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Hi ha dues hipòtesis principals respecte als orígens de la civilització etrusca en la primera Edat del ferro: desenvolupament autòcton in situ fora de la cultura de Villanova, o colonització d'Itàlia des del Pròxim Orient. La tesi d'una població autòctona que va divergir genèticament ha estat suggerida com a possibilitat per Cavalli-Sforza.

La classificació per part d'Helmut Rix de l'etrusc com a integrant de la família de llengües tirrenes, amb el lemni i el rètic, reflecteix aquesta ambigüitat. Rix veu l'etrusc relacionat amb el rètic, la llengua parlada en el Alps, al nord d'Etrúria, suggerint connexions autòctones, però d'altra banda el Lemni la llengua trobada a la "Estela de Lemnos" sembla relacionat també amb l'etrusc, el que implica o bé una presència etrusca a Lemnos o bé una expansió tirrènica cap a l'Egeu. El lemni podria haver arribat a la Mar Egea durant l'Edat del bronze Tardana, quan els governants micènics van reclutar grups de mercenaris de Sicília, Sardenya i d'altres parts de la península italiana.

La llengua dels etruscs era d'una família diferent de la dels pobles itàlics i celtes veïns, que parlaven llengües indoeuropees.

L'estudi més novell del mtDNA (2013) suggereix que el etruscs estan molt a prop de la població neolítica d'Europa Central i de les altres poblacions toscanes. Això coincideix amb el rètic llengua que va ser parlada al nord del Alps en l'àmbit de la cultura dels camps d'urnes d'Europa Central. La cultura de Villanova es va conformar a partir de la cultura de les urnes cap a l'any 1.100 aC i aquesta cultura és anterior a la civilització etrusca.

Origen autòcton

Dionís d'Halicarnàs va afirmar:

Amb aquest passatge Dionís d'Halicarnàs va posar el fonament de la teoria autòctona, és a dir, que l'element central dels etruscs, dels que parlaven la llengua etrusca, era  «la mateixa terra», el mateix lloc on durant tant de temps havia semblat que n'eren els habitants primigenis o natius. Serien per tant els continuadors directes de la cultura de Villanova.

Recollint aquest tema, Bonfante (2002) afirma:

Una elaboració addicional conjectura que els etruscs van ser

El 1942, l'historiador italià Massimo Pallottino va publicar un llibre titulat "Els etruscs" (que seria publicat en anglès el 1955). Pallottino va presentar diverses hipòtesis que van guanyar una àmplia acceptació en la comunitat arqueològica. Va dir que "a ningú se li ocorreria de demanar on tengueren l'origen els italians o els francesos, sinó que estudiaria la formació de les nacions italiana i francesa". S'entén que el procés de formació de la civilització etrusca va tenir lloc a Etrúria o en el seu entorn proper. Formulant un punt de vista diferent sobre la mateixa evidència, Pallottino diu:

J. P. Mallory compara els etruscs a altres poblacions mediterrànies no indoeuropees, com els bascos de la Península Ibèrica i sud de França, que absorbeixen els estils d'art i alfabet dels seus veïns grecs.

Origen anatoli
Certs autors grecs i romans van veure la presència dels etruscs a Itàlia com un "problema històric", ja que es diferenciaven de les altres civilitzacions de la zona.

En la mitologia greco-romana, Enees (grec: Αἰνείας, 'Aineias') era un heroi troià, fill del príncep Anquises i la deessa Venus. El seu pare era també el segon cosí del rei Príam de Troia. El viatge d'Enees des de Troia, (dirigit per Venus, la seva mare) que el va portar a la fundació de la ciutat de Roma, es narra a lEneida de Virgili, on s'empra la historicitat de la llegenda d'Enees per afalagar l'emperador August. Ròmul i Rem, que apareixen en la mitologia romana com els fundadors tradicionals de Roma, eren d'origen oriental: el seu avi Numítor i el seu germà Amuli es considera que són descendents dels fugitius de Troia.

Heròdot registra la llegenda que els etruscs (coneguts pels grecs com tirrens) procedien de Lídia, a l'Àsia Menor, actual Turquia.

L'erudit clàssic Michael Grant va comentar aquesta història, escrivint que "es basa en etimologies errònies, igual que moltes altres tradicions sobre els orígens de pobles marginals del món grec". Grant escriu que hi ha l'evidència que els propis etruscs van fer córrer aquest origen per tal de fer més fàcil el seu comerç amb Àsia Menor, quan moltes ciutats d'aquesta zona i els mateixos etruscs estaven en guerra amb els grecs.

Tanmateix, l'historiador grec Dionís d'Halicarnàs va objectar que la cultura tirrènica (etrusca) i la seva llengua no tenien gaires similituds amb el Lidi. Va declarar:

L'origen dels etruscs i els "pobles de la Mar"

Els etruscs o tirrens podrien haver estat un dels Pobles de la mar dels segles XII i XIV aC, si l'assimilació dels "teresh" d'inscripcions egípcies amb els "tirrenoi" feta per Massimo Pallottino és correcta. No hi ha cap evidència addicional per connectar els pobles de la mar als etruscs: el nom antic dels etruscs "rasna" no sembla una derivació tirrènica. La civilització etrusca ha estat estudiada, i la llengua en part s'ha desxifrat. Té variants i representants en les inscripcions de l'Egeu, però aquestes poden ser també obra dels viatgers o colons etruscos durant el període d'expansió marítima abans que Roma destruís el seu poder polític i militar. Als segles VI i V aC, la paraula "tirrens" es referia concretament als etruscs, i el mar proper es va anomenar mar Tirrena, segons Estrabó En Pindar, el Tyrsanoi apareixen aliats amb els cartaginesos, i eren una amenaça per la Magna Grècia:

Tucídides els esmenta junt amb els pelasgs i els associa amb els pirates lemnis i amb la població pre-grega d'Àtica. Lemnos es va mantenir relativament lliure de la influència grega fins a l'època hel·lenística, i curiosament, l'estela de Lemnos del  està inscrita amb un llenguatge molt similar a l'etrusc. Això ha dut a postular un grup de llengües tirrenes que comprèn l'etrusc, el lemni i el rètic. Hi ha així evidència que hi hi havia de fet com a mínim una relació lingüística entre els lemnis i els etruscs. Les circumstàncies concretes d'aquesta relació són controvertides; una majoria dels estudiosos, com a mínim dins Itàlia, adscriuria els tirrens de l'Egeu a l'expansió etrusca del  al VI aC., situant la pàtria dels etruscs a Itàlia i els Alps, en particular a causa de la seva relació amb la població rètica alpina. Els partidaris d'aquesta darrera escola de pensament es refereixen a la llegenda de l'origen lidi dels etruscs descrita per Heròdot, i a la declaració de Titus Livi que el rètics eren etruscs desplaçats a les muntanyes davant la invasió dels gals. Els crítics amb aquesta teoria diuen que hi ha una escassa relació lingüística entre l'etrusc i l'indoeuropeu, per no parlar de les llengües d'Anatòlia, i fan referència a Dionís d'Halicarnàs,  que decididament argumenta contra una relació entre etruscs i lidis. Tanmateix, l'idioma lidi està testimoniat algun temps després del que es creu que els immigrants tirrens van arribar a Itàlia.

Diferència entre l'origen i la influència cultural
L'origen de la civilització d'Etrúria és un debat antic, encara actualment en discussió entre els investigadors, perquè els termes en els quals els historiadors s'han expressat s'ha basat sovint en concepcions al marge de les dates de l'origen i de la cultura. Després de dos mil·lennis d'aixecar teories concloents cap a una ubicació definitiva dels orígens d'Etrúria, s'ha dirigit la recerca moderna cap a maneres divergents de les aproximacions tradicionals sobre els orígens nacionals i en comptes d'això centrar-se en el desenvolupament de conceptes, com l'origen nacional i la formació cultural, diferenciant entre influència cultural i origen cultural.

Les fonts inicials de la investigació pels historiadors que estudien els orígens dels etruscs són les fonts clàssiques proporcionades per erudits antics com Heròdot i Dionís d'Halicarnàs. Aquests escriptors estaven interessats en aclarir on s'havia originat una civilització tan avançada. Heròdot va iniciar la teoria anatòlica, explicant l'origen dels etruscs com una migració massiva des de Lídia, dirigida pel rei Tirrè, una migració causada per la fam iniciada poc després de la Guerra de Troia. Larissa Bonfante argumenta que el concepte tradicional d'origen que els escriptors grecs clàssics utilitzaven «s'havia d'explicar com el resultat d'una migració, sota el lideratge d'un mític heroi fundador». Valeria Forte, a més, ha afegit que el desplaçament dels caps herois a terra estrangera és una «narrativa fixa» utilitzada per «promoure el domini polític i cultural de les civilitzacions orientals sobre la cultura itàlica». L'argument és que «les imatges estereotipades d'una immigració marítima a Itàlia procedent de l'orient» és la fórmula típica dels escriptors clàssics com Heròdot que s'aplicarà sense cap investigació històrica.

La segona hipòtesi fonamental va ser explicada per l'historiador Dionís d'Halicarnàs. Era conscient que els seus predecessors van ser «unànimes a afirmar que els etruscs van arribar des de l'est», va expressar una hipòtesi alternativa dient que els etruscs eren «nadius del país», i en fer-ho va iniciar la teoria autòctona. Els investigadors s'han demanat el motiu pel qual les fonts antigues semblen unànimes sobre l'origen anatoli. Bonfante suggereix que és la resposta natural dels escriptors grecs per connectar els èxits de la civilització a uns altres herois grecs en un intent de promoure una «narrativa nacional glorificant». D'altra banda, R.S.P Beekes argumenta que aquests escriptors antics, especialment Heròdot, van trobar en la fam a Lídia una connexió òbvia amb la migració a Etrúria, més que una àrea de discussió. La teoria autòctona que Dionísd'Halicarnàs va iniciar era un punt de vista sostingut pels mateixos etruscs, a qui va consultar, tot i que és qüestionable el grau en què aquests etruscs coneixien el seu propi origen.

L'anàlisi dels moderns investigadors, com John Bryan Perkins, utilitza amb escepticisme les fonts antigues com evidència sòlida per donar suport a una tesi històrica, perquè aquestes fonts generalment promouen una imatge nacional i tenen prejudicis polítics. Sosté que la interpretació antiga de l'origen etrusc ha derivat d'una «tradició hostil, de rivals i enemics, entre els grecs i els romans». L'extensió del prejudici clàssic s'exemplifica en els records primerencs dels etruscs. La literatura clàssica normalment retrata els etruscs com a 'pirates i saquejadors'. Massimo Pallottino assenyala que la seva reputació per la pirateria va prendre forma en temps d'Homer i la imatge ja es mostra en els himnes homèrics, i va ser clarament un producte de la intensa rivalitat comercial i territorial entre els etruscs i els comerciants grecs. Conseqüentment Perkins arriba a la conclusió que els estàndards «antics de la crítica històrica no eren els nostres», ja que «una gran part d'aquesta història es veu a través d'un vel d'interpretació, de la incomprensió i, de vegades, de la simple invenció». La tendència antiga a inventar o aplicar un relat imaginari al seu registre històric és evident en les Històries d'Heròdot. El seu relat ple d'històries de fantasia contribueix a la narrativa de glorificació de Grècia en les guerres mèdiques i exemplifica la grandesa de la conquesta grega. Aquest programa és problemàtic quan es considera la seva 'heroica' comprensió de l'origen dels etruscs, perquè les històries d'Heròdot tendeixen a contribuir a la narrativa nacional més que no a un registre històric. El seu relat s'estableix a través del que Perkins anomena un «mirall deformant» de l'antiguitat.

Valeria Forte admet el prejudici clàssic, però tanmateix argumenta que la distorsió política no ha cessat, ja que actualment la «propaganda política i el biaix nacionalista s'ha infiltrat en l'arqueologia italiana». La historiografia moderna sobre l'origen dels etruscs no està exempta de distorsió política; l'etruscologia reconeix que, quan s'intenta definir la procedència etrusca, s'està donant forma al sentit de la identitat italiana. Hi ha un cert orgull en considerar-se l'única connexió a una civilització tan avançada, D. H. Lawrence conclou en la seva recerca sobre la cultura etrusca que «els italians d'avui en dia són, de fet, molt més etruscs que no romans». Forte assenyala que els italians utilitzen la civilització etrusca per «representar un model d'expressió cultural» dins de la seva imatge nacional.

El professor Pallottino en els anys 1950 va fer ressorgir la teoria autòctona inicial i en fer-ho sostingué que la interpretació tradicional «va estar obsessionada amb la idea de que els orígens dels pobles itàlics es trobaven en les immigracions de fora». La tesi s'ha desenvolupat sobre la base que la cultura d'aquest poble sembla única davant qualsevol altra cultura prehistòrica coneguda, per tant, s'ha d'haver desenvolupat dins d'Itàlia ". Admet les contribucions estrangeres per al desenvolupament cultural dels etruscos, però sosté que la barreja de la cultura que els originà es va dur a terme en sòl italià, el conjunt de valors matrius era prou homogèni i, per tant, d'origen italià. Els arguments indigenistes es basen en els atributs únics de la cultura etrusca, creient que es tracta d'una seqüència evolutiva en la què Etrúria va desenvolupar la seva cultura independent, un «procés formatiu dels etruscos, que només pot tenir lloc en el territori de la mateixa Etrúria». Però, per subscriure aquesta tesi es presenta un problema, la cultura etrusca que «no hi ha dubte que és de per si un únic desenvolupament», s'ha intensificat i desenvolupat a partir d'altres soques culturals anteriors  La pregunta és si aquests brots constitutius van ser dominants en el producte acabat. És difícil diferenciar entre el producte d'una cultura estrangera i el d'una cultura independent amb influències foranes. Altres metodologies històriques, com la lingüística, l'arqueologia i la investigació genètica, han intentat aclarir aquesta distinció i posar en relleu la magnitud de la influència estrangera en la cultura etrusca.

Els lingüistes han tractat de fer llum sobre el grau d'influència estrangera sobre la civilització etrusca. RSP Beekes fa dependre la seva anàlisi lingüística de les inscripcions de Lemnos, que ell creu que són «la resposta al problema dels orígens dels etruscos». L'estela de Lemnos és un testimoni del  d'una llengua prehel·lènica trobada a Lemnos, una illa grega del Nord. La inscripció mostra diferents similituds amb la llengua etrusca; els dos idiomes s'apliquen un sistema semblant de quatre vocals, la gramàtica i el vocabulari. Beekes argumenta que les teories autòctones no són més que «un intent desesperat d'evitar la conclusió evident a partir de la inscripció lèmnia». No suggereix que el llenguatge de l'estela forma part de la cultura d'aquest poble, sinó més aviat que les similituds en les dues llengües demostren que els etruscs van emigrar d'Àsia Menor, com suggereix Heròdot.

Alison E. Cooley critica Beekes dient que les característiques orientals trobades en la recerca etimològica de la inscripció de Lemnos «simplement estableix la qüestió», però, imposa que els «atributs orientals més tardans de l'etrusc són sovint un producte d'aculturació». Cooley al contrari que Beekes sosté que les semblances en les llengües són un resultat de contacte amb la civilització grega i Lidia a causa de l'intercanvi comercial.

Els lingüistes, com Beekes, són criticats sovint per la suposició que «perquè parlen un llenguatge comú, han de pertànyer a la mateixa ètnia». No obstant això, recentment lingüistes com Kari Gibson han argumentat que el llenguatge és el factor predominant en la formació cultural d'una identitat nacional i per tant no pot ser descartat com un atribut independent d'una identitat cultural, sinó que més aviat és el marc en el que funciona un tipus de civilització. Gibson suggereix que el llenguatge està íntimament lligat a la identitat nacional i cultural del parlant, i com un «poderós símbol d'identitat nacional i ètnica» determina la percepció que té un individu del seu entorn. Per a utilitzar aquest argument en el debat lingüístic sobre l'origen dels etruscs, els estudiosos moderns com Cooley són potser massa desdenyosos de l'impacte del llenguatge en el desenvolupament de la identitat dels etruscs: «La identitat ètnica és el bessó de la identitat lingüística». És difícil per a la recerca avaluar el grau d'influència que l'idioma lidi hauria tingut en el desenvolupament cultural d'Etrúria, tot i que el llenguatge és sens dubte un ingredient clau en el desenvolupament de la cultura d'aquest poble.

L'arqueologia té un paper destacat en la revelació d'aspectes de la vida diària dels etruscs i de l'estructura social d'una civilització tan sofisticada, exposant així a la claror les influències estrangeres. Els descobriments arqueològics més importants de la civilització etrusca es troben en l'excavació de tombes. Bonfante remarca els elements culturals únics que il·lustren els frescos funeraris d'aquestes tombes. Els frescos ben conservats de les cambres funeràries trobades a la necròpolis de Monterozzi, situat en el caire sud-est de l'antiga ciutat de Tarquínia, són vitals per a la reconstrucció de la cultura etrusca. Els estudiosos defensors de la teoria autòctona tendeixen a cridar l'atenció sobre la representació de les dones en els frescos. Les proves materials de l'alt estatus social de les dones etrusques es poden constatar en els frescos de la Tomba dels Lleopards, que data del . El fresc il·lustra les dones i els homes conversant junts i l'ús de les mateixes corones de llorer, el que implica que els símbols d'estatus en la societat etrusca van ser similars per a homes i dones. Aquest estatut avançat per a les dones és un element etrusc únic que no es coneix de cap altra cultura del seu temps.

Els frescos trobats en la Tomba de la Caça i la Pesca marquen un temps més primitiu, on els homes no dominaven encara el seu entorn. En els frescos els ocells que volen sobre un vaixell són més grans en proporció que les figures dels homes, Pallottino assenyala que es tracta d'un atribut únic de les obres d'art etrusques, ja que proporcionen una idea de com els etruscs es veien a ells mateixos en relació amb l'entorn. Les obres antigues amb data anterior a aquest fresc tendien a veure els homes des d'una sició dominant. No obstant això, la Tomba de la Caça i la Pesca representa els homes al fons de l'obra, en lloc d'ocupar el primer pla, el que suggereix que els estudiosos com Pallottino que Etrúria havia desenvolupat una cultura i comprensió social diferent a qualsevol altra civilització prehistòrica i per tant no pot ser un producte de qualsevol cultura anterior. Alberto Palmucci un etruscòleg italià creu que la grandària de les aus en aquest fresc no és un element innovador en la història de l'art, sinó més aviat una representació realista de grans cigonyes, que guiaven els viatges estacionals dels etruscos. Les obres d'art creades pels etruscs proporcionen una visió única de la seva cultura, i s'ha suggerit que la civilització etrusca no es feia ressò d'altres civilitzacions prehistòriques, sinó més aviat desenvolupava un conjunt distintiu dels valors socials.

Evidència genètica
Hi ha hagut una sèrie d'estudis genètics sobre els etruscs i els toscans moderns comparades amb altres poblacions, i alguns d'aquests treballs indiquen un origen local, europeu, dels etruscs, i n'hi ha d'altres, en canvi, que semblen fer costat a la tesi de l'origen oriental o específicament d'Anatòlia. En general, la prova directa d'ADN antic etrusc ha donat suport a un origen local, mentre que les proves d'ADN de bestiar de raça o de la Toscana moderna, com un pont intermediari dels etruscs, han indicat uns orígens no locals. Encara que una mesura directa ha de considerar-se superior a una mesura substitutiva, el debat continua, a causa de la desconfiança dels resultats d'ADN antic i també de les mides reduïdes de les mostres d'ADN antic, en comparació amb el nivell de confiança alt que dona una gran quantitat de mostres, i per tant una major confiança estadística per a les conclusions basades en un mostreig mèdic directe d'ADN actual.

L'últim estudi fet d'ADNmt molt ampli a partir de l'any 2013 indica, basat en l'ADN heretat per via materna, que els etruscs eren molt probablement una població nativa i molt estretament relacionada amb els actuals alemanys del sud. L'estudi es va fer a partir de l'ADN mitocondrial de 14 individus enterrats en dues necròpolis etrusques, analitzant-los juntament amb altres anàlisis d'ADNmt d'etruscs, unes altres mostres antigues ADNmt europeu, mostres modernes i medievals de la Toscana, i 4.910 individus moderns de la conca mediterrània. Els anàlisis dels antics (30 etruscos, i 27 toscans medievals) i de les seqüències d'ADN moderns (370 toscans) van ser sotmesos a diversos milions de simulacions per ordinador, cosa que va demostrar que els etruscs podien ser considerats ancestres per la població de l'Edat Mitjana i, sobretot en les subpoblacions de Casentino i Volterra, de la moderna Toscana; a les poblacions modernes de Murlo i Florència, per contra, es va mostrar que no hi havia continuitat amb la població medieval. En tenir en compte, a més, dues mostres d'Anatòlia (35 i 123 individus), es va estimar que els vincles genètics entre la Toscana i Anatòlia es remunten almenys a fa 5.000 anys, el que suggereix que la cultura etrusca es va desenvolupar a nivell local, i no com una conseqüència immediata de la immigració des de les costes de la Mediterrània oriental. Segons l'estudi, l'ADNmt dels antics etruscs és més proper a les poblacions modernes del sud d'Alemanya i, seguit molt de prop, a una variada diversitat d'altres pobles europeus i no està particularment prop de les poblacions de la Mediterrània oriental de Turquia o d'un altre indret. Entre les poblacions antigues, els etruscos van resultar ser més propers als agricultors neolítics d'Europa Central.

Aquest resultat està en la línia dels resultats anteriors d'estudis d'ADNmt fets a partir del 2004 (en un estudi més petit també basat en ADN antic), i en contradicció amb els resultats de 2007 (basats en ADN modern). L'estudi de 2004 es va basar en l'ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) a partir de mostres preses de 80 ossos de tombes que daten del  fins al  a Etrúria. Aquest estudi va trobar que l'antic ADN extret de les restes etrusques tenia algunes afinitats amb poblacions europees modernes, com els toscans a Itàlia. A més les mostres etrusques possiblement van revelar més herència genètica provinent del Mediterrani oriental i meridional que les que contenen les mostres d'italians moderns. L'estudi es va veure afectat per la preocupació que les seqüències d'ADN mitocondrial de les mostres arqueològiques estiguessin greument danyades o tinguessin l'ADN contaminat; No obstant això, investigacions posteriors van demostrar que les mostres van passar les proves més exigents de la degradació de l'ADN disponibles. Un estudi d'ADNmt de 2007, per contra, suggereix un origen d'Orient Pròxim. Un estudi d'ADNmt de 2007, per contra, suggereix un origen del Pròxim Orient. Achilli i altres autors van arribar a la conclusió que les seves dades, preses de la població de la Toscana moderna, «donen suport a la hipòtesi d'una aportació genètica post-neolítica des d'Orient Pròxim a la població actual de la Toscana», en absència de qualsevol altra evidència, no hi ha però un vincle directe entre aquesta dada genètica i els etruscs. L'estudi de l'Institut Mèdic Coriell que mostreja ADNmt d'una petita ciutat prop de Florència, va a la recerca d'una baula amb l'Orient Pròxim. Com que les mostres no es consideren genèticament "atípiques" de la Toscana, els proveïdors de mostra adverteixen que «no representen necessàriament tots els toscans, ni tots els italians, la història de la població és complexa». Com mostren els resultats de l'any 2013 i s'havia deduït amb anterioritat, l'explicació més serena de les contradiccions entre els diversos estudis és que el supòsit de la continuïtat genètica entre els etruscs i els toscans moderns és, en certa manera, fals, el que significa que la genètica a partir de les afinitats dels toscans no prova res de manera irrefutable sobre l'origen dels etruscs.

Altres estudis, basats en Y-ADN heretat per via paterna, han tendit a mostrar les connexions no locals dels etruscs sobre la base dels toscans moderns.

Un altre estudi del genetista Alberto Piazza de la Universitat de Torí vincula els etruscs a Turquia. L'equip va comparar les seqüències d'ADN-I amb les dels homes de l'actual Turquia, amb el nord d'Itàlia, amb l'illa grega de Lemnos, amb les illes italianes de Sicília i Sardenya i amb el sud dels Balcans. Van trobar que les seqüències genètiques dels homes de la Toscana variaven significativament de les dels homes de les regions circumdants a Itàlia, i que els homes de Murlo i Volterra eren els més estretament relacionats amb els homes de Turquia. A Murlo, en particular, una variant genètica és compartida només per persones procedents de Turquia.

Un altre equip d'investigadors italians va demostrar que l'ADN mitocondrial dels bovins (Bos taurus) a la Toscana moderna és diferent de la de bestiar que normalment es troben en altres parts d'Itàlia, i fins i tot a Europa en el seu conjunt. Una població autòctona que es van separar genèticament es va suggerir com una possible explicació per Cavalli-Sforza. [2] L'ADN mitocondrial és similar a la del bestiar que es troba normalmrnt al Pròxim Orient. Moltes tribus que van migrar en el passat portaven normalment el seu bestiar amb ells a mesura que avançaven. Aquest estudi ADNmt boví suggereix que almenys algunes persones van tenir com a descedents els etruscs, i que van fer camí cap a Itàlia des d'Anatòlia o d'altres parts del Pròxim Orient. No obstant això, l'estudi no dona cap pista sobre quan podria haver succeit. Hi ha la possibilitat que la civilització etrusca va sorgir a nivell local amb els contactes marítims de tota la Mediterrània, i la presència genètica podria provrnir dels temps del Neolític i l'expansió de les cultures marítimes, com potser indica l'extensió de la ceràmica cardial.

Referències

Civilització etrusca

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is the popular chickpeas (garbanzo beans) curry from Kerala. It is made at least once every week in most kerala homes. High in protein and flavors this is perfect accompaniment to serve with the popular break fast sides like puttu, appam or idiaappam. This time it was served with the popular steam cake – Puttu.
Kadala or the black chickpeas are the star here. The curry is made with the usual base of onion garlic , ginger and chilies with tomatoes or tamarind for tang. Like many recipes from this regions it too is vegan .
Dry chickpeas take a long time to cook , and are for hours (usually overnight) before cooking. This long cooking time makes it the perfect candidate for Instant pot. Whether using IP or not soaking gives predictable results when cooking beans. An added advantage is that is that soaking gives you a uniform cooking time – when the beans are dry and aged it is difficult to estimate the time to cook.
You can cook the beans without the long soaking , but the catch here is that the cooking time will vary quite a lot depending on the age and dryness of the bean. If not soaking I would add increase regular cooking time by at least 30 minutes or high pressure cooking time by about 15 to 20 more minutes.
Not a fan of Instant Pot ? The directions for traditional cooking is given below the recipe.
Should I use the soaking liquid ?
There are a few reasons to discard the soaking liquid. Back in the days when the procurement and storage of beans were not as tightly controlled, this was a good way to clean out all that dirt and grime that could be stuck to the beans. Beans are processed and stored in much more hygienic conditions toady and soaking for a few minutes and giving a good rinse is going to accomplish the same.
The other reason for throwing away the soaking liquid is to remove some the soluble carbs that may cause digestive issues. But it still leaves behind other ingredients that are not water soluble and could cause the same issues. Another thing to keep in mind is that the soaking liquid contains other beneficial nutrients as well.
From a culinary stand point the soaking liquid has a lot of flavors. So when I am cooking for the family often times I soak the beans for just a few minutes , give it a good scrub and rinse. The beans are soaked in fresh water for 8 hours and use the water in cooking.
The recipe here is going to say discard water and that is the standard practice when you are cooking for guests.
These are all the ingredients to make Kadala Curry except coconut milk. It is not heavy of spices, but the flavors are unmatched. Once you have all the ingredients in place making the curry is a breeze.
Kadala curry can be made using coconut milk or not. This instant pot version is kadala curry with coconut milk. Coconut milk adds to the body of the curry and binds the spices and the liquids together. The version without coconut milk is thinner , more watery but still tastes great.
Traditionally curries like these are made with fresh squeezed coconut milk. The chickpeas will get cooked in the thin milk and the thick milk will be added towards the end.
Typically this dish is made with brown chickpeas. These can definitely be made with the pale yellow variety as well. In South India the commonly available chickpea varieties have darker colors, and these are usually a little smaller than the pale yellow counterparts.
Since this curry is usually served with carbs (rice, appams, etc. ) that are predominantly white in color , the brown versions provide an appealing contrast. Make these with yellow garbanzo beans if that is what you have.
What goes well with this kadala curry ?
Keralites love kadala curry with the popular breakfast steamed rice cake – Puttu. It goes well with appam , Idiappm ( fresh made rice noodles), and even ghee rice or lemon rice. Try it with pathiri or jowar roti or any flat bread.
These are the step by step pictures of making Kerala Style Brown chickpea curry in the Instant Pot.
This black chickpea curry is a popular dish in Kerala and the Konkan region. Flavors of coriander coriander and coconut goes well with chickpeas. Serve it with any of your favorite flat breads or rice or with traditional Kerala breakfast like - appam , puttu or idiappam.
Wash and soak the chickpeas in plenty of water overnight. Drain, rinse and set aside.
Finely chop the onions , mince the ginger and garlic and finely chop the tomatoes. Slit or chop the green chilies small if you like the curry to be spicy. Leave them whole for flavor.
Press the sauté button on the Instant pot and add oil . When the oil gets hot add the mustard seeds. When the mustard starts spluttering add the curry leaves. Sauté for 30 seconds until the leaves turn crisp and the mustard seeds stop dancing around. At this point you can scoop up some of the seeds and leaves and reserve – but leave the oil behind.
Add the copped onions to the pot. Sauté for about 4 minutes stirring in between till the onions begin to turn brown . Add chilies, ginger, garlic and spices. Stir fry for 30 seconds. Add the chopped tomatoes and mix well . Cook for a minute until the tomato begins to break down .
Add the chick peas and 2 C water.
Set the Instant pot to cook on Manual with high pressure for 20 minutes . Release pressure naturally (Notes).
Open, stir, taste and adjust salt. Add coconut milk and sauté for 2 to 3 minutes until the curry begins to boil.
Coconut oil is preferred in this recipe , but any neural oil will work as well.
Garam Masala or Meat Masala is used to add some aromatic spices to the recipe. It is optional , but do not leave out the coriander powder.
If using fresh coconut milk – use the thin milk to substitute part of water used for cooking the chickpeas. Use 1/3 C of coconut cream or thick coconut milk. If using regular coconut milk can, open it without shaking the can and skim off the thick milk.
Tamarind is often used instead of tomatoes. Use about 1 tsp of tamarind paste or a small piece of tamarind ( 1 to 2 cm) soaked in ½ C cup water.
It is important that the onions and tomatoes are chopped fine. It aids with even quick cooking.
You can release the pressure about 15 minutes after the chickpeas are done cooking.
Not a fan of high pressure cooking ? Here is how to make the kadala curry in a more traditional way.
Cook the chickpeas in plenty of water with a pinch of salt until cooked through – use your stove top pressure cooker or stockpot. In a sauté pan add coconut oil and follow the directions for the instant pot. Once the tomatoes soften add the cooked chickpeas and simmer for 5 to 10 minutes. Adjust salt and finish with coconut milk.
It takes longer , but the process is the same.


Vincent has extensive experience in the investment and corporate sectors in France, working across a broad range of clients and industries. He leads the commercial banking team for France and Belgium, covering all sectors. He's passionate about helping clients with strong UK links work closely with the Bank.
Before joining Lloyds Bank in January 2006, Vincent was Managing Director and Senior Banker for a strategic client portfolio at Credit Agricole (CACIB). Prior to that, he spent more than 10 years at Chase Manhattan Bank as Co-Head of Corporate and Head of Project & Export Finance in France.
Earlier in his career, Vincent worked in the retail network of HSBC France and later in the wholesale division of Barclays in Paris.


Abstract Functional neuroimaging studies have largely been performed in patients with longstanding chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, memory function of PTSD patients has been proved to be impaired. We sought to characterize the brain responses of patients with acute PTSD and implemented a trauma-related short-term memory recall paradigm. Individuals with acute severe PTSD (n = 10) resulting from a mining accident and 7 men exposed to the mining accident without PTSD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the symptom provocation and trauma-related short-term memory recall paradigms. During symptom provocation paradigm, PTSD subjects showed diminished responses in right anterior cingulate gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle frontal gyrus and enhanced left parahippocampal. gyrus response compared with controls. During the short-term memory recall paradigm, PTSD group showed diminished responses in right inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal and left middle occipital gyrus in comparison with controls. PTSD group exhibited diminished right parahippocampal gyrus response during the memory recall task as compared to the symptom provocation task. Our findings suggest that neurophysiological alterations and memory performance deficit have developed in acute severe PTSD. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
GB/T 7714 Hou, Cailan,Liu, Jun,Wang, Kun,et al. Brain responses to symptom provocation and trauma-related short-term memory recall in coal mining accident survivors with acute severe PTSD[J]. BRAIN RESEARCH,2007,1144:165-174.
APA Hou, Cailan.,Liu, Jun.,Wang, Kun.,Li, Lingjiang.,Liang, Meng.,...&Jiang, Tianzi.(2007).Brain responses to symptom provocation and trauma-related short-term memory recall in coal mining accident survivors with acute severe PTSD.BRAIN RESEARCH,1144,165-174.
MLA Hou, Cailan,et al."Brain responses to symptom provocation and trauma-related short-term memory recall in coal mining accident survivors with acute severe PTSD".BRAIN RESEARCH 1144(2007):165-174.


text:
Home » Counties » Orange
Anaheim Museum
Bowers Museum
Mission San Juan Capistrano
Old Orange County Courthouse
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society
Yorba Linda Heritage Museum
Exhibits on local history and culture
Location: 241 South Anaheim Boulevard in Anaheim
Open Wednesday to Friday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday from 12 noon to 4 p.m.
Visit http://www.anaheimmuseum.com/
Anthropology and Art
Tuesday-Sunday 10:00 am – 4:00 pm
Kids Museum
Location: 2002 N. Main Street, Santa Ana, CA 92706
Bowers Kidseum
Visit http://www.bowers.org/
Contains Native American and mission period artifacts
Archaeological excavations can be viewed
Location: on Highway 74, two blocks west of I-5 in San Juan Capistrano (at the Corner of Ortega Highway and Camino Capistrano). Take I-5 to Ortega Highway, west one block to the entrance on the right.
Open daily from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Admission: $6 adults, $5 seniors, $4 children 4 to 11, Children 3 and under are free
Visit http://www.missionsjc.com/
Contains the Orange County History Center, which includes the Old Courthouse Museum, the Orange County Archives, and the library of the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society
The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a State of California Historic Landmark.
Location: 211 West Santa Ana Boulevard in Santa Ana
Visit http://www.ocparks.com/oldcourthouse/
Lectures in the evening of the second Thursday of each month
Visit http://www.pcas.org/about.html
Features Native American cultural traits and aspects of the Yorba Family and early American period
Location: 5700 Susanna Bryant Drive in Yorba Linda
Open Sunday from 1 to 4 p.m.
Admission: $2 adults, $1 children under 12
Visit http://www.ylpl.lib.ca.us/sbb.php

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Enter new hatchery update text here.
That's not your eyes playing tricks on you, that's the walls of our hatchery expansion going up! This is good news and our contractors are on a mission to get this building up and weather tight before snow flies.
As I've mentioned in previous reports, this expansion will allow the salmon growing in the Peter Gray Hatchery to be spread out into more tanks. Decreasing the densities in each tank will help lower the stress of the salmon and give them an even better environment to develop into the "little athletes" that will survive in the East Machias River, and later, the Atlantic Ocean. Lean, mean swimming machines!
Funders have generously donated to get us started, but we are continuing to raise funds for the expansion project to ensure it is completed this year. If you would like to contribute to this very important project please scroll down to the donation section below.


Why work with Bill Zigler? Please see my numerous references that will assure you of my client dealings. It's one of the reasons I have remained in the business through this tough time. Please visit my website as well.
I specialize in ALL types of loans…VA, FHA, Conventional and of course Jumbo being that I live and work here in Orange County, CA.
Buying a home in California? Call me today for the best pricing on FHA, Jumbo, VA or Conventional!
My job, plain and simply, is to help you save money and protect the financial future of you, and your family. My clients are extremely comfortable in working with someone with my integrity, professionalism, and ability to place people with the best product for their situation.
Is your interest rate too high? Are you having trouble making your payment? Now is the time to look at your mortgage and get you a loan that makes sense.
Is your family covered in case something happens to you? Are you paying too much for your health insurance? Are you in a position where you can afford to be out of work for more than 30 days? Now is the time to call or email me so we can make sure that you are covered for the future.
Why work with me? Please see my numerous references that will assure you of my client dealings.
Specializing in mortgages of all types, I can help you navigate through the home buying process regardless of your down payment and loan program! Call me today and ask me how I can help you get into your dream home in less than 30 days!
tell anyone I talk to about Bill for their loan, refinance or whatever they are seeking because Bill treated us like we were his only clients! And to us that in this day and age really stands out.
Call Bill Zigler today at 888.525.5345 to get started!
The time for a NO COST Refinance is NOW!
A big rally in the bond market has resulted in a sharp drop in mortgage rates. For the week ended Feb. 6, average 30-year fixed rate loans were 4.23%, down from 4.53% at the end of 2013.
If you are going to refinance, first do this!
Thinking about refinancing? Before you do, put some time and effort — and some money too — into sprucing up.
For anyone selling a home, sprucing up is a no-brainer. Repairs, upgrades, painting and landscaping can raise the sales price. But homeowners who are staying put and refinancing often don't bother with these improvements. If you're not looking for a buyer and have years to get around to these things, why bother?
Because the home's condition will be reflected in the lender's appraisal, which will determine whether you get the new mortgage and how large it can be.
Appraisals start with an analysis of comparable sales data — the prices of nearby homes that have sold recently. Homes that have merely been refinanced are not included. Because most home sellers do spruce up, the comparable prices likely reflect homes in good to excellent condition.
In the second step, the appraiser makes adjustments for differences between the home and what he or she believes to be the standard among the comparables. So if you have a kitchen from the '70s and the recently sold homes were more up to date, your appraised value will suffer.
After all, the point of the appraisal is to make sure the home is valuable enough to serve as collateral on the loan. The homeowner may perceive the "value" as including all those nagging improvement plans as if they'd be done, as they surely would be before a sale. But the lender wants to know what the home would fetch as is, in case it had to be unloaded after a foreclosure. A homeowner with enough financial troubles to land in foreclosure is unlikely to spend big money on repairs and improvements.
The risk of a low appraisal is especially serious for the homeowner who wants to replace an older mortgage, because the new loan typically must be large enough to pay off the old one. Despite rising home prices in the past couple of years, many homes are still worth less than their owners paid for them seven or eight years ago. In those cases, homeowners need to squeeze every dollar they can out of the appraisal. At a minimum, a rejected application will cost hundreds of dollars on appraisal fees and other upfront charges.
Homeowners looking for a "cash-out refinancing" have more flexibility, because they can choose to borrow less. Typically, they own the home free of a mortgage or have an older mortgage with a balance well below the home's current value. For them, a low appraisal will not prevent the new financing but will limit the cash they can take out of the home.
Whatever your reason for refinancing, the first step is a little research into recent sales prices in the neighborhood using sites such as Realtor.com, Trulia.com and Zillow.com. Because prices have been changing rapidly, try to find sales from the past six months or less.
Then take a realistic look at your home's shortcomings and decide which ones to tackle. Unfortunately, many improvements fail to add as much value as they cost, so it probably would not pay to install a whole new kitchen just to get a higher appraisal. Look at this list from Remodeling Magazine for guidance.
Tidying up, painting, trimming the shrubs and other low-cost jobs are definitely worth doing. And looking at your home from a buyer's perspective can help you see it from an appraiser's.
I have 13 years of experience in the mortgage industry and 24 years in customer service. I have seen the industry through its ebbs and flows and I know the players. I will still be here for you when others move to the next "Hot" Industry.
Do you want the best loan for YOU, or for your loan officer? Whether your credit's flawless or you have a more challenging financial background, I will find the right program for you. The reality about mortgages is that there's no one typical solution that's best for everybody. This is why I take the time to learn about your need and goals before presenting mortgage solutions for us to discuss and review. After that, I will tailor a loan to suit your situation.


BootCamp classes are a mix of traditional aerobic and body weight exercises and interval and strength training. They're designed to resemble a military boot camp – but don't be daunted, it just means they're outdoors, they involve training groups of people at once, and they make sure that everyone gets the most out of their training!
We've outlined the benefits of both early-morning exercise and outdoor exercise elsewhere on this website, so check those out! Basically, there are tons of benefits to BootCamp, including physical health benefits (reducing high blood pressure, reducing risk of disease), weight benefits (we can help you lose weight and tone up), and mental health benefits (reducing stress and lifting mood). It's also a super fun way to exercise which sets you up for the rest of the day and introduces you to some great people.
Absolutely anyone - our BootCamp is open for anyone, any gender, any age, any shape, any experience, any fitness level! We have a totally non-judgemental environment and we embrace our differences.
I can't believe how much this bootcamp helped me, the first time I went i didn't realize how bad my fitness levels were. However i have been a few times now and my fitness levels have increased tenfold.
Thank you for your help at this bootcamp, I have been a few time and every time has been perfect. So glad I made the decision to book my first visit, otherwise id never have been able to fit in my wedding dress.
When it comes to bootcamps, none are as brilliant as this, the trainers are brilliant they really know how to push you to your limits.
Fitness is not just sports, it's your ability to do day-to-day activities easily.
The first steps are simple, all you need to do is get in contact with us. Click below to take the first steps.
Our Great British Weight-Off BootCamp classes start with dynamic stretching and running, followed by various different exercises including interval training, pushups/situps, press-ups, tricep dips, lunges, planks, burpees, squats and plyometrics. We always end with some yoga stretching to cool down, too. It's a programme we've personally designed to build strength and improve fitness through a variety of intense interval exercises over a one-hour period. We offer nutrition advice, too, if you need it – just come and talk to Angel and she'll help you out!
Standing by and watching others is the easy part; with us we will help you get involved without pushing you beyond your ability.


Evernote confirmed its rumored massive funding round this morning, though it wasn't the $100 million whopper early reports indicated. The digital note-taking company raised $70 million at a valuation of $1 billion in its fourth round of funding, led by Meritech Capital and CBC Capital.
"This financing brings us another small step closer to our long-term goal of building a hundred year startup that can be everyone's second brain," Evernote CEO Phil Libin wrote on the company blog today. He noted that the company didn't really need the funding but it's "a crucial component" of remaining an innovative and durable company." And of course, it's a helpful valuation bump as Evernote plans to go public.
Libin says the company will use the funding to increase product improvements, make future acquisitions, and expand internationally. Mostly though, it seems the money will help Evernote weather market conditions and remain focused on its product.
Evernote offers a suite of digital note-taking products with the goal of letting you remember everything. The core Evernote app lets you save pretty much anything — including text, pictures, and other files — to the cloud, which is then accessible from desktop and mobile devices. All of Evernote's apps are free to use, but the company offers premium features at $5 per month (or $45 per year) rate that gives you larger upload capabilities, offline access, and more.
While going public will certainly be a major new step for Evernote, Libin tells TechCrunch that he doesn't want the company's focus to change much. He wants Evernote to spend all of its energy making the product better, and he wants users to trust the company enough to use it for the rest of their lives.
Mountain View, Calif.-based Evernote has now raised around $166 million, including today's funding. The company apparently still has much of its previous $96 million in funding left in the bank, according to TechCrunch. But it never hurts to have a $70 million safety net.


CANTON, Ohio (AP) — Teddy Bridgewater didn't want to talk about the completions. Last the Minnesota quarterback checked, getting the ball where it needs to go is the main part of his job.
It's that one miss, however, that will stick with the reigning Rookie of the Year.
Bridgewater's only series in a 14-3 victory over Pittsburgh in the Hall of Fame game Sunday ended up with the Vikings getting stuffed on fourth down after Bridgewater failed to complete a simple flip to Mike Wallace on third down that would have given Minnesota first-and-goal.
Maybe Bridgewater is being picky after going 5 of 6 for 44 yards during his cameo, but with an extra preseason game this summer, the Vikings and their emerging leader have plenty of time to work on it.
Backup quarterback Mike Kafka threw a touchdown pass and running back Joe Banyard ran for another score long after Bridgewater exited as the Vikings improved to 5-0 in exhibitions under second-year coach Mike Zimmer.
"Wish I was 5-0 in the regular season," he said, laughing.
Both teams have a month before things start to count for real, giving the annual exhibition opener an even more pedestrian feel.
Hall of Famer Jerome Bettis waved a "Terrible Towel" during pregame introductions, with the decidedly pro-Pittsburgh crowd roaring its approval, the only moment of true star power on a night the bold-faced names still in uniform didn't break a sweat if they even bothered to suit up at all.
Minnesota running back Adrian Peterson's return from a lengthy suspension will have to wait at least one more week, if not decidedly longer. He hung out on the sideline while the backups did the heavy lifting.
Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger stuck to attire more appropriate for the gym. All-Pro running back Le'Veon Bell and All-Pro wide receiver Antonio Brown put together a full dress rehearsal, even going through warm-ups then spent four quarters as spectators, the only exercise the notoriously hard-working Brown enjoyed coming while he absentmindedly worked the exercise bike.
Bridgewater deftly guided the Vikings on a 10-play, 51-yard drive in the first quarter, hitting tight end Kyle Rudolph for a pair of 11-yard gains. Rather than attempt a short field goal on fourth-and-1 from the 10, Zimmer opted to go for it only to see Jerick McKinnon stopped for no gain by nose tackle Steve McLendon, one of the handful of Pittsburgh regulars to actually take the field.
With Roethlisberger given the night off and usual backup Bruce Gradkowski dealing with a sore arm, the Steelers gave third-stringer Jones an extensive look. The leading passer in Oklahoma history is trying to convince the team to keep three quarterbacks on the roster. While coach Mike Tomlin said early in camp Jones was on the "incline" he was going to reserve judgment until after seeing Jones face guys in different-color jerseys.
The early returns weren't exactly promising after the Steelers failed to produce a touchdown or generate much momentum with Jones under center.
Jones completed 15 of 32 passes for 128 yards and an interception while taking nearly every Pittsburgh snap.
Jones led the Steelers on their only scoring drive of the half, finding Shakim Phillips for a 35-yard strike that set up a 36-yard field goal by Shaun Suisham, who later left with what Tomlin called a "potentially significant" injury.
Minnesota didn't have nearly as much trouble finding the end zone after the early near miss. Kafka took advantage of a blown coverage to connect with MyCole Pruitt for an easy 34-yard TD strike 4:20 left in the first half.
The Vikings extended the lead midway through the third quarter following a 62-yard punt return by rookie Stefon Diggs. He was tripped up just short of the goal line. No matter, one play later, Banyard strolled into the end zone to make it 14-3.
NOTES: Vikings first-round pick, CB Trae Waynes, had three tackles and was called for a holding penalty that was declined. … Pittsburgh's top pick, LB Bud Dupree, had two tackles. … Pittsburgh visits Jacksonville on Friday. Minnesota hosts Tampa Bay on Saturday.


text:
Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling
Xiang Cheng, Rongqing Zhang, Liuqing Yang
Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems and vehicular networks are developing rapidly with ever-increasing researches on the vehicular communication channels. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is a key technology for future vehicular networks and applications, which enables vehicles to obtain a broad range of traffic information such as real-time road conditions, road information, pedestrian information, etc., and thus improve driving safety, reduce congestion, improve traffic efficiency, and provide in-vehicle entertainment. It is well-known that the successful design of any wireless communication system requires a proper description of the propagation environment and a corresponding realistic yet easy-to-use channel model. Hence, in this chapter, we will first review recent advances in vehicular channel measurements and modeling, and then provide a new generic wideband geometry-based stochastic modeling. In addition, by taking the new features due to 5G into consideration, the challenges and open issues for 5G vehicular channel measurements and modeling are discussed.
Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)
Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Channel Measurements
Channel Statistical Characteristics
Doppler Power Spectral Density (DPSD)
Effective Scatterers
Geometry-based Stochastic Models (GBSM)
Dive into the research topics of 'Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Traffic congestion Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Entertainment Engineering & Materials Science 97%
Communication systems Engineering & Materials Science 71%
Geometry Engineering & Materials Science 54%
Cheng, X., Zhang, R., & Yang, L. (2019). Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling. In Wireless Networks(United Kingdom) (pp. 11-40). (Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)). Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02176-4_2
Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling. / Cheng, Xiang; Zhang, Rongqing; Yang, Liuqing.
Wireless Networks(United Kingdom). Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019. p. 11-40 (Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)).
Cheng, X, Zhang, R & Yang, L 2019, Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling. in Wireless Networks(United Kingdom). Wireless Networks(United Kingdom), Springer Science and Business Media B.V., pp. 11-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02176-4_2
Cheng X, Zhang R, Yang L. Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling. In Wireless Networks(United Kingdom). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. 2019. p. 11-40. (Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)). doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-02176-4_2
Cheng, Xiang ; Zhang, Rongqing ; Yang, Liuqing. / Vehicular Channel Characteristics and Modeling. Wireless Networks(United Kingdom). Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019. pp. 11-40 (Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)).
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abstract = "Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems and vehicular networks are developing rapidly with ever-increasing researches on the vehicular communication channels. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is a key technology for future vehicular networks and applications, which enables vehicles to obtain a broad range of traffic information such as real-time road conditions, road information, pedestrian information, etc., and thus improve driving safety, reduce congestion, improve traffic efficiency, and provide in-vehicle entertainment. It is well-known that the successful design of any wireless communication system requires a proper description of the propagation environment and a corresponding realistic yet easy-to-use channel model. Hence, in this chapter, we will first review recent advances in vehicular channel measurements and modeling, and then provide a new generic wideband geometry-based stochastic modeling. In addition, by taking the new features due to 5G into consideration, the challenges and open issues for 5G vehicular channel measurements and modeling are discussed.",
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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
N2 - Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems and vehicular networks are developing rapidly with ever-increasing researches on the vehicular communication channels. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is a key technology for future vehicular networks and applications, which enables vehicles to obtain a broad range of traffic information such as real-time road conditions, road information, pedestrian information, etc., and thus improve driving safety, reduce congestion, improve traffic efficiency, and provide in-vehicle entertainment. It is well-known that the successful design of any wireless communication system requires a proper description of the propagation environment and a corresponding realistic yet easy-to-use channel model. Hence, in this chapter, we will first review recent advances in vehicular channel measurements and modeling, and then provide a new generic wideband geometry-based stochastic modeling. In addition, by taking the new features due to 5G into consideration, the challenges and open issues for 5G vehicular channel measurements and modeling are discussed.
AB - Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems and vehicular networks are developing rapidly with ever-increasing researches on the vehicular communication channels. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is a key technology for future vehicular networks and applications, which enables vehicles to obtain a broad range of traffic information such as real-time road conditions, road information, pedestrian information, etc., and thus improve driving safety, reduce congestion, improve traffic efficiency, and provide in-vehicle entertainment. It is well-known that the successful design of any wireless communication system requires a proper description of the propagation environment and a corresponding realistic yet easy-to-use channel model. Hence, in this chapter, we will first review recent advances in vehicular channel measurements and modeling, and then provide a new generic wideband geometry-based stochastic modeling. In addition, by taking the new features due to 5G into consideration, the challenges and open issues for 5G vehicular channel measurements and modeling are discussed.
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KW - Channel Statistical Characteristics
KW - Doppler Power Spectral Density (DPSD)
KW - Effective Scatterers
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BT - Wireless Networks(United Kingdom)
PB - Springer Science and Business Media B.V.


His first work, the flight to Egypt, allowed the painter to demonstrate its great dowries at the time of reproducing landscapes. It uses loose brush-strokes and vivid and luminous colors that also will characterize to their later works. After years of restoration, the picture finally is ready to appear to the public. This exhibition will constitute the first time that is outside Russia from 1768, when empress Catherine bought the Great one it in Venice Next to the masterpiece of Tiziano will exhibit contemporary Venetian works that will show how the artist adapted ideas of other painters to create his sophisticated composition. In addition, the gallery also counts on the exhibition Inside Art (Art from within), that explores the creative answers to a collection created by a group of delinquent young people who participated in an artistic challenge.
In 2011, Education National Gallery sent to the third edition of four projects of practical art of one week of duration in reformatorio HM Young Offenders Institution Feltham, who welcomes in young men among 15 and 21 years. This fascinating exhibition includes works of the 37 young people who participated in the projects. The factories concentrated in practical techniques like the drawing, the engraving, the painting and the carved picture, and approached several interesting like the creation of pictures, died natures, abstract subjects and the representation of the world. If it does not like the art, during its visit to London can either lose the Tate Britain, that at the moment welcomes an intriguing exhibition on Picasso and the British modern art, available until the 15 of July. The main exhibition crosses the ample legacy of the famous painter and how their works played a significant role in the acceptance of the British modern art. Also it explains how it influenced generally in the British art, besides the lasting relation of the artist with this country and its affection by him. The Tate Britain, indeed, is stopped obligatory for any lover of the culture that wishes to cross the most artistic places of London. In addition, if it visits the museum before the 27 of May, it will have the luck to enjoy the exhibition about Alighiero Boetti. The important Italian artist was one of the member keys of the Povera Art, or poor art, a group of young Italian artists of the years 60 that left to their mark in the world of the art when creating works with simple materials of easy obtaining.


text:
Siderex
What is Siderex
Siderex Services
Cluster Activities and Services
Sidenor makes a new investment of 84 million euros
Sidenor has approved a new investment of 84 million euros for the technological renovation of its premises. The company will thus improve its competitiveness and efficiency in a global market which is increasingly demanding in terms of prices as well as quality and delivery deadlines.
It is the second phase of investment in Basauri's rolling mill, which complements the investment of 41 million euros made in 2017. The current heating furnace will thus be expanded, and the renovation of the rolling mill will be fully completed: thanks to its increased production capacity, it will manufacture a wider range of products and meet the highest market demands in terms of quality.
Fagor Arrasate announces at Fabtech the opening of a new service-oriented plant in Chicago metro area
Fagor Arrasate, specialist in the design, manufacture and supply of cutting and forming lines, has presented at Fabtech 2019 in Chicago its project to build a new service plant in the Chicago area. Although the exact location has not been revealed, it is a clear example of Fagor Arrasate's commitment to the US market. In this regard, at its booths it presented examples of the most significant projects carried out so far for the automotive industry and the country's steel and aluminum producers.
JASO manufacture the crane with the greatest capacity in its history
Last year JASO signed an agreement with the Tata Steel group to manufacture two huge cranes for the Port Talbot plant, the largest steel factory in the United Kingdom. This is a turnkey project that includes the design, manufacturing and installation of two cranes: a 41m-long slab crane and an EAF charging and ladle handling crane with capacity of over 500 tons for the production of molten steel.
In order to carry out both projects, JASO has expanded its production area and reinforced its team, hiring 18 people for the production, engineering, quality, TAS and commercial areas. Moreover, the outsourcing of local industrial supplies, machining, painting and welding companies has increased by 30%.
24/05/2019 – DANOBAT IS HOSTING A BUSINESS FORUM IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN ITS LINKS WITH THE GERMAN MARKET
The Basque machine-tool and production system manufacturer, DANOBAT,today hosted the 33rd Spanish-German Circle at its facilities, a business meeting that was used to strengthen the company´s commitment to the German market and thus reinforce its links with the central European country, the main commercial destination of the firm in Europe.
The event, which was attended by representatives from 90 German companies, or who have strong links with that country, was jointly organised by the German Consulate in Bilbao and by the German Chamber of Commerce for Spain.
The event was attended by the Government´s subdelegate in Bizkaia, Vicente Reyes, the German honorary consul in Bilbao, Michael John Voss and the executive director of the Chamber of Commerce, Walther von Plettenberg, who were welcomed by DANOBAT´s managing director, Xabier Alzaga, and by the president of MONDRAGON, Íñigo Ucín.
02/2019 – BEFESA awards SARRALLE for its new project in Turkey
SARRALLE was awarded by BEFESA; world leader in the recycling of waste for the steel and aluminium industry, for the construction of the new facilities in Turkey. The scope will consist on doubling the production capacity of the facility. The investment will amount to 25 million dollars.
SARRALLE Group lands in the Turkish market with this important project, which will allow BEFESA to consolidate its position as a leader in the global market in its sector of activity. SARRALLE will execute a turnkey project for BEFESA which includes the design, engineering, manufacturing, assembly and start-up phase of the new facility.
18/01/2019 – Fives & Steel Dynamics ignite a preferred partnership
Fives, a global industrial engineering group, was awarded a contract by Steel Dynamics, Inc (SDI), one of the largest steel producers in the United States. This is the second SDI contract awarded to Fives in 2018.
The Columbus Flat Roll Division of SDI is investing $140 million to add a new continuous hot dip galvanizing line (CGL № 3) into the existing plant in Columbus, Mississippi, USA and diversify its product portfolio. Currently, the Columbus Division serves the needs of the automotive, agriculture, appliance, building and construction, energy, HVAC, lighting and machinery industries.
Fives' project scope will include design, supply and commissioning of the complete CGL № 3 that will be capable to produce 400,000 tons per year. The advanced line will be dedicated to produce unexposed automotive steel grades, as well as other commercial and specialized steel grades.
Parque Empresarial Ibarrabarri
C/ Iturriondo 18, Edif. A-1 1ºC
48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)
siderex@siderex.es


text:
Charity staff share experiences of racism using #CharitySoWhite hashtag
20 August 2019 by Rebecca Cooney
The move was sparked after Citizens Advice was forced to apologise for a guidance document for staff that was described as 'horribly racist'
Charity sector workers are sharing their experiences of racism and discrimination in the voluntary sector using the Twitter hashtag #CharitySoWhite.
The discussion was sparked when Citizens Advice was forced to apologise for a piece of training guidance that outlined the barriers its staff might face when dealing with people from BAME communities, which was described as "horribly racist" by Twitter users when it emerged last week.
Saba Shafi, commercial director of the Advocacy Academy, a leadership programme for marginalised young people, tweeted yesterday that the issue with Citizens Advice was not "a one-off incident" and invited others to share their experiences of racism in the charity sector, using #CharitySoWhite.
The Citizens Advice scandal is not a one-off incident.
You can make change happen.
Share your stories and experiences of #racism in the #charity sector as staff, trustees, volunteers & service users.#CharitySoWhite #charitytuesday
— Saba Shafi (@sabashafi86) August 19, 2019
People across the sector responded with their experiences of racism, exclusion or being the only black, Asian or minority ethnic person in the room.
Rita Chadha, who was appointed as chief executive of the Small Charities Coalition in June, tweeted that in a previous leadership role at a small charity she had cleaned her own office to save money – but her successor, a white man, was given a cleaner, an assistant and was paid £5,000 a year more than her, despite working fewer days.
Collette Philip, a brand consultant who now runs her own company, Brand By Me, said she had been forced to leave the sector in order to fulfill her potential.
"When I got promoted, other colleagues asked me to my face if it was 'positive discrimination'," she said.
She also recounted being frequently confused with a black colleague, being overlooked for a senior role and told she was not assertive enough, only to be accused of being aggressive when she challenged a colleague on poor behaviour.
"#CharitySoWhite is the reason the sector is haemorrhaging great people," she wrote.
"I had to leave and set up my own business to be able to have the impact I knew I was capable of. No regrets."
Darshan Sanghrajka, the founder of Super Being Labs, which helps to accelerate social-impact organisations, tweeted about being mistaken for a waiter in a meeting with partners and for an intern at a workshop he was running while self-employed. He said people had made assumptions about his religion and drinking habits based on his ethnicity.
Ruth Ibegbuna, director of the Roots Programme, which aims to bring people from different walks of life together to learn from each other, said she had many examples, but some were "still too painful or rage-inducing to type". She urged white people working in the sector to examine their organisations honestly and ask if they were part of the problem.
If your organisation preaches diversity and inclusion yet all Managers/Trustees are white, have a look in the mirror and an honest word with yourself about what's really going on at your charity.
You are a problem.
— Ruth Ibegbuna (@MsIbegbuna) August 20, 2019
Yovanka Paquete Perdigao, a charity marketing and communications consultant, said she had worked for charities in Africa that had only white, male trustees and where she had been the only African staff member.
Kris Tan, digital advertising manager at the charity marketing agency Platypus Digital, said recent moves to improve equality, diversity and inclusion in the sector had not resulted in action.
"That's the frustration we deal with as BAME," she said.
"We get asked to speak on their panels, we're in their photographs, we fill in surveys. Nothing changes. There's no action. There's no roadmap. Honestly, I'm so tired of just talking."
Samir Jeraj, a policy and practice officer at the Race Equality Foundation, said some people were attempting to change the sector for the better.
Most of these are sincere efforts after years of inertia. Often, these organisations had done better in the past - but then, as now, it was down to one or two particularly motivated people. When they went, the focus on race equality went with them. #CharitySoWhite
— Samir Jeraj ???? ???? (@sajeraj) August 20, 2019
He said he was often approached by people who wanted to improve diversity in their organisations but who were thwarted by a lack of support from colleagues and management.
"On a cultural level, there is the pervasive assumption in charities that because you're 'nice people' doing 'good work' you're exempt from structural discrimination or unconscious bias," he said.
Communications Governance Management News Registered metered content
Citizens Advice apologises for 'horribly racist' training guidance
Mixed reactions on social media to IoF appointment
Debra Allcock Tyler: Political correctness is about being decent human beings, not stifling free speech
'Exciting times ahead' says Amanda Bringans as she prepares to step down as IoF chair
Royal Parks charity wins £4.5m lottery funding for Greenwich Park development project
Unicef UK to introduce equal parental leave
Charities have become more ethical in the use of donors' data, says Information Commissioner


People often use their hands when describing an object, while pens are great tools for describing objects in detail. Taking this idea, a KAIST team introduced a new 3-D sketching workflow, combining the strengths of hand and pen input. This technique will ease the way for ideation in three dimensions, leading to efficient product design in terms of time and cost.
For a designer's drawing to become a product in reality, it has to be transformed from a designer's 2-D drawing into a 3-D shape; however, it is difficult to infer accurate 3-D shapes that match the original intention from an inaccurate 2-D drawing made by hand. When creating a 3-D shape from a planar 2-D drawing, unobtainable information is required. On the other hand, loss of depth information occurs when a 3-D shape is expressed as a 2-D drawing using perspective drawing techniques.
To fill in these missing links during the conversion, 3-D sketching techniques are under development. They would help designers naturally provide missing 3-D shape information in a 2-D drawing. For example, if a designer draws two symmetric curves from a single point of view or draws the same curves from different points of view, the geometric clues that are left in this process are collected and mathematically interpreted to define the proper 3-D curve. As a result, designers can use 3-D sketching to directly draw a 3-D shape as if using pen and paper.
Among 3-D sketching tools, sketching with hand motions in VR environments has drawn attention because it is easy and quick. But the biggest limitation is the design cannot be articulated solely via rough hand motions, and are thus difficult to apply to product designs. Moreover, users may feel tired after raising their hands in the air during the entire drawing process.
Professor Seok-Hyung Bae and his team from the Department of Industrial Design integrated hand motions and pen-based sketching, allocating roles according to their strengths. This new technique is called Agile 3-D Sketching with Air Scaffolding. Designers use their hand motions in the air to create rough 3-D shapes which will be used as scaffolds, and then they can add details with pen-based 3-D sketching on a tablet.
The team came up with an algorithm to identify descriptive hand motions from transitory hand motions and extract only the intended shapes from unconstrained hand motions based on air scaffolds from the identified motions. Through user tests, the team determined that this technique is easy to learn and use, and demonstrates good applicability. Most importantly, the users can reduce time, yet enhance the accuracy of defining the proportion and scale of products.
Eventually, this tool will be applicable in various fields, including the automobile industry, appliance manufacturing, the film industry and robotics. It also can be linked to smart production technology such as 3-D printing to make manufacturing process faster and more flexible.
"There have been many attempts to encourage creative activities in various fields by using advanced computer technology. Based on in-depth understanding of designers, we will take the lead in innovating the design process by applying cutting-edge technology," Professor Bae added.
Professor Bae and his team from the Department of Industrial Design has been developing better 3-D sketching tools. They started with a 3-D curve sketching system for professional designers called ILoveSketch and moved on to SketchingWithHands for designing a handheld product with first-person hand gestures captured by a hand-tracking sensor. They then took their project to the next level and introduced Agile 3-D Sketching with Air Scaffolding, a new 3-D sketching workflow combining hand motion and pen drawing, which was chosen as one of the CHI (Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) 2018 Best Papers by the Association for Computing Machinery.


Enjoy Mongolian culture and a variety of landscapes and activities. The route passes through all the different geographical zones of Mongolia: desert, steppe, mountain and forest, and there are many unusual features in this central region such as volcano's and gorges.
Capital in the 13th century, where we visit Erdene Zuu Buddhist monastery. Passing through Arkhangai Province we reach the White Lake on the edge of the Khangai mountain range. It is a beautiful area, ideal for hiking and horse riding. Here we will spend a day with a nomadic yak-breeding family, experiencing their simple way of life and observing their daily routine. Accommodation outside Ulaanbaatar will be in ger camps where you can enjoy the authentic traditional ger life in comfort.
Tour from Ulaanbaatar to the White Lake "Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur" in Arkhangai province.
Arrive in Ulaanbaatar and go to hotel. Afternoon free time to enjoy the city. Overnight in hotel.
Leave Ulaanbaatar to travel across the vast open countryside to reach 'Khogno Khan' where we will spend the night at a ger camp at the foot of a mountain. Marvelous views of the steppe stretching across to desert sand dunes in the distance. There might be time to hike over the mountain to see a small temple and monastery ruins on the other side. Overnight ger camp.
Drive to Kharkhorin to visit 'Erdene Zuu' monastery. Some of the temples have been preserved as a museum, but there is one large Tibetan style temple where visitors can usually watch the monks performing their ritual prayers. Continue to Tsetserleg, the capital of Arkhangai Province then drive over the forested Bulgan Mountain and down to Ikh Tamir. Overnight ger camp beside the sacred "Taikhir Chuluu" stone.
Drive northwards across rolling green hills to Khorgo-Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur National Park. Within the park the landscape is quite different, having been affected by volcanic activity thousands of years ago. Overnight ger camp beside shores of the 'White Lake'.
Relax by the lake 'Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur' enjoy hiking in the surrounding mountains, swimming in the lake, or perhaps even fishing. Overnight ger camp.
Drive to the far western end of the White Lake (28km) to reach the small saltwater Country Lake. The nomadic families living in this area breed yaks and sheep, using the 'Yaks' for transport as well as wool and meat. Visit one of the families who will invite you in for tea and curds - maybe something even more exotic ! It might be possible to ride by yak and cart across the hills to see ancient (pre-8th century) stone sculptures. Return to ger camp.
Before leaving the National Park take a walk up to the top of the 'Khorgo Volcano' and round the rim of the crater from where there are magnificent views of the whole area. Afternoon drive to Ikh Tamir. Overnight ger camp.
Jeep to 'Elsen Tasarkhai', an area of big sand dunes and desert vegetation. If there are some nomadic families living nearby with horses and camels, we would be able to ride for a while. Evening ride horses or camels in the sand dunes. Overnight ger camp.
• The activities are optional.


Many Americans choose to age in their own homes where they are familiar with their environment. People of all ages value their ability to live independently and remodeling a bathroom in preparation for home healthcare or retirement will ensure convenience and safety.
Lighting is important. Make sure you have ample lighting in the bathroom with a minimal amount of glare.
Bathroom remodeling is a timely and cost-effective solution for homeowners who need to adapt their bathroom for safety and convenience while at the same time increasing a home's value. The work may appear to be daunting, but you don't have to do it alone. You may choose to hire an outside company to create a fully customized bathroom with minimal difficulty in as little as one day. A good way to start is by contacting Pace Medical Equipment & Supplies for home accessibility solutions. Our courteous, knowledgeable staff of well trained professionals provide one on one personal service. They will answer your questions and assist you in determining the proper modifications that will best meet your needs for safety, comfort and convenience.


Hello, I have the following problem with the JD Filterable Gallery module. I do not respect the characters like "Ñ", "ñ", or with accents "Á, á, É, é, etc."
This work is in progress, we are trying to give it.
can you give us some more time?
Last Edit: 2 months 1 week ago by Mukeshraj.
Thanks for your quick response. How soon would it be ready?
Are you working on local or live server?
Try to change your local database 'collation' field. Make sure it has 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci' or any other Unicode formate.
Here are the Page Builder Requirements.
Please upload your site on the temporary server and check there. I think this is a local server issue.
Hi. Thank you for responding and an apology for taking time to respond.
When uploading the website to the hosting and send them the link so you can verify the error.
I realized that the error is no longer displayed.


If you're expecting (or recently gave birth to) your first child, the following tips are for you!
Never give your baby medication without first speaking to your doctor or pharmacist about it. They will help you determine whether the medication is appropriate and the dosage you should use. Some products are designed for adults and can be toxic for children, even at low doses. Even children's medication can sometimes be dangerous if the wrong dose is administered.
Keep all medication out of the reach of children. While your baby may still be too young to reach dangerous products, babies grow up fast and it's best to implement the changes right away.
Always use a dosing device when measuring the medication dose. Since tablets pose a risk of choking, medicines for children are usually offered in liquid form, which must be very precisely measured in order to administer the appropriate dose. Unless otherwise indicated, always shake the medication thoroughly before measuring.
Be sure to respect the storage instructions. Some liquid medicines, antibiotics in particular, must be refrigerated.
If you are breastfeeding, always check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medication or natural products. Many products make their way into breast milk and can be dangerous to your baby.
The arrival of a child – especially the first one – is usually a very happy time, but it does turn your life upside down. Don't hesitate to ask for help, and gratefully accept offers of help from people around you. Most importantly, savour those first few months with your baby to the fullest, because time really does fly!


text:
Harry Klog er en dansk virksomhedsfilm fra 1983 instrueret af Jesper Klein. Filmen er produceret af Saga Kortfilm for Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Virksomhedsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1983


THE RAILWAY | Our tractor Jochen furrows the asphalt and loves to max out his material. Always keeping an eye on – full-throated – that our squad stays together nicely. Clip his back wheel and draft. His cinematic archive is always good for a surprise.


Emma Husley, daughter of William and Callie Hulsey, wife of Jess Hufstetler.
There is some confusion over the last name for this family. Sometimes they are listed as Hufstetler, sometimes they are listed as Hite. She may have married a Jesse Hite, then married a Jesse Hufstetler.
Mrs. Emma Hufstetler, of Route 2, Cartersville, died Friday.
Funeral was at 2 p.m. Sunday at Center Baptist Church with the Rev. Roland Lee in charge. Interment was in Old Macedonia Cemetery.
Survivors are her husband, Jess Hufstetler; two sons, Jesse and Guy Hufstetler, both of Cartersville; 10 grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; a sister, Mrs. Daisy Webster, Marietta; several nieces and nephews.


text:
What we doHow Viion™ WorksResearchBlogContact
Experience a VIION world Experience a VIION world
Accelerating Expertise in Volatile Work Environments
Expertise is one of the most valuable assets a business invests in, and one of the most costly. Expertise takes a long time to develop, which means it is a long-term strategic investment for any business especially those that are under pressure to deliver better, faster and at lower costs.
Capturing, storing and transferring expertise (i.e. expert knowledge) is one of the biggest challenges all organizations face and several converging factors are moving this challenge to "critical".
First, the workforce is aging, which means that expertise will soon be exiting the industry at greater numbers than ever before. As this trend continues, experience and domain knowledge are peaking but are set to fall away dramatically as we are hurtling towards an expertise drain.
Second, increasingly disruptive technological change means that expertise redundancy is accelerating. Uber's impact on the taxi industry provides a compelling example. The expertise of black-cab drivers in London has been marginalized as technology has changed the expectations and platform of the industry. A collective reputation has been superseded by the ability to choose an individual driver based on a personalized rating system. The expertise intrinsic to the Uber platform has captured the expertise in the industry. The knowledge of black-cab drivers is not redundant, but its influence in the industry has fallen away. Not only must companies find new ways to capture expertise, they must also continuously update it.
Given these trends and the inherent value of expertise, the question becomes "how can companies develop expertise more efficiently?"
What Makes an Expert?
Malcom Gladwell popularized the idea that in order to become an expert 10,000 hours of "deliberate practice" is required. Deliberate practice in this context is defined as "engagement in structured activities created specifically to improve performance in a domain."
The findings are persuasive and backed with compelling examples: while aptitude plays a role in enhancing expertise, those who get a jump start on completing 10,000 hours are more likely to become top experts in their field than people who are born with natural capabilities or who possess extraordinary genius.
Superficially these findings overturn our assumptions about the role that natural talent and aptitude play in skills development. However, the "10,000 hours rule" applies primarily to structured environments like chess or sports, where success has more predictable rules. Furthermore, it neglects the subtle aspects of expertise that are needed in unpredictable workplace settings, like the mining industry.
One recent analysis aggregated hundreds of studies completed over the last 20 years on the impact of deliberate practice across a number of domains. The analysis revealed that in structured domains like chess and sports, deliberate practice accounts for roughly 20% of the difference between superior achievers and their average colleagues.
However, in "other professions," which included computer programmers, pilots, and salespeople, deliberate practice accounted for only 1% of this difference. This means that in these more unstructured domains, the amount of deliberate practice one completes is not necessarily a strong predictor of success. The results of these studies are especially critical for highly volatile domains, such as war, emergency first-response, and mining, where rules, goals, and standard practices need to be more fluid to accommodate complexity in rapidly evolving situations. Traditional training methods based on classical knowledge transfer are insufficient and structured training programs that rely on deliberate practice alone will not suffice.
Developing leading experts in these domains requires not only a large amount of practice, but a different kind of practice.
Accelerating Expertise through Guided Discovery
So, how can we develop expertise in volatile domains in less than 10,000 hours?
Developing expertise in volatile contexts is not defined by the number of hours one spends in deliberate practice, it is defined by the number of failure cycles that a person experiences.
A learning process occurs when an individual encounters a new problem, then discovers and applies a solution. If that solution fails, they can begin exploring a different solution set. Learning is accelerated when these challenges can induce failure cycles more rapidly. The more failure cycles they encounter, the more refined and innovative the solution set becomes.
In highly structured domains with routine tasks, practicing the same solution over and over increases your performance and differentiates you from others. In highly volatile domains, this kind of routinized practice can actually become a deficit. Understanding how to navigate infrequent events, disruptions and uncertainties is the key ingredient to developing and accelerating expertise.
Solutions to complex problems in complex situations cannot be learned by practicing and following recipes for action. Solutions must be discovered through failure cycles. The "guided discovery" learning method does not prescribe recipes for action, nor does it rely on structured outcomes. Instead, it provides a safe-to-fail environment where inadequate approaches can fail, new solutions can be discovered, and new approaches can be modeled. These environments allow individuals to rapidly cycle through approaches that do not work, accelerating the development of expertise.
Gaining expertise for workers in highly volatile domains demands safe-to-fail learning environments in which employees encounter infrequent, disruptive events, more frequently, without risk. While a worker may have spent 10,000 hours completing tasks in a dangerous working environment, he or she may only have spent a handful of hours experiencing and reacting to rare events. Length of time served may be a good barometer for how well someone carries out predictable tasks. But when disruptive, infrequent events occur, experts can no longer rely on typical, repeated past experiences to provide a successful solution to complex problems.
Expertise is an ongoing commitment. It requires constant updates, maintenance and most importantly, revision. By giving our standard ways of thinking a chance to fail and be reorganized, we can accelerate the time it takes to develop expertise, unlocking innovative ways to think and deliver enormous value to the well-being of the organization and its people.
Next month, in Part 2 of this article, we'll explore how guided discovery works, why experts learn so differently and why it is essential for volatile industries like mining to adopt new training paradigms based on current best practices in learning and decision making.
Original Journal article challenging the 10,000 hours idea
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Austal USA delivers Independence-class Kansas City LCS 22
Austal USA has delivered the 11th Independence-class littoral combat ship (LCS) to the US Navy during a ceremony at its shipyard in Mobile, Alabama.
Austal USA has delivered LCS 22, the future USS Kansas City to the US Navy. Credit: Austal USA.
The future USS Kansas City (LCS 22) is the first Independence-class LCS delivered by the company this year.
In November 2019, the acceptance trials of LCS 22 were completed. Kansas City will be commissioned later this year.
LCS programme manager captain Mike Taylor said: "This is a tremendous day for the Navy and our country with the delivery of the future USS Kansas City.
"I look forward to celebrating the commissioning of this great ship alongside the crew later this year. Kansas City will play an essential role in carrying out our nation's future maritime strategy."
Austal USA is currently working on four additional Independence-class LCSs. These include Oakland (LCS 24), Mobile (LCS 26), Savannah (LCS 28) and Canberra (LCS 30).
In December 2019, the US Navy named LCS Mobile at the Austal USA facility in Alabama.
The company said that four more vessels are yet to enter the construction phase.
Preparations for sea trials of LCS 24 and 26 are underway while the assembly is underway on LCS 28 and LCS 30.
Work on building modules for Santa Barbara (LCS 32) is being carried out at Austal's module manufacturing facility (MMF).
Austal CEO David Singleton said: "Austal USA's delivery of the Independence-class LCS programme continues to impress, with quality, cost and productivity improvements being achieved with each new vessel.
"We have now delivered 11 of the 19 Independence-class LCS currently contracted and it's very pleasing to see more and more of these ships deployed around the world, adding the great capability to the US Navy."
The company also noted that a new over-the-horizon missile system was integrated on the USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS 10).
Austal USA has been awarded a contract for the construction of 14 Expeditionary Fast Transport vessels (EPF) for the US Navy.
To date, 11 of these vessels have been delivered, while three are under construction.
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Siberian wildfires kill 23, leave 5,000 homeless
Wind-whipped grassland fires set by Russian farmers preparing for spring planting have killed at least 23 people, injured more than 900 and left 5,000 homeless, authorities said Tuesday.
The fires swept through nearly 60 villages and destroyed or damaged more than 1,400 homes in the southeastern Siberian region of Khakassia, according to officials cited by Tass, the state-run news agency.
Emergency Situations Minister Vladimir Puchkov said 6,000 firefighters, aided by aircraft, had extinguished blazes in 38 villages. Russian President Vladimir Putin personally coordinated the operations, his spokesperson said.
Regional Governor Viktor Zimin estimated it would cost $94 million to rebuild.
"This fire would not have happened if people were not playing with matches," Puchkov's deputy, Alexander Chupriyan, said in a statement. "And it wasn't children, but adults."
Every spring, dozens of homes burn down because of farmers burning grass, he added.
Five criminal cases have been opened, authorities said.
Officials cited unseasonably dry, hot weather, "uncharacteristically strong and rough winds" and uncontrolled burning for the severity of this year's destruction. Temperatures in Khakassia hit 77 degrees Fahrenheit on Sunday, when the fires erupted. The region's average April temperature is just above freezing.
"As soon as snow melts, while rivers are still covered by ice, dry grass burns like gunpowder," said Puchkov. "People begin to burn grass on their plots and fire spreads to agricultural land and pastures are burnt."
Greenpeace blamed him and Zimin for the disaster.
"The establishment of fire safety measures for the burning of dry grass was commissioned by the president two years ago," Alexei Yaroshenko, a Greenpeace forest expert, said on radio station Govorit Moskva, The Moscow Timesreported. "The blame lies above all with the Emergency Situations Ministry and, of course, with the head of the region."
The Federal Forestry Agency also accused regional authorities of failing to adopt its recommendations for preventing wildfires.