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Israel-Palestine Conflict: Is Mediation An Olive Branch Or An Arrow In The Quiver?
June 26, 2020 Editor 0
THEME: Mediation and International Politics
This article is authored by Aarvi Singh and Swantika Kumar Rajvanshi from Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala.
The lethal cocktail of religion, sovereign supremacy and ideological differences gives room to discontentment, distrust and disagreement. Israel and Palestine are caught in similar situation, and since the formation of Israel, the world is eagerly waiting for the dawn of peace to rise in the promise land. The major diplomatic tool to settle the dispute is mediation, the linear approach to resolve dispute amicably makes mediation is much sought after option. US has attempted to mediate however, the vested interests drove the process and thus, peace never restored in the area. Other leading factors that are disrupting the success of mediation are refuges, sovereignty, Jerusalem, Security etc. All the stakeholders in the dispute are caught in prisoner's dilemma, awaiting for an able, impartial mediator to break the prison.
Keywords: Mediation, refuges, sovereignty, Jerusalem, Security, prisoner's dilemma
Conflict and consensus are part and parcel of every socio-political set up and mediation is an effective means resolve the dispute to bring consensus. It is a process of conflict management where disputants seek the assistance of, or accept an offer of help from, an individual, group, state, or organization to settle their conflict or resolve their differences without resorting to physical force or invoking the authority of the law.[1] In international politics, mediation could be a better alternative in settling disputes
In case of mediation in Israel-Palestine mainly is a diplomatic and political gizmo to get twin purpose of pushing the issue forward and buying more time to understand the position and context of the problems. According to Anagnoson, and Wille, mediation at international level addresses the following[2] disputes:
Sovereignty claim over territorial stretch;
Ideology issues emanating from political, religious and cultural difference;
Security issues;
Self-determination;
Israel-Palestine conflict is a mix bag of all the issues that Anagnoson discusses and thus, it needs an intervention that delineates the boundaries of all the issues and facilitates the parties to come to an amicable solution. A more favourable settlement can be reached if disputants have faith in the mediator that the mediation will result in protecting the international reputation and minimise the chances of violence from opposite sides. The classic conflict has seen many political leaders lending their support in resolving the disputes but the agreement is either partially reached or not reached at all. The reasons for the fall out of agreement ranges from the ideological differences, territory, sovereignty, Jerusalem, refuges etc.
Until 1948, the area known as Palestine typically referred to the geographic region located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. But today, Palestine theoretically includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. However, control over this region is a complex and evolving situation. The borders aren't formally set, and many areas claimed by Palestinians have been occupied by Israelis for years. Although more than 135 member countries of United Nations recognize Palestine as an independent state, but Israel and some other countries, including the United States, don't make this distinction.[3]
Palestine in the ancient world was part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were located. The term `Palestine' was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Canaan which the people known as the Philistines occupied a very small part of, the Canaanites, Canaanite-Phoenicians, and the Israelites, among others, having established themselves in the area much earlier. The Philistines are thought to have come to the area toward the end of the Bronze Age c. 1276 BCE and established themselves on the southern coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea in an area afterwards known as Philistia. The name `Palestine' is thought to derive from either the word plesheth (meaning `root palash', an edible concoction carried by migratory tribes which came to symbolize nomadic peoples) or as a Greek designation for the nomadic Philistines.[4]
The Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and the armies of Alexander the Great all conquered the region in succession and, finally, even the armies of Rome. By the time Rome appeared in the land it was long known as Judea, a term taken from the ancient Kingdom of Judah which had been destroyed by the Babylonians. After the Bar-Kochba Revolt of 132-136 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian renamed the region Syria-Palaestina to punish the Jewish people for their insurrection (by naming it after their two traditional enemies, the Syrians and the Philistines).
The years 66-73 CE saw the First Jewish-Roman war which resulted in Titus destroying Jerusalem, including the Second Temple (leaving only the Western Wall ) and leading to the martyrdom of the defenders of Masada. Although the people of the land were free, within reason, to adhere to their own cultures and religious beliefs, they were still under Roman rule and wanted their independence.[5]
The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE but the Byzantine Empire continued on relatively unchallenged until the 7th century CE and the rise of Islam in the region. In 634 CE, the Muslim armies from Arabia took Syria-Palaestina and renamed it Jund Filastin ('Military District of Palestine'). The Muslims felt they had as much of a religious stake in the region as the Christians or as the Jews before them and churches were turned into mosques in the same way that earlier temples had given way to churches.[6]
Palestine came to be referred to by European Christians as the 'Holy Land' and the 'First Crusade' was launched to win it back from Muslim occupation in 1096 CE. This effort was followed by many more, supported by the Byzantine Empire, through 1272 CE at enormous cost of life and property but with nothing finally gained. The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 CE, greatly reducing Christian influence in the region, and Palestine was held by the Ottoman Turks. The region continued to be contested throughout the next few centuries until the British involved themselves in 1915 CE during World War I at which time the western powers first devised plans to partition the Middle East for their own purposes and benefit.[7]
The year 1882 saw the rise of the Zionist movement. The first significant proposal for a partition of Palestine was offered in 1916 by the Anglo-French agreement known as the Sykes-Picot pact. This was, of course, devised as a partition not between Jews and Arabs but between the British and the French. At the time, Allied forces were battling the Turks on the Sinai front. The British were engaged in simultaneous, tortuous discussions not only with the French but also with the Russians, the Italians, the Sherifian Arabs (followers of the Sherif Hussein of Mecca), and the Zionists over the future of the Ottoman Empire's possessions in the Fertile Crescent in the event of an Allied victory.[8]
With the end of World War I, the rule of the Ottoman Empire ended and the British government held the control over Palestine. In November, 1917 the British government, in the Balfour Declaration (signed by their Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour and drafter in part by U.S. President Wilson, stated its support for "the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people." In 1921, Britain gave the area of British-mandate Palestine east of the Jordan River to Emir Abdullah, to form the Hashemite Kingdom of Trans-Jordan. In 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations recommended the partition of British-mandate Palestine into two separate states, one for Jews and one for Arabs.
Inherent Conflict in Belief System
Faith and belief are set of emotions or a cultural system[9] and any such belief system is based on some non-existing entity but in the believer's consciousness the very entity, which is not yet a reality, has an absolute value and can be felt by him as existing. The predominant issue of any faith system is that there is no set boundary within the system. The normativity of a belief system is based on superior moral halo. One system differentiate itself from the other by questioning or imposing its own values and norms over the other and the name the act correction of ignorance or arrogance of the other. Religiosity has the most well established belief system, the invisible pink unicorns are seen by all the theists but the very definition of religion remains in quagmire. It would, therefore, be difficult to devise a definition of religion which would be regarded as applicable to all religions or matters of religious practices. To one class of persons a mere dogma or precept or a doctrine may be predominant in the matter of religion; to others, rituals or ceremonies may be predominant facets of religion; and to yet another class of persons a code of conduct or a mode of life may constitute religion.[10]
Thus, a faith system regards another faith system as contradictory, pervasive, inferior and non-existence. This disregard of other's faith give rise to conflict, conflict here need not be violent but when the social pathology is contaminated with vested political interests, violence becomes inevitable. Conflict with religious under tones is sometimes brutal, violent and disruptive.[11] The conflict breeds hatred and distrust which further transforms the landscape of nation. The states practice different religion and Jerusalem is caught in the labyrinth of a common praying place and thus, exist an inherent conflict in the religious belief.
Territory and Sovereignty
The seed of discontentment was sowed during World War I when the British through Balfour declaration (2nd November, 1917) promised to Jewish Zionists, a place of their own within Palestine. The dream for the 'promised land' for the Jewish diaspora led to mass migration Aliya to Palestine and formation of small and autonomous community's yishuv.
In 1917, Jews were about 5% of the total population in Mandate Palestine. By 1947, they become almost 30% of the population. As tensions escalated between two communities- Jews and Majority Arabs, British lost their grip and transferred the dispute to the newly formed U.N.
The UNGA adopted the partition Plan on 29th November 1947. It proposed the division of Palestine into three parts- 55% Jewish State, 44% Arab State and 1% internationalized Jerusalem and Bethlehem. At that time the Jews owned less than 7% of the land. The Arabs rejected the plan and the Jews decided to create facts on the ground.[12]
On 14th May, 1948, hours before the end of British mandate, Yishuv leaders met at Tel Aviv and declared creation of Israel. The armies of neighbouring Arab states invaded the territory. By early 1949, when the armistice agreements were signed, Israel had captured roughly 78% of the territory and the green line was established. West Bank and East Jerusalem were annexed by Jordan and Egypt established its military authority in Gaza Strip.
In 1967 War, Israel occupied West Bank, east Jerusalem (annexed in 1967), Gaza strip, Syrian territory of Golan Heights (annexed in 1981). The labour government established Jewish Settlements in these occupied territories to promote Israel's security interest. The Likud government which came to power in 1977 began political settlements to prevent territorial continuity of Arab enclaves. About 150 settlements with nearly 200,000 population existed in West Bank and Gaza Strip (never incorporated into Israeli Polity and remained O.T) in 2000.
The Oslo accords gave Palestinians national authority control over Arab areas in the O.T. including some under Israeli security umbrella. But P.N.A. only had limited autonomy.[13]
At Camp David, Barak was ready to pay the price for peace. He agreed to give more than anything offered before. His ultimate offer at the summit was 73% of the West Bank and 100% of the Gaza Strip. Within 10 to 25 years period, the area in West Bank would be extended to 91% (94% excluding Jerusalem) and a 1% swap in Neger desert was proposed. In other words, 95% of West Bank (excluding Jerusalem) and 100% of Gaza strip was to be a Palestinian state.
The proposal was based on the formula, with the support of Clinton, that three large settlements, viz. Maale Adumia, Givat Ze'er and Gush Etzion would be maintained in order to accommodate 80% of the settlers. There would be extended to connect them to Jerusalem.
Although within the proposed territory, a sovereign state of Palestine was to be formed, it was a very restricted sovereignty- with special provision for the security of Israel and limitation on Palestinian autonomy on militarization and foreign relations. Although Arafat understood his own limited options, he rejected the proposal.
Arafat's contention was that under U.N. partition plan, the Jews were offered 55% of Mandate Palestine. On June 4, 1967, Israel already had 78% under its control. Therefore, the Palestinians would already have made their sacrifice, if Israel was to go back to the green line (pre-1967 war boundary) i.e. Palestine with 22% of the original territory. This was a stand adopted by P.L.O. since the late 80's and was not appreciated by the U.S. and Israel. They wanted Arafat to be more flexible. However, the Palestinians did not make any counter proposal.
According to the Post-summit interviews, Clinton appreciated the boldness of Barak and expected Arafat to grab the deal. He never really tried to pressurize Barak to yield a bit more; most probably because he understood his domestic compulsion. However it is strange that he did not anticipate the reaction of Arafat. Throughout the Oslo process, Clinton and Arafat had worked together and developed a rapport. A trust had developed between them, especially during the Netanyahu Period, when Clinton pressurized Israel to make concession. But at Camp David, an atmosphere of suspicion prevailed.
Mediation is all about Image Construction
All the method to resolve the dispute is simply a platform to showcase the political power play by the leaders of the participating states. The dispute resolution effort has ulterior motive to gain something other than settling the dispute.[14] Israel and Palestine are focuses more on the territorial and sovereignty control over the land in general and Jerusalem in particular. For America, it's all about implanting their name in the history book as peace maker and establish power epicenter amongst Middle East thereby, outshining Russia in power play.[15] Whether it's Clinton, Obama or Trump, Israel-Palestine conflict comes as a package deal to improve global image as "global messiah" and further strengthen ties with Middle East accordingly, that's the reason each American leader takes the white man's burden to swirl the magic wand of mediation to redraw his image.[16]
For Arabs, it's about maintaining their legacy over the land and besmirching Israel's presence and effort. The purpose of any negotiation starts with the title as peace making process but end up in serving a ground for each leader to wield their own self-interests thereby sidelining mediation for peace.[17]
Mediation as a process is not a win-lose situation rather its win-win attempt and to achieve win-win result, the state will have to forgo the sovereign ego dictating the terms of peace agreement. The land has been burning for ages under the heat of non-compromise attitude of the respective state leaders and that's one reason that the heads don't get the real purpose and process of mediation in conflict resolution. The vantage point of mediation that it's a linear approach of problem-solving and state cannot assume the imbalance of power as good excuse to not let the state at lower power spectrum to remain unheard. The solution in the mediations attempt has been a Zeno's paradox, the closer is the peace deal, and the far is the enforcement. The deal breaker is usually the terms that display imbalance in bargaining power.
The lofty dreams with which Obama administration pursued to resolve the dispute was a good policy but a bad implementation. The American dream to be the messiah of Middle East could not thrive for long.[18]
Jerusalem was the capital of ancient Hebrew Kingdom of David and Solomon. The temple mount or the Haram-al-sharif in Jerusalem was the site for the first and second temple of the Jews (Just as the western walls remains of the 2nd temple), the place of resurrection of Jesus Christ (the church of the Holy Sepulchre) and the place where the prophet Mohammad ascended to Heaven (Al Aqs Mosque). Hence it is the holiest place for Judaism and Christians and the third holiest for Islam in the world.[19]
The UN partition plan had advocated an international status for the holy city. But 1948-49 war gave the western part to Israel and the eastern including Haram-al-Sharif to Jordan. Israel shifted its capital to west Jerusalem, but the international community recognizes only Tel Aviv s the legal capital of Israel. In 1967, East Jerusalem including the holy sites fell into Israeli control and it immediately unified the two parts of the city as the "eternal capital" of the Jewish State.[20]
Arafat wanted the whole of East Jerusalem to be included in Palestine as its capital city. For Barak to accede to such a demand would have been political suicide. Several proposals were placed for negotiations. In short Palestine was to get sovereignty over most of the outer neighbourhood, which were never part of Jerusalem before 1967. In the inner neighbourhood, Palestine would have autonomy with Israel retaining sovereignty. Within the Old city, the Arab (Muslim and Christian) quarters would be under Palestinian jurisdiction and the Jewish and Armenian quarters under Israeli Jurisdiction.
Arafat was under constant pressure from various Islamic capitals not to accept anything short of complete sovereignty over the holy sites. Clinton wanted to resolve the dispute but failed to reconcile the difference between Barak and Arafat. Even Obama was unable to bring the heads of state together. None of the parties are ready to give up the sovereign rights of the place. Even after death of Arafat and absence of a strong leader, the sovereignty over Jerusalem is unsettled.
Any sovereign state has major concern for its security and similar concerns float between Israel and Palestine. Israel was born as a witnessing mass exodus and the global threat of persecution they faced, made them vary of any security or safety threats, situation in the cradle surrounded by Arab states, security is paramount for Israel. It cannot have any territorial strategy and it's a small country, thus, it controls its border and maintains an up-tight security.[21] The 1967 war was strategic as it established Israel as a leading power in Middle East. However, the Intifada (87-93) exposed its internal disturbances and differences simmering within the state.[22] For, Israel, Palestine is a big threat to its security as they share boundary with them and are supported by the neighboring states. Israel wanted to insure that a new state of Palestine would not be a strategic threat. So, at Camp David, Barak asked for a few key things to place itself at strategically safe and better position, some of them were control of Palestinian airspace by Israel and militant presence at time of emergency and international force in the Jordan Valley, Israel was against any military control of Palestine over the land. All the demands put forth by Barak was essentially a demand to discount upon the sovereignty of Palestine. Barak insisted that such measures were necessary to ensure the security of the Jewish State and could be revised after a time period. Besides, the three large Jewish settlements would remain under Israel. Israel would also have access to water from Jordan River. [23]
Palestinians perceived this as an attempt to surround them and divide their areas into islands separated by Israeli settlements and security zones. So they were steadfast on a continuous state with more freedom in case of airspace and foreign relations.[24] A secure Israel beside a fragmented and dependent Palestine was not acceptable to Arafat. Subsequent to the Camp David summit, the issue remain unresolved and the dispute if in a general term can be said to be from Israel side a strong Israel recognizing Palestine yet maintaining its control to protect itself whereas Palestine demanded sovereign rights in absolute terms and thus, the issue has still not resolved.[25]
The problem of refugees seems to unsettle the desire to bring peace, the Palestine diaspora consists of majorly refuges and Israel does not want to dilute the national color by accepting refuges.[26] The brutal massacre of Deir Yasin and similar incidents like those marked mass exodus of Arabs, after the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-49, approximately 700,000 fled to neighboring countries. Additional Palestinians, approximately 300,000 become homeless in the 1967 war.[27]
According to estimates, in 2000, there were nearly 4 million refugees.[28] The states are ideologically divided when it comes to refuges issue.[29] At Camp David, the leaders from both the sides had different expectation from each other. Arafat on one side wanted Israel to accept "moral and legal responsibility" for the mass exodus and respect the refugee's right to return with restoration of their property. However, Barak was apologetically about the exodus but negated the allegation of massacre as a resultant factor for exodus. The faction over the matter remained till the end.[30] Clinton tried his best to bridge the gap by recommending three things; each Palestinian refugee gets a right to return to homeland Palestine (which did not include Israel and thus, Barak accepted the proposal); international fund would be utilized to compensate refugees and finally Israel will accept a fixed quota of refugees on humanitarian grounds. The area allocated to refugees was restricted to West Bank and Gaza Strip but the area being small in size could not effectively take all the refugees that meant some of them will continue to suffer from the homeland depravity, this was not accepted by Arafat and refugees problem remain a bone of contention between the leaders.[31]
Even Obama administration stumbled with the refugees problem, the bigger issue was to define refugee and demarcate the limit,[32] the standstill situation remains as it is and even the Trump administration is tempted to come to resolve but those are mere lip service.
Kissinger was the only leader who pacified the 'promised land' with some reliefs; the subsequent leaders were either too passive or too aggressive in reaching consensus. Clinton failed in reaching an agreement, despite the lofty Camp David Summit, Barack was also unsuccessful in being a peacemaker in the Middle East and with all his plans, it seemed that he will ultimately resolve the dispute but the plan failed. Meanwhile, Fatah and Hamas focused on mending the internally fractioned Palestinian political scene.[33] The internal disturbances and the intifada further aggravated the situation. Donald Trump in a desperate attempt to portray himself as a powerful leader has been time and again trying to follow the footsteps of former leaders, he not only suggested to mediate India-Pakistan dispute but also Israel-Palestine dispute, however, he in very clear terms stated that Jerusalem to be made the capital of Israel.[34] The respective state's head too were adamant with their fixed demands, be it Netanyahu, Barak, Assad or Arafat, none of them ever vision a peaceful Israel and Palestine.
No Love Lost between Israel and Palestine
The status quo of conflict between Israel and Palestine conflict remains at standpoint. Each continues to blame each other for the territorial uncertainties and violence. The 'standard time test' to resolve dispute seems to never reach these state. Since its formation, the valley has been tormenting for peace but all the strategies to make peace are through violence.
Neither side had realized the futility of violence, without which it is impossible to develop the conditions for peace. This can be clarified by examining the two consequences of the failure of the Camp David Summit; the Al Aqsa Intifada and Ariel Sharon's ascent to power.[35] For the Palestinians, the first intifada had brought recognition by Israel and establishment of an autonomous P.N.A. but the peace process throughout the decade failed to give them anything substantial.[36] The resultant impatience and radicalize Islamic group like Hamas breed more hatred than peace. The summit's resolution was bombarded by the second Intifada. Even Arafat believes that the peace needs to be just and compatible with their interests.[37]
The person who triggered the Intifada was Likud leader Ariel Sharon. His visit to Temple Mount ignited the fire of Palestinian frustration as he was regarded as the greatest enemy of the Arabs and the butcher of Sabra and Shatila.
It was the same Sharon that the Israelis elected as their Prime Minister in 2001. The Israelis wanted security at any cost. If Barak could not give them security through settlement, Sharon could give them that through confrontation. Sharon's policies proved his mandate- he wanted to improve security through militarily, despite international condemnation. On one hand, he destroyed Palestinian headquarters, made Arafat captive within his own office, assassinated radical Palestinian leaders and began construction of a security force beyond the green line- all in violation of International law. On the other hand, he withdrew all the Jewish settlements from Gaza Strip with force. This was settlement-the Sharon way.
Thus, when peace fails, people resort to violence. When there is to be violence, it is sensible to have the best fighters up front. Hence, the rise of hardliners on both sides. Both Arafat and Barak Might have had the best of intentions, but they were answerable to their political constituencies- the Palestinians and the Israelis respectively who were antagonistic to each other. The condition for peace did not exist on the ground. Therefore, after the failure of the Camp David Talks 2000, both passed into political oblivion.
BATNA and WATNA Analysis
The Israel-Palestine conflict remains in its worse state, violence is predominant and sovereign ego competes with human right violations. In such setup, any mediator knows well enough, that the worse alternative to the negotiation is aggravation of the existing tension and violence. However, the best alternative to negotiation would be several stakeholders coming together to decide the fate of the conflict, the issue here is the required consensus amongst the stakeholders, in any situation, it's very difficult to take a decision acceptable by all. The state heads are in better position to bargain and enter into agreement which can be recognised internationally. A neutral state intervened mediation can help in easing the tension between the states but the state must not have any partiality towards any state. The impasse that has landed between the parties cannot be dealt with a state having vested interests. International institution might help the states by providing the platform to discuss the dispute, the issues, the possible bargain and the solution.
The Israel-Palestine conflict is a simulacrum of a prisoner's dilemma where each participating stakeholder is skeptic of the move of others and are scared that any ambivalent move may prove fatal for them.
Israel Cooperate Israel does not Cooperate
Palestine Cooperate
Both co-exits peacefully Palestine continues to face violence in hands of Israel
Palestine does not Cooperate Internal disturbances and terrorist groups create violence Both civilians suffer
Mediation in this situation can bring peace to both the nations by projecting the real issues that they face and the failure of peaceful resolution that might lead to the unwarranted and unwanted violence. Each state will have to give up some absolute demands and settle with an amicable solution.
Solution in the present case be where Israel does not force Palestine to discount sovereign at expense of Israel. The required protection or security that Israel is seeking can be reserved by intervention of intermediaries like UN for peacekeeping forces for certain time period. Further, the solution to the problem of refugees can be dealt by providing alternative area for their settlement and compensation that can be shared with states and international bodies.
The allomorphism between sovereignty, faith, territory and self-interests gave birth to the classic Israel-Palestine dispute, a piece of land where even Gods fear to tread and its upon humans to decide the fate of civilians living in that piece of land and also the fate of Gods assigned to those land. The sticks-or carrots strategy have failed and it's better to take leap of faith to utilize mediation to resolve the disputes patinating to border, refugees, Jerusalem and the fate of civilians. The mediator in this sui generis conflict will the one who needs to break the prisoner's dilemma and inform the states of their actual position and the difference between the ontological claims and normative international behavior that is expected from each party.
The much prized claim that US asserts to resolve the dispute is colored with the interest to be engraved in the wall of fame, the US as mediator needs to get rid of this attitude as mediator needs to be neutral and cannot wield its own motives in name of mediation. Recently, Abbas's statement that India should be the mediator in the dispute seems a better option as historically, India has been supportive to the Palestinian cause, Mahatma Gandhi's stand on Khilafat Movement to sympathy towards Palestine and the current good relations with Israel make India a better mediator. There is no trust issues when it comes to India as a mediator and both the countries might agree to settle their disputes through a country like India which will remain neutral and in friendly terms with both the countries.
Each state must reconcile their differences between different parties and societies, it is necessary to identify major issues to be resolve amongst the ideological constellations, religious comradeship and historical antiquities as to what matters most to bring peace to the 'promised land.'
[1] Jacob Bercovitch, J. Theodore Anagnoson, & Donnette L. Wille, Some Conceptual Issues and Empirical Trends in the Study of Successful Mediation in International Relations, 28 (1) Journal of Peace Research, 1991, pp. 7-17.
[3] Gideon Biger, The Boundaries of Israel—Palestine Past, Present, and Future: A Critical Geographical View, 13 (1) Israel Studies, 2008, pp. 68-93.
[8] Kenneth Manusama, Lawfare in the Conflict between Israel and Palestine, 5 Amsterdam L.F. 121 (2013).
[9] Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation Of Cultures: Selected Essays 87-125 (1966).
[10] K.S. Varghese v. St. Peter's and Paul's Syrian Orthodox, MANU/SC/0795/2017.
[11] Amy L. Smith & David R. Smock, Managing A Mediation Process, The Peacemaker's Toolkit 14 (2008).
[12] Gideon Biger, The Boundaries of Israel—Palestine Past, Present, and Future: A Critical Geographical View, 13 (1) Israel Studies, 2008, pp. 68-93.
[13] David M. Jacobson, Palestine and Israel, 313 Bulletins of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1999, pp. 65-74.
[14] W. Dixon, Democracy and the Management of International Conflict, 37 (1) Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1993, pp. 42-68.
[15] Asem Khalil, Israel, Palestine and International Law, 2 Miskolc J. Int'l L. 20 (2005).
[16] Jenna Homeyer, Mediators without Borders and the Efficacy of Community Mediation Centers in Israel and Palestine, 2016 J. Disp. Resol. 511 (2016).
[17] James A. Wall & Ann Lynn, Mediation: A Current Review, 37 (1) The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1993, pp. 160-94.
[18] J. Ruebner, Obama's Legacy on Israel/Palestine, 46 (1) Journal of Palestine Studies, 2016, pp. 50-64.
[21] Jerusalem: The Camp David Connection, 10 (2) Journal of Palestine Studies, 1981, pp. 122-125.
[22] Zahid, Mahmood, Sadat and Camp David Reappraised, 15 (1) Journal of Palestine Studies, 1985, pp. 62-87.
[23] Abba Eban, Camp David: The Unfinished Business, 57 (2) Foreign Affairs, 1978, pp. 343-54.
[24] S. Lewis, The Legacy of Camp David for Future Peacemakers, 11 (1) Harvard International Review, 1988, pp. 4-5.
[25] Camp David Seen from Israel, 8 (2) Journal of Palestine Studies, 1979, pp. 144-155.
[26] Martin Asser, Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees, BBC News Service, Sep 2, 2010.
[27] Gwyn Rowley, Israel and the Palestinian Refugees: Background and Present Realities, 9 (2) The Royal Geographical Society, 1977, pp. 81-89.
[29] K. Sarwar Hasan, Palestine Refugees and the Jewish State, 63 (1) Pakistan Horizon, 2010, pp. 15-21.
[30] John F. Murphy, Beyond Camp David, 74 Cambridge University Press, 1980, pp. 117-125.
[31] Akram Hanieh, The Camp David Papers, 30 (2) Journal of Palestine Studies, 2001, pp. 75-97.
[32] Donna Cassata, Congressional Request to Define Palestinian Refugees Lands Obama in Hot Water, The Times of Israel (May 31, 2012).
[33] A. Arosoaie, Israel-Palestine, 7 (1) Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, pp. 67-70.
[34] Khaled Abu Toameh, Abbas asks India to Help Mediate Peace Talks with Israel, The Times of Israel (Feb. 11, 2018).
[35] Richard Falk, International Law and the Al-Aqsa Intifada, 217 Middle East Report, 2000, pp. 16-18.
[36] Michal Shamir & Tammy Sagiv-Schifter, Conflict, Identity, and Tolerance: Israel in the Al-Aqsa Intifada, 27 (4) Political Psychology, 2006, pp. 569-95.
[37] Helena Lindholm Schulz, The 'Al-Aqsa Intifada' as a Result of Politics of Transition, 24 (4) Arab Studies Quarterly, 2002, pp. 21-46.
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Home Education Populism vs Progressivism
Populism vs Progressivism
The main difference between populism and progressivism is that the Populists were mainly aggrieved farmers who advocated radical reforms while on the other hand, the Progressives were urban, middle-class reformers. They wanted to increase the role of the government in reform while maintaining a capitalist economy.
The populism arose in the late 19th century by the farmers about change in the economic system and progressivism started at the beginning of the 20th century by the middle class about the changing in the political system.
What is Populism?
The populist movement started during the 1880's. Farmers or those associated with agriculture believed industrialists and bankers controlled the government and making the policy against the farmers. Farmers become united to protect their interests. They even created a major political party. The party was called the people's party which became known as the populist party. Populists drew its strength from rural areas.
Populist initiated a program in 1882 in Omaha, Nebraska. They wanted to impose more income tax on wealthy people. Sought government ownership of the railroad, telephone, and telegraph systems. They believe on the government ownership and wanted to stop laissez-faire. Populists wanted the secret ballot and direct election of the senators from their states which the government acceded to through the 17th amendment. The others demand such as the regulation of banks and industries, civil services reforms, 8 hours in a day of labor class were also accepted by the government.
Why did Populism fail?
They were mostly poor farmers whose struggle to make a living made political activity difficult.
What is Progressivism?
Middle class and well-educated people stated the progressivism movement in the early 1900s. They continue their struggle by remaining in the political mainstream. The unfair election system, exploitation of workers, women and children, corruption in the business class and the legal system these are the major root cause of this movement. All these policies gave concessions to rich people. So that the rich people become the common enemy of progressivism.
The movement was a reflection of the dissatisfaction among the urban classes and those belonging to the middle classes. Despite the fact that most of the demands of the populists were bordered on the ideas of communism; finally, overwhelming majorities of their demands were acceded by the government, and they became the law of the land eventually.
Why did Progressives achieve greater success?
they were an urban and middle-class movement.
they could devote more time to the causes they championed.
Their proponents started with more economic and political clout than the Populists
Because many Progressives were Northern and middle class, the Progressive movement was not intensified regional and class differences as compared to the Populist movement had.
Key Differences between Populism and Progressivism
Progressivism focused on changing the political system itself, whereas populism focused upon reforming the economic system.
Populism arose in the late 19th century while progressivism stated at the beginning of the 20th century.
Populism came from the farmers and the poor sections of the society while progressivism came from middle classes, who were fed up with the corruption of the rich and against the government policies.
the demands of progressivism were acceded by the government.
The populism believed in government ownership.
Video Explanation
Previous articleCentral Government vs Local Government
Next articleDemocracy vs Dictatorship

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pros: CDK has this down pat! It is easy and efficient.
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Inventory tool we can count on.
Pros: Easy to find any vehicle and time. Tracking is easy.
Pros: It's important to always be updated with the inventory. This is a key product that works.
Highly recommend this inventory tool.
Pros: Always accurate and plentiful information.
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CDK does it all and it runs smoothly.
Pros: Virtual auction is a success. Easy for our sales team to know all details about a vehicle.
Pros: Is a pretty good product for managing our inventory.
Cons: Could be better at consolidating information on the dashboard.
Pros: This tool really keep us on top of and current on our inventory.


text:
Collaboration and decision making in data-intensive and cognitively-complex settings: Lessons learned from the dicode project
Christodoulou, S, Tzagarakis, M, Karacapilidis, N et al. (3 more authors) (2014) Collaboration and decision making in data-intensive and cognitively-complex settings: Lessons learned from the dicode project. In: Karacapilidis, N, (ed.) Mastering data-intensive collaboration and decision making. Springer Science & Business Media , 213 - 226. ISBN 3319026127
This chapter reports on practical lessons learned during the development of innovative collaboration and decision making support services in the context of the Dicode project. These lessons concern: (i) the methodology followed and process carried out for the development of the abovementioned Dicode services (ii) the facilitation and enhancement of collaboration and decision making in data intensive and/or cognitively complex settings, and (iii) related technological and integration issues. Detailed evaluation reports, interviews and discussions within the development teams, as well as analysis of the use of the developed services by end-users through the associated log files, provided valuable feedback for the formulation and compilation of these lessons. By sharing insights gained in the context of the Dicode project, this chapter aims to help people engaged in developing similar services.
Christodoulou, S
Tzagarakis, M
Karacapilidis, N
Yang-Turner, F
Lau, LMS
Dimitrova, V
Computers; collaboration; decision making; sense making; dicode workbench; dicode services; visualization; usability; software development; software integration
Published: 5 April 2014
The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering (Leeds) > School of Computing (Leeds) > Institute for Computational and Systems Science (Leeds)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02612-1_11
Springer Science & Business Media
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02612-1_11
Download not available
A full text copy of this item is not currently available from White Rose Research Online


The Artistic Vegan kitchen is serving up sorbet in 3 different ways using only 4 healthy ingredients. Try these fresh, vibrant summer flavors in mango lime, lychee lime & orange pineapple. With fresh ripe fruit being the primary base the flavor is intense and the sorbet is mouthwatering. The dessert is healthy and uses very little sweetener, yet you'd never know. I have a strong feeling you'll love this blended, ice cold summer recipe!!
Blend each flavor separately until smooth.
Pour into a freezer safe bowl that's been pre-frozen, cover with plastic wrap so the plastic comes into contact with the sorbet, avoiding ice crystals.
For the mango, you can enjoy once frozen, opting to re-blend and freeze one extra time.
For the Lychee and Orange Pineapple, freeze until halfway frozen. Remove, blend, transfer back to the bowl, re-cover. Freeze until halfway frozen, repeat and then place in the freezer overnight or until solid.
Combine ingredients in a small cup and mix together vigorously. Serve over the sorbet if you desire.
Add a banana to the orange pineapple for orange banana pineapple, add ginger to the lychee.
Use a different citrus fruit of choice in any of these, I bet grapefruit would be so good and lemon of course is classic.
Perhaps at the final blend, swirl them together or layer them for a fruity mix!
Even mango lychee, mango lychee pineapple any combination would be good here.
Berries are more to your liking? Try this flavor!!


In SOU SBDC's Introduction to Entreprenuership, get the important information you need to know before you start or grow your business. This ninety minute free orientation provides the "nuts and bolts" and more to help you succeed. All materials will be provided. The only thing you need to bring are your questions!
All meetings are held in room 130A at RCC/SOU HEC 101 S Bartlett Street in Medford (cross streets are 8th and Riverside). You must pre-register as class size is limited.


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ca-vancouver-translink-bus-parser
=================================

Parser for Vancouver TransLink Bus data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Standard Features - Climate Control, Cruise Control, Alarm, Alloy Wheels (20in), Electric Windows (Front), Heated Front Screen, In Car Entertainment (Radio/CD/MP3/CD Autochanger), Rain Sensor, Seats Electric (Memory Driver/Passenger), Telephone Equipment (Bluetooth Interface), Upholstery Leather, 20in Kalimnos Alloy Wheels, Heated Front Windscreen. 4 seats, Black.
FINANCE PACKAGES - With a number of lenders on board we are able to offer packages to suit individual circumstances, including Sub Prime. HPI CLEAR - All vehicles are provided with full HPI reports. WARRANTY - At Velvis Cars we provide every vehicle with a standard 3 month warranty through Auto Protect. An upgraded 6 month warranty, or wear and tear policies over 6 and 12 months are also available on request. Call or Text up to 10pm. 7 days a week. Please call Steve, James, Tom or Grace to arrange a viewing, Viewings Best By Appointment.
Velvis Limited are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, our firm reference number for consumer credit is 659360. Velvis Limited t/a Velvis Cars is an Appointed Representative of AutoProtect (MBI) Limited which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority for Insurance Mediation, their reference number is 312143. You can check this on the FCA Register by visiting the www.fca.org.uk or by contacting the FCA direct on 0300 500 8082.


TV series "The Killing" is the story of a murder from three perspectives – the detectives, the oversight of the case, the family of the deceased and the suspects. The plot also deals with local politicians and their connection with this case. Gradually it becomes clear that there is no chance, everyone has his own secret. And while the characters think that they continue to live on their past has not left them alone.
Season 3 begins one year after the close of the "Rosie Larsen" case (the focus of the series' first two seasons) with Sarah Linden no longer working as a detective. But when her ex-partner Stephen Holder's search for a runaway girl leads him to discover a gruesome string of murders that connects to a previous murder investigation by Linden, she is drawn back into the life she thought she'd left behind.


We're not too shy to shout about our latest partnerships, deals and achievements.
Nutanix Ready, a great platform now comes with a certified load balancer.
The Queen's award deserves a royal celebration, what's next?


Dark and dingy spaces are the favorite hideouts for microorganisms and small animals.
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Insects like ants, termites, wasps, cockroaches, lurk in dark dingy corners.
Rodents, mice, small animals, roof rats, errant birds, raccoons and bats love to chew on the stationary insulation wires. They eat away whatever they find and then start their process of defecation leaving behind a rancid and unbearable smell. These innocent looking animals can weaken the house.
Mildew and mold need a warm climate to breed in, and they find their way into the wooden beams where they weaken them.
Moisture can lead to leaking ducts. This invariably means you have to invest more in your monthly electricity bill to keep your home at optimum temperature.
The attic and crawl space need to be inspected carefully so that there are no carcinogenic gases roaming around your home. Also, the structure of your home can remain sturdy and solid, only if it is clean of rodents, birds, animals and microbes. Professionals with years of experience will show-up at your doorstep to inspect your home for these potential hazards. Quartz Solutions will assess the premise using special equipment to guarantee that every step is taken in order to ensure your peace of mind.
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Cedar Grove, a gorgeous township in Essex County, NJ, has a population of nearly 12,411 people and it is said to be the fourth best place to reside in Essex County. The valleys and hillsides together with the attractive Cedar trees make it a special place. And although we have plenty of animals, you don't necessarily want them in your attics and crawl spaces. Call at 973-536-1013 for a free inspection from the Quartz Solutions today.


WE DID IT!!! As a result of your generous donations, the Smyrna Elementary School Foundation has reached it's fundraising goal for the 2018-19 school year!! Along with awarding Teacher Mini-Grants at the start of the school year, the artificial turf has been installed on the back playground and our 2nd - 5th graders are loving it!! We are currently in the permitting process for the front playground shade sail and are expecting to move forward with that project soon.
Thank you to all of our sponsors during BoosterThon!! Together we raised over $27,000 for the Smyrna Elementary School Foundation!


Share Harukanaru Jikuu no Naka de 6 | 遥かなる時空〈とき〉の中で6 ; 遥远时空中6 ; Harukanaru Jikuu (Toki) no Naka de 6 ; Harukanaru Toki no Naka de 6 to your friends!
Harukanaru Jikuu no Naka de 6 summary: From Transcendence Azusa, a normal high school girl, fell down the stairs while visiting her grandmother in the hospital two months ago. When she awoke, she was surrounded by people speaking of "The Priestess of the Dragon God," "The Imperial Capital," and "The Taisho (Era)." The legend starts again with this work, commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Haruka series!


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S2 TRIPPNLARRY
S1 HABITABLE SPACES
ABOUT TRIPP
HABITABLE SPACES FARM & RESIDENCY
TWT FEATURING HABITABLE SPACES FINAL EPISODE + RECAP OF EVENTS MARCH '20 - MAY '21
Check out our Season Finale for Tripping with Tripp + New Beginnings at Habitable Spaces with our new remote interview technology. This is a recap of the MANY major events that occurred from March 2020 to today (Memorial Day 2021) and how it weaves throughout our interviews.
Habitable Spaces Season One Finale Interview with Directors Alison and Shane Heinemeier
Remember Shane and Alison? They were among the first guests we had on this show B.C. (Before Covid) New Year's Eve 2020 talking possible collaborations that turned into something different entirely. I'm forever grateful to them for allowing me to quarantine at the farm and giving me an opportunity to meet so many unique, amazing, creative people.
This episode is the season finale. This Kingsbury, TX power couple join me to reminisce about how things progressed on the farm since our initial interview as lockdown happened in March of 2020. They will also be sharing future plans for the Habitable Spaces, affected by the pandemic. We'll have an opportunity to go through the good times and challenges that we've had at the farm. This is going to be an exciting episode, as we transition into the digital world of live streaming and simulcasting to various social networks. LISTEN!!!
Key Talking Points of the Episode:
[00:38] Backstory: How I met Alison and Shane and came to Habitable Spaces
[08:51] My collaboration with Habitable Spaces
[16:18]The Kingsbury Farmer's Market
[20:28] The global food system
[26:27]Alison and Shane's shop: How quarantine has changed their prioritizes
[30:51] Shane's work with prominent museums and how it is influencing how the shop space will look
[34:57] The 10th Fall Harvest event
[36:23] Robert Luna and what he does for the Habitable Spaces
[47:16] Closing thoughts
Standout Quotes from the Episode:
"When you don't know what you're doing in construction, you will build into your problems, and you will have to tear stuff out that you've done."
"It's always hard doing something that's not been done before because there's no roadmap to help you."
"We all need to care about each other in this future world. We all need to help each other make better choices when we're not thinking about the planet or community."
"Sometimes, you're going to need to lean on your neighbor. So don't piss them off too soon."
"Community extends beyond our human community. We have to also think about the animals and plants and the world we live in, and all the other creatures we share this space with because it's not just humans."
"Covid, like any good trauma, it has taught all of us that we need to love our neighbor and be together as a community and stop all the hatred. Don't be divisiveness keeps us apart while inclusiveness and community make us stronger."
"Life is a banquet, darling, and most poor fools are starving to death!"- Aunty Mame
Habitable Spaces Fall Harvest Festival 2021
Habitable Spaces
Habitable Spaces Instagram
Habitable Spaces Facebook
© Tripping with Tripp, LLC


The 2019 Audi Rs7 gets a brand new exterior colour, Satin Steel Grey Metallic. Moreover, hatchback fashions are now out there with the diesel engine. The 2019 Audi Rs7 acquired a 5-star general safety score from the NHTSA (out of a potential five stars). In IIHS evaluations, the 2019 Audi Rs7 Review has solely been examined in aspect and reasonable entrance overlap affect checks the place it acquired a Good rating (Good is the best doable rating). It also received a Fundamental score on the IIHS' entrance crash prevention check for having an obtainable ahead collision warning system (Superior is the highest score for the front crash prevention test).
That is the story of the brand new 2019 Audi Rs7, actually. It's filled with features and demonstrates a classy mechanical prowess, nevertheless it's explicit about issues. It's clinical and precise, in some ways to a fault, however balanced with apparent value and options. Like the hit man, the 2019 Audi Rs7 isn't any nonsense up front, but there's an underlying heat and desire to please when you get to realize it.


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Q: Foreign key not showing in GET request spring boot I am doing GET request "/api/admin/tickets". I am not getting userId in response. I have checked the database and userId is present there. In entity "Ticket" userId should act as a foreign key. I don't know why I am not able to see foreign key in response. I am trying to establish one to many relationship between User and Ticket.
TicketController.java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
@CrossOrigin(origins = Constants.ORIGIN)
public class TicketController {

    @Autowired
    private TicketRepository ticketRepository;

    @GetMapping("/admin/tickets")
    public Page<Ticket> getAllTickets(Pageable pageable) throws ResourceNotFoundException{
        return ticketRepository.findAll(pageable);
    }
}

User.java
@Entity
public class User extends AuditModel {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
    private int id;

    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String businessUnit;

    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String title;

    public User() {
    }

    // constructor with fields
    // getters and setters

}

Ticket.java
@Entity
public class Ticket extends AuditModel {
    @Id
    @Column(name = "ticketId")
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
    private int id;

    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, optional = false)
    @JoinColumn(name = "userId", nullable = false)
    @OnDelete(action = OnDeleteAction.CASCADE)
    @JsonIgnore
    private User user;

    public Ticket() {
        super();
    }

    public Ticket(int id) {
        super();
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public User getUser() {
        return user;
    }

    public void setUser(User user) {
        this.user = user;
    }
}

TicketRepository.java
@Repository
public interface TicketRepository extends JpaRepository<Ticket, Integer>{

    Page<Ticket> findByUserId(Integer userId, Pageable pageable);
    Optional<Ticket> findByIdAndUserId(Integer ticketId, Integer userId);

}

A: You annotated the User field in the Ticket class with @JsonIgnore, this prevents the User data fom being included in the GET response.
The second problem might be that you load the User field lazily using FetchType.LAZY. This may also prevent the data from being included in the GET response.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On 3 December, 2015, the Chinese authorities in Guangdong performed a wide-ranging crackdown on labour rights activists and labour organisations supporting factory workers. Many were detained or went missing, including Zeng Feiyang, the director of the Panyu Workers' Centre, and Meng Han, a former staff member. Despite others being released in recent months, these two remain in prison where they have been denied the basic right to meet with lawyers, and the government news agency has released defaming reports against them.
The crackdown has been linked to a specific labour dispute at the Lide Shoe Factory in Panyu district, where a strike of more than 2500 workers led to a successful negotiation in 2015 with factory management over social insurance, housing contributions, overtime and other owed payments. Zeng Feiyang, Meng Han and the Panyu Workers' Centre were actively involved in assisting workers in understanding their legal rights in this negotiation, and their continued detention by Chinese officials is believed to be a punishment and consequence of their supportive role in this struggle. Zhu Xiaomei, a further staff member, has been released on bail with serious charges pending.
This one case is symptomatic of a wider brutal and illegal political repression that is growing in China as the labour movement starts to really take root. With factory strikes happening more and more often and actual effective collective bargaining taking place in China, the authorities have responded in the way they know how – with arrests and intimidation. The persecution of independent civil society organizations that advocate on behalf of garment and footwear workers in Guangdong not only violates the associational rights of the advocates targeted, but effectively deprives workers throughout the province of the assistance of these groups, which is vital if workers are to achieve a greater level of respect for their rights at work.
On 1 May, groups in Hong Kong held a huge rally, when the arrests of these activists were denounced by workers there. International groups supporting Chinese organisers held a week of action to call for the release of Zeng Feiyang and Meng Han, who remain in custody.


The implosion of Rick Perry's presidential campaign has opened the door for Congressman Ron Paul to move up into second place and go head to head with Mitt Romney – that's the prediction from The Hill, one of Washington's most respected political newspapers.
Alex Jones explained why the momentum behind Ron Paul's campaign has him firmly challenging as a top tier candidate on the Sunday show, and it's a view increasingly being acknowledged by even mainstream political commentators.
Writing for The Hill, Capitol Hill's most widely circulated newspaper, Brent Budowsky sounds the death knell for Rick Perry's campaign.
"I wrote in August that Rick Perry will self- destruct within 30 days. His prospects for the presidency were as phony as the fantasy of a two-person race was false. Perry is a phony conservative who is not conservative. He is a pay-for-play politician who gobbled up Obama stimulus like a hound dog eating a bone, and created oceans of new government jobs in Texas while his big donors mysteriously received big government contracts. The Texas deficit ballooned and the Texas jobless rate doubled on Rick Perry's watch," writes Budowsky.
As we have documented, the only thing standing between Paul and Romney is an admitted establishment media strategy to ignore the very existence of the Congressman's campaign. Now that this hoax is quickly dissolving, Paul is set to be provided with the perfect platform from which to launch an assault on Romney's lead in the national polls.
An an establishment RINO Republican, someone who has pushed big government policies equally as horrendous as anything Obama ever did, Romney's chances of defeating the President are negligible. If he wins the Republican candidacy, Romney will only energize the hordes of Obamanoids to re-emerge and return Obama to the White House.
The same goes for Sarah Palin if she ever gets around to throwing her hat in the ring. Even aside from damaging recent revelations about her private life, Obama's slick talk would absolutely cream Palin in the presidential debates and she would become a nationwide laughing stock overnight.
Polls have shown that while establishment Republicans have all lost popular approval at a similar pace to Obama, Ron Paul already has the numbers to be within striking distance of defeating Obama in a head to head run off – and that's before he's even been afforded one half of the national platform the media has bestowed upon Perry and Romney.
Once Ron Paul's message is allowed to be heard, he will absolutely trounce Obama.
Only Ron Paul offers enough of an alternative to four more years of Obama to give the Republicans a chance of any success in 2012. Only Ron Paul's solutions for returning America to sound money principles can begin to reverse decades of Republicans and Democrats allowing the nation's economic base to be disastrously undermined.


85031 currently has 55 residential homes for sale on the market. The median list price is $185,000 or $114 / ft². These listings range from $117,900 in the lower quartile to $204,500 in the upper quartile. The average home currently for sale in 85031 is around 60 years old and 1,379 ft². There are currently 2 studio, 0 one-bedroom, 12 two-bedroom, 17 three-bedroom, and 24 four+ bedroom listings for sale.
Out of the 55 listings that are currently on the market, there are 3 condos, 34 houses, 11 townhouses, and 2 multifamilies. Our real-time inventory refreshes every hour, so that you see the best new inventory available on the market.
This search area is located within 85031. 85031 has 31,005 residents in 7,636 households. The median age of this zipcode is 27 with a majority of inhabitants unmarried. At least 47.90% of those living in this zipcode currently own their homes. Roughly 26.18% of population here speak a language other than English at home.
The median income in this zipcode is $23,832, with an employment rate of 44.4%. It tends to take those living in 85031 an average of 30.6 minutes to get to work, with a majority commuting by car. Out of the total population of those 25 and older, 0.75% have a master's or above, 2.57% have a bachelor's, and 33.99% have a high school degree.
More broadly, 85031 is a part of Maricopa County, Arizona. Maricopa County, Arizona has around 4,088,549 residents, or 1,465,840 households with a median age of 35.8. Residents in this county have a median income of $55,676 and a home ownership rate of 60.36%.
Searching on Zillow 85031, Trulia, or Realtor.com? RealtyHop has the most comprehensive mortgage and property record data to help you make the best buying decision.


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A plan for the Sahtu
A land use plan for the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada is providing hope that important cultural and ecological zones will be protected before major industrial development begin. Tracey Williams of WWF-Canada reports.
The Arctic is a region of great interest to companies eager to capitalise on resources that have previously been too expensive to access. As ice thaws, technologies improve and prices rise, the landscape now beckons to those eager to access its riches. Expanses of northern Canada have been staked out, as geologists look for signs of diamonds, oil or uranium under the surface.
Before the roads open up and the drills start to spin, northern people and conservationists want to ensure that important areas are recognised and protected. The Northwest Territories (NWT) Protected Areas Strategy is a community-driven, multi-stakeholder process to establish a network of protected areas in the NWT.
In the Sahtu Region (hereafter called the Sahtu) of the NWT, the recent developments at the Sahtu Land Use Planning Board are encouraging for conservation efforts of the community-driven Protected Areas Strategy process. The Board has a federal mandate to complete a land use plan through the Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Act. The Act was created to provide for an integrated system of land and water management in the Mackenzie Valley.
The completion of a land use plan will give Sahtu residents a tool to organise interests of economic development and conservation. The Sahtu communities of Tulita, Fort Good Hope, and Deline have been working on protected area projects (see Sahouye-Edacho protected area profile article in Arctic Bulletin 02.05) and desire to sequence conservation of their culturally significant lands in advance of heavy industrial allocation.
The land use plan will delineate which lands in the Sahtu Settlement Region are to be conserved and which lands are open to industrial development, as well as prescribing thresholds for development on all Sahtu lands. Such a plan is needed during a key time with accelerating industrial development in the Sahtu and the release of the Mackenzie Gas Project's environmental impact statement.
With the potential advent of the Mackenzie Gas Project, Sahtu residents face the decision of whether to allow the largest Canadian industrial infrastructure project ever considered to intersect their own lands.
The three districts of the Sahtu have title to 41,437 square kilometers of settlement lands, which includes ownership of subsurface rights on roughly 22 percent or 1,800 square kilometers. These settlement lands are privately held lands, not reserve land managed under the Canadian Indian Act.
The remaining 78 percent of land in the Sahtu remain as federal crown lands under the administration of the Northern Oil and Gas Secretariat.
Under the Land Claim, the Sahtu land corporations are required to be locally consulted by any company interested in industrial development in their settlement area, whether that development is to take place on settlement land or federal crown land. As the land corporations field the permits and oversee land use in the districts, a completed draft Sahtu Land Use Plan that could help to guide their work has only been available in a preliminary draft form. A fully consulted Draft Sahtu Land Use Plan can only result from community member discussions involving all key community land organisations.
At the federal level, when the Northern Oil and Gas Secretariat identifies a new claim block for oil and gas exploration, the government has no direct process to take into account cultural and spiritual site locations important to a community unless these are reported to them by the company.
Therefore, many culturally important sites are not considered, even though many of these special areas in the Sahtu were identified by a regional working group in 1999 in the "Places we take Care of Report", and were included in the Preliminary Draft Sahtu Land Use Plan.
Most recently, significant sites to the Mackenzie Valley Dene in the Sahtu have been included in the 2005 published coffee table "Sahtu Atlas" (See the book review on page 23). The Atlas covers many vital statistics of the region as well as recounts the important stories related to significant cultural areas' in the Sahtu.
There is a growing interest in the Sahtu to protect culturally significant lands as well as to identify the best options for sustainable economic development. But there is creeping confusion, if not growing irritation with a federal government that concurrently supports ad hoc industrial development through unplanned oil and gas permitting and mineral exploration.
Though the verdict is still out, the recent positive developments at the Sahtu Land Use Planning Board could be a means to focus all land use planning with the possibility of an approved Draft Sahtu Land Use Plan in 2006. A completed draft plan has the potential to play an instrumental role in creating a balanced vision which ensures that the culturally and ecologically significant areas are conserved for the communities of the Sahtu and for Canada, in advance of industrial development.
Tracey Williams
WWF-Canada
twilliams@wwfcanada.org
The Sahtu Land Use Plan is proving to be an effective tool for the identification and potential protection of ecologically and culturally sensitive areas in the Sahtu Region, Northwest Territories, Canada.
© Freya Nales, WWF-Canada / CPAWS
Arctic Bulletin 03.05
Back to Arctic Bulletin 03.05's table of contents.
The Sahtu Atlas: Maps and Stories from the Sahtu Settlement Area
in Canada's Northwest Territories
James Auld & Robert Kershaw (Eds.)
Government of the Northwest
Territories/Sahtu GIS Project, Canada.
ISBN 0-9737630-0-0
This is an outstanding new book about the people, resources and changes in the Sahtu region in the lower reaches of the Mackenzie Valley in Canada's Northwest Territories (NWT). Prompted by accelerating changes in this largely pristine and intact natural region (there are no paved roads here) since 1996, the Sahtu GIS project – led especially by the Government of the NWT – has compiled numerous databases on ecological, socio-cultural and economic resource distribution, trends and potential.
For those who have worked in more remote natural regions for a while, the whole approach here and such a book's utility will be obvious. I hope and expect that this new-age approach will be followed elsewhere, ahead of the conventional wave of industrial developments and change, so that those who have to make the big hard decisions about the future will be sufficiently well-informed of the full range of values at stake, and that their decisions will indeed be in the best long-term interest for all people in the region, and the natural resources on which we all ultimately depend.
Beyond the obvious technical importance for today's decisionmakers this book would make a wonderful high school or university geography class resource in any country.
Peter Ewins
pewins@wwfcanada.org


Making money with creativity generates incredible friction; the two fight for attention and simply refuse to get along. They rarely even play nice.
It's nearly impossible to write an introduction to the works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi [M.C. for short] in the space of a blog post, but this video will help.
What motivated me to pass this along are these barriers to creative flow: Worry, Anxiety, Boredom, Apathy and the like. What better way is there to describe the buttons that "creative for money" pushes repeatedly – as though waiting for a stalled elevator – than to suggest these barriers.
The ecstasy of creation is what we're chasing and what M.C. describes as the Flow experience. Get back to it by putting away the anxiety if you can. Maybe this will help.
Oh, one more thing: take note how M.C. threw the 10 years of study into the mix. Do you think Malcom Gladwell ever read M.C.'s work?


text:
The Protestant Church of Geneva (EPG, ) is an organization of congregations in the Canton of Geneva. It was founded in 1536 during the Protestant Reformation. It was the state church of Geneva from its inception until 1907. It is a member of the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches, and through that body a member of the World Council of Churches and the World Communion of Reformed Churches. As of 2003, the church had approximately 94,472 members, of which 15,095 were baptized. The ministers of the church are organized in the Company of Pastors and the Genevan Consistory functions as a sort of parliament of the church.
Female ordination is allowed.

References

External links
Official site

Geneva
Geneva
Organisations based in Geneva
Geneva

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On Saturday night , October 20th, 2018 I had the honor to be able to photograph Pure Fighting Championships presentation of the "Pure FC- 11 -Brown vs Camus 2" at the beautiful Menominee Nation Arena in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Let me tell you , this is one awesome arena with a staff that's so very anxious to help to make the event run smoothly and doing with a smile when ever anything was asked of them , how refreshing is that... No charge parking , $3.00 Hot Dogs , $5.00 beers ???Yeah, I was impressed.
Below the cover photo of Kauzlaric vs Parker is a slideshow which contains a slideshow of my favorite images captured during the above matches . Please NOTE THE SLIDESHOW IS NOT THE COMPLETE PHOTO GALLERY POSTING OF ALL IMAGES CAPTURE DURING these matches BUT MY FAVORITE IMAGES of the those matches. TO VIEW THE COMPLETE PHOTO GALLERY OF ALL IMAGES CAPTURED DURING THE LISTED MATCHES POSTED ON THE TOMBA-IMAGES COMMERCE SITE, LOCATE LINK BELOW SLIDESHOW.
To view the above image of Kauzlaric vs Parker full screen click on above …Below slideshow are favorite picks , to view complete photo gallery of all images captured , locate link below slideshow.
To view the complete Photo Galleries of all images captured during the Co-main and title matches , please high-light and right click the below link.


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The 10 Best Moments of Fifth Harmony as a Foursome
So, we all know Fifth Harmony are currently MIA at the moment, following on from Camila Cabello's departure from the group, but don't be fooled into believing that the remaining members didn't achieve anything as a four-piece.
Despite the fact that the four surviving members, Ally Brooke, Normani Kordei, Lauren Jauregui and Dinah Jane Hansen, managed to release their third studio album, filmed five beautiful music videos and toured Asia and South America, some people still seem to forget that the group continued working super hard making music for a little over a year after Camila's exit, before taking a hiatus themselves to focus on solo projects.
Camila announced she was going to begin a solo career at the end of 2016, which was the biggest year for the girls following the success of "Work From Home" and "That's My Girl". After her departure, the girls did not stop creating new music and became closer as a group throughout 2017 and the beginning of 2018. The girls only decided to fully break up the group in March 2018, and there's definite proof that those 15 months spent together as a group of four were not wasted.
Here we look back at the 10 best highlights of Fifth Harmony's time as a foursome:
1. Winning Favourite Group and performing "Work From Home" (for one of the first times without Camila) at the People's Choice Awards
January 2017 – just 1 month since becoming a foursome
With the wound of Camila's exit still fresh, this was the moment all eyes were on the girls, as we wondered what they were going to do, and where they were going to take the group next. It's safe to say, they smashed the performance of "Work From Home" styling saucy black outfits, and proved to the world that they are a fully-fledged unit of strong women. Covering Camila's parts in the song, they harmonised beautifully indicating that they were all going to take a little extra weight now that they were one member down, but were ultimately stronger together.
As the girls had performed "Work From Home" multiple times during 2016 as it dominated the music scene, the People's Choice Awards debuted a new dance routine and new harmonies and riffs making the performance a fresh production of a song that was almost a year old. As well as bringing back what we all loved about the group, they switched it up, made it their own and made the performance flow confidently, so it wouldn't feel as though someone was missing. There appearance made it feel like there had always been just four of them. They received their award for Favourite Group after the song, which shows that their fans were still supporting their endeavours.
2. Normani placing third in Dancing with the Stars (and all four girls performing "Impossible" during Week 4)
April 2017 – 4 months since becoming a foursome
As well as music, Normani has always shown an interest in dance, and is definitely the most versatile in the group. 2017 was the year this member decided to compete in Dancing with the Stars and stunned everyone with her talent, making it all the way to the final and coming third. This was clearly something Normani was passionate about and wanted to be involved with and the other girls showed all their support.
During week 5 of the show, Normani's fellow group members joined her on the stage, as she danced the Rumba with her partner, to sing a rendition of "Impossible" which was also the first song they ever sang together as a group. The show also highlighted how important the girls were to Normani and how meeting them had changed her life. It was a really moving performance that allowed the group and their fans to look back fondly at their humble beginnings.
3. Performing "Down" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
July 2017 – 7 months since becoming a foursome
This performance was super important because, not only did the girls deliver a kick-ass version of their lead single "Down" alongside Gucci Mane, but Jimmy Fallon exclusively revealed that their first album as a four-piece group would be self-titled. The decision from the girls to name the next chapter in their careers Fifth Harmony was a way of screaming to the world "this is us", and "we ain't going anywhere".
As the girls are usually accompanied by an awesome dance routine, stripping this song down (no pun intended) back to just their pure vocals with four mic stands was a great choice, and showed their bravery and vulnerability in doing something they're not used to. The lyrics and harmonies were more crisp because all four girls were concentrating solely on the music and the message, and I think they really proved to everyone how good they actually are, without all the frills.
4. Performing at the MTV Video Music Awards
August 2017 – 8 months since becoming a foursome
The girls delivered their most controversial performance at the MTV VMAs as they visually gave a reference to Camila's exit from the group during a medley of "Angel" and "Down", once again being briefly accompanied by Gucci Mane. Everyone was talking about this performance which is pretty awesome, regardless of whether the girls took a horrible stab at their former member or just wanted to artistically illustrate their journey so far.
In the performance, the girls used a stand-in to represent a fifth member, but the figure falls of the platform before the girls start singing. Switching to their second song, the girls also fall from the platform and are then shown in individual boxes which they break out of. All of these images, as the group later explained, were to visually show their recent struggles working as a foursome and to send a statement that they were not getting a fifth member to replace Camila. Whether they were trying to throw shade or not, it got everyone immediately interested and let's not forget Normani pulled off full-on splits. The performance also had a killer of a climax as the group finished with a united mic drop underneath a downpour of stage rain. They did throw everything into that performance and it arguably payed off.
5. Performing "He Like That" on The Late Late Show with James Corden
September 2017 – 9 months since becoming a foursome
This performance makes every other performance look like no contest. "He Like That" was, in my opinion, the best song on Fifth Harmony's third album which should have blasted the charts. For whatever reason, the track didn't do as well as everyone anticipated however this performance captured everything the song and music video represented, including the sexiness.
The girls really challenged themselves with this one and conquered their demons when it came to the choreography, performing moves that we have never seen them do before. The outfits were amazing and each girl had their moment to shine in the spotlight. It was really incredible and a testament to their growth and their development towards a more R'n'B vibe.
During the show, the girls also took part in James Corden's game Flinch, whereby Dinah Jane was given milk rather than a martini because she was not yet 21 years old, and Lauren was compared to a bond girl because she's just that fine.
6. Releasing "Can You See?" for The Star movie soundtrack
October 2017 – 10 months since becoming a foursome
Whether you watched the Christmas film or not, this song is very beautiful. The melodies and the messages of God and love are really inspiring. All of the girls show off their vocal talents in the song and it was nice to see the group branch out and work on a movie soundtrack alongside many other artists.
The slow pace of the song really suits their individual sounds, and when they perform the track it is really well put together and beautiful to watch, which is perfect for the holiday season. Being featured on a movie also allowed more publicity and the girls were given a platform to a audience they previously might not have had.
7. Collaborating with Pitbul and singing in Spanish for "Por Favor"
Being able to work with Pitbull, who is a massive name, was a huge achievement for the group, proving that the girls are well-respected within the music industry and amongst other artists. "Por Favor" is super catchy and up-beat. The group recorded a Spanish and English version of the song but normally performed a merged 'Splanglish' version live. Ally and Lauren, being familiar with the language, led the vocals for the Spanish track, which subsequently meant Dinah and Normani took a backseat and their voices are hard to distinguish.
However, in the English edition, and in live performances, all four members sing equal parts, including each taking a line of the chorus. Having Ally and Lauren sing in a different language to Dinah and Normani during the same song sounds really cool and promotes diversity. Branching out to that Latino and Spanish audience also shows how powerful the group is and how far their influence can reach. The accompanying music video is also really sexy and the girls look amazing.
8. Featuring on Carpool Karaoke with Sam Smith and James Corden
November 2017 – 11 months since becoming a foursome
"That's made my year" was the reaction from Sam Smith after praising Fifth Harmony for about 3 minutes straight during James Corden's Carpool Karaoke, and getting the surprise of his life when the group turned up to sing "Work From Home" with him in the car. Sam Smith was so sweet when he talked about his love for the girls and announced, I think on behalf of all of us, that the group and their music makes him feel "free", "alive" and like the "woman in me is on fire". He even admitted that he wants "Work From Home" to be his wedding song and, to be honest, same here.
Sam's reaction when the girls actually turned up was adorable and they performed a really good rendition of "Work From Home" together with Sam's riffs and dance moves. Despite struggling in 2017 to keep their momentum going without Camila, Sam's support and loyalty for the girls is so great and that's all because Sam felt that Fifth Harmony's music empowered him and made him feel confident and free.
After the group announced their hiatus, Sam had to tweet about his devastation:
FIFTH HARMONY!!!!! NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
— Sam Smith (@samsmith) March 19, 2018
He's definitely going to be a strong supporter of the girls for a very long time to come.
9. Competing on the Lip Sync Battle
February 2018 – over a year since becoming a foursome
Lip Sync Battle has had a bunch of famous guests and memorable performances, including from Channing Tatum and Tom Holland, and Fifth Harmony were added to that list of stars when they each performed in an episode. Ally showed off her flexibility and twerking ability imitating Jennifer Lopez, Normani worked her booty to perform as Beyonce from the Destiny's Child era, and Lauren re-enacted an Amy Winehouse performance nailing the mannerisms and expressions.
Although, I think the performance which surprised everyone was Dinah's set. Dinah mixed it up and floored her competition by getting fixed up into a full-on muscly and tattooed male suit to imitate Maui from Moana, and lip-sung Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's number, "Your Welcome". As well as smashing the choreography and the rap in the song, the song choice could also have been a reference to the fact that Dinah auditioned for the role of Moana before the film was made but was obviously unsuccessful. Watching the girls have so much fun and so many laughs warms the heart.
10. Don't Say You Love Me
May 2018 – 1 year and 5 months since becoming a foursome
and 2 months since announcing their hiatus
After the girls revealed through social media back in March this year that they would be taking a break from the group and pursuing solo projects, you may have believed that we wouldn't hear from them again for a while. However, the group had one more surprise up their sleeve when they posted their music video for "Don't Say You Love Me", a song deep in their fans hearts due to it's emotional message which really pulls at your heart strings.
The release of this music video was a shock because the girls had already filmed four other music videos for their four-piece album, which had all come out way back in 2017. However, this visual turned out to be very important because the group decided to use the opportunity to say a non-permanent goodbye to Fifth Harmony. The music video showed the girls performing the song individually and grouped close together, hugging and holding hands showing that, despite their individual characters, they will always have their bond and friendship. Then the video closed with each girl travelling through a door, finally giving their last farewell to that era of their life.
Is this the end? "Don't Say You Love Me"s music video would suggest otherwise as the last frame quite literally leaves the door open to the possibility of reuniting the group. The song itself is so powerful that the accompanying music video, released during a very unstable time for the group and the fans as a beacon of hope, most likely brought a lot of tears and powerful feelings to the surface.
What was your favourite moment of Fifth Harmony as a four-piece group? Let us know in the comments!
DO FIFTH HARMONY NEED EACH OTHER?
FIFTH HARMONY ALBUM REVIEW
CAMILA CABELLO DEBUT ALBUM REVIEW
Ally Brooke, Angel, camila, Camila Cabello, Can You See?, Dancing with the Stars, Dinah Jane, Dinah Jane Hansen, Don't Say You Love Me, Down, Fifth Harmony, Gucci Mane, He LIke That, Impossible, James Corden, Jimmy Fallon, Lauren Jauregui, Lip Sync Battle, Moana, MTV, MTV Video Music Awards, Normani Kordei, People's Choice Awards, Pitbull, Por Favor, Sam Smith, That's My Girl, The Star, VMAs, Work From Home
You know you're old when your favourite thing about Amsterdam is the public transport 😋
Weekly Music Roundup – 19-26 Oct 2018
Hi, I'm Evie and I have been writing about semi-nerdy stuff on the internet for 8 years now. My obsessions include Marvel movies, sci-fi TV shows, buying too much from bargain clothes sites and booking holidays. I also have a slightly unhealthy passion for The Greatest Showman, and I'm a Fifth Harmony-enthusiast. MY DEBUT NOVEL "WHEREVER WE ARE" IS OUT NOW!
This blog may contain affiliate links which means if you purchase a product through one of the advertisements, I may receive compensation. ❤
Should you watch Good Omens? Watch my SPOILER-FREE REVIEW now! June 25, 2019
BBC Casualty: 17 Tweets which show how important the Iain Dean suicide storyline is April 5, 2019
Top 10 Saddest Deaths on Casualty March 29, 2019
MY FIRST PAPERBACK "Wherever We Are" is OUT NOW!! January 31, 2019
"Wherever We Are – Part Two" is out now!! January 14, 2019


Although many states have already legalized medical marijuana, it is not legal on a national level due to the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The CSA is a system that puts drugs into different schedules. Marijuana is listed as a Schedule I drug alongside Heroin and LSD. When a drug is listed as Schedule I, it means that the drug has a high potential for abuse, there is no accepted medical use in the U.S., and there is a lack of accepted safety for the use of the substance under medical supervision. We believe that medical marijuana should be listed as a Schedule III drug. This would mean it has the potential for abuse, has accepted medical use, and the abuse of the drug may possibly lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. This would put marijuana on the same level as Vicodin. It does not make sense to have Marijuana on a more extreme level than one of the most abused drugs in America. Even Xanax is in Schedule IV, which is below Vicodin. Vicodin and Xanax have high addictive qualities, unlike Marijuana.
Medical Marijuana can help many people with many different conditions. Some citizens aren't able to obtain it in their state because of the fact that it isn't legal, leading them to retrieve it in illegal ways. Also, if medical Marijuana was taxed the way that alcohol and cigarettes are, this could potentially save the country up to $13.7 billion annually according to studies by multiple economists.
Lauren Oakes needs your help with "Greg Walden: Legalize Medical Marijuana". Join Lauren and 122 supporters today.


For the first time, future users are able to actually test products that does not yet exist, in Virtual Reality, thanks to the multi-sensory experience developed by OPTIS.
How to enable industries and end-user customers to use and improve high tech products before they exist? During the CES, OPTIS will present a new experience simulator connected to a Virtual Reality software, VRXperience.
With OPTIS VRXperience, you can put yourself in the user's place and predict his or her interactions with a product still at the prototyping phase. Based on exact physical vision and sound simulation, VRXperience delivers only reliable, true to life feelings. In an immersive and multi-sensory experience, you virtually pilot intelligent products: the safest way to optimize them early in the design process and to create an engaging end-user experience.
Come to our booth at the CES! You will discover for example how automotive manufacturers design future autonomous vehicles by using OPTIS' Virtual Reality and simulators, amongst various immersive experiences.
OPTIS, the leading software vendor for the scientific simulation of human vision and acoustics. Its software solutions are used as decision-making tools in top 500 corporations worldwide since 1989. Today, OPTIS has become a standard in life-like simulations and ergonomics.


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package com.khartec.waltz.jobs.clients.c1.sc1.parse;

import com.khartec.waltz.common.Aliases;
import com.khartec.waltz.model.EntityLifecycleStatus;
import com.sun.org.apache.xpath.internal.operations.Bool;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Row;

import java.util.function.Function;

public class FlagToBoolean {

    private static final Aliases<Boolean> aliases = new Aliases<>();

    static {
        aliases.register(Boolean.TRUE,"x");
    }

    public static Boolean apply(String s) {
        return aliases.lookup(s).orElse(Boolean.FALSE);
    }
}


Cookstown High School recently held its 60th anniversary celebrations since the location of Cookstown Secondary Intermediate and Cookstown High School to Coolnafranky Demesne.
Guests included former pupils and staff who enjoyed reminiscing and catching up with each other.
Our lensman Simon Robinson popped along to capture the occasion.