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Deolinda do Carmo Salvado da Conceição (Macao, 7 de julio de 1913 - Hong Kong, 24 de mayo de 1957) fue una destacada periodista y escritora de Macao que marcó la escena cultural de habla portuguesa del país en los años 50 del siglo XX.

Biografía
De nacionalidad portuguesa, Deolinda do Carmo Salvado da Conceição nació en Macao el 7 de julio de 1913. Era la cuarta hija de António Manuel Salvado, un comerciante portugués de Medellín (Castelo Branco) afincado en Macao, y de Áurea Angelina da Cunha Salvado, macaense de nacimiento. Estudió en el Liceu de Macao y, el 1 de noviembre de 1931, se casó con Luís Gaspar Alves, en Cantón. La pareja se mudó a Shanghái y embargo, más tarde terminaron divorciándose.

En 1937, ya separada, se refugió en Hong Kong con sus hijos José Maria Salvado Alves y Rui Cândido Augusto Alves, ante la invasión japonesa de Shanghai. Sin embargo, en diciembre de 1941, Hong Kong también fue ocupada por los japoneses, comenzando así un período oscuro para esta colonia británica, que solo terminó con la rendición de Japón en agosto de 1945. Durante este período, fue directora de una escuela de portugués en Hong Kong y traductora de noticias del inglés al portugués para el periódico "A Voz de Macau".

Con el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, da Conceição regresó a Macao con sus dos hijos. Allí se convirtió en secretaria de la junta y periodista del diario "Noticias de Macau", fundado en agosto de 1947. También fue profesora de inglés y taquigrafía en la Escola Comercial Pedro Nolasco. El 29 de mayo de 1948 se casó con António Maria da Conceição, su compañero de trabajo y más tarde, director de "Noticias de Macau". Da Deolinda do Carmo Salvado da Conceição también escribió en periódicos crónicas, artículos de crítica literaria y artística, ensayos, cuentos y una "página femenina" que fue muy apreciada.

En 1956, visitó Portugal por primera vez en un barco de vapor, junto con su nuevo marido y su hijo António Maria da Conceição Júnior, nacido en 1951. Permaneció seis meses en Lisboa, donde logró convencer a la prestigiosa Livraria Francisco Franco de que publicara su único libro, "Cheong Sam - a Cabaia". Sin embargo, a Deolinda le diagnosticaron una enfermedad incurable e intentó conocer más y mejor Portugal. En 1957, regresó a Macao con su esposo y su hijo António. Inmediatamente fue hospitalizada en Hong Kong, donde murió el 24 de mayo de 1957, con tan solo 43 años.

Hija de António Manuel Salvado (1879-1932) y de Áurea Angelina da Cunha Salvado (1887-1919), Deolinda da Conceição se casó con Luís Gaspar Alves (1910-1963) el 1 de noviembre de 1931. De este matrimonio nacieron dos hijos, José María Salvado Alves, quien nació el 10 de agosto de 1932 y Rui Cândido Augusto Alves, quien nació el 7 de noviembre de 1936. El 29 de mayo de 1948, Deolinda se casó con António Maria da Conceição, con quien tuvo un hijo, António Maria da Conceição Júnior, que nació el 6 de diciembre de 1951.

Cheong-Sam - la Cábala
"Cheong-Sam - a Cabaia", su único libro, fue publicado por primera vez en Lisboa en 1956 por Livraria Francisco Franco. Este libro está compuesto por 27 cuentos, la mayoría de los cuales han sido publicados previamente en "Noticias de Macau". Todos estos cuentos tratan principalmente de la posición y condición de las mujeres en China y Macao. Más específicamente, retratan la lucha de las mujeres chinas educadas y occidentalizadas por su emancipación en una sociedad profundamente tradicional y patriarcal. También cuentan la vida de mujeres y hombres chinos que sucumbieron o lucharon contra la opresión, la pobreza extrema y supersticiones ancestrales. También reflexionan sobre los peligros del materialismo y los numerosos prejuicios que sufrían las mujeres chinas.

Sus historias también retratan los efectos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que la propia autora experimentó. También denuncian las innumerables injusticias sociales, en particular los casos de chinos de Macao que fueron discriminados por la comunidad portuguesa y macaense. En este libro también hay relatos de amor, en su mayoría con final trágico, resultado de barreras socioeconómicas o raciales infranqueables. Como mestiza de ascendencia portuguesa o macaense, Deolinda da Conceição era muy consciente de la fuerza y los efectos nocivos de estas barreras, a saber, las raciales.

Pero no todo el libro es tragedia y tristeza, también hay algunos pasajes donde varios personajes revelan la solidaridad humana y la renuncia a la condición y clase social que la sociedad les ha otorgado. Para Deolinda, estos nobles sentimientos humanizan las relaciones sociales, haciendo la sociedad más libre y feliz.

En ese momento y después de su publicación, el libro recibió elogios de varios escritores y críticos de Portugal y Macao, tales como:

En 1979, su hijo António logró convencer al gobierno de Macao de que reeditara " Cheong-Sam - la Cabaia ". En 1987, la Oficina de Asuntos Culturales de Macao publicó una nueva edición de este libro y al año siguiente publicó su versión en chino. En 2007, el Instituto Internacional de Macao patrocinó una nueva edición de "Cheong Sam - A Cabaia", cuyo lanzamiento coincidió con el tercer Encuentro de Comunidades de Macao.

Véase también
 Cultura de Macao

Referencias

Escritores de Macao
Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar
Escritores en portugués
Fallecidos en Hong Kong

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Committees (including Study Groups) will meet on Friday afternoons at 1-3 p.m. based on the monthly/weekly schedule outlined below.
Some committee dates may differ from the monthly/weekly schedule due to quarterly breaks and holidays. Committees can decide if they want to meet more than once monthly or when to schedule a makeup meeting due to a holiday.
The 2018 Governance Summit will be Friday, Sept. 14, 2018 at 8 a.m.–4 p.m.
Beyond Diversity Training is scheduled for Oct. 12, 2018.
Download a PDF version of the 2018-2019 governance committee calendar.
Please contact Veronica Casas at casasveronica@foothill.edu to add your committee to the master calendar.


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Oval, deep peach buds open into lively coral-peachy pink flowers with 20 to 25 petals and a sweet fragrance. The 3 1/2-inch blooms appear in large sprays on vigorous, 3-foot plants. This variety has found its way into the parentage of many of today's floribundas.
As a group, the alba roses are large shrubs, and their vigorous growth can overwhelm a small garden. 'Félicité Parmentier' is an exception, a more mannerly shrub that doesn't jostle its neighbors. Its blossoms are one of the sweetest pleasures of early summer. Borne in clusters, they are a soft pink in color, saucer-shaped, and "quartered" -the petals are clustered so as to form four distinct quadrants within the circular flower -and the center of each is a green "eye", rather like the button at the center of an overstuffed sofa cushion. When not in bloom, this shrub provides a visually restful mass of attractive gray-green foliage.
The blossoms of this shrub do not look like those of the typical rugosa; in fact, they do not look like roses at all, but instead resemble pale pink carnations. But 'Fimbriata' is a typical rugosa in its toughness, for this shrub tolerates not only extreme cold but also poor soils and light shade. It isn't just disease resistant; it's virtually disease free.
The spicily perfumed blossoms, clean foliage, and dense, relatively compact growth make 'Fimbriata' an excellent accent in a perennial border. Its hardiness and adaptability make this shrub a good choice for the northern gardener with a challenging site.
Oval buds open into sprays of fiery scarlet to orange-red very double flowers with 50 petals. High-centered when they first open, the flowers finish flat and 2 1/2 inches across. Blooms have a musky fragrance, and the foliage is dark green and leathery. Plants are bushy and 4 to 5 feet high. This rose has good winter hardiness but is somewhat mildew prone.
The pointed coral-orange buds of 'First Edition' open to luminous coral-rose blossoms with orange tints. The petals surround yellow anthers. Flowers are double, 2 to 2 1/2 inches across, and lightly fragrant, and they are borne in flat-topped clusters. Their color deepens in cool weather. Foliage is glossy and medium green.
The bushes are vigorous and upright. They are suited to many uses, including beds and borders, low hedges, and containers. Flowers are excellent for cutting and exhibition, and the plants have good disease resistance.
'F. J. Grootendorst' rose produces clusters of up to 20 small, scentless, crimson flowers throughout the growing season. Individual blooms are double and have a carnation like appearance with fringed petals. The abundant foliage is somewhat coarse, leathery, and dark green. This rose has given rise to several sports, including 'Pink Grootendorst', which has soft pink flowers; 'White Grootendorst', whose white blooms are borne on a considerably smaller plant; and 'Grootendorst Supreme', whose blossoms are lightly scented and a deeper red than those of its parent.
This rugosa hybrid is a vigorous grower with a bushy, upright habit. This rose is easy to grow, tolerant of seaside conditions, and disease resistant.
This compact rugosa is an ideal candidate for a smaller garden. Its clove-scented, light pink, single flowers open to reveal knots of golden stamens at their centers, and they recur throughout the summer. Indeed, this rose is seldom out of bloom through the warm-weather months and usually is heavily laden with flowers. In fall, the flowers give way to large, tomato red hips as the leaves rum orange or yellow. To ensure a good crop of hips and the best autumn display, plant another rugosa rose such as the species type Rosa rugosa alba or R. rugosa rubra nearby, as cross-pollination increases the fruit production of 'Frau Dagmar Hartopp'.
This is a somewhat tender rose and is not reliably winter hardy. In the milder climates of the Mid-Atlantic coast and the upper Southeast, however, 'French Lace' is a star.
Certainly, the flowers are spectacular. Double, pale apricot to creamy white, they have the elegant form of a classic hybrid tea. But the floribunda shows through in the flowers' abundance, for they appear in generous clusters of up to 12 blooms.
"Spring gold" in German, this variety has very fragrant pure golden yellow flowers that bloom once a year. The single flowers (with 5 to 10 petals) measuring 3 1/2 to 5 inches across appear on vigorous, arching 6- to 8-foot canes. The large, light green leaves are soft and wrinkled.


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This new movie seems pretty awesome to me.


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Bilgewater
Jane Gardam
Originally published in 1977, Jane Gardam's Bilgewater is an affectionate and complex rendering-in-miniature of the discomforts of growing up and first love seen through the eyes of inimitable Marigold Green, an awkward, eccentric, highly intelligent girl. The Evening Standard described Bilgewater as "one of the funniest, most entertaining, most unusual stories about young love."
Motherless and 16, Marigold is the headmaster's daughter at a private backwater all-boys school. To make matters worse, Marigold pines for head boy Jack Rose, reckons with the beautiful and domineering Grace, and yanks herself headlong out of her interior world and into the seething cauldron of adolescence. With everything happening all at once, Marigold faces the greatest of teenage crucibles.
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Jane Gardam has been twice awarded the Whitbread Prize and was also a Booker prize finalist. She is winner of the David Higham Prize, the Royal Society for Literature's Winifred Holtby Prize, the Katherine Mansfield Prize, and the Silver Pen Award from PEN. Her novels include God on the Rocks, shortlisted for the Booker Prize; Old Filth, finalist for the Orange Prize; The Man in the Wooden Hat, finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize; and Last Friends, finalist for the Folio Award. She lives in the south of England near the sea. In 1999 Jane Gardam was awarded the Heywood Hill Literary Prize in recognition of a distinguished literary career.
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Old Filth
Faith Fox
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\section{Introduction}

Most optimization problems in engineering are nonlinear with many constraints.
Consequently, to find optimal solutions to such nonlinear problems requires
efficient optimisation algorithms (Deb 1995, Baeck et al 1997, Yang 2005).
In general, optimisation algorithms can be
classified into two main categories: deterministic and stochastic.
Deterministic algorithms such as hill-climbing will produce the same set of
solutions if the iterations start with the same initial guess. On the other hand,
stochastic algorithms often produce different solutions even with
the same initial starting point. However, the final results, though slightly different,
will usually converge to the same optimal solutions within a given accuracy.

Deterministic algorithms are almost all local search algorithms, and they are quite
efficient in finding local optima. However, there is a risk
for the algorithms to be trapped at local optima, while the global optima are
out of reach. A common practice is to introduce some stochastic component to
an algorithm so that it becomes possible to jump out of such
locality. In this case, algorithms become stochastic.

Stochastic algorithms often have a deterministic component and
a random component. The stochastic component can take many forms such as
simple randomization by randomly sampling the search space or by random walks.
Most stochastic algorithms can be considered as metaheuristic, and good examples
are genetic algorithms (GA) (Holland 1976, Goldberg 1989) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO)
(Kennedy and Eberhart 1995, Kennedy et al 2001).
Many modern metaheuristic algorithms
were developed based on the swarm intelligence in nature (Kennedy and Eberhart 1995,
Dorigo and St\"utzle 2004).
New modern metaheuristic algorithms are being developed and begin
to show their power and efficiency. For example, the Firefly Algorithm
developed by the author shows its superiority over some  traditional algorithms
(Yang 2009, Yang 2009, Lukasik and Zak 2009).

The paper is organized as follows: we will first briefly outline the
main idea of the Firefly Algorithm in Section 2, and  we then describe
a few new test functions with singularity and/or randomness in Section 3.
In Section 4, we will use FA to find the optimal solution of a pressure vessel design problem.
Finally, we will discuss the topics for further studies.

\section{Firefly Algorithm and its Implementation}

\subsection{Firefly Algorithm}

The Firefly Algorithm was developed by the author (Yang 2008, Yang 2009),
and it was based on the idealized behaviour of the
flashing characteristics of fireflies. For simplicity, we
can idealize these flashing characteristics as the following
three rules
\begin{itemize}

\item all fireflies are unisex so that one firefly is attracted to other fireflies
regardless of their sex;

\item Attractiveness is proportional to their brightness,
thus for any two flashing fireflies, the less brighter one will move towards the brighter
one. The attractiveness is proportional to the brightness and they both
decrease as their distance increases. If
no one is brighter than a particular firefly, it moves randomly;

\item The brightness or light intensity of a firefly is affected or  determined by the landscape of the
objective function to be optimised.

\end{itemize}

For a  maximization problem, the brightness can simply be proportional
to the objective function. Other forms of brightness can be defined in a similar
way to the fitness function in genetic algorithms or the bacterial
foraging algorithm (BFA) (Gazi and Passino 2004).

In the FA, there are two important issues: the variation of
light intensity and formulation of the attractiveness.
For simplicity, we can always assume that the attractiveness
of a firefly is determined by its brightness or light intensity
which in turn is associated with the encoded objective function.
In the simplest case for maximum optimization problems,
the brightness $I$ of a firefly at a particular location $\x$ can be chosen
as $I(\x) \propto f(\x)$. However, the attractiveness $\b$ is relative, it should be
seen in the eyes of the beholder or judged by the other fireflies. Thus, it should
vary with the distance $r_{ij}$ between firefly $i$ and firefly $j$.
As light intensity decreases with the distance from its source, and light is also
absorbed in the media,
so we should allow the attractiveness to vary with the degree of absorption.

In the simplest form, the light intensity $I(r)$ varies with the distance $r$
monotonically and exponentially. That is
\be I=I_0 e^{-\gamma r}, \ee
where $I_0$ is the original light intensity
and $\gamma$ is the light absorption coefficient.
As a firefly's attractiveness is proportional to
the light intensity seen by adjacent fireflies, we can now define
the attractiveness $\b$ of a firefly by
\be \b = \b_0 e^{-\gamma r^2}, \label{att-equ-100} \ee
where $\b_0$ is the attractiveness at $r=0$. It is worth pointing out
that the exponent $\gamma r$ can be replaced by other functions
such as $\gamma r^m$ when $m>0$. Schematically,
the Firefly Algorithm (FA) can be summarised as the pseudo code.

\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{0.77\textwidth}
{\sf
Firefly Algorithm
\hrule
\vspace{5pt}
\indent Objective function $f(\x), \quad \x=(x_1, ..., x_d)^T$ \\
\indent Initialize a population of fireflies $\x_i \; (i=1,2,...,n)$ \\
\indent Define light absorption coefficient $\gamma$ \\
\indent {\bf while} ($t<$MaxGeneration) \\
\indent {\bf for} $i=1:n$ all $n$ fireflies \\
\indent \quad {\bf for} $j=1:i$ all $n$ fireflies \\
\indent \qquad Light intensity $I_i$ at $\x_i$ is determined by $f(\x_i)$  \\
\indent \qquad  {\bf if} ($I_j>I_i$) \\
\indent \qquad Move firefly $i$ towards $j$ in all $d$ dimensions \\
\indent \qquad {\bf end if} \\
\indent \qquad Attractiveness varies with distance $r$ via $\exp[-\gamma r]$ \\
\indent \qquad Evaluate new solutions and update light intensity \\
\indent \quad {\bf end for }$j$ \\
\indent {\bf end for }$i$ \\
\indent Rank the fireflies and find the current best  \\
\indent {\bf end while} \\
\indent Postprocess results and visualization }
\hrule
\end{minipage}
\end{center}

The distance between any two fireflies $i$ and $j$ at $\x_i$ and $\x_j$
can be the Cartesian distance  $r_{ij}=||\x_i-\x_j||_2$ or the $\ell_2$-norm.
For other applications such as scheduling, the distance can be time delay or
any suitable forms, not necessarily the Cartesian distance.

The movement of a firefly $i$ is attracted to another more attractive (brighter)
firefly $j$ is determined by
\be \x_i =\x_i + \b_0 e^{-\gamma r^2_{ij}} (\x_j-\x_i) + \a \mbox{\boldmath $\epsilon$}_i, \ee
where the second term is due to the attraction, while the third term
is randomization with the vector of random variables $\mbox{\boldmath $\epsilon$}_i$ being  drawn from a Gaussian distribution.

For most cases in our implementation,
we can take $\b_0=1$, $\a \in [0,1]$, and $\gamma=1$.
In addition, if the scales vary significantly in different dimensions such as $-10^5$ to $10^5$ in
one dimension while, say, $-10^{-3}$ to $10^3$ along others, it is a good idea to
replace $\a$ by $\a S_k$ where the scaling parameters $S_k (k=1,...,d)$ in
the $d$ dimensions should be determined by the actual scales of the problem of interest.

In essence, the parameter $\gamma$ characterizes the variation of the attractiveness,
and its value is crucially important in determining the speed of the convergence
and how the FA algorithm behaves. In theory, $\gamma \in [0,\infty)$, but in
practice, $\gamma=O(1)$ is determined by the characteristic/mean length $S_k$ of the
system to be optimized. In one extreme when $\gamma \rightarrow 0$,
the attractiveness is constant $\b=\b_0$. This is equivalent to saying
that the light intensity does not decrease in an idealized sky.
Thus, a flashing firefly can be seen anywhere in the domain. Thus, a single (usually global)
optimum can easily be reached. This corresponds to a special case of particle
swarm optimization (PSO). In fact, if the inner loop
for $j$ is removed and $I_j$ is replaced by the current global best $\mathbf{g}_*$,
FA essentially becomes the standard PSO, and, subsequently,
the efficiency of this special case is the same as that of PSO.
On the other hand, if $\gamma \rightarrow \infty$, we have
$\b(r) \rightarrow \delta(r)$, which is a Dirac $\delta$-function.
This means that  the attractiveness is almost zero in the sight of
other fireflies, or the fireflies are short-sighted. This is equivalent
to the case where the fireflies fly in a very foggy region randomly. No other fireflies can be
seen, and each firefly roams in a completely random way. Therefore, this corresponds
to the completely random search method. So $\gamma$ partly controls how
the algorithm behaves. It is also possible to adjust $\gamma$ so that
multiple optima can be found at the same during iterations.

\subsection{Numerical Examples}

From the pseudo code, it is relatively straightforward to implement the Firefly Algorithm
using a popular programming language such as Matlab. We have tested it against more than
a dozen test functions such as the Ackley function
\[ f(\x)=-20 \exp\Big[-\frac{1}{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{d} \sum_{i=1}^d x_i^2}\Big] \]
\be - \exp[\frac{1}{d} \sum_{i=1}^d \cos (2 \pi x_i)] +20 +e, \ee
which has a unique global minimum $f_*=0$ at $(0,0,...,0)$.
From a simple parameter studies, we concluded that,
in our simulations, we can use the following values of
parameters $\a=0.2$, $\gamma=1$, and $\b_0=1$.
\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig1.eps} }
\caption{Four global maxima at $(\pm 1/2,\pm 1/2)$. \label{Yang-fig1} }
\end{figure}
As an example, we now use the FA to find the
global maxima of the following function
\be f(\x)=\Big( \sum_{i=1}^d |x_i| \Big) \exp \Big( -\sum_{i=1}^d x_i^2 \Big),
\label{fun-equ-50} \ee
with the domain $-10 \le x_i \le 10$ for all $(i=1,2,...,d)$
where $d$ is the number of dimensions. This function has
multiple global optima.  In the case of $d=2$, we have $4$ equal maxima
$f_* =1/\sqrt{e} \approx 0.6065$ at $(1/2,1/2)$, $(1/2,-1/2)$,
$(-1/2,1/2)$ and $(-1/2,-1/2)$ and a unique global minimum at $(0,0)$.

The four peaks are shown in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig1}, and these global maxima
can be found using the implemented Firefly Algorithms after about 500 function
evaluations. This corresponds to $25$ fireflies evolving for $20$ generations or
iterations. The initial locations of 25 fireflies are shown Fig. \ref{Yang-fig2a}
and their final locations after 20 iterations are shown in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig2b}.
\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[height=3in,width=4in]{yfig2a.eps}}
\vspace{-5pt}
\caption{Initial locations of 25 fireflies. \label{Yang-fig2a} }
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[height=3in,width=4in]{yfig2b.eps}}
\vspace{-5pt}
\caption{Final locations after $20$ iterations. \label{Yang-fig2b} }
\end{figure}
We can see that the Firefly Algorithm is very efficient. Recently studies
also confirmed its promising power in solving nonlinear
constrained optimization tasks (Yang 2009, Lukasik and Zak 2009).

\section{New Test Functions}

The literature about test functions is vast, often with different collections of
test functions for validating new optimisation algorithms. Test
functions such as Rosenbrock's banana function and Ackley's
function mentioned earlier are well-known in the optimisation literature.
Almost all these test functions are deterministic and smooth.
In the rest of
this paper, we first propose a few new test functions which have
some singularity and/or stochastic components. Some of the formulated
functions have stochastic components but their global optima are deterministic.
Then, we will use the Firefly Algorithm to find the optimal solutions of some
of these new functions.

The first test function we have designed is a multimodal nonlinear function
\[ f(\x)=\Big[ e^{-\sum_{i=1}^d (x_i/\b)^{2m}} - 2 e^{-\sum_{i=1}^d (x_i-\pi)^2} \Big] \]
\be \cdot \prod_{i=1}^d \cos^2 x_i, \quad m=5, \ee
which looks like a standing-wave function with a defect (see Fig. \ref{Yang-fig3}).
It has many local minima and the unique global minimum $f_*=-1$ at $\x_*=(\pi,\pi,...,\pi)$
for $\b=15$ within the domain $-20 \le x_i \le 20$ for $i=1,2,...,d$.
By using the Firefly Algorithm with $20$ fireflies, it is easy to
find the global minimum in just about $15$ iterations. The results are
shown in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig4a} and Fig. \ref{Yang-fig4b}.

As most test functions are smooth, the next function we have formulated
is also multimodal but it has a singularity
\be f(\x) =\Big( \sum_{i=1}^d |x_i| \Big)  \cdot \exp \Big[ -\sum_{i=1}^d \sin (x_i^2) \Big],
\label{fun-equ-100} \ee
which has a unique global minimum $f_*=0$ at $\x_*=(0,0,...,0)$
in the domain $-2 \pi \le x_i \le 2 \pi$ where $i=1,2,...,d$.
At a first look,  this function has some similarity with function (\ref{fun-equ-50}) discussed earlier.
However, this function is not smooth,  and its derivatives are not well defined at the optimum $(0,0,...,0)$.
The landscape of this forest-like function is shown in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig5a}
and its 2D contour is displayed in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig5b}.

Almost all existing test functions are deterministic. Now let us
design a test function with stochastic components
\[ f(x,y)=-5 e^{-\b  [(x-\pi)^2+(y-\pi)^2]} \]
\be -\sum_{j=1}^K \sum_{i=1}^K \epsilon_{ij} e^{-\a  [(x-i)^2 + (y-j)^2]}, \ee
where $\a,\b>0$ are scaling parameters, which can often be taken as $\a=\b=1$.
Here the random variables $\epsilon_{ij} \;(i,j=1,...,K)$ obey
a uniform distribution $\epsilon_{ij} \sim $ Unif[0,1].
The domain is $0 \le x,y \le K$ and $K=10$. This function has
$K^2$ local valleys at grid locations and the  fixed global
minimum at $\x_*=(\pi,\pi)$. It is worth pointing that
the minimum $f_{\min}$ is random, rather than a fixed value;
it may vary from $-(K^2+5)$ to $-5$, depending $\a$ and $\b$ as well as the
random numbers drawn.

For stochastic test functions, most deterministic algorithms such as hill-climbing
would simply fail due to the fact that the landscape is constantly changing.
However, metaheuristic algorithms could still be robust in dealing with
such functions. The landscape of a realization of this stochastic function is shown in
Fig. \ref{Yang-fig6}.

Using the Firefly Algorithm, we can find the
global minimum in about 15 iterations for $n=20$ fireflies. That is,
the total number of function evaluations is just 300. This is indeed
very efficient and robust. The initial locations of the fireflies are
shown in Fig. \ref{Yang-fig7a} and the final results are shown Fig.\ref{Yang-fig7b}.

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig3.eps}}
\caption{The standing wave function for two independent variables
with the global minimum $f_*=-1$ at $(\pi,\pi)$. \label{Yang-fig3} }
\end{figure}

Furthermore, we can also design a relative generic stochastic function
which is both stochastic and non-smooth
\be f(\x) = \sum_{i=1}^d \epsilon_i \; \Big|x_i\Big|^i, \quad -5 \le x_i \le 5, \ee
where $\epsilon_i \;(i=1,2,...,d)$ are random variables which are uniformly distributed
in $[0,1]$. That is, $\epsilon_i \sim $Unif$[0,1]$.
This function has the unique minimum $f_*=0$ at $\x_*=(0,0,...,0)$
which is also singular.
\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig4a.eps} }

\caption{The initial locations of $20$ fireflies.  \label{Yang-fig4a} }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig4b.eps} }

\caption{Final locations after $15$ iterations.  \label{Yang-fig4b} }
\end{figure}

 We found that for most problems $n=15$ to $50$ would be sufficient.
For tougher problems, larger $n$ can be used, though excessively
large $n$ should not be used unless there is no better alternative,
as it is more computationally extensive for large $n$.
\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig5a.eps} }
\caption{The landscape of function (\ref{fun-equ-100}). \label{Yang-fig5a} }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig5b.eps} }
\caption{Contour of function (\ref{fun-equ-100}). \label{Yang-fig5b} }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig6.eps}}
\caption{The 2D Stochastic function for $K=10$
with a unique global minimum at $(\pi,\pi)$, though
the value of this global minimum is somewhat stochastic. \label{Yang-fig6} }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig7a.eps} }
\caption{The initial locations of 20 fireflies. \label{Yang-fig7a} }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \centerline{ \includegraphics[width=4in,height=3in]{yfig7b.eps} }
\caption{The final locations of 20 fireflies after $15$ iterations, converging
into $(\pi,\pi)$. \label{Yang-fig7b} }
\end{figure}

\section{Engineering Applications}

Now we can apply the Firefly Algorithm to carry out various design optimisation
tasks. In principle, any optimization problems that can be solved by genetic
algorithms and particle swarm optimisation can also be solved by the Firefly Algorithm.
For simplicity to demonstrate its effectiveness in real-world optimisation, we use the FA
to find the optimal solution of the standard but quite difficult pressure design
optimisation problem.

Pressure vessels are literally everywhere such as champagne bottles and gas tanks.
For a given volume and working pressure, the basic aim of designing
a cylindrical vessel is to minimize the total cost. Typically, the design variables are
the thickness $d_1$ of the head, the thickness $d_2$ of the body, the inner radius
$r$, and the length $L$ of the cylindrical section (Coello 2000, Cagnina et al 2008).
This is a well-known test problem for optimization  and it can be written as
\[ \textrm{minimize } f(\x) = 0.6224 d_1 r L + 1.7781 d_2 r^2 \]
\be + 3.1661 d_1^2 L + 19.84 d_1^2 r, \ee
subject to the following constraints
\be
\begin{array}{lll}
 g_1(\x) = -d_1 + 0.0193 r \le 0 \\
 g_2(\x) = -d_2 + 0.00954 r \le 0 \\
 g_3(\x) = - \pi r^2 L -\frac{4 \pi}{3} r^3 + 1296000 \le 0 \\
 g_4(\x) =L -240 \le 0.
\end{array}
\ee

The simple bounds are  \be 0.0625 \le d_1, d_2 \le 99 \times 0.0625, \ee
and \be 10.0 \le r, \quad L \le 200.0. \ee

Recently, Cagnina et al (2008) used an efficient particle swarm optimiser
to solve this problem and they found the best solution
\be f_* \approx 6059.714, \ee
at \be \x_* \approx (0.8125, \; 0.4375, \; 42.0984, \; 176.6366). \ee
This means the lowest price is about $\$6059.71$.

Using the Firefly Algorithm, we have found an even better solution
with $40$ fireflies after $20$ iterations, and we have obtained
\be \x_* \approx (0.7782, 0.3846, 40.3196, 200.0000)^T, \ee
with \be f_{\min} \approx 5885.33, \ee
which is significantly lower or cheaper than the solution
$f_* \approx 6059.714$ obtained by Cagnina et al (2008).

This clearly shows how efficient and effective the Firefly Algorithm could be.
Obviously, further applications are highly needed to see how
it may behave for solving various tough engineering optimistion problems.

\section{Conclusions}

We have successfully used the Firefly Algorithm to carry out
nonlinear design optimisation. We first validated the algorithms using
some standard test functions.  After designing some new test functions
with singularity and stochastic components, we then used the FA to solve these
unconstrained stochastic functions.
We also applied it to find
a better global solution to the pressure vessel design optimisation.
The optimisation results imply that
the Firefly Algorithm is potentially more powerful than other
existing algorithms such as particle swarm optimisation.

The convergence analysis of metaheuristic algorithms still requires some
theoretical framework. At the moment, it still lacks of a general framework for
such analysis. Fortunately, various studies started to propose
a feasible measure for comparing algorithm performance.
For example, Shilane et al (2008) suggested a framework
for evaluating statistical performance of evolutionary algorithms.
Obviously, more comparison studies are highly needed
so as to identify the strength and weakness of current
metaheuristic algorithms. Ultimately, even better optimisation
algorithms may emerge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The BEST episodes written by Chris Lang
#1 - Episode 6
Unforgotten - Season 2 - Episode 6
As each of the suspects have either a motive or a connection to David Walker, Cassie and Sunny work on trying to prove a more far-fetched theory that involves travelling across the country and delving further into the past of the suspects.
Following the discovery of seemingly incriminating items found at his house, Tim insists he bought them for his girls at a fete in Middenham. However, the team are not buying Tim's story. A new discovery leaves the team shocked and devastated, hitting Cassie particularly hard.
The Tunnel - Season 1 - Episode 9
As the police get within a hair's breadth of catching the killer, things take a nasty turn for Karl.
Father Robert's revelations prove to have lasting repercussions, especially for Caroline when she goes into premature labour. Bella and Josh deliberate over the best way to deal with their father, the search for Lizzie continues and Maureen is finally able to lay Jimmy to rest.
James, Tim and Chris are exposed as having lied about their whereabouts on the night Hayley died. Pete reveals that he saw Eliot climbing into the holiday home through a window on New Year's Day, while leaves James struggling with the possibility that his son may have killed Hayley. Fran cracks a code in the dead girl's diary, suggesting that she met a local drug dealer on the night she disappeared.
As Cassie and Sunny continue their investigation into the cold-case murder, the net tightens around the people whose names were found in the victim's diary. Sir Phillip Cross makes a difficult decision to salvage what is left of his reputation while at the same time protecting his family, Father Robert comes clean to the police and Ray returns home to find Lizzie gone.
#8 - Eat Yourself Slender
Hustle - Season 8 - Episode 4
After one of the teams friends called Carol suffers a heart attack, the gang find out that she's been the victim of a sham diet plan run by American Dr Dean Deville and his wife, Dana. Mickey comes up with a weight-loss scam to sell them a a new miraculous diet pill, but knows they'll first need to gain their trust.
As the investigation into the cold-case murder continues, the forensic team discovers that the marks on the victim's body are consistent with known gangland torture methods. With this in mind, Cassie and Sunny question Sir Phillip about his involvement with a prominent East End crime family 40 years ago. Did the businessman or any of the shady associates of his youth have anything to do with Jimmy's disappearance or murder? Meanwhile, Eric and Claire's anniversary gets under way.
#10 - Episode 4
It becomes clear to the detectives that the four men have conspired to come up with a false account of what took place the night Hayley disappeared. Jake is assigned to track down Tim Finch's ex-wife to hear her version of events - and uncovers disturbing information about Chris Lowe's past. On a personal front, Sunny is offered the opportunity to rekindle his past marriage, and Cassie worries about her father's failing memory.
Cassie begins to investigate the Brentford house and the theory that one or more of the suspects may have been abused at the gatherings that took place there. The enquiry reveals some information that allows Colin to come to terms with a shame that he has lived with for over 25 years. Sara is forced to confront her past in order to prove her innocence. Marion pushes her family even further away.
Further examination of David Walker's history suggests that he was a troubled man with a number of issues. Marion has a prickly chat with Cassie about her past and the investigation reveals her close relationship with an IRA activist. As the police enquiries encroach on their lives, Sara and Colin open up to their partners.
Cassie and Sunny begin their interviews...
Cassie and Sunny dig deeper into the lives of two of the people mentioned in the diary. They begin with Father Robert Greaves, who remembers Jimmy fondly, but is unable to help identify the mysterious 'Jo-Jo', the person who it appears gave Jimmy the journal. The detectives also meet Eric Slater, the former bookkeeper to Arlingham House. He also remembers the victim well - but can he provide any clues to his disappearance?
Cassie and Sunny go in search of Hayley's family as the press begin to take an interest in the story. A detective who was involved in the original investigation offers his thoughts on why her disappearance remained unsolved, pointing out that Hayley's boyfriend was suspected of the crime but was never charged. The distance between where Hayley was last seen and where her body was found leads Cassie to form a new theory - that the killer may have travelled up from London, then returned before they could be questioned
A disturbing allegation about David opens up a second line of enquiry for the team. How much Tessa actually knew about David's life threatens to ruin her relationship with her husband and son. Marion gets into trouble at work and jeopardises her marriage by refusing to open up about her past. After having his phone stolen and information exposed, Colin is blackmailed again - and Sarah's secrets push her family to breaking point.
Runaway teen Sophie puts her trust in Benji. Whilst the race is on to find a elderly pensioner before he freezes to death at the hands of the killer.
Detectives Cassie and Sunny begin to find out a bit more about who David Walker was through speaking to his ex-wife Tessa. A search through the original investigation files and numbers traced from his pager help them build a picture of David, and lead them towards potential suspects. A conversation with David's old school friend leads Cassie and Sunny to believe that they may have found a motive.
#20 - Old Sparks Come New
When Emma finds out that ex-boyfriend Joe Ryan is facing eviction, the team find themselves travelling to Birmingham to take on Georgina Althorp, owner of an unscrupulous moneylending firm. Mickey and the gang set about the ambitious task of selling Georgina a castle and a title - but will she bite? Meanwhile, it seems love is blossoming once more for Emma; are they about to lose one of the team for good?
When the body of a teenage girl who went missing at the turn of the millennium is found at a building site off the M1 motorway, four men are placed under the spotlight and their relationships are tested to the limit.
Having identified the body in the cellar as Jimmy Sullivan, Cassie visits the victim's mother, who is relieved that she might finally find out what happened to her son 39 years after he went missing. The detectives focus their investigation on the names in Jimmy's diary, who are revealed to be a government advisor, a priest, a retired bookkeeper and a housewife with a secret past. What part, if any, could these four wildly different people have played in Jimmy's disappearance and demise?
A waterlogged suitcase holds the remains of David Walker, 25 years after he disappeared. Walker's wife, Tessa, turns out to be a police officer. Cassie and Sunny interview two other suspects, Sara and Colin.
#24 - Episode 6 - Part Six
Dark Heart - Season 1 - Episode 6
As the team delve deeper into the circumstances surrounding Suzy's death, details of her torrid emotional state reveal a surprising new line of enquiry.
A skeleton found in the cellar of a building being demolished prompts investigation from DCI Cassie Stuart and her colleague DS Sunny Khan into the murder of a young man that could potentially span back thousands of years. Discovery of what they believe to be a car key near the body not only dates it to within the last 65 years, but also leads them on a trail in the hope of identifying the victim. At the end of the trail is a diary belonging to Jimmy Sullivan, a young man missing since 1976 who appears to be the victim. The final pages of the diary contain several names and addresses, amongst them are Beth, Father Rob, Frankie C and Mr. Slater. Four seemingly unconnected people living very separate lives. It is now down to Cassie and Sunny to find out what happened to Jimmy and to finally get him home.
#26 - Dead Men Don't Pay Debts - Part 2
As the team delves deeper into the poisonings, it quickly becomes clear that those responsible have a powerful influence. The pressure builds for DI Wagstaffe to find buried links between Sofie Cerna and Nick Kyriacou, but when the investigation veers close to home, he finds himself making his sister's fiancé Paulo an offer that could have far-reaching consequences.
Watch Now:iTunes
#27 - Episode 5 - Part Five
A young woman is found murdered in an East London church, and DI Will Wagstaffe must establish if it's the work of her recent stalker or if the answer is more complicated.
#28 - The Fall of Railton FC
When Ash finds out that the local football club where he grew up has gone bust and closed down, he suggests the Hustle gang should tackle the greed that has taken over the great game. Of course, the team stand to make loads of cash in the process! When Ash has an accident and develops a rare condition that means he can't lie, it looks like it won't just be the con that's over but Ash's days as a grifter as well. Can Mickey, Albert, Sean and Emma convince the seemingly untouchable Coleman to score an own goal, or will they be shown a red card?
DI Will Wagstaffe and his team investigate the mysterious death of a young nurse on the London Underground. Whilst CCTV reveals the victim fleeing an invisible assailant, forensics find a DNA link to a missing teenager presumed dead for seven years. Aided by his new team DS Rob Mullan, DC Ray Monk, DC Annie Webb and pathologist Dr Luke Paul, Will unearths a bond of secrets and betrayals which leads him straight into the dark underbelly of the city.
#30 - Flying Mennace
Primeval - Season 1 - Episode 5
A prehistoric winged reptile arrives through an aerial time rift on a golf course. Nick goes to investigate, but he ends up trapped in a house with Claudia. Elsewhere, Connor loses Rex, much to Abby's anger.
#31 - Suffer The Children - Part 1
DI Will Wagstaffe is called to investigate a gruesome murder, but they soon learn that the victim was arrested two and a half years ago on suspicion of sexually assaulting his young step daughters.
The detectives continue to look into a string of attacks on a series of people who were marked as paedophiles but never convicted, although Wagstaffe is frustrated by the eerie wall of silence from the victims' families. To make matters worse, a web of deceit begins to unravel - leading the DI to a disturbing conclusion.
#33 - Too Hot to Handle
Robin Hood - Season 3 - Episode 7
Prince John has all the local wells blocked when a heat wave hits the area leaving the outlaws forced to take desperate measures to save those at risk. Robin and Isabella's secret relationship is discovered by Prince John and he orders Gisborne to get rid of them. Robin finds himself having to make a difficult decision.
Undeniable - Season 1 - Episode 2
Concluding part of the thriller about a woman who believes she recognises her mother's killer 23 years after the murder took place. When Andrew's DNA results establish his innocence beyond any doubt, Jane still cannot accept that he is not the murderer and sets out to prove it. Isolated and alone, her determination becomes increasingly irrational and obsessive and the police become involved once again. Jane's home life is turned upside down as the tension threatens to destroy her marriage to Rob. Meanwhile Andrew is deeply hurt by the suspicions of his own daughter, Emma. Emma's confusion and anguish find an outlet when she lashes out at Jane, and unleashes a series of consequences which neither of the two women could possibly have foreseen.
Brand new two-part thriller about a woman called Jane Fielding who believes she recognises her mother's killer 23 years after the murder took place. Nearly a quarter of a century later, Jane is married to Rob and has a daughter of her own, but the traumatic events of that day still haunt her. She was the sole witness and is constantly aware that the murderer is still at large. While on a routine visit to hospital, she locks eyes with the man believes killed her mother. Andrew Rawlins is a respected consultant oncologist and family man whose status and impeccable demeanour make him an unlikely suspect. Furthermore, it emerges that Jane has made accusations against others in the past - identifications which proved to be entirely false. Her family and the investigating police begin to worry that this is just another such claim and that Jane is crumbling emotionally before their eyes.


text:
Q: Javascript for-loops for calculations is there a clean way to do multiple calculations with for-loops? My javascript program has a few tables (workouts) consisting of exercises and the amount of repetitions. The user can change the difficulty by clicking for example the button 25%. It then multiplies the number of repetitions by 0.25, dropping it to a quarter.
Now I have done this multiplication manually, but as there becomes more tables it becomes painful. Any ideas using for-loops? The ID:s are unique.
let difficulty = 1

// Initializing default values 100 %

document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = 200;
document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = 100;

// Eventlisteners for difficulty

document.querySelector("#dif25").addEventListener("click", dif25);
document.querySelector("#dif50").addEventListener("click", dif50);
document.querySelector("#dif75").addEventListener("click", dif75);
document.querySelector("#dif100").addEventListener("click", dif100);

function dif25(){
    difficulty = 0.25;
    document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = (200 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = (100 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
}
function dif50(){
    difficulty = 0.50;
    document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = (200 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = (100 * difficulty).toFixed(0);

A: It's always important to keep your code as simple and readable as possible. I would therefore simplify most of your code, except for the buttons itself (unless you plan to create a lot of them).

Create an array containing your element ids:
let ids = ['edJumpingJacks', 'edSquat'];

Change your click handlers to support just one function with a difficulty param:
document.querySelector("#dif25").addEventListener("click", diff(25));
document.querySelector("#dif50").addEventListener("click", diff(50));
document.querySelector("#dif75").addEventListener("click", diff(75));
document.querySelector("#dif100").addEventListener("click", diff(100));

In your function, loop over your ids array:
function diff (diff) {
    difficulty = diff;
    ids.forEach(function(id) {
        document.querySelector("#" + id).innerHTML = (200 * difficulty ).toFixed(0);
    })
}

A: Here is a more generic way. all your click elements have the difficulty in their id's and all they need to do is pass that id to the click handler.
var difficulties = [25, 50, 75, 100];
for (var i = 0; i< difficulties.length; i++) {
    document.querySelector("#dif" + difficulties[i]).addEventListener("click", calculateDifficulty(difficulties[i]));
}

function calculateDifficulty(difficulty) {
    return function(e) {
        document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = (200 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
        document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = (100 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
    };
}

A: You better use only one generic function to calculate the difficulty and append it to the elements, then use this generic function on the click event of your buttons.
This is how should be your code:
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#dif25, #dif50, #dif75, #dif100")).forEach(function(btn) {
  btn.onclick = function() {
    diff(parseInt(btn.id.match(/(\d+)$/)[0]));
  }
});

function diff(difficulty) {
  Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#edJumpingJacks, #edSquat")).forEach(function(el) {
    el.textContent = (200 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
  });
}

Explanation:
Where document.querySelectorAll("#dif25, #dif50, #dif75, #dif100") will match all the buttons, and then attach the event to them dynamically.
And inside your diff function get all the elements that needs to be updated with document.querySelectorAll("#edJumpingJacks, #edSquat").
Note that you better use el.textContent to change the content of the elements instead of using .innerHTML which is used to change the HTML content.
Demo:

Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#dif25, #dif50, #dif75, #dif100")).forEach(function(btn) {
  btn.onclick = function() {
    diff(parseInt(btn.id.match(/(\d+)$/)[0]));
  }
});

function diff(difficulty) {
  Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#edJumpingJacks, #edSquat")).forEach(function(el) {
    el.textContent = (200 * difficulty).toFixed(0);
  });
}
<button id="dif25">dif25</button>
<button id="dif50">dif50</button>
<button id="dif75">dif75</button>
<button id="dif100">dif100</button>

200

100

A: Thanks for the super fast answers. This solution works perfectly for the multiplication.
One minor problem came around. At the end of the code I give the pressed difficulty-button a CSS-class and make the others grey. With this solution console log is always 25 for each button. Any advice on that?
Edit. I figured it out. Must use double equal signs in the if-statement. Now it works perfectly. And the code shrunk from 130 lines to 60 lines. Sweet!
// Initializing default values 100 %

document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = 200;
document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = 100;
document.querySelector("#edMountainClimber").innerHTML = 90;
document.querySelector("#edSitUp").innerHTML = 80;
document.querySelector("#edJumpOverPlank").innerHTML = 70;
document.querySelector("#edPushUp").innerHTML = 60;
document.querySelector("#edLunge").innerHTML = 50;
document.querySelector("#edPullUp").innerHTML = 40;

// Eventlisteners for difficulty

let difficulties = [25, 50, 75, 100];
for (let i = 0; i< difficulties.length; i++) {
    document.querySelector("#dif" +difficulties[i]).addEventListener("click", calculateDifficulty(difficulties[i]));
}

function calculateDifficulty(difficulty) {
    return function(e) {

    document.querySelector("#edJumpingJacks").innerHTML = (200 * (difficulty /100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edSquat").innerHTML = (100 * (difficulty /100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edMountainClimber").innerHTML = (90 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edSitUp").innerHTML = (80 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edJumpOverPlank").innerHTML = (70 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edPushUp").innerHTML = (60 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edLunge").innerHTML = (50 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);
    document.querySelector("#edPullUp").innerHTML = (40 * (difficulty / 100)).toFixed(0);

    // Change active difficulty button
    if (difficulty == 25){
        document.querySelector("#dif25").className = "ui green label";
        document.querySelector("#dif50").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif75").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif100").className = "ui grey label";
    } else if (difficulty == 50){
        document.querySelector("#dif25").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif50").className = "ui yellow label";
        document.querySelector("#dif75").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif100").className = "ui grey label";
    } else if (difficulty == 75){
        document.querySelector("#dif25").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif50").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif75").className = "ui orange label";
        document.querySelector("#dif100").className = "ui grey label";
    } else if (difficulty == 100){
        document.querySelector("#dif25").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif50").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif75").className = "ui grey label";
        document.querySelector("#dif100").className = "ui red label";
    }
};
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
St. Aloysius Industrial Training Institute (SAITI) in Mangalore, Karnataka, India, was established by the Society of Jesus in 1981.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

Colleges of Mangalore University
Jesuit universities and colleges in India
Universities and colleges in Mangalore
Educational institutions established in 1981


text:
On Saterday evening 29 april 2017 the history program Andere Tijden pays attention to the Battle of Groningen. In recent decades Hardly any attention has been paid to the severe battle
In the aftermath of the Second World War in the town and province Groningen. Many years ago from my father I've got this book published in 1945 about the battle of Groningen. The photographs show a destroyed downtown. But in the Netherlands only the Battle of Arnhem got wide fame. One did not know better that the war in the spring of 1945 was ended soon and the Netherlands was quickly liberated in the weeks preceding 5 May 5 1945.
Book about the liberation of Groningen my father bought in 1945. He wrote his signature and Then address in it.
In 1960 my father kept a newspaper article about the liberation of Groningen I found in that book.
Recording for the program Andere Tijden at Paterswoldseweg 188 Groningen, where on 13 april 1945 the tank of Fred Butterworth, belonging of tankregiment Fort Gerry Horse, was hit by a German Panzerfaust. He was killed in action. Een plaquette on the facade reminds of this event.
Recording for the history program Andere Tijden on Paterswoldseweg at Groningen.
The young enthusiastic Joël Stoppels from Groningen heard the stories about the war and liberation of Groningen on his 14th. He was caught by it. In recent years he had acces to the Canadian War Archives and gained a very good picture of the course of the liberation of the north of the Netherlands through his study of various allied operations during the Second World War in the Netherlands. To him it became clear that dispite the fall of Nazi Germany the Germans were in no way planning to surrender. The canadians had the illusion to capture the city of Groningen within one day and the liberation of the rest of the province could be done quickly. But the reality was completely different. A severe battle developed, destroying the city of Groningen. House fighting, man to man. The battle lasted 4 days. 13 up to 16 april 1945. More than 40 soldiers were killed. Afther the war a Canadian soldier sighed "The fights in Groningen were the worse of the whole war".
The Canadian veteran Stan Butterworth (92) about the loss of his brother Fred during the Battle of Groningen.
After capturing the town the final battle moved to the countryside of Groningen near Delfzijl. Villages like Wagenborgen and Appingedam layd under fire from the coastal batteries at Delfzijl and Termunten. Only after heacy fighting towns and districts were liberated. Only after 2nd May 1945 the battle ended and Delfzijl was liberated. Just a few days before the German capitulation.
Recording for the program Andere Tijden at the Nansum bunker.
Joel Stoppels founded Battlefield Tours. Through the Battlefield Tours he wants to share the knowledge with people who are interested in World War II. "The hard battle in the Netherlands deserves not to be forgotten," says Stoppels. Under the name of Battlefield Tours Groningen he started his summer tours in the summer of 2012. For students of secondary education and upper secondary education, Joel brings to life the personal history of liberation with various educational programs. The young war historian considers it important that the memory of the war be kept alive. The generation that has resulted in it is getting smaller. For young people it is important that they know that freedom is not just something. There was very hard fighting in the Second World War. Joel Stoppels is a member of the International Guild of Battlefield Guides, badgenumber 70.
Together with my wife Elly (left on the photograph) we got to know Joël by the association Friends of the Airborne Museum with whom he works together. We made several city walks with him in Groningen and made two battlefield tours in the area of Delfzijl-Pocket.
In recent years Joël Stoppels was on TV in the broadcast of the regional channels RTV Noord en Oog TV in recent years. In 2015, he played an important role in the re-enactment of the Battle of Groningen on Paterswoldseweg and Grote Markt.
He reaches a next highlight in his quest to raise awareness of the Battle of Groningen, when the History Program Andere Tijden (Other Times) pays attention to this subject in its television broadcast on Saturday evening, April 29, 2017. In co-operation with Joël Stoppels. Prior to this broadcast on NPO1, there will be a premiere in the Molenberg at Delfzijl on 28 April. More reports on ARS Website,
Canadians with pipes and drums on Herebrug at Groningen
German soldiers surrender to the Canadians at Delfzijl station.
Uitwierderweg Delfzijl 2 May 1945


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Q. What's the difference between fish oil and cod liver oil?
Written by Catherine Saxelby on Tuesday, 08 October 2013.
Fish oil and cod liver oil are two different oils even though they both come from fish and have a similar fatty acid profile.
Fish oil is extracted from the flesh of tuna, herring, cod and other deep-sea oily fish species. It's rich in omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA but doesn't have much vitamin A or D.
Cod liver oil comes from the liver of the cod fish. It has less omega-3s but is very rich in vitamins A and D. It was routinely spooned out to children in the 1960s as a source of vitamin D in northern Europe where sunlight is limited during their long winters. And it may return to fashion again given the increasing reports of borderline deficiency of vitamin D now appearing.
Some people take cod liver oil in winter when they spend less time outdoors so don't make their own vitamin D from sunshine, then switch to fish oil in summer so as to not take in more vitamin D than they need.
If you like numbers, cod liver oil contains less EPA and DHA (around 8% EPA and 10% DHA) than fish oil (at 18%EPA and 12%DHA).
If you're pregnant, too much vitamin A can potentially cause birth defects so it's one vitamin to watch so as not to overdose. So to be on the safe side, stick to the safe upper limit of 10,000IU (3000mcg) per day – cod liver oils carry a warning about not exceeding this limit during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
2,500IU (750mcg) Vitamin A which is the entire day's recommended intake for women but under for pregnancy and breastfeeding (the RDI is 700mcg for women rising to 800mcg during pregnancy and 1100mcg when breastfeeding – see below).
320IU (8mcg) of Vitamin D which is more than the day's intake for adults aged to 50 years (which is 5mcg) and half that of people over 50 (which is 15mcg).
So if you're pregnant, stick to their suggested 4ml teaspoon a day (or other label intakes) and you'll be fine.
mcg stands for micrograms which are one-thousandth of a milligram.
IU stands for International Units.
Q. Are fish oil capsules safe if I'm allergic to fish? If not, how do I get omega-3s?


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text:
using namespace std;

int main() {
	int nCases, nCase, blocksOfFive, blocksOfTree, remainingDigitSpace;
	cin >> nCases;
	while (nCases--) {
		cin >> nCase;
		blocksOfFive = nCase / N_FIVE_DIGITS;
		remainingDigitSpace = nCase - (blocksOfFive * N_FIVE_DIGITS);
		while (remainingDigitSpace % N_THREE_DIGITS != 0 && blocksOfFive != 0) {
			blocksOfFive--;
			remainingDigitSpace += N_FIVE_DIGITS;
		}
		if (remainingDigitSpace % N_THREE_DIGITS != 0) {
			cout << "-1" << endl;
		}
		else {
			blocksOfTree = remainingDigitSpace / N_THREE_DIGITS;
			for (int i = 0; i < blocksOfFive;i++) {
				cout << "555";
			}
			for (int i = 0; i < blocksOfTree; i++) {
				cout << "33333";
			}
			cout << endl;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Big Q – How do you observe Lent?
In our house we don't usually give things up for Lent, but several years ago, my husband decided to stop driving over the speed limit for the forty days leading up to Easter. He reasoned that slowing down might give him more reflection time in the car. But the other cars on the road were no more intent on practicing patience, and by the second week our kids were begging for him to let mom do the driving. In the end we were mostly just glad to return to driving that extra five miles per hour over the limit that we all know won't get us pulled over. But it did cause me to consider other ways I could clear out space to prepare for Easter.
Ash Wednesday is a month away, and the Companion wants to hear what spiritual practices Covenanters engage in during Lent. Do you make space for a Lenten devotional, enter into a spiritual discipline such as prayer or fasting, or find ways to serve others? How do you observe Lent?
Post your response here or email editors@covchurch.org. We'll publish a selection of responses in our next issue.
Linda Sladkey is an editorial assistant at the Companion and a member of Naperville Covenant Church, Illinois. She and her husband, David, have a bucket list to ride their bikes together in all fifty states.
I try to give up those attitudes and behaviors I think God wants me to give up: anxiety, demeaning thoughts about others, materialism, short snide answers, and frustration when people or situations aren't as I'd planned. It's head and heart work which I find much more difficult than giving up chocolate.


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The election of a Honduran Armed Forces chief to a full term in office could mark the beginning of a shift in Honduran attitudes toward the United States' Central America policy. This shift could ultimately reduce Honduras's role in supporting the US policy of backing the Nicaraguan contra rebels, Western diplomats say. The Honduran Congress's near-unanimous vote to give Gen. Humberto Regalado Hern'andez a three-year term as head of the Honduran military is not expected to presage any immediate changes in Honduran policy and came as no surprise. General Regalado was first named to the position last February to fill the unexpired term of his predecessor, who was ousted in a barracks coup.
But to win, Regalado had to agree to share power with a group of officers who, some foreign diplomats say, are less supportive of US policy than the outgoing military leadership, although most officers are anxious to see the Sandinista government in Managua overthrown.
As part of his deal, it is expected that a routine reorganization of the Honduran military in early January will give these officers key posts in the military command structure giving them a dominant voice in the formation of Honduran military policy, an informed source says.
Even after five years of civilian rule, the military is still the most powerful organization in Honduras.
The largest contra group is based in Honduras and is dependent on the support of the Honduran military. The Army does everything from preventing snooping journalists from reaching the contra camps to providing security for rebel arms shipments through Honduras.
If the US were to lose Honduran support, the US's contra effort would be doomed.
According to a Western diplomat here, Regalado was the US's first choice for the high-profile position after the previously-favored candidate was forced out of the military hierarchy last summer.
The US influenced Honduran military thinking by frequently raising Regalado's name as a qualified candidate for a full term, the diplomat said. The Hondurans, knowing that the US holds the purse strings to millions of dollars worth of military and economic aid that Honduras cannot afford to reject, took the hint, the diplomat added. Thus Regalado's Dec. 29 election by the Honduran Congress was the rubber stamp of a decision made some time ago by Honduras's top officers.
To stay in office, Regalado had to agree to share power with a group of officers from the so-called Sixth Promotion, a group of unified younger soldiers, freezing out the older and more diverse Fifth Promotion. The promotion numbers refer to the officers' graduating class from the Honduran military academy.
Regalado won the position on condition that he act as a figurehead for the Sixth Promotion and not try to actively rule the military, which is what caused the two previous officers in the position to lose their jobs, foreign diplomats and local political analysts said.
The officers from the Sixth Promotion ``are less inclined to follow unquestioningly US policy in Central America,'' the Western diplomat said.
A second Western diplomat said the Sixth's reluctance to blindly accept the US lead stems from the officers having held field commands where they saw how US contra policy hurts Honduras. Almost since the contras began operation in southern Honduras, the area has been the scene of clashes between Sandinista and contra troops. The fighting has forced thousands of civilians to flee and many have been killed and wounded by Sandinista artillery bombardments and land mines planted in Honduran territory.
The second diplomat said any opposition from the Sixth to the contras would not be manifested in demands that the contras be expelled at once from Honduras. Rather, the complaints about Honduras's ever-more public role would help prompt the US to reevaluate the efficacy of the contra program.


text:
The New, Improved, and Politically Correct Spiderman
By McCullough Wednesday August 3, 2011
New Yorkers take their fictional heroes seriously, so it may come as a shock to some that Peter Parker, the Queens native whose destiny was forever altered by a radioactive/genetically altered spider, has been killed off in the "Ultimates" imprint of Marvel Comics. The Ultimate series is different from Marvel's standard line, in which Peter Parker is still happily toiling away as everybody's favorite hard-luck hero. No, in the Ultimates series, Peter Parker gets killed at the hands of his nemesis the Green Goblin. But, being a comic book series, no hero stays dead for long. While Peter Parker may be gone, a new kid is stepping into the tights: Miles Morales. Miles Morales is a half-black, half-Hispanic super-powered teen who gets into the hero game after being inspired by Parker's death.
"He's younger than Peter Parker, he's coming from a completely different background, a completely different world view," writer Brian Michael Bendis told the Associated Press. Bendis, who has been writing Ultimate Spider-Man (and many other) comics for Marvel since 2000, is enthusiastic about the change. "I'm now sitting with a pile of legitimately new Spider-Man stories to tell and that is the best news a writer could have."
Sign of the times, eh?
deowll says:
Yep, honkeys are obsolete.
Mac Guy says:
Big deal. Here's my superhero:
http://youtube.com/watch?v=SMCki0Z_AlA
alt173 says:
Hey, I'm all for Equal Opportunity when it comes to getting bit by radio-active spiders. I wonder what gives this kid his 'powers' to be spider-like…
Rip says:
it's not new spiderman, spiderman is still spiderman in the real world of marvel. it's also based on donald glover and him wanting to be spiderman in the movie reboot.
jccalhoun says:
Superheroes die and are replaced all the time. Name a superhero and there's a good chance that at some time or another they have been replaced. Just off the top of my head I can list Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash, Green Lantern, Captain America, Iron Man, and Thor. And at one time or another Green Lantern and Iron Man were both replaced by African Americans in the main continuity instead of a secondary one. Heck, right now Batman is Dick Grayson and Captain America is Bucky (although I think that just changed back).
Dallas says:
He needs to be fatter and from New Delhi
moss says:
Politically correct in 2011?
He'd have teabags hanging off his nipples, red-white-and-blue striped foxtails on his Harley – and go to a Baptist Bible college.
Gildersleeve says:
Now now, you write for your audience. How old are you guys, anyway?
jbenson2 says:
And [drum role please], taking the starring role in the new Spiderman movie, scheduled for release in 2013 – the former President of the USA.
Ah_Yea says:
Let's see if this makes it past 5 issues.
Mac Guy,
In # 5 pedro said: What's next, a biographic movie of MLK played by Fred Thompson?
John Boehner's such a self-righteous, self-aggrandizing delusional putz, I bet he can just picture his mush on Superman's shoulders.
Only, he imagines crowds cheering as he kicks in doors to evict poor people from their tenements and waves a writ of eminent domain in their cowering faces and yelling at them to "Get the fuck out, lowly scum!" to make way for a new parking lot*.
At his side is his trusty companion the exhumed corpse of Senator Ted Stevens who's actually cheap as shit and is not likely to stab him in the back, like he would.
Feeling like St. Patric chasing the serpents out of Ireland Boehner cackles as he puts the boot in while throwing an old woman to the ground and grinding her face into the dirt.
Meanwhile Obama Man is nowhere to be seen. (He left for the Clinton Compound in Haiti, where he and the misses are shuckin' an jivin', overseeing the plantation slaves.)
*) A parking lot requires no expenditure, apart from a crew with a wrecking ball and a bulldozer, (which is good because there's no money left except those worthless US dollars.)
It's always nice to have a back up job, especially after getting laid off in 2012.
Scroll down to see photos of Captain Kickass
http://goo.gl/GvUGf
And the Captain Kickass movie
http://goo.gl/s3N3D
Heh, heh.
Well, Peter Parker was friends with Harry Osborn who became a villain. I guess casting Obama as spiderman isn't too far fetched considering who Obama's friends are!
Kwazy says:
Gosh! Notice how he even LOOKS like Our Dear Leader.
Drive By Poster says:
According to another article, they're leaving open the possibility of him being gay to boot.
Please note that they say he was "inspired by spiderman's death", rather than his life as a hero. "Honkey-boy done got snuffed. That mean's his Colors are up for grabs! I call Dibs!"
Let's see if he truly represents his mixed ethnicity: his latino mother entered America illegally, his dad left his mother early on, one of his black grand parents was active in the black civil rights movement, and his black great uncle will have been/still is a Black Panther, he's paranoid about "The Man", he follows the "8 fold path of Blackness" (that really exists, btw – it was on Obama's pal reverend Wright's church website at one point as I saw it myself straight from that site), he'll have a criminal record as a prepubescent gang member in training for which he did time in juvie hall (aka, "got street cred"), he'll know 287 people off hand with various dysfunctions and/or addictions, and 80% of his friends have been or will be in jail at some point for various crimes, he watches MSNBC. Oh, and he dropped out of middle school with an F+.
Traaxx says:
What no part jew, part arab, part pineapple. Diversity is strength, just like Yugoslavia, or would that be like Sunni/Shite Iraq or would be like any of the multi-tribe African nation that butcher each other every few years.
Typical BS from the utra-Globalist commies that what to bring the days of Stalin's purges and Mao's Great Leap Revolutions or just Pol Pots reeducation campaigns back to life and punish all the evil Western People that don't jump when they say jump. What crap, the commies are so eager for the demise of the white European that you can see the serial numbers being stamped on our foreheads and led to the camp gas chambers. Revenge of the Semitic race? or just all the little wantabe Royal Aristocrats passing their commie party positions father to son, like North Korea and President King George Bush or Hussein Obama Bush/Clinton.
This fantasy fiction is just part of the delusion of the Demoncrats/Repulicrats and why I'm against paying any more taxes irrespective of the cause or reason, no one more half-cents, no one is to pass.
"Don't Tread On Me"
Whatever………………………………..
Traaxx
I am not bothered by this. It is better than watching a Peter Parker origins story over and over again. Besides, it is in the Ultimate Universe where Marvel can do experimental things with their comic books.
Seriously, what is there to be so upset about?
I am surprised Bobbo hasn't weighed in.
He's too busy bothering someone else.
Watch, this new Spiderman gets killed by the Evil Doc Teabag in December 2012.
Glenn E. says:
Proving that printed fantasies are just a business. And not some expression of morality and ethics, for the good of mankind. Whatever market has the spare cash to buy these publications. Dictates their latest costumed hero. Someday it'll be a Hispanic or Chinese Superman, or Batman. Or whoever currently has a job. Clearly, fewer Caucasian Americans do, if comic books are catering to other "markets" now, by replacing the original characters, with their own ethic heroes. And this new Spiderman is a racial mix, at that. Just to fill a wider market. In case one isn't enough.
And I hear that Stan Lee is still working on the first gay superhero, for British Tv (not SF and NYC cable?) No word on what "his" super power will be. You can only imagine. But it probably won't be related this the character's "lifestyle". After all, Superman's power wasn't to make people want to read the Daily Planet. But I just can't see creating a new superhero, based on 3% of the world population. By that stretch of logic, there ought to be a Native American super hero. How many casinos do they need to run, to get one?
Cursor_ says:
I don't care.
Spiderman was a wuss always bemoaning should he do this or do that anyway.
Shit or get off the pot.
Cursor_
BTW, as someone pointed out on another blog, why aren't there more (or any?) left-handed super heroes? Isn't a 10% market share enough of a target audience? If a 3% market gets a gay super hero? And BTW, I'm thinking the "gay" aspect will be the character's secret identity. While being openly Super.
#24 "And I hear that Stan Lee is still working on the first gay superhero, for British Tv"
Stan Lee's probably going to retcon Stripperella as a Lesbian with a cockney accent.
ActualComicBookReader says:
"And I hear that Stan Lee is still working on the first gay superhero"
-His name is Northstar, and he's been in the Marvel Universe for years.
Guys, this is not about PC, this is about rebooting the Marvel Universe. Is anyone mad that the Punisher's tale has been rebooted so that he ALLOWS his family to be killed in order to have an excuse to become a soldier again? Hardly PC.
If you haven't been reading Marvel comics for at least a few years, please do so before judging the motivations of the writers and/or company.
McCullough says:
Ambiguously Gay Duo?
Well, the Census showed "Lily White" America is GETTING A TAN !!! So it's smart for the Comics to follow !!!
Faxon says:
Purpleman.
Angel H. Wong says:
The last time I saw this many old men argue about a boy with sticky white goo on his hands it was at a NAMBLA rally.
The0ne says:
Sounds like typical of teenagers these days, especially the Asian ones.
"I'm of Chinese, Filipino, Dutch, Russian, etc…" BS, you're fcking Hmong, period. Live with it idiot.
That's what I tell my nephews and nieces with the f word of course. Half black and half hispanic? Seriously, that is really f-up.


The jail and Jerry O'D's.
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Halloween is a fun time. It is time for some scary music, delicious food and good horror movies. It is hard to ignore the horror part of Halloween though some may decide to celebrate it in a delightful or hilarious way. If creating a Halloween movie is in your mind, then we have simplified your process. In this article, we are going to share a brief guide about how to make a scary Halloween video in detail.
Filmora just released free Halloween effects for Halloween; check the video below to get more information.
Before you decide to make a scary movie, it is important for you to come up with a great idea. Do you want to color your face or want to make your eyes bleed? Do you want to zip open your face or want to look like a zombie? You can find some inspiration from the Internet, or take the help of some tutorials that can help you reach to a decision.
Horror movies are famous because of their villians, their roles, character and set up. Therefore, to make a good horror movie, you need to come up with a good script with has horror and follows a structured approach. You must start your movie with a great opening. Because to grab the interest of the audience, it needs to have a good beginning. Set-up remains another factor, which affect the overallquality of the movie. Hence, think of atrocious places- some old creepy house, woods, cabin or abandoned houses.
To let your message get displayed correctly, it is imperative for you to recruit the right cast. Always cast those who have good experience in acting and are not afraid of working for long hours. Horror movies are known for their inconceivable acting skills, therefore recruit the right cast that can take the entire film on their shoulders.
As you are creating a horror film, therefore, your focus should always be on knowing what scares the people most. A good horror movie creates a sense of dread and leaves with some unforgettable dreadful memories. While shooting, you should focus on adding suspense to your film. It could be using a camera at different angles, ominous lightning, ticking sound and loud scary noises. You need to shoot and deliver scenes in a powerful way that takes away the breath of the viewers.
A good horror movie always increases the heart rate of the viewers. Therefore, bring the idea that has something unexpected. You can use a variety of shots that are effective and powerful in story telling. If you are planning to work with blood, you should know the physics of how blood flows and works. This is important for you to adopt a rightful science to set the mood of the film. Though working with blood is a messy task and you may require taking various shots to get the perfect shot. But it is the hard work that pays at the end. You could also practice beforehand how to work with blood and how to use and control the movement of blood. You can take several test shots to ensure it is working the right way.
People have seen various horror movies and to make your movie stand out of the others, you need to create a shock. You need to be more innovative with your script and more thoughtful about your scenes to give it an outstanding touch.
The primary stage of the editing is pre production. Without a good cameraman, your entire shot can get ruined and without a good director, you scenes can get messed up. And it is the editor that manages all the scenes to help you create a masterpiece. To make your video professionally sound, you need to give proper attention towards all these factors as they play a major role. To create an excellent video, you need to have an intelligent script, experienced cameraman, good audio work and seasoned directing skills.
A professional video editing can help you create a masterpiece and win over the interest and attention of the viewers. Here, we recommend you to try Wondershare Filmora. With Filmora, you could edit Halloween video with scary background music, horror sound effects, Halloween special effects etc. Apart from the scary pumpkin breaking screen effects, Sadako ghost effects, and the skeleton breaking screen effects, you can download more Halloween Video Footage Here .
To achieve perfect flows in the video editing process is through cuts. It is itself not difficult, but you need to be little careful. Timing is vital. Filmora allows you to trim and cut videos frame by frame. To make your video run perfect, you need to cut shots at the perfect time. Sound editing can improve the overall quality of your video. You can adjust sound levels, replace sound track or synchronize audio clips to make them look more intended and coherent. Right video editing is about blending images and sound in a way that the viewer feels emotionally connected and sometimes there in the film while watching. It is the major aspect to the video creation process.
Making a horror video is not easy; it should be scary enough to match the theme of Halloween. You need to know the proper process and put some extra efforts to make the creepiest one. All its elements like script, music, genre and protagonists should be focused for having the best scary effects. By keeping in mind your audience, you can write the script and add the effects. For instance, whether they will be children, adults or old people, as every group will be scared of different things.
No need to worry if you are not creative much to write the script, you can get it done by someone. But be aware of the musical effects and the actors. Music is the most prominent factor that adds the most to the scariness of the video. Music can make the non-horror video a horror one, then think how scary your Halloween video can be, if both scary script and scary music are combined together.


text:
And(/^an email should be sent to "(.*?)" as notification of the request for admin status of "(.*?)"$/) do |email, org_name|
  message = "There is a user waiting for superadmin approval to #{org_name}"
  mails = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.select{|m| m.to.include? email}
  expect(mails).not_to be_empty
  bodys = mails.map{|m| m.body}.select{|body| body.include? message }
  expect(bodys).not_to be_empty
end

Then(/^an email should be sent to "(.*?)" as notification of the signup by email "(.*?)"$/) do |superadmin_email, user_email|
  message = "A new user with the email #{user_email} has signed up on Harrow Community Network."
  mails = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.select{|m| m.to.include? superadmin_email}
  expect(mails).not_to be_empty
  bodys = mails.map{|m| m.body}.select{|body| body.include? message }
  expect(bodys).not_to be_empty
end

And /^I should receive a "(.*?)" email$/ do |subj|
  mails = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
  expect(mails).not_to be_empty
  subjects = mails.map(&:subject)
  expect(subjects).to include subj
end

And /^I should not receive an email$/ do
  ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size.should eq 0
end

And /^the email queue is clear$/ do
  ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
end

Given(/^I run the fix invitations rake task$/) do
  require "rake"
  @rake = Rake::Application.new
  Rake.application = @rake
  Rake.application.rake_require "tasks/fix_invites"
  Rake::Task.define_task(:environment)
  @rake['db:fix_invites'].invoke
end

Given(/^I import emails from "(.*?)"$/) do |file|
  require "rake"
  @rake = Rake::Application.new
  Rake.application = @rake
  Rake.application.rake_require "tasks/emails"
  Rake::Task.define_task(:environment)
  @rake['db:import:emails'].invoke(file)
end