail, close or are seriously disrupted.
Immediate impact of COVID (infection and unemployment)
The COVID-19 pandemic is poised to have both direct and indirect impacts on multiple aspects of food systems. The outbreak undoubtedly will create an additional shock to the resilience of global, regional, and local food systems, through increased disease incidence and reduction in productivity as households care for themselves and family members and miss out on income opportunities due to COVID-19 distancing restrictions. As the spread of this virus continues, longer term impacts to the food system will cause major disruptions to both supply and demand in the global economy. At the time of this writing, cross-border and international trade has been limited, as 91 countries have imposed restrictions on the export of goods, including food, medical supplies and hand sanitizer, among other items. According to expert opinion, these restrictions will only exacerbate the food security impacts of the pandemic, creating shortages in many countries who rely on imports, despite adequate global stocks. Compounding the likely food shortages, the UN Economic Commission on Africa is reporting profound impacts across the continent from the loss of export revenue and corresponding employment, forcing close to 27 million people into extreme poverty, despite relatively few reported cases per capita on the continent.
Impact of COVID on trade and digital opportunities
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will have immediate and long-lasting impacts on the way we do business. Interpersonal interaction to facilitate trade, commerce, exchange of goods and services will be limited. In many places this has resulted in a shift to digital platforms to facilitate no-contact transactions. While the digital economy is lagging in many developing countries, the pandemic will likely serve as an accelerator for emerging digital strategies that were gaining popularity before the pandemic. One such application that was recently launched in Senegal, Niger, and Democratic Republic of Congo, called Pickant App, facilitates business services and solutions such as deliveries, transport, storage, equipment, purchasing, and sales. User data of the Pickant App indicates that youth aged 21-35 are the most common users.
Global trade impacts local and regional food systems: example from Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, with global trade in the ready-made garment sector effectively shut down, manufacturers have already received cancellations of orders worth US$3.17 billion, directly impacting the lives of nearly 2.2 million workers, with likely, even more profound knock-ons affecting several million more individuals in the informal garment sector and supporting industries. Because of this disruption in the global supply chain for ready-made garments, sustained wages for millions of workers in Bangladesh are now uncertain. Combined with a decline in remittances from the diaspora, the loss of livelihoods and reduction in purchasing power at the global level will only exacerbate shocks to regional and local food systems. This is particularly true and worrisome for the rural-urban connections that support access to nutritious foods. The glut of commodities in rural areas and shortages in the urban areas driven by traders' lack of mobility and a dietary shift to cheap calories, in the face of hardship, creates a need for extended post-harvest storage, but making this change could potentially lead to an additional public health crisis: there were reports before the pandemic of tannery waste such as chromium being used on animal sourced foods like chicken and beef, formalin use on fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, and even a cocktail of multiple pesticides used on commodities considered relatively shelf-stable such as dried fish. The speed with which COVID-19 has brought global commerce to a halt leaves little opportunity for local and regional food systems to adapt, resulting in potential consequences to public health beyond the virus itself.
Export-oriented impact of supply and demand
Continued disruption to the demand side of global supply chains will have rippling effects to export-oriented producers whose food security depends on agriculture revenues. For example, many coffee farmers in Guatemala are just now recovering from the concurrent shocks of low international prices and coffee rust. With so many coffee consumers confined to their homes and coffee shops closed around the globe, a supply glut is poised to drive coffee prices to levels that could not be fathomed a few weeks ago. The impacts will not only affect the incomes of the farmers who have based their farm landscapes around coffee production, but, since coffee is a keystone agroforestry species, a large number of producers shifting from forest crop production to annual field crops would have deleterious effects on biodiversity, soil quality, and carbon sequestration.
Solution space
While we must act quickly to address the food system shocks currently swelling across the globe, this situation offers an opportunity to reflect and adapt to ensure more resilient systems moving forward. It is important to note that the virus itself does not affect existing systems and structures. Rather, it is our response to the virus that creates a catalyst for future actions that can either create improved conditions or worsen the impact of COVID-19 on national economies, communities, and families. The COVID-19 pandemic offers an opportunity to pose some critical questions: What are the priorities of a food system? What are our values as a global community? Where does the power lie and who benefits from the chain of transactions?
The disruption to our global economy places us at a crossroads. It allows us a moment to reset and consider what a resilient, food system could look like, and then take action to create it. For example, in a recent blog, the Rockefeller Foundation advocates for building resilience through more local and regional connections. We have the opportunity to review current agriculture and food policies and to orient them toward production of more diverse and local food that can meet nutrient needs more sustainably. Finally, we can take advantage of entrepreneurial solutions being created by the private sector, such as innovative technologies and platforms that connect food retail and consumers. Many of these innovations come from younger food system actors and might therefore also stimulate youth employment.
We are in an unprecedented moment in history, to be sure, which brings us unprecedented challenges and opportunities. The choices we as local, national, regional, and global actors make at this crossroads will have long lasting impacts on our health, wellbeing, and the future of our food systems.
Bryan Sobel is Agriculture Technical Adviser with NCBA CLUSA. Gina Kennedy is Director, Food Systems, at USAID Advancing Nutrition with the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.
Can employer-provided on-site meals provide an avenue to improve diets and catalyze food system changes?
The authors map national food system transformations in a recently developed typology, using economic, social, dietary, and environmental outcomes to examine whether there are linear patterns as countries move from one categorization to another.
Fostering Research Capacity Around Food Systems: Harvesting Lessons From PhD Experiences
PhD candidates with A4NH's Food Systems for Healthier Diets research flagship reflect on what they learned about engaging in national food system transformation during the course of their study.


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Ronaldo beats Messi, Neymar, Lewandowski, six others to 2020 Golden Foot Award
by Bowale Odutola
in Featured, Football, Sport
Star African football player to watch: Mohamed Salah
Laporta, two others in battle to be Barca president
Salah wins LFC Goal of the Month for December
Five-time Ballon d'Or winner, Cristiano Ronaldo, has bagged the 18th edition of the Golden Foot Award, beating out the likes of Lionel Messi, Robert Lewandowski and Neymar.
The Golden Foot is an annual prize introduced in 2003, with the winner chosen by the general public from 10 nominees.
CR7 received more votes than Messi, Lewandowski, Neymar, Sergio Ramos, Sergio Aguero, Gerard Pique, Mohamed Salah, Arturo Vidal, and Giorgio Chiellini.
This award, which can only be won once, is not yet in Leo Messi's showcase.
The Juventus star was not the only Bianconeri representative to take home an award at the ceremony.
President Andrea Agnelli was also crowned the first-ever winner of the Golden Foot Prestige.
Players who previously won this award included the likes of Roberto Carlos, Ronaldinho, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, Andres Iniesta, Gianluigi Buffon and Iker Casillas.
Tags: Andrea AgnelliAndres IniestaArturo VidalCristiano RonaldoGerard PiqueGianluigi BuffonGiorgio ChielliniGolden Foot AwardIker CasillasLionel MessiMohamed SalahNeymarRobert LewandowskiRoberto CarlosRonaldinhoSergio AgueroSergio RamosZlatan Ibrahimovic
Lewandowski wins Poland's Sports Personality of the Year
Messi, Griezmann put on show as FC Barcelona outclass Granada
Liverpool rout Aston Villa to reach FA Cup fourth round


Samsung, the deep-pocket company has already been closing the huge gap with Apple in the smartphone and tablet area. However, Apple still keeps its aggressiveness in Mac. Read more about "One to One" program to know better about your iMac, Mac pro or Mac air.
GM has managed the huge recall causing by the ignition malfunction. Car owners and stock holders are paying close attention to the event, so do the dealers. Let's learn more information about GM global connection system and see whether they will do better.
General Motor has posted its quarterly profits report which showed the relathishp between its decline and the vehicles recall. Read more about GM's service and get better understanding of GM.


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The student news site of Manitou Springs High School
Mustangs Win Out in Game Against Faith Christian
Mo Heinger and Becca Heiniger
Lukas Draxton (10), Kyle Buhrow (10), Stephen Gentzel (10), Matt Vanderwerff (10) and others await their coaches' instructions.
The Manitou Springs High School varsity football team competed against the Faith Christian Academy varsity football team at home on Friday, Sept. 16. Not long after the game's start, the Mustangs had earned seven points. This touchdown was scored by Davyn Adamscheck (12) within the first ten minutes of the game. As the game continued, the Eagles saw just what the Mustang defense was capable and they didn't see the end zone for nearly two quarters because of it.
The half continued with another Mustang touchdown that was scored, once again, by Adamscheck. It seemed like the Mustangs would end the half with a shutout and a fourteen point lead, but then the Faith Christian Eagles scored a touchdown 2.2 seconds before the buzzer signalled the end of the first half. Going into halftime, the Mustang players and coaching staff saw that they needed to discuss a game plan in order to stop the Eagles' momentum in its tracks.
Faith Christian's motivation picked up in the third quarter after they scored a last-minute touchdown in the first half. Key Mustang defensive players Atticus Fredrickson (12) and Julian Sanchez (12) kept the Eagles' at bay. Alternatively, the efforts made by offensive players like Cole Sienknecht (11), Bryce Coop (12), and Davyn Adamscheck (12) made it hard for Faith Christian to make a comeback. Despite the Eagles' efforts, the combined actions of the Mustang offense and defense made it so the score would remain the same throughout the third quarter.
The final quarter of the game brought about one more touchdown for the Eagles as well as one for the Mustangs, bringing the score to 21-14 in favor of the Mustangs. As the clock ticked down, efforts by both teams were made to adjust the scoreboard. However, just as the statistics predicted, the Mustangs won the game. This game continued Manitou's undefeated streak and lead them to be ranked second overall in the Tri-Peaks League. In comparison, the Faith Christian's football team has yet to win a game and they are ranked nineteenth in their own league.
Adamscheck scored all of the touchdowns of the game, two in the first half and the last near the end of the game. He said, "I just got good blocking and was put into good situations to score." According to Adamscheck, the efforts of the offensive line and the backs were key to scoring touchdowns during this game.
After the game, returning players Fredrickson, Adamscheck and Coop also had some takeaways. Although he was happy with the win, Fredrickson said, "I think we could've put a bit more points on the board, and kept a bit more points off." Coop spoke about how proud he was of the team. "We're really having a lot of fun this year, and we're really just getting out and working hard," he said. Adamscheck said, "I love this year's team. We all like to be out there and respect one another.The coaching staff this year makes it fun to come out and play everyday. We know we can have a good time with every one of our coaches."
Abby Emry
Atticus Frederickson
Becca Heiniger
Bryce Coop
Cole Sienknecht
Davyn Adamscheck
Dillon Noble
Faith Christian Academy
Hunter Zentz
Jayden Omi
Kyle Buhrow
Lukas Draxton
Matt Vanderwerff
Matthew Vanderwerff
McKayla Cully
Mo Heiniger
Sophie Nagel
Stephen Gentzel
Uriah Waters
varsity football
Becca Heiniger, Photography Editor
Becca Heiniger (12) has been an editor for two years and is now the Photography Editor. She joined three years ago in order to pursue her dream of being...
INSTAGRAM @MSHSPROSPECTOR
mshsprospector
Cute pets right! I am sure that most of you have p
We are getting your questions about remote learnin
Who's our masked mustang?
•he's a programme
Who is this Mustangbehind the Mask?
-He's excited
Football is BACK! Read the story: mshsprospector.o
MSHS faces second quarentine on Tuesday. Read the
•she likes to sing
Who's our Masked Mustang?
– He coaches
– He emphas
•his favorite food
•she plays three sp
Here is our person of the day!
Clues: He loves t
Who is our masked Mustang?
1. He has a bad kitty
Check out the photo story at https://mshsprospecto
•she plays volleyba
Read the story here: https://mshsprospector.org/15
Signing off for the year
A Grinch approved Christmas
New NHS Inductees Receive Surprise Visits
Being Thankful in 2020
A Fun Halloween Movie Night
Festive Alternatives to Traditional Trick-or-Treating


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Q: targeting a bootstrap row with first-child doesn't work trying to target just the first .row but i seem to be targeting all rows. Why isn't first-child working? Here's my code:

CSS
.f1 .container .row:first-child {
   padding-top:42px;
   position:relative;
}

A: The pseudo selector :first-child is targeting the first child of each thing that matches the selector: .f1 .container .row. Since you have two instances of containers and each with a row as a child, the selector is affecting the first child of each. If you want only the row of the first container to be affected, you need to specify the first container as well. Ex: .f1 .container:first-child .row

A: Use the below css selector it should be affecting for all rows.
.f1 .container .row {
   padding-top:42px;
   position:relative;
}.
It should work.

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Looking to book Gloria Estefan for a corporate event, private party, fundraiser or public event worldwide?
BookingEntertainment.com makes it easy and trouble free to check availability and pricing for booking Gloria Estefan or any other act in the business with absolutely no obligations.
Booking Entertainment is the leading entertainment booking agency specializing in booking Gloria Estefan. We will be happy to help you get Gloria Estefan's booking fee, or the price and availability for any other band, comedian or celebrity you may want for your corporate event, birthday party, wedding, fundraiser or public show.
At Booking Entertainment, we put our 23 years in business behind you to help you get the best price for any entertainer, comedian or celebrity for your event. In addition, our team of seasoned industry professionals can handle every aspect of the entertainment portion of your event to make sure the entertainment runs flawlessly. If you are wondering how to book Gloria Estefan for your event, you can trust our Gloria Estefan agent to handle it for you. Find out why Fortune 500 companies, high net worth individuals and fundraising organizations come back to Booking Entertainment year after year for their entertainment buying needs. We can literally book any act for you anywhere in the world.
As one of the biggest Latin singes to emerge in the 1980's, Gloria Estefan launched a career of staggering success with chart-topping rhythms from her native Cuba. Estefan was born in 1957 in Havana but moved to Miami as a young child. In 1975, she joined up with family members and friends for Miami Sound Machine, and eventually married the band's keyboardist, Emilio Estefan.
"Don't Wanna Lose You" came from Cuts Both Ways in 1989, but in the following year, Gloria Estefan and the Estefan family suffered a tragedy when their tour bus was hit by a tractor-trailer. Gloria, Emilio, and their son all recovered from injuries, but Gloria Estefan suffered a broken vertebrae which would require years of surgery and rehabilitation.
Gloria Estefan returned to audiences with Into the Light in 1991, and in 1993 she recorded her first Spanish-language record in ten years. The album earned Gloria Estefan a Grammy Award. Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me came next in 1994, and Abriendo Puertas earned her another Grammy and the iconic "Reach," the single which would become the theme for the Summer Olympics in 1996. In the years following, Estefan released the additional albums: Alma Caribeña (2000) Unwrapped (2003) and then launched her final tour, the Live and Re-Wrapped Tour, in 2004.
But Gloria Estefan did not fade from the entertainment spotlight. In recent years, she starred in the CW network's reality show, The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep, and appeared as a featured artist on Tony Bennett's album Viva Duets. A few years later, in 2013, she again lent her vocals to Paul Anka for a duet on his album, Duets. Estefan's own album, The Standards, followed later that year and featured contributions from notable artists such as Joshua Bell and Laura Pausini. Soy Mujer, an album consisting of Gloria's Spanish-language hits, followed in 2015.
Gloria Estefan's contribution to music and her achievements are unparalleled. She has been recognized with the Ellis Island Congressional Medal of Honor, the Hispanic Heritage Award, five Grammies, an MTV Video Music Award, and the American Music Award for Lifetime Achievement. Gloria Estefan has two honorary degrees, from Barry University in Miami and the University of Miami, and has been recognized by numerous organizations for her humanitarian work. She has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Gloria and Emilio Estefan have their stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame next to each other. In 2017, Gloria Estefan became the first Cuban-American recognized at the Kennedy Center Honors.
For more information on booking Gloria Estefan, please contact Booking Entertainment. One of our top booking agents will be happy to work on your behalf to get you the best possible price to book any big name entertainer for your upcoming public, private or corporate event worldwide.
The agents at Booking Entertainment have helped clients book famous entertainers like Gloria Estefan for private parties, corporate events and public shows around the world for over 23 years. Our agents will be happy to assist you with any of your famous entertainment buying needs. All you need to do is fill out an entertainment request form or call our office at (212) 645-0555, and one of our agents will help you get pricing information and available dates for Gloria Estefan or any other A-list entertainer for your next event.
How to book Gloria Estefan for a corporate event?
Booking Gloria Estefan for corporate events is a great way to thank your employees and clients, and in addition, hiring Gloria Estefan for a corporate event is a fantastic way to promote your company's image to your industry. Booking Entertainment can book Gloria Estefan for corporate events worldwide, providing you with the fee to book Gloria Estefan and their availability on your specific date. We have helped our clients book Gloria Estefan and thousands of other acts for almost 25 years. Whether you are looking at hiring Gloria Estefan for a corporate event, product launch, trade show, holiday party or an employee appreciation event, your assigned Booking Entertainment agent will be happy to get you the best price for booking Gloria Estefan and help make sure that every aspect of the entertainment portion of your corporate event is executed flawlessly.
How much does it cost to book Gloria Estefan for a corporate event and what do the fees for booking Gloria Estefan include?
If you are looking to hire Gloria Estefan for a corporate event and are looking for Gloria Estefan's booking fee for corporate events, Booking Entertainment will be happy to get you pricing to book Gloria Estefan for your date for free. The cost of hiring Gloria Estefan for your corporate event can include just the price of booking Gloria Estefan for a corporate event, or we can give you an estimate for booking Gloria Estefan that includes absolutely everything that goes into hiring Gloria Estefan including all fees, flights, hotel, ground, production, green room requirements and our veteran production team onsite to make sure everything runs smoothly from load in to load out.
How Much Does It Cost To Hire Gloria Estefan?
Looking for Gloria Estefan booking cost, fee or pricing? When you are booking an act like Gloria Estefan, many factors determine the final price, including the artist's touring schedule and other shows they may have in your area. Fill out an entertainment request form or call our offices at (212) 645-0555 and one of our booking agents will get you a pricing fee and availability for your date and assist you in booking Gloria Estefan or a different well-known act for your next event.
How Do I Hire Gloria Estefan For A Private Party?
Wondering how much does it cost to book Gloria Estefan for a private concert or will Gloria Estefan play a private party? Whether you are looking to book Gloria Estefan for a wedding, private party or anniversary party, our Gloria Estefan booking agent who specializes in booking Gloria Estefan will be happy to help you to book Gloria Estefan and take care of everything necessary to make sure the show is executed flawlessly. Fill out an entertainment request form or call our office at (212) 645-0555 and one of our Gloria Estefan booking agents will assist you in hiring Gloria Estefan for a private event anywhere in the world.
How do I hire Gloria Estefan for a college concert from booking agencies that book concerts for colleges and universities?
Booking talent for college and university events is something Booking Entertainment has been helping college talent buyers do for almost 25 years. Whether you are looking to book Gloria Estefan for a sorority party / fraternity party or a college concert event sponsored by the college entertainment committee, college talent buying is something we specialize in at Booking Entertainment. Simply fill out our form, email us or call the office and one of our college booking agents will be happy to help you make sure that every aspect of booking Gloria Estefan or anyone else for you college event is taken care of to ensure your college or university concert runs smoothly and cost effectively.
How much does is it cost to book Gloria Estefan for a college or university concert and are fees for booking college concerts less expensive?
When college entertainment buyers book famous entertainers such as Gloria Estefan to play for college concerts, sorority parties or fraternity parties at colleges and universities, we know the acts tend to charge a lower fee than they would cost for a traditional public or private concert. Of course, how expensive it is to book college entertainment depending on how big of an act they are, but colleges and universities tend to get a better fee for booking big name entertainment for college and university events. One of our college entertainment booking agents will work closely with you to make sure you get the best possible price for your college's concert.
Buyers who don't have a lot of experience booking famous acts often find the process frustrating when they try to do it on their own. Our Gloria Estefan agent that specializes in booking Gloria Estefan can use our reputation and relationships to help you navigate the entertainment buying process and get your offer for booking Gloria Estefan seriously considered. The artist's managers want to know that everything will be handled properly, and Booking Entertainment's stellar 23-year reputation and our attention to detail provide them with the peace of mind that the show will be flawlessly executed from beginning to end.
How Do I Book Gloria Estefan For A Fundraiser or Gala?
Wondering how much does it cost to book Gloria Estefan for a fundraiser or will Gloria Estefan play a gala? Your assigned Gloria Estefan agent will be happy to help you to book Gloria Estefan and we can even take care of everything necessary to make sure booking Gloria Estefan is easy and trouble free. Fill out our entertainment request form or call our office at (212) 645-0555 and one of our booking agents for Gloria Estefan will assist you to book Gloria Estefan or any other entertainer or celebrity for your next fundraiser or gala anywhere around the world.
How Do I Book Gloria Estefan To Perform At My Wedding?
You might ask yourself, "How do I hire Gloria Estefan for a wedding?" We have helped hundreds of clients book acts like Gloria Estefan for weddings and wedding ceremonies worldwide. Your assigned Booking Entertainment agent will not only be happy to assist you in hiring Gloria Estefan to perform at your wedding, we will be onsite to make sure booking Gloria Estefan for your wedding is executed flawlessly.
Can I book Gloria Estefan for a wedding and how much does it cost to book Gloria Estefan to sing at a wedding?
If you are serious about booking Gloria Estefan for a wedding, Booking Entertainment will gladly get you the Gloria Estefan booking fee and availability for booking Gloria Estefan for your wedding date. The price for booking Gloria Estefan will include all of the fees and additional expenses necessary to hire Gloria Estefan for a wedding including all production costs, flights, hotels, ground and green room requirements.
If I hire Gloria Estefan to perform at my wedding, how do I integrate booking Gloria Estefan into my wedding?
Hiring celebrity entertainment for a wedding is a great way to surprise the guests or even the bride or groom. When we book big name acts like Gloria Estefan for weddings, we work closely with the wedding planner beforehand to make sure everything involved with the entertainment integrates seamlessly with the flow of the wedding . Our staff of veteran producers will then be onsite at the wedding to make sure when you book Gloria Estefan for your wedding, everything runs smoothy from load in to load out.
How do I contact Gloria Estefan's agent or Gloria Estefan's manager?
Even if you have Gloria Estefan contact information, Gloria Estefan's management contact info like Gloria Estefan's manger's email or even Gloria Estefan's manager's phone number, you still need a company like Booking Entertainment to help coordinate everything that is necessary to book Gloria Estefan to perform for your event. Agents and managers contact us all the time to help people that find the agency contact info or management contact info and contact the agents and mangers directly. Managers and agents trust our agency to handle everything to the industry standard as we have for almost 25 years.
How Do I Book A VIP Experience With Gloria Estefan At A Event Or Concert?
With Booking Entertainment, booking premium seats and backstage meet & greets with Gloria Estefan is easy and accessible to anyone around the world. Fill out an form or call our office at (212) 645-0555 and one of our agents will assist you to get pricing and availability to have Gloria Estefan VIP experience at a concert or event.
Booking Entertainment works to get the best possible Gloria Estefan booking fee and Gloria Estefan price for our clients while also providing the celebrity or famous entertainer with the level of professionalism and industry norms that they expect from an event run by a professional booking agency and production management.
Booking Entertainment uses our agency / management relationships and over 23 years of production experience to help buyers of headline / top name entertainers and does not claim or represent itself as the exclusive Gloria Estefan agent, manager or management company for any of the artists on our site.
Booking Entertainment does not claim or represent itself as the exclusive booking agency, business manager, publicist, speakers bureau or management for Gloria Estefan or any artists or celebrities on this website.


text:
#ifndef SkRefCnt_DEFINED
#define SkRefCnt_DEFINED

#include "../private/SkTLogic.h"
#include "SkTypes.h"
#include <atomic>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>

#define SK_SUPPORT_TRANSITION_TO_SP_INTERFACES

/** \class SkRefCntBase

    SkRefCntBase is the base class for objects that may be shared by multiple
    objects. When an existing owner wants to share a reference, it calls ref().
    When an owner wants to release its reference, it calls unref(). When the
    shared object's reference count goes to zero as the result of an unref()
    call, its (virtual) destructor is called. It is an error for the
    destructor to be called explicitly (or via the object going out of scope on
    the stack or calling delete) if getRefCnt() > 1.
*/
class SK_API SkRefCntBase : SkNoncopyable {
public:
    /** Default construct, initializing the reference count to 1.
    */
    SkRefCntBase() : fRefCnt(1) {}

    /** Destruct, asserting that the reference count is 1.
    */
    virtual ~SkRefCntBase() {
#ifdef SK_DEBUG
        SkASSERTF(getRefCnt() == 1, "fRefCnt was %d", getRefCnt());
        // illegal value, to catch us if we reuse after delete
        fRefCnt.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
#endif
    }

#ifdef SK_DEBUG
    /** Return the reference count. Use only for debugging. */
    int32_t getRefCnt() const {
        return fRefCnt.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    }

    void validate() const {
        SkASSERT(getRefCnt() > 0);
    }
#endif

    /** May return true if the caller is the only owner.
     *  Ensures that all previous owner's actions are complete.
     */
    bool unique() const {
        if (1 == fRefCnt.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            // The acquire barrier is only really needed if we return true.  It
            // prevents code conditioned on the result of unique() from running
            // until previous owners are all totally done calling unref().
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /** Increment the reference count. Must be balanced by a call to unref().
    */
    void ref() const {
#ifdef SK_BUILD_FOR_ANDROID_FRAMEWORK
        // Android employs some special subclasses that enable the fRefCnt to
        // go to zero, but not below, prior to reusing the object.  This breaks
        // the use of unique() on such objects and as such should be removed
        // once the Android code is fixed.
        SkASSERT(getRefCnt() >= 0);
#else
        SkASSERT(getRefCnt() > 0);
#endif
        // No barrier required.
        (void)fRefCnt.fetch_add(+1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
    }

    /** Decrement the reference count. If the reference count is 1 before the
        decrement, then delete the object. Note that if this is the case, then
        the object needs to have been allocated via new, and not on the stack.
    */
    void unref() const {
        SkASSERT(getRefCnt() > 0);
        // A release here acts in place of all releases we "should" have been doing in ref().
        if (1 == fRefCnt.fetch_add(-1, std::memory_order_acq_rel)) {
            // Like unique(), the acquire is only needed on success, to make sure
            // code in internal_dispose() doesn't happen before the decrement.
            this->internal_dispose();
        }
    }

protected:
    /**
     *  Allow subclasses to call this if they've overridden internal_dispose
     *  so they can reset fRefCnt before the destructor is called. Should only
     *  be called right before calling through to inherited internal_dispose()
     *  or before calling the destructor.
     */
    void internal_dispose_restore_refcnt_to_1() const {
#ifdef SK_DEBUG
        SkASSERT(0 == getRefCnt());
        fRefCnt.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
#endif
    }

private:
    /**
     *  Called when the ref count goes to 0.
     */
    virtual void internal_dispose() const {
        this->internal_dispose_restore_refcnt_to_1();
        delete this;
    }

    // The following friends are those which override internal_dispose()
    // and conditionally call SkRefCnt::internal_dispose().
    friend class SkWeakRefCnt;

    mutable std::atomic<int32_t> fRefCnt;

    typedef SkNoncopyable INHERITED;
};

#ifdef SK_REF_CNT_MIXIN_INCLUDE
// It is the responsibility of the following include to define the type SkRefCnt.
// This SkRefCnt should normally derive from SkRefCntBase.
#include SK_REF_CNT_MIXIN_INCLUDE
#else
class SK_API SkRefCnt : public SkRefCntBase {
    // "#include SK_REF_CNT_MIXIN_INCLUDE" doesn't work with this build system.
    #if defined(GOOGLE3)
    public:
        void deref() const { this->unref(); }
    #endif
};
#endif

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/** Helper macro to safely assign one SkRefCnt[TS]* to another, checking for
    null in on each side of the assignment, and ensuring that ref() is called
    before unref(), in case the two pointers point to the same object.
 */
#define SkRefCnt_SafeAssign(dst, src)   \
    do {                                \
        if (src) src->ref();            \
        if (dst) dst->unref();          \
        dst = src;                      \
    } while (0)

/** Call obj->ref() and return obj. The obj must not be nullptr.
 */
template <typename T> static inline T* SkRef(T* obj) {
    SkASSERT(obj);
    obj->ref();
    return obj;
}

/** Check if the argument is non-null, and if so, call obj->ref() and return obj.
 */
template <typename T> static inline T* SkSafeRef(T* obj) {
    if (obj) {
        obj->ref();
    }
    return obj;
}

/** Check if the argument is non-null, and if so, call obj->unref()
 */
template <typename T> static inline void SkSafeUnref(T* obj) {
    if (obj) {
        obj->unref();
    }
}

template<typename T> static inline void SkSafeSetNull(T*& obj) {
    if (obj) {
        obj->unref();
        obj = nullptr;
    }
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template <typename T> struct SkTUnref {
    void operator()(T* t) { t->unref(); }
};

/**
 *  Utility class that simply unref's its argument in the destructor.
 */
template <typename T> class SkAutoTUnref : public std::unique_ptr<T, SkTUnref<T>> {
public:
    explicit SkAutoTUnref(T* obj = nullptr) : std::unique_ptr<T, SkTUnref<T>>(obj) {}

    operator T*() const { return this->get(); }

#if defined(SK_BUILD_FOR_ANDROID_FRAMEWORK)
    // Need to update graphics/Shader.cpp.
    T* detach() { return this->release(); }
#endif
};
// Can't use the #define trick below to guard a bare SkAutoTUnref(...) because it's templated. :(

class SkAutoUnref : public SkAutoTUnref<SkRefCnt> {
public:
    SkAutoUnref(SkRefCnt* obj) : SkAutoTUnref<SkRefCnt>(obj) {}
};
#define SkAutoUnref(...) SK_REQUIRE_LOCAL_VAR(SkAutoUnref)

// This is a variant of SkRefCnt that's Not Virtual, so weighs 4 bytes instead of 8 or 16.
// There's only benefit to using this if the deriving class does not otherwise need a vtable.
template <typename Derived>
class SkNVRefCnt : SkNoncopyable {
public:
    SkNVRefCnt() : fRefCnt(1) {}
    ~SkNVRefCnt() { SkASSERTF(1 == getRefCnt(), "NVRefCnt was %d", getRefCnt()); }

    // Implementation is pretty much the same as SkRefCntBase. All required barriers are the same:
    //   - unique() needs acquire when it returns true, and no barrier if it returns false;
    //   - ref() doesn't need any barrier;
    //   - unref() needs a release barrier, and an acquire if it's going to call delete.

    bool unique() const { return 1 == fRefCnt.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
    void ref() const { (void)fRefCnt.fetch_add(+1, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
    void  unref() const {
        if (1 == fRefCnt.fetch_add(-1, std::memory_order_acq_rel)) {
            // restore the 1 for our destructor's assert
            SkDEBUGCODE(fRefCnt.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed));
            delete (const Derived*)this;
        }
    }
    void  deref() const { this->unref(); }

private:
    mutable std::atomic<int32_t> fRefCnt;
    int32_t getRefCnt() const {
        return fRefCnt.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    }
};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/**
 *  Shared pointer class to wrap classes that support a ref()/unref() interface.
 *
 *  This can be used for classes inheriting from SkRefCnt, but it also works for other
 *  classes that match the interface, but have different internal choices: e.g. the hosted class
 *  may have its ref/unref be thread-safe, but that is not assumed/imposed by sk_sp.
 */
template <typename T> class sk_sp {
    /** Supports safe bool idiom. Obsolete with explicit operator bool. */
    using unspecified_bool_type = T* sk_sp::*;
public:
    using element_type = T;

    sk_sp() : fPtr(nullptr) {}
    sk_sp(std::nullptr_t) : fPtr(nullptr) {}

    /**
     *  Shares the underlying object by calling ref(), so that both the argument and the newly
     *  created sk_sp both have a reference to it.
     */
    sk_sp(const sk_sp<T>& that) : fPtr(SkSafeRef(that.get())) {}
    template <typename U, typename = skstd::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<U*, T*>::value>>
    sk_sp(const sk_sp<U>& that) : fPtr(SkSafeRef(that.get())) {}

    /**
     *  Move the underlying object from the argument to the newly created sk_sp. Afterwards only
     *  the new sk_sp will have a reference to the object, and the argument will point to null.
     *  No call to ref() or unref() will be made.
     */
    sk_sp(sk_sp<T>&& that) : fPtr(that.release()) {}
    template <typename U, typename = skstd::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<U*, T*>::value>>
    sk_sp(sk_sp<U>&& that) : fPtr(that.release()) {}

    /**
     *  Adopt the bare pointer into the newly created sk_sp.
     *  No call to ref() or unref() will be made.
     */
    explicit sk_sp(T* obj) : fPtr(obj) {}

    /**
     *  Calls unref() on the underlying object pointer.
     */
    ~sk_sp() {
        SkSafeUnref(fPtr);
        SkDEBUGCODE(fPtr = nullptr);
    }

    sk_sp<T>& operator=(std::nullptr_t) { this->reset(); return *this; }

    /**
     *  Shares the underlying object referenced by the argument by calling ref() on it. If this
     *  sk_sp previously had a reference to an object (i.e. not null) it will call unref() on that
     *  object.
     */
    sk_sp<T>& operator=(const sk_sp<T>& that) {
        this->reset(SkSafeRef(that.get()));
        return *this;
    }
    template <typename U, typename = skstd::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<U*, T*>::value>>
    sk_sp<T>& operator=(const sk_sp<U>& that) {
        this->reset(SkSafeRef(that.get()));
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     *  Move the underlying object from the argument to the sk_sp. If the sk_sp previously held
     *  a reference to another object, unref() will be called on that object. No call to ref()
     *  will be made.
     */
    sk_sp<T>& operator=(sk_sp<T>&& that) {
        this->reset(that.release());
        return *this;
    }
    template <typename U, typename = skstd::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<U*, T*>::value>>
    sk_sp<T>& operator=(sk_sp<U>&& that) {
        this->reset(that.release());
        return *this;
    }

    T& operator*() const {
        SkASSERT(this->get() != nullptr);
        return *this->get();
    }

    // MSVC 2013 does not work correctly with explicit operator bool.
    // https://chromium-cpp.appspot.com/#core-blacklist
    // When explicit operator bool can be used, remove operator! and operator unspecified_bool_type.
    //explicit operator bool() const { return this->get() != nullptr; }
    operator unspecified_bool_type() const { return this->get() ? &sk_sp::fPtr : nullptr; }
    bool operator!() const { return this->get() == nullptr; }

    T* get() const { return fPtr; }
    T* operator->() const { return fPtr; }

    /**
     *  Adopt the new bare pointer, and call unref() on any previously held object (if not null).
     *  No call to ref() will be made.
     */
    void reset(T* ptr = nullptr) {
        // Calling fPtr->unref() may call this->~() or this->reset(T*).
        // http://wg21.cmeerw.net/lwg/issue998
        // http://wg21.cmeerw.net/lwg/issue2262
        T* oldPtr = fPtr;
        fPtr = ptr;
        SkSafeUnref(oldPtr);
    }

    /**
     *  Return the bare pointer, and set the internal object pointer to nullptr.
     *  The caller must assume ownership of the object, and manage its reference count directly.
     *  No call to unref() will be made.
     */
    T* SK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT release() {
        T* ptr = fPtr;
        fPtr = nullptr;
        return ptr;
    }

    void swap(sk_sp<T>& that) /*noexcept*/ {
        using std::swap;
        swap(fPtr, that.fPtr);
    }

private:
    T*  fPtr;
};

template <typename T> inline void swap(sk_sp<T>& a, sk_sp<T>& b) /*noexcept*/ {
    a.swap(b);
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator==(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    return a.get() == b.get();
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator==(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) /*noexcept*/ {
    return !a;
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) /*noexcept*/ {
    return !b;
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator!=(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    return a.get() != b.get();
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator!=(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) /*noexcept*/ {
    return static_cast<bool>(a);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) /*noexcept*/ {
    return static_cast<bool>(b);
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator<(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    // Provide defined total order on sk_sp.
    // http://wg21.cmeerw.net/lwg/issue1297
    // http://wg21.cmeerw.net/lwg/issue1401 .
    return std::less<skstd::common_type_t<T*, U*>>()(a.get(), b.get());
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator<(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) {
    return std::less<T*>()(a.get(), nullptr);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator<(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) {
    return std::less<T*>()(nullptr, b.get());
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator<=(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    return !(b < a);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator<=(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) {
    return !(nullptr < a);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator<=(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) {
    return !(b < nullptr);
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator>(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    return b < a;
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator>(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) {
    return nullptr < a;
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator>(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) {
    return b < nullptr;
}

template <typename T, typename U> inline bool operator>=(const sk_sp<T>& a, const sk_sp<U>& b) {
    return !(a < b);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator>=(const sk_sp<T>& a, std::nullptr_t) {
    return !(a < nullptr);
}
template <typename T> inline bool operator>=(std::nullptr_t, const sk_sp<T>& b) {
    return !(nullptr < b);
}

template <typename T, typename... Args>
sk_sp<T> sk_make_sp(Args&&... args) {
    return sk_sp<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
}

#ifdef SK_SUPPORT_TRANSITION_TO_SP_INTERFACES

/*
 *  Returns a sk_sp wrapping the provided ptr AND calls ref on it (if not null).
 *
 *  This is different than the semantics of the constructor for sk_sp, which just wraps the ptr,
 *  effectively "adopting" it.
 *
 *  This function may be helpful while we convert callers from ptr-based to sk_sp-based parameters.
 */
template <typename T> sk_sp<T> sk_ref_sp(T* obj) {
    return sk_sp<T>(SkSafeRef(obj));
}

#endif

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
West Acton Tried to Secede
In our collection are two maps of Acton and Boxborough with a red outline around part of Acton, dating back to 1868-1869. At that time, residents of the western part of Acton were proposing to secede and join with Boxborough in creating a new town. Shown with the maps are the two towns' relative populations, areas, and tax valuations, and how those would change if the proposal passed. The new town would take 26% of Acton's population, 18% of its area, and 25% of its tax valuation. Previous local historians have puzzled over this village uprising (see references), but recently the Society was fortunate to be given access to a memoir from George C. Wright that discussed the West Acton secession proposal from the perspective of someone involved. Having access to digitized newspapers from the time added other details to the story.
Decisions over the exact route of railroads and the location of depots led to changes in the relative fortunes of many towns and villages in the 1800s. Some boomed while others were passed by. To Boxborough residents in the 1860s, this was an issue of great importance. After failing to get a depot of their own, Boxborough residents generally went to West Acton to send their produce to market or to get to the city themselves. For most of Boxborough's inhabitants, the nearest store was in West Acton. The central issue from Boxborough's perspective was that the railroad had changed West Acton's fortunes for the better. Boxborough residents were helping it to thrive, and they wanted some of the tax benefits. Underlying some of the agitation was probably the fact that businessmen with Boxborough roots had moved to West Acton, prospered, and contributed to the growth of their adopted village.
George C. Wright wrote that about the time that the railroad came through in the 1840s, there was a small "boom" in West Acton, a place that had previously barely had enough economic activity to be called a village. (p.2) Though South Acton eclipsed it as a center of industry and mercantile activity, West Acton certainly grew as a result of the railroad. While presumably Boxborough's farmers profited personally from having a railroad nearby to take their goods to wider markets, one can understand that they wanted the benefits for their town that they saw accruing to their neighbors each time they headed east on the turnpike.
The actors in the secession drama seem to vary depending upon who was telling the story. The petition to the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of Massachusetts, published by the town of Littleton, stated that the 57 signers were a mix of Boxborough and Acton citizens. However, after tracing each signer, we were able to find a Boxborough listing in the 1870 census or other evidence of Boxborough residence for 50 of them (plus another whose name was probably misspelled). Two signers had lived in both Boxborough and Acton, and four signers' residence eluded us. Absent from the petition are the names of the quite well-known businessmen of West Acton with roots in Boxborough, among them West Acton Meads and Blanchards, and George C. Wright (who spent his teenage years in Boxborough). According to Phalen's History of the Town of Acton, the petition's supporters were the majority of the people of Boxborough and "the disgruntled minority" of Acton citizens who were trying to create a town "cut to their own pattern" that, by weight of numbers, they would be able to dominate. Phalen said, "The coterie in West Acton that started the scheme was motivated by no altruistic notions with respect to the established families of old Boxborough.... Very shortly the rural community would have found itself perpetually out-voted and more or less ignored except as an expansion area for its vigorous and ambitious new bedfellow." (p. 203-204)
Based on the published list of petitioners and Phalen's history, we might have thought that the proposed new town was really a "Boxborough issue" with the support of a few West Acton outsiders. However, George C. Wright's version of events contradicts that conclusion.
George C. Wright and West Acton's Boxborough natives were extremely generous to West Acton and did much for its development. (See our blog post on George C. Wright.) Over the long haul, they did not come across as the disgruntled "coterie" that Phalen described. Nonetheless, apparently George C. Wright not only approved, but was a leader of the secession effort. He wrote that the proposal was backed by "a large majority of the citizens of West Acton," including native Boxborough businessmen, and that "I was heartily in favor of the project and was chairman of the committee to secure the necessary action by the legislature. I did everything I could to carry the measure through, sparing neither time or money..." (p. 6)
Town meeting records from Acton show that the proposed secession of West Acton had been discussed at the November 3, 1868 town meeting. The citizens of Acton as a whole disapproved. The vote was 204 to 45 in favor of a resolution that included the following statements:
Small towns labor under great disadvantage in reference to sustaining social literary and religious institutions
Acton is too small already and has not a farm or family to spare and should seek to add to rather than cut off any of its population and territory
The division of the town as proposed would detract from its historic fame
Acton is ready to receive any part or all of said town of Boxborough.
We as a town persistently oppose its dismemberment
The town then chose a Committee of seven "to save the town from prospective trouble and ruin." They were authorized to hire counsel at the expense of the town of Acton. The chosen committee members were Luther Conant, William W. Davis, John Fletcher Jr., George Gardner, Aaron C. Handley, William D. Tuttle, and Daniel Wetherbee.
Apparently undeterred by opposition from the rest of the town of Acton, the proponents of the proposal moved forward. Both sides hired lawyers. On January 18, 1869, the petition to create a new town (officially known as the petition from "H. E. Felch and others" ) was referred from the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Senate to the (joint) Committee on Towns. (The Committee was surprisingly busy with other proposals as well; disagreements over territory were not unique to Boxborough and Acton. In fact, Boxborough and Littleton had their own disagreement before the Committee in 1868 and 1869, illustrated by the green-shaded properties on our maps.)
The Acton committee against the proposal apparently got busy gathering signatures. Between January 27 and Feb. 2, "remonstrances" were presented by lawyers and referred to the Committee on Towns. The remonstrances were labelled with the name of the first signer "and others", so we know that five anti-secession remonstrances were filed from Acton with the first signers being W. E. Faulkner, Daniel Wetherbee, Luther Conant, Lewis F. Ball, and George Gardner. (The latter was "George Gardner and 18 others of West Acton" according to the Boston Herald, Feb. 3, p. 1.) On Feb. 2, there was also a remonstrance from Simeon Wetherbee and 22 others of Boxborough. According to the final report of the Committee on Towns (in our archives), the total number of remonstrants was 313.
Those in favor of the petition also obtained more signatures. On Feb. 8, the Journal of the House shows that "Mr. Fay of Concord presented the petition of Wm. Reed and others of Acton and Boxborough, in aid of the petition of H. E. Felch and others." (p. 103) Non-resident owners of real estate in Boxborough signed a petition in favor of the new town that was presented on Feb. 10 ("Henry Fowler and Others"). The total number in favor mentioned in the final report of the Committee on Towns was "about one hundred and forty or fifty petitioners." (p. 2) The number is surprisingly vague, given the fact that the opposition signatures were counted exactly. Signing was obviously not considered enough; many supporters and opponents attended the hearings. The Springfield Republican reported that at some point during the proceedings, the Blue Room "was crowded almost to suffocation by Acton and Boxboro people." (Feb.20, 1869, p. 2)
In this midst of the petitioning and remonstrating, a call apparently went out for funding and naming the new town. A correspondent signing as "Maxwell" wrote to the Lowell Courier (Jan. 13, 1869, p. 2):
When the petition is granted and the new town is born, it is reported, should some gentleman wish to have the town named for him, his wish can and will be granted should his name be acceptable to the people and his bequest or donation, to the town, be a million or some considerably less. We learn that a gentleman residing not far from Shirley and Groton Junction stands ready to give his hundreds, if not thousands, to have the town take his name.
Clearly there were rumors about the possible naming of the new town. Local historians have tried to determine what the name might have been. Phalen stated that no records mentioned a new name, although he had heard a "legend" the name would have been Bromfield. (p. 203-4) Local historians in the 1990s-2010 era accessed the memory of a couple of descendants of long-time local families who thought that the name was to have been Blanchardville. Given later Blanchards' generosity to both towns, this was a plausible name. However, with the advantage of access to digitized newspapers of the 1860s, we investigated what was said in the 1868-69 period. We did not find contemporary mentions of Blanchardville (except for a village of that name in Hampden County, MA), but we did find in the Boston Traveler of Feb. 13, 1869 (p. 4) a report on the Boxboro' and West Acton case that mentioned "the proposed new town of Bromfield." The Springfield Republican (Feb. 20, p. 2) confirmed that the name was "Bromfield." The Lowell Courier of Feb. 26 (p. 3) reported on the "very lively and interesting" set of hearings held on the new town of "Bramfield." It also stated that the petitioners from Boxborough suggested that "such annexation would increase the value of their real estate by giving them a local habitation and a name, particularly the latter." The implication seems to be that there was money to be gained from the new name, but whether there was actually a Mr. Bromfield (or Bramfield) "ready to give his hundreds, if not thousands," we have not discovered.
Newspapers were also helpful in describing the progress of the proposal. The Boston Journal reported that the Committee on Towns took up the petition on Monday Feb. 1, 1869 and planned to visit the towns in question the following Friday. Boxborough was nearly unanimously in support of the proposal while 4/5 of West Acton supported it. (Feb. 2, p. 2) The Lowell Courier, seemingly with an opinion on the matter, reported that "Nearly all the people of both places are in favor of the union. Some opposition will be made by the town of Acton, which, however, will have left in case of division a territory larger than that of the new town, and nearly double the number of inhabitants." (Feb. 3, 1869, p. 2)
On Tuesday Feb. 9, the Committee on Towns held an early hearing on the matter. "Nearly all the legal voters of Boxboro were present, quite depopulating the town." (Boston Herald, Feb. 9, p. 4) The arguments centered on the growth of West Acton since the building of the Fitchburg railroad and that "many of the people of Boxboro had removed thence to get the advantages of the railroad, and all of their business and other interests centered about that locality. The opposition to the project comes from the town of Acton, the people of West Acton and of Boxboro being united in favor of it." (Boston Herald, Feb. 9, p. 4)
On Feb. 10, the Boston Post (p. 3) reported that the hearing continued, but the Post's only other comment was that "Several witnesses were called. Their testimony is not of general interest." Fortunately, The Lowell Courier (Feb. 26, p. 3) filled in more of the arguments. In addition to Boxborough's assertions, West Acton petitioners claimed that the new town would benefit them economically. (Their plan seems to have been that the town hall and business of the new town would be located in West Acton.) Notably, there was no claim that the town of Acton had treated them badly in the past. On the other side, the anti-petitioners from Boxborough wanted to leave their town as it was, quiet and peaceable. They feared that any benefits of the arrangement would go to West Acton, which would dominate them numerically. Acton's opposition included "all but three of the legal voters outside of the territory proposed to be set off, with nineteen living on the territory". Among their objections, the Courier noted that the section to be taken from Acton included some of the town's best farming land. The result would be an awkwardly-shaped, narrow town with, they feared, decreased property values, increased taxes, and impairment to their schools. "Why, they ask, should they be impoverished that others may be enriched?" Other arguments listed in the final report of the Committee on Towns were the fact that Acton had just recently built "a large and commodious town hall," that they had paid to build and repair roads that would now be part of another town, that having a smaller population would defer for even longer the hope of a high school in the town, and that this could set a precedent for South Acton that might seek its own alliance with the thriving village of Assabet. (p. 3)
George C. Wright's memoir added:
[A] strong opposer was the late Dea. Silas Hosmer, one of our own citizens. Dea. Hosmer went before the Committee on towns with a carefully prepared paper opposing the proposed dismemberment of the town of Acton, and the point which seemed to carry the most weight with the committee was his statement that every patriot, whose bones are in the Davis monument, was born in the part of Acton which it was proposed to set off for a new town, and two of the three men went from homes in West Acton to die for their country on April 19, 1775, so that, if the proposed measure should be carried through, there would appear an anomalous state of things, namely, the situation of an imposing monument in one town in honor of men belonging to another town. (p.6)
The legislators no doubt would have been reminded that much of the monument's cost had been funded by the Commonwealth.
George C. Wright also mentioned that "Among the influences which worked against us, one was found in George Parker, Esq., a member of the legislature, who was a native of Acton and a son-in-law of Rev. J. T. Woodbury. Mr. Parker's opposition was very earnest and effective." (p. 6) Rev. Woodbury had been the driving force behind getting the grant for the monument. (Research indicates that George Gedney Parker, born in Acton to Asa and Ann M. Parker, married Augusta Woodbury. In 1869, he was a lawyer in Milford, MA. He had not yet been elected to the legislature, but another of Rev. Woodbury's Milford lawyer sons-in-law, Thomas G. Kent, was actually part of the Committee on Towns.)
The closing arguments to the petition debate were made to the Committee on Towns on the morning of February 13. Lawyers for the opposition, Hon. David H. Mason of Newton and Samuel W. Butler, Esq. made the arguments, including an apparently eloquent recap of Silas Hosmer's objections. Also mentioned was the "fact that the village of West Acton, by its numerical superiority, would control the proposed new town of Bromfield, and that not the slightest necessity was shown for the change, or for breaking across old town lines." (Boston Traveler, Feb. 13, p. 4) Lawyers for the petitioners, George M. Brooks and George Heywood of Concord, spent 1-2 hours making their case that Boxborough needed help to stop its decline, that Boxborough and West Acton would benefit from the plan, and that the evidence for making a change "came from the best men in West Acton and in Boxboro'." (Boston Traveler, Feb. 13, p. 4)
The next week, the Committee on Towns held a private meeting. The result was its report of February 18, 1869 in which "with all but entire unanimity" the Committee found that though the town of Boxborough was indeed too small, if the petition were granted, both the new town and Acton would be too small. The committee was unconvinced that the new town would grow, having "no water power and no manufacturing interest well established." (p. 4) They foresaw future political problems with a town "center" situated so far from the western boundary of the new town. Overall, the petitioners had not proved that the formation of a new town was best for the "public good." In fact, they added:
...rather than cripple Acton in her enterprise or encroach upon her historic limits for the benefit of [Boxborough], as her inhabitants have no desire to retain their name and distinct organization, it will be an easy task to so apportion her territory to other towns as to benefit all and injure none; but with this matter the Committee are not asked and do not desire to interfere. (p. 4-5)
Boxborough's willingness to give up its identity ended up working against the proposal. It is very likely that many residents of Boxborough over the years have looked back on the decision as a fortuitous one for their town in the long run. Boxborough has maintained its identity and grown its own way. Proponent George C. Wright, looking back in his later years, had this to say from the perspective of his decades in West Acton:
The result was we were defeated, and as time has passed, I have come to feel that it is just as well our measure failed to be a success. In these last years, the town of Acton has done everything for us as a village that we could reasonably ask to have done.
The division of the town into precincts has given us a convenient voting place for state and national elections; the transportation of books from the Memorial Library at the town's expense is a convenience; our highways are becoming everything that we can desire, and our school advantages are as good as we would be lively to have, if by ourselves, - all these things should make us contented and happy as we are. (pages 6-7)
References (in addition to newspaper articles cited in the text):
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. House Report No. 72, Committee on Towns, dated Feb. 18, 1869.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1869. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1869.
Hager, Lucie C. Boxborough: A New England Town and Its People. Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co., 1891. (see especially pages 26-27)
Sanderson, George Augustus (compiler). Petitions, Remonstrances and Acts Relating to Littleton and Boxborough, 1782 to 1869. Boston: Commissioned by the town of Littleton, printed by George S. Crosby & Co., 1890.
Phalen, Harold R. History of the Town of Acton. 1954.
Pontius, Jill. "1868: Villagers vote to secede from Acton." The Beacon, Feb. 7, 1991, p.4.
Wright, George C. "Reminiscences of West Acton and of Personal Life." Typescript, undated, probably 1900-1910. (see pages 6-7)


text:
Rocky start for Ahmadinejad second term
August 5, 2009 · 10:41 AM EDT
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia University in 2007. (Image: Flickr user Daniella Zalcman (cc: by-nc-sa))
The dissent is going all the way up the ranks of power. In silent protest, several senior figures, members of Parliament and high ranking clerics were notably absent at a ceremony where the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei formally approved the 2nd term presidency on Monday.
Shaul Bakhash is Professor of Middle East History at George Mason University in Virginia. On "The Takeaway," he said Ahmadinejad going into his second term is a "much weakened president."
"He takes office in an election that many Iranians think was illegitimate," said Bakhash. "He has increasingly had to rely on force and repression, and even though he announced intentions to introduce reforms and a more prosperous economy, it seems hardly likely given the policies he pursued in the past, which were based more on the distribution of goodies rather than investing in productive programs."
The primary political issue that the Ahmadinejad regime has used in the past to garner public support -- that of foreign powers manipulating Iran -- seems no longer relevant to many Iranians.
This leads to larger implications for Ahmadinejad's standing in second term says Bakhash, "The government ... tried to blame the unrest in the country and the protest against the election on foreign manipulation, but no one in Iran believes that. And the president in his second term not only faces a discontented population at home, but a much diminished standing abroad. It's going to be much more difficult for the United States and the European countries to engage a president whose legitimacy at home is in question."
Bakhash thinks that president Obama is still interested in engaging Iran because, "he thinks the nuclear clock in Iran is still ticking."
"The Takeaway" is a national morning news program, delivering the news and analysis you need to catch up, start your day, and prepare for what's ahead. The show is a co-production of WNYC and PRI, in editorial collaboration with the BBC, The New York Times Radio, and WGBH.
More at thetakeaway.org
Middle EastIranUnited StatesVirginiaKhameneiShaul BakhashObama


text:
Max Ehlert (* 18. Oktober 1904 in Berlin; † 6. September 1979 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Pressefotograf.

Leben und Wirken
Max Ehlert wuchs in Berlin auf, wo er von 1920 bis 1927 die Höhere Graphische Fachschule besuchte, um Fotografie zu lernen. Außerdem beteiligte er sich als Kameramann an mehreren Dreharbeiten von Filmen wie Die freudlose Gasse und Werken mit der Schauspielerin Henny Porten. Ab 1927 arbeitete er als Mode- und Pressefotograf für den Ullstein Verlag. Zum 1. Mai 1932 trat Ehlert der NSDAP bei (Mitgliedsnummer 1.146.456). Er fotografierte während der 1930er Jahre zahlreiche Veranstaltungen der Partei, darunter Reichsparteitage, Aufmärsche und die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1936. Später arbeitete er als Kriegsberichterstatter für eine Propagandakompanie. 1940 fuhr er mit der Blücher nach Norwegen. Als das Schiff nach Torpedotreffern zu kentern drohte, gelangte Ehlert von Bord und fotografierte den späteren Untergang des Schiffes.

Fotograf beim Spiegel
Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs arbeitete Ehlert als selbstständiger Fotograf. 1948 ging er nach Hannover, wo er für das Nachrichtenmagazin Der Spiegel arbeitete. 1952 ging er mit der Redaktion nach Hamburg. Ehlert, der auch ein Haus in Berlin besaß, hoffte, dass die Redaktion dorthin verlegt wurde, blieb jedoch auch ab 1966 im Ruhestand in Hamburg.

Als Fotograf porträtierte Ehlert zahlreiche Persönlichkeiten in aller Welt, darunter Gustaf Gründgens, Thomas Mann, Winston Churchill, Walter Ulbricht oder Simone Signoret. Spiegel-Gründer Rudolf Augstein war angesichts Ehlers Können als Fotograf der Meinung, dass es in Europa zum guten Ton gehöre, "dass Prominente sich von Ehlert fotografieren lassen". Dabei profitierte der Fotograf von seiner Flexibilität, sich auf die Porträtierten individuell einzustellen, damit die Bilder wie vom Verlag erwünscht natürlich und unbeschwert erschienen.

Ehlerts Bilder sind heute im Archiv des Spiegel-Verlags in Hamburg zu finden.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (Hamburg)
Angehöriger einer Propagandakompanie
NSDAP-Mitglied
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1979
Deutscher
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Minimum of a Function
Let $I := [0, \frac{\pi}{2}]$ and let $f : I \to \Bbb{R}$ be defined by $f(x) = \sup \{x^2, \cos(x)\}$ for $x \in I$. Show there exists an absolute minimum point $x_0 \in I$ for $f$ on $I$. Show that $x_0$ is a solution to the equation $x^2 = \cos(x)$.

I am having a little trouble with this problem. From the max/min theorem, we know that such an $x_0$ described above exists; moreover, by the intermediate value theorem it is clear that there exists a $z \in I$ such that $z^2 = \cos(z)$. My strategy is to show that $x_0 = z$. Since $f(x_0)$ is minimum, we know that $\sup \{x_0^2, \cos(x_0) \} \le \max \{z^2, \cos(z)\} = z^2$. Hence $x_0^2 \le z^2$, $\cos(x_0) \le z^2$, and $\cos (x_0) \le \cos(z)$, and therefore $(x_0 - z)(x_0 + z) \le 0$.
Now, if $x_0 \neq z$ were true, then $x_0 + z > 0$ and so we would need $x_0 - z \le 0$ or $x_0 \le z$. Since $\cos()$ is decreasing on $I$, $\cos (z) \le \cos (x_0)$, which contradicts the fact that $\cos (x_0) \le \cos (z)$. However, I don't yet have access to the concept of a derivative yet to show that $\cos()$ is decreasing.
I am not sure how to finish this problem without the assumption that $\cos()$ is decreasing on $I$. I could use some hints.

A: The argument works for the general case of $f(x)=\sup\{g(x),h(x)\}$ where $g,h\colon [a,b]\to \Bbb R$ are continuos, $g$ strictly increasing, $h$ strictly decreasing, $h(a)>g(a)$, and $g(b)>h(b)$:
A minimum point $x_0\in [a,b]$ exists because $[a,b]$ is compact and $f$ is continuous.
If $f(x_0)\ne g(x_0)$, then $f(x)\ne g(x)$ in a neighbourhood of $x_0$. But then $f(x)=h(x)$ in that neighbourhood. As $h$ is strictly decreasing, this is only possible if said neighbourhood does not extend to the right of $x_0$, i.e., $x_0=b$. But then $f(x_0)=g(x_0)$, contradiction. We conclude $f(x_0)=h(x_0)$.
The proof for $f(x_0)=g(x_0)$ is essentially the same.
Note that you do not need derivatives to show that $\cos x$ is strictly decreasing (or that $x^2$ is strictly increasing):
If $0\le x<y\le\pi$ then $\cos y-\cos x=-2\sin\frac{x+y}{2}\sin\frac{y-x}2<0$ because $0<\frac{y-x}{2}<\frac{x+y}2<\pi$.

A: so in a $2$ element set, the supremum is basically the maximum.
IF they are both equal, then it's the value.
So basically, as you can see, $f(x)=\cos(x)$ on the interval $(0,x_0]$ because $\cos(x)\geq x^2$.
And $f(x)=x^2$ on the interval $[x_0,\frac{π}{2})$ because $x^2 \geq \cos(x)$.
Consider $f(x)$ near $x=x_0$. From the left $f(x)$ is decreasing, and from the right $f(x)$ is increasing.
This change in sign of the derivative signals a relative minimum.
And right as $\cos(x)$ and $x^2$ pass each other on the number line, the function switches pieces. This is also where $\cos(x)=x^2$, which is when $x=x_0$.


Music is the dance of sounds created by man. The language of music is sensual, uncontrollable, elusively flexible, unpredictable.
Music at all times, since its inception, has been used as a means of influencing people's consciousness. With its help, different goals were achieved. Knowledgeable people wisely approached the musical design of their events.


Click on the forms below to open the PDF file. Please bring these forms with you to your first session. Intake packages for providers to complete with referral clients are also available in English and Spanish. Please reach out to us to receive one.
Remember to never send personal and confidential information over the internet (e-mails, etc.) since it is not a secure form of communication.