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Michael Jacob McQueary (born October 10, 1974) is a former American football assistant coach for the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) under head coach Joe Paterno until late in the 2011 football season. McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal.

Playing career

After a high school career at State College Area High School, McQueary was a quarterback for Penn State from 1994 through 1997.  He backed up Kerry Collins in 1994, and backed up Wally Richardson in 1995 and 1996.  He started all 12 games as a senior in 1997, leading Penn State to a 9–3 record and a Citrus Bowl bid.  In his first college start against Pittsburgh (on September 6), McQueary passed for a then-Penn State record 366 yards in a 34–17 victory over the Panthers.  For the season, he completed 146 of 255 passes for 2211 yards and 17 touchdowns (both yards and touchdowns second in the Big Ten to Purdue's Billy Dicken), while tossing 9 interceptions.

Coaching career
McQueary returned to Penn State in 2000 following attempts to catch on in the NFL with the Oakland Raiders and in NFL Europe with the Scottish Claymores.  His roles on the football coaching staff included graduate assistant coach (2000–2002), administrative assistant (2003), and recruiting coordinator and receivers coach (2004–2011).  As recruiting coordinator, McQueary oversaw the recruitment of several high-profile recruits including Justin King, Derrick Williams and Andrew Quarless.

On November 11, 2011, Penn State announced McQueary would not be serving as receivers coach in the final home game of the season due to threats against him, and put him on indefinite paid administrative leave.  Later that day, The Patriot-News reported that McQueary told his receivers in a conference call that he would no longer be their coach.

McQueary later filed a lawsuit seeking up to $4 million in damages from the university for wrongful termination. The trial date was set for October 17, 2016, upon which it opened with testimony by a state prosecutor. The university's action, framed both as wrongful dismissal and for damages in defamation (libel and slander), was seen as such by a jury and McQueary was awarded $7.3 million, including compensatory and punitive damages, on October 27, 2016. Penn State filed an appeal on November 7, 2016, and on November 30, another almost $5 million was ordered payable to McQueary based on a separate charge that his firing was retaliation for whistleblowing. Penn State appealed the verdicts, and McQueary ended his lawsuit in November 2017, after reaching undisclosed settlement terms with the university.

Role in sex abuse scandal

McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Grand jury testimony alleged McQueary reported to Paterno of witnessing Jerry Sandusky raping a 10-year-old boy in a campus locker room; McQueary first told his father about the incident, then the next day informed Paterno, and then ten days later informed other university officials.

According to investigators and legal experts, McQueary was initially not implicated in any wrongdoing because he reported the incident to Paterno. Under Pennsylvania state law of the time, any state employee who learns about an allegation of child abuse was required to report it to his or her immediate supervisor. In this case, McQueary did what he was legally obligated to do by reporting it to his immediate supervisor, Paterno.  However, he was criticized for not intervening to protect the boy from Sandusky, as well as for not reporting the incident to police himself. McQueary later said he made sure the observed assault stopped before he left, and that he discussed the incident with police. However, McQueary's claim to have contacted police officials could not be corroborated by either university police or the State College police department.

The university senior vice president and others have been charged with perjury for saying that McQueary had reported only horseplay at the time. A prominent Pennsylvania nephrologist says that he was present when McQueary described the incident to his father and the description mentioned hearing but not seeing "rhythmic slapping sounds" in the other room, seeing Sandusky put his hand around the child's waist and later emerging wearing a towel.  Mike McQueary's testimony for the preliminary perjury trial indicates that he heard 'two or three' slapping sounds before entering the locker room, and later saw Sandusky with his arms around the child's waist while hearing 'more than one' of the showerheads running and saw that the child's hair 'was wet'; although he did not see any sexual contact of hands or genitals or any evidence of arousal, just from the positions of the bodies he knew it was 'over the line' and 'extremely sexual' and 'some sort of intercourse' was taking place, and that he tried to explain what he had seen to Coach Paterno by using the word 'fondling.'  Pennsylvania governor Tom Corbett, who as state attorney general opened the grand jury investigation, has said that McQueary "met the minimum obligation in reporting it up, but did not in my opinion meet a moral obligation that all of us would have."  It has been speculated that he was still employed because he was protected by Pennsylvania's whistleblower law.

Personal life
As of March 2014, he was separated from his wife Barbara, who was living in Virginia with their daughter, then 4 years old. McQueary has an older brother, John II.  Their father, physician John Sr, has described theirs as "an unusually close family", having been close before the sex abuse scandal and more so after it became so well known.

In April 2017, McQueary was among several passersby who came to the aid of an elderly woman who was a victim of an automobile crash near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
 Grand Jury presentment against Sandusky citing a "graduate assistant" (presumably McQueary) as a witness for Victim 2, and their finding "the graduate assistant's testimony to be extremely credible" (Archive)

1974 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American whistleblowers
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
People from State College, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina


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4 Comments March 26, 2011 at 12:00 pm
Historicist: Toronto Tobacco Cards
By Kevin Plummer
Every Saturday at noon, Historicist looks back at the events, places, and characters—good and bad—that have shaped Toronto into the city we know today.
White Borders (T206) baseball cards of Jim McGinley and Myron "Moose" Grimshaw, 1909–1911, from the Library of Congress.
For the first half of the twentieth century, this city was a major venue for minor league baseball. The Toronto Maple Leafs, a minor league team one tier below the major leagues that lasted until the the 1960s, were one of the leading teams of the era. It is an apt illustration of the team's status in this period that seven players dressed in the white-with-black-trim uniforms of the Maple Leafs were among the 523 minor- and major-leaguers issued as baseball card's in the era's most famous and sought-after set of tobacco cards.
The T206 set—also known as the "White Border" set for the distinctive framing around each card's main image—was produced by the American Tobacco Company between 1909 and 1911. Measuring two-and-five-eighths inches by one-and-a-half inches, the inserts were originally used to prevent the crushing of cigarette packs during shipping. But, bearing a full-colour lithograph of the most notable baseball players on the front and an advertisement for one of the American Tobacco Company's sixteen brands on the back, the cards were also collectibles and marketing tools.
While only one other Canadian minor league team featured even one player on a card, the Maple Leafs were represented by Joe Kelley, Moose Grimshaw, Fred Mitchell, Dick Rudolph and Jim McGinley (as well as Ed Killian and Ed Fitzpatrick, who shared a single card). Some were veterans on the backside of illustrious careers; others were journeymen who'd never really stuck with one team long enough to make an impact; and still others were promising up-and-comers.
Their stories—where they came from and where they went—were demonstrative of what life was like for baseball players in an era when they bounced from team to team from season to season, and sometimes dropped down to the minors after quarrels with penny-pinching major league owners.
Joe Kelley's White Borders (T206) baseball card, 1909–1911, from the Library of Congress.
At the turn of the twentieth century, the Maple Leafs had been rather successful, winning the pennant in 1902 under the direction of co-owner and future architect of the New York Yankees dynasty, Ed Barrow. But the team faltered badly in the following seasons, finishing in eighth place in front of lacklustre crowds by 1905. Local pub owner James Johnstone McCaffery and businessman Lawrence "Lol" Solman bought the debt-ridden team out of foreclosure. One of their first moves to rejuvenate the Leafs was to give future hall-of-famer Joseph James Kelley a five-thousand-dollar salary—the highest ever given to a minor leaguer at the time—to sign as the club's player-manager in 1907.
In the major leagues, Kelley had been one of the best defensive outfielders and a powerful hitter who batted .317 in his seventeen-year career with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, Brooklyn Superbas, and Cincinnati Reds. Known as "Handsome Joe Kelley" by adoring female fans, Jimmy Keenan writes, Kelley "kept a small mirror and comb in his back pocket in order to maintain his well-groomed appearance during games." But to fellow players, Kelley was a menace. Mean and dirty, he and his Orioles teammates "would fight at the drop of hat and bend the rules when given the slightest opportunity."
After a disappointing stint as playing manager with Cincinnati, Kelley took charge of the moribund Leafs and promptly won the Eastern League pennant and the Junior World Series. With his "tremendous spirit and magnetism," Louis Cauz writes in Baseball's Back in Town (Controlled Media Corporation, 1977), Kelley was popular with Toronto players and fans alike. His Leafs teammates soon adopted his combative spirit towards opposing players and umpires. "Bullet" Jack Thoney—a swift outfielder who won the league batting title twice while with the Leafs—badly injured his shoulder, Cauz writes, "while taunting a pitcher as he danced off first base."
After a disastrous stint as a major league manager with the Boston Doves in 1908, Kelley was soon back in Toronto. He continued to manage here until 1915, when he was eventually released as the team tried to shed expenses.
During Kelley's absence, the Leafs muddled on, with the 1908 season being most memorable for pitcher Fred Mitchell's no-hitter against Montreal. Mitchell—also featured on a T206 card—was born Fred Yapp in Massachusetts. He worked as a hostler, clerk, and bartender as a young man while playing unorganized baseball on the side. After a stint in New Brunswick with the Saint John Roses, he was invited to join the newly founded Boston Americans (later renamed the Red Sox), and started that franchise's first exhibition game in 1901. In Mitchell's own estimation, the young right-hander "was a little wild, but fast, and had a good curve ball." Beset by injuries and a tendency to walk more batters than he struck out, Mitchell drifted from the Americans to the Philadelphia Athletics, the Phillies, and the Superbas, ending up 31–50 in a thirteen year career, with an earned run average (ERA) of 4.10.
Fred Mitchell's White Borders (T206) baseball card, 1909–1911, from the Library of Congress.
A steady performer with a good curveball, Mitchell was consistently one of the Maple Leafs' best starters from 1906 to 1909. Besides his no-hitter, Cauz notes, Mitchell's most famous Leafs moment was rounding the bases at Hanlan's Point Stadium on a donkey that had escaped from the Island's nearby zoo, in order to win a $50 bet from team co-owner Lol Solman. But, craving a taste of the majors again, he decided to convert himself into a fielder and gave Kelley an ultimatum: "I'm going to be a catcher or else I'm going home." As the Leafs' starting catcher, Mitchell earned one last shot in the majors with the New York Highlanders (later the Yankees) in 1910. Mitchell later became a well-regarded pitching coach and manager with the Boston Braves and Chicago Cubs.
In 1909, another journeyman major leaguer featured on a tobacco card shone in Toronto. In a career season, Myron "Moose" Grimshaw won the Eastern League batting title that year with an average of .309. Grimshaw, who earned his nickname because—as Bill Nowlin put it—he was "awkward-looking," had had several stints with minor league teams in London and Guelph in the late 1890s. Then the switch-hitter worked his way up to the Boston Americans in late 1904, having impressed the team's representatives as "one of the finest batsmen in the business and a clever first baseman."
Over the course of three middling seasons, he was Boston's everyday first baseman only by default. The team kept trying to trade him but found no takers. Depending on the source, Grimshaw was either waived and released outright or traded to Toronto for Jack Thoney in time for the 1908 season. Frequently sidelined by injuries, 1909 was Grimshaw's only full season in Toronto. But he won the batting title, when batting average was the most respected statistic in baseball until Babe Ruth elevated the home run to an art form. Grimshaw was traded to Louisville in 1910 and was out of baseball shortly afterward.
Of the seven Toronto players on the T206 cards, two were up-and-coming prospects. Twenty-two-year-old third baseman Ed Fitzpatrick was perhaps an odd choice to merit a tobacco card. Although he eventually played three seasons with the Braves from 1915 to 1917, his minor league statistics with the Leafs don't suggest he ever hinted at future greatness.
Dick Rudolph's White Borders (T206) baseball card, 1909–1911, from the Library of Congress.
Pitcher Dick "Baldy" Rudolph, was another story. By the 1910 season, Rudolph was still only twenty-two, but had been the ace of the Leafs pitching staff since his arrival in Toronto in 1907. At only five-feet-nine-and-a-half-inches and 160 pounds, few had given the undersized pitcher much chance of a successful career in baseball. Despite his writing self-promoting letters to a variety of baseball team owners, no one offered him a try-out.
But, Dick Leyden writes, he had a "great curveball and spectacular control," and an intuitive feel for how batters would react. In seven years in Toronto, Rudolph won over twenty games three times and 120 games in total. He was joined at the top of the pitching rotation by Jim McGinley—who won one hundred games in six years in Toronto and was also featured on a tobacco card.
"He has terrific speed, good control, is a quick thinker and mixes up his 'assortment' as well as any twirler in the big leagues," manager Kelley said of Rudolph. "I look for him in a few years to be…as great as [Christy] Mathewson." Rudolph's talent was enough to earn several call-ups to the New York Giants, but his stays were always brief because Giants manager John McGraw deemed him to be too small for the big leagues.
On a train in New York, Rudolph approached Fred Mitchell, pitching coach of the Boston Braves. The two had been teammates in Toronto from 1907 to 1909, but Mitchell apparently didn't recognize or remember him. "I know I can pitch better than some of those fellows in the Big League," Rudolph confided to Mitchell, "if I only get the chance. But if I don't, I'm quitting anyway." Shortly afterward, Mitchell arranged for the Braves to acquire "Baldy" from Toronto for the 1913 season. For the next several years, he was one of the most durable and successful pitchers in the majors. He won twenty-six games in 1914—when the "Miracle Braves" won the World Series—and retired with a career ERA of 2.66.
In the early twentieth century, the Maple Leafs acquired their share of former stars who didn't know when to put down the glove. "Wee Willie" Keeler, a thirty-nine-year-old hall-of-famer who'd been Kelley's longtime Orioles teammate, joined the team for the 1911 season. A lifetime .341 hitter in nineteen major league seasons, Keeler hit just .277 in 155 at bats.
Ed Killian arrived in Toronto partway through the 1910 season, having been set adrift by the Detroit Tigers. The southpaw pitcher nicknamed "Twilight Ed" had a sinkerball that was so effective at producing ground-balls that Killian once went four seasons (or 1,001 innings) between giving up home runs. He was known as a clutch performer, once pitching both halves of a late-season doubleheader to clinch the American League pennant for Detroit. Between 1907 and 1910, the Tigers won the pennant three times, but lost the World Series each time. In good times, Dan Holmes reported, Killian had a reputation as a valuable teammate. But he could also be so quarrelsome and surly that he once tore apart the Tigers clubhouse in a drunken rage at his teammates.
White Borders (T206) baseball card featuring Ed Killian (front) and Edward Fitzpatrick (back), 1909–1911, from the Library of Congress.
Killian's season-and-a-half in Toronto was nothing special. He was a member of the Leafs team that, in an epic collapse, lost eleven games in a row to fall out of first place and lose the 1911 pennant. Killian and Keeler and most of the players featured on American Tobacco Company cards—save for Rudolph, Fitzpatrick, and manager Kelley—were gone by the time the Maple Leafs rebounded to win the pennant the following season.
There were other Leafs between 1909 and 1911 who appeared on cards for other teams, notably sluggers Tim Jordan and Al Shaw, and longtime Maple Leaf (and frequently the only Canadian on the roster), Bill O'Hara.
And so it's a quirk of fate that it was these seven players—some who'd shown early but unfulfilled promise, and some who passed through town so briefly as to leave almost no impression at all—who came to be immortalized in the Maple Leaf colours. And the tobacco cards themselves are artifacts of the city's role as a staging ground for players on the upward climb to stardom in the big leagues—as well as its role, sometimes, as the first stop on the way back down.
Other sources consulted: Craig Britcher's article in Western Pennsylvania History (Winter 2004); and William Humber, Cheering for the Home Team: The Story of Baseball in Canada (Boston Mills Press, 1983).
Filed under Baseball Cards, Dick Rudolph, Ed Fitzpatrick, Ed Killian, Fred Mitchell, jim mcginley, Joe Kelley, Moose Grimshaw, Tobacco Cards, Baseball, T206, toronto maple leafs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thanks to your prayers and financial support many people received the hope and love of Jesus on our recent mission trips!
Brazil: Melissa and Naomi spent a week giving hope to women and children in a poor area in Fortaleza.
Haiti: Brian worked with our friends at OneLegUpOnLife and provided prosthetics for amputees.
Mongolia: Melissa just returned from teaching at a women's conference and bible school.
Brian is in Trichy, India right now speaking at a youth, marriage and church leadership seminar. We love you and continue to pray God's best for you!


text:
Utslagsspelet vid världsmästerskapet i fotboll 1994 pågick från 2 juli till 17 juli 1994.

Åttondelsfinaler

Tyskland mot Belgien

Spanien mot Schweiz

Saudiarabien mot Sverige

Rumänien mot Argentina

Nederländerna mot Irland

Brasilien mot USA

Nigeria mot Italien

Mexiko mot Bulgarien

Kvartsfinaler

Italien mot Spanien

Nederländerna mot Brasilien

Bulgarien mot Tyskland

Rumänien mot Sverige

Semifinaler

Bulgarien mot Italien

Sverige mot Brasilien

Match om tredjepris

Final

Utslagsspel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Holy Roman Empire was a complex adaptive system
So a few weeks ago my son and I were watching the Crash Course World History series. In it John Green mentioned Voltaire's famous statement that the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.
A few days later, I found that the phrase "Holy Roman Empire" was still bouncing around in my mind. It seemed like it was trying to tell me something. The pattern of the name, its rhythm, felt similar to something I was familiar with. After a while I realized that "Holy Roman Empire" sounds a lot like "complex adaptive system." Two seconds later, I realized that a complex adaptive system is neither complex, nor adaptive, nor a system.
I wondered if there might be some connection between these things, so I began to explore.
Magic words of power
First I read about why Voltaire said what he said. Here's a very brief summary:
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as emperor in 800, but this was a purely political move, a quid pro quo. The word "Holy" was not used to refer to the empire until 1157, when it was added to remove any implied dependence on the papacy (as if to say, we don't need the Church to make us holy).
The Holy Roman Empire did include Italy at first, but most of it was located in Germany and France. In fact, in 1512 the name of the empire was changed to "The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation."
The Holy Roman Empire was for the most part a symbolic institution with little centralized power. It was more like a loose confederation among independent states than a true empire.
So why did people call a loose secular confederation of independent European states the Holy Roman Empire?
I'm no historian, but my guess is that the name makes use of what I like to call "magic words of power." People have been using such words for thousands of years because they tap into deep currents in society. Think of a word that, if you walked into a room full of people and said it loudly and clearly, would start a fight or a cheer, or would clear the room, and you've found a magic word of power. Curse words are magic words of power, because they attack things we hold sacred -- religion, health, sex, family. Their power comes not from their attacks but from the things they attack.
So, I thought, the three words of the Holy Roman Empire might act as a sort of incantation, a way to draw power from deep sources.
What we want to know
The next question I asked myself was: how did each of these words contribute to the power of the whole phrase? As I thought about each word, I ran into a familiar construct: Robert F. Bales' empirical work on how strangers talk to each other in task groups.
Bales found that the people he observed constantly evaluated others in three dimensions:
Is this person dominant or submissive? (power)
Is this person friendly or hostile? (safety)
Is this person useful or useless (to me)? (effectiveness)
So, calling a loose secular confederation of independent European states the Holy Roman Empire says:
We are powerful. Who's in charge? (Remember: it's the middle ages.) God. We are in good with the big guy.
We are safe. Remember the Romans? They did things right. They had roads and plumbing and great parties. We are the tried and true solution. You can trust us.
We are effective. What unifies peoples, brings stability, and provides protection? That's right, an empire. Don't worry, folks, we have everything under control.
Thus, in the context in which they were used, these three words hit all the "what we want to know" points that would lead people (that is, princes and other local powers) to support the Holy Roman Empire. So it was both an incantation and an advertisement.
By the way, does "safe and effective" remind you of anything? Perhaps something medical? Maybe you've heard the phrase "potent, safe, and effective?" That phrase hits the same three evaluation points.
Now let's consider the term "complex adaptive system." I should probably explain first why it's none of those things.
Complex or complexicated?
Complexity refers to self-organization, where the interactions of (at least somewhat) independent agents lead to emergent properties, patterns that are more than the sum of their parts. Complex systems exist in theory and in simulation, but nothing that actually happens in nature or in human life is purely complex. In reality, organization and self-organization intermingle and interact to create a complex-complicated tangle of aspects and influences.
Consider an ant colony. Each ant follows simple rules, and complex patterns appear. But that's not the whole story. In most if not all social insects, the queen exerts pheromonal control over other members of the colony. Centralized organization and complex self-organization intermingle and interact in their effects on what happens in the ant hill.
The same is true for everything people say "is" complex: cities, traffic, the weather, the mind, the body, and so on. Every real situation has both complex and complicated aspects that intermingle and interact. I call it "complexicated."
Adaptive or reactive?
Is a complex adaptive system adaptive? Sort of. There is adaptation in the world, but maladaptation is just as important a force. Having complexity in a system does not always make it work well; sometimes it can lead to disaster. If you don't believe me, google "ant mill." A circular ant mill, in which ants follow their simple rules into a spiral of death, is a complex maladaptive pattern. (In a cruel example of complexication, you can find instructions on the internet for creating ant mills.)
I don't think it works to use the word "adaptive" to mean "sometimes better, sometimes worse," because that's not what people think when you say it. The popular meaning of "adaptation" is "getting better all the time." An example: Blogger's spell checker knows the word "adaptation" but not the word "maladaptation." Why is that?
A better word might be "reactive." Swarms and flocks react to perturbations. Sometimes they adapt, but sometimes they crash, or they dissipate into something that is no longer a flock or a swarm. The result might be better, or it might be far worse. At least the word "reactive" doesn't imply a "better and better" value statement. Even chemicals react, and nobody thinks every chemical reaction turns out well.
System or frame?
Now to the final word: system. This one's easy. All boundaries are decisions. Ask anyone what is included in the "health care system" or the "educational system" or the "legislative system," and you'll get as many answers as people.
The online etymology dictionary says "system" comes from the Latin systema, meaning "an arrangement," and from the Greek synistanai, meaning "to place together." Wikipedia says that the word originally meant "something to look at."
So the word "system" originally meant the choice of components and the creation of a frame or perspective. It still means that to me. Every time I hear the word "system," I can't help thinking of the archetypal image of a movie director making little frames with their hands as they look around. That's all a system really is, a frame, with some things included and some excluded.
But we run into problems when we try to use the word "system" to mean "frame," as it originally meant. That's because today, "system" no longer means a thing we create. It means a thing that exists, a thing we can rely on. Something solid. Like an empire.
A modern-day incantation
If the term "complex adaptive system" is, like "Holy Roman Empire," an incantation, what is it meant to invoke? If it is an advertisement, how does it persuade? Here is my guess.
We are powerful. Complexity is like magic: it's order for free. Look! All of the awesome (and awful) things in the world run on complexity: hurricanes, the internet, snowflakes. This is powerful stuff, and you're going to want to get yourself some of it.
We are safe. Remember evolution? That's rock-solid science. Adaptation is one of the things that makes evolution great. Evolution led to us, didn't it? You want things to get better and better, don't you?
We are effective. Stop worrying. Complexity is not crazy or unpredictable. It's a system. We have everything under control.
Thus, in the context in which they were used, these three words hit all the "what we want to know" points that would lead people (that is, academic institutions, corporations, and other local powers) to support the Santa Fe Institute (who coined the term).
I don't mean to blame the Santa Fe Institute for coining a term that probably made perfect sense to them. I just wish they could have come up with a name that wasn't so easily misunderstood, given the popular connotations of the terms they used.
After thinking about this for a while, I began to wonder how people actually use the term "complex adaptive system." I wondered: If these words are an incantation, to what purpose is its power applied? If it's an advertisement, what does it sell?
So I did one of my tiny Google research projects. I googled "is a complex adaptive system," then tallied up what came before the word "is." I got up to 252 mentions before Google cut me off, and this is what I found.
Let me ask you: is language more complex than knowledge? Is health care more complex than the internet? I don't think so. I don't think this graph reflects what is complex and what is not. It represents in what areas people most feel a need for incantations and advertisements. Evidently for language and for health care, there is great need. What does that say about language and health care? Are these areas in which we need to create power, achieve safety, and gain control? Given the fact that language underpins education, social society, and international relations: probably.
Actually, language is a perfect example of organization and self-organization intermingling and interacting. Yes, every human being has an impact on language, and there are emergent properties involved. But there are also clear organizers in the world of language: dictionaries, thesauri, style manuals, publishers, universities, governments, Google. All of these organizers exert centralized control over the evolution of language. It's complexicated.
Side note: I also searched for "was a complex adaptive system" and "will be a complex adaptive system." I found too few matches to draw any graphs (8 for "was" and 5 for "will be"). What does it mean that we only use the CAS term to describe things in the present tense? I don't know. Something.
You can't whisper with a megaphone
At this point, if I were you, I would be asking: What is your point? Do you think we should stop using the term "complex adaptive system?"
Of course not. Every public-facing campaign needs a slogan, a tasty sound bite. The Holy Roman Empire needed one, and the Santa Fe Institute needed one. "Complexicated reactive frames," or some other more accurate term, doesn't have the same punch.
The danger is not in the fact that people need to create slogans to sell ideas. The danger is in the fact that people come to believe that the slogans are accurate descriptions of reality. They're not. Slogans are like megaphones. They carry messages fast and far, but they also distort.
From what I've seen, popular usage of the term "complex adaptive system" is distorted. I'm not sure how usage of the term started out, but today it appears that anything with even a hint of complexity in it qualifies to be called a complex adaptive system. The term has degenerated into meaning nothing more than "something I'd like to talk to you about."
I've been listening to people say "X is a complex adaptive system" for a while now. I haven't looked into this systematically, but my sense is that when people use the term, they tend to mean one of three things:
You need what I'm selling.
We need to change the way we do things.
I know a lot, so you should let me handle this.
If you've been reading carefully you will have noticed that these statements match Bales' evaluation points: power, safety, effectiveness. In other words, the slogan is being used as a slogan. It is not being used as an explanation or an exploration. People are using it to get other people to sign on to things. If people were using the term to explain complexity, my graph above would have a different shape, because everything on that list has some complexity in it (and lots of things that are not on the list as well).
Here's what I think. Anyone who uses a slogan to sell an idea bears a responsibility to understand when it's time to pick up the megaphone and when it's time to put it down and speak carefully and quietly. At some point we need to move past slogans to explanations that are useful and informative. If we never move past our slogans, our efforts risk becoming caricatures of themselves: full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.
Paired images
I hate it when people write critical, demanding essays that don't include positive solutions. So I sat on this blog post for a while, waiting for it to become more hopeful. One evening I noticed a book my husband had bought, called Electronics for Biologists, by Timothy J. Gawne. I know this sounds unrelated, but bear with me.
The first chapter of the book starts with a paired set of images: a photograph of a battery connected to a resistor, and a circuit diagram representing the elements in the photograph.
First Gawne describes the items in the photograph:
Voltage varies continuously at all points, both through the wires and inside the different parts of the battery and resistor. Currents flow through the wires and components in complex patterns, much as water flow varies with position in a river, and some current leaks out of the wires to flow through the air and table-top. The circuit elements act as antennas, and so external electromagnetic sources like radio transmissions or electric lights affect the operation of the circuit. The currents flowing in the wires create external magnetic fields, which can interact with other objects. Different parts of the circuit that are not directly connected to each other can nonetheless affect each other via the electric field.
I love this description. It captures the messy, fascinating details of real electromagnetism. This is the kind of thing people should be learning about complexity. That it's rarely the only phenomenon taking place. That it can be miraculous and disastrous. That what is seen depends on who is looking. That what looks like self-organization can turn out to be organization, and vice versa. That the state of affairs can switch unexpectedly between placid stability and wild turmoil -- or not switch, for far longer than you thought possible. Some of the most exciting things about complexity, to me, are the messy, fascinating parts that never make it into a simple term like "complex adaptive system." Maybe that's why I don't like the term, because it's complexity with all the fun parts sucked out.
The second image in the electronics book is of a simplified circuit diagram. Here's how Gawne introduces it.
However, the simplified model circuit in panel B is easy to analyze. We say that this is a lumped quasi-static model. Lumped, because the full complexity of the 3D geometry is reduced to simple lumped elements connected by uni-dimensional nodes. Quasi-static because, even though such models can handle time-varying signals, they do not model the true dynamics of how electric and magnetic fields interact through space.
In panel A [the photograph], voltage is a continuous function of space. In panel B [the circuit diagram], there are only two voltages: the voltage at node 1 and the voltage at node 2. In panel A, the resistor is a physical object with real size and where current and voltage can vary in complex ways inside it. The abstract resistor in panel B has no internal structure at all, and is completely specified by its value of 1000 ohms, and by the fact that it connects node 1 with node 2. The model resistor has no other properties.
Likewise, the term "complex adaptive system" is a lumped quasi-static model for the ways in which complexity manifests itself in the world. It's like a circuit diagram: abstract, with no internal structure and only two states (complex or not; in the system or not).
I have a question for you. What would happen if people laid the messy, fascinating reality of complexity next to its simplified model and showed how they were similar and different? Would that give the model more power or less? More, I think, because people would then see it for what it is: a stepping stone, a way point on the path towards greater understanding, a tool.
Gawne explains that the circuit diagram is useful in certain contexts.
For all its simplification, the model can often provide very accurate predictions of what the real circuit will do. When is the model good enough, and when does it fail to give a sufficiently accurate model of the world? This is a tough question with no precise answer.
He goes on to examine specific cases where a circuit diagram does fail to provide accurate predictions, such as when frequencies are high, or changes in voltage are rapid, or the circuit is physically large, or when external magnetic fields are strong. I would love to see people do that with the term "complex adaptive system." The places where the term breaks down are well known and easy to summarize (and fascinating).
I'm not saying an electronics textbook holds the key to explaining complexity. I might have been able to find a similar pairing of reality and model in dozens of other books about any number of topics. I just happened to pick up this book. But what it says to me is: It's not necessary to give up on slogans, and it's not necessary to give up on helping people understand what's really going on. The way past slogans lies in juxtaposition, in paired images. We shouldn't give people only slogans, but we shouldn't give them only the messy, fascinating details either. When it's time to put down the slogan megaphone, we can give people both views, side by side. We can help people use slogans when they are useful and put them aside when they stop being useful.
The ideas of complexity were once confined to a small number of scientists, but now they are roaming in the wide world, and they are being widely misunderstood and misapplied. I don't know if this is bothering anybody else, but it's bothering me. I think this could be a way out. What do you think?
About: Complexity and chaos, Society


Leagoo is a booming Chinese company for Android phones which has launched a series of mobiles lately. The mobiles are quite pocket-friendly and have lots of features to impress new entrants into the market. Here we will be discussing the Leagoo T5 4G smartphone, which is running on 7.0 Nougat OS and comes with latest feme interface and budget friendly price of just under $130.
The smartphone is equipped with double sim slots, a memory card extension and also has a removable back panel. The metallic body of 7.9 mm thin body is quite impressive with a glossy rear panel too. The weight of the mobile is around i60 grams and have a length and breadth of 15.30×7.61 cms. This unique mobile with a screen size of 5.5 cm is considered under the category of the phablet and possesses the configuration of 1920×1080 pixels of FHD screen. The look of this masterpiece can make any user irresistible to buy.
Recommended for you: The X96 Mini Android TV Box – A Comprehensive Feature Review.
One of the best features of this mobile is its triple camera. The mobile has a selfie camera of 13.0 MP on the front side while having the other two cameras on its rear side which are 5.0 MP and 13.0 MP and of course both have dual flashes for clear pictures. The colors captured by the mobile camera bring back life to objects and can even fetch beautiful picture in low or dim light conditions.
Battery life is significant to be taken care of as you need to keep your mobile charged as it can turn into a silent box if not charged at the time. The Leagoo T5 4G phablet features a non-removable battery which lasts 6.9 hours and possesses the configuration of 3000MAH. It can last up to 145 hours if we talk about the standby-mode. So, if you are leaving your home for any trip or full day, try to keep the battery bank with you to help out when your battery starts draining.
The Leagoo T5 4G phablet does have dual sim facility where both slots do support 4G/3G connections, with the respective nano and micro sim cards. Besides them, the phone does have Bluetooth 4.0, GPS and WiFi.
The mobile is equipped with the RAM of capacity 4GB so that you can run the whole applications day smoothly. It also possesses the internal memory or ROM of 64GB. The configuration of RAM and ROM are good enough for a normal user to conduct their daily activities.
You may also like: The Xiaomi Air 13 Notebook (Windows 10, 13.3 inches) – Feature Review.
The Leagoo T5 4G phone has an Octa-core ARM processor in which 4 cores are clocked at 1.0GHZ while the other 4 cores are clocked at 1.5GHZ. The processor of the phone is said to provide stability to perform multitasking and work without any hindrance for prolonged hours.
The mobile is said to be loaded with various sensors like E-Compass Gravity Sensor, Ambient Light Sensor, and Proximity Sensor. The phone also supports the external memory of 256GB with the respective TF card. It also has fingerprint unlocking facility and recognition feature which is quite a trend these days.
The Leagoo is undoubtedly one of the best Chinese phones available in the market at such a lucrative price. It supports all the activities which a user wants to perform on his mobile. You can also place your order through various online platforms get it at your doorstep. The users have found the mobile quite useful as they can have the best camera experience with its extraordinary triple camera facility. The storage of the mobile is so huge that you will not face any issues for storing your downloaded videos or any other files.
Do explore the best of the technology with the new Leagoo T5 4G phone and we are quite sure that you will love the experience of using this awesome mobile. You can also look for various deals that are available at GearBest. So, grab your own Leagoo in your hands soon!!!!
Do explore the best of the technology with the new Leagoo T5 4G phone and we are quite sure that you will love the experience of using this awesome mobile.
GearBest Harvest Sale of September is Now Live – Grab your Deal Now!


The best option for reading NFC tags from a PC/Mac is with the ACRU-J1 or ACRU readers. Both of these readers are readily available, connect over. ACS seems to only have PC installers, while I can find the Mac Drivers, I don't The best option for reading NFC tags from a PC/Mac is with the. NFC Tools GUI is a cross Platform software: it works on Mac, Windows and Linux . You can read and write Connect your NFC reader to your computer like the very popular ACRU to start playing with your NFC tags. NFC Tools GUI is a.
The NFC Mac App allows you to use the power of Nfc on the go! Now your Mac can experience Nfc tag interactions too. Requires an NFC Smart Card Reader. Near Field Communications (NFC) enables smartphones, tags and other devices to The app brings Near Field Communication experience to your Mac. With the help of a powerful NFC Reader and some whiz-bang software, your iOS. Your DataWriter Client encoding software for DataWriter Server is now available for MAC OSX and more specifically on the Mac App Store here. It mean that y.
Batch Tag Editor for Mac allows edit ID3 music metadata, change filenames, download tags from online databases, manage artworks, and so forth. With your purchase, you'll also receive a link to download FREE software for writing tags with your Mac. And we also include a beta version of our FREE terminal. Fiverr freelancer will provide Desktop applications services and Send you a nfc tag reader and writer software for mac within 1 day. YACReader is the best comic reader and comic manager with support for cbr cbz zip rar comic files. It is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X. The remote browser supports now favorites, tags, and reading lists. Option for importing only .


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Q: Interacting treatment variables with independent variables in matched samples Can we interact the treatment variables with independent control variables that have been used for matching?
I have a binary treatment variable called 'medicine'. It indicates whether a person received a medicine.
I also have 5 control variables and 1 dependent variable 'days' - counting the days survived.
Using the MatchIt package in R, I match observations in the treatment group (medicine = 1) to similar observations in the control group (medicine=0) using CEM.
After matching I run a Poisson regression to estimate the effect of the medicine on days survived, while controlling for 5 variables.
Question 1: Can I interact the treatment variable (medicine) with the control variables in this matched sample?
Question 2: Assuming the treatment and control group have similar distributions across the control variables (well balanced), what does an interaction between a control variable and treatment tell me?

A: You can interact treatment and control variables in the matched sample. There are a few reasons one might do this. One would be simply to adjust for the control variables beyond the adjustment afforded by the matching (i.e., as Ho, Imai, King, & Stuart, 2007, recommend). To do this, you would center your control variables before interacting them with the treatment. Then the coefficient on the treatment variable can be interpreted as an average causal effect.
Another would be to examine treatment effect heterogeneity, or effect modification (i.e., does the treatment effect differ based on other covariates?). For this, interacting the treatment and the covariates only allows you to assess this if you have balance between the treated and control groups within levels of the interacting covariates. If you do not have this, the observed treatment effects within each level of the other covariates may be due to confounding.
If you do have balance within levels of the covariates, then an interaction between the covariates and the treatment tells you that the treatment effect varies along the covariate values. It doesn't tell you that the covariate is causing the treatment effect to vary; you would need to randomly assign the covariate to assess this phenomenon, which is called interaction (i.e., in contrast to effect modification). The interpretation of the coefficient for the treatment when an interaction is present in the model is the effect of treatment when the covariate takes a value of 0. The coefficient on the interaction term is the change in the treatment effect for a 1-unit increase in the covariate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Johnson & Johnson ordered to pay over $570 million in landmark opioid trial
A US judged ordered the healthcare giant to pay $572 million for its role in the opioid crisis.
By AFP Monday 26 Aug 2019, 10:20 PM
Aug 26th 2019, 10:20 PM 34,503 Views 36 Comments
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Johnson & Johnson has been ordered to pay $572 million in damages.
Image: Shutterstock/Sundry Photography
AN OKLAHOMA JUDGE today ordered US healthcare giant Johnson & Johnson to pay $572 million for its role in fostering the state's opioid addiction crisis.
In a landmark trial, Judge Thad Balkman said prosecutors had demonstrated that the company contributed to a "public nuisance" in its deceptive promotion of highly addictive prescription painkillers.
"Those actions compromised the health and safety of thousands of Oklahomans," he said.
In the first civil trial of a drugmaker over an epidemic that has caused hundreds of thousands of overdose deaths, Judge Thad Balkman said prosecutors had demonstrated that Johnson & Johnson contributed to a "public nuisance" in its deceptive promotion of highly addictive prescription painkillers.
According to the ruling, which also cites the company's former Janssen pharmaceuticals division, the cash will go towards care for a generation of addicts, families and communities affected by the crisis.
"The defendants Janssen and Johnson & Johnson's misleading marketing and promotion of opioids created a nuisance," Balkman said.
"Specifically, defendants caused an opioid crisis that is evidenced by increased rates of addiction, overdose deaths and neonatal abstinence syndrome in Oklahoma."
Johnson & Johnson was the first pharmaceutical company tried over the US opioid crisis, which fueled over 70,000 overdose deaths in 2017 alone.
Prosecutors had sought $17 billion in damages.
Johnson & Johnson argued that the law was being inappropriately applied and that its products had a very small role in the addiction epidemic in Oklahoma and nationally.
Balkman said Johnson & Johnson had promoted its drugs telling doctors and patients that pain was not being treated enough and that "there was a low risk of abuse and a low danger" in the drugs themselves.
"The defendants used the phrase 'pseudoaddiction' to convince doctors that patients who exhibited signs of addiction… were not actually suffering from addiction, but from the undertreatment of pain," he said in his decision.
© – AFP 2019
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Emily Long is a member of the 1922 Royal Westminster Regiment Army Cadets in Aldergrove. She was honoured with an ANAVETS Medal of Merit this summer during training camp in Vernon. (Sarah Long/Special to the Langley Advance Times)
Aldergrove cadets awarded high honours at training camp
Emily Long and Oliver Cole were awarded the ANAVETS Medal of Merit
Joti Grewal
Two cadets of the Aldergrove 1922 regiment have returned home from training camp in Vernon with high honours.
Emily Long, 14, and Oliver Cole, 17, were both awarded the ANAVETS, known as Army, Navy, Air Force Veterans, Cadet Medal of Merit.
"I've been with the army cadet program for nine years now and I've never had any of my cadets ever receive an award like that," said Capt. Simon Turner, commanding officer of the 1922 Royal Westminster Regiment Army Cadets located in Aldergrove.
The medal is awarded to the top cadet in their training course for overall outstanding achievement, leadership and physical fitness.
READ MORE: Former Langley cadet rose to become Snowbirds commander
Thousands of cadets from across Canada attend summer training and up to thirty-one medals are awarded, according to Capt. Turner.
"I am extremely over the moon proud of all my cadets," he said.
Cole was awarded the ANAVETS medal for his completion of the basic parachutist course.
"That course is the absolute toughest course in the army cadet program," said Capt. Turner. "It is also one of the top toughest courses in the actual Canadian Forces."
Cole's father, Neil Cole, said it was a surprise when his son's name was called out because this medal has never been awarded for the parachutist course before.
"It was a really neat thing as a father to see, it was a course of 50 people and 49 other cadets mobbing him and hugging him and congratulating him," he said.
"[Oliver] looked quite surprised, he was very happy," Neil added.
Cole will be entering his final year of cadets in September, but plans to join the regular forces next year with the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, according to his father.
"He's very dedicated and very focused," said Neil. "When he sets his mind to something then – I've just always tried to encourage him, that he can do whatever he wants to do as long as he sets his mind to it and puts in the effort then he'll be able to accomplish it."
READ MORE: Aldergrove's Armed Forces engineers commended both overseas and locally
Meanwhile, Long who received her medal for the expedition instructor course will be eligible to continue with cadets for another few years until she turns 19-years-old and ages out of the program.
Long's mother, Sarah Long, said she first introduced her daughter to cadets after seeing an ad online to join.
"I thought this is completely out of her element, but I would like her to try it and see if she likes it," said Sarah. "She really got into."
"It's changed my daughter," she added.
Long later wrote a letter for the cadets to help inspire new cadets to stay in the program.
"It was very telling of the kind of person she is," said Sarah.
Long is an honour student at Aldergrove Community Secondary and a volunteer lifeguard at the Walnut Grove community pool while she works towards becoming a certified swim instructor.
New cadet registration will begin on Sept. 4 at 7 p.m. in Aldergrove. More information about cadets can be found at www.army-cadets.ca.
joti.grewal@blackpress.ca
A photo of the ANAVETS Medal of Merit. Two members of the 1922 Cadet Corps. in Aldergrove, Emily Long and Oliver Cole, received this medal for being recognized as top cadet in their respective training course. (Sarah Long/Special to the Langley Advance Times)
VIDEO: Police incident on Fraser Highway in Langley
Chilliwack woman randomly punched by man in brazen Penticton bathroom attack


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"ARK Cloud City is one of the popular residential developments in Whitefield, neighborhood of Bangalore. It is among the ongoing projects of its class. It has lavish yet thoughtfully designed residences. Driven by passion, conceived by top class designers, Ark cloud City rises to be the destination next. Not just a customer preference, accolades pour in from professional bodies. Located in whitefield and a few minutes drive from ITPB and city's best school, the project lets you get the most out of life and relationships."
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Content provided by ARK Infra Developers Pvt. Ltd. Info Edge (India) Ltd. disclaims all warranties against infringement.


text:
Colorado Springs hiker to have feet, lower legs amputated after recent 14er trek
A husband and father of two children from Colorado Springs is being treated in a Denver-area hospital after he recently became lost and injured while hiking on of the state's 14,000-foot mountain peaks.
Nick Noland, apparently an experienced hiker, had his feet amputated and also will lose his legs below the knees after another surgery within the next week.
Noland is recovering at the University of Colorado Hospital in Aurora.
Noland was descending Mt. Shavano, near Salida in Chaffee County, on the evening of Oct. 22 when he became lost and couldn't be immediately found by search and rescue teams.
"At some point, my feet felt like blocks of ice," he said. "My shoes came off. I kept moving because I was afraid of what would happen if I stopped."
Teams eventually found Noland when he made it back to the trailhead at around 5 a.m. the following day.
"We are in for a long recovery but know with the support and love of our friends and family, we will get through this difficult time," said his wife, Maggie Noland, in a post on the website Meal Train.
Shane Leva, the manager at Mountain Chalet, an outfitters' shop in Colorado Spring, is an experienced hiker of 14,000-foot peaks in Colorado.
"Honestly, it's not too terribly surprising," he said of the incident. "It's going to happen in Colorado at one point or another. People go out and hike unprepared all the time out here. It's still a mountain and it's very serious, so you need to take it with the gravity that it deserves."
Dr. Ian Tullberg, of UCHealth Urgent Care, explained how to prevent frostbite if you're in a remote area during cold weather.
"Honestly, one of the best things is putting your fingers down right by your belly and then into the pants a little bit, because that's a very warm spot for your fingers," he said. "There's not a lot you can do about your toes, unfortunately. But there are some areas. You can put them right under your arms, as well."
As of Friday evening, more than $13,000 in donations to the site had been made for the Noland family, and the website also has arranged for the family's meals through most of November.
Noland gave an interview from his hospital bed via Skype, but hospital officials said Friday that he will not give further interviews until sometime next week, before his expected release from the hospital.
"I have every intention of getting back out there," he said.
Local News / News
Citizen Cain says:
This sentence is a contradiction of itself… Why would an experienced hiker have to have his legs and feet amputated below the knee. An experienced hiker would have been prepared for hiking in Colorado at the elevation 14,000 ft, would have had all of the necessary equipment and supplies to not be in this situation. This is not a sign of experience, this is a sign of bad decisions and overconfidence. Luckily enough, no one else suffered for his foolish actions.
Filzer64 says:
Posted by a human who clearly never hiked further than a campground shower.
As a fellow human that hikes hundreds of miles alone every year, thanks for making me smile.


And, despite the reports from the biased media, real progress is taking place in Iraq.
Threat Level: U.S. and Iraqi commands examine the threats to the security of a province. If Iraqi Provincial authorities can ensure security and domestic order through the normal use of local police, the province is ready for transfer.
Iraqi Security Forces: The Iraqi Security Forces in the province are studied to determine if their training, equipment and capability are capable of protecting Iraqi citizens.
Governance: The governor must be capable of overseeing security operations. A Joint Operations Room must be capable of coordinating activities. An Iraqi Ministry of Defense and Iraqi Ministry of the Interior intelligence structure must support the Iraqi Police.
Multi National Force – Iraq: MNF-I must be capable of reinforcing Iraqi Security Forces if necessary. Coalition Forces will continue to help coordinate civil reconstruction projects. MNF-I will conduct activities in conjunction with the policies of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Iraqi Ministry of Defense.
A Jacksonian has the latest on the "Operation Phantom Thunder" offensive from reports coming out of Iraq.
Michael Yon has encouraging news on "Operation Arrowhead Ripper" now in progress.


Yesterday was a very good day here at South Decatur Church. It was Pastor's Appreciation day and the congregation really showed us the love that they have for us. They invited without me knowing my father to come and preach the 10:45 service and he did a great job. The church was full and the Lord was moving and we really had a very special service. I am so excited about all that God is doing. We are just about finished with our Kid's church and it look awesome. God is moving and that excites me.


- Size IT 42: Best for an IT 44 - 34 Chest - XS, a Women's UK 10/US 6 or a UK 12/US 8. In excellent used condition.
- Size IT 44: Best for a slim IT 46 - 36 Chest - S, an IT 44 - 34 Chest - XS a Women's UK 12/US 8 or a UK 14/US 10. In brand new condition without tags.
Helmut Lang heavy blue denim jacket from S/S 2004. In excellent used condition with natural fading. Made in Italy.
S/S 2004 is one of Helmut Lang's most famous seasons and many of its captivating designs are now part of modern fashion history. Lang's typical sharp silhouettes were intensified by abstracted shapes, elastic straps, cut-outs and unexpected splashes of reflective materials. While many of the collection's denim designs were not shown on the runway, their sophistication certainly makes them worth the attention of Helmut Lang collectors.
This jacket features Lang's 'classic 2-pocket' design, based on the classic Levi's 557XX jacket from the early 1960's. Like the original, the jacket has a panelled torso construction with two chest pockets. The aesthetic is purist, streamlined and is further complemented by an unconventional overdyed denim in an distinctive blue hue. Originally white, the heavy fabric has been piece-dyed for a deep and saturated finish with a vintage texture. The fabric's original colour slowly reveals itself in the form of beautiful lighter-coloured fades that form after extended wear. The silhouette is narrow, with a fitted straight body and slightly elongated sleeves. A strong point collar and waist tabs complete the design.
The construction of this piece is exemplary like all Helmut Lang denim garments. Precise flat-fell seams protect the interior from undesirable fraying while making the jacket completely reversible. The hardware has an antique silver finish and is engraved with the Helmut Lang logo. Upon a closer inspection, we can see that cotton thread has been used for all stitching, achieving a similar dye effect as the main fabric that complements the rugged aesthetic.
Overall, this jacket is a beautiful example of Lang's supremely executed denim basics. While being effortless and versatile, its unique fabric and precise silhouette set it apart from ordinary denim jackets and will make it one of your favourite casual pieces.


text:
L'avvoltoio testagialla minore (Cathartes burrovianus ), noto anche come avvoltoio di savana, è una specie di uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Catartidi, gli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo. Fino al 1964 veniva classificato in un'unica specie assieme all'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore. È diffuso in Messico, America Centrale e Sudamerica, nelle aree erbose di pianura stagionalmente umide o inondate, nelle paludi e nelle foreste pesantemente degradate. Si tratta di un uccello dalle dimensioni piuttosto grandi, con un'apertura alare di 150–165 cm. Il piumaggio del corpo è nero, mentre testa e collo, privi di piume, hanno una colorazione arancio chiaro con aree rosse o azzurre. È privo di siringe, e per questo motivo le sue vocalizzazioni sono limitate a grugniti o a flebili sibili.

L'avvoltoio testagialla minore si nutre di carogne, che localizza grazie alla vista e all'olfatto, abilità, quest'ultima, rara tra gli uccelli. Per potersi nutrire delle carni degli animali più grandi ha bisogno che avvoltoi di maggiori dimensioni, come l'avvoltoio reale, facciano breccia all'interno dello spesso rivestimento di pelle che li ricopre, dal momento che il suo becco non è abbastanza forte per riuscirci. Come altri avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo, l'avvoltoio testagialla minore utilizza le correnti ascensionali per spostarsi planando con il minimo sforzo. Depone le uova su superfici piatte, come il pavimento delle caverne, o nelle cavità degli alberi caduti. Nutre i piccoli rigurgitando loro il cibo.

Tassonomia
L'avvoltoio testagialla minore venne descritto per la prima volta nel 1845 da John Cassin. Talvolta ne vengono riconosciute due sottospecie. La prima, Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga, descritta dall'ornitologo austriaco August von Pelzeln nel 1851, è la maggiore delle due ed è diffusa dall'Argentina alla Colombia, mentre la sottospecie nominale, Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus, è più piccola ed è presente nel Sudamerica nord-occidentale, nell'America Centrale e in Messico. Il nome del genere a cui l'avvoltoio testagialla minore appartiene,Cathartes, significa «purificatore» ed è la forma latinizzata del termine greco kathartes (καθαρτης). Il nome comune, avvoltoio, deriva dalla parola latina vulturus, cioè «colui che strappa», in riferimento alle sue abitudini alimentari.

L'esatta posizione tassonomica dell'avvoltoio testagialla minore e delle rimanenti sei specie di avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo rimane incerta. Malgrado le somiglianze nell'aspetto e nel ruolo ecologico, gli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo e quelli del Vecchio Mondo si sono evoluti da antenati diversi in parti del mondo diverse. Dopo aver evidenziato che tra i due gruppi non vi era alcuna parentela, alcuni autori del passato ipotizzarono che gli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo fossero più strettamente imparentati con le cicogne. Autori più recenti, tuttavia, hanno continuato a classificarli all'interno dell'ordine dei Falconiformi assieme agli avvoltoi del Vecchio Mondo o li hanno posti in un apposito ordine distinto, i Catartiformi. Lo staff della South American Classification Committee ha tolto gli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo dall'ordine dei Ciconiiformi e li ha classificati come Incertae sedis, pur considerando possibile una riclassificazione tra i Falconiformi o i Catartiformi. Come altri avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo, l'avvoltoio testagialla minore ha un corredo diploide di 80 cromosomi.

Descrizione

L'avvoltoio testagialla minore misura 53–66 cm di lunghezza, ha un'apertura alare di 150–165 cm e una coda lunga 19–24 cm. Pesa 0,95-1,55 kg. Il piumaggio è nero con riflessi verdi. La gola e i lati della testa sono privi di piume. Anche la testa è priva di piume, e la pelle che la ricopre è gialla, con fronte e nuca rossastre e sommità grigio-azzurra. L'iride degli occhi è rossa, le zampe sono bianche, e il becco è color carne. L'occhio possiede una singola fila incompleta di ciglia sulla palpebra superiore e due file su quella inferiore. La coda è arrotondata e relativamente breve per un avvoltoio; l'estremità delle ali chiuse si estende oltre la coda. Gli avvoltoi testagialla minori immaturi hanno piumaggio dai toni più marroncini, testa scura e nuca bianca.

Il becco è spesso, arrotondato e uncinato all'estremità. Le dita anteriori sono lunghe, presentano piccole membrane alla base e non sono adatte per afferrare. L'apertura delle narici è longitudinale, e le narici sono prive di setto. Come tutti gli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo, l'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore è privo di siringe, e non è quindi in grado di emettere altri suoni all'infuori di grugniti o flebili sibili.

Si differenzia dall'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore, dall'aspetto molto simile, per varie caratteristiche. Innanzitutto, come è facile intuire, ha dimensioni minori e costituzione meno robusta dell'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore, nonché coda più breve e sottile. Il piumaggio appare più marroncino di quello scuro, nero lucido, dell'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore. Le zampe hanno colore più chiaro, e la testa ha tonalità più arancio di quella più gialla dell'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore. Il suo volo è inoltre meno regolare di quello dell'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore. L'avvoltoio testagialla minore preferisce vivere nelle savane, diversamente dall'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore, che predilige le foreste.

Oltre che all'avvoltoio testagialla maggiore, somiglia molto anche all'avvoltoio collorosso.

Distribuzione e habitat

È presente in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brasile, Cile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Guyana francese, Honduras, Messico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Perù, Suriname, Uruguay e Venezuela. Suoi habitat naturali sono aree erbose di pianura stagionalmente umide o inondate subtropicali o tropicali, paludi, mangrovie e foreste pesantemente degradate. Talvolta può spingersi anche in territori aridi e radure. Generalmente non si trova in regioni elevate.

Da questo uccello dall'aspetto simile a un corvo ha preso il nome la Quebrada de los Cuervos (la Gola dei Corvi) in Uruguay, dove la specie abita assieme all'avvoltoio collorosso e all'urubù.

Biologia
L'avvoltoio testagialla minore si sposta da solo, con le ali tenute in posizione diedrale. Quando va in cerca di cibo sorvola planando a bassa quota le zone umide, e si appollaia su pali per recinzioni o su altri posatoi poco elevati. Quando è in volo, si sposta da solo o in coppia e solo raramente viene avvistato in gruppi. Il volo dell'avvoltoio testagialla minore costituisce un esempio di volo planante statico, in quanto l'animale sfrutta le correnti ascensionali per mantenere l'elevazione senza aver bisogno di sbattere le ali. In aria, questo avvoltoio si spinge solo di rado a quote elevate, prediligendo volare a bassa quota. Si ritiene che questo uccello effettui brevi migrazioni in risposta ai cambiamenti nei livelli delle acque nelle zone in cui vive. L'avvoltoio testagialla minore, come altri avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo, pratica il peculiare comportamento dell'uroidrosi, cioè urina o defeca sulle proprie zampe per rinfrescarle attraverso l'evaporazione.

Alimentazione
L'avvoltoio testagialla minore è saprofago e si nutre esclusivamente di carogne. Si nutre delle carcasse degli animali investiti dai veicoli o delle carcasse di qualsiasi tipo di animale, ma va a caccia anche di animali vivi, specialmente di piccoli animali acquatici nelle paludi. Predilige la carne fresca, ma spesso non può essere il primo a cibarsi delle carni della carcassa di un animale di grandi dimensioni perché il suo becco non è abbastanza robusto da aprire una breccia attraverso lo spesso strato di pelle. L'avvoltoio testagialla minore smette di cibarsi da una determinata carogna quando questa raggiunge uno stato di avanzata decomposizione, poiché inizia a essere contaminata da microrganismi tossici. Come altri avvoltoi, gioca un ruolo importante nell'ecosistema, dal momento che elimina carogne che potrebbero diventare un terreno di coltura per gli agenti patogeni.

L'avvoltoio testagialla minore utilizza la vista acuta per localizzare le carogne al suolo, ma anche il senso dell'olfatto, una capacità rara nel mondo degli uccelli. Individua le carogne captando l'odore dell'etantiolo, un gas prodotto dagli inizi dei processi di decomposizione negli animali morti. Il lobo olfattivo del suo cervello, responsabile delle capacità olfattive, è particolarmente grande rispetto a quello di altri animali. Questa caratteristica degli avvoltoi del Nuovo Mondo è stata sfruttata anche dall'uomo: l'etantiolo, infatti, viene introdotto appositamente nei gasdotti, e gli ingegneri individuano le perdite seguendo gli avvoltoi in cerca di cibo.

Gli avvoltoi reali, privi dell'abilità di localizzare le carogne con l'olfatto, seguono gli avvoltoi testagialla minori fino alle carcasse, per poi aprire il primo squarcio nella pelle della carcassa. Questo consente al più piccolo avvoltoio testagialla minore, dotato di un becco più debole, di avere accesso al cibo, poiché esso non è in grado di lacerare da solo la spessa pelle degli animali di maggiori dimensioni. Questo caso costituisce un esempio di mutua dipendenza tra specie diverse. Generalmente viene allontanato dalle carcasse sia dagli avvoltoi collorosso che dagli avvoltoi reali, a causa delle loro maggiori dimensioni.

Riproduzione

Gli avvoltoi testagialla minori non costruiscono nidi, ma piuttosto depongono le proprie uova sul terreno, su scarpate, sul pavimento delle caverne, o nelle cavità degli alberi. Le uova sono color crema, con macchioline marroni e grigie, in particolare attorno al polo maggiore. Generalmente vengono deposte due uova. I pulcini sono altriciali - alla schiusa sono ciechi, glabri e relativamente immobili. Si ricoprono di piumino solo successivamente. I genitori nutrono i piccoli rigurgitando del cibo predigerito nel proprio becco, da dove i pulcini possono berlo. I giovani si involano a due o tre mesi.

Conservazione
L'avvoltoio testagialla minore è classificato come specie a basso rischio dalla IUCN, in quanto il suo areale si estende su una superficie totale stimata in 7.800.000 km² ed il numero totale di esemplari è stimato tra le 100.000 e il milione di unità. La sua popolazione sembra essere stabile.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 Lesser yellow-headed vulture photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
 Photo-Medium Res; Northern Venezuela Trip Report
 Photo-High Res; Birds of Brazil by John Kormendy
 Lesser yellow-headed vulture videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
 Lesser yellow-headed vulture species account at NeotropicalBirds (Cornell University)

Cathartidae
Fauna sudamericana
Fauna centroamericana
Taxa classificati da John Cassin


Intermittent Hypoxic Training - How is Intermittent Hypoxic Training abbreviated?
Recently, various living low training high (LLTH) methods such as intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH), and resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) has become an increasingly popular altitude/hypoxic practice, where athletes live at or near sea-level but train at 2,000 to 4,500 m simulated hypobaric or normobaric hypoxic conditions (Faiss et al.
LT]) after three weeks of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) with 95% of lactate threshold intensity.
ihe combined with training in hypoxia is known as intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), LL-TH or Lo-Hi.
Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) via the re-breathing method involves spending a much shorter period in a state of extreme hypoxia (3600-6300m) alternated with bouts of room air (25,37,24).
Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT): effects on hematological and performance markers in elite distance runners.
Moreover, there are also investigations on healthy individuals that proved the beneficial effect of active intermittent hypoxic training on exercise tolerance at sea level (Czuba et al.
2014) Eight weeks of intermittent hypoxic training improves submaximal physiological variables in highly trained runners.
Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) has emerged as a popular training method for team-sport athletes and aims to evoke greater adaptations than performance of similar training in normoxia.
As a result three concepts of high-altitude training have been accepted: live high-train high (LH-TH), live high-train low (LH-TL) and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT).
Athletes typically use this equipment for simulated normobaric hypoxic environment at rest (intermittent hypoxic exposure; IHE) or in conjunction with physical training, referred to as intermittent hypoxic training (IHT).
Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) with 95% of lactate threshold workload on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in well-trained cyclists.


This is the moment staff at Manchester McDonald's pile in after a customer takes a swipe at a security guard.
A video clip, taken from inside the takeaway on Oxford Street, shows two customers throwing punches at a security guard after he marched them to the till.
It is understood a dispute broke out over whether or not the men had paid for their takeaway meals.
Then out of nowhere, the customers can be seen squaring up to the burly security guard - before one of them eventually punches him.
McDonald's staff rush to the guard's aid and join in before triumphantly getting the men out of the restaurant.
Other customers can be heard shouting in shock at the fight.
The incident took place at 4am on Wednesday.
Snapchat user @mamzyyy, who filmed the footage, was astonished by how the incident unfolded.
He said: "One of them punched one of the workers out of nowhere.
"That's how it all started. I didn't manage to get this bit on camera but the two guys even sprayed the McDonald's workers with a fire extinguisher."
Social media users have been impressed by how the employees dealt with the two customers.
A spokesman for Greater Manchester Police confirmed they were called to a 'disturbance' at the fast food outlet.
The statement said: "Police were called shortly before 4.30am on Wednesday, March 27, 2019 to a report of a disturbance at a restaurant on Oxford Street, Manchester city centre.
"There were no reports of injuries and no arrests have been made.
"Police are aware of a video circulating online of the incident. Enquiries are ongoing."


Well, Green Day moved up the release date of their new album, Revolution Radio, which was previously scheduled to come out on October 21.
Instead, the LP showed up on streaming platforms today, Friday, October 7 – and it's a really, really good listen.
An inspired effort from the East Bay punk icons, Revolution Radio sounds like a sequel to American Idiot. From opener Somewhere Now to the infectious Say Goodbye, this is the band at its very best, and this new record should definitely appeal to everybody that might not have enjoyed the Uno, Dos and Tre! three-album trilogy from a few years ago.
And remember, Green Day are on the road now for a club/theater tour, which you should absolutely make an effort to catch if gig comes to your town.
Stay tuned for more form Green Day, and welcome back, guys!