text:
Tietz Fundamentals Of Clinical Chemistry
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Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
Author : Carl A. Burtis,David E. Bruns
Publsiher : Saunders
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Book Excerpt:
This text uses a laboratory perspective in providing the clinical chemistry fundamentals you need to work in a real-world, clinical lab. Coverage ranges from laboratory principles to analytical techniques and instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. New content keeps you current with the latest developments in molecular diagnostics. This textbook shows how to select and perform diagnostic lab tests, and accurately evaluate results.
Author : Carl A. Burtis,Edward R. Ashwood,David E. Bruns
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Book Excerpt:
A condensed, student-friendly version of Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, this text uses a laboratory perspective to provide you with the chemistry fundamentals you need to work in a real-world, clinical lab. Accurate chemical structures are included to explain the key chemical features of relevant molecules. Offering complete, accurate coverage of key topics in the field, it's everything that you expect from the Tietz name! More than 500 illustrations and easy-to-read tables help you understand and remember key concepts. Key words, learning objectives, and other student-friendly features reinforce important material. Chapter review questions are included in an appendix to test your knowledge. A two-color design makes it easier to read and easy to find important topics. In-depth, reader-friendly content is appropriate for MT/CLS and MLT/CLT students and may also be used by laboratory practitioners, pathology residents, and others. A new chapter on newborn screening discusses the basic principles, screening recommendations, inborn errors, methods, and interpretation of results. A comprehensive glossary provides easy-to-find definitions of key terms. An Evolve website provides regular updates of content, answers to review questions, and web links to related sites for further research and study.
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics E Book
Publsiher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics E Book Book Excerpt:
A condensed, easier-to-understand student version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 7th Edition uses a laboratory perspective in providing the clinical chemistry fundamentals you need to work in a real-world, clinical lab. Coverage ranges from laboratory principles to analytical techniques and instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. New content keeps you current with the latest developments in molecular diagnostics. From highly respected clinical chemistry experts Carl Burtis and David Bruns, this textbook shows how to select and perform diagnostic lab tests, and accurately evaluate results. Authoritative, respected author team consists of two well-known experts in the clinical chemistry world. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Learning objectives begin each chapter, providing measurable outcomes to achieve after completing the material. Key words are listed and defined at the beginning of each chapter, and bolded in the text. A glossary at the end of the book makes it quick and easy to look up definitions of key terms. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help you understand and remember key concepts. New chapters on molecular diagnostics include the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. New content on clinical evaluation of methods, kidney function tests, and diabetes is added to this edition. NEW multiple-choice review questions at the end of each chapter allow you to measure your comprehension of the material. NEW case studies on the Evolve companion website use real-life scenarios to reinforce concepts.
Author : Nader Rifai
Get the foundational knowledge you need to successfully work in a real-world, clinical lab with Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 8th Edition. From highly respected clinical chemistry expert Nader Rifai, this condensed, easier-to-understand version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics uses a laboratory perspective to guide you through selecting and performing diagnostic lab tests and accurately evaluating the results. Coverage includes laboratory principles, analytical techniques, instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. This eighth edition features new clinical cases from The Coakley Collection, new questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection, plus new content throughout the text to ensure you stay ahead of all the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. Condensed version of the clinical chemistry "bible" offers the same authoritative and well-presented content in a much more focused and streamlined manner. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Updated chapters on molecular diagnostics cover the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. Learning objectives, key words, and review questions are included in each chapter to support learning. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help readers better understand and remember key concepts. NEW! Clinical Cases from The Coakley Collection use real-life scenarios to demonstrate how concepts from the text will come in to play in real life practice. NEW! Questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection help reinforce concepts and help readers' critical thinking skills. NEW! Updated content throughout the text keeps readers up to date on the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. NEW! New lead author Nader Rifai lends his expertise as the Director of Clinical Chemistry at Children's Hospital in Boston, the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Clinical Chemistry, and a Professor of Pathology at Harvard University.
Get the foundational knowledge you need to successfully work in a real-world, clinical lab with Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 8th Edition. From highly respected clinical chemistry expert Nader Rifai, this condensed, easier-to-understand version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics uses a laboratory perspective to guide you through selecting and performing diagnostic lab tests and accurately evaluating the results. Coverage includes laboratory principles, analytical techniques, instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. This eighth edition features new clinical cases from The Coakley Collection, new questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection, plus new content throughout the text to ensure you stay ahead of all the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. Condensed version of the clinical chemistry "bible" offers the same authoritative and well-presented content in a much more focused and streamlined manner. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Updated chapters on molecular diagnostics cover the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. Learning objectives, key words, and review questions are included in each chapter to support learning. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help readers better understand and remember key concepts. NEW! Clinical Cases from The Coakley Collection use real-life scenarios to demonstrate how concepts from the text will come in to play in real life practice. NEW! Questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection help reinforce concepts and help readers' critical thinking skills. NEW! Updated content throughout the text keeps readers up to date on the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. NEW! New lead author Nader Rifai lends his expertise as the Director of Clinical Chemistry at Children's Hospital in Boston, the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Clinical Chemistry, and a Professor of Pathology at Harvard University.
Author : Barbara Border (PhD.),Norbert W. Tietz
TIETZ FUNDAMENTALS OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, 5th Edition continues its tradition of accuracy and completeness for students as well as institutions. The authors have rewritten the chapters to read at a level more appropriate to less advanced students. At the same time they have incorporated the latest information. The result is a very up-to-date, accurate text. Provides comprehensive coverage by a renowned author team to ensure students are exposed to current, key topics in the field. Contains a unique laboratory perspective to classroom learning, which prepares the reader for the real world of the clinical chemistry laboratory. Includes accurate chemical structures to teach students about key chemical features of relevant molecules. Features a broad level of content written primarily for MT/CLS and MLT/CLT students, but can also be used by laboratory practitioners, pathology residents, and others. Uses extensive illustrations and tables to visualize critical information and help make key concepts more memorable to the students. Provides references and additional reading in each chapter for further study. Includes two new chapters with the latest information on cardiac function and laboratory management. Contains outstanding new features such as learning objectives and key words with definitions which reinforce the most important information in each chapter and make it more memorable. Incorporates the use of a second color to set off chemical equations, figures, special features, and tables from the text, making it more user-friendly.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics E Book
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics E Book Book Excerpt:
As the definitive reference for clinical chemistry, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 5th Edition offers the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating results of new and established laboratory tests. Up-to-date encyclopedic coverage details everything you need to know, including: analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures; new approaches for establishing reference ranges; variables that affect tests and results; the impact of modern analytical tools on lab management and costs; and applications of statistical methods. In addition to updated content throughout, this two-color edition also features a new chapter on hemostasis and the latest advances in molecular diagnostics. Section on Molecular Diagnostics and Genetics contains nine expanded chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques, written by experts in field, including Y.M. Dennis Lo, Rossa W.K. Chiu, Carl Wittwer, Noriko Kusukawa, Cindy Vnencak-Jones, Thomas Williams, Victor Weedn, Malek Kamoun, Howard Baum, Angela Caliendo, Aaron Bossler, Gwendolyn McMillin, and Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson. Highly-respected author team includes three editors who are well known in the clinical chemistry world. Reference values in the appendix give you one location for comparing and evaluating test results. NEW! Two-color design throughout highlights important features, illustrations, and content for a quick reference. NEW! Chapter on hemostasis provides you with all the information you need to accurately conduct this type of clinical testing. NEW! Six associate editors, Ann Gronowski, W. Greg Miller, Michael Oellerich, Francois Rousseau, Mitchell Scott, and Karl Voelkerding, lend even more expertise and insight to the reference. NEW! Reorganized chapters ensure that only the most current information is included.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
Author : Nader Rifai,Andrea Rita Horvath,Carl Wittwer
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Book Excerpt:
"The Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 6th Edition provides the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating the results of new and established laboratory tests. This classic clinical chemistry reference offers encyclopedic coverage of the field that defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on laboratory management and costs, and demonstrates the applications of statistical methods. It is THE definitive reference in clinical chemistry, now fully searchable and with quarterly content updates, podcasts, and extended content online through Expert Consult." -- Provided by publisher.
Bridging the gap between the clinical laboratory and medical management by relating pathophysiology to analytical results in health and disease, this classic resource provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Its up-to-date, encyclopedic coverage of the field defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on lab management and
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 7e
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 7e Book Excerpt:
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E South Asia Edition e Book
Publsiher : Elsevier India
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E South Asia Edition e Book Book Excerpt:
Get the foundational knowledge you need to successfully work in a real-world, clinical lab with Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 8th Edition. From highly respected clinical chemistry expert Nader Rifai, this condensed, easier-to-understand version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics uses a laboratory perspective to guide you through selecting and performing diagnostic lab tests and accurately evaluating the results. Coverage includes laboratory principles, analytical techniques, instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. This eighth edition features new clinical cases from The Coakley Collection, new questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection, plus new content throughout the text to ensure you stay ahead of all the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. Condensed version of the clinical chemistry bible offers the same authoritative and well-presented content in a much more focused and streamlined manner. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Updated chapters on molecular diagnostics cover the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. Learning objectives, key words, and review questions are included in each chapter to support learning. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help readers better understand and remember key concepts
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Pageburst on VitalSource Access Code
Publsiher : W B Saunders Company
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Pageburst on VitalSource Access Code Book Excerpt:
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Pageburst E book on Kno Retail Access Card
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Pageburst E book on Kno Retail Access Card Book Excerpt:
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Passcode Only
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Passcode Only Book Excerpt:
This is a Pageburst digital textbook; the product description may vary from the print textbook. A condensed, student-friendly version of Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, this text uses a laboratory perspective to provide you with the chemistry fundamentals you need to work in a real-world, clinical lab. Accurate chemical structures are included to explain the key chemical features of relevant molecules. Offering complete, accurate coverage of key topics in the field, it's everything that you expect from the Tietz name! More than 500 illustrations and easy-to-read tables help you understand and remember key concepts. Key words, learning objectives, and other student-friendly features reinforce important material. Chapter review questions are included in an appendix to test your knowledge. A two-color design makes it easier to read and easy to find important topics. In-depth, reader-friendly content is appropriate for MT/CLS and MLT/CLT students and may also be used by laboratory practitioners, pathology residents, and others. A new chapter on newborn screening discusses the basic principles, screening recommendations, inborn errors, methods, and interpretation of results. A comprehensive glossary provides easy-to-find definitions of key terms. An Evolve website provides regular updates of content, answers to review questions, and web links to related sites for further research and study.
The Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 6th Edition provides the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating the results of new and established laboratory tests. This classic clinical chemistry reference offers encyclopedic coverage detailing everything you need to know, including: analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory tests, variables that affect tests and results, laboratory medicine, applications of statistical methods, and most importantly clinical utility and interpretation of laboratory tests. It is THE definitive reference in clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, now fully searchable and with quarterly content updates, podcasts, clinical cases, animations, and extended content online through Expert Consult. Analytical criteria focus on the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures. Reference ranges show new approaches for establishing these ranges — and provide the latest information on this topic. Lab management and costs gives students and chemists the practical information they need to assess costs, allowing them to do their job more efficiently and effectively. Statistical methods coverage provides you with information critical to the practice of clinical chemistry. Internationally recognized chapter authors are considered among the best in their field. Two-color design highlights important features, illustrations, and content to help you find information easier and faster. NEW! Internationally recognized chapter authors are considered among the best in their field. NEW! Expert Consult features fully searchable text, quarterly content updates, clinical case studies, animations, podcasts, atlases, biochemical calculations, multiple-choice questions, links to Medline, an image collection, and audio interviews. You will now enjoy an online version making utility of this book even greater. UPDATED! Expanded Molecular Diagnostics section with 12 chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques in the rapidly evolving and important field of molecular diagnostics and genetics ensures this text is on the cutting edge and of the most value. NEW! Comprehensive list of Reference Intervals for children and adults with graphic displays developed using contemporary instrumentation. NEW! Standard and international units of measure make this text appropriate for any user — anywhere in the world. NEW! 22 new chapters that focus on applications of mass spectrometry, hematology, transfusion medicine, microbiology, biobanking, biomarker utility in the pharmaceutical industry and more! NEW! Expert senior editors, Nader Rifai, Carl Wittwer and Rita Horvath, bring fresh perspectives and help ensure the most current information is presented. UPDATED! Thoroughly revised and peer-reviewed chapters provide you with the most current information possible.
Fundamentals of Molecular Diagnostics
Author : David E. Bruns,Edward R. Ashwood,Carl A. Burtis
Fundamentals of Molecular Diagnostics Book Excerpt:
This book offers an introduction to the newest, fastest-growing field in laboratory science. Explaining and clarifying the molecular techniques used in diagnostic testing, this text provides both entry-level and advanced information. It covers the principles of molecular biology along with genomes and nucleic acid alterations, techniques and instrumentation, and applications of molecular diagnostics. Written by leading experts, including Patrick Bossuyt, Angela Caliendo, Rossa W.K. Chiu, Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson, Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez, Amy Groszbach, Sultan Habeebu, Doris Haverstick, Malek Kamoun, Anthony Killeen, Noriko Kusukawa, Y.M. Dennis Lo, Elaine Lyon, Gwendolyn McMillin, Christopher Price, James Versalovic, Cindy Vnencak-Jones, Victor Weedn, Peter Wilding, Thomas Williams, and Carl Wittwer, this book includes illustrations, tables, and a colorful design to make information easy to find and easy to use. A full-color, 4-page insert shows realistic images of the output for many molecular tests. Learning Objectives open each chapter with an overview of what you should achieve. Key Words are listed and defined at the beginning of each chapter, and are bolded in the text. Review Questions at the end of every chapter let you measure your comprehension. Advanced Concepts are included, but set apart from the rest of the text, for students who want a higher level of learning. Ethics boxes address ethical issues, allowing you to apply your knowledge to real-life scenarios. A glossary of all key words may be easily accessed in the back of the book.
Author : Edward R. Ashwood,Joan E. Aldrich,Norbert W. Tietz
Category : Clinical chemistry
TIETZ FUNDAMENTALS OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, 5th Edition continues its tradition of accuracy and completeness for students as well as institutions. The authors have rewritten the chapters to read at a level more appropriate to less advanced students. At the same time they have incorporated the latest information. The result is a very up-to-date, accurate text.
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Elsevier eBook on VitalSource Retail Access Card
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Elsevier eBook on VitalSource Retail Access Card Book Excerpt:
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry
Author : Carl A. Burtis,Edward R. Ashwood,Norbert W. Tietz
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry Book Excerpt:
Completely revised and updated, the 3rd Edition of this excellent resource delivers the guidance needed to select, perform, and evaluate the results of laboratory tests more effectively. This comprehensive reference bridges the gap between the clinical laboratory and medical management by relating pathophysiology to analytical results in health and disease. New topics include cytokines, cardiac function, organ transplantation and management principles.
Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
Author : Mary Lee
Publsiher : ASHP
Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data Book Excerpt:
This edition of Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data, 4th Edition is a case-based learning tool that will enhance your skills in clinical lab test interpretation. It provides fundamentals of interpreting lab test results not only for pharmacy students, but also for practitioners as an aid in assessing patient drug-treatment responses. It is the only text written by and for pharmacists and provides case studies and practical information on patient therapy.Since the publication of the third edition, much has changed—in the clinical lab and in the hospital pharmacy. Consequently, the new fourth edition incorporates significant revisions and a wealth of important new information. NEW TO THIS EDITION: Three new chapters including new information on men's health, women's health, and pharmacogenomics and laboratory tests. Mini-cases embedded in each chapter provide therapy-related examples and reinforce important points made in the text. Quickview Charts give an overview of important clinical information including reference ranges and critical values. Learning Points focus on a clinical application of a major concept present in the chapter.
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text:
The 4G explosion in China
The popularity of 4G mobile services in China continues to increase and subscriber growth shows no signs of slowing down. In fact China has built the world's largest 4G network within just four years and is aiming to add 2 million 4G base stations, mainly for townships and villages, by 2018. China began a campaign aimed at faster and more affordable Internet connection in 2015 resulting in a total of 950 million 4G network users as of the end of September 2017, according to figures from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT).
Served principally by three mobile network operators, China's mobile sectors are largely divided along technological lines. China Mobile - currently the largest operator by subscribers focuses on the locally-developed TD-LTE 4G standard. While rivals China Unicom and China Telecom have gone for a mix of TD-LTE and frequency division duplex LTE (FDD-LTE).
According to Shang Bing, chairman of China Mobile the operator has pursued a strategy of 'Big Connectivity' and invested about CNY450 billion ($66 billion) over the last three years to build the world's largest 4G network. Its 4G user base reached 583 million in May 2017, with 4G penetration at 67.5 per cent. "One in four 4G users in the world is a China Mobile user." It has deployed 1.6 million 4G base stations, or about 30 per cent of the global total, Shang said. Its 4G coverage will reach 99 per cent of the population by the end of the year, when its LTE base station count rises to 1.77 million.
China Telecom's 4G user base doubled last year to 122 million, with LTE subscribers accounting for 57 per cent of its mobile connections and deploying 1.05 million base stations, while China Unicom's 4G subs rose from 44.1 million at end-2015 to 104.5 million, representing 40 per cent of its customer base, with 770,000 base stations.
So why is 4G so important? Probably because it is a vital foundation for all that is to come:
"Future technologies, including 5G, the internet of things and AI (artificial intelligence) will drive society into the era of the internet of everything. The development of 4G has brought about the prosperity of mobile internet and changed people's lives,"
says Li Zhengmao, vice-president of China Mobile. Industry pundits insist that 4G has been the greatest achievement in the national information technology sector during the past five years in rural and urban areas.But then the benefits of 4G are not limited to urban areas. Rural regions in China have also been opened up by the service. In Huanggang, Hubei province, farmers can sell their produce online through e-commerce sites, and buy crucial equipment safer and quicker through the network. China Telecom has spent 200 million yuan ($29.46 million) to roll out 1,300 base stations in Huanggang.
The decision has increased 4G coverage rates from 35 percent to 93 percent. It has also helped local farmers with vital agricultural information, as well as alleviating poverty through online education.
Even after all this progress, VoLTE is still long way away. According to a report in summer, China Mobile targets 17% VoLTE penetration this year. China Mobile group vice-president Mr.Liu Aili had said back in 2015, "VoLTE network deployment is the one of the most difficult project ever, the implementation complexity and workload is unparalleled in history"
Its not unreasonable to think that since China has the world's largest 4G market it is the country that will lead the world in the development and utilization of 5G.
Labels: Continent Asia, Country China, Operator China Mobile, Operator China Telecom, Operator China Unicom, Technology 4G, Technology VoLTE
South Africa: Progress and Problems
VEON: Rebrand and Revolutionising?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Another free video tutorial displays how to hide desktop icons in Windows 7. The tutorial also displays how to display the icons on desktop again. The method used here works on Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Vista as well. Simple and easy way to hide desktop icons without any 3rd party software utility.


Looking for new fashion option to refresh your looks? Well worry not, as your favorite premium fashion, beauty and lifestyle retailer for high-end products is now available online At MASARISHOP.COM. You can purchase new high-end clothes, accessories, shoes, lifestyle items for men, women, and kids from local and international top designers to refresh your looks.


The C&T Start-Up Hub has been developed by The Clyde & Tay Group to offer business consultation, support and leadership for start-up and small businesses.
By providing essential services, products and management support The Clyde & Tay Group will remove a substantial amount of both stress and costs from the business allowing the owners to concentrate on what they do best.
Changing the World is difficult, especially when you are trying to do it on your own or in a small group.
It can be extremely stressful and lonely working towards world dominance and that's why The Clyde & Tay Group developed The C&T Hub.
The Hub provides a home for entrepreneurs where they can get help and support whenever needed, be part of a family and develop their business without much of the financial worry associated with a small business.
The C&T Start-Up Hub provides a huge amount of what you need as an entrepreneur, whether you are a start-up or you have been trading for a while.
These are just a few of the benefits you could receive working as part of The Clyde & Tay Group.
We see building a business as a partnership between all parties, all working towards a common goal…success.
Absolute commitment from all those involved.
Willingness to learn and listen.
An agreed shareholding in the business.
As you would expect providing the help and support mentioned comes at a cost to The Clyde & Tay Group and therefore there is an element of risk in providing this.It is for this reason that we look for a share in the business and everyone benefits from the success.


Supertronix 5910 is a new robotics team in the Bas Saint-Laurent region. Being the only team at east of Rimouski, the young team from Matane is formed by a close collaboration between different companies and organizations in the region.
Please note that when we added this schedule, there was already a delay. We suggest you check regularly. Furthermore, pauses between matches might seem a bit long, but has too in order to permet teams switch.
An international robotics competition for 14 to 18 years old students.
6 weeks to design a robot able to perform a specific task.
A set of high quality parts supplied by FIRST.
A budget for additional parts.
Common regulations for 5000 participating teams in the world.
Young people learn with experts.
This is the only hobby where all participants can become professionals.
This is a concrete challenge that links with business reality.
Participating causes an adrenaline rush and an unusual enthusiasm.
It is a "coopetition" where each participant applies the "Gracious Professionalism".
The challenge is a surprise every year.
Every year for six weeks, young people accompanied by mentors must design, build, program and test a functional robot able to perform in a unique challenge. The 2018 challenge "FIRST POWER UP" is mobilizing a team of young passionate people and many experienced mentors enthusiasts about robotics. This project enables young people to acquire technic and professional knowledge.


Before TV and video games, there was something called Chicago-style magic. Authentic speakeasies where magic was performed up-close and in your face.
Well, the magic is back. In 2018, the Chicago Magic Lounge opened its deceptive and enigmatic doors. It's an exquisite retro night club with world-class magic acts. An exclusive, sophisticated experience unmatched by the Second City's nightlife options.
31 Lengths helped brand this new must-view venue. From logo to menus, we are creating intrigue and mystery around this newest landmark in a town filled with them.


Amateurs fire it up in 20 minutes. Bring yer rocks!
LOL, play to the bitter end!
But FUMBBL will happily take your $5, I'm sure.
Almost out by courtesy of coach failing his really stupid rolls. Advancing thanks to a divine intervention (or two... or three).
Aaaand i'm out Gotta make that promised donation during the weekend!
Spinball, how many rounds did you get to? Was it a first-round exit? Second? Third?


An enchanting hideaway wonderfully located in the heart of the village and offering sumptuous dining in its acclaimed restaurant. The luxury rooms are housed in the original Hartstone building and the more secluded Hideaway building. Intimate touches include original artwork, soft robes and fine linens, and for added romance some rooms feature a gas fireplace or jacuzzi tub.


This entry was posted in Calgary City Hall, Druh Farrell and tagged anti-auto, anti-car, common sense, Druh Farrell, jaywalkers, laws, pedestrians, traffic enforcement by Cory Morgan. Bookmark the permalink.
And on it goes! Thank you Cory for consistently pointing out the pointy-headed!
This washout looks like a stressed out dozy Lilly Tomlin.
Pingback: Druh Farrell and her goofy anti-auto ideology yet again. | Castle Downs is a beautiful area in North West Edmonton that consists of eleven distinct neighbourhoods.


text:
module Markaby
  module Rails
    # Markaby helpers for Rails.
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      # Returns a string of HTML built from the attached +block+.  Any +options+ are
      # passed into the render method.
      #
      # Use this method in your controllers to output Markaby directly from inside.
      def render_markaby(options = {}, &block)
        render options.merge({ :text => Builder.new(options[:locals], self, &block).to_s })
      end
    end

    class ActionViewTemplateHandler < ActionView::TemplateHandler # :nodoc:
      def render(template)
        @markaby_template = Template.new(template.source)
        @markaby_template.render(@view.assigns.merge(template.locals), @view)
      end
    end

    class Builder < Markaby::Builder # :nodoc:
      def initialize(*args, &block)
        super *args, &block
        @assigns.each { |k, v| @helpers.instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v) }
      end

      def flash(*args)
        @helpers.controller.send(:flash, *args)
      end

      # Emulate ERB to satisfy helpers like <tt>form_for</tt>.
      def _erbout
        @_erbout ||= FauxErbout.new(self)
      end

      # Content_for will store the given block in an instance variable for later use
      # in another template or in the layout.
      #
      # The name of the instance variable is content_for_<name> to stay consistent
      # with @content_for_layout which is used by ActionView's layouts.
      #
      # Example:
      #
      #   content_for("header") do
      #     h1 "Half Shark and Half Lion"
      #   end
      #
      # If used several times, the variable will contain all the parts concatenated.
      def content_for(name, &block)
        @helpers.assigns["content_for_#{name}"] =
          eval("@content_for_#{name} = (@content_for_#{name} || '') + capture(&block)")
      end
    end

    Template.builder_class = Builder

    class FauxErbout < ::Builder::BlankSlate # :nodoc:
      def initialize(builder)
        @builder = builder
      end
      def nil? # see ActionView::Helpers::CaptureHelper#capture
        true
      end
      def method_missing(*args, &block)
        @builder.send *args, &block
      end
    end

  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The 74 challenger is back in the paint booth receiving its first round of primer. We will put 3 coats of a spray able putty on it the first time. After that is dry we will take it out of the booth and block it all down. We will then put it back in the booth and apply four coats of high build primer. After that is dry we will take it back out of the booth and block that primer down.


as it is halfway between the Normandy Coast and Paris, near Rouen and the river Seine.
⇒ Take exit n° 17 GAILLON-AUBEVOYE.
⇒ Then take exit n°19 LOUVIERS, and follow the signs for EVREUX/ORLEANS on the A154.
⇒ Then take the first on your left, onto "la rue des Prairies": You've made it!
⇒ From CAEN, take a train towards Paris and step off at EVREUX.
⇒ From ROUEN, take a train towards Paris and step off at GAILLON-AUBEVOYE.
You can book your tickets online on the SNCF Website.


The share price of Ubiquiti Networks (NASDAQ:UBNT) decreased today, reaching and then dropping even further past its previous 52-week low of $8.52 to $8.25. The stock was trading on above-average volume. The stock price fell 4.2% after trading at a volume of 2.2 million.
While trading on above-average volume, Office Depot (NYSE:ODP) dropped today, hitting and then dropping past its previous 52-week low to $1.56. The stock price dropped 3.7% today, trading at a volume of 5.3 million. The stock is down over the last three months, having fallen 65 cents (-29.1%) from $2.23 on May 16, 2012. The stock is trading at 83.3% of its 50-day moving average and 64.5% of its 200-day moving average.
The share price of Cell Therapeutics (NASDAQ:CTIC) slid today, reaching and then dropping even further past its previous 52-week low of 41 cents to 39 cents. The stock was trading on above-average volume. Shares were traded at a volume of 3.9 million and fell 2.5%. The stock is trading at 73.7% of its 50-day moving average and 44.9% of its 200-day moving average.
While trading on above-average volume, Lone Pine Resources (NYSE:LPR) fell today, hitting and then dropping past its previous 52-week low of $2.14 to $2.10. After trading at a volume of 383,518, shares fell 3.6%. The stock is trading at 88.6% of its 50-day moving average and 46.8% of its 200-day moving average.
The share price of Renewable Energy Group (NASDAQ:REGI) dipped today, reaching and then dropping even further past its previous 52-week low of $4.80 to $4.70. The stock was trading on above-average volume. The stock price dropped 2.5% today, trading at a volume of 97,832.
While trading on above-average volume, Blackrock New York Municipal 2018 Term T (NYSE:BLH) decreased today, hitting and then dropping past its previous 52-week low to $15.76. Shares were traded at a volume of 22,149 and fell 1.4%.
The share price of GSE Holdings (NYSE:GSE) sunk today, reaching and then falling even farther past its previous 52-week low of $9.01 to $8.86. The stock was trading on below-average volume. The stock price was down 3% with a volume of 26,690.
The share price of ENGlobal Corporation (NASDAQ:ENG) declined today, reaching and then dropping even further past its previous 52-week low of $1.03 to $1.01. The stock was trading on above-average volume. The stock price fell 9.8% after trading at a volume of 192,853. The stock is trading at 69.7% of its 50-day moving average and 54.5% of its 200-day moving average.
While trading on below-average volume, Lentuo International (NYSE:LAS) slipped today, hitting and then dropping past its previous 52-week low to 81 cents. Shares were traded at a volume of 20,322 and fell 4.7%.


text:
Comic Comics #2: Ride Fast for Wyoming
Cowgirls are much more than the sexy lingerie that popped up in the sidebar of Google when I went to search "cowgirls". The women of the American West were an important part of the history of the establishment of the "wild west". There is very little information on cowgirls that would drive cattle up the trails like their fellow cowboys. The women, for the most part, worked side-by-side with the men on ranches and farms and worked to get pro-woman laws passed such as the ability to vote. Women, as cowgirls, came into their during wild west shows where they were able to show that they could handle a horse, bull, and gun just as good or, in many cases, better than a man.
photo by Evelyn Cameron
Fiction House was a publisher of pulp magazines and of comic books. They got into the comic book game, along with everybody else, in the late 1930s, their first title being Jumbo Comics which featured Sheena, Queen of the Jungle. Soon, Fiction House was publishing about a dozen titles that were all selling very well. They helped start the careers of several future comic stars such as Nick Cardy and Bob Powell but also had a staff of women that included Ruth Atkinson, Fran Hopper, Lily Renee, and Marcia Snyder.
Fiction House titles would prominently feature strong, powerful female characters and kept away from the damsel-in-distress trope that was so popular at the time. Sadly, due to this, Frederick Wertham targeted Fiction House in his Seduction of the Innocent. Wertham blamed not only the horror-themed comics for juvenile delinquency but also the sexy and powerful women featured in the titles. Unable to compete in a shrinking market without their biggest titles, Fiction House stopped publishing comics in 1954 and went out of business the following year.
One of their titles was Cowgirl Romances, a combination western and romance title. It lasted twelve issues from 1950 through 1953. We're going to take a look at Cowgirl Romances #1 and the first story in the issue "Ride Fast for Wyoming".
First, I want to point out the cover dress with a woman roping a cow across the logo. That's just amazing and that definitely made me at least pick up the comic if I saw it on a newsstand. The cover is a bit odd--what does this man hear and why are those horses so interested in watching those people do it?
"You keep your mind on weddin' clothes and when our happy day is going to be!"
"No, Rusty--please! The thought of that makes me want to jump in front of stampeding cattle."
According to the information on this comic, the art was done by Al Feldstein who created Sheena for Fiction House but also would go on to work as cover artist and editor for EC Comics' horror, crime, and suspense titles. When EC had to cancel all their titles, Feldstein soon moved into being the editor of Mad, a post he held until 1984. I assume that Feldstein drew this story and Bart Hastings wrote it unless Hastings is a pseudonym for either Feldstein or someone else.
"Is he hurt bad?"
I don't know. He actually looks pretty dead and that horse is like "...the hell...?"
His shirt is getting more tattered with every panel.
I think the J-Box were chasing because he's a stranger...with green pants!?
Ok. Knock it off.
What's this?! A damsel in distress? And here we were just talking about how Fiction House didn't do damsel in distress.
Oh, she's not in distress. Right now, she'd hang him if she could.
Holy jumpin' Jerusalem! She's gonna burn down the Old West Patriarchy. She's gonna do what you lilly-livered men are too chicken shit to do!
"Because even though I rallied the troops, got their blood boiling, and came up with a plan, the men still aren't going to listen to a tiny dumb woman like me."
I want everyone to look at that next to last panel. Take a good hard look at it. Do you notice anything a bit off?
THEY'RE ALL SITTING IN THE KID CHAIRS IN THE SCHOOLHOUSE!! I don't know what happened to the desks BUT THE KID CHAIRS!!
Bess has apparently hitched her wagon to a horse with no legs. Bess is my new favorite character.
So Bess couldn't even be in the meeting with the men? Were they afraid that all the testosterone in the schoolhouse would be too overpowering and she wouldn't be able to keep her clothes on?
THAT'S who Rusty reminds me of. FUNNYMAN!
Just without the clown get-up and long red nose.
Yeah, and that Buffalo Boss is full of tricks. He tricked you good by getting your attention, riding past the door, and shooting you.
Have we gotten to Wyoming yet? Has it been explained why these people are so angry? Ok, you want the grass but you aren't explaining what you want to do with it. I don't get it.
still don't know what's going on...
What? "Trussed up like a turkey"? "What happened, gal? Were they mean to you? Did they tie up widdle-ole you?"
I feel really bad about the death of this character I, and also Bess, wasn't really into. It's a damn shame. Hopefully she can take consolation in the fact that his last words were the exact same thing she said two panels before.
Aren't men named Rusty in the Old West a dime-a-dozen? Just find yourself a new Rusty, I'm sure there are plenty and all basically interchangeable.
It's bad luck to not bury a cowboy with his guns. You just sentenced Rusty to an eternity in Cowboy Hell, missy.
Why are so many faces in the shadows? To hide the fact that they look slightly different than they did in the panel before?
I also don't like the random ranch names they're using. J-Box, Dot-In-A-Box. Sure, they sound real enough but are they really?
Heh. They're gonna meet at Indian Butts tomorrow.
"Du-uh! I'm Tex!"
Now you're listening to Rusty? Earlier you wanted him to shut up and called him a "gun-shy old maid" because he didn't want to just go around shooting everything.
The writer seems to be putting a lot of stock into what Rusty's spirit is saying. If we didn't listen to Rusty when he was alive then why would we listen to him in death?
Also, that horse seems to be having a war flashback or something.
Oh, good. Mr. Green-Pants is back.
I wish Bess' hat would decide what it wants to do. Either be on her head and stay there or just hang off the back of her neck. Make a decision.
At least he gets to raise the roof one last time.
First I'm gonna shoot him then I'm gonna beat his skull in with the handle.
Horse: "Looks like another fine mess you've gotten yourself into."
Hey, proof that we are in Wyoming. So we don't really need to ride fast to Wyoming because we are already there.
"It's Rusty's writing, all right...backwards e's and all."
Well, that was quite an act. There was a thought bubble and everything that led us to believe you were the real villain in the story.
"By the way, was it also an act when you sexually assaulted me? Was that part of the plan? Did Rusty know about that part?"
Huh. Well, that was easy. It's kind of weird that 1)the fire was still burning...wouldn't it be put out before they fall asleep and 2)no heads were sticking out of the sleeping bags, which, to me, would raise suspicions.
I guess if some are "down at the crick" then they would've left the fire burning. But still, their heads.
Holy crap! A background character that has been in every scene of the story is the bad guy and NOT the guy in the green pants? Whodathunk?
"And I would've gotten away with it if it weren't for you meddling kids!"
Wait. If Rusty and Chip are brothers then why doesn't Chip have red hair? Don't get me wrong, I understand how genes work. Different fathers? Maybe their mother was a whore in Denver or Abilene. I don't think that's a story they did in the Golden Age.
Yes, "some crazy things". He punched Rusty, sexually assaulted his brother's girlfriend, and then tied her up. People could've died or been otherwise physically hurt by your actions but he had a reason.
Was calling you "sister" kind of a hint? And you are way too okay with that kiss when you learned it was all part of the plan.
"Quick, kiss me!"
"No!"
"Kiss me. I'll explain later!"
"I'll explain later!"
"The explanation isn't the problem!"
Women love being compared to cows.
It's like Rusty and Chip made a pact. "Hey, bro, if I ever die, I want you to ask out, date, and sleep with my girlfriend. Promise me that." "I promise, bro." "Swear on my life?" "I swear on your life, bro. I'll date your girl so hard."
Bess' hat still can't make a decision.
Labels: comic books, Comic Comics V2, comics, Cowgirl Romances, Fiction House, romance, westerns
Winnie #3
Dr. Eva Harding and the Children's Park
Bobbo #3
Tauy Creek Digest #55: Awake
Tank N Tummy #19
Gyrbynerjk #3
Liberty #3: Superkitten Vs. the Ripper


text:
Photobiomodulation Tools Highlight Research Needs
The adoption of low-level light therapy as an effective treatment for myriad medical conditions is growing ahead of clinical trials.
VALERIE C. COFFEY, SCIENCE WRITER
More than 50 years ago, when lasers were a new phenomenon, a Hungarian researcher applied a low-powered ruby laser to mice and noticed it stimulated hair growth and wound healing. To date, over 500 clinical trials and 4000 laboratory studies have sought to examine the medical benefits and better understand the biochemical mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation (PBM) — previously known as low-level light therapy. The results have often been mixed. Sometimes the light works in amazing ways, sometimes it doesn't, so skepticism in the field has prevailed.
In recent years, however, the usual wisdom has shifted to recognize that results may not always be positive because of the high number of complex variables affecting outcomes, including wavelength, power density, dosage time, application site, fluence, pulse structure, and treatment interval1. Selecting the correct parameters leading to a successful experiment outcome is a task akin to searching for a needle in a haystack. However, the positive outcomes are undeniably compelling when a study identifies an effective light source and dosage for a particular application.
Numerous studies have found that red and NIR light from lasers or LEDs in the wavelength range of 600 to 1070 nm at low powers of 1 to 500 mW can consistently demonstrate benefits in three areas: relieving pain, reducing inflammation and modulating immune responses, and promoting wound healing (Figure 1). But the "how" is elusive; the dose of light and the method of applying it to relieve pain in the neck is different than that used to treat pain in the jaw or the back.
Figure 1. The positive results of photobiomodulation (PBM) for treating pain are paving the way toward clinical trials and government approvals. Courtesy of THOR Photomedicine Ltd.
Photobiomodulation
The most understood mechanism of PBM involves a critical protein called cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), the part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in cells responsible for reducing oxygen to water in glucose metabolism2. A cell that is hypoxic or dying produces nitric oxide (NO), which inhibits the enzyme activity of CCO. But photons of red and NIR light are able to dissociate the problematic NO. The dissociated NO enables the mitochondrial membrane to better metabolize oxygen and glucose to produce more adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary source of cellular energy that regulates cellular processes (Figure 2).
Figure 2. One major cellular mechanism behind PBM is the activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that begins when cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) absorbs red to NIR light. The resulting inhibition of oxidative stress stabilizes metabolic function and initiates a cascade of signaling to promote cellular survival. Courtesy of LumiThera Inc.
Scientific literature reports several transcription factors and signaling mediators that may play roles in the long-lasting benefits that light exposure can provide, including cell membrane receptors or ion transporters (particularly relevant to pain), and an extracellular growth factor activation: TGF-β1.
Studies in PBM have long recognized that cells react to light therapies with a biphasic dose response. The effect, first observed in 1877 and named the Arndt-Schulz rule, states that moderate doses of light are more effective than low or high levels for stimulating and repairing tissues (Figure 3). As the dosage gradually increases, the beneficial cell response (also called activation or stimulation) gradually increases until it reaches a maximum or sweet spot3. The benefits reach a steady state within a "Goldilocks" middle range of light irradiation and exposure time. Beyond that, increasing the dosage further causes the response to decline back to the baseline. If the dosage increases even more, the cell's inhibition (negative) effects dominate, resulting in more harm than good to target cells4.
Figure 3. A 3D Arndt-Schulz-style model of red and NIR light irradiance on cells illustrates that induced stimulation of cells peaks within a 'Goldilocks' range of irradiance intensities over time. Courtesy of THOR Photomedicine Ltd.
The Arndt-Schulz rule, originally developed to describe the effects of various toxins on yeast, also applies to numerous other biochemical mechanisms aside from PBM. The concept, akin to "more isn't necessarily better," is helpful in describing the effective possible dosages of light, but is only the starting point considering the additional number of variables affecting outcomes.
Drop in the bucket
In 2015, an Australian politician named Max Burr, a sufferer of the degenerative movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD), became frustrated when his physician prescribed a further increase in the dosage of his PD medication. Inspired by a study on the use of 670-nm light and its beneficial effect on protecting neurons and reducing symptoms in parkinsonian primates, Burr bought a plastic bucket and worked with scientist friends to outfit it with 670-nm LED strips, later adding 810-nm strips, both of which stimulate neuron and nerve regeneration5, numerous studies have found. Despite IR and NIR light penetrating through only 2 or 3 cm of scalp, and PD affecting deeper regions of the brain, Burr wore the bucket over his head 20 to 30 min a day.
After 18 months of treatment, he claims he staved off an increase in medication, recovered his sense of smell, and regained his ability to write and climb stairs. Although Burr's improvement is anecdotal and does not equate to a clinical study, medical researcher Daniel Johnstone at the University of Sydney's Bosch Institute said his own studies on mice have shown that PBM light therapy works by reducing cell loss in the dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra, the deep part of the brain affected by PD6.
Furthermore, Johnstone found that the benefit extended to mice exposed to light below the head, albeit head exposure saw better results. Because the benefits extended to mice exposed to light on their body and not directly on the cells of the brain, he hypothesized that beyond the primary mitochondrial benefit, a secondary as-yet-unexplained systemic effect behind Burr's improvement may be involved. Stem cell mobilization, vascular, or immune system effects may be at play, although they have yet to be connected to PD7.
Light therapy has not had universal success in every PD patient, but Johnstone believes it has the potential to slow the pathology of this disease, and that it therefore offers advantages beyond the current dopamine drug therapy and surgical deep-brain stimulation treatments.
Funding needs
If such solid evidence exists that certain PBM light therapies are effective, relatively inexpensive, noninvasive, and devoid of side effects, why isn't PBM widely recognized and put into practice? Although the process of acceptance seems slow, light therapy techniques are gradually being adopted for treatment of certain conditions.
The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England recommend PBM for treating oral mucositis, a debilitating condition caused by radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In the U.S., Blue Cross Blue Shield insurance now covers the cost of PBM treatment for oral mucositis when applied by a physician. Indeed, an endless array of related therapy devices are available on the market from multiple companies, and are already in widespread use amongst veterinarians, champion athletes, and forward-thinking doctors and dentists.
However, cost is a barrier when devices must go through rigorous clinical trials, not to mention an expensive application process for regulatory approval, including hiring lawyers and consultants. Future commercial success of even the most amazing device is hampered by the fact that most insurance companies, as well as Medicare and Medicaid, do not reimburse for PBM treatment. Without the stamp of approval from the FDA, doctors in the U.S. could lose their licenses if they were to apply a non-FDA-approved device to a patient, or worse, do harm.
"Acknowledging the tremendous progress in the field, the FDA is anticipated to publish more precise clinical guidelines for PBM therapy as early as 2019," said Praveen Arany, assistant professor of oral biology and biomedical engineering at the University at Buffalo in N.Y. "But the process takes time. Once we have more specific guidelines, we'll see a lot of interest in clinical trials coming from cancer hospitals and pain clinics."
Arany, who is the current president of the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT), a global organization dedicated to promoting photobiomodulation, participated in a U.S. Congressional briefing in October 2018 on ending opioid abuse. Also presenting were James Carroll, CEO of PBM equipment maker THOR Photomedicine Ltd. in London; and Annette Quinn, RN, program manager of radiation oncology at the University of Pittsburgh (UPMC) Cancer Center. Carroll, known as "the rock star of PBM," presented evidence to senior policy officials on the effectiveness of PBM for treating pain, especially in cases where it can replace opioids. Physicians and patients recounted how such therapy had effectively treated devastating pain that previously required highly addictive opioids that were prescribed when no other effective approaches were available.
"The use of PBM in cases of chronic pain could greatly alleviate suffering and help end opioid addiction," Carroll said. "That's significant, considering [that] every year 19,000 deaths in the U.S. alone are from prescribed opioids."
Quinn testified to the success of PBM in treating cancer patients with oral mucositis, an inflammatory, erosive, and/or ulcerative process inside the mouth caused by chemotherapy and radiation (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Oral mucositis is a side effect of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplants that makes it painful for patients to eat or swallow (a). PBM with red and NIR LEDs is applied to a patient with the condition (b). PBM improves tissue repair and immune response to relieve symptoms (c). Courtesy of THOR Photomedicine Ltd.
"We have treated over 800 patients at my institution," she said. "Not one single patient we have treated has ever quit therapy because they said to me, this doesn't work, this isn't helping. Not one. It's the opposite."
Arany described to the officials the mechanisms and science behind PBM. Once a skeptic himself on the possibility that light treatment could really be effective in medicine, he noted his research in stimulating new growth of dentin in teeth and testified that even his own beliefs have changed based on the evidence in the field and from his own research.
"We know it works," Arany said. "Although we can't pinpoint the exact mechanisms, people are getting better. Animals are getting better and recovering from significant diseases. Animal studies don't have a placebo effect; [animals] don't pretend to get better. We now have undisputable data from well-designed, controlled research studies with mechanistic insights."
Arany, Carroll, and Quinn hope the Congressional hearing will garner the support of U.S. policymakers, who can approve much-needed funding for clinical trials. In the meantime, proactive PBM adherents are not waiting for government approvals. Some early adoptions of such devices are proceeding while clinical studies try to catch up.
Lessons in PBM
THOR Photomedicine offers courses in the science behind PBM and proper dosing of these therapy devices. The practical dosages for different conditions vary by type of device. For example, a hand-held targeted "showerhead" device with a cluster of five 200-mW lasers at 810 nm can be used for analgesia in nerve pain for 30 sec in continuous mode. A single 200-mW laser at 810 nm can be used for 30 sec to deactivate pain trigger points.
Devices of LED clusters at 2.5 Hz can be used for 1 min to promote healing of superficial injuries or to reduce edema by treating lymph nodes. The NovoTHOR laser bed, which resembles a tanning bed, is a whole-body device with a treatment duration of 10 to 20 min per session (Figure 5). Such devices have adherents in professional athletes and doctors around the globe. The NovoTHOR offers two wavelengths in the red and NIR: 660 and 850 nm.
Figure 5. The NovoTHOR whole-body PBM treatment device has 2880 LEDs of red and NIR wavelengths (660 and 850 nm). Currently used in sports therapy, physiotherapy, and wellness, such PBM treatment is gaining recognition as a therapy for pain, arthritis, and numerous other serious disease states. Courtesy of THOR Photomedicine Ltd.
While waiting for clinical guidelines, why not just go to a tanning salon? Although tanning beds may enhance mood and provide a good dose of Vitamin D, exposure to the sun or UV lamps involves higher-energy wavelengths and heat that can cause cellular damage. PBM therapy is a nonthermal approach that goes beyond electrostimulation or heating pads, and the stimulating wavelength windows are narrow.
"This isn't just another form of pain relief," Carroll said. "PBM actually helps people heal."
The acceptance is nearing critical mass. Medical device developer LumiThera Inc. near Seattle announced CE mark approval, allowing commercialization in Europe for its Valeda Light Delivery System, developed for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Figure 6).
Figure 6. The Valeda Light Delivery System is the first commercially available PBM treatment approved in Europe for treating dry age-related macular degeneration. Courtesy of LumiThera Inc.
According to LumiThera CEO Clark Tedford, the CE mark requires rigorous safety and clinical trials but in many cases can be obtained faster than FDA approval. The new system uses three wavelengths — 590 nm in the yellow optical region of the spectrum, 670 nm in the far optical red, and 850 nm in the NIR — in a series of treatments applied to retinal cells of patients with dry AMD. Early clinical trials have found that the therapy improves visual function and visual acuity while also addressing inflammation, ischemia, and metabolic dysfunction. Further clinical trials are underway in the EU and will begin in the U.S. in 2019.
According to Scot Faulkner, executive director of the PBM Foundation at Shepherd University, "The hope and promise of PBM therapy will become a reality only when it receives the funding, acceptance, and adoption it deserves."
1. Y. Huang et al. (2009). Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. Dose-Response, Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp. 358-383.
2. M. Hamblin (2016). Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, Vol. 6, p. 113.
3. J. Carroll (2008). A 3D dose model for low level laser / LED therapy biostimulation and bioinhibition. Proc SPIE 6846: Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy III, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.771183.
4. M. Hamblin et al. (2018). Non-mammalian hosts and photobiomodulation: do all life-forms respond to light? Photochem Photobiol, Vol. 95, Issue 1, pp. 126-139.
5. The Australian (Oct. 2017). Homemade helmet helps ease Max Burr's Parkinson's suffering, www.theaustralian.com.
6. D. Johnstone et al. (2016). Turning on lights to stop neurodegeneration: the potential of near infrared light therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci, Vol. 9.
7. P. Arany (2016). Photobiomodulation therapy: communicating with stem cells for regeneration. Photomed Laser Surg, Vol. 34, Issue 11, p. 497.
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A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and infrared spectrum. It is a nonthermal process involving endogenous chromophores eliciting photophysical (i.e., linear and nonlinear) and photochemical events at various biological scales. This process results in beneficial therapeutic outcomes, including but not limited to the alleviation of pain or inflammation, immunomodulation, and promotion of wound healing and tissue...
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text:
Stop tenure tyranny and show some love for our hardworking teachers
Teacher tenure is under attack in California. But how are we going to attract new teachers? Salaries are low, conditions are difficult, the work is exhausting.
(Ted Rall / For The Times)
By Ted Rall
This post has been corrected, as indicated below.
My mother retired recently from teaching under pretty much the best possible working conditions one could expect in an American high school: She taught high school French in an Ohio suburb that is at least 90% white, ranging from middle to upper middle class. By the end of her career, she was relatively decently paid. Her students weren't hobbled by poverty or challenged due to not having mastered English. Since French was an elective, her kids pretty much wanted to be there (though the possibility of having the class cut because of low enrollment was a worry).
Still, it was a tough job. Sure, class was only from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., and she got those long summer vacations. But I remember watching her get up at 5:45 a.m. so she could prepare for class during the calm before the morning bell. She rarely got home before 5 p.m. — there was always some meeting to attend — and then she had to grade papers and prepare for the next day's classes.
Teaching is a performance. You've got six to seven hours to fill, keeping the kids entertained and engaged enough to get them to pay attention to what they need to learn. It's exhausting, especially when you were up until 11 the night before correcting tests and averaging grades.
PHOTO GALLERY: Ted Rall cartoons
The summers were nice, but my mom spent the last half of June and the better part of July wiped out, recuperating. As for the last half, it wasn't like we could afford to go on any trips, not on a teacher's crummy salary. For the first few decades of a teacher's career, the pay is lousy.
Raises don't keep up with inflation. Parents constantly complain, often without cause. Administrators constantly lard on more responsibility, more paperwork, more rules, always more stuff to do on the same crummy salary. Moreover, budgets are always being cut. Even in lily-white districts like my mom's, teachers find themselves hitting the office supply store to buy stuff for their students — out of that crummy paycheck.
During the last few decades, particularly since the Reagan administration, the right has waged war on teachers and their unions. From No Child Left Behind to the sneakily anti-union, anti-professionalization outfit Teach for America to the Common Core curriculum, conservatives are holding teachers accountable for their kids' academic performance. Sometimes it's fair. Sometimes it's not. Even the smartest and hardest-working teacher is going to have trouble getting good state test scores out of a classroom full of kids brutalized by abuse at home, poverty, crime and neglect.
The latest skirmish in the edu-culture war is over tenure, and it's unfolding in Los Angeles County Superior Court. Supt. John Deasy of the Los Angeles Unified School District is supporting a lawsuit, backed by Students Matter, that would eliminate teacher tenure as we know it in California. Tenure, say nine students recruited as plaintiffs, makes it too hard to fire bad teachers.
Not so fast, counter the unions. "Tenure is an amenity, just like salary and vacation, that allows districts to recruit and retain teachers despite harder working conditions, pay that hasn't kept pace and larger class sizes," James Finberg, a union lawyer, told the court. It also protects workers/teachers from being fired over their political beliefs, gender and religion — or just being too "mouthy," i.e., speaking out against budget cuts.
As a parent, it's easy to see why it would be good to make it easier to fire bad teachers. As the son of a hardworking teacher, it's easier to see why teachers would need tenure. As in any other workplace, which teachers are judged "good" or "bad" falls to the boss — in this case, usually the school principal — who may or may not render a fair judgment free of personal bias based on personality or philosophy. Accusations of wrongdoing or incompetence levied by parents may or may not be fair.
Until my mom got tenure, she was afraid of disciplining students. She didn't dare be active in her union. She didn't want to reveal, in a Republican town, that she was a Democrat. Tenure didn't make her lazy after she got it, but it did make her more relaxed, less terrified of her boss. Which made her a better, wiser, smarter teacher.
Tenure doesn't prevent districts from firing teachers. It makes it hard. (Not impossible: 2% of teachers get fired for poor performance annually.) Which, frankly, is something that every worker who has ever experienced an unfair review should be able to empathize with. If anything, the only thing wrong with tenure is that only teachers can get it.
[Correction, 11:26 a.m., February 6: An original version of this post incorrectly described Students Matter as a "right-wing front group." The post also linked to the wrong David Welch, founder of Students Matter.]
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Leclerc does so many things well, but he needs to improve his poor walk rates.
If you were to ask baseball fans to name some of the best relievers in baseball, you would probably get a lot of the same answers: Blake Treinen, Josh Hader, Edwin Díaz, Aroldis Chapman, to name a few. But one name has slipped under the radar, likely because he played on the Texas Rangers, one of the worst teams in baseball last season.
José Leclerc was one of the best relievers in baseball last year. He had a 2.50 RA9 in hitter-friendly Globe Life Park, and he struck out 38.1 percent of hitters faced. What's more, he gave up only one home run all year! That did come with a 2.0 percent HR/FB ratio, so regression is likely coming, especially when considering that he is a flyball pitcher.
The knock on Leclerc is his control. He walked 11.2 percent of batters faced last year, and believe it or not, that was a huge improvement over the previous year. He had pitched 60 2⁄3 innings over the previous two seasons, and had a walk rate of nearly 20 percent! These serious control issues are what landed the former starter in the bullpen. He has trouble repeating his mechanics and sometimes likes to overthrow, all of which are a great recipe for missing your spots.
Leclerc is primarily a two-pitch pitcher. He uses his fourseamer over 40 percent of the time, and he can vary his speeds on it from 92-98 MPH. His second pitch, however, is more difficult to classify. Brooks Baseball calls it as a splitter that he uses 30 percent of the time. Pitcher List classifies it as a slider that he throws about 43 percent of the time. Neither of these classifications are necessarily wrong. FanGraphs' Dan Szymborski described the pitch as a "chlidder" that is a "changeup-splitter-slider chimera that breaks pitch-classification algorithms." It has a wide range of velocities from 78 to 90 MPH, and it is likely that the speed affects which one of those three pitch types it most resembles.
If you think that such a pitch is devastating to hitters, well, you're right. Hitters swing and miss at about one out of every four times against this pitch. Combined with Leclerc's fastball that can reach speeds of up to 98 MPH, and you can see why he has been so effective. Overall, his 17.2 percent whiff rate was tied with Craig Kimbrel for the fifth-best in baseball. When hitters do put one of his pitches in play, they tend not square it up. His 26.4 percent soft-hit rate was one of the best last year. Even with that great ability to generate soft contact, his career .221 BABIP is unsustainable, so expect to see some regression to the mean.
Speaking of Kimbrel, the similarities are striking. Besides the fact that they both had the same exact whiff rate last year, their strikeout rates were nearly the same, and they both have serious control issues. Even Kimbrel's 2.74 RA9 was not much higher than Leclerc's 2.50 RA9.
The Rangers are unlikely to be competitive in 2019, so if Leclerc continues to excel, he could become trade bait. However, his walk rate could temper possible returns for him, because poor walk rates can be especially problematic for closers. Back to Kimbrel for a moment, ask Red Sox fans what they thought of him during the playoffs. The rare times that Leclerc gave up runs, walks were usually involved. His worst outing involved giving up three walks in two-thirds of an inning, which led to four runs being scored.
There is hope for Leclerc, though. His walk rate in the second half of the season was just 7.7 percent. Not only is that a tremendous improvement, it was below the league average of 8.5 percent! Obviously small sample size caveats apply, but if he can drop his walk rate to even nine percent, he could go from one of the best relievers in baseball to something quite special.