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The BlogEvolutionscienceprotein
Network Evolution: How Natural Genetic Engineering Builds Circuits in the Genome
A major advance in our understanding of heredity and genetics is recognizing that organism characters are produced by networks and not by individual "gene products."
James Shapiro, Contributor
Professor of Microbiology at the University of Chicago
Jun 14, 2012, 12:44 PM EDT | Updated Aug 14, 2012
A major advance in our understanding of heredity and genetics is recognizing that organism characters are produced by networks and not by individual "gene products." The idea of single-gene determination of phenotypic traits has yielded to systems biology.
As my friend Adam Wilkins expressed it writing about the features of multicellular organisms: "A mutation that affects a developmental process does so by affecting either a gene whose product acts as an upstream controlling element, an intermediary connecting link, or as a downstream output of the network that governs the trait's development." Multimolecular networks carry out every kind of vital activity. These include metabolism, biosynthesis, damage repair, sensing, signaling, cell division, cell differentiation, tissue formation and multicellular development.
In the early days of molecular biology, theorists like Francis Crick imagined that we could have a cellular division of labor where certain kinds of molecules (nucleic acids or DNA and RNA) provided the information and encoded the proteins, which did all the work. This was the basic idea behind his famous "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" and underlies genetic determinism, the philosophy that "your genes are your destiny."
We now have a more sophisticated view and realize that cell networks involve different interacting molecular partners: proteins, DNA, RNA and many other biochemical classes. These partners fit together, modify each other's shapes (and sometimes even chemical composition), and combine to build higher-order structural complexes. Think of it as molecular Legos.
All the interactions between the various components determine what job each network does and how it processes regulatory information essential to making the task come out right for survival, growth and reproduction. It is a form of molecular circuitry, analogous to electronics, where different pieces are put together in defined arrangements for specific tasks.
Each functional network has its own architecture. The components are usually encoded by many different parts of the genome, and some of them are often particular DNA sequences located at different places. In order to execute most vital processes, for instance, dozens of proteins have to locate hundreds of discrete sites in the genome to produce the various molecules needed.
Switching from gene-based to network-based thinking raises many questions about how complex interactive networks change in the course of evolution. We know that certain types of networks have been copied and reused in modified form to take on new tasks in the course of evolution. Multicellular organisms emerged with organized body plans that have become increasingly complicated. Orchids have proliferated countless exotic and beautiful flowers. An eye development network has been adapted to control wing patterns in butterflies.
How do genomes encoding complex networks evolve to provide novel functions in any reasonable period of time? According to the conventional view of evolution as a random succession of independent, localized, slight changes, each providing its own selective advantage, the evolutionary process appears hopelessly slow and subject to taking too many steps backwards before it takes one forward.
The ideal solution would be rapid ways of copying and modifying the DNA encoding the network components on a wholesale basis. Although such processes were ruled out a priori by the founders of conventional evolutionary theory, they are just what molecular biologists studying DNA change and genome sequences have discovered: duplication and natural genetic engineering processes for amplifying and distributing DNA encoding network components throughout the genome.
In other words, natural genetic engineering is a way to build molecular circuits, Lego-like, rapidly. Let us see how this works and some of what has been documented so far.
The first step is often, but not always, duplication of the entire genome. This is one of the evolutionary benefits of sexual reproduction because rare couplings, either within a species or between different species, produce individuals that have undergone whole genome doubling (WGD). WGD has been documented in yeasts, other fungi, protists, and even vertebrates. WGD is extremely common in plants and is now recognized as a major factor in Darwin's "abominable mystery," the rapid diversification of seed plants.
One advantage of WGD is that it automatically duplicates all cell networks, thus having one copy to do its original job and leaving another free to adopt a new task.
Further steps have to include rewiring the proteins, DNA sites and RNA molecules in new ways. For proteins, as we discussed in a previous blog, the rewiring is facilitated by the modular organization of proteins into domains. Since molecular interactions are domain-specific, domain swapping can change the connectivity of a protein to other proteins or to DNA.
DNA recognition sites are often carried on a particular class of natural genetic engineering tools called "mobile elements," which can duplicate themselves and move in one step to new locations in the genome. Many network-specific interaction sites have been localized to various mobile element types, and their role in functional networks has been documented, including one needed for pregnancy. The capacity of mobile elements to coordinate distant genetic loci was first described 55 years ago by Barbara McClintock.
We know less about regulatory RNAs because our recognition of their importance is so recent. But the available evidence identifies mobile elements as a major source of these so-called "non-coding" RNA molecules. Many mobile elements are highly variable and can modify and then disperse regulatory RNA sequences rapidly.
In this blog, we have seen that molecular biology has taught us deep lessons about two aspects of genome function:
(1)Genomes influence organism characteristics by encoding networks in a distributed fashion, not by the "one gene - one trait" model envisaged by early 20th Century genetics pioneers;
(2)Genomes change structure by rapid duplication and natural genetic engineering events that can happen at multiple locations (or even over the entire genome) in a short period of time.
What I find gratifying is that both these 21st-century ways of thinking about the genome fit so well in elaborating an evolutionary scenario. Although the scenario contains many gaps, the DNA record gives confidence that it points us in the right direction.
Evolutionscienceproteinnatural-genetic-engineeringnetwork


Alvarsson, Jan-Åke (1988). The Mataco of the Gran Chaco: An Ethnographic Account of Change and Continuity in Mataco Socio-Economic Organization. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, no. 11. Uppsala and Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Fock, Niels (1982). "History of Mataco Folk Literature and Research." In Folk Literature of the Mataco Indians, edited by Johannes Wilbert and Karin Simoneau, 1-33. Los Angeles: University of California, Latin American Center.
Métraux, Alfred (1946). "Ethnography of the Chaco." In Handbook of South American Indians , edited by Julian Steward. Vol. 1, The Marginal Tribes, 197-370. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Ortíz Lema, Edgar (1986). Los mataco noctenes de Bolivia. La Paz and Cochabamba: Editorial Los Amigos del Libro.


You can now free your drainage system of amassing particles and clogs using 24/7 Drainage Silver-Hill's specialised drainage clearance service. Our many years of operation in the drainage industry means that we bring immense expertise to the table to give your drainage system a thorough and lasting clean. Your drainage system will be free-flowing again when you contract 24/7 Drainage Silver-Hill.
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24/7 Drainage Silver-Hill has been tested and proven to be a provider of quality drainage clearance in Silver-Hill'that's why we made their listing. To remain listed, we are charged with following certain strict regulations set by the body.
Our aim at 24/7 Drainage Silver-Hill is to help to affordably get your pipework free-flowing again, not to drain your bank account. We don't inflate our rates; neither do we subject our customers to hidden charges. To deliver on this promise of cost-effectiveness in our drainage clearance service in Silver-Hill, we use specialised equipment. These tools make for precision, help us minimise the time spent on each drainage clearance job, and thus reduce costs.
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The Australian visa application process is very structured and based on laws, regulations, policy and legislative instruments. Application processing timeframes differ significantly by visa type. Immigration has a priority processing tier, under which visa applications which yield the greatest benefit to the country (skilled visas) will be assessed quicker than those with little benefit (family visas).
Within the temporary and permanent residence programs, there are currently approximately 188 visas known as 'subclasses'.
The Business Innovation stream, for people with business skills who want to establish, develop and manage a new or existing business in Australia. Applicants must be nominated by a state or territory government.
The Investor stream, for people who want to make a designated investment of at least AUD 1.5 million in an Australian state or territory and maintain business and investment activity in Australia. Applicants must be nominated by a state or territory government.
The Significant Investor stream, for people who are willing to invest at least AUD 5 million into complying significant investments in Australia and want to maintain business and investment activity in Australia. Applicants must be nominated by a state or territory government or Austrade on behalf of the Australian government.
The Premium Investor stream, for people who are willing to invest at least AUD 15 million into complying premium investments in Australia and want to maintain business and investment activity in Australia. Applicants must be nominated by Austrade on behalf of the Australian government. You must submit an Expression of Interest and be nominated by a state or territory government or Austrade on behalf of the Australian government before being invited to apply for this visa.


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Marnus Roodbol, EWT Carnivore Conservation Programme Field Officer, marnusr@ewt.org.za
I am living my lifelong dream. I am part of an exciting project intended to understand and protect Africa's most iconic species, the African Lion, within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). The GLTFCA, which includes Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa, and Limpopo National Park (LNP) in Mozambique, is one of the ten remaining Lion strongholds in Africa. I have been blessed to travel through most of southern and east Africa, but Mozambique was one for the books – the multiple police and army stops along the way, the non-existent road structures, and some of the kindest and friendliest people in the world. Everybody is just trying to make a living. Arriving at Limpopo National Park, I was rather impressed by its unique beauty which is that of raw nature. Few parks in Africa still contain that rugged beauty that requires some elbow grease and sweat to see the potential. The park is directly opposite the world-famous Kruger National Park; however, it is seen and known as the ugly sister or the "underdog". The biodiversity is the same as in the Kruger Park, yet it doesn't attract near as many tourists as the KNP. I like supporting the underdog though, as I tend to see similar qualities in myself at times (rough around the edges but just as full of fun).
I met many people working within this biosphere, some doing conservation research, others doing rather impressive anti-poaching work, having a significant impact in some regions of the reserve. During my time I was fortunate to spend many a night out in the bush with only a tent and two rangers, there to support and protect me from the constant threat of poacher activity within the park. We worked tirelessly daily, tracking lions on foot and searching from the sky in a tiny plane known as a "bat hawk", and we managed to find signs and occasionally catch sight of the Lions that we were looking for.
The next chapter, however, was the one that excited me the most. I was sad to leave magnificent Mozambique but was thrilled to begin my dream job working with Lions in the Kruger National Park. But as life goes, it seems that just when you settle into a rhythm and pick up speed, it gives you some obstacles to keep you grounded. A broken-down vehicle meant that I had to attempt the rather tricky and challenging feat of driving a vehicle 400 km back to Maputo with no steering support or ABS brakes. This was a challenge, but with the fantastic support of the EWT Head Office staff who arranged contacts, accommodation, and vehicle support, and I was ready to get back on the road in a couple of days.
On the eagerly awaited first day of collaring Lions, I was joined by my colleagues Yolan Friedmann, David Mills, and Grant Beverley, and we were extremely fortunate to collar one large lioness in the Shingwedzi district of the Kruger Park. The following day, a much smaller team ventured out yet again during the evening but failed to collar any new lions due to heavy winds and a bit of rain. Luckily one team did manage to remove a collar that had been placed on a male lion several years before our project by a previous researcher, so this male is now free after playing his part for conservation.
There were times when the nights felt lengthy as the evenings and early mornings melted together, and it was nearly impossible to sleep in a tent during the day time in the overwhelming heat. Nevertheless, we managed to collar several more lions over the next few days, and by the last call up, which began at 23:00, I drifted off into a light sleep as the pre-recorded sound of a distressed buffalo calf echoed through the still evening air (used to call up lions). Eventually, we called it quits around 02:00 and headed home, where we then nearly had a close encounter with a vehicle sitting next to some stationary Lions next to the gravel road. The two Shingwedzi boys were resting, on what we suspected was their mission to meet up with the female we had collared on the first evening.
All in all, the beginning of the project was successful, even though there were some glitches along the way. I guess the glitches are what build tolerance, patience, as well as wisdom, and are par for the course when working with wildlife.
This project is a partnership between the EWT, South African National Parks (SANParks), National Administration of Conservation Areas in Mozambique (ANAC), and the Peace Parks Foundation, with funding from the UK Government, through the International Wildlife Trade Challenge Fund.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Wiz Khalifa, właściwie Cameron Jibril Thomaz (ur. 8 września 1987 w Minot w Dakocie Północnej) – amerykański raper i piosenkarz.

Życiorys

Wczesne lata
Khalifa urodził się 8 września 1987 w mieście Minot w stanie Dakota Północna. Jego rodzice byli wojskowymi, rozwiedli się, gdy Wiz miał około trzy lata. Przez to, że jego rodzice pracowali w wojsku, nie miał on stałego miejsca pobytu, mieszkał m.in. w Niemczech czy Japonii. Uczęszczał do szkoły Taylor Allderdice High School w mieście Pittsburgh w stanie Pensylwania.

Kariera
Wiz wydał swój pierwszy mixtape, Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania w roku 2005. Doprowadziło to do tego, że rok później Thomaz wydał swój pierwszy longplayowy album pt. Show and Prove.

W 2007 roku dołączył do wytwórni Warner Bros. Records i wydał dwa mixtape'y: Grow Season i Prince of the City 2 przez Rostrum Records. Singel "Say Yeah" wydany przez Warner Bros. zadebiutował na 25. miejscu notowania Rhythmic Airplay Chart, jednak nie znalazł się na żadnym albumie. We wrześniu 2008, Wiz wydał swój kolejny mixtape pt. Star Power.

W lipcu 2009 Khalifa rozstał się z wytwórnią Warner Bros. po licznych opóźnieniach związanych z premierą nowego albumu. Kilka miesięcy później, w listopadzie wydał drugi solowy album zatytułowany Deal or No Deal. W kwietniu 2010 ukazał się darmowy mixtape Kush & Orange Juice. Trzecia płyta Rolling Papers, została wydana 29 marca 2011 roku nakładem wytwórni Atlantic Records. Singel "Black and Yellow" stał się wielkim przebojem i został zatwierdzony jako potrójna platyna. Album został zatwierdzony jako złoto. W połowie 2011 roku rozpoczął prace nad kolejnym albumem pt. O.N.I.F.C. Gościnnie pojawił się w singlowej piosence Maroon 5 "Payphone". Również w 2011 roku zakłada wytwórnie muzyczną Taylor Gang, do której m.in. należą: Ty Dolla Sign, Juicy J, Berner, oraz Chevy Woods.

6 kwietnia 2015 został opublikowany teledysk do utworu rapera zatytułowany "See You Again" z gościnnym udziałem piosenkarza Charliego Putha. Piosenka pochodząca ze ścieżki dźwiękowej do filmu fabularnego Szybcy i wściekli 7 Jamesa Wana odniosła znaczny sukces komercyjny. Latem 2016 roku wideoklip odnotował ponad 2 mld, a rok później ponad 3 mld odsłon na łamach serwisu YouTube W 2021 stał się czwartym teledyskiem, który przekroczył 5 mld wyświetleń.

Ożenił się z modelką Amber Rose, jednak para rozstała się. Khalifa ma z nią syna Sebastiana Taylora Thomaza. W 2018 media doniosły o związku rapera z modelką Winnie Harlow.

Dyskografia

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Oficjalna strona

Amerykańscy raperzy
Amerykańscy wokaliści hip-hopowi
Zdobywcy platynowych płyt
Ludzie związani z Pittsburghiem
Urodzeni w 1987

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Look at the new Supernatural bloopers of the final season [VIDEO]
ByTVserieswelove
Dec 9, 2020 Bloopers, Eric Kripke, Felicia Day, Jared Padalecki, Jensen Ackles, Jim Beaver, Misha Collins, Netflix, News, Samantha Smith, spn family, Supernatural, TV Series, Winchesters, zoom
On Tuesday large number of the Supernatural cast joined a Zoom call with Georgia's Stacey Abrams — who appears to be a big fan of the show — to raise money for Fair Fight, an organization founded by Abrams to fight voter suppression.
Made by Misha Collins, the Zoom followed the Supernatural creator Eric Kripke, cast members Jared Padalecki, Jensen Ackles, Jim Beaver, Felicia Day, Samantha Smith, and many, many more. Prior to the Zoom, Collins announced on Twitter that the event had already raised more than $106,000 for Fair Fight, and during the video, he gave an update when they hit $225,000.
The reunion featured the Supernatural family asking Abrams some questions before eventually hitting on some Supernatural trivia, and then, Collins rounded things out by sharing some never-before-seen bloopers from the series' final episodes.
You can watch the bloopers below:
Source: ew.com
Peaky Blinders star Alexander Siddig has detailed his "full on" experience filming the show
Lucifer season 5B: Here's How Many Episodes We're Getting
By TVserieswelove


In February 1921, Shozaburo Shimano opened Shimano Iron Works in Higashi Minato in Sakai City when he was 26 years old. On the site of a demolished celluloid factory, he rented a nearly 40-square-meter area. The monthly rent was 5 yen. At that time, the new establishment had only a single lathe, measuring about 1.8 meters long. He had borrowed that machine from Sano Iron Works, benefiting from his friendship with its owner.
Shimano introduces DURA-ACE AX 7300 which is aiming for reducing the aerodynamic drag at IFMA show at Koln in W.Germany.
DURA-ACE 7800 series is in the market. The DURA-ACE 7800 series components are developed with "For 100% Power Transmission Efficiency" as a catchword. This series consisted of 10-speed rear drive trains, HOLLOTECH Ⅱcranksets, ergonomic dual control levers, and other higher performance components.
Shimano STEPS ,the first components for power-assisted bicycle, is released.


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Complete Custom Graphics & Delivery Available.
Need somthing else? Call us today for a full list of options!
FOR AN EXTRA $5000 THE FOLLOWING IS AVAILABLE.


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What did you think?
How the Beatles Changed the World 2017
Official SiteIMDBTMDBFanart.tvJustWatchWikipedia
Set Profile Image
Runtime 109 mins
Director Tom O'Dell
Genres Documentary, Music
The fascinating story of the cultural, social, spiritual, and musical revolution ignited by the coming of the Beatles. Tracing the impact that these four band members had, first in their native Britain and soon after worldwide, it reappraises the band and follows their path from young subversives to countercultural heroes. Featuring fresh, revealing interviews with key collaborators as well as a wealth of rarely-seen archival footage, this documentary presents a bold new take on the most significant band in the history of music and their enduring impact on popular culture.
Add to history
Movie Cast
If you like How the Beatles Changed the World, check out...


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Răzvan Gabriel Petrariu (born 27 March 1995) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for teams such as FCM Bacău, SC Bacău or FC Voluntari.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bacău
Romanian footballers
Romania youth international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Liga II players
FCM Bacău players
Liga I players
FC Voluntari players


The Lysna Counter Stools belong to our CLASSIC CHAIR Collection of beautiful European inspired seating. Designed by LaForma, an international company renowned for their focus on design, quality and sustainability, these stools are made to be long-lasting. They are premium quality, high-end furniture pieces for your home, available at an affordable price. You cannot beat these stools for quality, value and timeless style.
Our CLASSIC CHAIR Collection is influenced by the time-honoured designs of the past, integrated with modern technology and fabrics. The result is seating that is visually appealing and designed for longevity.


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package ca.uhn.fhir.model.primitive;

import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.defaultString;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.isBlank;

import ca.uhn.fhir.model.api.BasePrimitive;
import ca.uhn.fhir.model.api.annotation.DatatypeDef;
import ca.uhn.fhir.model.api.annotation.SimpleSetter;

@DatatypeDef(name = "code", profileOf=StringDt.class)
public class CodeDt extends BasePrimitive<String> implements Comparable<CodeDt> {

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 */
	public CodeDt() {
		super();
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor which accepts a string code
	 */
	@SimpleSetter()
	public CodeDt(@SimpleSetter.Parameter(name = "theCode") String theCode) {
		setValue(theCode);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean isEmpty() {
		return super.isBaseEmpty() && isBlank(getValueAsString());
	}

	@Override
	public int compareTo(CodeDt theCode) {
		if (theCode == null) {
			return 1;
		}
		return defaultString(getValue()).compareTo(defaultString(theCode.getValue()));
	}

	@Override
	protected String parse(String theValue) {
		return theValue.trim();
	}

	@Override
	protected String encode(String theValue) {
		return theValue;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The bus now picks up parishioners at designated locations on the first and third Sunday of each month. A suggested $5 donation is appreciated to help us offset the increased costs of this service. For more information, contact Jolaine Liupakka in the parish office.
The bus schedule can be found here.


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Tag: Louie Kamookak
Paul Watson has given us a page turner of a tale!
Ice Ghosts: The Epic Hunt for the Lost Franklin Expedition begins with the preparations and 1845 departure of the Franklin Expedition to the Arctic in its quest to find the Northern Passage. The author paints a vivid portrait of the type of men who embarked upon a journey of daring and discovery hoping to return to a triumphant hero's welcome. The expedition had the blessing of the Queen and was enthusiastically followed by the British public but by 1848 it was clear that HMS Erebus and HMS Terror had run into trouble as they had disappeared without a trace. 129 men perished in one of the greatest naval mysteries of all time.
For more than 160 years, numerous missions were sent to find evidence of survivors or ascertain what had happened to the two ships and the men aboard. Lady Franklin, Sir John Franklin's widow, skirted around madness and nearly bankrupted herself in her single-minded crusade to find out what happened to her husband. It was nearly a decade before she even acknowledged he was dead. And for over a century it continued to be an obsession to find the two wrecks.
The story is frustrating not in its telling but because of the arrogance and overconfidence of the white men. The poor response by the Admiralty, the condescending and stubborn refusal to acknowledge the expertise of the Inuit who had been surviving in those unforgiving conditions for centuries, and the conceit and sole reliance on modern technology of 20th century explorers.
And then the story becomes even more interesting. Soon after the disappearance of the expedition the Inuit began telling stories of mysterious ships that would appear on the horizon, contact with men crossing the ice with makeshift sleds, of groups of men (and a dog) living on a ship, and burial sites. It is a fact, that the Inuit have known of the fate of the doomed Franklin Expedition for over a century. And yet no explorer took any of the stories, so important to the oral tradition of the indigenous peoples living above the Arctic Circle, seriously; they were dismissed as the superstitious yarns of a primitive race. The real hero of this story, in my opinion, is Louie Kamookak, the man who connected the Inuit oral history to the known facts of the Franklin expedition. Check out his website https://www.louiekamookak.com/. He tenaciously continues to document the oral histories and Inuit place names so they will not be lost! (Follow his blog and social media; he's amazing!)
It wasn't until the 21st century that explorers, scientists, marine archaeologists, and Inuit historians, and others began to combine their efforts leading to the eventual discovery of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror.
Watson gives vivid descriptions of the extreme cold, hostile, and isolated environment of the far north with its unceasing whiteness and where the atmosphere can play tricks on a person's senses. He depicts the lure of overcoming odds and the testing of endurance that mankind has sought in this unforgiving environment. This is a story that weaves all the nuances of past and present together and brings closer the divide between disparate groups of people to tell a heroic tale of sacrifice, boldness, and persistence.


Safely and easily removes rail dust, water spots, tar, bugs, paint overspray, scuff marks and more! Can be used up to 50 times. Works great when used with MRS-675 Clean & Shine as a lubricant. Don't use with plain water.


how to become a fit mom 10 Years ago I had the great opportunity in working with both Karen and her husband in what would be their 1st transformation. Over the course of the next 10 years Karen continued living the lifestyle and making positive choices staying in a good place.... A boutique model agency representing fitness and fit models in NYC.
Trainer Highlight Juliette Walle. Growing up outside of Boston, Juliette has been moving from a young age as a dancer, athlete and yogi. She has taught at some of NYC�s best studios and is so glad to have found a home at modelFIT.... Perfect Fit is the best kind of boutique agency: warm, welcoming and highly discerning on both the client and model side. I owe my career � which spans from designer denim to couture bridal gowns � to her, and to this agency.
Models earn more at higher-end fashion houses, and New York and Paris pay better than London, according to fit models and agencies. In Paris, a female fitting model at a luxury label can expect �125 to �250 (from $137 to $275) an hour, or �1,000 (over $1,100) for a day of showroom modelling at a brand like Christian Dior. how to draw a girl standind sidway MSA Models New York Model Talk Radio Interview Plus Size, Fit and Showroom Modeling Explained by MSA Models NYC. Susan Levine is President and CEO of MSA Models New York, a full-service model management company in the heart of New York City�s garment district.
The Fit Model is used by Technical Design to check the fit, drape and visual appearance of Fashion Design�s intent.... 17 days ago - save job - more... View all Lilly Pulitzer jobs in King of Prussia, PA - � how to become an asl interpreter in canada MSA Models New York Model Talk Radio Interview Plus Size, Fit and Showroom Modeling Explained by MSA Models NYC. Susan Levine is President and CEO of MSA Models New York, a full-service model management company in the heart of New York City�s garment district.
Trainer Highlight Juliette Walle. Growing up outside of Boston, Juliette has been moving from a young age as a dancer, athlete and yogi. She has taught at some of NYC�s best studios and is so glad to have found a home at modelFIT.
A boutique model agency representing fitness and fit models in NYC.
model of fitness We pioneered and customized an approach to mindful and dynamic movement that builds graceful strength and confident presence. Our studios work with members to move with purpose and on purpose by marrying mindful nutrition with mindful exercis e.


The mitigation and intervention techniques implemented in the Watershed Action Plan not only benefit the sustainable use of the Micro Hydro Power (MHP), also the ecological condition of the catchment area will improve as a whole. Due to the implemented measures, soil condition will sustainably be improved and thus economic benefit of the farmers will increase in the long run. It should be noted that also more complex interrelations of benefits exist, as shown in the example.
The protection of springs is crucial in order to provide a sustainable use of the MHP. Fencing of spring areas will furthermore improve water quality, since pollutants will be kept from the springs. Thus, the health situation of the people living in the catchment area might improve.
This page was last modified on 8 September 2014, at 14:05.


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Home/Person of Interest/Season 2/Episode 10/News/Page 1
News for Episode 10: Shadow Box
'Person of Interest' Episode 2.10 Preview: Is This Really The End of Reese?
Dec 14, 2012 | By Buddy TV | 0
Person of Interest season 2 airs its mid-season finale on Thursday, December 13 on CBS. The episode, called "Shadow Box," looks to be full of a lot of action and drama. But could it also spell the end to Reese? //www.buddytv.com/articles/person-of-interest/person-of-interest-episode-210-48697.aspx
[PREVIEW] Person of Interest Season 2 Episode 10 "Shadow Box"
Dec 13, 2012 | By maximiliano | 0
Person of Interest "Shadow Box" season 2 episode 10 airs Thursday December 13, 2012 (9pm ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Episode Synopsis: While the FBI refocuses their efforts to catch "The Man in the Suit," Reese's latest POI becomes a personal quest after he learns that she's the sister of a soldier who was killed in action , on a cliffhanger episode of PERSON OF INTEREST, Thursday, Dec. 13 (9:01 – 10:01 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Read More... //www.tvequals.com/2012/12/13/preview-person-of-interest-season-2-episode-10-shadow-box/
[PHOTOS] Person of Interest Season 2 Episode 10
Check out photos of Person of Interest "Shadow Box" season 2 episode 10 which airs Thursday December 13, 2012 (9pm ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network . Episode Synopsis: While the FBI refocuses their efforts to catch "The Man in the Suit," Reese's latest POI becomes a personal quest after he learns that she's the sister of a soldier who was killed in action, on a cliffhanger episode of PERSON OF INTEREST, Thursday, Dec. 13 (9:01 – 10:01 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Read More... //www.tvequals.com/2012/12/11/photos-person-of-interest-season-2-episode-10/
Tweets from Person of Interest


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WATCH LIVE: Bommarito Automotive Group 500, 9 p.m. ET on NBCSN
By Tony DiZinnoAug 26, 2017, 7:00 PM EDT
Photo: IndyCar
MADISON, Ill. – The Verizon IndyCar Series' final oval race of the season tonight marks the series' return to a revitalized Gateway Motorsports Park outside St. Louis in Madison, Ill., for the Bommarito Automotive Group 500 presented by Valvoline.
You can watch the 248-lap, 310-mile race from Gateway live on NBCSN (stream link here) from 9 p.m. ET, 8 p.m. CT and local time. It's the series' first race in Gateway since 2003.
The broadcast of Friday night's qualifying show starts at 7:30 p.m. ET on NBCSN, as a lead-in to live race coverage.
Kevin Lee is on the call from Gateway along with analysts Townsend Bell and Paul Tracy, with Jon Beekhuis, Katie Hargitt, Anders Krohn and Robin Miller in the pits.
IndyCar race coverage will run from 9 p.m. through midnight ET.
After qualifying, here's some of the questions to consider in Gateway:
Will the Team Penske weekend domination continue?
Can any of the Hondas spring a surprise?
Who will seize the momentum in the championship battle?
How will this race, race? Will there be a lot of passing?
Follow @TonyDiZinno


but I found the FPKM values are all 0 in my resulting transcripts.gtf file.
Could you please give me some tips/advices on how to calculate the FPKM values ?
[09:45:55] Inspecting reads and determining fragment length distribution.
8:122434259-126869624 Warning: Skipping large bundle.
Can you check the alignment statistic? E.g. how many reads are mapped to the genome? Have you try to ask cufflink to also output the raw read counts?
Can you check accepted_hits.bam file and see that you mapped a reasonable number of reads?
these days I was suffering from calculation of gene expression values (FPKM) based on RNA-seq data.
These commands will calculate FPKM values for each transcripts(genes), using transcripts IDs as identifiers, rather than something like "CUFF.2.2".


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Home » Grants » Health Equity Research Network (HERN) on Improving Access to Care and other Health Inequities in Rural America (cardiology)
American Heart Association (AHA)
Health Equity Research Network (HERN) on Improving Access to Care and other Health Inequities in Rural America (cardiology)
The Health Equity Research Network (HERN) on Improving Access to Care and other Health Inequities in Rural America research grant is funded by the American Heart Association (AHA) to support innovative research for solutions to meaningfully impact rural health disparities. The HERN on Rural Health will be a single network that will include multiple projects. Applicants must be AHA members. At least 25% of research team key personnel must be from a group or groups under-represented in science and medicine. The AHA will fund one HERN comprised of five projects and one Coordinating Center. Funding of up to 20 million USD, including 10% indirect costs, is available for 4 years.
Presubmissions are due on January 26, 2023, and invited full applications are due on April 4, 2023.
Intended for: Clinical fellows|Doctoral students|Mid-career researchers|Postdoctoral fellows|Senior researchers
Discipline: Biomedical research|Cardiology|Health
Challenge: SDG10 - Reduced Inequalities|SDG3 - Good Health and Well-being
2023 AHA Postdoctoral Fellowship (US cardiovascular / brain health researchers)
AHA Predoctoral Fellowship (US cardiovascular / brain health researchers)
All funding for medical research
All funding for researchers in the USA
Collaborative Sciences Award (USA cardiology)
Research Funding (preclinical and clinical research for Parkinson´s)


LONDON, ENGLAND--(Marketwired - April 20, 2017) - There are very few industries that are as competitive, dynamic and challenging as broking currently is. With new technologies and no such thing as a 'safe bet' anymore, brokerages are finding themselves in a perpetual sink or swim situation. In such challenging times, identifying the best brokerages is more important than ever. In the World Finance Brokerage Awards 2017, World Finance has identified the best examples of broking in the world.
When it comes to picking stocks, the market is currently being assaulted on all fronts. The role of a trusted advisor is fading, as more companies offer simpler, cheaper and faster ways for the average person to build and manage a portfolio from home. At the other end are the robots; automated stock buying and selling algorithms are analysing information at a volume and speed that far eclipses what a human is capable of.
However, the last factor impacting brokerages may work to human brokers' advantage; the current state of global uncertainty has made the market fiercely unpredictable. Between the shock election of Donald Trump and the UK's decision to leave the European Union, stock markets globally have been had a wild ride. With both decisions likely to lead to many more surprises in the coming year, investors will begin turning to brokerages that are willing to defy the status quo and go beyond the obvious decisions. Only brokerages that can do this will thrive.
For the latest issue of World Finance, our expert panel of judges, with the assistance of our readers, have scanned the globe to uncover the world's best brokerages. The brokerages selected from the markets of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North America and Latin America represent the best of the best, and are all very much deserving of accolade in the World Finance Brokerage Awards 2017.
To see the full list of this year's winners, pick up the latest issue of World Finance, available in print and online now.


The Supply Chain Assurance Framework (SCAF) is an ISF-led initiative including AICPA, ISACA, CSA, IAOP, and IAPP. SCAF addresses a key challenge: the inability to translate information security requirements and assurances between the world's 50 standards and 550 regulations without expensive expert advice.
The Supply Chain Assurance Framework allows Acquirers and Suppliers to understand, comply and assure information security arrangements required, based on risk, regulation, functional, geographic and other requirements.
Allowing Suppliers to identify and cite controls specified in different standards they may use as being equivalent, saving costs and expanding assurance.
SCAF is aligned with major international standards such as the ISF Standard of Good Practice for Information Security (the Standard), AICPA Trust Services Principles and ISO/IEC 27036 and will harness the mappings of the Unified Compliance Framework to help identify equivalence and gaps between commonly used standards.


David Baker is the CEO and CINO of The Barrel Run. A graduate of Purdue University, he is a mechanical and fluid power engineer with a passion for entrepreneurship and vehicles. While in college, he designed, constructed, and raced a lithium ion battery-powered electric go-kart in the inaugural Purdue Electric Vehicle Grand Prix in 2010. At twenty, he built a custom 1931 Studebaker Dictator hot rod that won Best in Class at the Milwaukee World of Wheels. While the industry of the 1920s and 1930s is a strong influence on his creative style, his designs are conceptualized with modern and future technologies. When he is not inventing, he enjoys vintage cars, motorcycles, and the outdoors.


Math: In math, sixth graders continued their work with decimals this week. First, they utilized the strategies learned for multiplication to solve real world problems. From there, students moved on to a study of division. They started by reviewing methods learned in previous grades including partial products. Next, sixth graders began to use the strategy of long division. Ask your sixth grader to sing the catchy tune they learned to help remember the steps. To end the week, students used the long division strategy to find quotients that were not whole numbers.
Writing: In writing, students worked to create final drafts of their nonfiction books. They used a checklist and applied editing and revising skills. In addition, sixth graders used Google Slides to create digital presentations that convey the information they learned. Students whose books and slides were completed worked hard to write historical fiction stories about their topic. This allowed the sixth graders to utilize new factual knowledge in a creative way. All of this wonderful work will be on display for the school and families to see at our Greece/Rome museum on March 29 from 9:30-10:30 a.m.
Reading: Sixth graders began the week with an article about homework on Achieve3000. They were able to read the information with a critical eye and think about the author's point of view on the topic. Next, as a class we discussed what it means for an author to make a claim in a nonfiction text. Students worked with their language arts partners to analyze a text and determine the various claims made within it. They also found the various pieces of evidence used to back up the claim.
Science/Social Studies: Sixth grade scientists continued their study of ocean currents and weather this week. They learned about debris that washed ashore after the tsunami in Japan and how scientists used this to study the way ocean waters move. In addition, sixth graders learned more about the Caribbean/Central America and practiced their lines from The Gettysburg Address.


Four times each year a group of medical personnel and other volunteers travel to Cap Haitian to work a week at the clinic in Tovar which is about an hour over rough roads from Cap Haitian. At the clinic, volunteers see more than 2100 patients in the week. On the January trip, there were 5 pediatricians who together saw more than 500 moms, each with 2 to 6 children! The doctors give each mother vitamins and other needed medications for each of their children. We would like to provide race bags for the moms to carry the many bottles of medications they receive.
Each of you probably has many reusable race bags that you're not using. Will you please bring these to Leah at the Bruce Barnes Mile or Summer Track Meets We'll get these ready for the next trip to Haiti.
Susan Thomas, who is requesting the race bags, went on the January trip and gathered vital signs, packaged medications and supported the doctors and plans to return next year.


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Midterms characterised by tight races and emotive issues
The pivotal US Midterm election have the potential to frustrate President Trump's plans or keep him on course to implement his controversial policy decisions.
Close calls in previously safe seats
One trend seen across the US is that previously safe Republican seats are being effectively challenged. There are a range of reasons for this, including a high percentage of current senators and congressmen retiring, thus losing the incumbent advantage; high voter turnout expected to the highest since the 1960s and the reaction to the current president's course of action. For example, in Iowa, a Cook Political Report puts the Republican representative Steve King just one point ahead of his opponent. This is a slim lead for the eight-term congressman and is the first serious challenge he's faced since 2012. This pattern is reflected around the country, with many Republicans facing difficulties due to the tailwinds created by Trump's policies and a lack of campaign funds. A new NBC/Marist poll puts Democrat Kyrsten Sinema six points ahead of the Republican candidate in Arizona and experts suggest that the state could play a pivotal role in changing the make-up of the Senate.
Pittsburgh shooting escalates the gun debate
The anti-Semitic massacre at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh quickly became a political football. Anti-gun campaigners redoubled their efforts to put the question of gun control front and centre in the political conversation. It's likely that many people were already mobilised by the earlier Stoneman Douglas high school shooting and had already made their decision, but there is the chance that this could be the final straw that sways some voters. On the other hand, those wishing to keep their current right to bear arms may double down and give the Republicans an advantage.
Immigration rules brought into focus
As the day of the elections draws closer, Donald Trump appears intent to keep the debate on the topic of immigration. The president deployed 5,200 troops to the US border with Mexico in response to the 'caravan' of migrants reported to be making their way across the border. Legal experts are now up in arms that he intends to prepare an executive order to end birth right citizenship in the US. This would require repealing the 14th amendment of the US constitution, which is not within the president's power, but it may be a dramatic ploy to appeal to his supporter base given that recent polls see his approval rate dropping further in recent weeks.
What happens to the greenback after the elections?
There may be come fluctuations if the Democrats effect a "blue wave" and gain a majority in either, or both, of the houses. This is because the result is likely to be a two-year lame duck session for fiscal policy, with no further tax cuts or changes in policy on the horizon. However, perhaps seeing the way the wind is blowing, many experts believe that while this might cause an initial dip, this outcome has been largely priced in to the dollar. There are many other factors at play when it comes to the US dollar, including the actions of the Federal Reserve regarding interest rates, the ongoing tension with Iran and US-China trade tariffs; the last two remain in President Trump's hands regardless of the outcome. It's also important to remember that currencies do not operate in a vacuum but in relation to each other, and the outcome of key matters such as Brexit, which has implications for the pound and the euro, will also make their presence felt. The midterms may prove to be a political turning point for America, but it may take more than that to change the dollar's trajectory.
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The Fifth Estate DVD and Blu-ray release date was set for January 28, 2014.
Julian Assange and Daniel Domscheit-Berg are very clever men who decide to combine their tech-savvy brains with their suspicions that the government is keeping too many secrets from its citizens. They devote themselves to creating the website Wikileaks, which provides a platform that enables people from deep within the recesses of the government and big business to share powerful secrets that were never meant to see the light of day. The site is phenomenally successful, and the biggest news outlets in the world are frustrated that they are unable to gain access to news as readily as this mysterious site. However, some of these secrets truly are dangerous, as the founders begin to turn on each other as they disagree about what should be shared.


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Q: Read specific pixel region from large Tiff file in Python 3 I was wondering if anyone have specific advice for reading a defined pixel region of a large Tiff image. My images are well over 8 GB and I have defined pixel region coordinates that I would like to read and process independent of the whole image.
I have started to look at python GDAL,but I have been having trouble installing it into my Anaconda 3 environment so I am looking for all other alternatives.
Any example code describing how to read a region from rows = 0 : 500 and colmuns = 0:500 would also be GREATLY appreciated, with all 3 RGB levels would be greatly appreciated!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Rangeland rehabilitation through invasive species management in Laikipia, Kenya
Opuntia stricta being cleared.
Cut Opuntia stricta cladodes filling a gully as a soil and water conservation method..
Cut Opuntia stricta cladodes lined along gully's edge to slow soil erosion.
Cleared Opuntia stricta piled up to be burned.
Opuntia stricta is a problematic invasive cactus species in many of the world's drylands, including Laikipia, Kenya (Shackleton et al., 2017). This project focuses on Makurian Group Ranch, a communally managed rangeland in the Mukogodo area of Laikipia. The members of this Maasai community are pastoralists whose livelihoods depend on livestock husbandry and the O. stricta invasion is perceived as a more serious threat than insufficient grazing (Shackleton et al., 2017). A biological control agent, Dactylopius opuntiae (cochineal), was released several years ago and there was a campaign to grow and cultivate D. opuntiae in a greenhouse so that colonised cladodes could be placed on O. stricta manually to accelerate the spread of the biological control agent. Unfortunately, this project ended when the funding ran out and the spread of D. opuntiae has been very slow. As funding is limited and local communities are strongly motivated to control O. stricta, manual clearing has been proposed by the group ranch members despite its labour intensiveness. The group ranch members compose the vast majority of the stakeholders and have driven this restoration project from conception, through planning and implementation and, in later stages of the project, will lead the monitoring and evaluation.
Grassland/Savanna
Grasslands & Savannas - Tropical
Area being restored:
6,816 hectares
Makurian Group Ranch
Makurian Group Ranch Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme University of Leeds World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Agriculture & Livestock, Climate Change, Invasive Species (native or non-native pests, pathogens or plants)
The primary cause of degradation in Makurian Group Ranch and the wider Mukogodo area is the spread of the invasive alien cactus species, O. stricta. Since its introduction to the Mukogodo area in the 1950s, O. stricta spread to an area of 3,200 hectares in 2006, 4,800 hectares in 2008 and 66,200 hectares by 2014 (Strum et al., 2015), now covering 50-75% of the rangelands (Shackleton et al., 2017). O. stricta is dispersed by wildlife (particularly elephant and baboon) and human activity. However, the rapid acceleration of the spread of O. stricta after a lag of over 50 years is more strongly driven by human population growth and the increase in sedentarisation of previously more mobile pastoral communities that reside in the area over recent decades, beginning in the 1997-1998 high rainfall El Niño event. This has led to increased livestock grazing pressure, which, together with increasing frequency and intensity of droughts (Kaye-Zwiebel & King, 2014), has led to a state transition from savanna grassland to degraded rangeland with much bare ground (Strum et al., 2015). The increased prevalence of bare ground is likely to be the proximate cause of the spread of O. stricta, while climatic factors, population growth, sedentarisation, grazing pressure, erosion of customary institutions to manage common property natural resources and the inability to secure land (e.g. against grazing incursions from neighbouring communities) are underlying causal drivers. One of the main impacts of O. stricta is on livestock health (mouth sores, weight loss, general sickness, less milk, death, gastro-intestinal tract issues etc.) and associated negative impacts on livelihoods. In a recent study, almost half of the 200 respondents reported annual losses of USD 500-1,000 (Shackleton et al., 2017). Other impacts include human health (eye and skin irritation from glochids on the fruit), reduced mobility of humans and livestock, restricted access to grass (livestock forage), contraction of grazing area, loss of useful plants (primarily medicinal) and negative impacts on wildlife populations (Shackleton et al., 2017).
The reference ecosystem is based on diverse sources of information (e.g. multiple extant reference sites, field indicators, historical records, predictive data).
Sites in the landscape that are less severely invaded provide useful extant reference ecosystems, such as those that have lower grazing pressure (e.g. conservation areas, livestock exclosure plots, areas cleared of O. stricta). As the changes in the ecosystem are relatively recent (major alterations occurring within the past 10-20 years), there is also ample local knowledge and social memory of the ecological state prior to the accelerated spread of O. stricta. The main indicator or key attribute that will be monitored is the density of O. stricta and, ideally, the restored system will be free of O. stricta (failing that, minimised as much as possible). We decided on these reference conditions rather than, for example, a system that would be representative of the landscape 50 or more years ago due to irreversible changes (or changes that are impractical to reverse) such as human population growth and increased livestock numbers.
The project's primary ecological goal is to minimise and, if possible, completely eradicate (locally) O. stricta and the main socio-economic goal is to improve the livelihoods of the resident Maasai pastoral communities. The latter includes human and livestock health, livestock production and household income. Meeting the ecological goal of minimising O. stricta prevalence will enable the socio-economic goals to be achieved and improving livelihoods will facilitate O. stricta management (e.g. by facilitating financial investment in restoration work) so the two goals are closely interrelated. These two goals will improve the state of the rangelands, in turn benefiting wildlife, which is a further intention of the project.
Assessing the prevalence (in this case, area occupied) and density of O. stricta and the socio-economic impacts are the main indices to be monitored. The former will be performed through systematic geo-referenced transects and photographic evidence and the latter will be undertaken via interviews and focus group discussions.
Start date, including baseline data collection:
The primary stakeholders are the community members of the Makurian Group Ranch within the Mukogodo area. The community is composed of pastoral peoples, the majority of whom are of Maasai ethnicity. The facilitator is a PhD student from a neighbouring property. The Makurian community members conceived the project and defined the project's focus, goals and methodology. The elders and livestock grazing committee, which is composed representatives from each area of the group ranch, led the mobilisation of their constituency. The members of each constituency collectively decided which areas to focus restoration efforts and what approach to use (e.g. how to manage O. stricta). The facilitator is charged with raising funding (e.g. for equipment) and researching similar restoration efforts both nationally and internationally to enable learning from other projects. A member of the Makurian community acts as both a Maa-English interpreter and a facilitator to ensure constant communication and coordinates among all stakeholders.
The threat to the social-ecosystem to be addressed is the control of the invasive cactus, O. stricta. However, it is crucial that controlling O. stricta occurs in conjunction with rangeland management practices that facilitate the establishment of grasses and other herbaceous vegetation to reduce bare ground, thus preventing recolonisation by O. stricta. Areas with good vegetation cover are less impacted by the spread of O. stricta (Strum et al., 2015; personal observation).
Although conducting surveys of substrate and hydrology are not feasible under the current budget, if we are successful in applications to further grant funding, physical conditions of the rangeland in response to restoration work (particularly soil erosion rates) can be assessed. In many areas in Makurian Group Ranch, cut O. stricta are being used to fill erosion gullies, where their growth and establishment are tolerated as they perform soil and water conservation functions and are not competing with grazing land.
The absence of O. stricta, or the minimisation of its prevalence, is the main aim regarding species composition. The grasses and other herbaceous plant species (e.g. for forage or medicine) important for local pastoral livelihoods are still present within the landscape (often growing among O. stricta). Therefore, these species are not at risk and will be able to reestablish in areas cleared of O. stricta under appropriate management.
Reinstating structural diversity is not a primary focus of this project as the focus is on removing undesired species rather than introducing lost species. However, as the native flora persist between individual O. stricta we expect that, with appropriate management, native flora will re-establish after clearing the cactus. Therefore, post-restoration, areas that are currently dominated by O. stricta will experience greater evenness rather than species richness.
Regarding nutrient cycling, as mentioned above, cut O. stricta are being used to fill erosion gullies, where they perform soil and water conservation functions. This means that the nutrients are largely kept within the system. Moreover, the O. stricta growing within the gullies is more productive (and sequesters more carbon) than the alternative bare ground. O. stricta fruit can safely be consumed and the cladodes can be fed to livestock when forage is limited (e.g. during droughts) after the spines are removed (or fed directly to camels without removing the spines). The resulting reduction in soil erosion also prevents nutrients from leaving the system. Rather than re-establishing lost plant-animal interactions, this project focuses more on reducing the relatively recently formed relationships between O. stricta and elephants, baboons and livestock as the cactus' dispersing agents. Finally, increasing access to grazing land by controlling O. stricta will make the local pastoral community more resilient to stressors such as droughts.
Regarding hydrology, the restoration interventions in this project aim to reduce the loss of water from the system (e.g. via runoff or evaporation). The immediate effect of removing O. stricta will be to expose soil to higher runoff and evaporation rates, but this will be ameliorated under appropriate management after one or two rainy seasons when native vegetation establishes. Herbaceous cover of even 50% reduces the majority of water-induced erosion in these systems.
Activities were undertaken to address any socio-economic aspects of the project:
As mentioned above, O. stricta has several negative socio-economic impacts. These are either direct (e.g. human health) or indirect (e.g. livestock health, livestock products and income). Therefore, removing O. stricta will have positive impacts on the livelihoods of the pastoral communities within Makurian Group Ranch. These communities, like many pastoral communities, socially and politically marginalised so the financial implications of investing in restoration is a major barrier. Consequently, we are applying for grant funding to cover the cost of necessary equipment (e.g. wheelbarrows, hoes, machetes, spades, rakes) and food for individuals volunteering their time to undertake restoration work. Volunteering is a key aspect of this project. One of the lessons from past experience and the experience of other restoration projects in Kenya and in other countries is that paying community members for restoration work can compromise the viability of the restoration work in the long term (Wells, in review). This may be due to the economic phenomenon termed 'crowding out'. When community members are paid to conduct restoration work they may not be motivated to continue when the funding runs out.
As the project is in its early stages, thus far, small areas have been cleared of O. stricta as pilot restoration sites in six of the worst affected parts of Makurian Group Ranch. These activities were conducted at the end of the dry season and the re-vegetation of the sites after the next rainy season will be monitored over the coming months.
As mentioned above, monitoring this aspect of the project is currently beyond the budget of the project. However, qualitative observations will be made of the effectiveness of O. stricta in controlling soil erosion in gullies.
In the areas that have been cleared, the species composition is desirable in the sense that O. stricta has been removed and native vegetation remains. However, we await the increase in cover of native vegetation in response to the next rainy season.
The species richness of sites in which O. stricta has been cleared have not been altered as yet, but we hope to see colonisation of native plants after the next rainy season.
Unfortunately, the effects of clearing O. stricta on ecosystem functionality have not been quantified due to lack of funding and because the project is in its early stages. However, we hope to monitor the impacts of restoration work, particularly on plant-animal interactions.
Again, we have not been able to monitor exchanges with surroundings (e.g. hydrology), but these can be inferred through changes in native vegetation cover. Funding-permitting, we would also like to monitor these effects (particularly on runoff, evaporation and transpiration).
The project is still in its early stages, but a key limitation at present is the lack of funding. We have mentioned monitoring that could be performed with extra funding, but what the stakeholders value more highly are the tools to facilitate the restoration work. Some tools have been purchased, but still far short of the requirements for the larger scale efforts required to manage O. stricta at the scale of the whole group ranch. Communities and women's groups within the group ranch are highly motivated to control O. stricta.
Economic vitality and local livelihoods:
As the project is in its early stages, this is yet to be evaluated. However, the project is expected to have positive effects on pastoral livelihoods by improving livestock health and production and thus household income.
Provision of basic necessities such as food, water, timber, fiber, fuel, etc.:
As the project is in its early stages, this is yet to be evaluated. Clearing O. stricta should improve the provision of livestock products such as milk and meat. One innovative household is fermenting the pulp from ground O. stricta cladodes and collecting the methane as a fuel source. If this biogas production is popular and viable among other families, its implementation will improve access to cooking fuel and reduce pressure on woody vegetation and the time and effort required for firewood collection.
As the project is in its early stages, this is yet to be evaluated. However, a collection of several women's groups keen to preserve Maasai culture has cleared an area of O. stricta. This area is now used for traditional ceremonies and is also used for performing traditional dances for tourists, which not only created cultural value but also created a source of income.
Regulation of climate, floods, disease, erosion, water quality, etc.:
As the project is in its early stages, this is yet to be evaluated. The re-vegetation by native flora after O. stricta is cleared and after one or two rainy seasons will reduce soil erosion after an initial increase (due to exposure of bare ground when O. stricta is cleared). O. stricta in gullies will reduce the force of water runoff, but the extent to which this reduces the impact of flooding is unknown.
As the project is in its early stages, this is yet to be evaluated. One of the major challenges with restoration work in this area is the inability of group ranches and community conservancies to prevent members of neighbouring communities grazing their livestock. This greatly reduces the incentive to carry out restoration interventions, not only because other members of the community benefit from ones own work, but also members of neighbouring communities may also benefit. One of the advantages of the approach of this project is that a large proportion of the able-bodied individuals participate in the voluntary restoration work, which reduces the risk of feeling that others from the same community are benefiting without contributing. However, grazing incursions from neighbouring communities remains a persistent issue.
As many others have experienced, widespread voluntary participation has been a great strength. Not only do participants feel ownership over the project (as they are driving each stage from conception to methodology, implementation and monitoring and evaluation), but there is less of a sentiment that others are benefiting without themselves contributing. One area in which restoration actions were not performed was due to divisions in the community (on religious grounds) and lack of communication and coordination, leading to very few people turning up to clear O. stricta. All other areas so far have coordinated well and have worked hard to clear O. stricta, which highlights the importance of good communication and coordination (particularly in communally managed land). Women's groups were the most effective at coordinating and carrying out restoration work and this was readily admitted by the male members of the group ranch. An important lesson from this project is that as the community identified the issue as key, the motivation to act to address the issue was strong, so even low level of facilitation (organising meetings and providing a few useful tools) led to very active and effective restoration work.
Another advantage of the project being community-led and voluntary is that monitoring and long-term maintenance are easier in comparison to donor-funded and externally driven projects. Some communities within Makurian Group Ranch have defined larger areas to clear O. stricta from and are steadily making progress by organising male and female restoration working groups, each of which contributes two days per week. Individuals are generally between 20-45 years-old and are not forced to work, contributing as much or as little work as they like on their allotted working days. The restoration work days tend to be relaxed affairs, the women often accompanied by young children, the older ones often helping where they can. Arrangements of this type are often coordinated by the elders of each area and are the mode in which restoration work is continued over the long term. The main limitation remains the lack of tools and protective equipment such as gloves and overalls to protect against the gochids, which cause skin irritation. But, we hope to raise funding to purchase more equipment to facilitate the restoration efforts and scale-up the O. stricta clearing. As the effectiveness and consequences of the restoration methods used become clear, adaptive management will no doubt be employed to adjust restoration activities. For example, burning and filling gullies are the two main ways in which cut O. stricta cladodes are treated. The consequences of these methods and how they compare to other existing (biogas production, other biological control agents, selling or producing juices/jams/wines from the fruit) or as yet unconceived methods will guide future restoration actions.
Sources and Amounts of Funding
This project is funded as part of a PhD project, which currently has two sources of funding. The University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund and The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). The former has provided GBP 2,000 and the latter GBP 3,500. As this restoration project is one component of the PhD project not all of the grant funding can be allocated to this restoration project. However, other grants are currently in the process of being applied for. The cost per hectare is not yet known but is likely low as voluntary manual clearing is the cheapest (although labour-intensive) method for controlling O. stricta., the main costs being equipment, which can be used for many years and over large areas once purchased (i.e. low recurring costs).
As we are in the early stages of this project, there are as yet no reports/publications and no project website. But, please feel free to contact us for more detailed information on the project.
This project is part of a PhD project on sustainable rangeland management in drylands, using Laikipia, Kenya as a case study. The focus is on degradation and restoration processes and their biophysical and socio-economic drivers.
Harry Wells
Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme


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Q: "I went to see if she had woken up yet." vs "I went to see if she woke up yet." The following sentences are from a grammer web site Exercises on Sequence of Tenses See, number 7.
I went to see if she woke up yet.
I went to see if she had woken up yet.
I thought both sentences are ok and acceptable, because there can not be much time between "going to see" and "being awake". So I thought both answers are ok.
However, according to the web site, the 2nd sentence is correct one, saying that "*The past perfect is used to indicate that one action had been completed before another action commenced."
However, as far as I know, in colloquial English, the time distance between "waking up" and "going to see" is not such a big thing to be considered. So, I don't think native speakers would be so strict about it and both sentences can be used.
So, just to confirm, my question is: Is there really a very strict seperation between two sentences, to the extent that the 1st sentence would be considered wrong, or is it simply meticulous grammer perspective?

A: In casual American English, in a situation like the one you described, the formally preferred past perfect may often be ignored, and the simple past used instead when the meaning is clear. This may, or not, be a 'mistake', but it is likely to get you an 'incorrect' mark if you choose it in any formal context, and grammar exercises tend to concentrate on formal English.
Difference in grammar between American and British English

A: To my Canadian ears, the first sentence is wrong and the second sentence is correct and natural.
When you decide to go and check, you're expecting that she might already be awake, that's to say, the moment of waking up comes before going to see. "Go" is the simple past, so "wake up" must be past perfect.
The only time it might be kind of acceptable to me is if it's you're explaining what you just did moments before. But if you're telling a story about the past, then it's just wrong.


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The hidden options in a 2-year college
Members of the Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team selected in the 2019 MLB Draft
by: Ronald Gaines
03-10-19 MBA vs Northern Kentucky Alabama INF Morgan McCullough(8) Photo by Austin Bigoney
TUSCALOOSA, Ala. (ALABAMA ATHLETICS) – Alabama right-handed pitcher Deacon Medders was the sixth pick of the 20th round (593 overall) in the 2019 MLB First-Year Player Draft, going to the San Diego Padres. Medders is the first player taken in this year's draft from the 2018-19 Crimson Tide roster.
Medders has provided the Crimson Tide with a reliable arm out of the bullpen in his three seasons at the Capstone. The Tuscaloosa product has limited opposing hitters to a lowly .234 average and punched out 114 hitters while maintaining a 4.02 ERA (49 ER/109.2 IP) across 59 appearances, including six starts. He has added seven saves to his name while going 4-7 overall.
His most impressive effort to date came this season. Medders finished with a 2-2 record and one save across a team-high 24 appearances spanning 31.2 innings. He punched out 51 to lead all relievers in strikeouts while holding the opposition to a .185 average against.
Medders led the Crimson Tide in saves as a sophomore with six, a total that tied for seventh in the SEC during the regular season. He tied for the team lead in relief innings with 39.0 while striking out 30 across his 20 total appearances in that 2018 campaign. In his first season at the Capstone, Medders went 2-1 with a 4.38 ERA (19 ER/39.0 IP) in 15 appearances that included six starts.
Alabama right-handed pitcher Davis Vainer was the 29th pick of the 21st round (646 overall) in the 2019 MLB First-Year Player Draft, going to the Houston Astros. Vainer is the second player taken in this year's draft from the 2018-19 Crimson Tide roster, joining Deacon Medders who was selected one round earlier by the San Diego Padres.
Vainer wrapped up his four seasons in Tuscaloosa as one of the top middle relievers for the Crimson Tide. He totaled six saves and held a 3-5 record in 61 outings for his career with one start while maintaining a 4.18 ERA (43 ER/92.2 IP). The Atlanta, Ga., native struck out an impressive 127 batters and limited the opposition to a .217 average.
Steadily improving on his numbers each year with the Tide, Vainer put together a solid redshirt junior campaign. The right-hander went 1-1 with a 3.34 ERA (11 ER/29.2 IP) and struck out 43 batters in his 17 appearances out of the pen. He held opposing hitters to just a .173 average, the lowest among all Crimson Tide pitchers. He also set career-best marks for pitches (73) and strikeouts, with six on two separate occasions, this past year.
As a sophomore, Vainer appeared in 21 games totaling 34.1 innings and finished 2-1 overall. He struck out 40 in that second season. The 2017 campaign, his first active year at UA, Vainer worked as the team's primary closer. He totaled a team-leading five saves across 23 appearances that year and finished with 44 strikeouts.
Vainer also excelled in the classroom. He earned his undergraduate degree in May of this year and has been selected to the SEC Academic Honor Roll on three occasions.
Alabama infielder Morgan McCullough was the 14th pick of the 22nd round (661 overall) in the 2019 MLB First-Year Player Draft, going to the Los Angeles Angels. McCullough is the third player taken in this year's draft from the 2018-19 Crimson Tide roster, joining Deacon Medders (Round 20, Padres) and Davis Vainer (Round 21, Houston Astros).
McCullough excelled in his first season with the Crimson Tide. The junior college transfer finished as the team's overall leader in triples (3) while tying for the lead in multi-hit games (17) and doubles (12) across his 54 games of action – all starts. He ranked second on the Tide in average (.309) and on-base percentage (.417) while also finishing second in walks at 38, a total that tied for eighth in the SEC regular-season ranks. A consistent threat to reach every time at the plate, McCullough got aboard in 51 of 54 starts, including all non-conference pairings and 27 of 30 SEC matchups.
In Southeastern Conference play, McCullough batted .294 (35-119) to rank second on UA. He led the Crimson Tide in multi-hit (10) and multi-RBI (5) games against league opponents while tying for the team lead in hits (35) and tying for second in doubles (5) and stolen bases (4). The junior added 13 RBI to rank second against SEC opposition and contributed 14 runs, good for third on UA.
He came to Alabama after one season at Chipola Community College (Fla.) where he helped the Indians to a 49-17 overall record and an NJCAA National Championship. McCullough began his career at Oregon where he played in 53 total games with 51 starts for the Ducks.
A graduate transfer, Randolph was the Crimson Tide's closer in 2019 while also seeing time as a starter. He went 3-2 and totaled nine saves to lead the team and rank in the top-10 in the Southeastern Conference during the regular season. Randolph appeared in 23 games with two starts and finished with a 3.49 ERA (15 ER/38.2 IP). The right-hander totaled 50 strikeouts compared to only 15 walks and held opposing hitters to a .187 average this past season.
Randolph transferred to Alabama following a standout four-year career at Wright State in Ohio. He wrapped up his four seasons with the Raiders with a 16-5 record and five saves, maintaining a career 3.05 ERA across 105.1 innings of work. He helped WSU to three Horizon League championships and three NCAA Regional appearances.
Love began his career splitting time as a starter and reliever before transitioning into a weekend starter role this season. He has maintained an 8-7 record with one save across 38 career outings, including 20 starts, totaling 115.0 innings. Love sports a career 4.30 ERA (55 ER) and has struck out 135 batters.
He led all Crimson Tide pitchers in strikeouts in 2019 with 66 across his 60.0 frames. Love ranked second in starts with 13 to go with two relief appearances and sported a 5-5 record. His most impressive outing came against South Alabama on March 2. That start in Mobile saw Love pick up the win with 4.2 shutout frames in which he allowed just one hit and a walk. He struck out a career-high and team-best 11 hitters, including five of the first six batters he faced. He also retired the first eight hitters he faced, using seven strikeouts in the process.
He returned from injury in 2018 to go 2-0 with a perfect 0.00 ERA across six appearances, including one start, and 8.1 innings of work. Love's 2017 season was cut short after undergoing elbow surgery. Prior to his injury, he went 1-2 and struck out 27 batters in 16.2 frames. As a freshman in 2016, Love made 11 appearances with four starts and maintained a 3.30 ERA (11 ER/30.0 IP) with 33 strikeouts. In his four starts as a freshman, he held a 2.81 ERA (5 ER/16.0 IP) with 21 strikeouts and only three walks.
Love has also been impressive off the field. He was selected to the 2019 SEC Baseball Community Service Team for his volunteer efforts at UA. The Gadsden, Ala., native has contributed triple-digit volunteer hours as a member of the baseball team on the way to being name the University's "Male Heart of Service" recipient in April, presented to Alabama's top male student-athlete for his dedication to the community. In the classroom, Love is currently pursuing a master's degree and is scheduled to graduate in December of this year. He graduated from the University with his undergraduate in December of 2018.
More Alabama Stories
SEC Media Days kicks off Monday
by Malique Rankin / Jul 15, 2019
SEC Media Days kicks off on Monday and wraps up on Thursday. Over the next few days, head football coaches from all SEC teams will be in Hoover, telling the press how they anticipate the season will play out.
With such a large event taking over the city of Hoover, that means lots of people in town, spending money.
Countdown to SEC Media Days in Hoover
by Joey Rogers / Jul 12, 2019
HOOVER, Ala. (WIAT) -- SEC Media Days are almost here! The annual event is returning to the Hyatt Regency Birmingham starting Monday morning. The SEC decided to hold media days in Atlanta last year but says it will keep Hoover in the rotation every other season.
Here is the schedule of events for the 2019 SEC Media Days:
Oakland Raiders sign first-round pick RB Josh Jacobs
by Associated press / Jul 10, 2019
ALAMEDA, Calif. (AP) — The Oakland Raiders have signed first-round draft pick Josh Jacobs.
The team announced Tuesday they had signed the running back out of Alabama. No additional information was immediately available.


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UK is still sending arms to Russia, say MPs
Exports include body armour, small arms ammunition, sniper rifles and military communications equipment (Photo: Yarden Sachs)
By Honor Mahony
Brussels, 23. Jul 2014, 09:12
The UK is still exporting millions of euros worth of arms to Russia, despite fears that Moscow has been arming separatists in Ukraine.
A report by MPs, published Tuesday (23 July), said that 251 licences worth around £132m (€167m) were still in force although the government in March promised to stop sales to Russia.
Goods being exported include body armour, small arms ammunition, sniper rifles, military communications equipment and "software for equipment employing cryptography".
Sir John Stanley, head of the House of Commons Committees on Arms Export Controls (CAEC), said that Russia is an "authoritarian regime" and the government should be restricting sales further.
"We should have been applying a more cautious approach for some time in regard to Russia."
The revelations come just a few days after the shooting down of the Malaysia Airlines flight by suspected Moscow-backed rebels over eastern Ukraine.
British Prime Minister David Cameron was among those pushing for tough sanctions on Moscow in response.
He also sharply criticised other EU countries, among them France, for pursuing military deals with Russia despite its role in destabilising Ukraine.
In a speech before parliament ahead of an EU foreign ministers' meeting to discuss how to respond to the downing of the MH17 flight, Cameron said: "Future military sales from any country in Europe should not be going ahead. We have already stopped them from Britain."
Cameron's words prompted a rebuke from French politicians who said the UK should first look at the number of Russian oligarchs in London before criticising others.
"This is a false debate led by hypocrites … When you see how many [Russian] oligarchs have sought refuge in London, David Cameron should start by cleaning up his own back yard," said Jean-Christoph Cambadelis, the head of France's Socialist party.
Foreign minister Laurent Fabius made a similar point.
France for its part has indicated that its planned delivery of a Mistral warship to Russia in October will go ahead while the delivery of a second one will depend on Moscow's "attitude" in the coming weeks.
Leaked paper: EU options on 'stage three' Russia sanctions
EU threatens Russian economy after MH17 disaster
EU readies new sanctions on defiant Russia
EU blacklist sheds light on Putin's rag-tag Ukraine army
Even before the MH17 disaster, EU countries were discussing a potential ban on Russian oil and gas imports if worst comes to worst.
EU ministers have threatened Russia with full-scale - "stage three" - economic sanctions in the wake of the Malaysia Airlines crash.
EU ambassadors meeting in Brussels on Thursday are set to discuss a raft of new sanctions on Russia, as Moscow has shown no signs of wanting to meet an EU ultimatum over Ukraine.
The latest EU blacklist on Russia sheds light on the command structures, composition, and ambitions of Putin's east Ukraine forces.
'Hundreds' of Russian mercenaries in Mali, EU confirms
Russia already has "hundreds" of mercenaries in Mali, but there was no sign they were using EU-trained Malian soldiers, an EU spokesperson has said.
Euro countries start haggling on fiscal rules
The commission is expected to come forward with concrete proposals in the next months, and the debate is likely to heat up in June.
New EU Parliament chief elected This WEEK
17. Jan, 07:05
The lead candidate is the centre-right European People's Party's (EPP) Maltese MEP Roberta Metsola, who has been outspoke against corruption and rule-of-law issues - but some MEPs are concerned over her anti-abortion voting record.
The loopholes and low bar in Macron's push for a global tax
There are also numerous loopholes in the deal which will enable corporations to keep portions of their profits outside of the scope of the tax, so paying even less than 15 percent.


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Vince Munch, Offensive Line Coach
Recruiting Areas:
Texas – Dallas, Austin, San Antonio, and West Texas
Vince Munch enters his third season on the sidelines for Davidson football in 2020. He was promoted to Run Game Coordinator in the spring of 2020, to go along with his duties as coach of the offensive linemen.
Munch was an integral part of a Wildcat offense that led the NCAA FCS in total offense (561.9) and rushing offense (442.9). He coached a pair of Pioneer Football League All-Conference selections, Zion Johnson on the first team and Ethan Steinbacher on the second team, along with two other honorable mention selections.
Munch joined the Wildcats staff after spending a year with the St. Andrews University Knights of the NAIA. He served as the offensive line coach and run game coordinator for the first-year program.
Munch is a familiar member of Abell's former coaching arsenal, spending five seasons on the Generals staff from 2012-16. While at Washington and Lee, Munch assisted the program to two ODAC Championships (2012, '15) and produced three All-Conference performers. Munch got his start in coaching as tight ends coach in 2011 at Marietta College.
Munch graduated from Ferrum College in 2011 with a bachelor's degree in physical education and a minor in exercise science. He was a four-year letter winner at tight end for the Panthers and earned All-Region and All-Conference honors in his tenure.
MUNCH YEAR-BY-YEAR:
2018-pr.: Davidson (Offensive Line)
2017: St. Andrews (Run Game Coordinator/Offensive Line)
2012-16: Washington and Lee (Defensive Line/Wide Receivers/Tight Ends)
2011: Marietta (Tight Ends)
Austin Eisenhofer, Slots Coach and Coordinator of Player De...
@_Coach_Hof
Austin Eisenhofer enters his third season at Davidson in 2020. After serving as tight ends coach in his first two campaigns, Eisenhofer was reassigned to Assistant Special Teams Coordinator, Video Coordinator and Slots coach in the spring of 2020.
In his first season, Eisenhofer was an integral part of a Wildcat offensive that led the NCAA FCS in total offense (561.9) and rushing offense (442.9).
Eisenhofer joined the Davidson football staff after two years at Pioneer Football League foe, Jacksonville University. Serving as an offensive graduate assistant, Eisenhofer coached the Dolphins quarterbacks and b-backs. During his time at Jacksonville, he helped Jared Morris earn All-PFL honorable mention and Keenan Simpson earn All-PFL second team honors. The Dolphin offense also set program records for rushing yardage and rushing touchdowns during his tenure.
Prior to Jacksonville, Eisenhofer began his coaching career at the University of Minnesota-Morris where he coached the wide receivers, tight ends and running backs.
A 2015 graduate of Washington and Lee University, Eisenhofer was a three-year starter for Coach Abell and served as a team captain for the Generals beginning in the spring of his junior year. He received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Washington and Lee and his master's degree in Leadership and Learning from Jacksonville University in 2018.
Eisenhofer graduated from Lake Norman High School in nearby Mooresville, N.C. in 2011. His brother, Joel, is a 2012 graduate of Davidson.
EISENHOFER YEAR-BY-YEAR
2020-pr.: Davidson (Assistant Special Teams Coordinator/Video Coordinator/Slots)
2018-19.: Davidson (Tight Ends)
2016-17: Jacksonville (Offensive Graduate Assistant)
2015: Minnesota-Morris (Wide receiver, tight ends and running backs)
Porter Abell, Recruiting Coordinator/Wide Receivers/Ti...
Porter Abell joined the Davidson football staff in January of 2018 following a stellar collegiate career at the University of Richmond.
In the spring of 2020, Abell assumed recruiting coordinator duties, as well as tight ends coach, while retaining his responsibilities with the wide receivers.
Abell was an integral part of the Wildcats impressive offensive output in 2018, helping lead the Wildcats to NCAA FCS statistical champions in total offense (561.9) and rushing offense (442.9).
Porter, who appeared in 48 games for the Spiders, saw time as a quarterback, running back and eventually slid into a role as a wide receiver. He was a four-year letterwinner for the Spiders and helped lead the team to a CAA Championship in 2015 and a national ranking of number three in the country.
Prior to Richmond, Porter finished his high school career in 2012 and was named a finalist for the AA Virginia State Player of the Year and Regional and Roanoke Times Offensive Player of the Year.
During the fall of 2017, Porter served as a volunteer assistant coach with the Collegiate School Athletic Department, breaking down game film. He is the son of head coach Scott Abell.
Vince Munch, Offensive Run Game Coordinator/Offensive...


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Le métro de Faro est un projet de métro qui est prévu entre les villes de Faro et Olhão. Le métro de Faro sera un « métro de surface » qui reliera les zones commerciales, industrielles et les centres-villes des villes traversées et reliera aussi l'aéroport de Faro.

Projet
Le projet d'un  dans l'Agrave est en 2007 un projet, en concurrence avec d'autres comme un réseau de bus, présent depuis déjà plusieurs années doit donner lieu à une étude des flux des voyageurs utilisant les transports publics, qui devrait être lancer en 2007 pour être achevée avant la fin du premier semestre 2008.

Le , le programme des fonds européens du Portugal pour 2030, prévoit notamment la réalisation d'une ligne de chemin de fer, longue de  à voie métrique, reliant : Faro - Aéroport - Université d'Algarve -  - Loulé - Olhão, qui est inclus dans un plan de décarbonisation et de sécurité routière du transport régional. Le choix de cette ligne s'appuie sur une région la densité d'habitants est importantes, que cela soit en zones urbaines et suburbaines, avec un nombre important de déplacements en voiture avec seulement le conducteur et également un flux de voyageurs en provenance ou à destination de l'aéroport. Il est prévu que ce projet mette du temps à ce concrétiser.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Algarve

Liens externes

Faro
Faro