text:
Shrub Layer: An Empty Niche?
TOPIC: Shrub-layer an empty niche?
http://groups.google.com/group/entstrees/t/9fe6f70e0d0c7758?hl=en
Date: Sat, Dec 6 2008 10:07 am
From: "Ryan McEwan"
So one thing I work on is trying to understand WHY invasive plants are able
to acquire habitat space so readily. There are a number of hypotheses...one
that has been postulated to explain the invasion of shrubs (honeysuckle,
privet, etc) into forest understories is "the empty niche hypothesis" which
suggests that the eastern deciduous forest does not have a substantial shrub
layer, and thus the invasive species can waltz right in.
Do y'all buy this?
An potentially interesting corollary hypothesis I have is that the shrub
layer of the eastern deciduous forest is underdeveloped because the forest
itself (over most of its spatial extent) passed through a period of
intensive disturbance (humans with chain saws, ~1890-1940). Tree
species recovered from this via stump sprouts, seed banks, etc...but, the
shrub layer is less resilient and has not recovered as rapidly. Thus the
"empty niche" (if one exists) is a reflection of human disturbance, rather
than the natural state of the system.
I think my corollary hypothesis can be addressed somewhat simply by asking:
"Is the shrub layer of old-growth forests better developed (more species
rich, etc) than that of second-growth forests?"
Ryan,
Some interesting ideas. I am not a forest ecologist, but a geologist with an interest in trees. It has been my personal experience that the shrub layer is not as thick in old growth forests as it is in logged or disturbed forests. I am not sure about the diversity, but they are generally fewer in number in old growth. I would attribute this to the thicker and more closed canopy in many of the old growth forests as opposed to the more open and sporadic canopy of the disturbed forests. This is effect is exacerbated by the removal of evergreens and there replacement by hardwoods in many of these timbered areas.
It strikes me that the understory/shrub layer in the disturbed forests consists of more opportunistic species that thrive in the light. This includes both shrubs and small trees. In the old growth forests the floor is more open and the shrub layer consists of more shade tolerant species and shade tolerant small trees. Invasive species tend to be more prevalent in disturbed forests than in old growth. I take that to mean that they are typically more opportunistic and light loving species that can compete with the native species in these timbered and disturbed situations, whereas they do not do as well and are not as competitive with the more shade tolerant species in old growth forest.
I have not done any systematic analysis of the differences, but this is my impression, and I acknowledge it could be erroneous.
Date: Sat, Dec 6 2008 1:03 pm
From: Lee Frelich
Eastern deciduous forests on good sites have a high leaf area index, and
thus relatively little light getting through to the forest floor, and a lot
of extremely shade tolerant tree seedlings and saplings, so that shrubs
cannot compete very well.
Invasion by buckthorn, privet, Japanese barberry, tatarian honeysickle,
etc. is probably more vigorous in forests invaded by European earthworms
(and now Asian earthworms as well), because the worms make an ideal seedbed
for the shrubs, and although this part of their impacts is not as well
studied, probably also increase light levels by making the soils drier so
that the canopy is not as dense, and by killing much of the seedling and
sapling layer (in conjunction with deer). The worms also change the
mycorrhizal community so that it is less favorable to native trees and the
non native shrubs are adapted to the presence of the worms (having
co-evolved with them). Human disturbance also creates opportunities for
shrubs, but these areas usually also have the exotic earthworms.
In northern MN forests, the opposite happens. People have suppressed
disturbances (fires) that used to keep native shrubs at bay, and we now
have 100 million acres of the native shrub beaked hazel. These forests are
on shallow soils, however, and don't have the high leaf area index of
deciduous forests on good sites.
From: "Steve Galehouse"
Ryan-
I think another aspect concerning the proliferation of alien species in the
shrub layer could be lack of predation or control by their naturally
associated pests and diseases---the privets and buckthorns made it over to
North America, put perhaps whatever insects pests of fungal diseases that
kept them in check in their native areas didn't. Also, the exploding deer
population throughout the Northeast and Midwest may have more of an impact
on the native shrub layer, less so on alien shrubs---I would presume a
whitetail deer would prefer browsing on shrubs and trees with which it has
evolved.
From: DON BERTOLETTE
Steve-
From my western experience, when a population explodes, the pressure on the understory eventually will end discrimination for natives, to most anything that might provide sustenance, native or not. I imagine deer in the East may not be that much different than deer in the West, but I'm no wildlife biologist. I do recall that deer in the Quabbin are quite happy to browse on young oak, but quickly go on to other browse when oak offerings are gone. Deer exclosures in the Quabbin allowed oaks to regenerate with high success due to the advance regeneration that their advanced root structure allowed. Would Pennsyvania be that much different?
-DonRB
I'll take a stab at your corollary hypothesis...IMHO, most old-growth forest ecosystems will have a naturally more diverse horizontal and vertical diversity in their understory, as a fuller range of disturbances has offered up opportunities for a wider diversity of pioneering species to enter, to enter into an already rich seed bank; similarly, the vertical or structural diversity will also be more present, as the forbs/shrubs competition has had time to sort out acceptable light/soil/moisture relationships. This accumulating diversity over time lends resilience to the ecosystem, and a subsequent richness of response to disturbances, of varying frequency and intensity.
I don't agree with the first hypothesis, "the empty niche hypothesis". I am a firm believer that nature would have filled all the niches with an appropriate species. As time slowly changed so does the species in each niche.
I do like your second hypothesis of since the intensive disturbance of mankind that the shrub layer couldn't recover faster than the invasive shrubbery. I also like your idea on how to go about proving this theory.
Date: Mon, Dec 8 2008 1:58 pm
From: Carolyn Summers
Unfortunately, deer have also become an agent of disturbance. It is logical
that they prefer many native shrubs to the exotics. Just over the last 10
years, I have seen two common species gradually being eliminated from my
hemlock woods  hobblebush, Viburnum lantanoides and Ilex montana, mountain
winterberry. I could name others, but these two seem hardest hit.
Carolyn Summers
I guess in retrospect, I could shorten my previous answer to less than ten words:
A disturbance is a disturbance is a disturbance.
Man as an indigenous people were a disturbance. A person today, if careless, can be a disturbance. People as a society today, with the advantage of technology, are a disturbance. Weather events are disturbances, and changes in climate are disturbances.
They all create opportunities for a pioneering species to enter, whether the pioneering species is a native, an unwanted opportunistic alien invader, or a desirable non-native replacement for a native that no longer can adapt to the unnatural range of variation caused by climate change.
It's probably not the issue so much that invasives occupy disturbed habitat so quickly, but how well it reproduces once it gets established. When invasives are out competed by the natives, invasives are not as much as a problem, say, as when the natives are outcompeted, and extinguished.
Date: Tues, Dec 9 2008 7:03 am
In the East I have observed and studied this exact topic. As a land
manager for a private landowner, it was my responsibility to get rid
of invasives (talk about job security) I started to notice that the
areas that were heavily infested with exotic species had been
disturbed at some recent point. Agriculture was the biggest
disturbance. Some of the wooded sections were farm fields and had
been let go 100 years ago or less. These fields that now have 30"
poplar and ash still retain the high PH levels that the farmers
created through liming or incorporting sea shells. The successionary
native tree species moved in easily along with the invasive shrubs.
(Eleagnus, Rosa, Lonicera, Euonymus, etc) The original ephemeral
layer and shrub layer were completely removed by the act of farming
these fields. Some areas were left untouched due to slope or rocks.
These areas maintained their ephemeral layer and their native
hardwood canopy, but the native shrubs were few and far between. The
only native shrub present is Lindera benzoin which is not prefered to
white tail deer. I agree with Ed that old growth areas tend to have
little shrub layer due to competition and lack of light.
One area I focused on was an old field that ended at an old stone
wall. The field contained red maple, white ash, black cherry, tree of
heaven, bird cherry, and tulip poplar and had been "let go" about 50
years ago. The forest floor is covered in honeysuckle vine,
multiflora rose, burningbush and spicebush and garlic mustard. The
deer population is heavy. The PH of the old field is 7.2. This all
stops abruptly at the stone wall, like a line drawn in the sand. The
other side of the wall is a steep slope with rock. The trees are well
over 150 years old. Black, white, chestnut and red oak. Black gum,
Hickory, White ash, and some sassafrass and dogwood cover the area.
Not one invasive tree on this side of the wall. The shrub layer is a
heavily browsed layer of Pinxter bloom, lowbush blueberry, mountain
laurel, and witchhazel. The ground is covered with moss and spotted
wintergreen. A cat brier sneaks through here and there. The PH is
4.5!!
Disturbance, deer, and availability of seed sources are to blame. One
good thing is that the Native hardwoods seem to be inching their way
back into the old fields. The Bitternut Hickory seems to be the most
prolific, as the deer don't like to eat it OR rub it with their
antlers. One other native that seems to be getting a foothold is
american holly. Deer leave it alone.
I often wonder if time is the answer to invasives. In two hundred
years will the trees shade out the shrubs again? Only if the deer are
controlled in my opinion. This has caused me to start hunting again
four years ago. I have removed twelve deer from my neighborhood in
that time, mostly does.
Date: Wed, Dec 10 2008 7:15 am
From: Kouta Räsänen
Scott & ENTS,
An interesting topic and discussion! I would like to comment only
> I often wonder if time is the answer to invasives. In two hundred
> years will the trees shade out the shrubs again?
Remember that in two hundred years any given area has probably a
different climate. This allows more and more exotics to enter to
natural ecosystems as the native species are not anymore the "best
adapted" for the area they historically occupy.
Kouta from Germany
From: Elisa Campbell
Somewhat on this topic, I came across a refernce to a fairly short
article on the effects of an overabundance of white tailed deer.
Overview Paper: Impacts of White-tailed Deer Overabundance in Forest
By Thomas Rawinski, USDA Forest Service
Land managers, especially in southern New England, need to recognize
that deer are exacerbating invasive plant problems, while also seriously
degrading native forest vegetation. Integrating aggressive deer
population control measures into land management programs holds great
promise in restoring these forests.
The paper can be found at
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/special_interests/white_tailed_deer.pdf
Thomas J. Rawinski, Author and Botanist
Durham Field Office, N A State & Private Forestry
email: trawinski@fs.fed.us
Date: Wed, Dec 10 2008 10:05 am
more on deer and invasives (this one concludes that to encourage native
plants, the invasives must be removed):
<http://www.esa.org/meetings/>
Tuesday, August 5, 2008 - 1:30 PM
COS 40-1: Interactive effects of white-tailed deer and invasive
plants on temperate deciduous forest native plant communities
Norman A. Bourg1, William J. McShea1, and Chad M. Stewart2. (1)
Smithsonian Institution - National Zoological Park, (2) Indiana
Background/Question/Methods
The relationship between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
populations, herbivory and invasive species proliferation has received
little study, despite its potential impacts on native biodiversity and
natural areas management. To address this important ecological issue, we
initiated a controlled field experiment in 2005 at three high deer
density study sites in mid-Atlantic temperate upland deciduous forest
(Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, VA; Great Falls National
Park, VA; and the Goldmine tract of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
National Historical Park, MD). Following initial baseline vegetation
surveys (all herbaceous plants and woody plants ? 30 cm in height) of
333 4x4-meter randomly located plots, control, deer exclusion (fenced)
and invasive species removal (hand pulling) treatments were applied in a
2x2 factorial design at each of the study sites. Plots were resurveyed
in 2007 to estimate the understory vegetation response in terms of
native species richness, diversity and woody stem counts. Response
variables were analyzed as mixed-model repeated measures analyses of
covariance using SAS version 9.0 software.
Results/Conclusions
The forest understory plant community responded positively after 1.5
years of exposure to the experimental treatments, and the non-woody
components were largely responsible for the significant changes thus
far. Native herbaceous species richness increased significantly at two
of the three study sites, with the invasives removal treatments having
the greatest response. Significant increases in native forb species
diversity occurred at the same sites, with the invasives removal
treatments again showing the largest increases but mainly in plots that
also had high initial invasive species cover. Woody species richness,
diversity and stem numbers displayed significant relationships with the
canopy species richness covariate and showed increasing trends at all
sites over time, but significant treatment effects did not appear by
2007. The results for non-woody native plants, particularly in those
plots that were treated with hand-pulling of invasives only, support the
conclusions that invasive plant cover negatively impacts their survival
and that collateral damage to native species did not occur. The similar
response in the invasives removal treatments indicates the primary
inhibitor for most non-woody natives is the presence of invasive plants
and not deer herbivory. Detection of significant treatment effects on
woody species may occur after a scheduled plot resurvey in 2009,
although positive trends were documented here. Deer management, such as
fenced exclusion or population reduction, in the absence of invasive
plant removal, may therefore be insufficient to promote restoration of
the native plant community.
From: dbhguru@comcast.net
Elisa,
I know Tom Rawinski. He is a fine scientist and he is clearly stating what many of us realize is the biggest problem to forest regeneration - overabundance of deer. What has been amazing to me is the lack of foresight in DCR's implementation of Green Certification. Unless DCR incorporates real deer population controls into their expanded timber harvesting operations, the deer population is just going to grow larger. It is a no-brainer, but DCR plows on with their plans to expand harvesting, oblivious to invasives and deer. Go figure. When talking to DCR people, I have to bite my tongue a lot these days, but duh!
and moose ...
From: ForestRuss@aol.com
ENTS:
There is no doubt that the spread of certain invasive species is accelerated
by white tail deer. In the Appalachians Microstegium vimineum, Japanese
stiltgrass is changing the condition of the "natural" hardwood forest faster
than researchers can keep up with the evolving idea of what a "natural" forest
or "natural" regeneration is likely to be defined as in the future.
Invasive plants are showing up in tracts of woodland where nothing more than
a stream passing through the property is a part of the disturbance regime.
In so many forested situations I have encountered, the invasive species are
not filling in a vacant niche...they are replacing a dynamic and diverse
forest understory comprised of hundreds of native plant species per acre with a
green desert that consists of a dozen or less of the most persistent native
plants fighting for space against the overwhelming assault of non resident alien
invaders that are capable of altering their adopted environment to suit
their needs while producing prodigious amounts of seed that enjoy extremely high
germination rates in the absence of fertility depleting microorganisms that
keep resident plan populations in balance.
Again, the changes being wrought on our forests by climate change and
nonnative plants, insects and diseases is validating the ENTS historical mission of
documenting what a "natural" forest is by today's definition.
Date: Wed, Dec 10 2008 12:29 pm
Elise-
As a vegetation program manager for several years at the Grand Canyon, we concluded that unless one was able to handpull evasives in their first season there, handpulling alone didn't guarantee full protection. Once invasives provide input into the seedbanks, they are much more difficult to eradicate.
Date: Wed, Dec 10 2008 8:18 pm
Russ, ENTS-
Not to be a heretic, but I think we have to realize we humans are as much
agents of dispersal of plant species as are birds, squirrels, wind patterns,
etc. Were it not native in my area, I think any of the Smilax species would
be considered invasive, as well as Viburnum acerifolium and Vaccinium
stamineum. The "alien" barberries, buckthorns, burning bushes and the rest
that have become naturalized are now effectively native species--just
because we can document how they came here from distant origins, doesn't
mean they don't belong here in the grand scheme. We don't know how "native"
species expanded their ranges, but I'm sure many did so with the help of
human influence(agriculture). I also think that observing and recording the
shrub layer of the forest, without taking in to account the herbaceaous
layer, is limiting the mix of the forest community.
== 1 of 13 ==
Date: Thurs, Dec 11 2008 7:28 am
In my view, the term "invasive" really refers to life history
characteristics (dispersal, reproduction, growth characteristics) whereas
"native" refers to where a species was...basically... prior to the
"Columbian Exchange." I think your argument highlights the importance of
recognizing that there are "non-native invasive species" and also non-native
species that have "naturalized." The naturalized species are innocuous
members of an ecological community, the invasive species have
significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function (think of the
forest floor under Lonicera).
I imagine that if you focus on life history traits, some native species are
"invasive," but, most deciduous forest shrub-layer species don't fall into
that category in my view- Smilax, Viburnum, Lindera, etc., just dont
have the same impact on biodiversity and ecosystem function as invasives
such as Lonicera or Ligustrum. What about Rhododendron, though? I think
it is an interesting case...and maybe Kalmia in some settings, I am sure
there are others I am not thinking of.
The other really important thing to keep in mind is that native weeds should
not be considered "invasive" if they are part of an ephemeral community.
Think of poke (Phytolacca)...it has all the features of an "invasive"
species, but it does NOT form a persistent community...it is ephemeral,
holding the niche for a brief time. Ultimately, I think native weeds might
be the key for management of invasives...you need something aggressive to
hold those disturbed areas until you can get the forest floor in place and
some shade from the canopy. Native "weeds" like Phytolacca, Rubus,
Eupatorium rugosum, maybe even Acer negundo, and others, might be very
helpful in that context.
Are you saying that Rhododendron and Mountain Laurel are a native invasive in some conditions as opposed to the "normal" forest components? If so in what circumstances is this the case? It always struck me as a core component of the forest rather than something that should not be there.
The definitions you provided are useful in these types of discussions on the list to make sure everyone is starting from the same basic perspective. The idea of native placeholders to help prevent the establishment of non-native invasives is interesting.
I am wondering about what you think concerning the replacement of native grasses by invasive ones in some settings. this is a big problem in some patches of open prairie in the mid west. Another example is from some of the Allegheny River Islands, portions of the islands were open grassy areas. These have since been replaced by Japanese Stiltgrass. This may be do to the damming of the river upstream preventing the annual or at least frequent flooding of the islands. (The presumption being that the flooding was more favorable to the native species than it is to the invasives.) The same can be said for the invasive multiflora roses, the Knotweed, etc. The only areas in portions of the island not covered by the invasives, and still retaining a semblance of native species are areas still being flooded. The point being that changes in the natural processes of flooding, fire, etc, may actually result in less "disturbance" of the area and promote the rise of invasives. Some types of disturbances are needed to maintain the natural succession cycles and interrupting them may result in the invasion of both exotics and atypical native species. Obviously the grassy areas do not have shrub layer, but the process could be analogous to those affecting forest settings.
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Date: Thurs, Dec 11 2008 11:03 am
I don't have a well developed idea about "native invasives." I am
actually skeptical of the concept. I don't think of Rhododendron and
Mountain Laurel as invasive, they came to mind as I was thinking
about native shrubs that have a major impact on biodiversity and ecosystem
function...Rhododendron certainly does in some areas. Its an impactful
shrub, which I think is interesting, but really wouldn't go much beyond
that- "interesting" particularly when thinking about the idea of an "empty
niche." There have been a numbers of papers on Rhododendron dynamics,
disturbance, etc. I think several papers from Coweeta...I don't know that
literature at all.
I think your comments about the grasses are right on. Disturbance (in all
its forms) interacts quite directly with invasion in many systems.
Sometimes removing disturbance causes the invasion, sometimes introducing
disturbance facilitates invasion.
As the responses to my first email have nicely suggested, the invasion
process is complexity piled on complexity piled on complexity.
rwm
Date: Thurs, Dec 11 2008 12:12 pm
Ryan/Ed-
From my perspective, the phrase "native invasive" is a contradiction in terms, and should be discontinued immediately, lest it gain coinage by being "Google-able"....;>}
A species native to the area or region (limits defined by vector capability, watershed, etc.) taking hold in a recent disturbance would come under the broad category of a pioneering species (a phrase used by many to describe species like aspen (in the west...;>)) which often takes hold in recent disturbances (like burns, blowdowns, etc.), lives a relatively short life while other more shade tolerant species get established and eventually dominate (or at least come to maturity).
While my understanding of the eastern disturbance ecology is limited, my thinking is that laurel and rhododendron are native species that 'pioneer' well, after some kind of disturbance. My recall of rhododendron patches is that the tend to occupy the lower reaches, which I suspect might be the result of moving water events? Burns? In any case, they seem to take hold and sustain themselves for some time.
I was asked once 'what is a weed'? My off the cuff, non-academic reply was any plant that I didn't want there...I love looking down on a mosaic of vegetation that includes rhododendron while in flower, but it would quickly attain "weed" status, at exactly the point I had to traverse it.
Your comments about invasive grasses set me to thinking...some of what you were saying has to do with the relative periodicity of the disturbances...if their return cycles go outside of their natural range of variation, the site may become more susceptible to invasives...flood events are perfect vectors for many species and are indiscriminant to the native/invasive seeds carried.
Date: Thurs, Dec 11 2008 1:01 pm
this discussion has moved on an interesting tangent to the original
post. There is a new book out on the number of north american species
introduced to China and their impacts..its huge. i don't have the
title infront of me now but north american crayfish spread a crayfish
virus to Europe and wiped out nearly the entire European crayfish
fauna and amphipods from Midwest have nearly wiped out native
amphipods in the British Isles...the story simply points out that the
exchange of species non-native to a location are happening globally,
not just here...but the impacts are no less significant. Travis
I was thinking more along the line of periodic flooding being a controlling factor in which species survive in a niche rather than a vector for seed dispersal. Dale and I were talking about a paper on the Allegheny River Island stuff we are doing. There are several distinct zones as you move upward in elevation from the normal river level to higher grounds. on the lowest levels you find species that tolerate frequent floods sycamores, silver maples, black willow. A little higher you begin to get more black locust, hawthorn and basswood, A little higher and you get red oaks added to the mix, some hickory and butternut. This progression represents the frequency of flooding for those different elevations. Finally at the highest elevations in areas that are flooded only in the couple hundred year range you can pick up pines and hemlocks and a much wider diversity of species. The major and most noxious invasives are limited in number or absent from the areas that are flooded every year or at least every other year. At higher elevations which flood less frequent;ly, thanks to the wondrous Kinzua Dam the invasive multiflora roses and knotweed are the only species that seem to be present in the understory of trees in many areas. Certainly you are not getting any regeneration of the trees in these areas.
I am in complete agreement about the term Native Invasive. It is an oxymoron and should be abandonned. The concept trying to be expressed is interesting however. Consider that something might cause the explosive increase in the number of one native species to the detriment of others that would normally be expected in an area. In other examples a single species may be present in greater numbers than in the adjacent areas because of some specific type of disturbance. This condition may persist for a long time or be relatively ephemeral min nature. In this regard I am thinking of the Marion Brooks Natural Area in PA. Here the location was logged, then a massive fire burnt the area destroying most of the organic material and soil structure. the area was pioneered by white birch. This occurred 80 or 90 years ago and the area persists as a stand of almost pure white birch. other species are not recolonizing the area as might be expected in a normal disturbed region.
Another example to a degree might be patches of forests that have limited species diversity because of alleopathy of some of the species present. If some of these limited areas were to expand it would be an invasive-like effect that limited the diversity of species present in the area compared to the normal forest.
I guess I am just rambling at this point.
Ed, Don:
I find the term native invasive useful and will continue to use it in
publications (along with exotic invasive and exotic non-invasive). Native
invasive is particularly useful for species like Carex pensylvanica, that
have expanded their niche to exclude most other native species permanently
over vast areas in the absence of disturbance, but that happened to be
preadapted to the disappearance of certain mycorrhizae from the soil.
== 10 of 13 ==
Ok Lee whatever you say,
Lee-
Of course you can do what you wish without any sayso from me.
But perhaps you could explain how this differs from any native species competing with other natives when faced with an opportunity brought about by a disturbance, whether natural or, presumably in the specific case you refer to, by man's introduction of non-native earthworms(?)?Your offered example is so specific. I believe Ed and I were discussing a much more general scenario, where we were worried that such a usage was likely to introduce confusion into a topic already becoming fraught with new terminology to the lay public (non-native, alien invader, invasives, etc.)
-Don
Hi Lee,
You are a scientist and I am not, but it does seem to me an accurate term,
speaking as a lay person. It is the earthworms that are the invaders, no?
The sedge is on its home turf and is merely taking advantage of favorable
conditions created by the earthworm to expand its niche at the expense of
other natives. If something native expands its niche that is just an
expansion, but if a plant is introduced from another continent that truly is
an invasion. Why not refer to these problems as native monocultures, since
the problem is not the existence of the plant, but rather the absence of
diversity?
63 Ferndale Drive
Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706
Date: Fri, Dec 12 2008 2:05 am
From: Kirk Johnson
Native grape vines act like an invasive in some cases in the right
conditions if you ask me. Almost as bad as certain exotic vine species. I
always cut out grape vines if they start growing on my property. I don't
like them that much.
Kirk Johnson
Date: Fri, Dec 12 2008 5:10 pm
Carolyn:
You are right, its not the mere existence of the plant (Penn sedge) that is
a problem, the problem is that it takes on the same characteristics as
exotic invasive species with regard to the scale of its spread, preventing
(perhaps permanently) the other native species from recovery.
Don:
In some sense Penn sedge is not different from other native species. For
example, birch after forest fires can take over a million acres in the
boreal forest. However, these birch don't alter the historic successional
pathways like Penn sedge. The later successional species can still get back
in, unlike Penn sedge that expands rapidly and alters the environment in
such a way that other native species are excluded. We know that most native
plant species can persist and recover to some extent after earthworm
invasion if Penn sedge doesn't take over.
I have not had problems explaining the concept of native invasive species
to the public.
Date: Fri, Dec 12 2008 11:59 pm
I recognize your use of 'native invasive' serves you well, and presumably in an academic environment. I understand that doing an internet search such as Google often yields a fair number of hits, and their value academically is questionable.
That said, out of curiousity, I Googled "native invasive". Out of the first 100 hits, two specifically referred to the usage that you have explained.
The other ninety-eight were "non-native invasive" hits.
Don't get me wrong, I'm all for elevating the standards of ENTS members understanding of the world around us. My only point was, and at this point I apologize as I've already belabored the point too long, I worry about the likelihood of confusion it's use will generate in the lay public...at the Grand Canyon, we strove everyday to get the message out to our public, and we never felt our job was done...
Date: Sat, Dec 13 2008 7:07 pm
Kirk, ENTS,
Poison Ivy also acts as an invasive. Often overgrowing trees along
clearings. It makes measuring girth on some trees difficult,
especially in summer.
Date: Sun, Dec 14 2008 9:47 am
Though I have been measuring trees for less than a year, I have found
that winter is definitly easier to find the highest point. It would
seem that in summer that the trees would actually be a little taller,
with the leaves being on them, except for evergreens, of course!
On Dec 14, 12:22 pm, dbhg...@comcast.net wrote:
> ENTS,
> On the short daylight hours of winter, what does one do with one's time? Why, Bob, you say, what a silly question! Why, measure trees of course. And, that folks is exactly what I've been doing, but with a specific purpose in mind. I am comparing summertime with wintertime measurements of trees in our wooded lot. One tree occupied the spotlight this morning - the Monica Tuliptree. In summer, the crown is full and prevents full laser penetration to the higher, farther twigs. This is the rule rather than the exception with tuliptree and makes the species difficult to measure to the absolute top.
> My summer measurements of the Monica tuliptree range from 121 to 123 feet, depending on my exact location, with 123 utilizing the most optimistic readings from my instruments. Today's winter measurement were taken from the second floor of our home, looking out a window that provides an unobstructed view of both base and crown. At the point of measurement, I was 43.5 feet above the base of the tree. The height I got (with repetition) was 125.4 feet. By being at a higher location than on the deck by 10 feet and shooting in the winter, I am able to see twigs farther into the crown and hit higher points. BTW, I used both the Prostaff 440 and Prostaff 550 and got measurements that were in agreement.
> In our discussions about tree measuring, we have often acknowledged that winter is the best time to measure hardwoods and I can certainly verify that. Monica's tuliptree gets frequent re-measurements and is one of several dozen trees I use to keep tabs on the range of readings I can get from casual measurements taken at different times of the year.
> The wintertime measurement of Monica's tuliptree puts the slender tree in the 125 Club. It shares this distinction with 3 other trees, two white pines and another tuliptree. Altogether, there are 6 trees on Monica's property that exceed 120 feet in height. None of our surrounding neighbors with private property can lay claim to the same. Not bloody bad, folks. Not bloody bad.
> Bob


text:
The Union State Bank
Arkansas City, KS
The Union State Bank is an FDIC-insured bank founded in 1908 and currently based in Arkansas City, KS. As of December 31, 2017, the bank had equity of $37.3 million on assets of $308.5 million.
With 71 full-time employees in 9 offices in KS, the bank has amassed loans and leases worth $202.1 million, including real estate loans of $156.5 million. U.S. bank customers currently have $250.3 million in deposits with the bank.
Overall, Bankrate believes that, as of December 31, 2017, The Union State Bank exhibited a good condition, earning 4 out of 5 stars for safety and soundness. Here's a breakdown of how the bank did on the three important criteria Bankrate used to evaluate U.S. banks.
When it comes to measuring an a bank's financial strength, capital is essential. It works as a cushion against losses and as protection for depositors when a bank is struggling financially. When it comes to safety and soundness, the more capital, the better.
The Union State Bank received a score of 8 out of a possible 30 points on our test to measure the adequacy of a bank's capital, failing to reach the national average of 13.13.
One way to measure this buffer is looking at a bank's Tier 1 capital ratio. The Union State Bank's Tier 1 capital ratio was 12.00 percent, higher than the 6 percent level regulators consider adequate, but less than the national average of 25.65 percent. The higher the capital ratio, the better the bank will be able to stand up to economic downturns.
Overall, The Union State Bank held equity amounting to 12.10 percent of its assets, which exceeded the national average of 12.03 percent.
In this test, Bankrate tries to estimate the effect of problem assets, such as past-due loans, on the bank's capitalization and allocated loan loss reserves.
A bank with a large number of these types of assets could eventually be forced to use capital to cover losses, cutting down on its equity buffer. It also means that there are likely to be many assets that are in non-accrual status and thus aren't earning interest for the bank, pushing down earnings and increasing the risk of a future failure.
The Union State Bank scored 40 out of a possible 40 points on Bankrate's test of asset quality, better than the national average of 37.49.
A useful indicator of asset quality is the percentage of problem assets a bank holds compared to its total assets. As of December 31, 2017, 0.13 percent of The Union State Bank's loans were noncurrent, meaning they were more than 90 days past due or were in non-accrual status. That's below the national average of 1.01 percent.
Banks keep a reserve to deal with problem assets known as an "allowance for loan and lease losses." That reserve's size can be a helpful indicator when evaluating a bank's ability to manage troubled assets, especially when compared to the total amount of problematic loans. The Union State Bank's loan loss allowance was 1,305.36 percent of its total noncurrent loans, above the national average. All else being equal, a higher ratio of loan loss allowance to noncurrent loans is better.
A bank's earnings performance affects its long-term survivability. A bank can retain its earnings, boosting its capital buffer, or put them to work addressing problematic loans, likely making the bank better able to withstand economic trouble. Losses, on the other hand, lessen a bank's ability to do those things.
The Union State Bank scored 16 out of a possible 30 on Bankrate's earnings test, exceeding the national average of 15.12.
One widely used measure of a bank's earnings is return on equity, calculated by dividing net income (profit, basically) by total equity. The Union State Bank's most recent annualized quarterly return on equity was 7.28 percent, below the national average of 8.10 percent.
The bank earned net income of $2.7 million on total equity of $37.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. The bank had an annualized return on average assets, or ROA, of 0.88 percent, below the 1 percent deemed satisfactory in accordance with industry standards and below the average for U.S. banks of 1.00 percent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Howard William Weiss (October 12, 1917 – November 12, 1997) was an American football fullback.  He was drafted in the third round of the 1939 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions and played two seasons with the team. Later he played with the Milwaukee Chiefs of the American Football League.

A three-sport letter winner in high school, he led the football team to its first conference championship while outscoring its opponents 208–12 during the year. He won the state junior golf championship in 1934. In 1935 Weiss enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and joined the Wisconsin Badgers football team as a fullback. He was named Wisconsin's Most Valuable Player in 1937 and again in 1938 when he also was awarded the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, given to the Big Ten Conference's Most Valuable Player. He was the first Badger to win the award. In the 1938 Heisman Trophy balloting Weiss came in sixth. He was elected class president for the 1938-–9 school year. Weiss graduated in June 1939 with a degree in economics.

After a stint in the Navy during World War II, Weiss settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to begin a career in insurance. At the age of 39 he was named president of the Roberts Company, one of Wisconsin's oldest and largest insurance companies. Weiss and his wife Geraldine involved themselves with Milwaukee's civic affairs, donating their time and money to the Milwaukee Boys Club, the United Way, and the Milwaukee Art Museum.

Weiss was one of 35 charter members named to the UW Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991.

References

1917 births
1997 deaths
American football fullbacks
Detroit Lions players
Milwaukee Chiefs (AFL) players
Wisconsin Badgers football players
People from Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Power of the dog
Jane Campion's Power of the Dog is one of those films best not to think about too much. Instead, enjoy the craft, the photography and the performances. Middle class story telling is based on mystery and skeletons in the closet – and the skeletons can be, as Freud discovered, in the closet of the mind.
The genre for this strange revenge story is the cowboy film, that cultural fantasy of the American settler. In reality, cowboys were ranch hands who rode horses to round up the cattle wandering over vast areas without fences and then drive them to rail heads to be shipped to the burgeoning meat industry. Influenced by the Vaquero of Mexico, they assumed a work dress and the tools of the trade – chaps, boots, hats, lariats etc. plus a machismo. It was often lonely and underpaid work. Via Hollywood, this morphed into the romance of the warrior figure sorting out frontier towns lacking law and order, morphing further into imagined conflict with Native Americans, who, in reality, fought mainly with the army – as in most colonial ventures.
But here the genre is used to tell an Abel and Cain type story: a nasty brother out of love with life(for unknown reasons), a plump brother who is a bit of a sap (for unknown reasons), a widow with a gay, anorexic son, an abundance of ranch hands who form a sort of inarticulate but homophobic chorus, a hint of spirituality hence the old testament title, an unlikely looking mansion built in McKenzie country, some tanalised fence posts straight from Wright Stephenson, shots of Oamaru with digital enhancement, shots of lonely Model T Fords on country roads, a good deal of sexual tension, a feminist sympathy, a general weariness with life, an unlikely denouement and a wonder as to what this has been about other than the skilled creating of mystery, the mystery that Brecht insisted on abolishing. What are the economics? How'd this family get hold of the land? Do the ranch hands need a union? Where've they come from? Who's making the dosh?
And of course the cowboy disappeared with the advent of the barbed wire fence. Nasty stuff, barbed wire, as bad as the entanglements of the bourgeoisie, as the working class had found fighting in the trenches of an absurd world war.
Ford Creek is an unremarkable creek flowing from the Paparoa Range along the southern edge of the Blackball plateau. A banal nthe product of centuries of flowing water,ame. There is no record of a Mr Ford, so perhaps it simply had a ford over it at some stage. But over the centuries it has carved out a canyon from an area of sandstone between the road to Roa and the Community House. The path down to the creek from the bridge had become overgrown so I spend an hour cutting out a new track through the gorse and blackberry.
That evening granddaughter Lily and I venture down the track to the creek bed, where the water suddenly becomes volatile as it hits the sandstone rocks and the channel narrows, forming miniature waterfalls, sudden deep holes, the walls of the gorge rising, black and bronze, ferns and moss and beech trees above, remnants of fallen trees below, the product of centuries of flowing water… We begin to wade and swim through the gorge. With the elements of danger and isolation it becomes a rebirthing experience. Will we be able to get back to our towels and bikes or are we headed to an unknown space? Further on, old mine debris litters the creek, bolts and broken wheels and rails, brown and rusted, but now well embedded flotsam, signifying a moment in time – that is all – another human folly.
But then there is a hole in the bank from which sulphurous mine water constantly gushes, water which makes the stream barren from here on. Could it be stopped? Or is it a moment of human folly unable to be undone? But it is evening, the landscape mellows and we are getting cold.
Now we clamber back, swimming through the channels and pools finding a way up the small waterfall, no easy task for an old man, but still possible. To our towels and dry clothes, then up the rough path into a world of health and safety.
As we bike home I realise this gorge needs a decent name. Awa Kuiti (narrow gorge)? Wai Hurihuri (swirling water)? Wai Tapahi Ara (water cutting a path)? Tokanui (big rocks)? Whanau Hōu (rebirth)? While I am tempted by the last, perhaps Wai Hurihuri will do.
In my blog, A weird end to a weird year I mistakenly portrayed Blackball's psycho therapist as an anti vaccer. Barbelle has pointed out that as she is the only psycho therapist in Blackball, she was clearly identified and that she is in fact not anti vaccination but was instead, disturbed by the divisiveness caused in a community by the exclusion of people from such events as a carol service, which should be inclusive.
I apologise to Barbelle for this mistaken portrayal.
Entirely coincidental
All the characters and all the situations are fictional. Any resemblance to living persons is entirely coincidental.
The granddaughter is staying with her grandparents, meeting up with another twelve year old who arrives at the rural village every summer. They have become good mates. But the granddaughter is not vaccinated. Her mother doesn't believe in it for kids – the purity of the young body I presume. It means the kids can't go to the movies or eat out at the pub – thank God they can go to the swimming pool – and more despondently they can't go with the other girl's parents to the races. Let's pretend she's eleven, says the other girl's mother. I agree. Teach the girl to lie, exclaims grandmother with Presbyterian fervour. For God's sake the world is full of lies, I reason. Every ad for example. Didn't a Resistance courier in Occupied France have to lie through her teeth constantly? What's that got to do with anything? What's the difference between a girl of eleven years, eleven months and a twelve year old anyway? They have to draw the line somewhere. And what's all this stuff about boosters? Wouldn't it be ethical to say, Send my booster to Africa, please? The mother should take responsibility for this situation. What's the point anyway. She hasn't got Covid. No one down here has. There's been one case in three years. You're teaching her to lie. Angry call to mother. Don't know the response. And then someone emails from Christchurch. You're putting on Antigone? Won't the anti-vaxxers see it as encouraging their stand? I have no idea. It's a Greek tragedy, written two thousand years ago. No, I'm not inspecting passes. Who comes is who comes. That's how it's always been. It's outside and we won't get hundreds. I talk to someone who lived ten years in Karamea. Her partner built a house but didn't trouble the local building inspectors. When it came to sell, there were five years of court cases and then he had to demolish a perfectly good house. What's that got to do with anything? Epidemiologists don't seem so certain anymore. Perhaps, like economists, they simply guess at things. Like the rest of us. Here's what the PMs reading during her break. Forgot to click on it. Then it was Chris Luxton's turn. Forgot to click. Political news is replaced by crime. Is there some connection? Anyway, the twelve year old went to the races, and having lied doesn't seem to have made any difference to the mysteries of beginning adolescence. Nor did her attendance bring down the nation. Although she did lose the money I gave her to bet for me. While she was at the races I took the trailer down to the river and got some rocks for the Antigone set and thought of Robben Island.
Any resemblance to living persons is entirely coincidental. That's to cover my arse, as they say in the bureaucracy. Happy New Year.
A weird end to a weird year
Some years back I introduced the idea of a local carol service in the Working Men's Club. The Greymouth minister was keen. We sit around the bar with a guitar or two and there are books of carols available. For a while there were snatches of service in between the songs but the minister's dropped that and substituted a quiz halfway through. People enjoy the event, especially some of the oldies. As I strum and sing I wonder whether I'm being a hypocrite, but then it always seems useful to revisit the Christ story, a rather amazing myth which has some historical context. It's no more fanciful than Maui fishing up the north island or slowing the sun and hypocrisy is not an accusation in that regard and Christianity has been at the heart of European culture. Few of those gathered are practising Christians, but we sing with gusto. In fact the singing has become smarter since the minister started bringing along a very competent guitarist. It's the closest I get to playing in a band so it's something I look forward to. And as someone commented, It's the only Christmassy thing about Christmas. The rest is consumerism.
But this year the event created great controversy. I put out a simple invitation on the local facebook page and it generated eighty responses. For those not vaccinated weren't able to come – the Club being a bar can only admit the jabbed. But surely a carol service should be inclusive, the story is about inclusivity, Christ was born for all of us etc. etc.? How can a carol service discriminate?
The anti vaccers in Blackball run the gamut from anti 1080 to professionals, with all the shades between: of conspiracy, of deaths unreported, of dislike of government regulation and mandates, to big pharma profiteering to species arrogance… And it is all hypothetical, because I can guarantee that last Sunday night no one in Blackball had covid. No one in Blackball has ever had covid. So the debate is in many ways, mythological, like the Christ story or Maui acquiring fire.
Anyway, we sang our carols, the crowd was slightly reduced. There were no protestors outside. Perhaps there should have been; but it's simpler to socially message. And it did seem a fittingly weird end to a weird year.
Classic Encounter in Bathhouse
After the success of last year's Blackball Bathhouse encounter with a classic we are this year mounting the Greek Tragedy, Antigone, as adapted from Sophocles by French playwright, Jean Anouilh. Anouilh wrote his version during the German occupation of France in WW11 and we have therefore set the play in that context.
Once again the cast will assemble a week before performances and embark on an intensive rehearsal process before performances on January 22&23, starting at 7.30pm.
Memoir available
I was in Holloway Road (that narrow, winding street at the top of the Aro Valley in Wellington) a couple of years ago, attending the 30th Anniversary of the Waimapihi Housing Co-op which I'd been instrumental in initially setting up, and Russell Campbell, who has lived in one of the houses since the beginning, said to me as I raved on about something, Time for the memoir, Paul.
Russell had on his desk a copy of Fredrik Jameson's The Political Unconscious and in flipping through the book I came across the statement that for some creative people a childhood trauma is constantly restaged in later life, with different people filling the roles and I thought, That's me. I could then, write the memoir within this framework without it being a this-then-that narrative of little interest except to those involved.
Having done that reasonably quickly I read John Berger's Here is where we meet and was much taken by the idea of having conversations with people who one has been close to but who have now passed on, the conversations taking place in resonant settings. So I gave it a go and it became another sort of memoir, but one in which the characters can talk back as it were, balancing the voices. Dunedin writer, Paddy Richardson had been mentoring the memoir and we agreed it would be useful to weave these two formats together.
Here comes the ad: Performer a memoir is now available, $35 (includes postage). I will of course begin marketing in the usual way, but it can be ordered directly by writing a request to mail@tepuawai.co.nz with address for service and bank deposit details will then be sent and the deal done.
The certainty of tragedy
Preparing a script for a production of Antigone I am struck by a couple of lines celebrating the certainty of the tragic story. It is a form in which hope is relinquished, that 'bastard hope' that is in melodrama, romance, even kitchen sink realism. Instead, the argument goes, once hope is relinquished, tranquillity is possible.
As I ponder that concept, the local council knocks back our request for a minimal subsidy for the local museum which celebrates working class history, and I realise the foolishness of the hope embodied in our application for a subsidy, a hope that the business-owning councillors will feel any resonance with the working class heritage of the Coast, that the Marxist agenda, expressed as hope, is a nonsense. That instead, its failure or its success must be seen as certainties. Take your pick. And if failure is chosen, then the certainty of capitalism is accepted, with its criminality and greed. Or if success is chosen then the hopelessness of understanding or resonance from the other side must be accepted as certainties.
There must be a similar certainty with the climate crisis. We will either change our ways or not. Take your pick. If not, party on. If we will change, there is no forgiveness or excuse, and the action will need to be as resolute and as certain as the action of a tragedy. And then we can experience tranquillity.
And can there be humour in the tragic model? Yes, provided sometimes by the chorus, who are watchfully getting on with subsistence as the important people suffer their tragic destinies. But there is a difference now. We are all important and at the same time, all members of the chorus.
The shape of the future
It feels as if the future is beginning to reveal itself.
Covid has reinforced the sense of entitlement of the human species; we'r e not going to get culled in the way other species are culled – often at our hands.
Climate change will be solved technologically rather than through a reduction of consumerism. Fossil fuels can be replaced, animal methane production moderated, carbon captured, clean kerosene produced for aircraft, energy efficient systems designed, hardware updated, monitoring sensors installed; storage lakes built for hydro, wind turbines, wave energy and the sun is an infinite energy source…
Surveillance will steadily increase, as will the level of bureaucracy, and compliance demanded.
The digital world will dominate, producing a production line culture of genre product. Presence will become of lesser importance,
There are issues of waste, especially with regard to plastic and nuclear waste. There are issues of shipping and supply chains. There are looming shortages of water and fish and some crucial elements and metals. But there will be technological fixes.
There seems no shortage of capital, for suddenly it can seemingly simply be printed.
A certain sadism prevails and enemies are invented: Cuba, the Taliban, the Uighurs, Venezuela; mainly those who have resisted in some form.
Serious imperial battles between power blocs, threaten.
There are glimmers of a counter culture but only glimmers.
The ecological battle is the new crusade and takes the form of an indigenous romance.
There is a medieval quality to the future, and science fiction was always medieval in flavour: royalty, celebrities, popes and knights, nomadic minstrels, artists, monks and the occasional hermit playing courtly games or waging battle in a universe of heaven and hell, angels and demons.
And a peasantry who occasionally, madly rebel.


Charset & CodePage Viewer: Add "Locales and Languages" List.
File Menu>Recent Files: Modify the access order when open file from the recent files list.
Fixed: Program crash when right-click browser iframe content issues.
Add "Favorites" item to show the internal favorites panel.
Add "Task Manager" item to manage the processes created by the Shell.UI.Exec method.
Add "Show/Hide Toolbar" item, shortcut key is F12.
Options>Document Tabs>Browser: Add "Quick Search to open new tab in the background" option.
Options>Network: "Manual proxy configuration" support configure proxy server list.
Main Menu: Remove Favorites Menu.
TypeLib Viewer: Display diffrent icon for readonly property.
Optimization script error output, now able to report the correct line number and source where the error occurred.
Shell.UI.Console: In the opened Script Console, Shell.Context Object support "ReturnValue" property.
Shell.UI Object: Add Browse method.
Shell.UI Object: Add CheckLinks method.
Script Editor: Using Ctrl+Up/Down can navigate all script history.
Add "Location Match Expression" Option, available in the Tag value is "document".
Add "Favorites" Panel to manage the internal favorites.
Support Context Menu to switch Panels.
Tooltip containing the title and address.
"Close Tab" shortcut key changed to Ctrl+W.
Add the "Add to Favorites" item.
Delete "Close All Tabs" item.
Accept drop url format text.
Press the F11 key to switch to full-screen.
Middle mouse button to switch the image to its original size.
Right mouse button or ESC to close window.
List Window: Display the Search Engine's icon.
Add "Accelerator Key" edit box.
Support edit the Search Engine's icon.
Add "Accept Image Addresss" checkbox.
In browser, right-click on a image.
Select Context Menu>Quick Search By>Google Image Search by URL.
Toolbar: Add "Display Control" dropdown button.
Console Button: Add "Execute Script" dropdown button, display the script libraries that tag value is "document" and "Location Match Expression" match current document's location.
Address Box: Support dropdown full feature History list.
Add "Quick Search By" item, Search selected context using predefined search engines.
Redirect the "Add to favorites" item into internal Favorites.
Inherit Display Control settings when open link in new tab.
Toolbar: Add "Clear Screen" button.
Add "Remove Selection from View" item.
Add "Browse in Tab" button.
Context Menu: Add "Remove Selection from View" item.
Fix edit control autocompletion crash.
Login/About Window: Change the logo image.
File>Recent files: The files list support multiple select.
Added a network page to set up the proxy settings (Options > Network).
Script Console: Support the "Script Run Mode" option.
Tools>Pick Color: Show target window handle in left-top corner.
Publish eBook: Add "OnPublished Script" button in Advanced page, the script can use Shell Object, Shell.Context.Path is the full path of the released e-book.
Document Tabs: add "Copy" to context menu.
Note Editor: Context menu>Paste Unformatted Text keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+V.
Keep the current cursor position unchanged when reload.
Add the Evaluate Expression button.
Add close button in the output panel.
Context menu add the "Change Case" item.
F7/Ctrl+Up: Repeat the last command.
Tools menu: The MD5 Tool rename to "Hash Tool", support SHA(1).
View menu: add "Show Menu Bar" item, uncheck it can hide the Menu bar.
File menu add items: "Save As" "Save As Image" "Save As Shortcut" "Print" and "Send Mail".
Tools menu: add "Color Table" tool.
Document Tabs and tab navigation button can response drop operation.
View > Options: added "Environment Variables" page, it can used in Shell.UI.Exec method.
Note Editor: remember toobar position.
Text Editor: Context menu add "Column Select Mode" item.
View > Options > Browser: add "Browser Emulation" option.
Address bar: You can now search directly from the Address bar. If you enter a website's address, you'll go directly to the website. If you enter a search term or incomplete address, you'll launch a search using the currently selected search engine.
Toolbar: add "text size" button.
Optimize the speed of "Search Files" command.
Support press F3 to continue searching.
Note Properties: delete the "keyword" button.
Note Properties: add "Source" box in summary page, It display the source url if the Note collected from web.
Context menu: delete the "Insert Note" item, add "Insert Before" and "Insert After" items.
Context menu: add "Indexes" item, it support manage multi-level indexes.
Context menu: add "Remove Indexes" item, use it remove all indexes from selected notes.
Add "Index Creation" option, use it select Index creation method.
Delete the "Generate temporary CHM file" option.
Context menu: add "Locate Last Collected Note" item.
Context menu: add "Copy Full URL" item.
Context menu: add "Set Entry Attribute" item.
Toolbar: add "Add Redirect" button.
Toolbar: add "Edit Script" button.
<script> element support the Shell object.
<entry> element's href property can set empty.
<entry> delete attributes: OnGetItems, ChildOnGetItems.
Open search result in current default, press ctrl to force open in new tab.
Support show and auto update the icon of "search engine".
Support drag splitter to resize search bar width.
Left button: open search result in current page, press ctrl to force new tab.
Middle button: open search result in new tab.
Right button: close the panel.
Context menu: add "add child text node" item.
Context menu: add "insert Text node" item.
Context menu: add "rename" item.
Context menu: add "Browse in Tab (Use Local Path)" item.
Context menu: delete the "Copy To Directory" item, use the copy button instead.
Support drop URL to add files, accept the url that dragged from Elements view or Resources view.
Support drop HTML fragment to add linked files.
File Properties Dialog: delete the "Keyword" button.
Toolbar: add "Load from file" button.
Toolbar: add "Save to file" button.
Toolbar: add "Show/Hide Output" button.
Context menu: add "Past Path" item.
View > Options> Script Console: add "Script timeout" option, the default script execution timeout is 10 seconds.
Press Shift execute current script will stay in current edit statement.
The "Shell" object support namespace: "App" "IO" "UI" "Web" and "Text".
<entries> element add attribute "UseCache"
Publish Dialog: added option "Publish Global files"
Note Explorer: added command "Batch Collect Documents"
Tool Menu: added tools "Links checker"
Structure View: support command "select object"
Support region select link mode"


T100 1996 toyotum ignitionswitchdiagram Of course yost a 37 year old electronics engineer from san diego ca did have a little help in transforming the 1996 toyota t100 from stock into what rides the desert today. He got it from the crew Give this search a name you can save multiply searches so its good to give some valid names so you can easily change filters. You may save up to 15 listings. Please note that this listing will be What owners should do dealers will replace the steering relay rod. The recall began october 5 2005. Owners may contact toyota at 1 800 331 4331..
T100 1996 toyotum ignitionswitchdiagram Conclusions with the addition of a more powerful engine and extended cab models the toyota t100 pickup truck should appeal to more people. Copyright 1996 the auto channel. Contact information The 3.4 is an amazing engine. Four wheel drive is super solid. My truck is a 5 speed manual which is best in my opion especially when i dont think i could have bought a better truck than i did. A 21556 24478.
T100 1996 toyotum ignitionswitchdiagram Notes some vehicles come with several transmission options and could be very confusing. Please make sure to read the product description below and in particular match the engine size and number of A 21556 24478 gtas Other taxes may apply. The information on vehicles provided in this service is supplied by the seller or other third parties cars.com is not responsible for the accuracy of such information. Cars.com.
It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. T100 1996 Toyotum Ignitionswitchdiagram. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
In a parallel circuit, each unit is directly linked to the power supply, so each system gets the exact voltage. There are 3 basic sorts of standard light switches. The circuit needs to be checked with a volt tester whatsoever points. T100 1996 Toyotum Ignitionswitchdiagram. Each circuit displays a distinctive voltage condition. You are able to easily step up the voltage to the necessary level utilizing an inexpensive buck-boost transformer and steer clear of such issues. The voltage is the sum of electrical power produced by the battery. Be sure that the new fuse isn't blown, and carries the very same amperage.
The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. T100 1996 Toyotum Ignitionswitchdiagram. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.


The subject property had operated as a shopping center for over 20 years and had been identified by a major grocery store as a location for a future store. The center had lost most of its tenants and the owner was not in a position to re-develop the property, although many users had expressed interest in locating in a new development.
The 100,000 square foot retail center is located at Palmetto Bay Road and Sea Pines Circle in Hilton Head, South Carolina. This project involved the renovation of 35,000 square feet of retail space and 65,000 square feet of new construction. The development includes Publix, Walgreens, Staples, Starbucks, with several smaller shops and restaurants.
The project took two years to permit and involved an assemblage of multiple properties, wetland mitigation, environmental remediation, architectural controls, and resolution of new flood elevation issues. The major tenants have long-term leases and report very strong sales. The project opened in March of 2000 and the development partnership sold the property in 2009.
The Lowe's development is located in Bluffton, SC at the intersection of Highway 278 and Foreman Hill Road. The 20-acre property was subdivided into a 17-acre parcel and leased to Lowe's Home Improvement Centers for a term of 20 years. Lowe's built its building and opened in 2002. The remaining three acres were further subdivided and leased to Chick-fil-A and two retailers occupying a 6,000 square foot retail building constructed by the partnership.
In 2006, the Lowe's property was sold to an investor. The remaining outparcels (including a billboard on the property) are owned and operated by the original development partners. The property was financed in 2004 with a permanent loan through Key Bank. Proceeds from the permanent financing on the Lowes and outparcels were used to assemble 20 acres of land across Foreman Hill Road. The development process included acquiring the "Foreman Hill" roadway; negotiating easements with SCEG through the power line that bisected the property; wetland mitigation at state and federal levels, and the procurement of six leases with national "junior box" tenants.
Upon completion, the 130,000 square foot Low Country Village Shopping Center opened in 2004 and was sold to the Inland Group in 2005.


The Great River Road will lead you through ten states along the Mississippi River, and each state comes with its own attractions and must-stop places. In Iowa, the Great River Road winds down Clayton County's eastern border and the communities along the river all have a wide variety of shops to visit and sites to see. In Marquette, the road runs along the edge of the town and turns to a long chain of beautiful towering bluffs. I started my cycling journey just a few miles north of the small town, and the weather was perfect for a bike ride.
With my helmet secure and my laces tightened, I kicked off the street and peddled along the Great River Road. The breeze blowing off the river made the vibrant green leaves in the trees rustle, and it kept me cool and energized to keep pedaling forward. Cars rushed by me, and the wind blowing from their vehicles would whistle in my ear. It was an invigorating experience to be able to cycle right next to the Mississippi River as it shimmered under the sunlight. The road was rather flat, so it was a relaxing ride and I was able to enjoy the experience of being surrounded by rustling bluffs on one side, and a rushing river on the other. Time had flown by so quickly I suddenly found myself rounding the corner into Marquette.
I followed the corner into town and came across my final destination, Eagles Landing Winery. I hopped off my bike and walked it over to the building to rest while I went in to sample their locally produced wine. I sipped a glass of their Mrs. Sippi, and found it only fitting to drink it after a ride along the Mississippi River. The semi-sweet taste of the red wine made with locally harvested grapes was just what I needed to end a beautiful ride along the Great River Road.
If you're an avid biker, there's a wonderful opportunity to win amazing prizes by the Mississippi River Parkway Commission! To enter, just 'like' the Great River Road Facebook page and provide basic contact information for a chance to win. One grand prize winner will be selected at random to receive a Great River Road prize package that includes a $250 prepaid credit card, a jacket from the Great River Road store, and a copy of the 10-State Great River Roadmap. It's the perfect time to go for a bike ride, and biking along the Mighty Mississippi River is an amazing experience you wouldn't want to pass up.
Thanks for this healthy dose of Iowa magic!


text:
By Catholic News Service National/World News August 9, 2020
Weapons must be set aside for peace to flourish, pope says
People wearing protective masks release paper lanterns on the Motoyasu River facing the gutted Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima, Japan, Aug 6, 2020, the 75th anniversary of the world's first use of an atomic bomb in war. (CNS photo/Kyodo via Reuters)
By: Carol Glatz
VATICAN CITY — For peace to flourish, weapons of war must be set aside, especially nuclear weapons that can obliterate entire cities and countries, Pope Francis said on the 75th anniversary of the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima.
"May the prophetic voices" of the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "continue to serve as a warning to us and for coming generations," he said in a written message sent Aug. 6 to Hidehiko Yuzaki, governor of the Hiroshima prefecture, who led a peace memorial ceremony.
The pope's message and others were published on the Hiroshima For Global Peace website: hiroshimaforpeace.com.
In 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima Aug. 6 and on Nagasaki Aug. 9 in an effort to get Japan to surrender. The cities were decimated and, by year's end, at least 200,000 people had died from the blasts or the aftereffects.
Those who survived, called hibakusha, were honored at the Aug. 6 ceremony, and the pope greeted them as well as the organizers and others taking part in the ceremony.
"I was privileged to be able to come in person to the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during my apostolic visit in November last year, which allowed me to reflect at the peace memorial in Hiroshima and at Hypocenter Park in Nagasaki on the destruction of human life and property wrought in these two cities during those terrible days of war three-quarters of a century ago," the pope wrote.
"I continue to hold in my heart the longing of the peoples of our time, especially of young people, who thirst for peace and make sacrifices for peace. I carry, too, the cry of the poor, who are always among the first victims of violence and conflict," he said.
"It has never been clearer that, for peace to flourish, all people need to lay down the weapons of war, and especially the most powerful and destructive of weapons: nuclear arms that can cripple and destroy whole cities, whole countries," the pope said.
Reiterating what he said in Hiroshima in 2019, Pope Francis wrote that the use of atomic energy for war and the possession of nuclear weapons are both "immoral."
The pope ended his message with "abundant divine blessings" for all those commemorating on this "solemn anniversary."
anniversarybombing of Hiroshimanuclear weaponsPope Francis
Catholic News Service, headquartered in Washington, with offices in New York and Rome and correspondents around the world, provides the most comprehensive coverage of the church today. It was founded by the United States bishops in 1920.
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