text:
\section{Introduction}
The stability and dynamics of thin liquid films have been of
considerable interest to both experimental and theoretical
research \cite{ODB_RevModPhys_97,dG_RevModPhys_85,PP_PRE_00,R_PRL_92}.
When the thickness of a flat liquid film is in the range of
$\sim100\,\mathrm{nm}$, it becomes sensitive to interaction with its
substrate. In a certain range of film thickness determined by the exact
form of the interaction potential, this will render the film unstable with
respect to small perturbations and a pattern formation process sets in.
Depending on its initial height, the film breaks up into droplets,
labyrinth-like patterns or arrays of holes
\cite{BN_PRL_01,R_PRL_92}. This process is known as spinodal
dewetting.

Brought onto the surface of a liquid film, an insoluble surfactant, for
example an organic molecule with a hydrophilic head group and a
hydrophobic tail group, alters the surface tension and thereby
influences the breakup process. In addition, gradients of surfactant
density lead to so-called Marangoni convection on the surface resulting
in new instabilities like surfactant-induced fingering
\cite{TWS_PRL_89,CM_PhysFluids_06}.

Most surfactants exhibit complicated thermodynamics with several phase
transitions \cite{KMD_RevModPhys_99,AGS_JPhysique_78}. These affect thin film
hydrodynamics via an equation of state, relating surface tension to
surfactant density \cite{RL_JPhysChemB_98}. In studies of the dynamics
of surfactant covered thin films, surfactant thermodynamics has so far
not been paid much attention to, because the hydrodynamics is
dominated by Marangoni convection rather than by effects of lateral
pressure and diffusion \cite{MT_PhysFluids_97}.

However, there is a special focus of experimental research on pattern
formation under conditions close to the so-called main transition in
monolayers of lipids like pulmonary surfactant
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
\cite{GCF_Nature_00,KCR_EPS_94,CLH_AccChemRes_07}. In vicinity of this
first-order phase transition parts of the surfactant in the
liquid-expanded (LE) phase and in the liquid-condensed (LC) phase
coexist. In these experiments, a substrate is coated with a lipid
monolayer via Langmuir-Blodgett transfer, i.e. it is withdrawn from a
trough filled with water on which a lipid monolayer has been prepared.
The observed patterns consist of ordered arrays of LE and LC domains,
including regular stripes and rectangles, the formation of
which is usually attributed to oscillations of the meniscus between the
water in the trough and the substrate \cite{CLH_AccChemRes_07}. A full
understanding of these phenomena cannot be achieved without
understanding the dynamics of the film and the surfactant near the main
transition. The aim of this letter is to outline theoretical
description of the evolution of a thin film covered with a surfactant
undergoing a phase transition.

The model we are going to present is derived within the lubrication
approximation \cite{ODB_RevModPhys_97}. We follow the usual approach
\cite{GG_JFluidMech_90,CM_PhysFluids_06,WCM_PhysFluids_02,DP_JCollIntSci_84,WGC_PhysFluids_94}
to describe the time evolution of the surfactant covered thin film by
two coupled partial differential equations, describing the height profile of
the underlying liquid film and the surfactant density.  The
surfactant phase transition is incorporated by choice of a suitable
free-energy functional which determines the lateral pressure as well as the
diffusive flux.
We are going to perform a linear stability analysis of stationary
homogeneous solutions of the derived equations and investigate the
effect of the surfactant on drop formation by numerical simulations.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{profile3.eps}
\caption{Schematic of a surfactant-laden thin film of water on a
  substrate. Height profile $h(x,y,t)$ indicates the film thickness at
    location $(x,y)$ and time $t$, whereas $\gamma(x,y,t)$ describes the
    surfactant density at the surface above $(x,y)$.}
\label{fig.profile}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Lubrication approximation}
We consider a thin liquid film covered with an insoluble surfactant on a
moving solid substrate (see fig.~\ref{fig.profile}).
{The velocity field of the liquid film can be obtained within the
lubrication approximation \cite{ODB_RevModPhys_97}. By this procedure
the initially three-dimensional flow problem is reduced to an effectively
two-dimensional one. The liquid film is then described by a height
profile $h(x,y,t)$, which indicates the local film thickness, and the
two-dimensional flow field at the surface ${\bf \tilde{u}}(x,y,t)$.
The surfactant density at the surface above the point $(x,y)$ is
described by the function $\gamma(x,y,t)$. The continuity equation of an
insoluble surfactant has been the subject of considerable discussion
\cite{S_ChemEngSci_60, S_PhysFluidsA_90, Aris}. Surface geometry is of
negligible influence in the lubrication regime, leaving us with the
nondimensionalized conservation law
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{,T} = -\nabla\cdot\left[\Gamma{\bf \tilde{U}}+{\bf I}
\right]\,, \label{e.evolgamma}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf I}$ is the diffusive flux of the surfactant.
Here we have scaled all quantities by characteristic values:
\begin{align}
& X=\frac{\epsilon x}{h_0}\,, \qquad Y=\frac{\epsilon y}{h_0}\,, \qquad
T=\frac{\epsilon u_0 t}{h_0}\,, \notag \\
& {\bf U}=\frac{{\bf u}}{u_0}\,, \qquad
\Gamma=\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_0}\,, \qquad {\bf I}=
\frac{{\bf i}}{\gamma_0 u_0}\,,
\end{align}
and $\nabla:=(\partial_X,\partial_Y)$ denotes the nabla operator in
non-dimensional coordinates $X,Y$.  The dimensionless parameter
$\epsilon=h_0/l_0$ defines the ratio of characteristic height and length
scales of the problem. Neglecting surface forces, the flow field at the
surface ${\bf \tilde{U}}$, subject to a no-slip condition at the moving
substrate, is given by
\begin{equation}
{\bf \tilde{U}}=-\frac{H^2}{2}\nabla\bar{P}+
H\epsilon\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\nabla
    \frac{\sigma}{\sigma_0} -\frac{{\bf v_0}}{u_0}\,.
\end{equation}
Here $H=h/h_0$ denotes the nondimensionalized film height, ${\bf v_0}$
stands for the substrate velocity, $\sigma_0$ describes the surface
tension in absence of any surfactant, and $\mathrm{Ca}=\mu u_0 /
\sigma_0$ is the capillary number with dynamic viscosity $\mu$.
Moreover, $\bar{P}$ is a generalized pressure given by
\begin{equation}
\bar{P}=
-\epsilon^3\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\frac{\sigma}{\sigma_0}\nabla^2 H + \Pi(H)\,.
\end{equation}
One can see that $\bar{P}$ contains, besides the Laplace pressure term
$\sim\nabla^2H$, the disjoining pressure $\Pi(H)$ due to interaction of
substrate and liquid. In the literature, different expressions for the
disjoining pressure have been considered (see
ref.~\cite{ODB_RevModPhys_97} and references therein for a discussion of
possible $\Pi(H)$). Here, we will use the expression
\begin{equation}
\Pi(H)=\frac{A_n}{H^n}-\frac{A_m}{H^m}\,, \label{e.defpdis}
\end{equation}
with the positive Hamaker constants $A_{n,m}$, where $m>n$, for example
$n=3, m=9$ for Lennard-Jones potentials. The repulsive short-range
interaction prevents a complete dry-off and the substrate is always
covered with a thin precursor film. Gravity could be accounted for by
adding a term $G H$ to $\bar{P}$, but is not considered here since it
plays a minor role in the capillary regime.

For the height profile of the liquid film, we obtain the standard
evolution equation \cite{ODB_RevModPhys_97}
\begin{equation}
H_{,T}=-\nabla\cdot\left[-\frac{H^3}{3}\nabla\bar{P}+\frac{H^2}{2}\epsilon\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\nabla\frac{\sigma}{\sigma_0}
-H\frac{{\bf v_0}}{u_0}\right]\,. \label{e.evolh}
\end{equation}
It should be noted, that surfactant thermodynamics affects the
system in two ways. First of all, the diffusive flux ${\bf I}$
is determined by the chemical potential of the surfactant. Second,
the presence of a surfactant alters the surface tension $\sigma$ of
the liquid film, making it dependent on $\gamma$ in a way determined by
ehe equation of state of the surfactant. These two points are discussed
in further details in the following section.
\section{Surfactant thermodynamics}
The lateral pressure $p_\mathrm{lat}$ of a surfactant is defined by
\cite{Adamson}
\begin{equation}
\sigma(\gamma) = \sigma_0 - p_\mathrm{lat}(\gamma)\,.
\end{equation}
Experimentally, $p_\mathrm{lat}(\gamma)$ is usually obtained from
surface tensions measurements using a film balance, where the available
area per surfactant molecule is adjusted with the help of a movable barrier
\cite{KMD_RevModPhys_99,AGS_JPhysique_78,Adamson}. The resulting  isotherms of
material exhibiting the first-order LE/LC transition display a behaviour
reminiscent of a three-dimensional van der Waals gas. It is therefore
reasonable to model the surfactant thermodynamics close to the main
transition by a free energy suitable for a two-dimensional analogue of a
van der Waals gas.
Since the surfactant density varies along the surface, we apply a
Cahn-Hilliard-type free-energy functional \cite{CH_JChemPhys_58},
allowing for a non-uniform free-energy density:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}[\gamma] = \int\mathrm{d}^{D-1}x\left\{
\frac{\kappa}{2}\left(\nabla\gamma\right)^2 +
f_\mathrm{hom}(\gamma) \right\}\,,
\end{equation}
where $\kappa>0$ is constant and $f_\mathrm{hom}(\gamma)$ denotes
the free-energy density of a homogeneous system with surfactant density
$\gamma$.
Assuming the system to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium
the corresponding lateral pressure is given by
\cite{Ev_AdvPhys_79}
\begin{equation}
\label{e.plat}
p_\mathrm{lat}(\gamma)=-f(\gamma) + \gamma\mu^\mathrm{(chem)}(\gamma)\,,
\end{equation}
where the chemical potential $\mu^\mathrm{(chem)}$ is obtained from
$\mathcal{F}$ by functional derivation:
\begin{equation}
\mu^\mathrm{(chem)} = \frac{\delta\mathcal{F}}{\delta\gamma} =
-\kappa\nabla^2\gamma+\frac{\partial f_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial
  \gamma}\,.
\end{equation}
So far, there have been no limitations on the choice of
$f_\mathrm{hom}$. In the spirit of Landau's theory of first-order phase
transitions \cite{LL5} we will now restrict ourselves to free-energy
densities that can be approximated sufficiently well by a fourth-order
polynomial around the critical density $\gamma_{cr}$ of the main
transition. Defining $\tilde{\gamma}=\gamma-\gamma_\mathrm{cr}$ we
obtain
\begin{equation}
f_\mathrm{hom}(\tilde{\gamma})=f_0+f_1\tilde{\gamma}+f_2\tilde{\gamma}^2+f_3\tilde{\gamma}^3+f_4\tilde{\gamma}^4\,.
\end{equation}
Realistic values for the parameters $f_i$ can be estimated by fitting
eq.~\eqref{e.plat} to experimentally obtained isotherms.
Notice, that $p_\mathrm{lat}$ has to be matched to the measured pressure
within the coexistence region with the help of a Maxwell construction.

The diffusive current ${\bf I}$ in eq.~\eqref{e.evolgamma} is
proportional to the gradient of $\mu^\mathrm{(chem)}$ with proportionality
constant $\alpha$ \cite{LL6}. Hence, in nondimensionalized form, the
lateral pressure and the diffusive current can be written as
\begin{align}
P_\mathrm{lat}= & -\epsilon^2 K
\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\nabla\Gamma\right)^2 +
\left(\Gamma_\mathrm{cr}+\tilde{\Gamma} \right)\nabla^2\Gamma \right]
\notag \\
& -F_\mathrm{hom}+\left(\Gamma_\mathrm{cr}+\tilde{\Gamma}\right)\frac{\partial F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial
  \tilde{\Gamma}}\,, \label{e.platdl}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
{\bf I}= & -\epsilon A \frac{\gamma_0}{\sigma_0} \nabla\mu^\mathrm{(chem)} \notag \\
= & -\epsilon A\left[-\epsilon^2
K\nabla^3\Gamma+\frac{\partial^2
F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial \tilde{\Gamma}^2}\nabla\Gamma\right]\,.
\label{e.diffcurrdl}
\end{align}
Here, the dimensionless numbers $A$ and $K$ are defined by
\begin{equation}
A = \frac{\alpha \sigma_0}{h_0 \gamma_0^2 u_0}\,, \qquad K =
\frac{\kappa\gamma_0^2}{h_0^2\sigma_0}\,,
\end{equation}
and the nondimensionalized free-energy density of the homogeneous system
is given by
\begin{equation}
F_\mathrm{hom}=\sum_{n=0}^4 F_n \tilde{\Gamma}^n\,, \quad \textrm{ where } \quad F_n =
\frac{f_n}{\sigma_0}\gamma_0^n \,.
\end{equation}
Inserting eqs.~\eqref{e.platdl} and \eqref{e.diffcurrdl} into the
evolution equations \eqref{e.evolgamma} and \eqref{e.evolh}, we
obtain the complete set of governing equations:
\begin{align}
H_{,T}= & -\nabla\cdot\left[ \frac{H^3}{3}\nabla \left\{ \epsilon^3\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\left(
    1-P_\mathrm{lat}(\Gamma)\right)\nabla^2H -\Pi(H) \right\} \right. \notag \\
& \left. -\epsilon\frac{H^2}{2}\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\nabla
P_\mathrm{lat}(\Gamma) -
H\frac{{\bf v_0}}{u_0} \right] \,, \label{e.Hgov} \\
\Gamma_{,T}= & -\nabla\cdot\left( \Gamma \left[ \frac{H^2}{2}\nabla\left\{
    \epsilon^3\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\left(
    1-P_\mathrm{lat}(\Gamma)\right) \nabla^2H  \notag \right. \right. \right. \\
& \left. \left. -\Pi(H) \right\} - \epsilon H \mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\nabla P_\mathrm{lat}(\Gamma) - \frac{{\bf v_0}}{u_0}\right] \notag \\
& \left. + \epsilon A \left[\epsilon^2K\nabla^3\Gamma -
\frac{\partial^2F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial\tilde{\Gamma}^2}\nabla\Gamma
\right] \right) \,. \label{e.Ggov}
\end{align}
In the next section, we will investigate the linear stability of
stationary homogeneous solutions of these equations.
\section{Linear stability analysis}
In the following we concentrate on the case of a substrate at rest,
${\bf v_0}=0$. For the sake of simplicity, we first consider only
one-dimensional fields $H(X,T),\,\Gamma(X,T)$.  Homogeneous film heights
and surfactant densities $H=\hat{H}=\mathrm{const.},
\Gamma=\hat{\Gamma}=\mathrm{const.}$ are always stationary solutions
of the equations. Expanding eqs.~\eqref{e.Hgov} and \eqref{e.Ggov}
like $H(X,T) = \hat{H}+\eta(X,T)$ and
$\Gamma(X,T)=\hat{\Gamma}+\zeta(X,T)$ yields the linearised set of
equations
\begin{equation}
\partial_T\left(\begin{array}{c} \eta \\ \zeta \end{array} \right) =
\mathcal{A}\left(\begin{array}{c} \eta \\ \zeta \end{array}\right)\,,
\end{equation}
with the linear operator
\begin{equation}
\label{s.long}
\mathcal{A} = \left( \begin{array}{cc}
            \displaystyle \frac{\hat{H}^3}{3}\left(
            \frac{\partial\Pi}{\partial
            H}\bigg|_{\hat{H}}\partial_X^2-\epsilon^3\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\hat{\Sigma}
\partial_X^4\right)  &
              \displaystyle \epsilon
              \mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\frac{\hat{H}^2}{2}\hat{\Gamma}\left(
                \frac{\partial^2F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial \tilde{\Gamma}^2}\bigg|_{\Delta\Gamma}\partial_X^2-\epsilon^2K\partial_X^4
                \right) \\
            \displaystyle
            \hat{\Gamma}\frac{\hat{H}^2}{2}\left(\frac{\partial\Pi}{\partial H}\bigg|_{\hat{H}}\partial_X^2
              - \epsilon^3 \mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\hat{\Sigma}\partial_X^4 \right)
                           &
             \displaystyle \epsilon\left(\hat{\Gamma}^2\hat{H}\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}+A\right)\left(
                 \frac{\partial^2F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial\tilde{\Gamma}^2}\bigg|_{\Delta\Gamma}\partial_X^2-\epsilon^2
                 K \partial_X^4\right) \end{array} \right)
\end{equation}
where $\hat{\Sigma}=\sigma(\gamma_0\hat{\Gamma})/\sigma_0$ and
$\Delta \Gamma=\hat{\Gamma}-\Gamma_\mathrm{cr}$. Using the
ansatz $\eta\sim\exp(\lambda T + \mathrm{i}kX)$,
       $\zeta\sim\exp(\lambda T + \mathrm{i}kX)$, trace
$\tau$ and determinant $\Delta$ of the resulting matrix
${\bf \mathrm{A}}={\bf \mathrm{A}}(k)$ can be obtained as polynomials of wavenumber
$k$. The growth rates $\lambda$, which are the eigenvalues of
${\bf \mathrm{A}}(k)$, can be calculated by use of
\begin{equation}
\lambda_{\pm} = \frac{\tau \pm
\sqrt{\tau^2-4\Delta}}{2}\,.
\end{equation}
The system is linearly stable if and only if the conditions
$\tau(k)<0$ and $\Delta(k)>0$ are simultaneously fulfilled
for all wavenumbers $k$. Assuming the parameters $\epsilon,
\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}, A, K$ to be positive and taking into account that
$\hat{\Sigma}$ is a surface tension and hence positive as well, the
stability condition can be shown to be equivalent to:
\begin{equation}
\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} \displaystyle \frac{\partial \Pi}{\partial
  H}\bigg|_{\hat{H}} & > 0\,, \\[10pt]
    \displaystyle \frac{\partial^2 F_\mathrm{hom}}{\partial
      \tilde{\Gamma}^2}\bigg|_{\Delta\Gamma} & >0\,. \end{array} \right.
      \label{e.stabilitycond}
\end{equation}
In the following analysis, we will use $P_1:=\partial \Pi(\hat{H})
/ \partial H$ and $P_2:=\partial^2F_\mathrm{hom}(\Delta\Gamma)/\partial \Gamma^2$ as control parameters.
Besides the significance of the sign of $P_1$, which is well known from
investigations of spinodal dewetting, there is a similar dependence on
the sign of $P_2$. This is due to the fact, that a homogeneous
distribution of surfactant in the spinodal region, where
$P_2<0$, becomes unstable to spinodal decomposition.
Although the stability borders are exactly as would be
expected from the isolated subsystems $H$ and $\Gamma$,
film and surfactant do \emph{not} decouple linearly as will be discussed
in the next section.

An elementary calculation reveals that whenever
condition~\eqref{e.stabilitycond} is violated, there is a band of
unstable modes $0<k<k_\mathrm{c}$, where growth rate
$\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_+)$ is positive. If both, $P_1$ and $P_2$ are
negative, there will also be a band of wavenumbers with positive
$\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_-)$ reaching from $k=0$ to a maximal
wavenumber smaller than $k_\mathrm{c}$.

In principle, the wavenumber $k_\mathrm{max}$ corresponding to maximal
growth rate $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_+(k_\mathrm{max}))$ can be calculated
from eq.~\eqref{s.long}, but for the general case the
result cannot be stated in a concise manner.
However, the upper bound of the band of unstable modes, $k_\mathrm{c}$,
can be calculated analytically and the result depends on the signs of
$P_1$ and $P_2$. Defining
\begin{equation}
k_1=\sqrt{\frac{-P_1}{\epsilon^3\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\hat{\Sigma}}}, \qquad
k_2=\sqrt{\frac{-P_2}{\epsilon^2K}}, \label{e.konektwo}
\end{equation}
we obtain
\begin{equation}
k_\mathrm{c} = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcr}
k_1 & \textrm{ for } & P_1<0, P_2>0\,, \\
k_2 & \textrm{ for } & P_1>0,P_2<0\,, \\
\max\left\{k_1, k_2 \right\} & \textrm{ for } & P_1<0,P_2<0 \,.
\end{array}
\right. \label{e.kc}
\end{equation}
This means, that in its lower-left quadrant, the $P_1$-$P_2$ plane is
divided by the line $k_1=k_2$, or equivalently
$P_2=(K/\epsilon\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}\hat{\Sigma})P_1$, into one region where
$k_c=k_1$ and another one, where $k_c=k_2$ (see
fig.~\ref{fig.poneptwo}).

Since operator $\mathcal{A}$ contains only even
powers of $\nabla$, it is clear, that by writing $k:=|{\bf k}|$, the
same results for $\Delta(k)$, $\tau(k)$ and $k_c$ are obtained in the
two-dimensional case, using the ansatz
$\eta\sim\exp(\lambda T + i{\bf k}\cdot{\bf X}),\zeta\sim\exp(\lambda
    T + i{\bf k}\cdot{\bf X})$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{fig_poneptwo.eps}
\caption{Stability diagram of stationary homogeneous solutions in the
  $P_1$-$P_2$ plane. If $P_1$ and $P_2$ are positive, the solution is
    stable. Otherwise, there is a band of unstable modes
    \mbox{$0<k<k_\mathrm{c}$}.}
\label{fig.poneptwo}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Numerical analysis}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{fig_potential.eps}
\caption{The free-energy density (left) used in the numerical example
  and the corresponding pressure-area diagram (right). The solid
    horizontal line results from Maxwell construction.}
\label{fig.potplat}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{fig_lambdaplus.eps}
\caption{Eigenvalue spectra of stability matrix ${\bf \mathrm{A}}$, obtained for
  the parameter set used in our numerical example.}
\label{fig.linstabi}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
We have numerically simulated the nonlinear set of equations
\eqref{e.Hgov} and \eqref{e.Ggov} on periodic domains in one and two
dimensions using a pseudospectral method of lines code \cite{Boyd}.
Time integration was performed by an embedded 4(5) Runge-Kutta scheme,
using the Cash-Karp parameter set \cite{NRC}, while the r.h.s. of
the evolution equations was calculated using 256 Fourier modes in 1D or
$64\times64$ modes in 2D.

In the simulations we used a simple symmetric double well potential
$F_\mathrm{hom}$ employing the parameters ${\Gamma_\mathrm{cr}=1},
{F_1=F_3=0}, {F_0=-0.1}, {F_2=-0.24}, {F_4=3.85}$.
Figure~\ref{fig.potplat} shows the free-energy density $F_\mathrm{hom}$,
as is obtained for our choice of parameters, as well as the
resulting pressure-area diagram calculated according to
eq.~\eqref{e.platdl} for homogeneous values of $\Gamma$. The two minima
of $F_\mathrm{hom}$ correspond to two thermodynamically stable phases of
different surfactant density. Within this simple model, the phases of
higher and lower density can be identified with the liquid-condensed (LC)
phase and the liquid-expanded (LE) phase, respectively.

For the disjoining pressure \eqref{e.defpdis} we use the parameters
${n=3},{m=9}$ with ${A_3=3}$ and ${A_9=1}$ and set the remaining
dimensionless numbers to
$\mathrm{Ca}^{-1}=1,A=0.05,K=0.05,{\bf v_0}=0$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_timespace.eps}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_timespace_gneu.eps}
\caption{Space-time plots of the 1D liquid film $H(X,T)$ (a) and the
  surfactant density $\Gamma(X,T)$ (b), displaying regions of
  positive and negative curvature in black and white, respectively.}
\label{fig.spacetime}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Our goal is to investigate how the surfactant affects the formation of
droplets. Therefore, as initial conditions, small random perturbations
of the stationary homogeneous solution ${\hat{H}=1.2}$ and
${\hat{\Gamma}=0.82345}$ are used. Since $\partial\Pi(1.2)/\partial H<0$
this corresponds to a flat film, which would be unstable to droplet
formation even in absence of any surfactant. The value of
$\hat{\Gamma}$ is chosen as the position of the lower density minimum of
$F_\mathrm{hom}$. Thus, we are simulating a thin film uniformly covered
with surfactant in its lower density phase.

The parameter values specified above correspond to the case
$P_1<0,P_2>0$ of the linear stability analysis. The wavenumber
dependent growth rate $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_+(k))$ is displayed in
fig.~\ref{fig.linstabi}. For comparison we also show
$\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_+(k))$ for two different sets of $\hat{H},
\hat{\Gamma}$. The first one where $P_1<0,P_2<0$ corresponds to
the unstable fixed point $\hat{\Gamma}=\Gamma_\mathrm{cr}=1$ of
$F_\mathrm{hom}$ and the same $\hat{H}=1.2$, whereas the other
describes the stable case $P_1>0,P_2>0$ where again
$\hat{\Gamma}=0.82345$ and $\hat{H}=0.9$.
Now we are in position to determine numerically the
maximal growth rates $\lambda_+(k_\mathrm{max})$ and the corresponding
eigenvectors for the three parameter sets mentioned above.
The calculations show that neither component of the eigenvectors is
dominant. This indicates the coupling of the fields $H$ and $\Gamma$ even
within the scope of linear theory.

Now we concentrate again on the initial condition
$\hat{H}=1.2,\hat{\Gamma}=0.82345$. Time evolution of the
nonlinear system in the one-dimensional case can be described
as follows. In the beginning, spinodal dewetting and surfactant spinodal
decomposition lead to rapid formation of liquid droplets and surfactant
domains, the latter consisting of surfactant in a higher-density (LC)
and a lower-density (LE) phase. Then a coarsening process sets in and
drops of liquid coalesce while surfactant domains merge into larger
ones.
To visualize the coarsening of the liquid film and the surfactant
density, we display the regions of negative curvature, which naturally
indicate the location of drops and domains of high surfactant density,
in a space-time diagram (see fig.~\ref{fig.spacetime}).
Figure~\ref{fig.film1D} shows a snapshot of a later stage of the 1D
simulation, where the few remaining high-density domains are clearly
located on the largest liquid drops. Evidently, there is a
strong correlation of $\Gamma$ and $H$. In the 2D case, morphology is
similar. As can be seen in fig.~\ref{fig.film2D}, high-density domains
are again located on the largest drops of liquid.
To emphasise this correlation the contour line $\Gamma=1$ is
drawn in the plot of the field $H$ (fig.~\ref{fig.film2D} (a)) and
vice versa. Like in the 1D simulation, drops, that are covered with
surfactant in the low-density phase become smaller and smaller
as $T$ increases, while drops covered with the high-density surfactant
phase grow stronger during the coarsening. Obviously the surfactant has
a sustaining effect on the drops, since the system
energetically favours surfaces with lower surface tension.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{fig_film1D.eps}
\caption{One-dimensional film profile (solid) and surfactant density (dashed) at $T=100$.}
\label{fig.film1D}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_film2D_H.eps}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_film2D_G.eps}
\caption{Film height (a) and surfactant density (b), each with
 contour lines ($H,\Gamma=1$) of the other field, at $T=100$.}
\label{fig.film2D}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusion and outlook}
We have modelled the dynamics of a thin liquid film covered with an
insoluble surfactant in the vicinity of a phase transition. For that
purpose we have incorporated a suitable free-energy functional for the
surfactant into the two governing equations, which were derived within
the lubrication approximation. Linear stability analysis revealed the
interplay of surfactant spinodal decomposition and spinodal dewetting of
the liquid film. Although result \eqref{e.kc}
for $k_c$ seems to imply that the liquid film and the surfactant
are linearly decoupled,
their time evolution is connected from onset. One- and two-dimensional
simulations were presented, showing the decomposition of the surfactant
into domains of material in thermodynamically stable phases. Droplets
and domains show a strong spatial correlation resulting from the
sustaining effect of the surfactant on droplets.  The proposed model
might serve as a starting point for further research on thin film
dynamics with surfactant phase transitions and the related pattern
formation. Also, further investigation is needed, to understand the role
of the phase transition in Langmuir-Blodgett transfer systems.  Thus, it
will be necessary to solve the set of evolution equations subject to
suitable boundary conditions.
\section{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within
special research fund TRR 61. We thank L. F. Chi and M. Hirtz
for helpful discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Sydneysiders are being warned to brace themselves for wild weather with heavy rainfall expected to cause flash flooding in the city and elsewhere across NSW.
The Bureau of Meteorology has warned that Sydney and Wollongong will receive a month's worth of rain on Wednesday as a low-pressure system moves across NSW.
The heaviest falls are set to be in the morning and evening peak travel times for commuters and authorities have warned people to take care and "reconsider their need to be on the roads".
On Monday the BOM issued a flood watch and severe weather warning with a low-pressure system likely to dump heavy rain on coastal areas from Wednesday morning.
Flash flooding, damaging winds and hazardous surf conditions are anticipated. Bureau forecaster Anita Pyne says the heaviest falls will likely be over the Sydney and Illawarra districts but the northern part of the South Coast, Central Coast and Blue Mountains could also be hard hit.
The majority of the storm will be over in a six to 12-hour period from Wednesday morning.
Sydney and the Illawarra are predicted to receive up to 100 millimetres of rain with localised totals that could exceed 200mm, Pyne said in a statement.
The NSW SES warns the Upper and Lower Nepean rivers, the Hawkesbury River, the Colo River and Georges and Woronora rivers could experience minor to moderate flooding.
The Central Coast, northern Sydney and southern Sydney can expect localised flooding as will the Upper Coxs River, Macdonald River, Parramatta River and the Illawarra Coast which are also predicted to experience riverine flooding.
The SES issued a warning to those who live in potentially affected low-lying areas to prepare for flooding by sandbagging doorways, ensuring gutters and drains are clear of debris and preparing for possible evacuation.
When life gives you hail stones.


Conditions favored AWD but don't tell that to Auston Harris, he took the top rookie honors.
Race car drivers are animated in there discussions whether solving car problems or discussing tactics for the track.
As interesting as the clock against the track, so it is in the paddock (NASCAR calls it "behind the wall"). Most of what the typical race fan sees takes place in a fraction of the time that it takes to field a competitive team.
As precious as a few tenths of a second and a driver's talent is on the track, so is a minute or two and the skill of the crew and the driver's tuning experience in the paddock.
Saturday, March 11, 2006, Laguna Seca, Salinas, CA – Snow cover at the 500' level it's cold and damp and the official schedule is in disarray as track time was limited on Friday due to precipitation. Practice has been minimal to non-existent and qualifying sessions called out of sequence with as little as half an hour prepare.
Team Cobalt has the new car set up for 15 year old Auston Harris which he will later use, qualifying on the damp course, to put him just behind the all-wheel-drive cars on grid. Jeff Lepper is standing by to drive the older # 21 Cobalt but with oil over temp troubles and much tuning to do decides to spend his time working on the car with Motorkars.
Tom takes over the driving duties and in the same session that Auston qualifies the #5 near the front Tom successively turns a quicker lap but has to come in with an over heating situation.
After the qualifying session ends full attention turns to the cars. In addition to the engine issues with # 21 the team discusses car handling and brake wear.
The #5 Cobalt is in need of a new set of brakes after just 20 minutes of qualifying so it's up on the stands and the team goes to work. Seems that with all that time Auston competed in karts he learned that the fast way around was to drag the brakes a bit. With this being Auston's first race in a front wheel drive car the team thought he would be aided with a brake light in the cockpit to help him keep a set of brakes in tact for the duration of the race.
Tom had an interesting report when returning from qualifying. Seems he's looped the #21 car; a first ever for him. The Cobalt was on the same springs as worked for Daytona but with a lower temperature track, the dampness and stiffer sidewall tires of USTCC the rear rates were not going to work. Work continues into the evening and with the focus of the crew the cars are readied for the next day's competition.
Sunday, March 12, 2006 – The weather forecast had been for clearing on race day but turned out to be a mix which leaned toward precipitation.
As race time neared the rain had stopped, USTCC declared it a dry race and competitors gridded on their slicks. No sooner than the race got under way the rain returned. While the damp conditions had favored the all-wheel-drive cars during qualifying the rain exacerbated their advantages.
Long story short, Tom had a good chance at third with Auston just behind when on the throttle and into standing water on the track the # 21 over-revved, threw a code disabling the engine and he came to a stop on the side of the track. The # 5 had a much easier time of it and Auston brought it home in fourth, earning the trophy for the first highest finishing rookie. Way to go Auston and Team Cobalt California.


•	In collaboration with the CCHS Director of Enrollment, recognize enrollment opportunities, develop strategies, and implement domestic and international student recruitment enhancements that serve the mission of Saint Bernard's.
•	Maintain a student enrollment stream and database that incorporates benchmarks, metrics, and uses appropriate data in growing the student enrollment base.
•	Build enduring relationships with internal constituencies that motivates support of enrollment and retention best practices.
•	Communicate effectively with school representatives, parents, students, alumni, and prospective families as the admissions primary point of contact.
•	Assist in coordinating open house events, external school visits, shadow visits, and community / regional good-neighbor activities.
•	Organize student, staff, and parent volunteers in assisting with in-house and external enrollment events.
•	In collaboration with the CCHS Director of Enrollment, develop, implement, and assess strategic marketing programs, including digital and social media marketing.
•	A demonstrated enthusiasm for Catholic education.
•	A practiced understanding of recruitment, enrollment management, and retention strategies in a secondary school setting.
•	An affable team approach that enables colleagues to cultivate strong community ties and networks among feeder schools and communities.
•	Successful experience in working and interacting with volunteers.
•	Outstanding communication and interpersonal skills; working knowledge of developing and executing social / digital media communications.
•	Previous experience with utilizing enrollment database platforms.
•	Minimum of a bachelor's degree (advanced degree preferred) in management, marketing, public relations, or a related field, and a minimum of 5 years relevant experience with a record of accomplishment.


The spacious studio, one- and two-bedroom suites at our Falls Church, VA hotel feature separate living and sleeping areas. Each has convenient amenities such as a fully equipped kitchen with full-size refrigerator, microwave and dishwasher. Ideal for work or relaxing, enjoy all the comforts of home.
Our extended stay Falls Church hotel's spacious one- and two-bedroom suites feature separate living and sleeping areas. Each has a fully-equipped kitchen with full-size refrigerator, microwave, 2-burner stove and dishwasher. You'll find enough space for work, study or entertaining – plus all the comforts of home including two remote control TVs, complimentary internet access, and two phones with voice mail. Enjoy a complimentary Suite Start™ hot breakfast seven days a week and an evening social featuring complimentary evening light fare and beverages served Monday through Thursday (local laws apply).
At the Homewood Suites Falls Church hotel, we've designed our accessible hotel rooms to make our guests with disabilities - as well as friends and family who accompany them - more comfortable. Our accessible Falls Church accommodations are perfect whether staying for a day, a week or a month! The corresponding photo may not reflect the specific accessible room type or room feature.


text:
Famous Vegans
Musician "Being sympathetic to animal rights is just something that came very naturally to me. Perhaps because I used to have dogs growing up, and you know they became part of the family. And it never occurred to me growing up. I never put the whole thing of animal cruelty and that together as a youngster. But the moment I began to understand what was going on with the treatment of animals, it led me more and more in the way of the path I am [on] now, which is a complete vegan."
"When vegans eat with meat eaters, many of us don't see 'meat'. We see the remains of a morally abandoned being, at the center of the table, being buried into the stomachs of those around us. We are not just supposed to be quiet, we are supposed to be polite."
Actor "When people ask me why I don't eat meat or any other animal products, I say, 'Because they are unhealthy and they are the product of a violent and inhumane industry'. Chickens, cows, and pigs in factory farms spend their whole lives in filthy, cramped conditions, only to die a prolonged and painful death."
Musician "I'm not really up in the activist world right now,I'm not really thinking about it. I'm a vegan, but I don't care if you're eating turkey in front of me. I'm not a preaching vegan."
Emily Autumn
Musician "I became vegetarian a very long time ago, around age eleven, when I realized that there was very little difference between a chicken, a cow, a horse, or my dog.Veganism came later. That was a choice I made as I began to become more educated on the facts about how poorly even dairy producing animals are often treated, how many chemicals they are injected with to increase their output, and how they often end up with the same fate of animals raised for slaughter. So, it was both a personal health choice as well as an ethical one."
Musician "Vegan food is soul food in its truest form. Soul food means to feed the soul. And, to me, your soul is your intent. If your intent is pure, you are pure."
Doctor "In animal labs, the medical students are given a dog, have to give the dog a variety of drugs to see how the drugs affect the blood pressure, the EKG, then they kill the animal. Those things don't just kill the dog; they also kill something in the student'compassion, which is all too frail in medicine today."
Gene Baur
Activist "I think it's important for people to recognize that every day, they make choices that have profound consequences. One of those decisions we make each day is what to eat. And it's something that people unfortunately are not mindful enough of, and tragically, people are eating in a way that is resulting in the deaths of billions of animals and also horrible health problems for our human population and destruction of the planet's ecosystem. So, every day, we make one of the most important choices when we decide what to eat, and I just hope people will think more about it."
Ed Begley, Jr.
Actor "I believe in the rights of all creatures. If we needed to kill to survive, we have and we would, as do many creatures in the wild. But that need no longer be the way we live. In striking a balance between our needs and the needs of the many other species with whom we share this earth, the balance is way out of whack. We treat many other animals as if they are merely "resources" or "spare parts". They are living, breathing, feeling creatures that need to be accorded some measure of respect."
Stephen Best
Activist "Realizing that animals suffered far more than human beings in the quantity and quality of their pain, suffering, and death, I shifted from human rights to animal rights activism. Whereas most human beings have at least some rights, no animals have the most basic right to life and bodily integrity. When I studied the impact of meat production on world hunger and the environment, I realized that by helping the animals I would also be helping humans in the most productive way possible. I saw animal rights as the most radical, complete, and holistic form of activism."
Actress "I show my love for animals by not eating them or participating in any business that profits directly from their exploitation or ' if that word irks you ' their 'use'. You may show your love for animals by eating them. You may love animals, but only 'intelligent' ones. You may draw the line anywhere you gosh darn please, but for me, I couldn't draw it anymore so I just gave up the line. I threw out the line."
Actress "It is my goal to make changes in this country before I die on behalf of the animals."
Brendan Brazier
Athlete "I first became vegan for health reasons, which for me translates to performance gains. Soon after I stopped eating meat I realized that there were many more reasons other than just health to be vegan. Society makes contributing to killing an animal completely acceptable and anonymous, others do all the messy work (breeding, raising, killing) all you as the consumer has to do is walk into a friendly, clean supermarket in the shopping mall and buy a piece of meat wrapped with a cartoon picture of a smiling cow on it."
Sean Brennan
Musician "Image is just an unfortunate bother when you're in this business. But, one running theme through my clothing is I don't wear leather or fur, because I'm a vegan. And most of my clothing is fairly worn and tattered. I guess that's my statement that I reject people's obsession with wealth, ego gratification, and vanity. My statement that you have to look past the surface and value what's inside rather than what's outside."
Dan Briggs
Musician "I went vegetarian in the eighth grade. I remember there was this animal rights group that had just started up in Erie, Pennsylvania, that always had a table set up at shows of videos showing animal abuse and meat factories. Then I realized'we had a puppy for about three years, this great black lab named Kelly. Watching her one day, I noticed how many humanlike qualities she had, and I'm just like, this is my best friend and she is an animal like a cow is an animal, and they're all the same, and I don't really want to eat them. I can just remember, my dad was cooking up Sunday breakfast, and I was like, 'Dad, I don't think I'm going to eat eggs or drink milk anymore."
Author "I don't hold animals superior or even equal to humans. The whole case for behaving decently to animals rests on the fact that we are the superior species. We are the species uniquely capable of imagination, rationality, and moral choice and that is precisely why we are under an obligation to recognize and respect the rights of animals."
Mark Browning
Musician "I am a vegan. I chose to change my lifestyle when I learned what a toll meat-eating takes on our environment, not to mention the unimaginable cruelty that is routine within the factory farming industry."
Hunter Burgan
Musician "I think that back in 1992, especially where I grew up, it was certainly not easy to be vegan. Now, I think it is so simple. The world has definitely become more vegan-friendly, and now it would just be silly not to be vegan."
Musician "Life is God's or natures' greatest gift. All life should be treated with respect and dignity."
Molly Cameron
Athlete "When I turned 15 or 16 I realized that I did not have to eat meat, so I stopped. I went Vegan the same year I got into bike racing: 1999. I was living in San Francisco and started racing on the track and lived with a bunch of vegans. To be honest, I never really liked eating animal products. It was just always in stuff I would eat. Y'know: burritos have cheese, pizza has cheese. But once I was surrounded by people who showed me that there were options, I stopped eating animal products right away. I was really motivated to start taking responsibility for what I put in my body."
Robert Cheeke
Athlete "I definitely have more energy, an easier digestion, increased metabolism, and much reduced recovery time after workouts. I have less inflammations, can train harder and faster, and my heart and joints are much healthier - there is really nothing negative I can think of as being a vegan athlete."
George Church
Scientist "I've been vegan off-and-on since 1974 when I was inspired by participating in an MIT nutritional study, and quite strictly since 2004. My four reasons have been: medical (cholesterol in fish & dairy), energy conservation (up to 20-fold impact), cruelty ('organic' animals are deprived of medicines that humans use), and risks of spreading pathogens (not just the flu). Shoppers, chefs and diners (especially for mixed foods) will increasingly employ cell phones to scan barcodes (or scan foods directly) to get information on lipid content, environmental impact, and personalization (allergies, salt, lactose intolerance, celiac, religious and political preferences, etc.). Entrepreneurs will seize the opportunity to (ironically) extend "green chemistry" ideas to foods. Veganism is an issue for which personal and global love of life, health and wealth align. It's a pity to lose parts of our humanity and planet just due to a lack of recipes."
Vicki Cosio
Athlete "For me, being vegan means choosing life without cruelty. Choosing an ethical way to live. I try to be the best example of a vegan that I can, so people will ask me how at my age, I can do the things that I do. That is the opening that I have to explain veganism to them, and what it means to me and what it can mean to them."
Mac Danzig
Athlete "Ever since I can remember, I've always had a profound respect and interest in nature and animals. I guess it's just in my blood. I grew up poor by American standards and was raised to eat whatever we could afford. I remember being 13 and seeing a truck on the interstate filled with pigs all headed to the slaughterhouse. One of them made eye contact with me for a while. It was one of the saddest moments I can remember. There was so much intelligence and spirit in him, and here he was, being sent to an awful death."
Alexander Dargatz
Athlete " I read a couple of good books and realized the ethical implications of eating meat and the countless other ways of abusing animals and nature. It made me cry. There simply is no need for us to consume animal products and we cause a lot of harm by doing so; that is the definition of crime. I couldn't be anything else but vegan after understanding that."
Actress "50 billion animals a year are killed and I think we all fool ourselves that there is some kind of happy cow and that it's a quick death, that they just hit him in the head and that they are out. They are all in pain, they are all treated badly. They are all diseased and they are all pumped with antibiotics. It's a very disturbing reality. And it happens every minute of the day."
Actress "One way I removed myself from participation and the cruelties that go on is that I became vegan and another is involving myself in organizations like Farm Sanctuary. They do political work, they do outreach, they do education, and they are also a sanctuary for animals. It's an amazing place to visit. You get to know these animals that are incredible and you wouldn't want to eat them again."
Actor "I run into people all the time that say 'I can't do it', or 'It's too difficult', or 'I really need meat'. And I just say 'Look, it's really not difficult, it's just different'. You have to go into a shop a different way. You have to look at the packaging. You have to pay attention to what goes in it and be careful. That just takes a little more time, but it's not hard."
William Faith
Musician "I had been vegetarian for 5 years back in the '80's, but backslid horribly for the whole of the '90's. In 2000, I became vegetarian again, and it was seeing the film Peaceable Kingdom in late 2004 that cemented my decision to become vegan. I have never looked back."
Activist "We all say that we take animal interests seriously, but in reality, our society treats animals in much the same way that it treats any other form of property. If, however, we did accord animals this one right not to be treated as property, we would be committed to abolishing and not merely regulating animal exploitation because our uses of animals for food, experiments, product testing, entertainment, and clothing all assume that animals are nothing but property. If we accepted that animals have the right not to be treated as our property, we would stop'completely'bringing domestic animals into existence."
Matt Frazier
Athlete "A real eye-opener for me was reading Brendan Brazier's Thrive. Brendan is pro Ironman triathlete who happens to be vegan, and his book was so helpful to me. It convinced me that I didn't need to think about counting how much protein I was getting as long as I made sure that every day I was eating a wide variety of foods. It seems like we as athletes have been led to believe we need a whole lot more protein than we actually do. So just getting over that mental block that I needed a huge piece of protein in every meal was a big step."
Author "As I began to understand what happens to animals as they become food, I had to ask myself: is my hankering for a piece of chicken or bacon worth the pain and fear that an animal goes through to become the meat at my table? I had this epiphany that in my soul, no, this doesn't sit right with me. For me, it's about finding my balance with delicious food while at the same time feeling spiritually true. I would rather opt for vegan food and know that my choices didn't contribute to any fear, pain or suffering"
Photographer "On my Web pages and in my books, my veganism and straight edge philosophies are always mentioned, and in every interview I always make it very clear so people understand that I am vegan and I am straight edge. It's a good thing to represent."
Author "What really struck me was that animals are also sentient beings. I realized that they are made for their own purposes -- whether you believe in God or nature -- not for us to consume."
Scientist "From my limited experience, vegetarians typically are people who are willing to challenge the usual, accepted order of things. Moreover, they're often people willing to sacrifice their own pleasures in pursuit of what they believe is right. These same qualities are often what's needed to make great breakthroughs in the arts and sciences."
Doctor "I was at Farm Sanctuary. Gene took me to a stockyard in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Gave me a tour. It's a matter of seeing it with your own eyes, I think. I mean, that's really what does it. You can read about, see pictures, even watch a video, but you can't smell it. You can't hear it. You're not surrounded by it. That's what did it for me. Maybe that's from my lack of imagination. Some people can read a book and that's it! That's amazing. They can change their lives. For me, it took that extra push. I needed to kind of experience it, and once I was in that environment feeding these animals, that was it."
Andrew Günsberg
TV Personality "Mastication is one of my favourite things ' it's right up there. There's a Buddhist saying: 'When you walk, just walk; when you eat, just eat.' When I sit down to eat, I like to think about how it got to the table, who grew it, who picked it, who prepared it and brought it to you. When you think about all the energy that's gone into making something good, why would you ever eat a burger from a franchise again?"
Actor "If you eat chicken, maybe you're on one level. If you wear a mink coat, maybe you're on another level. But if you wear cosmetics, cosmetics that are tested on animals, then you're just unconscious. Really, my message is simple. It's a message of compassion. In this world that is spinning madly out of control, we have to realize that we're all related. We have to try to live harmoniously."
Musician "I went vegan for two reasons; I really try to live the healthiest lifestyle that I can and to be vegan is the healthiest diet that you can live ' as long as you're not eating a bunch of French fries ' you can abuse the diet! But when eating properly it is the healthiest way you can live and it's the best for your body and thereby your mind. Also I have respect for animals. I love animals. I really don't feel that it is our right to abuse them and I would feel awful abusing them for any reason."
Musician "The amount of suffering that animals endure doesn't surprise me because it's mirrored by the scale of human suffering. There are whole continents where people are starving to death and the cause is the same ' enforced slavery and exploitation. Violence breeds violence and gentle ways promote more gentle ways. The reaction to murder is murder and people who eat meat are responsible for wholesale murder. They take pleasure in eating meat, which has nothing to do with necessity, and killing for pleasure is murder."
Joi Ito
Entrepreneur "If you've thought about being a vegan for any reason, I suggest you try it. It isn't as hard as it sounds."
Cathy Jamieson
Policitian "I was brought up in a rural dairy farming area in Scotland. ... Not drinking milk is a big decision for someone living in that community. It got to the stage, although I was vegetarian, that my health hadn't been particularly good. When I researched a few things, I realized that perhaps I could deal with some of the symptoms I was having, simply by cutting out dairy produce. And I did. Then I got more interested in the ethical issues."
Athlete "On a vegan diet I was improving not only my body composition, but I was increasing muscle mass. And a lot of people assume that one needs to eat animal products to gain a lot of muscle mass or sufficient muscle mass for even power sports, and that's definitely been proved false time and time again."
Tonya Kay
Ahtlete "I would like to dispel the myth that being vegetarian, especially a live vegan, is difficult. I have been traveling for five years now, without a home and a kitchen. I have thrived on this diet in every city in the nation and let me tell you, there is nothing easier or more fun! What is more effortless than finding a grocery store and carrying a few macadamia nuts and dates to dance class with you? What is more fulfilling than spending an afternoon with friends at the local farmer's market?"
Jamie Kilstein
Comedian "You should go vegan, guys. Factory farms contribute to the majority of global warming, and it's healthier, and you don't have to kill little animals."
Michael Klaper
Doctor "A vegan diet and lifestyle makes a statement to all that 'killing is not part of my problem-solving kit. I won't use extermination of any sentient creature--including humans--as a solution to a given problem, even involving my food, water, or other vital matters'. Such a stance of non-violent intent emanates feelings of safety towards those around you and will make any situation better."
Kathy Kolla
Film Director "You just have to believe in what you're doing and believe that's the best thing for you. I've always stood up for my own beliefs instead of following other people."
Politician "I've been a vegan now since 1995, and as a result I've had tremendous health, I've had great energy, clarity. I've had the ability to be able to connect my dietary choices with my health."
Georges Laraque
Athlete "After I saw how badly animals were treated to end up in our plates, how bad it was for our health and for the environment, I decided to stop this nonsense and educate others. After all, animals can't talk and they need people that have notoriety like me to be their voices."
Comedian "I became vegan because I felt that as a Jewish lesbian, I wasn't part of a small enough minority. So now I'm a Jewish lesbian vegan."
Musician "After about ten years of being vegetarian for a whole host of reasons that people tend to make that choice, the driving force was that I couldn't justify not being vegan. To a certain degree, once I'd made that decision to be a vegetarian and live with that for ten years, a lot of the less personal, more political/economic/animal rights reasons didn't really justify not being vegan for me. Just seemed like too much of a half-step."
Howard Lyman
Activist "I spent 45 years in the cattle business always professing that I loved my animals. But it was years before I was willing to admit I was more interested in profit than the animals' health. The fact of it is, we simply raised them to a point where they became economically beneficial to us to sell. I finally woke up. Looking in those big old brown eyes, I realized those animals loved life in their way just as much as I loved life in mine; there was no way in the world I could ever put them to death again."
Dennis Lyxzén
Musician "I got into animal rights and the anti-capitalist struggle at the same time because I think a lot of the effect of why we treat animals like we do is because the structure of labor and the structure of mass production of commodities. And I think in a capitalist society, there is no meaning to an object if it's not a product to be bought or sold, and therefore animals as animals have no meaning - their only meaning is as products. And so for me, the animal rights struggle has always been an anti-capitalist struggle, it's always been a struggle against big corporations and that kind of stuff. For me, it's always been interlinked."
Macka.B
Musician "I have been to many countries where people eat a lot of meat and their country is abundant with so many fruit and vegetables it's unbelievable, they don't realise what is right under their nose."
Musician "The reason people equate fanaticism with veganism or vegetarianism is because there have been a handful of fanatics who've practiced it. But those people's issues usually are not connected to diet but to their own violence or unhappiness."
Athlete "My parents once took me to a game park in Kenya. When I saw a variety of incredible animals in their natural habitats, I realized that this is how animals should be living their lives. Not on some miserable factory farm being treated inhumanely. After the trip to Kenya I felt the power of believing in something strongly and wanted to do something to alleviate animal suffering."
Musician "Giving up things doesn't mean sacrifice or misery to me, I see it as the opposite, it's interesting."
Fred Mascherino
Musician "My reasons for being vegan are definitely not against people who disagree and I'm definitely not against the farmer and his cow. It's more about the whole factory industry and the unhealthy part of it. A lot of things changed when we started doing factory farming and I kinda just don't want any part of that. I also do it for environmental reasons because even just eating less meat is one way you can actually help lower global warming."
Painter "I think when people become involved in protecting animals, saving them and caring for them it really develops the compassionate heart. We can go on to endless proportions with that. People think, "well what about all the human beings" but when you protect an animal you are compassionate to human beings a hundred fold. So it's all for human beings. Its for the world."
Politician "If people are vegetarians for ethical reasons'because they believe that killing and eating animals is wrong'they really ought to be vegan, too. The average human eats more than 11,000 animals in his or her lifetime, but millions of calves and chicks are also killed every year as "waste products" of milk and egg production."
John A. McDougall
Doctor "People feel poorly because they are nourished by foods you wouldn't feed to you dog and cat. The rich western diet is full of fat, sugar, cholesterol, salt, animal protein -- all the wrong foods for people. Look around the world and see where people are thin and healthy -- they live on a starch based diet --rice."
Lindsay McDougall
Musician "I call myself a vegan, primarily to be cool, and secondly because for me it's more than just not eating animal products. Being vegan is also about doing everything you can to lessen and stop the suffering of all animals on earth. Getting out and letting people know how awful the whole industry is, to promote the alternatives, to sign petitions, write letters, hand out leaflets, do interviews, get drunk and lecture people self-righteously for hours' you get the point. I understand and respect people who don't eat animal products but don't wanna talk about it, but I want everyone to know, partly coz I want them to think about it too, and partly coz I want them to know how cool it is."
Musician "If you look at a picture of say, a duck being made into foie gras, there are people who can look at it and then look away. There are people who can look at it, think about it, but kind of ignore it. While other people look, think, and realize they just can't do this anymore."
Musician "If the humans have rights, the animals should have rights as well. Being vegan means not eating meat, fish, not buying stuff made from animals. However if you try to do this sort of a thing in Japan - being vegan, not eating meat and fish - people will think of you as an unsocial person. This sort of feeling, outsider from society, and stance helps me a lot at making music."
Ed Miller
Poker Player "Veganism is, among other things, a statement that we should not exploit those weaker than us simply because we can turn a profit from it. Poker, on the other hand, demands that you attack the weak, and relish the profit you can make from it. Of course, the weak at my Las Vegas poker tables often own multimillion-dollar bank accounts, so you can't feel too bad for them. Having said all that, most of the other vegans I know who play poker are pretty darn good at it."
Activist "What I would really like to see is people being educated and making conscientious choices, thinking, 'Okay, what would be good for my family, the animals and good for the planet?' It is without any argument eating a vegan diet. It's as simple as that!"
Musician "I like being vegan, I think it's good for my health. But honestly, one of the main reasons I'm vegan is because I'm ethically lazy. My friends who eat meat or who eat eggs have to sometimes wrestle with the ethical consequences of their actions. By being vegan, I take the easy way out. I truly don't judge other people's actions. But I think that factory farming is an abomination."
Mutabaruka
Dub Poet "When the Bible tells you 'Thou Shalt Not Kill', it never said 'Thou Shalt Not Kill man'. It said 'Thou Shalt Not Kill' and full stop. ... If God wanted animals to be your food, him wouldn't make them with foot to run away, and with eyes. Food not supposed to have eyes and mouth and nose. That is not food. Food cannot have eyes. That is crazy."
Bif Naked
Musician "It's been a long time that I've eaten like this and it's really never been difficult, not one day."
Poker Player "I'm pretty opinionated and don't shy away from taking on controversial topics that sometimes get me into trouble. I really don't care all that much if it pisses some people off."
Activist "The problem these days is that you do something sensible and right and the press yawns. You have to be controversial, to shake things up a bit, to make hard comparisons to get attention, to start people thinking, even if people hate you for it. The message, not the messenger, is what's important. Arguing is better than nothingness. And as it has been said, new ideas start with argument as defenses are worn down, ultimately comes acceptance."
Buddhist Monk "Compassion is our most important practice. Understanding brings compassion. Understanding the suffering that living beings undergo helps liberate the energy of compassion. And with that energy you know what to do ."
David Pearce
Philosopher "Ethically, I think we need to ask: does the enjoyment many consumers derive from eating dead animal flesh morally outweigh the suffering that went into its production? Can we ever justify 'owning' another sentient being - whether human or non-human? By what right?"
Actor "I was 3-years-old - to this day it is a vivid memory. My family and I were on a boat, catching fish. As one fish was caught, he was writhing, then he was thrown against the side of the boat. You couldn't disguise what it was. This was what we did to animals to eat them. The animal went from a living, vibrant creature fighting for life to a violent death. I recognized it, as did my brothers and sisters."
Dan Piraro
Cartoonist "Many years ago, when I still ate meat, a neighbor was mistreating his dog, and I called a rescue group. I couldn't stand the idea of animals being mistreated. I understand people who have that dual mentality'companion animals and food animals'because I was that guy. I went out of my way not to find out where those [food] animals came from."
Monica Richards
Musician "Watching Peaceable Kingdom was the deciding factor for me - it merged the horror of factory farming with the emotional needs of animals, it clicked for me. Before that, the Disconnect was strong, loving baby chicks but eating chicken was not something I thought of. Now that I know what I know, I wish I had learned it all when I was a child."
Actress "I think it's more difficult to be vegan than gay. I think people have a harder time accepting it; people feel more uncomfortable with a vegan at their dinner table than they do a lesbian. It's confronting. It's kind of suggesting that what someone else is doing is bad or wrong, and it hits them on a more personal level. If somebody is sitting there eating a steak watching you eat polenta, they're thinking that you're trying to preach to them or you're trying to convert them in some way. Whereas with being gay, I don't think anyone's concerned that that's the agenda."
John Salley
Athlete "I'm a Vegan and part of what I do is promote lifestyles, healthy lifestyles and when they ask me about obesity in the black and Latino world with these young kids, I would teach about food and how food can help you and nourish you."
Actress "Like most people, I wasn't always a vegetarian, but I've always loved animals. If you ever have a chance to meet a cow, pig, turkey, or goat, you will see that they are just as cute and funny as your dogs and cats and that they, too, want to live and feel love. They don't like pain. Now when I see a steak, it makes me feel sad and sick because right away, I see my dog or the amazing cows I met at a sanctuary."
Business Magnate "Being a thoughtful vegan makes our time on this Earth more peaceful and joyous, because you get to have a hand in promoting and increasing the happiness, good health and well-being of others -- both animal and human -- rather than being an instrument of their suffering and death."
Stunt Performer "I'm a proud vegan, whistle-blower, and animal rights activist."
Entrepreneur "My wife and I have been vegan and have been supporting Farm Sanctuary. I actually became vegan, once I visited the Watkins Glen facility. Just even 2 minutes into some of this teaching about factory farming and I was sold. I have become a happy vegan ever since. We've adopted many of the animals."
Lynda Stoner
Actress "I am disturbed that most people still view fish as not being sentient and therefore needing no consideration. For a fish to die out of water is no less agonising than for us to drown, it is the same process."
Tommy Tallarico
Musician "I just love life and I think no matter what kind of animal you are you deserve a chance. Coming from an Italian family it was kinda different going from meat and cheese. But I can still have pasta just without the meat and cheese in it. I love to cook so I like trying to make things like Key Lime Pie and make it healthy with ways that I can eat it."
Inventor "Vegan" "We should all consider carefully what our Group, and our magazine, and ourselves, shall be called. 'Non-dairy' has become established as a generally understood colloquialism, but like 'non-lacto' it is too negative. Moreover it does not imply that we are opposed to the use of eggs as food. We need a name that suggests what we do eat, and if possible one that conveys the idea that even with all animal foods taboo, Nature still offers us a bewildering assortment from which to choose. 'Vegetarian' and 'Fruitarian' are already associated with societies that allow the 'fruits'(!) of cows and fowls, therefore it seems we must make a new and appropriate word. As this first issue of our periodical had to be named, I have used the title 'The Vegan News'. Should we adopt this, our diet will soon become known as a VEGAN diet, and we should aspire to the rank of VEGANS."
Actress "I know we can make a difference in the world around us. One simple action can lessen or stop the suffering of another. Every great movement, invention, or philosophy began with ONE person. Often times society can make a person feel small or unimportant, yet there is tremendous strength in every word, every action, every voice. It's time to be heard."
Musician "Most people would agree that there is something terribly wrong with bashing in the heads of baby seals, yet the Canadian government allows the seal slaughter to continue each year. As a Canadian, I am appalled and ashamed that my government would allow and encourage cruelty to animals on such a massive scale."
Musician "Everyday, our species participates in the mass genocide of other species without care or concern or even questioning whether the violence that we ingest and condone plays any role in our apathetic support of the war machine we have become."
Kenneth G. Williams
Athlete "A lot of people think it's expensive to be a vegan, but it's really not. You know, there're no limitations on the vegan lifestyle, because you can eat all this organic stuff all day, every day'there's no limit. It's easy to cook too. Drop in your vegetables, put some tofu in there or some pad Thai or tempeh, and just stir it up."
Spice Williams-Crosby
Stunt Performer "If you change to a very healthy lifestyle and you set an example of love, and high energy then the world will come to you asking you the same question they ask me. 'What do you eat that makes you look so healthy, full of energy and strong?' I just smile and proudly say, 'I'm a VEGAN!"
Steve Wynn
Entrepreneur "Animal-based food kills people. By going vegan, we get healthy and save animals."
Dub Poet "As the only black kid in my primary school playground, animals had become my friends. By 15 I was vegan, although I didn't give up honey until 16. For a while my mother thought it was just 'a rasta phase'."
Copyright © 2011-2015 by Wanda Embar. All Rights Reserved.
Legal/Contact Me

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The indigenous world and the word "Indian"
Types of Western Hemisphere societies
Sedentary peoples
Semisedentary peoples
Nonsedentary peoples
The Iberians
Ethnic diversity and its results
The overseas tradition
Early Latin America
The Caribbean phase
Indians and Spaniards
A new Spanish subculture
Conquest in the central mainland areas
Conquest of Mexico
Conquest of Peru
Conquest society in the central mainland areas
The central-area encomienda
Indians among Spaniards
Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments
Trunk lines
Postconquest indigenous society
The central areas in the mature period
The Spanish fringe
The early period
The sugar age
Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons
Transformation of the east coast
The Caribbean islands
The Bourbon reforms
Brazil after 1700
Preindependence phenomena
The independence of Latin America
The wars of independence, 1808–26
The southern movement in South America
The north and the culmination of independence
Building new nations, 1826–50
Political models and the search for authority
Disorder and caudillismo
Economic obstacles
Mobility and hierarchy
The new order, 1850–1910
Political and economic transitions, 1850–70
The liberal oligarchic age, 1870–1910
Export economies
Capitalism and social transitions
Oligarchies in power
New order emerging, 1910–45
Economic and social developments
World war and world trade
The emerging force of nationalism
Population and social change
Challenges to the political order
The Mexican Revolution
Broadening of political participation
Expanding role of the state
Socialism, communism, fascism
Good Neighbor Policy and World War II
Latin America since the mid-20th century
The postwar world, 1945–80
Economic agenda and patterns of growth
Developments in social policy
The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era
Impact of the Cuban Revolution
Political alternatives
Movement toward democracy
The advent of populism
Christian Democracy
Bureaucratic authoritarianism
Latin America at the end of the 20th century
A shift to neoliberalism
Religious trends
A changing society
Load Previous Page
By most social and economic indicators, Cuba by mid-century was among Latin America's most highly developed countries. However, in the postwar period it was afflicted with lacklustre economic growth and a corrupt political dictatorship set up in 1952 by the same Batista who earlier had helped put his country on a seemingly democratic path. It was also a country whose long history of economic and other dependence on the United States had fed nationalist resentment, although control of the sugar industry and other economic sectors by U.S. interests was gradually declining. While conditions for revolutionary change were thus present, the particular direction that Cuba took owed much to the idiosyncratic genius of Fidel Castro, who, after ousting Batista at the beginning of 1959, proceeded by stages to turn the island into the hemisphere's first communist state, in close alliance with the Soviet Union.
The Cuban Revolution achieved major advances in health and education, though frankly sacrificing economic efficiency to social objectives. Expropriation of most private enterprise together with Castro's highly personalistic dictatorship drove many members of the middle and upper classes into exile, but a serious decline in productivity was offset for a time by Soviet subsidies. At the same time, thanks to its successful defiance of the United States—which tried and failed to overthrow it by backing a Cuban exiles' invasion in April 1961—and its evident social advances, Castro's Cuba was looked to as a model throughout Latin America, not only by established leftist parties but also by disaffected students and intellectuals of mainly middle-class origin.
Over the following years much of Latin America saw an upsurge of rural guerrilla conflict and urban terrorism, in response to the persistence of stark social inequality and political repression. But this upsurge drew additional inspiration from the Cuban example, and in many cases Cuba provided training and material support to guerrillas. The response of Latin American establishments was twofold and eagerly supported by the United States. On one hand, governments strengthened their armed forces, with U.S. military aid preferentially geared to counterguerrilla operations. On the other hand, emphasis was placed on land reform and other measures designed to eliminate the root causes of insurgency, all generously aided by the United States through the Alliance for Progress launched by President John F. Kennedy.
Even though much of the reactive social reformism was cosmetic or superficial, the counterrevolutionary thrust was nonetheless generally successful. A Marxist, Salvador Allende, became president of Chile in 1970, but he did so by democratic election, not violent revolution, and he was overthrown three years later. The only country that appeared to be following the Cuban pattern was Nicaragua under the Sandinista revolutionary government, which in the end could not withstand the onslaughts of its domestic and foreign foes. Moreover, the Cuban Revolution ultimately lost much of its lustre even in the eyes of the Latin American left, once the collapse of the Soviet Union caused Cuba to lose its chief foreign ally. Although the U.S. trade embargo imposed on Cuba had been a handicap all along, shortages of all kinds became acute only as Russian aid was cut back, clearly revealing the dysfunctional nature of Castro's economic management.
The Latin American countries that did not opt for the Cuban model followed widely varying political paths. Mexico's unique system of limited democracy built around the Institutional Revolutionary Party was shaken by a wave of riots in the summer of 1968 on the eve of the Olympic Games held in Mexico City, but political stability was never seriously in doubt. A somewhat analogous regime was devised in Colombia as a means of restoring civilian constitutional rule after a brief relapse in the mid-1950s into military dictatorship: the dominant Liberal and Conservative parties chose to bury the hatchet, creating a bipartisan coalition (called the National Front) whereby they shared power equally between themselves while formally shutting out any minor parties. Once this arrangement expired in 1974, Colombia became again a more conventional political democracy, such as Costa Rica had been since before 1950 and Venezuela became in 1958 after the overthrow of its last military dictator.
In Latin America generally, the practice of democracy was somewhat sporadic, but, wherever regular elections took place, they involved an enlarged electorate. The last Latin American countries adopted woman suffrage in the 1950s, and literacy test requirements continued to fall (as did illiteracy itself). Women also began to occupy high political office, including the presidency in Argentina (1974–76), Bolivia (1979–80), and Chile (2006–10). Moreover, Violeta Chamorro won the Nicaraguan vote of 1990 that put a temporary end to Sandinista rule (in 2006 the Sandinistas took power once again when former president Daniel Ortega was reelected).
The amorphous phenomenon of populism was another feature of the mid-20th-century political scene. Its consummate practitioner was Juan Perón of Argentina, who as a member of a military regime that seized power in 1943 took a special interest in social policy. Perón wooed Argentine labour by means of wage increases and bonuses, pensions and fringe benefits, while also exploiting widespread resentment of an oligarchy that in the 1930s had reasserted its political as well as economic dominance. He promised social justice without violent class struggle and national greatness on the basis of industrial and military strength. His message, delivered in popular language, won Perón a clearcut victory when he ran for president in 1946.
Perón was not the first Latin American leader to reward his followers with social benefits or to rail against native oligarchs and foreign imperialists, but he established a personal, charismatic link with ordinary citizens in a way that no one before him had done as successfully. "In the Argentina of Perón," he boasted, "the only privileged ones are the children." Yet Perón did not even pretend to be heading a revolution. As president, aided by his wife Evita until her death in 1952, he continued to cultivate mass support while signally neglecting to lay a sound basis for long-term economic growth. Perón nevertheless did not lack imitators and counterparts in other countries of Latin America.
The leading party of postdictatorial Venezuela, Democratic Action (Acción Democrática; AD), was basically reformist in orientation but with populist overtones. Rómulo Betancourt and other AD leaders were less personalistic in style than Perón, who was finally overthown in 1955, but like him they stood for the granting of lavish benefits to the working and middle classes within a general framework of capitalism. In Venezuela oil wealth ultimately encouraged the national government to squander resources without adequate regard for the future. A similar charge was leveled against Juscelino Kubitschek, who became president of Brazil (1956–61) through his skill at old-style machine politics. He was technically not a populist but had the same bent for extravagant promises and freewheeling expenditure. Kubitschek's best-known achievement was the building of Brasília, the architecturally striking but fabulously expensive new capital city. Its construction aggravated inflationary woes but nicely epitomized his pledge to bring "fifty years' progress in five."
A new feature since World War II was the appearance of a number of Christian Democratic parties, which offered a program of moderate reform inspired by Roman Catholic social teachings. Most were small splinter groups, but Christian Democrats eventually achieved power in Venezuela, El Salvador, and Chile. In Venezuela they alternated with the social democratic AD and in their policies became almost indistinguishable from it. In El Salvador in the 1980s they were enmeshed in a preexisting struggle against leftist guerrillas. In Chile, where they came to power first, under President Eduardo Frei (1964–70), they launched an ambitious land reform and partially nationalized the copper industry. They received enthusiastic support from the United States via the Alliance for Progress as presenting a promising alternative to Cuban-style revolution, but they failed to extend their mandate, going down to narrow defeat in a three-way contest won by Salvador Allende.
Allende as president combined Marxist assault on the owners of the means of production with populist lavishing of short-term benefits on his working-class followers, and on both counts he stirred violent resentment among upper- and middle-class Chileans as well as attracting the adamant hostility of the United States. In September 1973 he was ousted in favour of General Augusto Pinochet, who proved the most successful exponent of a new style of military dictatorship defined by political scientists as bureaucratic authoritarianism. It was not, of course, a complete novelty. It reflected the 20th-century Latin America-wide phenomenon whereby the leadership of increasingly professionalized armies passed to sons of the middle class who had a commitment to modernizing the infrastructure of their societies. Such earlier dictatorships as that of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927–31) during another Chilean relapse from constitutional rule had shown marked developmentalist tendencies. Bureaucratic authoritarianism, however, as practiced in Brazil after the coup of 1964, in Argentina by officers dedicated to keeping the Peronistas from regaining power, or in Chile under Pinochet, was a response to the perceived mismanagement of the economy by populists and other demagogues. It rested on the conviction that no democratically elected regime could afford to take the harsh measures needed to curb inflation, reassure foreign and domestic investors, and thereby quicken economic growth to the point that untrammeled democracy could be safely practiced. While military men kept order with varying degrees of harshness and human rights violations, civilian economists and technocrats would direct most other policy—whence the term "bureaucratic authoritarianism."
Under Pinochet, the guiding voice in Chilean economic matters was assigned to a group of economists, some of whom had been trained at the University of Chicago and who were strongly influenced by the monetarist school of Milton Friedman, according to which money supply and interest rates rather than governmental fiscal policy primarily determine the business cycle. Political authoritarianism stood in apparent contradiction to the generally free-market, laissez-faire policies prescribed in economic and social affairs; and, though inflation fell sharply, industrial production also dropped with the decline in the level of official protection. A similar combination of approaches arose under the military governments in Argentina in the 1960s and again from 1976 to 1983 and in Uruguay after 1973, again with mixed economic results. In Brazil from 1964 to 1985 military presidents and their technocratic advisers assigned a larger role in economic affairs to the state, while a Peruvian military regime that took power in 1968 undertook a radical program of social and economic reforms, giving way to a more typical bureaucratic-authoritarian regime only after running into serious economic difficulties. In these countries, political repression fell lightly on most of the population, but anyone suspected of engaging in—or simply encouraging—active resistance was liable to arrest, torture, and in extreme cases forced "disappearance"; this was a notable feature of the last Argentine military regime. Moreover, military rule of one sort or another did spread until by 1980 democratically elected civilian governments could be found only in Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and (by stretching the definition just a bit) Mexico.


text:
North Walsham museum charting history of St John Ambulance officially opened
Published: 12:00 PM May 6, 2011 Updated: 9:17 AM October 11, 2020
It is an organisation which over the years has helped save countless lives – now its history has been put on show for the public with the opening of a newly refurbished museum in Norfolk charting the rise of the St John Ambulance Service.
The St John Ambulance Museum in Preference Place, North Walsham, was officially opened yesterday by the former head of the British Army, General Lord Richard Dannatt.
Also on hand to mark the occasion were the Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk Richard Jewson, the High Sheriff of Norfolk Georgina Holloway, who is also St John Ambulance county president, and other senior St John personnel.
The museum includes history both on the North Walsham division, set up in 1924, and St John Ambulance as a whole, with interactive displays and television footage looking at the service over the years from pre-1918, through to the present day.
There are also numerous artefacts on show from the first aid kits used years ago through to the medals awarded to different members of the service, the exhibition even includes a Victorian wheeled stretcher.
Dave Pollitt, area youth officer for the North Walsham division, said they were planning to have 'themed' displays as they had so many pieces and artefacts to display and would change things round every so often.
The museum at North Walsham used to be housed where the main building now is, inside one of three cottages. When those cottages were eventually demolished, the pieces in the museum were put into storage.
But they are now back on show in the new museum building. The division were also able to secure display cabinets and touch screen monitors from the The Museum of The Order of St John in London.
Peter Fraser, St John Ambulance county commander, said: 'This is a long awaited day and has been the culmination of a two-year project and 2,000 volunteer hours.
'The display we have in the museum provides a vivid picture of St John Ambulance. For people who come here, they will be fascinated by the story of St John Ambulance. This museum is a tribute to past and present St John Ambulance members.'
Lord Dannatt said: 'I think this is a tremendous museum which tells the story of St John in North Walsham and North Norfolk. It has been beautifully presented and all the artefacts laid out really well. It will provide a lot of information for the future generations who visit.'
The museum, which is next to the town's divisional headquarters, is now open every Thursday of each week until the end of October from 10am – 3pm.
Admission to the museum is free, but donations are welcome.


text:
Q: Spring3.2 and jboss as 7 How to resolve this warn? If i use Spring 3.2 i am see this warn:

14:24:19,014 WARN  [org.jboss.as.ee] (MSC service thread 1-10) JBAS011006: Not installing optional component org.springframework.web.context.request.async.StandardServletAsyncWebRequest due to exception: org.jboss.as.server.deployment.DeploymentUnitProcessingException: JBAS011054: Could not find default constructor for class org.springframework.web.context.request.async.StandardServletAsyncWebRequest

A: This is how I suppressed it in my jboss-as-7.1.1
updated configuration/standalone.xml as
  <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:logging:1.1">
      <console-handler name="CONSOLE">
          <filter>
              <not>
                  <match pattern="JBAS011054|JBAS011006"/>
              </not>
          </filter>
      </console-handler>
  </subsystem>

A: JBoss warns you when can't find no-args constructor for a class.
In this case, there is no no-arg constructor for this Spring class.
Just this one:

public StandardServletAsyncWebRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
        super(request, response);
    }

No problem with that..That will work..

A: Apparently this is "normal", everything should still work. Likely there's an (anonymous) inner class in StandardServletAsyncWebRequest.
See also Applicaiton is deployed in JBoss7.0.2 Final (Arc ) but failed to in 7.1.1 Final (Brontes) and metadata-complete="true" not respected. Basically it's just a warning, everything is fine.

A: To expand aloplop85's link, you can ignore this message. You might want to suppress it because it is distracting (in my opinion, a working application should never normally print stack traces in the log). The instructions are here http://middlewaremagic.com/jboss/?p=2421, short version is to add the following text into the config file (e.g.standalone.xml):
  <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:logging:1.0">
      <console-handler name="CONSOLE">
          <!-- levels, formatters etc. -->
          <filter>
              <not>
                  <match pattern="JBAS011054"/>
              </not>
          </filter>
      </console-handler>
      <!-- and the same for other handlers -->
  </subsystem>

For JBoss 7.2.0, the syntax is a bit different:
  <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:logging:1.2">
      <console-handler name="CONSOLE">
         <!-- levels, formatters etc. -->
         <filter value='not(match("JBAS011054"))' />
      </console-handler>
      <!-- and the same for other handlers -->
  </subsystem>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


So everything's been set in motion.
My course has begun, my new freelance work job is up and running, which'll give me four clear writing days or so a week, and spiritually, I feel ready for anything, reinvigorated.
I feel a new sense of purpose and confidence but, of course, people with a ten-second attention span like myself can always be blown off course easily. So I'm working on a number of projects which will hopefully provide me with a bit of variety from day-to-day.
I was chatting with someone about this the other day. I miss the daily deadlines I used to have at work, I miss them dearly, and have often struggled to impose my own on my writing work, and I think it's a common problem for writers.
It's not that I'm not writing from day-to-day, but I could happily fiddle around with the same scene till doomsday, when what I should be doing is forcing myself to draw a line under it at a specified time, and then move on.
Now, at least, with the MA, I'll be getting the kind of regular feedback that will enable me to move forward, to pick up the pace a little.
What about you? Presuming, you're writing in your own time, or are not getting paid, what kind of discipline do you place on yourself to keep moving forward with your writing?
I love reading novels, and there's never a book too far from my side. And once I've started reading a book, I force myself to finish it, whether I like it or not.
But I'm struggling with Cormac McCarthy's The Road.
It's not that I don't like it, it's beautifully written and everything, but the entire book is infused with such a sense of cataclysmic disaster for the father and son who roam the dusty post-apocalyptic road of the title, that I can't hardly bear to read on.
It's an absolutely heart-breaking book. I'm only half way through it, and I don't know if I can bear to read on. My nerves are shot. Christ knows, you won't see me going to see the Viggo Mortensen movie when it eventually emerges.
Anyone else read it? If so, please tell me that everything's going to be okay?
Hi Mark – good to hear you sounding so inspired. Let us know what you've been getting up to on your MA.
We were chatting about discipline/routine t'other day over at Michelle Goode's blog (Sofluid). I was actually more productive while fitting my writing around a full-time job. By doing it first thing in the morning, I also went into work feeling stimulated and creative.
Since I went freelance (last Autumn) and found myself with a bit more spare time at home, I've fallen prey more easily to procrastination. I think not having the immovable deadlines associated with the MA also let my writing muscles go a bit flabby.
Anyway, I think I've managed to recover the situation now; I haven't got much work booked for the next few weeks, so I need to justify sitting round all day by getting some work done. Fortunately I'm a morning person, so I'm quite often ready to go by 7.30am (although I usually treat myself to a TV ep before getting stuck in).
I don't really get stuck on specific scenes too much. I tend to outline in a fair bit of detail and have an idea of where it's going, even if it's just for the next few pages, and even ifI haven't got all the beats worked out. I'd always rather crack on and finish the draft, knowing that I can go back and look at it afresh later (quite often changing things in the light of later 'discoveries').
I don't think I procrastinate as such, but I think I'm a world champion tinkerer. But something's clicked in me recently. Maybe because I've realised that outlining and doing beat-sheets, character notes, and all that is part of the writing process and can be regarded as such. For a long time I'd feel guilty if I wasn't working on a scene or knocking out some dialogue, as if I wasn't really working.
I'm not sure I could manage to start at 7-30am, though, so well done you!
As for writing, the problem I have is that I have to read through my script from the beginning so I can get back into it and continue. The trouble with doing this is that I too always "tinker" along the way and end up pondering scenes indefinately!
The Road is well worth it, but from now on I'm reading it during the day, it depresses me too much before I drift into the land of nod.
Actually, the characters – or at least the father – wants to live – that's what's so heartbreaking about the book. There are two bullets left in their revolver and you can easily imagine yourself using them on yourself rather than attempting to head south in that hellish landscape. Actually, it reminded me a little of the adaptation of Stephen King's The Mist, another startling, unsettling parable about the nature of faith. If you haven't seen it, you really should, it's a hugely under-rated movie.
Shall add you to my blogroll!
Hi Mark – still all quiet on the blog front?
I hope you're still feeling invigorated and productive. Let us know what you're up to.