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Journal of Biomedical Science
Id-1 promotes migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells through activating NF-κB signaling pathway
Jie Li1,
Yingjie Li2,
Bin Wang1,
Yongfu Ma1 &
Ping Chen2
Journal of Biomedical Science volume 24, Article number: 95 (2017) Cite this article
Numerous studies have shown that Id-1 (Inhibitor of differentiation 1) is upregulated in several cancers and associated with tumor malignant characters. However, the clinical significance and biological role of Id-1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear.
We used RT-PCR, Western blot and Immunohistochemistry to measure Id-1 expression in NSCLC tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues. The expression pattern of Id-1 in NSCLC tissues was determined by scoring system of immunohistochemical analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival curve, and log-rank test to determine statistical significance. The Id-1 gene was overexpressed or downreuglated with Lentiviral vectors in NSCLC cells. And, the migration ability of NSCLC cells was tested in a Transwell Boyden Chamber.
We found that Id-1 is generally expressed higher in NSCLC tissues compared with matched adjacent noncancerous tissues. We also found that high Id-1 expression in tumor tissues is significantly correlated with tumor progression and poor survival in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, our experimental data revealed that knockdown of Id-1 significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells, whereas ectopic expression of Id-1 promoted the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells. Mechanistic study showed that NF-κB signaling pathway contributed to the effects of Id-1 in NSCLC cells. Moreover, blocking the NF-κB pathway significantly inhibited the tumor-promoting actions of Id-1 in NSCLC cells.
We identified a tumorigenic role of Id-1 in NSCLC and provided a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC patients.
Lung cancer, predominantly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy, accounting for ~20% of all cancer-related death worldwide [26]. While remarkable progress during the past decades in diagnose and treatment of NSCLC, but the predicted 5-year survival rate is only around 15% [7]. And it is mainly a consequence of regional recurrence and lymph node metastasis [2, 12]. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the development and progression of NSCLC is urgently needed.
Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id-1), a class of dominant-negative antagonists of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, has multiple functions including inhibition of differentiation, induction of proliferation, and delaying replicative senescence [22, 29]. Recently, Id-1 has been suggested as a potential oncogene, as aberrant elevation of Id-1 has been found in numerous types of cancers such as cervical [24], osteosarcoma [9] and prostate cancers [8]. In osteosarcoma and cervical cancer patients, high Id-1 expression is correlated with more aggressive behavior as well as much shorter overall survival [9, 24]. Furthermore, Id-1 has been reported to promote survival and metastatic ability of cancer cells. For instance, Id-1 enhances invasive properties of hematopoietic cell lines through transactivation of MMP9 [21]. In addition, Id-1-induced transforming growth factor-β-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition [14], and also enhanced cell migration in breast cancer [25]. Although Id-1 has been extensively investigated in recent years, the functions and mechanisms of Id-1 in NSCLC development remain unclear.
In the present study, we found that Id-1 overexpression is significantly correlated with tumor progression and poor survival in NSCLC patients. Gain and loss of function assays found that Id-1 promoted migration, invasion and viability of NSCLC cells by in vitro experiments. Mechanistic study showed that the tumorigenic role of Id-1 in NSCLC is at least partly via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, our results identify Id-1 as a novel regulator of NSCLC invasiveness and may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of NSCLC patients.
Patients and tumor specimens
Matched cancerous and noncancerous tissues were obtained from 96 patients with NSCLC in the Department of General surgery, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for RNA and protein extraction. A pathologist confirmed that all the specimens were derived from normal tissues. Informed consent was obtained from the patients, and the research procedure was approved by the Ethics Committee of The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army.
Cell lines and cell culture
A total of five cell lines were used including four NSCLC cell lines (H226, H292, H460 and A549) and the immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). NSCLC cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 (HyClone) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco) and antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) (Invitrogen). BEAS-2B cells were maintained in BEGM (Lonza). All cell lines were maintained in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37 °C.
RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
The relative RNA levels of genes were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In brief, total RNA was isolated with the standard TRIzol-based protocol (Invitrogen, USA). RNA was reverse transcribed using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Invitrogen, USA) and qPCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa, China), following the manufacturer's instructions. The gene-specific primers were as follows: GAPDH (sense: 5'-CTGGGCTACACTGAGCACC-3′, antisense: 5'-AAGTGGTCGTTGAGGGCAATG-3′), Id-1 (sense: 5'-CCAGCACGTCATCGACTAC-3′, antisense: 5′- GCTTCAGCGACACAAGATG-3′).
Western blot assay
Western blot analysis for specific protein expression was performed as previously described [32], while, cytoplasmic and nuclear protein were isolated and purified using the Protein and RNA Isolation System (Life technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The antibodies used were as follows: anti-Id-1 (1:500, Santa Cruz, USA), anti-p-IκBα (1:1000, CST), anti-IκBα (1:1000, CST), anti-p65 (1:1000, CST), anti- Histone 3 (1:1000, Abcam), anti-E-cadherin (1:1000, CST), anti-N-cadherin (1:1000, CST) and anti-β-Actin (1:1000, Santa Cruz, USA). The signals were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (Pierce, USA).
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining
The NSCLC and normal lung tissues were fixed, embedded, sectioned, and deparaffinized. Some of the deparaffinized sections were stained with H&E staining. IHC staining was performed using a Dako Envision System (Dako, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. Sections were blocked using serum-free protein block buffer (DAKO, CA, USA) for 30 min, after which they were incubated with anti-Id-1 (1:200, Santa Cruz, USA).
Stable cell lines construction
Full-length human Id-1 cDNA was compounded by Genechem and ligated into pENTR221 vector (Genechem, Shanghai). An empty vector was used as the negative control. The Id-1 knockdown was achieved by RNA interference using a lentiviral vector-based shRNA (Genechem, Shanghai). Lentiviral particles corresponding to the shRNA Id-1 NM_002165 target set were used, as well as a nontarget shRNA control. The shRNA sequences were as follows: Id-1 shRNA, CGTGCTCTGTGGGTCTC. For the generation of stable cell lines, Lv-Id-1 or sh-Id-1 was transfected into the NSCLC cells, and selected with puromycin. Specificity and efficacy of the lentivirus were evaluated by Western blotting after transduction and puromycin selection in cells.
Cell proliferation assays
To examine cell proliferation, 5 × 103 cells/well were seeded in a 96-well plate and cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C. At the indicated time points, viable cells were counted using the Cell Counting Kit-8 according the manufacturer's protocol.
Cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 1000 cells per well. After incubation for 14 days, the supernatant was discarded and cells were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Then, cells were fixed in 10% methanol for 15 min and stained with Giemsa for 20 min. Colonies consisting of more than 50 cells were scored, and the rate of colony formation was calculated.
Cell migration and invasion assay
The migration ability of NSCLC cells was tested in a Transwell Boyden Chamber (8-mm pore size, BD Biosciences) as previously described [10]. For the cell invasion assay, the polycarbonate membranes of the upper compartment of the chambers were precoated with a matrix gel.
Immunofluorescent analysis
The Cells (5× 103) were implanted onto a slide for 24 h, and then were fixed with paraformaldehyde for 30 min, followed permeabilizing with 0.3% Triton X-100/PBS for 5 min at room temperature. Then, cells were blocked with 5% BSA for 1 h at room temperature and stained with anti-E-cadherin (1:200, CST) and anti-N-cadherin (1:200, CST) at 4 °C overnight, followed by incubation with fluorescent-dye conjugated secondary antibody (1:200, Invitrogen) for 1 h, and then stained with DAPI. Fluorescence images were photographed with a confocal microscope.
All data are expressed in terms of means ± the SEM. Significant differences were analyzed using Student's t-test and two-tailed distribution. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival curve, and log-rank test to determine statistical significance. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Id-1 is upregulated in tumor tissues and closely correlated with clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC
To investigate the potential role of Id-1 in NSCLC development, we firstly measured the expression of Id-1 in paired tumor tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues from 96 patients with NSCLC using qRT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 1a, the expression of Id-1 was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues compared with the adjacent noncancerous tissues in these 96 NSCLC patients. Furthermore, we randomly selected four tissue samples of NSCLC and paired normal lung according to the results of qRT-PCR analysis to analyze the expression of Id-1 protein. Consistently, the results showed that the expression of Id-1 protein was also enhanced in NSCLC tissues in comparison with the adjacent noncancerous tissues by western blot assay (Fig. 1b). Moreover, these findings were confirmed by detecting Id-1 protein expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. As shown in Fig. 1c, the data revealed that Id-1 was overexpressed in 61.5% (59/96) NSCLC specimens detected.
Relative Id-1 expression in NSCLC clinical samples, and its clinical significance. a Relative mRNA levels of Id-1 in NSCLC tissues and in paired noncancerous tissues. Id-1 expression was examined by qPCR and normalized to GAPDH expression. ** P < 0.01, compared with non-tumor counterpart. b Western blot of Id-1 protein quantification in 4 NSCLC tissues and in paired noncancerous tissues. β-Actin was a loading control. c Representative images of Id-1 staining in 96 paired NSCLC tissues. Scale bar, 50 μm. d Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival of two groups defined by high and low expression of Id-1 in patients with NSCLC. ** p = 0.008
Next, we analyzed associations between Id-1 expression and clinicopathological parameters in NSCLC patients detected (Table 1). The results showed that the upregulation of Id-1 were significantly associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.028), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.018) and advanced TNM stage (p = 0.005). In addition, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Fig. 1d) revealed that high level of Id-1 expression had a shorter survival time than patients who had low level of Id-1 expression (n = 96, p = 0.008). Taken together, these findings suggest that the expression of Id-1 was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues and implicated in the progression of NSCLC.
Table 1 The relationship between Id-1 expression and clinicopathological factors in 96 NSCLC patients
Id-1 promotes cell viability, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells
To further explore the biological function of Id-1 in NSCLC, we initially measured the expression level of Id-1 in four NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460, H292 and H226) and human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). As shown in Fig. 2a, the expression of Id-1 was significantly higher in four NSCLC cells than compared with BEAS-2B cell. Interestingly, the expression of Id-1 was much higher in NSCLC cell lines derived from metastatic sites than that derived from primary sites (Fig. 2a). Then, we knocked down Id-1 by stably expressing Id-1 shRNA in H226 cells, which normally show relatively high Id-1 expression (Fig. 2a). Meanwhile, we developed stable clones with Id-1 overexpression from A549 cell, which exhibit relatively low expression of Id-1 among NSCLC cell lines (Fig. 2a).
Id-1 was associated with viability and mobility features of NSCLC cell. a Determination of Id-1 expression levels in four NSCLC cell lines and the immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). The efficiency of Id-1 silencing and overexpression in NSCLC cell lines was measured by Western blot. β-Actin was a loading control. b and c Representative results for cell proliferation rate were evaluated in Id-1-knockdown (b) or Id-1-overexpressing (c) NSCLC cells by using CCK-8 assay. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. d and e, Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of the clone formation assays are shown in Id-1-knockdown (d) or Id-1-overexpressing (e) NSCLC cells. * p < 0.05, compared with control groups. F and G, Representative results (right) and Quantification (left) of the migration and invasion showing the effect of Id-1 knockdown (f) or Id-1 overexpression (g) on the migratory abilities of NSCLC cells. * p < 0.05. h Western blot analysis of the phenotypic markers, including E-cadherin and N-cadherin in Id-1 silencing cells. β-Actin was used as the loading control. i Confocal microscopy analysis of the E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The red and green signal represents the staining of the corresponding protein, and the blue signal represents the nuclear DNA staining by DAPI
Next, we examined the effects of Id-1 on the NSCLC cell's viability and metastasis. Our results show that H226/sh-Id-1 cells showed a significantly lower in vitro proliferation rate than control cells (Fig. 2b). Conversely, the overexpression of Id-1 significantly increased cell viability of A549 cell (Fig. 2c). Meanwhile, knockdown of Id-1 resulted in a substantial decrease in H226 cell growth in comparison with control groups, whereas overexpression of Id-1 promotes the proliferation of A549 cells by colony formation assay (Fig. 2d and e).
In addition, we investigated the effect of Id-1 on migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. The results demonstrated that knockdown of NSCLC significantly suppressed the cell migration and invasion capability of H226 cells (Fig. 2f), whereas overexpression of Id-1 promoted migration and invasion ability of A549 cells (Fig. 2g). It is well known that EMT is the remarkable presentation for cell metastasis, whether Id-1 knockdown reverse the EMT phenotype need to be identified. As showed in Fig. 2h, western blot revealed that N-cadherin was downregulated after Id-1 knockdown, while E-cadherin was increased in H226 cells. Immunofluorescence assays also confirmed that down-regulation of Id-1 increased the epithelial marker but decreased the mesenchymal maker in H226 cells (Fig. 2i). Therefore, these results demonstrated that down-regulation of Id-1 inhibited NSCLC cell migration and invasion by suppressing the EMT.
Id-1 enhances IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB activation in NSCLC cells
To elucidate the underlying mechanism of Id-1-mediated tumorigenesis of NSCLC, we examined the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Among the pathways we screened, the NF-κB signaling pathway was found to be involved in Id-1-mediated function. We found that the phosphorylation level of IκBα was significantly reduced in Id-1-knockdown cells, whereas it was elevated in Id-1-overexpressing cells (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, we measured the phosphorylation level of IκBα (activation of NF-κB signaling pathway) in NSCLC tissues, which exhibited high Id-1 protein expression. Our results indicate that the elevated phosphorylation level of IκBα was accompanied with high Id-1 expression in NSCLC tissues, when compared with corresponding non-tumor tissues (Fig. 3b). Moreover, Id-1 expression was positively correlated with phosphorylation level of IκBα in NSCLC tissues (Fig. 3c).
Id-1 positively regulate IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation in NSCLC cells. a, Western blotting showing total and phosphorylated IκBα in Id-1-silenced H226 cells and Id-1-overexpressing A549 cells. β-Actin was a loading control. b, Western blotting showing total and phosphorylated IκBα in NSCLC tissues. β-Actin was a loading control. c, Scatter plots showing the positive linear correlation between the Id-1 expression and phosphorylation level of IκBα in NSCLC tissues. d, Western blot for nuclear and cytoplasm p65 in Id-1-overexpressing A549 cells. β-Actin and Histone 3 (H3) is the loading control for cytoplasm and nuclear, respectively. e, Western blot for Id-1, nuclear and cytoplasm p65 in Id-1- silenced H226 cells after incubation with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. β-Actin and Histone 3 (H3) is the loading control for cytoplasm and nuclear, respectively. f, Graphic presentation of the relative abundances (fold induction versus the controls).* P < 0.05 versus control groups after TNF-α treatment
Next, we detected the effect of Id-1 on the activation of NF-κB in NSCLC cells. As shown in Fig. 3d, overexpression of Id-1 significantly improved the nuclear translocation of p65. Moreover, TNF-α (10 ng/ml) was used to induce the NF-κB activation in Id-1-knockdown cells. The results showed that knockdown of Id-1 led to significant cytoplasm retention of p65 after TNF-α treatment compared with control groups (Fig. 3e and f). Therefore, these findings suggest that Id-1 promoted phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 nuclear translocation in NSCLC cells.
Id-1 promotes migration and invasion of NSCLC cells through NF-κB signaling pathway
To further evaluate whether NF-κB signaling pathway is responsible for NSCLC cell migration and invasion regulated by Id-1, we performed rescue experiments by treatment with NF-κB activator TNF-α and NF-κB translocation inhibitor JSH-23. As shown in Fig. 4a and b, the increased cell migration and invasion ability induced by TNF-α in H226 cells was partly abolished by Id-1 knockdown. Then, we examined the phosphorylation level of IκBα (activation of NF-κB signaling pathway) in present of inhibitor JSH-23. As shown in Fig. 4c, the elevated phosphorylation level of IκBα was abolished in A549 cells after treatment with inhibitor JSH-23. As expected, the upregulation of Id-1 significantly improved the migration and invasion capacity of A549 cells, which was significantly abrogated by NF-κB translocation inhibitor JSH-23 (Fig. 4d and e). Collectively, all these results suggested that NF-κB pathway acts as the downstream component of Id-1 and contributes to the effects of Id-1 in NSCLC cells.
The NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in Id-1-mediated invasiveness of NSCLC cells. a and b Representative results (a) and Quantification (b) of migration and invasion of H226 cells, which were stably transfected with sh-Id-1 or negative control with or without TNF-α stimuli measured by Chamber assay. * p < 0.05. c Western blotting showing total and phosphorylated IκBα in Id-1-overexpressing A549 cells after treatment without or with JSH-23 (JSH). β-Actin was a loading control. d and e Representative results (d) and Quantification (e) of migration and invasion of A549 cells stably expressing Id-1 with or without JSH-23 measured by Chamber assay. * p < 0.05
Id-1 has been reported to be upregulated and identified as a potential tumor promoter in diverse cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer [6, 31]. However, it is worth noting that the underlying biological role of Id-1 in NSCLC is still unknown. Here, our findings showed that Id-1 expression remarkable increase in NSCLC tissues compared to the corresponding non-tumor tissues. Importantly, we revealed that high expression level of Id-1 is closely associated with tumor size, high stage, lymph node metastasis, and as an independent risk factor to predict overall survival. These data indicated that high Id-1 expression may represent a novel indicator of poor prognosis in NSCLC and may function as an oncogene in NSCLC progression.
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that Id-1 is involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation. Hao et al. have reported that Id-1 promotes osteosarcoma cell growth and inhibits cell apoptosis via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway [9]. Additionally, Id-1 induces ESCC cell proliferation may be through inactivation of p16INK4A/RB pathway [13]. In present study, our experimental data revealed that overexpression of Id-1 significantly enhanced cell proliferation by activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in NSCLC cells. Based on these results, we suggest that the downstream signaling pathways of Id-1-mediated cell proliferation may differ between cancer types.
It is known that metastasis is one of the major characteristics in many cancers, and is associated with cancer progression [27, 30]. Previous studies have demonstrated that Id-1 is suggested to play a critical role during invasion and metastasis in various cancers [11, 18]. For example, Id-1 silencing significantly suppressed the gastric cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro [18]. Cao Y. et al. have reported that fucoidan-induced Id-1 suppression inhibited the in vitro and in vivo invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [4]. Consistent with these studies, our experimental data revealed that downregulation of Id-1 also inhibited migratory ability of NSCLC cells. Thus, these findings suggest that Id-1 would be a potential anti-metastasis therapeutic target for NSCLC patients.
Since Id-1 is a regulator of transcription, it may be responsible for regulation of gene expression involving multiple transduction pathways. So far, several signaling pathways have been suggested to mediate the tumorigenic effects of Id-1 [15, 23]. Id-1 has been shown to promote cell survival by activating NF-κB signaling pathway and it has been suggested that it may be one of the upstream regulators of NF-κB in various cancer [16, 17]. Consistent with this findings, we also found that the NF-κB signaling pathway is responsible for Id-1-mediated tumor cell migration and invasion. As a transcription factors, NF-κB regulates many downstream genes expression including that regulate cell metastasis and plays pivotal roles in both promoting and maintaining an invasive phenotype [3, 20]. Especially, a lots of evidence showed that NF-κB signaling pathway activates the expression of genes important for the progression of NSCLC [5]. For instance, Foxp3 downregulation in NSCLC mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via NF-κB signaling pathway [28]. The major finding of this study is that the oncogenic effect of Id-1 is through activation of NF-κB signaling pathway leading to promotion of metastasis in NSCLC cells. On the basis of these findings, Id-1 could be a promising new therapeutic target for suppression the metastasis of NSCLC. Additionally, a previous study agreed with these conclusions revealing that Id-1 is able to protect anticancer drug induced apoptosis through activation of NF-κB pathways in prostate cancer [17]. The NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 has been evaluated for antitumor activity in a variety of preclinical cancer models [1, 19], but has not been extended to NSCLC. Here, we found that blocking NF-κB signaling pathway using JSH-23 attenuated the Id-1-induced tumor cell metastasis, provide novel evidence to support further explorations into the use of NF-κB inhibitors in NSCLC cancer therapy. Taken together, the tumor-promoting effects of Id-1 in NSCLC cells is at least partly through activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
In summary, our data revealed that Id-1 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. We also exhibited that Id-1 may be a potential inducement in NSCLC invasiveness though activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. On the basis of these findings, Id-1 could be a promising new therapeutic target for suppression the metastasis of NSCLC.
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Zhang X, Ling MT, Wang X, Wong YC. Inactivation of id-1 in prostate cancer cells: a potential therapeutic target in inducing chemosensitization to taxol through activation of jnk pathway. International journal of cancer. J Int Cancer. 2006;118(8):2072–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21592.
Department of Chest Surgery, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, No. 28 Fuxing road, Beijing, 100853, China
Jie Li, Bin Wang & Yongfu Ma
Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
Yingjie Li & Ping Chen
Yingjie Li
Yongfu Ma
Ping Chen
J. L. and Y. L. conceived and designed the study. J. L., B.W., Y. M., and P. C. performed the experiments. J. L. wrote the paper. J. L. and Y. L. reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Jie Li.
Informed consent was obtained from the patients, and the research procedure was approved by the Ethics Committee of The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army.
All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
Li, J., Li, Y., Wang, B. et al. Id-1 promotes migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells through activating NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biomed Sci 24, 95 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-017-0400-6
Accepted: 01 December 2017
Non-small cell lung cancer
Id-1
NF-κB signaling pathway


Localised roof-mounted energy production systems, as opposed to table-mounted, grid supply systems, offerregular revenues for the industry and are growing in popularity.
Demand from businesses already exists and is growing due to government and utility incentives that make the solutions financially rewarding. The net result is a growth industry creating local employment, new revenue streams contributing to GDP and potentially exportable products based on local manufacturing.
Chief among government and utility incentives driving growth in the sector is Eskom's incentive, the Standard Offer Programme (SOP) based on its Integrated Demand Management (IDM) initiative, for businesses producing their own energy or employing energy-saving technologies.
According to Eskom's programme, businesses receive R1,20 per kilowatt hour (kWh) that they produce themselves for three years. Eskom audits the company's plant plans and calculations prior to implementation and remunerates at a rate of R1,20 against expected power supply. At commencement Eskom pays up to 70% of the total expected value over the full three-year period.
At the end of the first year it pays another 10% and 10% every year thereafter until the three years are up. Then, if the plant has performed to expectation, Eskom pays an additional 10%. It means that companies can get 110% of what was saved. There is also an applicable tax write-off that saves companies further finances.
Eskom has allocated a total of 10MW for this programme and we have already submitted plans for three separate customer plants totalling nearly 4MW. Programmes like this cut back the capex burden placed on companies to invest in renewable energy and based on current prices this means that companies can reach parity with Eskom rates immediately.
The project has surpassed expectations and the utility received 89 project requests between April 25 and May 2 this year alone. One of those submissions was from Euro Steel with plans to erect a 650kW plant based on solar photovoltaic panels above its car park and on its head office roof. Interest ranges from the commercial to retail, steel, port authority, aviation, financial services, property development and telecommunications sectors.
Our business already hasorders for 4MW with more than 1MW approved and installed.
Eskom's inability to meet demand for electricity consumption that resulted in rolling blackouts in 2008 first highlighted the critical power issues facing the country, and the REIPPP has served to reinvigorate awareness. These two factors served to draw many renewable energy businesses into the country and solar photovoltaic solutions have become the first choice from government and businesses due to their decreasing costs, improved energy output and rapid deployment schedules.
While the REIPPP served to stimulate investment in the country, irregular revenues were a hindrance, but Eskom's ground-breaking SOP that, in various guises, has operated since as far back as 2003 and which receives regular updates, is serving to stimulate support from new markets. These ensure sustainable business for the growingindustry that results in GDP growth, more employment, new business opportunities and potentially exportable, locally manufactured products.


Can SlipStream scale out to more than one cloud?
Most certainly. SlipStream is multi-cloud at many levels. Not only can users choose to deploy their applications in different clouds, the same multi-node application can be deployed across several clouds.
Using the Mutable Deployment feature, users can throttle up and down the number of VMs for different parts of the application, which can also be mapped to different clouds or regions of the same cloud.


Massage product into wet hair until lather. Rinse off.
Specially formulated to thicken your hair, Black Beauty's rich hair-thickening formula repairs, revitalizes, and nourishes dry and damaged hair caused by the effects of styling and the environment – giving your hair strength, bounce, and shine!
I bought one bottle of this lang. Okay naman sya. Malambot sa hair and did not cause me frizzy hair. Pero I found it kinda pricey for a shampoo. Not sure if I am buying again since I did not see any effects. I just thought it would do great but nahh.
I have a relatively thin hair and I got this shampoo because a lot of people told me this made their hair bouncy. I thought that will help make my hair look a lot fuller but this dried out my hair and made it look frizzy. I guess it is just not for me then.
I have very high expectations with this product because of its mostly positive reviews but I guess, it doesn't apply to all. I have thin, dry hair so I was happy there was a solution to address my hair issues. The smell is okay, but the color is weird because it's green. After wash, I felt like my hair became even more dry and it was really not so smooth. I still did a few uses after the first time, but it was still the same results. It didn't make any improvement, even difference, to my hair. I guess it would be better if there's small packets or portions that can be bought for trial if it's fit for you or not. I think this is not the really best product out there that can address the hair problem.
Main reason I got this was its promise on resolving falling hair. I've heard a lot about this product being effective with hair problems so I decided to finally give it a try. I wanted to wait before deciding on a review. It's been a month that I've been using this religiously and the bottle's almost used up but the amount of falling hair remains the same. Doesn't feel much of a conditioner too as I my hair would often feel dry if I use this alone and without any other conditioner. Perhaps I was expecting too much considering other people's claims or I wasn't using their right product. I'm trying out other Black Beauty's products hoping that one of those is a perfect match for fixing my hair problems.


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Simon on the Tee Charity Golf Event
The ICC Group took part in Simon on the Streets' first ever charity golf event, 'Simon on the Tee' on Thursday 8th October at Leeds Golf Centre. 4 players from The ICC Group joined 7 other teams to compete in some light competition whilst raising money for this very worthwhile charity that supports the homeless in West Yorkshire.
What started out as a cold, blustery and rainy day soon saw the skies clear up just in time for the competition to commence. Fuelled by optimism and delicious bacon baps provided by the Leeds Golf Centre, Team ICC teed off at 12pm and began their 18 hole round on the dramatic Wike Ridge course set within stunning woodland scenery.
ICC's Oliver Hebblethwaite teeing off on the 1st hole.
The teams took part in friendly banter on their way around; dodging the many bunkers and water hazards that line the course, including the awe inspiring fountain that guards the 18th green. There was a 'closest to pin' competition on the 144 yard 7th hole where unfortunately all members of the ICC team missed the green. However, the 'longest drive' competition on the 17th hole would see ICC's very own Joe Witty claim the Long Drive trophy with a drive carrying 271 yards!
Arber Luzha of Team ICC teeing off.
Around 4 hours later, with a couple of birdies, a handful of pars and an overwhelming amount of bogeys; the players returned. The team comprising of Arber Luzha, Joe Witty, Michael Bowe and Oliver Hebblethwaite were not to know that later that evening, after they had finished tucking into their beautifully prepared Steak and Black Sheep Ale pies, again provided by the Leeds Golf Centre, that they would be crowned victorious. Winners of the inaugural Simon on the Tee Charity golf competition.
The money raised from the event will go towards emotional and practical support for homeless and vulnerable people to enable them to achieve their goals. More specifically, it will go towards funding for 2 new outreach workers, who Simon on the Streets have recently taken on due to the real increase in need for support for those on the streets.
ICC have previously supported Simon by sleeping rough for 1 night on the streets of Leeds, helping to raise money and awareness for this crucial charity.
Joe Witty
Martin House Dragon Boat Race 2021
The ICC Nauti Buoys enter the Dragon Boat Race to raise money for Martin House who provide care for children & young people with life limiting conditions…
Buying New vs Refurbished Technology
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Bellows Falls girls' cross-country team won the Division III championship on Oct. 27 at Thetford Academy. Back row from left, Coach Tim Eno, Jasmine Boucher, Haley Covillion, Lia Clark, Brigid Hodsden, Emma Perkins, Abby Broadley, volunteer coach Tim Clark. Front row from left, Stephanie Ager, Abby Dearborn, Shelby Stoodley, Molly Hodsden.
The Bellows Falls girls' cross country team turned in a dominant performance at the Vermont State Cross-Country Championships on Oct. 27 at Thetford Academy.
The Terrier girls had four runners in the top 10 in Division III, and won their first state title since back-to-back wins in 1985 and 1986.
And it may be too soon to talk about back-to-back titles by this current group of Terrier Harriers, but with two ninth-graders and a sophomore in that top-10 quartet, Holland Gymnasium may have to find some room for a couple more championship banners.
Ninth-grader Abby Broadley covered the hilly 5-kilometer Thetford course in 20 minutes, 0.9 seconds to finish first. Fellow ninth-grader Stephanie Ager was third in 21:02, and sophomore Abby Dearborn was fourth in 21:05 and senior Lia Clark was sixth in 21:47.
Also finishing for the Terriers were Molly Hodsden (21st, 24:11), Jasmine Boucher (23rd, 24:34), and Haley Covillion (26th, 24:48). BF took first place with a team score of 14 points. Rice was second with 42 points and Northfield was third with 69.
The BF boys were fifth in the Division III meet. They had two runners in the top 15 — Ian Wallace (10th,18:58) and Timothy Salter-Roy (14th, 19:32). Also finishing were Stone Bradbury (35th, 20:41), Gabriel Hakimoglu (37th, 20:47), Issac Wilkinson (43rd, 21:16), Collin Robertson (54th, 22:05), and Jacob Howarth (73rd, 23:51).
Brattleboro finished ninth in the Division I girls' meet. Sarah Gallagher led the Colonel girls with a 20th-place finish in 21:49, followed by Bella Takacs (38th, 22:45), Alexandra Miskovich (62nd, 24:16), Liz Morse (65th, 24:28), Kathryn Wocell (66th, 24:38), and Molly Patnaude (75th, 26:54).
The Colonel boys finished 10th in their Division I meet. Finn Lamorder was 24th in 18:22, followed by Bram Tabachnick (45th, 19:10), Evan Koch (61st, 20:35), Nolan Holmes (65th, 20:30), Reis Perotti (70th, 21:01), Ben Berkson Harvey (72nd, 21:18), and Logan McKay (77th, 23:27).
Next up for the BF girls is the New England Championship meet, set for Nov. 10 in Manchester, N.H.
• It took persevering through the screwiest final four minutes of a high school football game that I've ever seen, but Bellows Falls advanced to the Division II semifinals with a 20-18 win over the U-32 Raiders at Hadley Field on Oct. 26.
How screwy? U-32 had an 18-12 lead with 4:06 left in regulation. They had just stopped BF's fake punt play on fourth down. All they had to do was run out the clock for the win.
Instead, the Raiders fumbled away the ball to BF on the first play from scrimmage. The Terriers quickly turned that mistake into points, as quarterback Griffin Waryas connected with Brady Clark for a 14-yard touchdown to tie the game with 3:08 left.
Jeb Monier came in to kick the extra point, but his kick hit the post. However, U-32 drew a "roughing-the-kicker" penalty and BF got a second shot at breaking the tie. Again, U-32 was hit with another penalty, this time for jumping offsides.
With the ball now on the 1-yard line, BF coach Bob Lockerby decided to go for the two-point conversion, and running back Jed Lober blasted through the U-32 line to give BF a 20-18 lead.
U-32 got the ball and started driving the ball down the field, only to fumble it away. BF got the ball back, and could run out the clock for the win.
Except BF fumbled the ball away near midfield with 30.7 seconds and gave U-32 one more chance to win. This time, on the first play from scrimmage, Lober tipped a pass from quarterback Nathan LaRosa and Braden Maxfield reeled it in for the interception.
That finally sealed the win, and BF fans had a chance to breathe again.
While the Raiders lost to BF a week earlier, they jumped out to a 12-0 lead in the first quarter of the rematch on a pair of touchdown runs by Nathan McMahon.
BF eventually tied the game, 12-12, with touchdown runs by Waryas and Lober. But LaRosa put the Raiders back in front with a 46-yard TD pass to Michael Bove with 8:01 left in the final quarter to set up the wild finish.
"Crisp" was not an adjective to use to describe this game. Each team had three turnovers and the defenses definitely had the upper hand. BF's Dylan Clark and Reno Tuttle had nine and eight tackles, respectively, for the Terriers. Maxfield had a fumble recovery and a sack to go with his game-saving interception, and Harrison Gleim also had a fumble recovery.
On offense, Lober punished the Raiders, carrying the ball 30 times for 184 yards. Waryas completed six of his 16 passes for 75 yards.
The Terriers (7-2) now advance to the semifinals, where they will take on the defending champs, the Fair Haven Slaters (7-2), in a road contest this Friday night at 7.
• Brattleboro ended its season with a 55-37 loss to BFA-St. Albans in a Division I consolation game on Oct. 26.
• Top-seeded Bellows Falls made a statement in their 3-1 win over the No. 8 Champlain Valley Redhawks in a Division I quarterfinal on Oct. 26 in Westminster. The Terriers can more than hold their own against the big northern schools.
CVU has 1,200 students, while Bellows Falls has about 300, but the Terriers have the quality players needed to trade punches with the big schools in field hockey. And that quality begins with senior forward Abbe Cravinho, who celebrated her 18th birthday with a goal and an assist.
Although they were the eighth seed, CVU played the Terriers extremely tough. For BF, that meant a slight adjustment on offense.
BF created their scoring chances by swarming the goal at every opportunity. They outshot CVU, 8-3, and had 10 other attempts that just missed the goalmouth.
The Terriers had a 10-0 advantage in penalty corners in the first half, but could not score until Cravinho's one-timer inside the circle beat CVU goalie Kristy Carlson with 1:07 left for her 31st goal of the season.
Freshman Maya Waryas opened the second half with a goal with 24:56 left. But CVU wasn't rolling over and put a brief scare into the Terriers when Caroline Reynolds scored to make it a 2-1 game with 11:15 remaining.
BF didn't panic. Sophie Hyslop scored a minute later and order was restored.
At press time, the Terriers beat second-seeded South Burlington, 3-2, in a Oct. 29 semifinal game at Middlebury College. Their win streak now at 56 games and counting, BF (16-0) will play in its fourth straight championship game this Saturday at the University of Vermont in Burlington.
• Fourth-seeded Otter Valley ended fifth-seeded Brattleboro's season with a 6-0 win over the Colonels in a Division II quarterfinal in Brandon on Oct. 26.
Alia Edmonds and Morgan LaPorte each scored a pair of goals for the Otters. Colonels goaltender Natalya Forkin made 15 saves in the loss.
• In a Division III quarterfinal match at Hayford Field on Oct. 26, top-seeded and undefeated Twin Valley shut out Green Mountain, 4-0.
Owen Grinold scored twice, Jack McHale and Colin McHale each added a goal, and Colin McHale had two assists. Goalkeeper Logan Boyd made three saves for the shutout.
At press time, Twin Valley (15-0) was scheduled to host Peoples Academy in a semifinal match on Oct. 30.
• Fourth-seeded Leland & Gray got knocked out of the Division III tournament by Peoples Academy, 6-2, in a quarterfinal match in Townshend on Oct. 26.
In the first round, the Rebels beat 13th-seeded Thetford, 3-2. Trailing 1-0 in the first half, Jordan Persson scored the equalizer and Riley Barton picked up two more goals for a 3-1 lead at the half.
Thetford's William Bugg converted a penalty kick in the second half to cut the Rebels' lead in half, but the Panthers got no closer.
• Tenth-seeded Brattleboro's playoff run started with high drama as Luke Williams scored off a Jackson Buettner pass for a 1-0 upset of the seventh-seeded Burr & Burton Bulldogs in a Division I first round game in Manchester on Oct. 23.
The Bulldogs had a 20-16 advantage in shots, but Colonels goalkeeper Emmett Dews made 11 saves to preserve the win.
In the quarterfinal round, however, second-ranked St. Johnsbury shut out visiting Brattleboro, 4-0.
After a scoreless first half, Malik Joell scored two goals for the Hilltoppers. Sajan Harvey and Pablo Gonzalez-Rotger also scored. Dews made 14 saves in the loss. The Colonels ended the season with an 8-8 record.
• Second-seeded Stowe blasted visiting 15th-seed Bellows Falls, 9-0. in a Division III first-round game on Oct. 23.
The Terriers were no match for the six-time defending champions, who got two goals from Jace Boerger and individual tallies from Alex Pelletier, Norris Duff, Jono Nissenbaum, Alex Reichelt, Alex Tilgner, Hans Huber, and Jules Gershman.
• Seventh-seeded Twin Valley was on the verge of a big upset, but Arlington's Tess Belnap got the goal to end that dream as the second-seeded Eagles put away the visiting seventh-seeded Wildcats, 1-0, in the Division IV quarterfinals on Oct. 26.
Eagles goalkeeper Shaana Staab had one save for the shutout victory. Maria Page had 10 saves for the Wildcats.
The Wildcats reached the quarterfinals with a 2-0 win over No. 10 Blue Mountain in a first-round match on Oct. 24 at Hayford Field. Sadie Boyd scored a pair of goals for Twin Valley as the Wildcats had a 15-0 advantage in shots on goal.
The Wildcats finished the season with a 5-11 record.
• Eighth-seeded Leland & Gray got an early exit from the Division III playoffs with a 3-2 overtime loss to Stowe in a first-round match in Townshend on Oct. 24.
After giving up a goal in the first minute, the Rebels struck back with goals from Ansley Richardson in the third minute and Rain Bates in the 10th minute for a 2-1 lead at the half.
The Rebels held onto that lead until the 75th minute, when Stowe's Elizabeth Fitzgerald scored. Then, 50 seconds into the second overtime period, Selah Barrett scored the winning goal. Leland & Gray ended the season at 9-6.
• Another week, another reshuffling of the leaders. Week 8 of the fall season of the Brattleboro Senior Bowling League at Brattleboro Bowl saw Team 2 (28-12) move into first place, with Team 4 (27-13) close behind in second. Team 7, Week 7's leader, is tied for third with Team 5 (both 25-15).
Team 9 (24-16) is now fourth, followed by Team 1 (23-17), Team 10 (22-18), Team 11 (21-19), Team 8 (20-20), Team 3 (14-26), and Team 6 (9-31).
Shirley Aiken had the women's high handicap game (264) and series (519). Peter Cross had the men's high handicap game (268), while Warren Corriveau Sr. had the high handicap series (617). Team 9 had the high team handicap game (931) and series (2,572).
In scratch scoring, Marty Adams (544), Jerry Dunham (547), and Cross (563) were the men in the 500-plus club, while Aiken (519) and Debbie Kolpa (517) were the two women who rolled a 500-plus series.
Corriveau (225) was the only male bowler to top 200, while the women were led by Kolpa (212), Aiken (202), and Bunny Fogg (184).
Originally published in The Commons issue #483 (Wednesday, October 31, 2018). This story appeared on page D4.


The renowned French cartoonist, author and illustrator Tomi Ungerer passed away at the age of 87 in Ireland.
He was a lifelong activist who protested against racial segregation, the Vietnam war and the election of US President Donald Trump.
Tomi Ungerer ha written famous children's books like The Three Robbers and The Moon Man. He wrote in three languages: English, French and German. He published over 140 books which have been translated into 30 languages.


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The Non-European Popes
March 15, 2013 Terence Leave a comment
The election of Francis as a Pope from outside Europe is of great significance – not because he was the first non-European in the office, but because it reminds us that he was not. More accurately, as many press reports accurately put it, he is the first non- European pope since 13oo. Before that, there were many others – and the first use of the word "pope" was not applied to the bishop of Rome, but to other bishops of the Eastern Church. We have become so accustomed to identifying the Catholic Church with the Roman Catholic Church, that we forget that in its origins, the Church was Eastern, not primarily Roman at all.
The earliest "Christians" did not describe themselves as such, but simply as Jews who were followers of Christ. Later, when Paul as the apostle to the Gentiles took the message further afield, he travelled throughout the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as to Rome.
In addition to his Letter to the Romans, among his extant writings are letters to the church in Corinth, Philippi and Thessalonica on the Greek peninsula, in Ephesus, Colosse, and Galatia in Asia Minor – and to the Hebrews. So it is not surprising that the earliest leaders of the Church should not have been from Western Europe, at all. The (Catholic) Professor of the History of Christianity at Cambridge University, Eammon Duffy, notes that for the first century of Christian history, there was no clear distinction between "bishops" and presbyters", and when the bishop's office did begin to become clearly defined in the early second century, this did not apply to Rome until about the mid- century.
Similarly, when the word "pope" was first used, it did not mean as it does today, a single head of the whole church, but was an honorific taken by a number of bishops.
In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied, especially in the east, to all bishops and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the west to the Bishop of Rome, a reservation made official only in the 11th century. The earliest record of the use of this title was in regard to the by then deceased Patriarch of Alexandria, Pope Heraclas of Alexandria (232–248).
Reference to the Patriarch of Alexandria is important as a reminder that even as Rome did develop as an important centre of church authority, it was only one of five. In addition to the Patriarch of Alexandria, there were patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch and Constantinople – and of Rome. One striking example of to what extent the early church was based iu the East, not in Rome, comes from the record of the ecumenical councils, of which the first eight were held in the East (Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus, Chalcedon, Constantinople Two, Constantinople Three, 2nd Council of Nicaea).
Although it for various reasons Rome was accorded particular respect, it was no more than one among equals. Rome was also assisted, in its rise to ultimate dominance, by developments in the Middle East, as the rise of Islam wiped out the influence of Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch. This left Rome and Constantinople in continuous rivalry for superiority, until first the Great Schism, and then the fall of Constantinople, left Rome in control of by far the major part of what was left of the Christian Church. It was not until after the Schism that an ecumenical council was first held in Rome, with Lateran 1 in 1123.
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So Long, Mahmoud
Ali Gharib
Updated Apr. 21, 2017 3:32PM ET / Published Sep. 24, 2012 1:00PM ET
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the largely-figurehead Iranian president that roiled politics with his allegedly fraudulent reelection in 2009, will be making the last of his high-profile visits to New York this week for the United Nations General Assembly. Next year, term limits and Iranian elections will remove him from office (the real power in Iran—Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei—will remain). Many Iranians both in country and out will wish Ahmadinejad a not-so-fond farewell. But his lame duck status doesn't excuse those ills Ahmadinejad visited upon his own people. The International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran (ICHRI), one of the top such groups working on the deplorable human rights situation in Iran, released a video yesterday reminding New York—and the world—to hold Ahmadinejad accountable. In the short clip, five Iranian-American human rights activists point to falsehoods offered by Ahmadinejad over his eight years in office:
Complaints against Ahmadinejad for speaking during Yom Kippur at this year's General Assembly seem peripheral, at best, to the very real rights issues presented in the ICHRI video. Those journalists who manage to get to ask Ahmadinejad questions during his inevitable junkets this week ought to keep his record in mind.


Teorico della dromologia (scienza che studia la velocità), il filosofo Paul Virilio (Parigi 1932) è autore di una riflessione critica – tanto diffusa quanto discussa – sulla pervasività delle nuove tecnologie e sui rischi a essa associati.
«Oh yes, this is the 'Third Revolution'. In the realm of speed, the first revolution was that of transportation, the invention of the steam engine, the combustion engine, the electrical motor, the jet engine and the rocket. The second revolution is the revolution of transmission, and it is happening right now in electronics, but it began with Marconi, radio and television. The third revolution, which is intimately linked to the miniaturization of objects, is the transplantation revolution. By this term I mean that technology is becoming something physically assimilable, it is a kind of nourishment for the human race, through dynamic inserts, implants and so on».
Questo articolo è stato pubblicato in controversie il 2 Luglio 2016 da .


Meeting the girls down there, having a bite to eat before the show - it starts at 8.45pm for some reason and then piling into the bar for a few snorts before bed. Lise & i will do something 'cultural' for some part of Saturday... not a clue what she covers with that! i actually wouldn't mind doing some of the V&A and having lunch in Chinatown before we split up, something like that. Not sure what Sue has in mind; know she has some time to spare, so i'm hoping she'll come too. If she has done her shopping by then, of course!
Nicky will probably spend some of her morning trying to get Erykah out of bed - just kidding, guys!!
i've just put a change of clothes in my backpack and essentials. Hope i don't forget anything vital.
Cousin Anna comes for a short visit on Sunday, going home some time Tuesday. i haven't seen her for at least three years, so we have some catching up to do. i'll meet her at the station Sunday night, get her settled in the B&B and bring her home for a bite. i think i'll take her on one of those guided city bus tours, get off half way round and show her our all-week market and look at the shops. Have a quick lunch, get back on the bus and then later, dinner at the Lucky Star all-you-can-eat Chinese down at the Leisure Centre. Back here for a nightcap [B&B is close enough to walk from home]. That'll take care of Monday. She can check out and come here to chill and chew the fat till she is due to go, then i'll stick her in a taxi to catch the train home.
Wednesday is the AGM that i've been preparing for a few weeks now [i actually have to squeeze in a half hour meeting on Monday, while Anna is still here, which pisses me off somewhat]. So if you don't see me about, you'll know i'm going to be pre-occupied for a while.
Gad, it's sticky tonight... i've got the fan going full blast... Next time i move, or before if i get the money, i'm going to buy an air-conditioning unit. UK is getting warmer, not cooler and i HATE the heat. Don't mind if it's dry heat but damn it all, wherever i am, it never is and has humidity that turns leather green in a week!!
Have a great weekend, y'all!!


This Bride and Groom gave their first dance extra special attention. Taking lessons and practicing to prepare for the big moment. Right after saying I do and sharing their first kiss as husband and wife, they stepped on to the dance floor to share their first dance. It was a special moment and I am thrilled to be able to document it for them.


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The secrets of Rosenbergs diary
14 June 2013 by Jan Huisman in Biography Scrutinized War - No Comments
On the 13th of June the long lost diaries of Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946) were revealed. What may be unveiled in the 400 pages of Rosenberg's gift to posterity?
The finding of the diary is a real treat for historians while the debates on the Second World War are undiminished. Still, the diaries are 'only' from Rosenberg: Although he was the main party-ideologist and Reich-minister of the occupied Eastern Territories, he was seen by contemporary rivals and modern historians alike as a 'pretentious fool'. Nonetheless, the rediscovered diaries of Rosenberg can be very interesting to historians. After all, the Estonian-born Rosenberg may be considered grotesque figure, he was in Hitlers 'inner circle' and his party-membership dated to the early days of the NSDAP, in 1919: even before Hitler.
3 major historical events Rosenberg was involved in
First of all, let's have a look on the issues where Rosenberg's dairies could shed light on. His recollections cover the time span from spring 1936 to 1944. During this period, the Nazi's started the Holocaust, stole art throughout Europe and invaded Russia and tried to exterminate its population. Rosenberg spheres of influence all cover to some extend these major events. He was the main Nazi-ideologue and wrote the influential book Mythos des 20. jahrhundert (1930), a strongly racist and antisemitic account that was read throughout the Third Reich and even is said to have influenced Hitler himself. It is a long lasting debate how big Rosenberg's influence actually was; at least we now have his own account on the matter. After the breakout of the war, his ideological influence stayed strong, most of all on the perception of the Soviet union. As a born Estonian (who fought against the communists in his youth), Rosenberg's ideas on the Soviet union were quickly accepted as the view of an expert. As such, the way countries in 'the East' were treated the way they did, was influenced by Rosenberg. To what extend may become clearer after publication of the diary. Furthermore, Rosenberg played a major role in the stealing of art in all occupied territories. The task force was even called 'Rosenberg', which stripped all art in Jewish possession they could get there hands on. Although the stealing of art is not that much debated nowadays by historians, the publicity when the stolen art is being returned to their Jewish owners or their heirs is huge (like the Goudstikker collection and the paintings of Gustav Klimt). Rosenberg's accounts could be of aid to these families, and may help to clarify the issues to the larger public.
Rosenberg's diary will contradict some historical views
Although we have to wait for the publication of the diaries, the US government already made a first examination and stated that the diary may contradict present views on the Third Reich. It is not clear which views they mean, but one particular event was noted: the crisis that emerged after the flight of Rudolf Hess to England in 1941. Hess was the main Nazi after Hitler in the day and flew to England, but flew to England to open up peace talks on the 10th of May. His plane crashed and he was arrested at the spot. No peace was discussed and Hitler declared that Hess was insane. About a month later, Germany invaded Russia. This flight of Hess and its interpretation and consequences is still a heavily debated issue among historians. Did Hess had Hitlers backup for his peace request? And what game was played by the British secret agency? Most of all, could the disastrous war between Russia and Germany have been avoided? Rosenberg, as extreme anti-communist, surely had his opinion on the matter in this tensed month of May.
Up until now, no new acknowledgments were made after study of this document. In fact, as Michael Collin Piper explains on American Free Press, the media buzz was a bit overdone in the first place.
Jan Huisman
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Ancient Egyptian beads made from outer space material
Case closed on Katyn massacre
Sobibór is finally excavated. Its gruesome history revealed
Does 'Black Pete' have racist roots?
Hitler's Jewish neighbor publishes diaries
Could tattoos hold the key to deciphering the long lost language of the Indus Valley culture?
The SS built a secret army after WWII
Gun-ownership wouldn't have prevented the Holocaust


• In all other 3D plots, you create a matrix in which the rows and columns correspond to x and y coordinates and the value of the matrix element is the corresponding z coordinate.
• In scatter plots, you create three vectors with as many elements as there are points to plot. The x, y, and z coordinates of a point go into the three elements of the corresponding vectors.
Unlike other 3D plots, you can easily have several z values corresponding to the same x and y value. This is often necessary in statistical applications in which you take the same measurement more than once. You can also easily create parametric curves through a three-dimensional space since the indices of the vectors are themselves natural parameters to use.
• Define three vectors, each having as many elements as you have points to plot. Each vector contains either the x, y, or z coordinates of all the points.
• Type the names of the vectors, separated by commas, in the placeholder. Just as with an equation, Mathcad will not process the scatter plot until you click outside the region.
• Click in the scatter plot to select it.
• Move the mouse pointer to one of the three handles along the edge of the scatter plot. The pointer will change to a double-headed arrow.
• A Press and hold down the mouse button. While holding down the button, move the mouse. The scatter plot will stretch in the direction of motion.
• Once the scatter plot is the right size, let go of the mouse button.
• Click outside the scatter plot to deselect it.


Since January, our roster of professional video editors has grown 120%! We've added talent in music video editing, digital design, animation and storytelling. The immense talent and passion our creative freelancers have is truly inspirational. Our talent roster is the lifeblood of VDOMKR and our technology and platform are merely tools to unleash their creativity and wisdom upon the masses.
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Our motto, "Make Better Video," doesn't just apply to the output, but also to all the inputs throughout the process.
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text:
Colorado Senate approves plan to study paid…
Colorado Senate approves plan to study paid family leave
Details of how the program should work will be worked out over the fall
Hyoung Chang, The Denver Post
State Sen. Faith Winter on the floor of Senate on the opening day of the General Assembly.
By Nic Garcia | ngarcia@denverpost.com | The Denver Post
The Colorado Senate gave final approval on a party-line vote Thursday to a bill that lays the groundwork for the state to establish a paid leave insurance program.
The legislation, which originally included specific details on how the program would work, was the subject of intense scrutiny from chambers of commerce, other business associations and local governments. The Democratic sponsors rewrote the bill to study the issue and establish a committee that will present recommendations to lawmakers next year on how the program should work.
State Sen. Faith Winter, who has championed the issue for five years, spoke through tears during a floor debate Wednesday night.
"We knew all these people wanted help," she said referring to the approximately 88 percent of Coloradans who don't have paid leave. "But we couldn't agree on the math. So, we're saying let's do the math first."
The House, which is also controlled by Democrats, must also approve the plan before it goes to Gov. Jared Polis' desk. Winter and other supporters of the bill vowed to return next year to see the program put in place.
Nic Garcia
Nic Garcia is a political reporter for The Denver Post. He previously worked for Chalkbeat, a nonprofit news organization focused on public education, and Out Front, Colorado's oldest LGBT news organization.
Follow Nic Garcia	nicgarcia Follow Nic Garcia	@NicGarcia
More in Colorado Legislature
Recalls against Colorado Democrats Brittany Pettersen and Pete Lee can go forward
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President Donald Trump's portrait will soon hang in Colorado Capitol
A portrait of President Donald Trump will soon join those of his 44 predecessors in the rotunda of Colorado's Capitol.
Democratic Gov. Jared Polis goes to the Western Conservative Summit – and gets denounced
Colorado Gov. Jared Polis becomes the first elected Democrat to speak at the Western Conservative Summit as the annual event kicks off Friday in Denver.
Colorado just made getting public records a little more expensive
The Executive Committee of the Legislative Council voted 4-1 on Tuesday morning to raise the maximum amount per hour -- from $30 to $33.58 -- that those agencies can charge for retrieving records subject to Colorado's Open Records Act, or CORA.


text:
"Monkey See Monkey Do" Defense In Porter Trial: Cop's Rationalization For Not Helping Freddie Gray Is Weak At Best, And Should Result In Conviction
Posted by David Adams on December 13th, 2015
Now that the state and defense have both rested their cases in the criminal trial of William Porter, one of six police officers charged in the death of Freddie Gray, we can start to grasp a closer look at what actually happen the day Gray was arrested in West Baltimore and subsequently encountered a severe spinal injury that he would later succumb to a week later. Porter is the first to go on trial and is believed to be a material witness against other officers whose trial dates will occur next year. The most severe charge he faces is manslaughter. While the prosecutors believe that Porter and the other officer's neglect in the care of Gray reached heights of criminal proportions, Porter's defense counsel at least, have attempted to convince the jury that Gray's death was the result of an accident.
In fact, much of the defense' case seem to suggest that Porter wasn't criminally responsible for aiding in the cause of Gray's injuries because the Baltimore City Police Department had an on going cultural practice of not following agency policy and procedure. Defense counsel for the accused former cop put a number of witnesses on the stand to combat the state' argument that Porter willfully neglected to properly restrain Gray in a paddy wagon per departmental policy. The prosecutor's office presented a strong case by highlighting both, Porter's knowledge of agency policy requiring all prisoners to be properly restrained in police transport vehicles, and his admitted failure to follow these established procedures. The state hammered Porter by presenting his police academy instructor as a witness, who testified that Porter was trained to restrain all prisoners being transported and to call for emergency medical services if a prisoner request medical care. The state also produced a witness from the city police' IT Department, who testified that a departmental memorandum regarding prisoner transport, and the seat belt policy which had been emailed to all city police just a few weeks before the Freddie Gray incident, had in fact been emailed to Porter and confirmed to have reached his inbox..
Despite whatever argument that may be utilized to justify failure by Porter to secure Gray in the back of the paddy wagon, the facts are clear. Porter did not do his job and unfortunately a man died. This cannot be disputed one way or the other, but the defense seems to believe that a widespread systemic failure by Baltimore police personnel to follow agency policy is sufficient enough to justify Porter's individual failure to secure Gray in the back of the wagon as required by police policy. One of the rationalizations for the widespread noncompliance of this particular departmental policy has been rumored to be predicated on perceived concerns related to officer safety. Cops have openly complained about the dangers of the close quarters that exist between officers and prisoners inside the transport vehicle. In the concerns regarding safety, police officials say officers have been spat on, bitten, and sustained other injuries while attempting to secure seat belts on prisoners, and as a result, police personnel regularly violate the established guidelines for prisoner transport out of concerns for their personal safety. Porter's legal counsel isn't arguing that he failed to secure Gray out of concerns for his safety though, but rather he only failed to do so as a routine practice similar to what other officers were doing ("Monkey see monkey do.")
Also, considering the fact that Gray had requested for medical care on multiple occasions and the request was verified by various officers who interacted with him on the day of his arrest, selling the story that Porter was fearful of his safety resulting in his failure to secure Gray in the wagon would have been a hard sell to a seated Baltimore jury, especially with the video capturing Gray's arrest going viral depicting the appearance of him severely injured. Common sense would almost certainly challenge exactly how much of a threat Gray would have been to the officer in his apparent condition. The battle over why Porter neglected to do his job of placing Gray in a seat belt seems to be a tremendous upheaval for his defense considering the established police policies, and regardless of the culture of not following police rules. The defense' attempt to deflect responsibility of securing prisoners in transport vehicles over to that of the actual driver of the vehicle is a stretch, and Porter's lawyer has to know that he is really reaching on that argument. The state even put a witness on the stand who testified that caring for prisoners in police custody is a shared responsibility of all personnel who come in contact with a prisoner while they are in custody.
The point being here is, once a prisoner is physically restrained and placed in a transport vehicle, their personal safety for the most part is almost entirely out of the scope of their own control. Hence, why police agencies have policies in place requiring the restraint of all prisoners. Its almost like a complete oxymoron for the defense to think that police are not bound by seat belt laws, while "Joe Public" is subject to be ticketed by the very same police agency as demonstrated by Porter's own testimony. The state will be able to make a hell of a summation on these points during closing arguments.
Moreover, Porter's defense has run into trouble related to the comments he initially gave to investigators. The state produced a detective who testified that during an unrecorded phone call to Porter regarding what happened to Gray, Porter said to her that Gray told him he couldn't breathe. The investigator went on to testify that Porter admitted that he wasn't really sure if Gray was injured because Gray had a history of exaggerating his injuries when being arrested. During Porter's own testimony on the stand however, he completely dismissed and denied the notion that he had made such a comment to the investigator. Well not entirely. Porter testified that he overheard a person saying that they were having difficulty breathing and needed an inhaler. Porter went on to testify that he later learned that it was Freddie Gray who had made the comment. I mean this isn't rocket science here. Exactly how many prisoners were around at the time Porter allegedly overheard the "I can't breathe" comment, and does he (Porter) really believe that his recollection on these events are actually going to be deemed credible? His testimony on this issue is vital to his defense and seemed to have been carefully crafted to establish that he really didn't know Gray was injured. Its a conflicting account that the state' witness may easily win because Porter's recollection appears unbelievable on its face.
The depth of the unreliability of Porter's testimony is further revealed in comments the officer made to investigators indicating that he (Porter) and the transport vehicle driver Ceasar Goodsen had discussed the unlikelihood of Central Booking personnel taking Gray in his condition, and that he would require to be taken to the hospital. An obvious indicator that Porter reasonably believed that Gray might actually have been injured, and not as he had attempted to convince the jury of not knowing if Gray was in fact in need of medical care. Therefore, Porter's testimony seems to contradict the available facts related to the Freddie Gray arrest. It just isn't very credible that Gray never told Porter that he couldn't breathe as the former cop testified to, when he has already established on record with investigators that he and the transport driver had in fact discussed Gray's purported injuries.
In the extremely veil elusion of responsibility from the criminal charges that Porter faces, there is minimal extrication available to him, and that's only if he received an order from a superior specifically directing him not to call for emergency medical assistance for Gray. While Porter told investigators that he advised Sgt. Alicia White that Gray would need to be taken to the hospital, it doesn't help his cause because Porter established on record that he reasonably believed Gray was injured long before he told Sgt. White, and he failed to get Gray help. Besides, nothing has been introduced in the record of this trial that establishes White or any other supervisor for that matter, having told Porter not to obtain medical help for Gray.
The trial against William Porter seem to hinge on contrasting elements pertaining to Porter's actual knowledge related to whether Gray was injured or not. Porter's seemingly shady testimony on these facts may sway the jury to conclude that he's being untruthful. The history of how police typically have an unbreakable barrier between their rank and file, and usually stick together at all cost, kind of illustrates how Porter's testimony appear more unreliable with police investigators having said on record that he acknowledged that Gray had requested medical care. Other comments Porter made on the record doesn't help is case either. Porter stated that when he initially spoke with investigators about Gray, that he thought that he was considered a witness, and didn't realize that he had to defend himself. That comment is extremely incautious because it almost implies that had he known he was being considered a suspect in Gray's death, he probably wouldn't have made certain statements. That may potentially be the test that jurors use to determine his integrity related to his actions while interacting with Freddie Gray that day. Some see telling the truth as a natural process and requires very little complexity, but to infer that a person should have been made aware of being a suspect tends to suggest potential concealment of the facts.
In totality regarding everything that police officials, their supporters, and other pundits from the public who are critical of Gray's lifestyle have said about him in this case, none of the conjecture or rationalizations pertaining to Gray's history of allegedly faking injuries, past crimes and arrest matters regarding what ultimately happened to him. He was actually injured during this incident which resulted in his death. Porter and every officer who came in contact with him while he was in police custody, had a duty to insure his personal safety, and despite how they may have felt about Gray as an individual it doesn't circumvent the responsibility that was entrusted in Porter as a police official. Police officials seem to default to the old discredit him tactic, in an attempt to make Gray appear less deserving of any consideration because he was a petty criminal who sold drugs. While that may have in fact been the case in this instance, his arrest was for the purpose of mitigating such conduct in a court of law before a jury of his peers. Failing to get help for a prisoner who is physically restrained inside a police transport vehicle after he made multiple request for medical care, perhaps can only be described as cruel and heartless negligence that should result in a conviction based on the evidence presented to the court during this trial.
A "Monkey see monkey do" defense is really not a defense at all, and it may be a telling factor in a jury's determination to come back with a guilty verdict for manslaughter in this case.
I'm Crime Blogger David Adams
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text:
Coi chef planning Oakland spot
Draeger's grocery store at 222 E 4th Ave and Viognier restaurant is San Mateo's are two foodie havens in downtown district. Photographed in San Mateo Friday August 1, 2008.Lance Iversen/The Chronicle
Four-star chef San Francisco chef DanielPatterson is embarking on a new venture across the bay. He's just signed a lease on a place in Jack London Square in Oakland, and in the middle of next year will open Bracina with Lauren Kiino.
Kiino will be the chef and run the restaurant, while Patterson, chef-owner of Coi in North Beach (373 Broadway, near Kearny), will focus on the business aspects - what he calls the "infrastructure," including the design, construction and menu development.
Kiino, who worked at Delfina in San Francisco for several years, "has great culinary instincts," Patterson says. "We share a similar passion for ingredients and how to express them."
Patterson says he got to know Kiino when she did a stage at Coi and then stayed on for six months to help when one of the chefs left. This will be her first restaurant.
Bracina, which is Latin for kitchen, is intended as a 70- to 80-seat neighborhood place, Patterson says, "reasonably priced, where the food is way better than what you expect." Kiino is currently in Italy, but when she returns the two will start to figure out exactly what that food will be. However, Patterson says the approach will be "simple but interesting, with really good cocktails and a wine list, where people could eat once or twice a week."
Patterson says he's also excited about what's being developed at Jack London Square, which includes new restaurants such as Miss Pearl's Jam House (1 Broadway), which opened recently; and a new bakery project from Miette's Meg Ray. Patterson's wife works nearby, so he says he's gotten to know the area as a "great, diverse place that's underserved."
Chef moves: When the General's Daughter in Sonoma closed a couple months ago, chef Preston Dishman told Scoop he hoped he and his wife, Nicole, could find the right spot in Sonoma County to open their own place. But, the economy has a way of changing everyone's plans, so instead of staying in the North Bay, the couple is heading south, where Dishman will become the new executive chef at Viognier in San Mateo.
He's enthusiastic about his new position heading up the restaurant that's part of Draeger's Market (222 E. Fourth Ave., at B Street), and was Gary Danko's last stop before he opened his own place in San Francisco.
"I feel it's like a home, working for people who share my ideals" about seasonal techniques and locally grown produce, he says.
For the next couple of weeks Dishman will work with departing chef Sean Fleming, before taking over on Nov. 1. Fleming, who has been at Viognier for 1 1/2 years and has been cooking for 20, is leaving to do some traveling before looking for other opportunities.
"It's a better situation than one you usually find yourself in because everything is running so smoothly," Dishman says, pointing out that the sous chefs participated in the interview process. "There are no revolts going on, no chef being fired. It goes to show what a familial atmosphere there is, so I don't expect any changes in the staff."
Dishman will get much of his produce from Baia Nicchia farm in Sunol, which already supplies the restaurant. "We saw a tremendous difference at the General's Daughter when we could grow our own produce," he says.
He's starting to think about a late fall menu, which will include dishes with squash, chestnuts and quince, and lots of braised preparations.
Meanwhile, in Sonoma, the former General's Daughter has reopened as Estate (400 W. Spain St.), run by Girl and the Fig's Sondra Bernstein and John Toulze.
Numero quatro: The East Bay rumor mill has been buzzing with talk of Thomas Schnetz and Dona Savitsky of Dona Tomas (5004 Telegraph Ave., Oakland) taking over Oakland's now-shuttered Compadres (4239 Park Blvd.) for a new place of their own.
But Schentz says the rumor's just that - a rumor. Instead of going into the Compadres spot, he and Savitsky have signed a lease to open what he calls "a Mission-style taqueria" at 1912 Telegraph, two doors down from their downtown hot spot, Flora (1900 Telegraph Ave.).
"We're going to jump into the burrito game," says Schnetz. The couple already owns Tacubaya in Berkeley (1788 Fourth St.), but no burritos are served.
The new Telegraph Avenue space is 1,600 square feet, plus a 600-square-foot backyard patio. Schnetz and Savitsky will take it over at the beginning of 2009 and hope to have it up and running as their fourth restaurant in about a year.


text:
Q: How do I get multiple values from MySQL Relational Database tables using Ruby on Rails? I wasn't exactly sure how to word my question, so sorry if the question isn't phrased correctly.
Ill try to give the minimum amount of info needed to help me out. Please let me know edits to make or things to add. Thanks.
So I have a Relational MYSQL database already setup with data in 4 tables. This program is supposed to be a small-scale customer database lookup. I have an HTML page with a form: a text box asking for customer number, and 4 radio buttons to determine what data to retrieve. We're using Ruby on Rails (which I've never used) to access and control the data in the tables.
The 4 radio buttons:

*

*Customer Data

*Sales Rep

*Orders

*Parts

Here's a link to what these table's contain:  http://www.cs.uky.edu/~paulp/CS316/tables.txt
The first two radio's were easy to implement since a customerNum is input. For customer data, I set variables to retrieve the values from the customers table. The SalesRep option was also easy. I took the customerNum input, set a variable to be the data in customers and another to be the data in salesreps. I made another variable to be the salesrep id by taking it from customers where customerNum was the input. Then used that sales rep id to display the associated data for the sales rep for that customer.
The 3rd and 4th radio options (orders and parts) has got me stumped! If you look at the orders table, some customerNum's have multiple orders.
My question is essentially "How do I go about displaying all of the orders (and the associated data for each) for a given customer?"
I can't just do what I did for the first 2 radios since each customerNum could have 1 or multiple orders. I'm new to Ruby on Rails and not sure how to go about implementing this.
Ill post some code in a sec. Any suggestions to edits for this post or to help implement this are greatly appreciated. Thanks!
CODE:
index.html.erb
<%
#  index.html.erb
#  First (input) screen for example
%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
<title>The Data Access Program</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

Spartan Hardware Data Access

<form action="cs316ruby/result" method="post" >

Data requested:
<input type="text" name="data" />

<input type="radio" name="field" value="cu" id="field_cu" checked="checked" />
    Customer data

<input type="radio" name="field" value="sr" id="field_sr" />Sales rep

<input type="radio" name="field" value="or" id="field_o" />Orders

<input type="radio" name="field" value="p" id="field_p" />Parts

<input type="hidden" name=<%= request_forgery_protection_token.to_s %>
value=<%= form_authenticity_token %>  />
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>

salesrepdisplay.html.erb
<%
# salesrepisplay.html.erb.rb
# View that displays customer's sales rep data for cs316ruby program
%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
<title>The Data Access Program</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

Spartan Hardware Stores Data Access

  <%  # get the customer data from the customer table
  @custdata = Customer.find(@data)
  # copy the Sales rep field into a variable to retrieve sales rep data
  # if sales rep id = 00, the entered customer has no sales rep
  @sr = @custdata.sales_rep
  @srdata = Salesrep.find(@sr)
  @ln = @srdata.last_name
  @fn = @srdata.first_name
  @rt = @srdata.rate
  @cm = @srdata.commission;
  @cm = sprintf("%7.2f",@cm)
  %>

Sales Rep data for customer: <%=@data %>

    ID
    Last name
    First name
    Commission
    Rate

    <%=@sr%>
    <%=@ln%>
    <%=@fn%>
    <%=@cm%>
    <%=@rt%>

custdisplay.html.erb
<%
# custdisplay.html.erb.rb
# View that displays customer data for cs316ruby program
%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<title>The Data Access Program</title>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

Spartan Hardware Stores Data Access

 <%  # get the customer data from the customer table
 @custdata = Customer.find(@data)
 # copy each field into a variable for display
 @id = @custdata.id
 @ln = @custdata.last_name
 @fn = @custdata.first_name
 @bl = @custdata.balance;
 @bl = sprintf("%7.2f",@bl) # format as currency
 @cl = @custdata.credit_limit
 @cl = sprintf("%7.2f",@cl) # format as currency
 @sr = @custdata.sales_rep
 %>

customer data for customer: <%=@data %>

    ID
    Last name
    First name
    Balance
    Credit limit
    Sales rep

    <%=@id%>
    <%=@ln%>
    <%=@fn%>
    <%=@bl%>
    <%=@cl%>
    <%=@sr%>

orderdisplay.html.erb
This is basically a copy and paste of the sales rep and customer order pages to start from
<%
# orderdisplay.html.erb
# View that displays customer's order data for cs316ruby program
%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<title>The Data Access Program</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

Spartan Hardware Stores Data Access

<%  # get the customer data from the customer table
@custdata = Customer.find(@data)
%>

Order data for customer: <%=@data %>

    Order Number
    Order Date
    Cost of Order

    <%=@sr%>
    <%=@ln%>
    <%=@fn%>

A: You need to ask a narrower question. (Also ~'s is possessive; plain ~s is for plurals.)
Reviewing your tables.txt, orderlines.id appears to mean orderline.order_id - that is the foreign key of orders, in orderlines.
So if you expressed these as ActiveRecord objects, how would you write in class Order a has_many that points to OrderLine?

A: I figured it out.
I was close to figuring it out one way with the code I had. Here's the code block that put everything into an array, then the loop to access values each iteration:
<% #creating the array
    @orderdata = Order.find(:all, :conditions => ["customer_ID = ?",@data])

#the loop
 @custdata.orders.each do |order|

   @id = order.id %>

     <%=@id%>

<%end%>

So much easier than I thought it would be!

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