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Master of Laws, graduated from Ghent University in 2011.
Lawyer since 1 December 2012.
Member of the Bar of Ghent since 1 December 2014.
Tim Defauw forms part of the partnership "Van Eeckhoutte, Taquet & Clesse". He is registered under enterprise number 0500.649.959.
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In the meantime thanks to the Ontario Cheese Society, the pressure of foodies and high profile chefs, the emergence of small cheese plants has become a significant new player in the gourmet world of Ontario.
"In advance of a hearing May 10 on the proposed regulation, a Massachusetts legislator friendly with the MDAR commissioner, Scott Soares, set up a meeting last Monday for the regulator to discuss with a few consumers his reasons for going after the buying clubs.
Surprise–15 consumers and farmers showed up for the meeting, and started peppering the startled Soares with questions about why he was taking an action that will inevitably reduce consumers' access to raw milk, and quite possibly put at least a few of the more than twenty dairy farms selling raw milk out of business.
"…..The FDA even suggests that it is being benevolent by not banning raw milk entirely, pointing out that the 1987 court decision that led it to implement a ban on interstate shipment and sale of raw milk asserted "that 'it is within HHS's authority…to institute an intrastate ban as well'… FDA could have…prohibited intrastate sales but concluded 'that State and local authorities may be better situated to deal with the public health problems attributable to unpasteurized milk.'" Thank you, thank you, most wonderful FDA.
Tagged as David E. Gumpert, Farm to Consumer Legal Defense Fund, FDA, health, legal, raw milk, The Complete Patient, U.S.
Sally Fallon at Wise Traditions U.K.
Woman of the hour... agister Alice Jongerden of "Home on the Range"
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text:
Strategic Options
Capacity Academy
Carthage Center for Research & Information
18th INSME Annual Meeting, Baku
INSME's 18th Annual Meeting took place in Baku on 1 and 2 December, co-organised by INSME member in Azerbaijan, KOBIA, and focused on "SMEs empowerment through Economic Diversification and Green Growth".
The conference was opened by the Minister of Economy of Azerbaijan, H. E. Mikayil Jabbarov, who gave a speech highlighting how micro and Small and Medium Enterprises promotion holds a crucial spot in the government's economic policies for the Azerbaijan's development. SMEs development and resilience against financial shocks should always be a priority, especially during economic crisis. In this regard, Azerbaijan's 2015 government intervention and economic reform brought tax benefits, soft landing access to finance, improvement of business environment, and ease of doing business to promote SME growth. These policies further contributed to the goal of leading the country out of the dominance of the informal economy and fossil fuel income. Indeed, in 2021 the share of non-oil and gas SMEs was up to 56%, with 27% of SMEs being young employees, of which 49% women.
President Sergio Arzeni opening speech presented economic trends that could transform and play a crucial role in the future economic outcomes, outlining and reminding governments to empower and foster entrepreneurship and SMEs as a reliable recipe for a resilient and sustainable economy.
The following interventions by the speakers outlined the key role that governments must play to build and promote resilient SMEs during these challenging years. While public and private dialogues are needed to develop tailored support measures, SMEs also need a change of mindset and set their goals towards the implementation of the green and digital transitions. Following this address, other speakers pointed out the vital role of international networks and events in promoting the exchange of best practices and strong collaborations between SMEs and innovation stakeholders.
(INSME)
INVESTMED First Cycle of Entrepreneurs' Coaching
Med Youth Meeting 2022 Held in Lebanon
RESMYLE: Lebanon Waste Management Workshop
CROSSDEV Hosts Tourism Students in Jordan
Mediterranean Women Ship (MWS) 2023
The Lebanese Development Network (LDN) is a national non-profit organization "dedicated to assist individuals, communities and institutions build their capacities by conveying knowledge and improving practical performance to enable them manage the changing social requirements, catch opportunities and meet the development challenges."
P.O.Box: 60-374 Jal El Dib, Lebanon
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Although discovered before the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB),
the origin of the hard X-Ray Background (XRB) is still not fully
understood.
At energies below 2 keV, the XRB has now been almost entirely
resolved into discrete sources. Most of these are AGN's but other
types of sources (e.g. clusters, narrow emission line galaxies)
may also contribute a significant fraction of the total flux
(Hasinger et al.~1998, McHardy et al.~1998).
The X-ray spectra of these sources are, for the most part,
too soft to account for the shape and total intensity of the XRB
above 2 keV, but absorption can be invoked to remedy this problem
and allow the full energy range of the XRB to be nicely
fitted by the right mixture of absorbed and unabsorbed AGN's
(Comastri et al.~1995). Such models have their limitations,
but even if the detailed nature of the hard X-ray
sources, and their relation to the soft ones, are not
fully understood yet, it is now well established
that the dominant part of the hard XRB also arises from
the integrated emission of discrete sources.
The alternative hypothesis of a cosmic hot gas
origin was ruled out by the observation of
the undistorted CMB spectrum (see Fabian \& Barcons
1992 for review).

In order to account for the total flux of the XRB
(local X-ray sources only produce a very small fraction
of it), X-ray sources must be found throughout
a large enough volume of the universe. This
makes them convenient tracers of the mass distribution
on scales intermediate between those probed by COBE in the CMB
($\sim 1000 $ Mpc), and those probed by optical and IRAS
redshift surveys ($\sim 100 $ Mpc).
The CMB fluctuations originate from redshift $z \sim 1000$
and are due to the Sachs-Wolfe effect on scales larger than
a few degrees. On the other hand, the fluctuations in the XRB
are due to fluctuations in the space density of
X-ray sources which are likely to be distributed
at $z \sim 1-5$. In terms of level
of anisotropy, the XRB is also intermediate between the CMB
fluctuations ($\sim 10^{-5}$ on angular scales of
degrees) and the galaxy density fluctuations (of the order
of unity on scale of 8 $h^{-1}$ Mpc).

In this paper, we attempt a comparison between the hard band (2-10 keV)
XRB fluctuations seen in the HEAO1-A2 data and a range
of models. We measure the fluctuations in terms of
spherical harmonic coefficients, and make predictions
for the ensemble average of these coefficients using
a formalism presented by Lahav, Piran \& Treyer (1997)
(hereafter LPT97).
For related approaches to measurements
of the XRB fluctuations see Boughn, Crittenden \& Turok (1998)
and Carrera, Barcons \& Fabian (1997) and references therein.
The data analysis and the theoretical formalism are described
in Sections 2 and 3 respectively. Measurements and models are
compared in Section 4. We present our conclusions in Section 5.
For simplicity, we shall assume an Einstein-de Sitter
world geometry ($\Omega=1$, $\Lambda=0$).
We write the Hubble constant as $H_0=100~h~{\rm km/s/Mpc}$.

\section{The HEAO1-A2 Data Analysis}

Details of the HEAO1-A2 data analysis will be described in
a complementary paper (Scharf et al., in preparation).
This section summarizes the procedure.

We use the A2 counts from the
6 months following day 322 of 1977 in
the all-sky survey (c.f. Jahoda 1993). The data were provided
in rectangular ecliptic coordinates in approximately
$0.5 \times 0.25$ degree pixels (at ecliptic
equator),  which considerably oversamples the $3 \times
1.5$ degree FWHM beam.
These data are then corrected for a small systematic
instrumental change from day $\sim 430$ onwards.
In this work, we further bin the data into groups of 12 by 12 pixels
(smaller resolution pixels are strongly correlated due to the
instrument beam) for all analyses. At the
ecliptic equator the pixel groups are therefore $6^{\circ}\times
3^{\circ}$. Masking (see below) is however performed initially on the
higher resolution data and the final pixel groups contain
the {\em mean} count rate of all non-zero `sub-pixels' and are
weighted according to their area.

It is difficult to unambiguously separate foreground (Galactic)
from background (extragalactic) information in the HEAO1 X-ray data.
The total number of resolved foreground and background sources
($|b|>20^{\circ}$) is small ($\sim 0.01$ deg$^{-2}$) and a
detailed model of possible large scale Galactic emission is
hard to determine. However, the Galactic 2-10 keV emission model
of Iwan et al.~(1982) predicts variations of no more than $3\%$
of the total flux due to smoothly distributed emission of Galactic
origin at latitudes $|b| >20^o$.
Studies in the soft bands ($<0.75$ keV) by ROSAT (Snowden 1996)
indicate that, at these lower energies, the picture is more complicated,
with Galactic emission at all scales.

In the present work, as a first step towards removing the
foreground, we construct a `mask' using a list of resolved and
identified Galactic X-ray sources (Piccinotti et al.~1982) and a
$|b|<20^{\circ}$ Galactic Plane mask. Regions of sizes varying from
$\sim 8^{\circ}$ to $12^{\circ}$ diameter are excised around
resolved sources, larger regions are removed around the Large and Small
Magellanic Clouds. A total of $\sim 23$\% of the raw all-sky
flux is removed by this `Galactic' mask.

The removal of bright extragalactic sources is also very important
in order to control shot-noise in the angular power estimates (LPT97).
We attempt to do this by further masking out all
61 extragalactic sources (AGN's and clusters) in the catalogue of
Piccinotti et al.~(1982), to a flux limit of $S_{cut}=3\times 10^{-11}$ erg
s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ (2-10 keV).
An additional $\sim 22$\% of the raw all-sky
flux is removed by this `extragalactic' mask
(the combination of large beam and cautiously generous
source excision
results in $\sim 50 $ deg$^2$ being removed per source).
The final unmasked area is therefore $\sim 55$\% of the sky
with an effective redshift of $\sim 0.02$ (approximately the median
redshift of the Piccinotti et al. sources).

Finally, the dipolar contribution to the anisotropy due to
the motion of the observer with respect to the XRB, the
Compton-Getting (CG) effect, is subtracted from the flux
(Boldt 1987, Jahoda 1993, LPT97).
The amplitude of this dipole is estimated from our observed
motion with respect to the CMB and the observed spectral index
of the hard XRB ($\alpha=0.4$).
We note that the raw HEAO1 dipole (Galactic sources and plane
removed), due to both the CG effect and large scale structure
(see LPT97), points in the direction $l \approx 330^o; b\approx 33^o$.
This can be compared with the CMB dipole (in the Local Group frame)
which points towards $l \approx 268^o; b\approx 27^o$
(based on COBE, Lineweaver et al. 1996). We shall further
discuss the HEAO1 dipole elsewhere (Scharf et al., in preparation).
The HEAO1 data are then expanded in spherical harmonics and
the harmonic coefficients determined (Scharf et al.~1992, LPT97).

\section{Modeling}

To model the large angular scale fluctuations in the XRB,
we follow the formalism proposed by LPT97
using the following new set of assumptions:

{\it (i)} X-ray light traces mass, and we assume linear,
epoch-{\it dependent} biasing between the spatial fluctuations
in the X-ray source distribution, $\delta_x$, and those
in the underlying mass distribution, $ \delta_M$:
$
\delta_x (z) = b_x(z) \delta_M (z).
$
We adopt the following prescription (Fry 1996) for the
time-dependence of the biasing parameter, which we
parametrize in terms
of the present-epoch parameter $b_x(0)$:
\begin{equation}
b_x(z)=b_x(0) +z [b_x(0)-1 ]
\end{equation}
This assumption is somewhat more realistic than
the time-independent bias parameter used by LPT97.
In Fry's model the galaxies are formed at an early epoch
$z_*$ in a biased way, then cluster with time under the influence
of gravity. Note that if $b_x(z_*) =1$ then $b_x(0)=1$.
However, if $b_x(z_*) >1$, biasing decreases with cosmic epoch
(see also Bagla 1998).

{\it (ii)}
We assume an Einstein-de Sitter cosmology
($\Omega=1$, $\Lambda=0$),
but we use a phenomenological
low-density CDM model (with shape parameter $\Gamma=0.2$)
to represent
the present-day power-spectrum $P(k)\equiv {\sigma_8}^2 {\bar P}(k)$,
where $\sigma_8$ is
the present-epoch
normalization of the mass fluctuations in 8 $h^{-1}$ Mpc spheres.
In this case the
mass  power-spectrum evolves according to linear
theory as $P (k ,z)\propto (1+z)^{-2}$.
For the X-ray light fluctuations, $\delta_x({\bf k},z)$,
the above assumptions translate into:
\begin{equation}
\langle \delta_x({\bf k}) \delta_x^*({\bf k'})  \rangle (z)  =
(2 \pi)^3 \sigma_8^2 ~b_x^2~(z)~ {\bar P}(k)(1+z)^{-2}
\delta^{(3)}({\bf k} - {\bf k'}),
\end{equation}
where $\delta^{(3)}$ is the three-dimensional delta-function.

{\it (iii)} The X-ray intensity observed in the 2-10 keV energy
band originates from the integrated emission of discrete
X-ray sources out to some high redshift $z_{max}$.
We describe this population by its local luminosity
function $\phi_x(L)$ and spectral index $\alpha$,
and assume simple power-law evolution both in luminosity:
$L(z)\propto (1+z)^e$,
and in number density:
$\phi(L,z)\propto (1+z)^d$.
The local X-ray light density is:
\begin{equation}
\rho_0 = \int_0^{\infty} L\phi_x(L){\rm d}L,
\end{equation}
and the X-ray light density at redshift $z$
{\it observed} in the 2-10 keV energy range is:
\begin{equation}
\rho_x(z)= \rho_0 (1+z)^q
\end{equation}
where $q=d+e-\alpha+1$.

\medskip

We use the above assumptions to predict the ensemble average
of the spherical harmonic coefficients in the XRB.
The total predicted signal results in a large scale structure
component, reflecting the underlying mass distribution,
and a shot noise component due to the discreteness
of the sources (as opposed to the continuous mass distribution):
\begin{equation}
\langle |a_l^m|^2 \rangle_{model} =
\langle |a_l^m|^2 \rangle_{LSS} +\langle |a_l^m|^2 \rangle_{SN}.
\end{equation}
The shot noise term is:
\begin{equation}
\langle |a_l^m|^2 \rangle_{SN}
= {1 \over 4 \pi} \sum_{sources}  S_i^2
=\int_0^{S_{cut}} S^2 N(S) {\rm d}S,
\end{equation}
where $N(S)$ is the differential number-flux relation
of the X-ray sources. Bright sources (brighter than a suitable
flux cutoff $S_{cut}$) must be removed to reduce the shot noise.
In turn, removing sources, albeit few and nearby,
will also reduce the large scale structure signal.
However, as we demonstrate below, the shot noise decreases faster
than the signal as more and more sources are removed.
In other words, the large scale structure signal-to-noise
increases when lowering the flux cutoff.

The large scale structure component can be written as
an integral over the power spectrum (LPT97):
\begin{equation}
\langle |a_l^m|^2 \rangle_{LSS}  =
{(r_H~ \rho_0)^2 \over (2 \pi)^3}
\int  k^2 {\bar P}(k) |\Psi_l(k)|^2 {\rm d}k,
\end{equation}
where $r_H= c/H_0$ is the Hubble radius and
the window function $\Psi_l$ contains the model
parameters:
\begin{equation}
\Psi_l(k) = \int_0^{z_{max}} \sigma_8 b_x(z)
(1+z)^{q - 9/2}  j_l(k r_c) W_{cut}(z) {\rm d}z~.
\end{equation}
The function $W_{cut}(z)$ accounts for the removal of sources
brighter than $S_{cut}$:
\begin{equation}
W_{cut}(z)= {1\over \rho_0} \int_0^{L_{cut}(z)} L\phi_x(L){\rm d}L,
\end{equation}
where:
\begin{equation}
L_{cut}(z)=4\pi r_c^2(z)S_{cut}(1+z)^{\alpha+1-e}
\end{equation}
and $r_c(z)$ is the comoving radial distance.
For the monopole ($l=0$), we recover the `Olbers integral':
$ A_0= \langle |a_0^0|^2 \rangle^{1/2}_{LLS}= \bar I \sqrt {4 \pi}$, where
$\bar I$ is the mean total intensity of the XRB. In a flat universe
and for $q\ne2.5$, Eq.~4 implies:
\begin{equation}
{\bar I}
= { \rho_{0} r_H \over 4 \pi} \times
 {(1+z_{max})^{q-2.5} -1 \over q-2.5} .
\end{equation}
The higher order multipoles
characterize the spatial fluctuations of the XRB on angular scales
$\sim\pi/l$.

In order to compare model expectations with HEAO1 observations,
we further convolve our predictions
with the foreground masks described above:
\begin{equation}
\langle |c_l^m|^2 \rangle =\sum_{l' m'} |W_{ll'}^{mm'}|^2
\langle |a_{l'm'}|^2 \rangle,
\end{equation}
where the $W_{ll'}^{mm'}$ tensor models the mask
(Peebles 1980, Scharf et al.~1992, Baleisis et al.~1998).
Finally, the masked harmonics and shot noise are
normalized over the monopole. We use the following notation:
\begin{equation}
C_{SN} = {\langle |c_l^m|^2 \rangle_{SN}^{1/2} \over  A_0}
\end{equation}
for the shot noise, and for the full signal:
\begin{equation}
C_{l}= {(\langle |c_l^m|^2 \rangle_{LSS}+
\langle |c_l^m|^2 \rangle_{SN})^{1/2} \over A_0}.
\end{equation}

\section{Constraints on model parameters}

The local luminosity function in the 2-10 keV energy band
can be fitted by a double power-law function between
$\sim 10^{42}$ and $10^{48}~h^{-2}~{\rm  ergs~s^{-1}}$
(Grossan 1997, Boyle et al.~1998).
The integrated emission of local sources in this range of luminosity
is: $ \rho_0 \approx  10^{39}~ h~ {\rm ergs~s^{-1}Mpc^3}$.
The total intensity of the 2-10 keV XRB is
${\bar I}= 5.2 \times 10^{-8} {\rm ~ergs~s^{-1}~cm^2~sr^{-1}}$,
and its spectral index is $\alpha=0.4$ (Boldt 1987).

Boyle et al.~(1998) find evidence for strong cosmological
evolution matching a `pure' luminosity evolution model:
$L_x \propto (1+z)^e$ with $e \approx 2$ out to a redshift
of $\sim 2$, followed by a declining phase.
This scenario would have to hold to $z_{max}\approx 6.4$
in order to account for the total XRB intensity (Eq.~11),
and thus requires other processes or populations whose X-ray
emission would add to that currently observed.
On the other hand, Hasinger (1998) argues that
strong {\it number} density evolution:
$\phi(L,z)\propto (1+z)^d$ with $d \approx 4$,
provides a better fit to the ROSAT deep sky survey data,
implying that the whole XRB intensity should
be accounted for by $z_{max}\approx 1.3$.
New results from the Hamburg/ESO survey show that
QSO's keep evolving strongly to $z\sim 3$ and that none of
the above simple parameterizations is an acceptable representation
of the data (Wisotzki, private communication).
For simplicity however, we shall use the following two toy models
to bracket more realistic X-ray source evolution scenarios:
on the one hand, a `pure' luminosity evolution model with
$q=e-\alpha+1= 2.6$ (see Eq.~4) and $z_{max}=6.4$;
on the other hand, a `pure' density evolution model with
$q=d-\alpha+1= 4.6$ and $z_{max}=1.3$.

We compute the differential number counts relation for both models.
Both are in good agreement with the Euclidean curve,
$N(S) \propto S^{-2.5}$, derived from ASCA deep sky
observations to $S \sim 5\times 10^{-14}{\rm ergs~s^{-1}cm^{-2}}$
(e.g. Georgantopoulos et al.~1997).
At fainter fluxes both predicted log$N$-log$S$ relations slightly bend
down to $S\sim 5\times 10^{-16}{\rm ergs~s^{-1}cm^{-2}}$,
at which flux
the total intensity of the XRB is accounted for. From these number
counts, we derive the shot noise level as a function of
flux cutoff (Eq.~6).

\section{Results}

Figure 1 shows the normalized HEAO1 XRB
harmonics measured through the `Galactic' mask
(upper panel) and
through the full, foreground removed mask
(lower panel) respectively.
The lower shot noise from bright source removal is immediately
apparent as a lowering in the overall harmonic amplitude.
The various lines represent our model predictions for the shot
noise and large scale structure signal, as described below.

Both evolution scenarios yield similar shot noise values within 5\%.
Masking induces the otherwise constant shot noise to decrease
slightly (by less than 10\%) towards the high $l$'s.
As the difference between the two evolution scenarios
and the gradient due to masking are negligible,
we have plotted the mean shot
noise value as one horizontal line on both panels in Fig.~1:
for $S_{cut}=3\times 10^{-10} {\rm ergs~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}}$
(i.e.~Galactic sources removed),
$C_{SN}\approx 1.1\times 10^{-3}$;
for $S_{cut}=3\times 10^{-11} {\rm ~ergs~s^{-1}cm^{-2}}$
(i.e. the flux limit of the Piccinotti et al.~1982 catalogue),
$C_{SN}\approx 5.2\times 10^{-4}$.
The predicted shot noise levels (masked and normalized)
are in very good agreement with the flattening of the
measured signal in both cases.
We verified this by Maximum Likelihood analysis
over the harmonic range $10 \leq l \leq 20$, ignoring the
clustering term and leaving the shot-noise level as
a free parameter. We find that the derived shot-noise
for both masks is within 10 \% of the one predicted from
the counts. We also attempted a Maximum Likelihood over the range
$1 \leq l \leq 20 $ with 2 free parameters:
$b_x(0)$ and the shot noise level $C_{SN}$, but the
2 parameters are strongly coupled.
 As another independent measure of the shot-noise level
 we have generated a `noise' map, randomly drawing fluxes out of the real
 flux distribution using the $S_{cut}=3\times 10^{-11}$ data (i.e. with
 both Galactic and extragalactic sources from the Piccinotti et al.~catalogue
 removed; The expected CG effect is also removed, as described previously).
 The noise map is then masked as in the data and the $C_l$'s determined.
 The `1-$\sigma$' errors on the mean over 100
 realisations is in excellent agreement with our shot noise
 estimate independently derived from the source counts (Eq~6).

The first harmonics, $l=1-3$, are well above the shot-noise
level on both panels, but higher order harmonics are just over
1-$\sigma$ away from the `noise' estimate.
(Note that the harmonic measurements are not independent,
due to `cross talk' introduced by the mask.)
Although contamination from Galactic emission or masking may
be non-negligible, it is nevertheless encouraging that the
shape of the harmonic spectrum over all $l's$ is
qualitatively in agreement with the prediction of
an extragalactic clustering signal.

All models for the spherical harmonic spectrum plotted in Fig.~1
assume a low density CDM model with shape parameter $\Gamma=0.2$
and normalization $\sigma_8=1.0$. The present-epoch bias
parameter $b_x(0)$ (Eq.~1) was left as a free parameter and
its optimal value derived from Maximum Likelihood over the range
$1 \leq l \leq 10$ (neglecting the mask, cf. Scharf et al. 1992).
Both evolution scenarios yield the same best fit values:
$b_x(0)=1.6$ for the Galactic mask, and $b_x(0)=1.0$ for the full mask.
To illustrate our estimate range,
predictions are plotted for these 2 values on $both$
panels (Galactic mask and full mask): upper lines are
for $b_x(0)=1.6$ and lower lines for $b_x(0)=1.0$.
The dotted lines represent the density evolution scenario
($q=4.6$) and the long-dashed lines
show the luminosity evolution scenario ($q=2.6$).
Assuming a standard CDM power spectrum yield $b_x(0) = 1.8$ and $1.2$
for Galactic and full masks, respectively. This is not surprising,
as low density CDM has more power on large scales than standard CDM.

For most of the models considered above,
the reduced $\chi^2$ is near unity,
suggesting acceptable fits.
However, the measured multipoles do show more curvature
as a function of $l$ than our models predict.
This may be explained by a number of reasons:
the low order multipoles measured in the XRB may result
from local (Galactic?) structures unaccounted for by the masks;
source clustering evolution may be significantly
stronger than the linear theory assumption we have made;
or else, the evolution parameters we have used
for the X-ray source population are overestimated,
at least on part of the redshift range.
Note also that the $b_x(0)=1$ models, which correspond to
constant biasing (see Eq.~1), are flatter than
the epoch-dependent biasing models. Therefore we expect
stronger bias evolution to improve the fit to
the data.

Figure 2 shows the signal-to-noise as a function of
$l$, assuming  $b_x(0) =1$ and $\sigma_8=1$ (for the purpose of
illustration). In order to compare the above models with predictions
at fainter flux limits, we do not use the existing masks.
In the lower two panels, we show the signal-to-noise expected
if sources brighter than $S_{cut}=3\times 10^{-12}$ and
$3\times 10^{-13}{\rm ~ergs~s^{-1}cm^{-2}}$ respectively
(i.e. 1 and 2 magnitudes lower than the present data)
could be removed from the X-ray all-sky survey. We predict
the signal-to-noise to increase as
$S_{cut}$ decreases. The multipoles are also expected to
be detectable above shot noise for an increasing range
of $l$. As the present results suggest $b_x(0) \ge 1$,
the signal-to-noise ratios plotted here may be taken as lower limits.
Luminosity evolution and density evolution become increasingly
distinct as we remove fainter and fainter sources.
If sources evolve in luminosity, a given flux cutoff will
span a larger redshift range than if they don't or if they
only evolve in number, and therefore
a larger volume of space will be excluded from the analysis.
Hence a weaker signal-to-noise in the case of luminosity
evolution than in the case of density evolution.
We conclude that an X-ray all-sky survey in the hard band
(to minimize Galactic contamination)
resolving sources only one magnitude fainter than HEAO1,
is likely to reveal large scale fluctuations
in the background to significantly higher
order than the current data.

Figure 3 shows the amplitude of rms fluctuations,
$({ {\delta \rho} \over {\rho} })^2 \sim k^3 P(k) $,
derived at the
effective scale $k^{-1} \sim 600 h^{-1}$ Mpc probed by the XRB quadrupole
(cf. LPT97 Figure 1).
For Galactic mask and either evolution models we find
$\sigma_8 b_x(0) \sim 1.8 $ and $1.6$ for standard and low density
CDM models, respectively
(marked by the top and
bottom crosses).
The fractional error on the XRB amplitudes (due to the
shot-noise of the X-ray sources) is about 30\%.
We see that the observed fluctuations in the XRB
are roughly as expected from interpolating between the
local galaxy surveys and the COBE CMB experiment.
The rms fluctuations
${ {\delta \rho} \over {\rho} }$
on a scale of $\sim 600 h^{-1}$Mpc
are less than 0.2 \%.
Our estimate of the fluctuations
amplitude derived  from HEAO1 is used elsewhere
(Wu, Lahav \& Rees 1998) to show that the fractal
dimension of the universe is very close to 3 (to within $10^{-4}$)
on the very large scales.
This XRB measurement strongly supports the validity
of the Cosmological Principle (Peebles 1993).

\section{Discussion}

We report on the possible detection of low-order spherical harmonic
modes in the HEAO1 XRB map. Although one must be cautious about the
interpretation of the signal as being purely extragalactic,
it is encouraging that the measurements are in agreement with
{\it a priori} predictions. We find that the XRB fluctuations
on scales of a few hundred Mpcs are consistent with the
result of interpolating between fluctuations derived
from local galaxy surveys and those derived from the
COBE CMB measurements.

Various models for the matter density fluctuations and
the evolution of X-ray sources yield
present-epoch biasing factor of typically $b_x(0) \sim 1-2 $.
The present analysis allows for epoch-dependent biasing,
which seems to give a more reasonable fit than a time-independent
biasing model, although both schemes yield similar values of $b_x(0)$.
Regarding models of density fluctuations,
as expected the low density CDM  model requires lower $b_x(0)$
than standard CDM, which has less power on large scales.
We note that our values for the local bias factor $b_x(0)$ are
smaller than those derived from the dipole anisotropy
of the local AGN distribution (Miyaji 1994)
and from HEAO1 assuming epoch-independent biasing
(Boughn et al. 1998). On the other hand, our results
are in rough agreement with Carrera, Fabian \& Barcons
(1997) who also find small values of $b_x(0)$,
although using quite different techniques and data sets,
and assuming epoch-independent biasing.

We predict that an X-ray all-sky survey
resolving sources a factor of 10 fainter than HEAO1,
may allow us to measure large scale fluctuations
in the XRB to order $l\sim 20$ ($\theta \sim \pi/20$).
The present data cannot be used with lower flux thresholds as our
method of eliminating sources also reduces sky coverage.
There are two experimental approaches which can allow a
similar analysis to be done while employing a lower flux threshold,
thus reducing the shot noise, and allowing a significant measurement
of large scale structure over a larger range of $l$ values.

Barcons et al. (1997) propose an experimental concept that maps the X-ray
sky with a collimated proportional counter, substantially similar to the
A2 experiment, but with a smaller field of view.  Such an experiment can
mask individual sources with a smaller penalty in terms of sky coverage
(and signal) and can therefore mask a larger number, reaching a fainter
limiting flux. But it cannot identify sources an order of magnitude fainter
than our flux threshold by itself, and therefore would rely on an externally
generated catalogue such as that produced by the
ABRIXAS survey (Tr\"umper et al.~1998). The advantages of this approach are
the relatively small size and simplicity of the experiment.
The combination of ABRIXAS with the experiment proposed by
Barcons et al.~(1997)
can eliminate sources down to a flux threshold
$\sim 1 \times 10^{-12} {\rm erg}\,{\rm sec}^{-1}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$.
For the expected density of sources (0.3 per square degree)
and solid angle of the beam for this experiment (1 square degree),
the fraction of
the sky that will be masked is comparable to the analysis presented here.
This experiment represents the limiting capability of a non focussing
mission.
The time required to obtain a certain precision per pixel scales inversely
with solid angle of the beam, and the fraction of the sky which is masked
out remains large.

Removing sources at fainter thresholds requires an imaging experiment capable
of identifying, and excluding, faint sources without removing an entire
square degree of sky coverage.
Due to the relative inefficiency of X-ray telescopes (the effective
area is typically $\le$ 25\% of the geometric collecting area above 2 keV
(Serlemitsos \& Soong 1996)) a large collecting area
(i.e. many telescopes) is
required to obtain the same precision in the measurement of surface
brightness.
A collection of imaging telescopes capable of measuring surface brightness
to 1\% per square degree requires nearly 3 times the geometric collecting
area of the proportional counter experiment, but is plausibly within the
constraints of NASA Medium Explorer mission (Jahoda 1998).  An additional
advantage of an imaging experiment is the simultaneous production of
a catalogue
of sources, useful in their own right as tracers of large scale structure.
An experiment capable of identifying sources as faint as
$3 \times 10^{-13} ~{\rm erg~cm^{-2}~sec^{-1}}$
in the 2-10 keV band would generate
an all-sky catalogue with $\ge 10^5$ hard X-ray selected sources.

However `old' and not optimally suited for this analysis,
the current data have allowed us to demonstrate that
future X-ray missions stand a good chance of revealing
significant structure in the matter distribution.
Not only are we likely to finally understand the long
sought for sources of the hard X-ray background in the coming
years, but we may also be able to get a strong hold on the
underlying matter distribution in an otherwise little
explored range of scales.

\acknowledgments
The authors thank B. Boyle, M. Rees and K. Wu for
helpful discussions.  We thank the referee, D. Helfand,
for a careful reading and constructive suggestions that have
improved this paper.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
When public figures fudge their academic records
Before Herschel Walker entered Georgia politics as a Trump-endorsed Republican Senate candidate, he was perhaps best known in the state for his connection to the University of Georgia. As a star football player in the early 1980s, he put the Bulldogs in the national spotlight, helping them win three consecutive SEC championships and becoming the college football powerhouse's second ever athlete to win the Heisman Trophy.
Walker, who won his Senate primary last month, put his alma mater back in the headlines earlier this spring by repeatedly lying about his academic record during his campaign.
The former NFL running back claimed he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice and graduated in the top 1 percent of his class at UGA. In reality, he did not graduate at all: he left UGA in his junior year to play in the short-lived United States Football League before moving to the NFL.
Walker has since denied ever claiming to have graduated, a statement that itself has been disproven.
Walker—who has also questioned the theory of evolution by asking, "If it's true, why are there still apes?"—has spread blatant misinformation about more than his academic record. Last month he said that former president Donald Trump never claimed the 2020 election was stolen, despite ample evidence to the contrary.
Walker is far from the first U.S. politician to be caught fudging his academic record. Candidates for state Legislature in Oregon and Florida have dropped out of their races after claiming degrees they never attained. Former North Carolina representative Madison Cawthorn lied about being accepted to the U.S. Naval Academy. And former Delaware Senate candidate Christine O'Donnell faced backlash in 2010 when two universities denied she'd earned the degrees she claimed.
James Thurber, a professor of government at American University who has studied ethics in political campaigns, said the main reasons politicians lie about their academic records are salesmanship and pride.
"Politicians have egos, and sometimes they just want to make their narrative sound a little better than it really is," he said. "I think one of the reasons they do it is they feel a little insecure, and they want to build up their reputation by exaggerating."
The problem goes beyond politics. Former CEOs of Yahoo, Bausch & Lomb, and RadioShack all faced professional consequences for lying about their academic credentials. Higher education officials themselves aren't immune, either: in 2007, MIT's longtime dean of admissions resigned after it came to light that she'd fabricated all three of the degrees she said she had when she'd applied for the job.
So when influential people lie about their academic credentials, what should their alma maters—or alleged alma maters—do about it?
'A Complex Tightrope'
Teresa Valerio Parrot, a higher education communications consultant (and blog contributor to Inside Higher Ed), said that when public figures misrepresent their academic credentials, it puts the institutions they associate with in a difficult position. Do they correct the claims and risk angering an important alumnus, or stay silent and allow misinformation about the degrees to go unchallenged?
"If somebody wants to align with our institutions, that's important, but we need to ensure that they're being truthful [about] what their relationship is," Parrot said. "In the end, it's the reputation and the integrity of the institution that is on the line."
Herschel Walker, for instance, is a legend at UGA, an influential figure with the potential to draw students, faculty, staff and alumni donors to the university where he made his name. He has also donated at least $10,000 to the institution, according to the university's 2020 donor honor roll.
"I think that Georgia is doing a good job of walking a very complex tightrope," Parrot said. "Figures like Herschel Walker really do give a boost not just to the athletic department for institutions, but to the overall admissions process. And their association with the institutions, if positive, can reap benefits for their enrollment processes."
FERPA Considerations
In many cases, institutions may not be legally allowed to correct public figures' claims about their academic records. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act makes it difficult for colleges and universities to disclose academic information about students and alumni without their express consent.
"The hands of the institution are tied in a lot of ways from getting specific with the details of a person's educational record," said Alexander Bilus, an attorney who counsels higher education institutions on data privacy issues.
One exemption is directory information, which universities are allowed to disclose as long as a student doesn't choose to opt out. That includes a student's name, major and degree status, meaning that Walker's false degree claim likely falls outside FERPA's protections and is fair game for correction. But for more specific records, like GPA or even class ranking, correcting public figures' statements might put institutions in noncompliance with the law.
"There is a tension between the public having the right to know the truth about people running for office and the privacy of people's education records," Bilus said. "Right now, that's been resolved largely in favor of protecting privacy."
Parrot said that while there are instances when an institution may choose not to reveal information about a former student's academic experience, in the case of high-profile figures claiming degrees they never earned, colleges and universities are invested in publicly discouraging that practice.
"One of the fundamental areas of credibility for an institution is maintaining the records of who graduated," she said. "We're really talking about an institution living one of its most fundamental responsibilities as the record keepers of what it means to earn that diploma."
Staying Out of Politics
Parrot said that for higher education institutions, correcting a politician's claim of academic achievement can create unwanted complications—especially for a politician who is actively campaigning for office.
"One of the things you want to make sure you aren't doing [as an institution] is playing into the political nature of an election," Parrot said. "It can really become a vulnerability for the institution if they get intertwined in it."
But when public interest is at play in a campaign, Parrot said institutions may choose to respond to a politician lying about their academic credentials the same way they would to any employer who questions an alumnus's résumé.
"It's not unusual for institutions to confirm receipt of a diploma for employers when they're asked," she said. "In [Walker's] case, the employers would be the voters of Georgia."
Sometimes, it is in an institution's best interest to promptly set the record straight. Kyle Rittenhouse, who shot and killed two protesters in Kenosha, Wis., in 2020, recently claimed on a podcast that he would be attending Texas A&M University. The university quickly refuted the claim, saying Rittenhouse "is not a student this summer and will not be enrolled for the fall."
Parrot says Texas A&M's simple response is a model for how institutions can debunk misinformation while avoiding getting caught in the politically charged crossfire. But in other cases, she said, that vulnerability can make colleges and universities hesitant to get involved at all, even when they could easily disprove a politician's false claims.
"Some institutions may want to get out in front of this and try to distance themselves from a political conversation that they don't want any part of," she said. "Most institutions, I think, try to stay out of that conversation altogether."
Thurber said that higher education institutions often issue short, declarative statements if prompted by the news media, but that any larger statement on a candidate's academic embellishments is exceedingly rare.
"Institutions are very, very careful about that," he said. "There's no upside to getting involved in the middle of a political campaign … Silence is better than too many words about it."
The consequences for lying about one's academic credentials—and lying in general—have changed since Thurber's days working in politics in the 1970s and '80s. He remembers Joe Biden's first presidential campaign in 1987 and said it was a "big deal" when Biden came under fire for claiming he'd graduated in the top half of his class at Syracuse University law school, when he had in fact graduated 76th out of 85.
"Lies that are just little things now were big then and could end a candidacy," he said. "The standards of truth have changed dramatically in the last 20 years, especially since Trump was in office."
Beyond legal and public relations considerations, Parrot said that a commitment to truth as a core value of higher education should drive the decisions an institution makes.
"Whether we're talking about plagiarism, or we're talking about claiming a degree that hasn't been earned, so much of our credibility is tied to that fundamental element of truth associated with being an honest broker," she said.
Final Four Prop Bets: Paolo Banchero and Caleb Love Over/Under I FOX BET LIVE
Apple reports Q2 revenue in Greater China grew 3.5% YoY to $18.3B, revenue in Japan fell 0.2% to $7.7B, and revenue in the rest of Asia-Pacific sank 6.7% to $7B (Yifan Yu/Nikkei Asia)


text:
Law and Race Commons™
Search Law and Race
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Full-Text Articles in Law and Race
The Dynamic Relationship Between Freedom Of Speech And Equality, Timothy Zick Dec 2016
The Dynamic Relationship Between Freedom Of Speech And Equality, Timothy Zick
This Article examines the dynamic intersection between freedom of speech and equal protection, with a particular focus on the race and LGBT equality movements. Unlike other works on expression and/or equality, the Article emphasizes the relational and bi-directional connections between freedom of speech and equal protection. Freedom of speech has played a critical role in terms of advancing constitutional equality. However, with regard to both race and LGBT equality, free speech rights also failed in important respects to facilitate equality claims and movements. Advocacy and agitation on behalf of equality rights have also left indelible positive and negative marks ...
Trending @ Rwu Law: Deborah Johnson's Post: Now "Defamation" Matters More Than Ever 11-16-2016, Deborah Johnson Nov 2016
Trending @ Rwu Law: Deborah Johnson's Post: Now "Defamation" Matters More Than Ever 11-16-2016, Deborah Johnson
Law School Blogs
Black Health Matters: Disparities, Community Health, And Interest Convergence, Mary Crossley Oct 2016
Black Health Matters: Disparities, Community Health, And Interest Convergence, Mary Crossley
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
Health disparities represent a significant strand in the fabric of racial injustice in the United States, one that has proven exceptionally durable. Many millions of dollars have been invested in addressing racial disparities over the past three decades. Researchers have identified disparities, unpacked their causes, and tracked their trajectories, with only limited progress in narrowing the health gap between whites and racial and ethnic minorities. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the movement toward value-based payment methods for health care may supply a new avenue for addressing disparities. This Article argues that the ACA's requirement that ...
Newsroom: Johnson Wins 2nd Term As Mbwa President 09/28/2016, Roger Williams University School Of Law Sep 2016
Newsroom: Johnson Wins 2nd Term As Mbwa President 09/28/2016, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Life of the Law School (1993- )
"Race-Conscious" School Finance Litigation: Is A Fourth Wave Emerging?, David G. Hinojosa Mar 2016
"Race-Conscious" School Finance Litigation: Is A Fourth Wave Emerging?, David G. Hinojosa
University of Richmond Law Review
Myth: Hard Work And Credentials Determine Employment Opportunities Feb 2016
Myth: Hard Work And Credentials Determine Employment Opportunities
Alev Dudek
"The way one's career develops has little to do with what one went to school for, envisioned, or carefully planned. Careers generally result from coincidence. Regardless of these facts, job seekers are told to endure extensive career testing and planning, or they are asked to create artificial networks that seldom lead to more than frustration. They are given tests that allegedly determine which careers a particular individual would excel in and be a good fit for based on his or her skills and interests, as if the individual would not excel in other careers as much, or as if ...
Newsroom: Reeves Urges: 'Be Citizen Soldiers', Roger Williams University School Of Law Jan 2016
Newsroom: Reeves Urges: 'Be Citizen Soldiers', Roger Williams University School Of Law
Newsroom: Judge Keynotes Mlk Week, Roger Williams University School Of Law Jan 2016
Newsroom: Judge Keynotes Mlk Week, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Australians' "Right" To Be Bigoted: Protecting Minorities' Rights From The Tyranny Of The Majority, Jillian Rudge Jan 2016
Australians' "Right" To Be Bigoted: Protecting Minorities' Rights From The Tyranny Of The Majority, Jillian Rudge
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Australia's Racial Discrimination Act (RDA) is a federal statute prohibiting behavior that offends, insults, humiliates, or intimidates people based on their race, nationality, ethnicity, or immigration status. It appropriately limits the right to freedom of expression where the exercise of that right encroaches on other, equally fundamental rights to equality and freedom from discrimination. The RDA is one of Australia's few human rights laws focused on fighting racism. It is especially important for protecting the rights of minorities since Australia lacks a constitutional or federal bill of rights. Unfortunately, in 2014 and 2015, conservative politicians called for a ...
What's Wrong With Sentencing Equality?, Richard A. Bierschbach, Stephanos Bibas Jan 2016
What's Wrong With Sentencing Equality?, Richard A. Bierschbach, Stephanos Bibas
Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law
Equality in criminal sentencing often translates into equalizing outcomes and stamping out variations, whether race-based, geographic, or random. This approach conflates the concept of equality with one contestable conception focused on outputs and numbers, not inputs and processes. Racial equality is crucial, but a concern with eliminating racism has hypertrophied well beyond race. Equalizing outcomes seems appealing as a neutral way to dodge contentious substantive policy debates about the purposes of punishment. But it actually privileges deterrence and incapacitation over rehabilitation, subjective elements of retribution, and procedural justice, and it provides little normative guidance for punishment. It also has unintended ...


This book is published with an exhibition of more than 50 photographs by Danielle van Zadelhoff at CAC Málaga, the Dutch artist's first show in Spain. The themes of her photographic works denote an intentional existentialism, reflected in her painterly use of chiaroscuro to convey the textures of each subject's skin and gaze. At once simple and deeply complex, surprising and intensely stark, Van Zadelhoff's portraits convey her fascination with the human psyche, using models to interpret innate questions of temptation, vulnerability, doubt, and faith as a pretext for self-exploration. It shows how the role and situation of women in today's society is one of her main interests.


text:
detail from Kato Gets The Girl, by Tom Ellard, 1985.
Simon Biggs
From the artist's website:
Simon Biggs (born Adelaide, Australia, 1957; UK since 1986) is a media artist, writer and curator with interests in digital poetics, auto-generative/interpretive (affective) systems, interactive and performative environments, interdisciplinary research and co-creation. His work has been widely presented, including at Tate Modern, Institute of Contemporary Arts, Glasgow Centre for Contemporary Arts, Kettles Yard, Pompidou Centre, Academy de Kunste, Berlin Kulturforum, Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Maxxi Rome, Macau Arts Museum, San Francisco Cameraworks, Walker Art Center, and Art Gallery of New South Wales. He has been keynote at many conferences and lectured internationally, including ISEA, ePoetry, SLSA and FILE conferences and Cambridge, Brown, Newcastle, Cornell, Paris8, Sorbonne and Bergen Universities, amongst others. Publications include Autopoeisis (with James Leach, 2004), Great Wall of China (1999), Halo (1998), Magnet (1997), and Book of Shadows (1996). He is lead investigator on a number of major research projects and Professor of Interdisciplinary Arts, Edinburgh College of Art at the University of Edinburgh, where he directs the Masters by Research in Interdisciplinary Creative Practices and several PhD students. http://www.littlepig.org.uk http://www.eca.ac.uk/circle/
Littlepig.org.uk


Storied Chicago tells the stories of the city's people and institutions with case studies, brief bios, marketing content, articles, and our Chicago Pro Tips series.
We also help people and organizations understand the local landscape better through targeted research, and we make Chicago's stories and history accessible to broad audiences with customized historical talks. Find samples of our work here.
Read about us here and contact us at storiedchicago@gmail.com to discuss how Storied Chicago can help tell your story—and help you understand Chicago's story better.


text:
Create a Picture Link to keep an eye on Excel data
by Susan Harkins in Microsoft Office , in Software on June 27, 2009, 5:00 PM PST
Take snapshots of Excel data so you can keep an eye on it while working in other areas of your workbook.
It's hard to keep an eye on data in Sheet A while you're working in Sheet B. You could jump back and forth between the two sheets, but that's inefficient. An easier method is to take a picture of the data you want to watch and insert it into Sheet B. While you're working in Sheet B, you can see the data in Sheet A. To copy the data from Sheet A as linked data do the following:
Select the data and copy it to the Clipboard by pressing [Ctrl]+C.
Move to the sheet where you want to paste a picture of the selected data. You don't have to worry about existing values. Excel will paste the link as a picture object, which you can move around. It won't overwrite existing data.
Hold down the [Shift] key and choose Paste Picture Link from the Edit menu. In Excel 2007, click the Home tab and choose As Picture from the Paste drop-down list (in the Clipboard group). Then, choose Paste Picture Link.
If you want to simplify the process a bit for users, add Excel's Camera tool to a menu as follows:
Choose Toolbars from the View menu and select Customize.
Click the Commands tab.
Select Tools in the Categories control.
Drag and drop the Camera tool to a menu.
In Excel 2007, add the Camera tool to the Quick Access Toolbar. To use the Camera tool, select the existing data that you want to view as a linked picture and click the Camera icon. Then, click any other cell and Excel will automatically paste a linked picture object.
Comment and share: Create a Picture Link to keep an eye on Excel data
By Susan Harkins
Susan Sales Harkins is an IT consultant, specializing in desktop solutions. Previously, she was editor in chief for The Cobb Group, the world's largest publisher of technical journals.
| See all of Susan's content
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Salt Water New England: Some answers from this site over the years to the question: "Where does this particular SWNE way of life go in the 21st century with the next generation?"
Some answers from this site over the years to the question: "Where does this particular SWNE way of life go in the 21st century with the next generation?"
Align private and public behavior.
Spend as much time as possible with people who are better than you.
Buy hard, wear easy; own less, but great. Buy high quality staples. Make your retail purchases count. Be suspicious of deep discounts. Avoid knock-offs of authentic garments.
Minimize buying the things that you would find in a box store.
The goal is to be your best self, not someone else.
Don't water down your belongings, friends, diet, or time with a lot of filler.
Value decency and dignity. Be around people who take their work and mission seriously, but not themselves.
Work with and in moral institutions, and that have a mission in which you believe. Avoid those institutions that pretend to still be moral but are not anymore.
Be intolerant of people who are vulgar or dishonest. Virtue signaling is a warning.
Embrace your culture's greatest minds and artists.
Pay for news. And avoid sites that steal photographs from others.
Don't know about things that are over-hyped.
Don't take the things you value the most - such as family, health, friends, community, air and water, country - for granted.
Have the best rooms in your house or apartment/flat be where you do your work.
Make count any travel, eating out, and spontaneous purchases.
Spend a bit of time at consignment shops, estate sales, and thrift shops. Learn, but have a very high threshold for what you buy.
Copying the style of other people is fine in your teens, but not much past that.
Listen to podcasts. Some of the greatest thinkers today are there.
Know people of all ages.
Embrace a bit of hardship, such as cold showers, no desserts, and some toil.
Regularly, carefully get rid of things you don't want anymore. Find them good homes.
Thanks for sharing this list. What podcasts do you and your readers recommend?
Alan Alda does one that's very thoughtful and smart. I also like Alec Baldwin's and Paula Poundstone's is so fun.
Fantastic list! I love the mention about cold showers. Nothing wakes me up more than a cold burst of H20 in the morning! After that, I feel like I can tackle anything the day throws at me.
My grandmother did this. Born in 1894, she lived until 1996. Cold showers? Who knows.
Great list with many thought-provoking items. Not enough about culture, though -- art, literature, history, drama, music -- which surely is the lifeblood of any civilization. Nor enough about piety, or, if you like, spirituality.
I have a dear friend; a hard working, successful farmer, who happens to be one of the wisest men I've ever known and who always seems to sense when I'm ready to receive a bit of his wisdom. He refers to these seldom shared bits as "diamonds". There are certainly diamonds here.
Great lessons to start a Monday - many thanks!
Faith and prayer put into action, yes! "Let your life speak."
I'm the one that asked this question and appreciate all the advice from readers. Glad we got to discuss. I do think it is challenging to embrace some of these ideals when there isn't a similar community in the demographic. I also was curious to hear how people changed over the years in regards to this topic- in other words, to what extent were you different in your youth? Was there a period where your outlook on life was different, or did you always embrace the expressed values in the post/comments?
I can tell you that, as a young adult, I was much more shallow and concerned with the superficial and my "image." As a sixty-year-old, I try to focus on living a life of integrity.
There are so many wonderful comments. To address your question above about how I've changed: The values that I express today are the same values that my family taught me and that I have always lived by. However, when I was young ( 20's), I didn't appreciate those values as I do today and as a rebel teenager, often complained that my family was too stuffy or righteous. They were not at all. I believe that as I began to expand my world and experience, I realized just how precious and rare those values are to find in others. I took for granted that most humans were raised on the same core values, morals and principles that I was but the reality is -especially today in such a desperate, greedy, impulsive and self-serving society, they are not. As you say, finding that 'similar community' is very challenging. I don't believe that I'm experiencing the typical 'generational' divide felt by my parents and grandparents but in my opinion, more of a cultural degradation and I fear that the long term consequences will prove to be quite destructive to society. There isn't a day that goes by that I'm not reminded how fortunate I am to have had the family that I did. It's not easy to live with integrity. If it was, everyone would be doing it, right?
This is an interesting list and I gree with much of it except: 'Spend as much time as possible with people who are better than you' Perhaps I don't understand this statement. It reminds me of the expression often heard - 'ordinary people'. In 1953 a beekeeper became the first man to stand on top of Everest afterwards establishing the Himalayan Trust to help the Sherpa people. Despite multiple awards he remained humble and true to his Kiwi roots. How ordinary was he and who should he spend time with ?
I believe what was meant is that we should always keep people in our life that challenge us to become wiser, more educated, more skilled, etc... It's all too easy to become too comfortable in our every day flock.
"cold showers, no desserts" - Lol, nope!
Regards "Boring is underrated": Approximately one million years ago, when we were young, my now husband, then single guy, was touted to a friend as a possible date - her response, "no thanks, he's boring."
I agree! Hot showers and dessert are part of the pleasures of life. Provided the dessert is one of excellent quality.
"There isn't a day that goes by that I'm not reminded how fortunate I am to have had the family that I did."
Agreed! And thank goodness they taught me basic table manners (among many other important skills, ideas, and approaches to life), quite a few of which are on the list above. Not perfect by any stretch, but when I look around at what seems somehow to have become the norm, the average, the new ideal, and is somehow now considered acceptable by the vast majority, I realize how lucky I have been.
To go along with "Help people you know". I'm not sure if George Steinbrenner was the first to say this but I've always heard it attributed to him."If you help someone and have to tell a third party, you've done it for the wrong reason"
"Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven."
I researched my ancestry for a while a few years back and it was certainly interesting. No real surprises but the branches of my family tree intertwined a couple of times when second or third cousins married. There has already been a lot published on the internet but it should be used cautiously. Although not often incorrect, there can still be a lot of gaps in the information, with some of the children missing from the lists of offspring. And they tended to have big families.
My wife, on the other hand, already knew most of her family history. She is in Burke's Presidential Families.
Never do or say anything you may have to apologize for 30 years later.
As is attributed to St. Francis of Assissi, "Preach the Gospel at all times and if necessary use words."
I appreciate the list of things to live up to and admire the lifestyle. This blog, and few other things, has caused me to aspire to high goals. Education is one of them. Singing a church choir and doing readings for the church is another. Long ago I learned that inexpensive goods are not worth the investment, 'better to get the best quality you can afford. Thank you for your inspirations. I hope I can inspire others to aim for higher goals.


Are workers compensation laws hurting workers or helping them?
QUENTIN DEMPSTER, PRESENTER: On the first of January this year, tens of thousands of injured workers lost their medical benefits under the Government's new workers' compensation laws.
Retirees, once covered for life, were part of the cull. Weekly benefits are also slashed.
Tonight the ABC has exclusive access to a report by Macquarie University which says the new scheme is shifting costs away from employers and to injured workers but the Government is defending its scheme and the billions of dollars in savings.
State political reporter Brigid Glanville.
BRIGID GLANVILLE, REPORTER: For 70-year-old Bob Cox, every step is painful. It's hard to get around, hard to do the things he enjoys. In urgent need of a knee replacement, he can't afford it as he's no longer covered by the workers' compensation scheme.
BOB COX, RETIREE: I can't walk very far and if you sit down for too long your knee sort of just locks up. It even does that when you're in bed asleep, yeah, or in bed lying down. The knee just aches.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: In 2008, Bob Cox slipped at work while helping carry a container weighing 80kg.
BOB COX: As I walked out with the container, I walked off the side of the ramp and jerked me knee.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: His initial treatments were paid for but now he needs a new knee. Under the old scheme his medical expenses, including surgery, were covered for life but now he and all other retirees have been cut-off and he says he was only given two weeks' notice.
BOB COX: Dad had a bad heart attack when I was about 15 and I started working. I got a job when I was 15 to try and help the family out and I worked all me life up to 50 years and then I get injured and I hoped I was going to get covered but now it's been scrapped.
It is very hard. I can't afford to pay to get it done meself.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The unions estimate 60,000 workers lost their entitlements to medical payments on one January. Many were retirees. Many were injured workers who were hurt decades ago. Former Finance Minister Greg Pierce made the changes in October 2012.
GREG PIERCE, FMR FINANCE MINISTER: Our key focus is on return to work because what we want to see is as many injured workers as possible return to work.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: With spiralling medical costs, the laws were brought in to reduce the $4 billion deficit in the scheme and to eliminate a possible 28 per cent hike in premiums employers were facing. The unions commissioned a report by Macquarie University to look at the effects of the new laws.
RAY MARKEY, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY: Some of the case studies that we interviewed and spoke to honestly, we couldn't stop but cry.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The report found there were a number of areas of concern. The first was the justification for the changes in the law.
RAY MARKEY: For example, in NSW there had been no change in the costs and the liability levels for workers' compensation for almost a decade before the legislation and NSW is the only State that's achieved that in the Commonwealth in that period and yet we were told that there was a crisis deficit and liability at the time.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The report also highlights problems with the compulsory work capacity assessments. The Government's own WorkCover independent review officer says assessments are now very tough. He told Macquarie University, "...unless you're in a coma, you have work capacity."
RAY MARKEY: So I know of cases where building workers have been asked to become sales representatives and have no training to do that and they don't have to have a job in that area, they just have to be determined by the private insurer to be able to get a job like that.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The report also raises the serious issue of insurers shopping clients around different doctors.
RAY MARKEY: And I stress that the private insurers determine this unilaterally. There's many cases I know of, and some personally in my own family even, where injured workers are sent to doctor after doctor and there's extreme pressure on the doctors to say that they're fit to work.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: It's a concern backed by the Law Society's Ros Everett.
ROS EVERETT, PRESIDENT, LAW SOCIETY: People are really at their mercy and I have situations where clients are just terrified of the insurance companies.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: It's the something Andrew Constance, the new finance Minister, is also unhappy about.
ANDREW CONSTANCE, FINANCE MINISTER: There is no doubt that we must ensure that this notion concept of doctor-shopping cease. We have very clear requirements in terms of guidelines and clinical assessments in terms of the individual and their injury.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: A year after the laws came into place the Government has wiped the $4 billion deficit. The NSW Government says the changes were needed.
ANDREW CONSTANCE: We saw situations where those who were rorting the scheme to the disadvantage of those who were injured in the workplace, enough was enough and that's why the Government sought to undertake the necessary reform.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The Minister says 10,000 workers have voluntarily closed their claims and returned to the workforce. But not former plumber, Carl Veugen.
CARL VEUGEN, INJURED WORKER: They've ruined my life. They've ruined the prospects I've got for a future in my mind. I'm not receiving any help. I've got to now try and retrain myself. I've got to then go out and try and find my own job.
SHOP ASSISTANT: That's five dollars please.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: Carl Veugen hurt his back at work. Numerous operations later, he can walk but has restricted movement, living in constant pain, he's trying to find a suitable job but says he's not getting any help and will soon lose his benefits.
CARL VEUGEN: If they were to cut the little bit of weekly allowance I get now, I'm in very real danger of losing my home and I know of people who've lost their homes.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: The injured workers' support network has received thousands of calls since the changes were made. Along with the unions, they want the laws wound back.
EMMA MAIDEN, UNIONS NSW: Sixty thousand workers were cut off medicals on the first of January. I just can't believe it's that many people being so badly impacted by this latest change.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: Now the Law Society is calling for the Premier to reverse indecision that back-dates the changes over many decades.
ROS EVERETT: They arrive in my office and they've got a copy of the court judgment and they say, "But the court said that I was entitled to have my treatment paid for but now I've got the letter from the insurance company to say I'm not."
BRIGID GLANVILLE: Some changes have been made.
ANDREW CONSTANCE: Before Christmas I made a regulation change which enabled those who were yet to receive an operation or necessary medical support due to the cut-off date, we extended that. It's very important that if there are instances where someone might be due for an operation, they didn't have it before the end of last year; the provision is made under these regulations.
BRIGID GLANVILLE: A statutory review will happen by the first of July with details to be announced in the next few weeks. The State Government says it welcomes all submissions and takes them very seriously. But any future changes may not come soon enough for injured workers across the State.
CARL VEUGEN: We've got no rights. That any time the insurance company can just click their fingers, stroke of the pen and we are cut off and then where are we left, especially if I haven't got a job and they're not helping me or no-one's helping me find a job.
QUENTIN DEMPSTER: Brigid Glanville reporting.


text:
[assembly: global::Android.Runtime.ResourceDesignerAttribute("decode01.Droid.Resource", IsApplication=true)]

namespace decode01.Droid
{

	[System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("Xamarin.Android.Build.Tasks", "1.0.0.0")]
	public partial class Resource
	{

		static Resource()
		{
			global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
		}

		public static void UpdateIdValues()
		{
			global::Infragistics.XF.Controls.Android.Resource.String.ApplicationName = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.ApplicationName;
			global::Infragistics.XF.Controls.Android.Resource.String.Hello = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.Hello;
			global::Infragistics.Xamarin.Charts.Android.Resource.String.ApplicationName = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.ApplicationName;
			global::Infragistics.Xamarin.Charts.Android.Resource.String.Hello = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.Hello;
			global::Infragistics.XF.Controls.Gauges.Android.Resource.String.ApplicationName = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.ApplicationName;
			global::Infragistics.XF.Controls.Gauges.Android.Resource.String.Hello = global::decode01.Droid.Resource.String.Hello;
		}

		public partial class Attribute
		{

			static Attribute()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private Attribute()
			{
			}
		}

		public partial class Color
		{

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f030002
			public const int colorAccent = 2130903042;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f030000
			public const int colorPrimary = 2130903040;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f030001
			public const int colorPrimaryDark = 2130903041;

			static Color()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private Color()
			{
			}
		}

		public partial class Dimension
		{

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f040000
			public const int activity_horizontal_margin = 2130968576;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f040001
			public const int activity_vertical_margin = 2130968577;

			static Dimension()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private Dimension()
			{
			}
		}

		public partial class Drawable
		{

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f020000
			public const int icon = 2130837504;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f020001
			public const int thermos = 2130837505;

			static Drawable()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private Drawable()
			{
			}
		}

		public partial class String
		{

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f050000
			public const int ApplicationName = 2131034112;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f050003
			public const int Hello = 2131034115;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f050002
			public const int action_settings = 2131034114;

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f050001
			public const int hello_world = 2131034113;

			static String()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private String()
			{
			}
		}

		public partial class Style
		{

			// aapt resource value: 0x7f060000
			public const int AppTheme = 2131099648;

			static Style()
			{
				global::Android.Runtime.ResourceIdManager.UpdateIdValues();
			}

			private Style()
			{
			}
		}
	}
}
#pragma warning restore 1591

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Estuary Transit District (ETD) was formed in 1981 by nine towns of the Connecticut River Estuary Region to provide local, coordinated public transportation for residents of the area. Today, the district has grown to service 16 towns throughout Middlesex county and parts of New London county. The District operates under the name 9 Town Transit on the shoreline and Middletown Area Transit in northern Middlesex county.
The District is a political subdivision of the state of Connecticut created under the authority of chapter 103 (a) of the general statutes, and is governed by a Board of Directors appointed by the member towns. The Board appoints an Executive Director to manage the day-to-day operations of the district. It is funded by fare revenue, the Federal Transit Administration, the Connecticut Department of Transportation, and the sixteen participating towns.
ETD operates forty buses over 1.3 million miles annually. Service is provided by thirteen routes throughout the region, including direct service to transportation hubs in New London and Meriden and connections to New Haven, Hartford and New Britain. Demand response services, including general public Dial-A-Ride, XtraMile on-demand and ADA complimentary paratransit service are also offered.
Over the past decade, the District has seen tremendous growth in both services provided and usage. ETD now provides 66,000 hours of services with a $6 million operating budget transportating 360,000 passengers annually.


The Lullaby Sheep Cot Light's sheep plays soothing responses that calming music that will calm your little one.
Soothing musical projector mobile features cute dangling Little Friendlies characters and discovery mirror. Soothe baby with nature sounds, relaxing lullabies, calming melodies and 4 beautiful projected light patterns. Includes 5, 10 or 15 minute timer setting options and a sound sensor that will trigger lullabies when baby cries. Includes 70 relaxing melodies, soothing nature sounds and phrases, soft sing-along songs.