Who Am I? The Lifestyle of a Busy Person..
Do you live life to the Max? I think I do. What is living to the max? How do you fill each moment with the best you can? I have spent the first half of my life wondering about the answer to that question. My conclusion was that I should just stop wondering and get on with it! I am a firm believer that we all spend far too much time running around wondering who we are and what others think when really what matters is our relationship with Self.
The only way to find out who we are is to Be who we are and that may change from minute to minute. Allowing that change to happen and Being in the minute is a difficult thing to do after a lifetime of being shaped and moulded by necessity but it frees our potential to grow. When we embrace our relationship with our Higher Self we come into harmony with Life and with the Universe. We learn to Love God, ourselves and those around us.
Image is a photo of me sitting in Hartsholme Park in 2008, taken by Colin Mason, which I played with for the cover of my poetry book.
This is actually quite a difficult lens for me to write, because I have shared a lot of myself through my music and poetry and that is the way I like it to be. To do otherwise and write about myself just seems like writing a CV at best, or boasting at worst but I shall try as best I can.
I was born in England but travelled to Canada as a small baby with my parents.
My father served in the RAF and my sister and I visited many countries as children.
I knew about iguanas, cobras, and wolf spiders but not blackbirds or hedgehogs when I returned to England at age 10!
I was a competitive swimmer and a County champion in Lincolnshire in my youth.
At school I was encouraged to be academic and scientific but although interested in medicine my first loves were poetry and music.
I passed all my exams but my heart wasn't in studying so I worked for a time in a shop when I left school.
Later I trained as a teacher and earn my living teaching to this day.
My creative projects were put on the back burner for many years in favour of earning a sensible living, home-making and doing what others wanted.
Being made redundant for the second time in my life made me take stock of what I really wanted to do with my remaining years.
I studied complementary therapy and aromatherapy for two years after losing my main job and passed all my course except the business plan!
I also worked part-time as a medical receptionist and taught music privately during this time.
I became involved with the Liberal Democrats for a time and stood as Parliamentary Candidate for Westminster and the European Parliament.
I became involved with Persian cats and this led me to the Care 2 network.
Friends at Care 2 encouraged me to write from the heart at a difficult time in my life and I rediscovered my childhood dreams of writing and composing.
I have published three volumes of poetry, most of it written since 2004. I have also written a book about the composer Vaughan Williams.
I compose and arrange music, some of which I offer for sale and some of which I share for free on my guitar website. I have published this in book form too.
I have played in various musical groups in my life in a variety of styles, this keeps me interested in all sorts of music.
It is still my unfinished dream to record and mix a CD, the project was put on hold for a while but I want to return to it.
I discovered Squidoo more or less by accident and thought it a good vehicle for sharing what I know can be done with other people.
Some of these songs were mixed by a friend, Geoff Middleton, others by myself. Learning to record and mix is a big learning curve for someone of my generation but it is fun!
My first CD... Since writing this lens I have released this on Amazon.
On this site I hope you will find happy poems, alternative poetry, inspiring words, animal poems, heartfelt and uplifting poems, peaceful thoughts, calm poems, love and laughter from myself and a few special friends.
Provides resources and guidance for beginner guitar and bass players and their tutors. Musical notation emphasised, lots of backtracks and links.
Here is my Sibelius store where I sell sheet music.
Here I indulge myself with digital art and helping Oliver share his illustrations.
I am grateful for your Tag and proud to add it here!
Thanks for calling in this morning!
I mentioned earler in the lens how I was seriously involved in politics at one point. I learned a great deal from this experience, not least about human nature, and I am also grateful for the boost it gave my self-confidence. I shall probably say more about that at a later date, but for now and for the record it is becoming an increasingly dirty business.
I for one am glad I chose to stand down when I did but I stayed a little too long, became local party Chair one too many times and have just resigned over the Lib Demo coalition with the Tories. I know many think it is a good thing, but I found it hard to stomach for personal reason, so did the only honourable thing left to me and stood down. I hope I brought a little humour and grace to the scene when I was active and I would encourage ordinary people to become involved as and perhaps to rescue what is left of our democracy before the sharks eat it all. On that note, I wish you all a happy evening.
I so enjoy meeting people who refuse to sit back quietly and let the world twirl around them. I am grateful for your willingness to take action and serve in the maelstrom we call politics. Equally glad that you are honoring your true calling and sharing your poetry and music with the world. May you be ever blessed in your endeavors.
You provided a great self-introduction here. Nice to meet you!
I like your page, it seems you are a very creative person and I like your outlook on life.
A delightful look at the Inner You. I so agree that we need to embrace our Higher Selves. It's been a journey of discovery for me too and I am finally in a position to follow my heart and passion, writing. Visualizing success for you in your creative pursuits.
This was just what I needed to read on a day like today. Thanks for sharing your thoughts. I wish you continued success and the best of luck with your music.
The very best in your quest for no. 20 !
Hi! You and I have a lot in common--except that God saved me from teaching! Or, more likely, God saved the teenagers from me! Good luck on making giant! I am going for the 100 Club, myself.
Nice to meet you and great to get to know you through this lens! All the best on your journey to Giant...it's great to be part of the WiWon team!


"Fenton – A Quiet Community"
Fenton is an older, professional city. There are a lot of retirees living here as well as second and third generation families, with good reason. People who grow up here are more than happy for their children to also partake in the fantastic schools, bodies of water and recreational areas. Seven Lakes State Park is beautiful, and if you want to head over into Holly, the Holly State Recreation Area can be enjoyed.
US Hwy 23 goes through Fenton so commuting is a breeze. The area offers the perfect central location to Ann Arbor, Grand Blanc and Flint, so there are plenty of employment and college opportunities available.
Housing is nice here, lawns are well-manicure and there are definitely neighborhoods where you can feel comfortable letting your child play outside. Although there is not much in the way of shopping plaza or nice spas, there are some fantastic restaurants. The French Laundry is where you go when you are starved and want huge portions, but I would definitely recommend the Fenton House Restaurant, where you will eat the best bread sticks of your life. Be prepared to indulge in a lot of carbohydrates, it is impossible to eat just one. If you enjoy a nice glass of wine, I suggest checking out the Fenton Winery & Brewery!


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Could In-Flight, Pay-Per-View Porn Lower Airfare?
10/3/2012 — By Andrea Minarcek
(Courtesy bigpresh/Flickr
Could there be in–flight porn on Ryanair?
Ryanair's CEO thinks so. He recently announced plans for the European low-cost carrier to start offering high–altitude erotic films.
Just a week after releasing its fourth annual Cabin Crew Charity Calendar—featuring stewardesses posing in revealing lingerie and bathing suits—Ryanair is flirting with controversy yet again.
At a press conference last week, CEO Michael O'Leary announced plans for the Irish airline to offer a pay–per–view pornography service on flights.
"I'm not talking about having it on screens on the back of seats for everyone to see—it would be on handheld devices," O'Leary explained.
Specifically, the plan would allow passengers to log into a Ryanair app on their smartphones or iPads, which they could use to gamble, play games—or purchase a smutty movie. "Hotels around the world have it, so why shouldn't we?" O'Leary asked.
(The obvious answer to that question—because hotels have novel things called doors and privacy—was apparently not raised.)
That said, if the profits earned by hotels that offer in–room, pay–per–view porn are any indication, this risky move could help Ryanair earn a bundle—and, ostensibly, lower its airfares.
It's been reported that major hotel chains—including Hilton, Marriot, Hyatt, and Sheraton—have earned as much as 70 percent of their in–room profits from guests buying porn. That same CBS News report said a whopping 50 percent of guests at those hotels purchased in–room pornography.
Still, porn behind the closed doors of hotel rooms is one thing; broadcasting racy films in an open plane cabin is quite another.
O'Leary's recent eyebrow–raising announcement comes on the heels of several other headline–grabbing moves by Ryanair to lower costs.
In July, O'Leary outlined plans to start charging passengers £1 to use restroom facilities during flights.
He also said he's contacted Boeing to look into adding "vertical seats," which passengers would be strapped to while standing upright, to each of Ryanair's planes—not exactly comfortable, but a downright bargain, at a planned cost of £4 to £8 per flight.
That last point really gets to the heart of this story: How much are we willing to put up with for lower airfare? If standing up during an entire—possibly bouncy, turbulent—flight is worth the savings, does the same hold true for being surrounded by seatmates who are caught up in steamy movie scenes?
Whether this latest, X–rated proposal helps build revenue for Ryanair and lower its airfares—or, simply, inducts a whole lot more members into the Mile High Club—remains to be seen. But what's your take? Would you be willing to put up with porn playing on your seatmate's handheld, if it meant paying a lot less for your flight?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This year the Missouri Poison Center is celebrating a distinct milestone, our 60th birthday! Over the last 6 decades, we have served Missourians by responding to exposure calls and questions as well as assisting in the treatment of thousands of hospitalized patients across the state.
We now handle approximately 60,000 calls annually. Even though we are 6 decades older, one thing remains the same; the specially trained nurses and pharmacists at the Missouri Poison Center are ready to assist you with your poison exposures and questions 24/7. The service is free and confidential by calling the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.


This Chalice Pimp Cup Dab Rig will make you feel like royalty. The stemless design minimizes the number of parts you need to keep track of while still providing grand filtration. A milky white color makes up the body and stem of the glass, with an accent of a gold luxury motif to round it out. Included is a 14mm female quartz banger which fits perfectly on the 14mm male ground joint.
Minimize heat transfer to your rig with the included banger - the quartz material allows for a lower temperature, which results in tastier dabs every time.
Just because you can't see it, doesn't mean it's not there! Hiding inside the cup is a fixed downstem with six diffuser slits, so you gain style without losing functionality.


More Sasha, s'il vous plaît! Haute on the heels of Sasha Pivovarova's Balenciaga campaign, which was unveiled earlier this week, the mod's comeback continues with a Frame Denim campaign for Spring. The beachy, pared-down B&W ads were shot by Frame co-founder Erik Torstensson, with styling by George Cortina, makeup by Jeanine Lobell, and coif courtesy of Didier Malige. Previous mods to front Frame campaigns include Karlie Kloss (who's also designed a collection of superlong trou for the brand) and Erin Wasson. So, where will we spot Pivovarova next?
Kendall Jenner: WSJ. Magazine Columnist?


Zoë has produced three inspiring and information online cake classes with Craftsy. Craftsy is one of the world's biggest online platforms for cake decorating tutorials and other crafts.
Mimic the look and feel of four different crewel work stitches as you create vibrant flowers with Zoë Clark. Achieve all the texture of cross-stitch on cake and cookie designs. even if they need to be finished fast! Bring the classic, comforting appeal of quilted patchwork to your cakes. You'll learn how to use edible icing sheets to create mixed-media flowers, pinwheels, basket weave wraps and more. What's more, learn how to work with rice paper. Zoë will demonstrate how to make blossoms, quilled roses, trellises and fringe grass. Tailor the colorways, themes and complexity of your designs for cakes that will be a handmade hit at any event.
Learn Zoë's versatile approach to appliqué to create beautiful Broderie anglaise (English lace), and floral designs. In addition, you"ll learn how to create lace borders for multi-tiered lace cakes. Zoë teaches you how to use brush embroidery and over-piping techniques to add sophistication to your cakes. You'll also be shown the classic, British method of covering both a square and round cake in marzipan. You'll love Zoë's straightforward teaching style as she shares how to add delicate dimension to all-white wedding cakes. Furthermore, you'll learn how to expand the theme to include miniature cakes, cupcakes and cookies.
Capture classic charm in timeless cakes alongside award-winning decorator Zoë Clark. Discover enchanting wood textures and exquisite antique detailing to distressed metallic effects. Learn how to recreate elegant molded embellishments and painted chintz flowers. Bring dramatic contrast and dimension to your work by pairing eye-catching lace and burlap textures. Plus, get step-by-step instruction for finishing designs with unforgettable accents. Learn how to make heart-shaped twig toppers for rustic cakes. Zoë will also show you how to make dramatic sugar flowers for alluring designs and much more!
For information on Zoë's hands-on cake decorating classes, please visit the workshops and tuition page. For more cake decorating tutorials, check out Zoë's books.
© COPYRIGHT of ZOE CLARK CAKES 2018.


text:
Competent To Stand Trial?
By CBSNews.com staff CBSNews.com staff
December 3, 2001 / 2:34 AM / AP
A hearing could finally resolve the question of whether a former Ku Klux Klansman will stand trial for murder in a 1963 church bombing that killed four black girls.
Circuit Judge James Garrett on Monday is to hear testimony and review reports from experts who observed Bobby Frank Cherry while he was confined at a state mental health facility for about 10 weeks.
Garrett previously ruled Cherry, 72, mentally incompetent to stand trial in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. He could either reverse or uphold that decision based on the experts' opinions.
Under an order from Garrett, results of the lengthy evaluation at the state-run Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility have not been made public.
While the defense claims Cherry is incompetent, state experts do not often reach a similar finding. Officials of the Alabama Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation have said 80 percent to 90 percent of the criminal defendants the agency screens are deemed fit for trial.
"Although the court will have any number of options, we are hopeful that following the hearing we will have some definitive word on how this case will proceed," prosecutor Doug Jones said Friday.
Defense attorney Rodger Bass did not return a telephone call seeking comment.
Cherry and another ex-Klansman, Thomas Blanton Jr., were indicted on murder charges last year in the bombing. Garrett delayed trial for Cherry because of questions about his competency, but Blanton was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment this year. One other Klansman, Robert Chambliss, was convicted of murder in the bombing in 1977 and died in prison. A fourth suspect died without being charged.
Garrett ruled Cherry incompetent after four mental health experts testified the retired truck driver suffered from varying degrees of vascular dementia, which can cause confusion and forgetfulness. The judge's decision sparked picketing of the courthouse and a march by black demonstrators.
The judge later ordered the additional testing at the prosecution's request.
One of the issues to be addressed at the hearing was which legal standard Garrett will use in determining whether Cherry is competent.
In his earlier decision, Garrett said the state failed to prove by "clear, convincing and unequivocal" evidence that Cherry was able to understand the proceedings and assist his attorneys.
Prosecutors have asked Garrett to use a lesser standard, requiring them to prove Cherry's competence only by a "preponderance of the evidence," the same measure used in most civil proceedings.
Cherry's attorneys could argue that Garrett should use the more rigid standard.
Cherry was accused of being part of a group of Klansmen who planted a bomb that ripped through the downtown church on Sept. 15, 1963, killing Denise McNair, 11, and 14-year-olds Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley and Carole Robertson.
By Jay Reeves © MMI The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed
First published on December 3, 2001 / 2:34 AM


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5. Strawberry face pack Mix strawberry puree with fresh cream and honey. Apply all over your face and leave for 10 minutes for fresh glowing skin.


text:
Open Journal of Philosophy > Vol.6 No.3, August 2016
The Rising Paradigm of Pentecostapreneurship in Nigeria: Impacts on National Development ()
Ngozi N. Iheanacho, Chidiebere A. Ughaerumba
University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2016.63028 PDF HTML XML 1,904 Downloads 3,155 Views Citations
For over four decades now, the Pentecostal brand of Christianity has remained on steady rise and boom in Nigeria. The churches flourish as vibrant business enterprises—the founders and leaders—operate in the praxis of entrepreneurs. The number of such churches operating in the frame of pentecostapreneurship is so many that investigation into the phenomenon is necessary. Relying on phenomenological method of enquiry, skewed in qualitative analysis, the paper identified the pentecostapreneurship praxis as veritable socio-economic activity for national development. The operational strategies revolve around crusade, revival and outreach programmes.
Pentecostalism, Pentecostapreneurship, Evangeconomics, Church, Nigeria, National Development
Iheanacho, N. and Ughaerumba, C. (2016) The Rising Paradigm of Pentecostapreneurship in Nigeria: Impacts on National Development. Open Journal of Philosophy, 6, 288-298. doi: 10.4236/ojpp.2016.63028.
Received 13 May 2016; accepted 27 August 2016; published 30 August 2016
The role of religious factor to societal development cannot be ignored in any society. Nigeria has a very rich religious environment replete with diverse religious groups, movements and denominations with a market of current and potential adherents. Hence, it is not an overstatement on some scholars' evaluation of this phenomenon that Nigerians are deeply religious people (Mbiti, 1969) . It is religion everywhere and the Nigerian space is alive with varieties of religious programmes, multiplicity of religious affiliations, faith systems, mosques, churches and houses of prayer and different categories of religious ministers.
Christianity and Islam are the two most flourishing and influential religions in Nigeria. For Mbachirin (2006: p.1) , the number of Muslims in Nigeria is far greater than the number of Muslims in any Arab nation, including Egypt. Similarly, the number of Christians in Nigeria is the second only to Brazil which has the largest number of Christians in the world (Mbachirin, 2006: p. 1) . Anglican Communion has more members in Nigeria than anywhere else in the world. Catholics in Nigeria will soon outnumber those in Brazil. Also, the rate at which Pentecostalism is growing in Nigeria is at the moment faster than what obtains in other parts of the world (Mbachirin, 2006: p. 1) .
Pentecostalism is one of the extended offshoots of Reformation in Christianity. Reformation (mid-1600-1900) led to the birth of Protestantism and other forms of evangelical denominational strands. Evangelical Protestantism in general accounts for the most dynamic branches of the traditions emanating from the Reformation ( Berger , 2008). As evangelical Protestant denominations split along ideological lines, new conservative tendencies such as fundamentalism and Pentecostalism were born. Since its emergence, Pentecostalism has become one of the world's fastest growing religious movements (Barker, 2007: p. 407) with the fastest growing population of Christians (Barrett & Johnson, 2001: p. 25) in the contemporary world. It is expanding most rapidly to different parts of the world including North and Latin America, Asia and Africa and has over five hundred and thirty-three million (533) adherents (Barrett & Johnson, 2001: p. 25) .
Pentecostal churches in Nigeria are breeding, brooding and hatching, and springing up like maggots on daily basis (Obiora, 1998: p. 1) . All nooks and crannies of the country, especially, in the Southern region are punctuated with countless number of churches. The number of churches and prayer houses belonging to Pentecostal tradition are simply overwhelming (Ihejirika, 2004: p. 1) . As at 1998, Obiora (1998: pp. 21-39) 's statistics of Pentecostal churches in Lagos, Ibadan and Benin City recorded one thousand and eighteen (1018) different churches. According to Christian Today (online magazine), Nigeria has about 3.9 million Pentecostals as at the year 2007 and considering the growth rate of this movement, the number would have approximately risen to 5 million Pentecostals. This astronomic growth and expansion raised the curiosity of scholars, economists and policy makers over the relevance of Pentecostalism, particularly in relation to economics and development.
2. Objectives and Significance of the Study
The objective of this study is to examine the impacts of the rising trend of pentecostapreneurship in Nigeria on the promotion of the Nigeria's National Policy on Labour and Productivity (NPLP) as well as on the country's national development. Labour and productivity are essential to balancing the Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) and Gross National Products (GNPs) as well as Gross Domestic Income (GDI) and Gross National Income (GNI) of nations. Nigeria has Labour and Productivity Act which is geared toward the promotion and enhancement of efficient labour and service delivery in Nigeria. Thus, this study calls the attention of pentecostapreneurs, Pentecostal leaders and followers about the missing links to helping the body as well as their compatriots in arriving at individual and national demands on labour and service. Again, this research is useful to Pentecostals in Nigeria because it creates the awareness of the problems associated with the rising trend of pentecostapreneurship in Nigeria and helps them to overcome such challenges and arrive at the expected result that will be consistent with national and individual policies on labour and productivity, ethics and values.
3. Pentecostapreneurship at the Service of Pentecostalism
Pentecostapreneurship involves the activation and deployment of the individual's spiritual capital, especially, baptism in the Holy Spirit, empowerment and the gifts of the Holy Spirit as well as personal human capital to the Christian enterprise. It involves the living, the pursuit and full exploitation of individual's spiritual capital made available to Christians by the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. Like entrepreneurship, it involves identifying, discovering, utilizing and employing individual's spiritual capital (empowerment and gifts of the Holy Spirit) as well as personal human capital to the Christian enterprise. Like in business venture, this involves sourcing and organizing required energy, time, resources, risks and rewards associated with it toward the growth of the Christian faith.
Pentecostapreneurship derives its root and philosophy from the Pentecost experience in the Christian Bible (Acts chapter two). Here, it is interpreted that the Holy Spirit was given to followers of Jesus and through baptism with the Holy Spirit empowers them (gifts of the Holy Spirit) for Christian witnessing. In Pentecostal conceptualization, every born again Christian is empowered for Christian witnessing. For this reason, pentecostapreneurship has two levels of expression. The first level of expression drives some presumed born again Christians (Pentecostals) into active pastoral ministry as ministers with the assumption that the Holy empowers and calls them into such ministries. Such drive encourages the development of pastorpreneuship and evangeconomics. Pastorpreneurship is the business of using the word of God or God's name to make money, earn a living and/or extort money/other material goods from unsuspecting admirers and adherents. Evangeconomics is business in religion and business through religion and this operates like a franchise. A franchise is a kind of license that a franchisee obtains to allow him/her the right/privilege to use a franchiser's trademarks, processes and propriety knowledge in order to enable the party sell a product or provide a service under the business name. In Nigeria, some Pentecostal churches and figures (pastors) have acquired some popularity and thus, became a household name. Such churches and/or pastors use their popularity to expand their business empires in the name of churches via franchising. Franchising, here, is nothing but a strategy of expanding a business and distributing goods and services through a licensing relationship. Hence, individuals or groups of people who want to open churches and make something out it enter into franchising relationships and operate with popular church's or pastor's trademarks with a contractual pact on how to share the revenues accruing from it. Consequently, business wears the cloak of religion and operates with business principles and strategies. Pastorpreneurship and evangeconomics lead to commercialization of religion. Essien (2010: pp. 649-657) outlined various categories of the commercialization of the Christian religion and ministry and these include the commercialization of prosperity, fertility, salvation, prophecy, healing and deliverance, among others.
Pentecostapreneurship has two levels of expression. The first level of expression of pentecostapreneurship permits and encourages abdication of professional competence and specialization in favour of pastoral or religious ministries. The second level of expression drives assumed born again Christians (Pentecostals) to see themselves as special people of God who manifest their specialty by active and passionate participation and commitment to religious activities. This expression of commitment is often manifested symbolically (through vests, bangles, stickers), verbalization of identity (I am a Winners, a Redeemed, a Chosen, an OPM ?Omega Power Ministry) and through practical religiosity by way of participation in religious programmes. The range of the programmes includes crusades, revivals, outreach, rallies, seminars, retreats, vigils, camping, religious conferences, workshops, religious tourism, door-to-door evangelism, family cleansing, town cleansing and weekly/ monthly services or ministrations, among others. This work takes a brief look at some of the programmes especially:
a) Crusades
In this context, a crusade is an organizational form of religious campaign through which born-again groups "reach out" to people with the Christian message and this is organized in a manner similar to military campaign. Ajani (2010: p. 109) notes that open air crusades have become a common phenomenon of Pentecostal Christianity in Nigeria. It has become so popular that almost all Christian denominations see it as an invaluable evangelization strategy. The months of November, December and January witness increasing number of crusades in Nigeria which are organized by different churches. Mainline churches, especially their charismatic renewal groups have also joined this popular Christian trend. The respondents to this study acknowledge that crusade is one of the remarkable outcomes of Pentecostalism, and a significant tool of Pentecostal evangelism.
Crusades are normally organized with some targets in view. The targets are captured in the themes that sell out the crusade to the public. The themes are captured in the language of miracle and prosperity. Ezema (2015) delineate some of the popular crusade themes in Nigeria. They include "From Poverty to Prosperity", "From Grass to Grace", "Success is my Portion", "My time to Succeed has Come", "Destined to have more than Enough", "Unlimited Prosperity", "New Millennium Break Through", "Key to Successful Year" and so on. The complexities, challenges and confusions confronting people in their daily lives dispose or compel them to look for solutions. Religious ministers, especially Pentecostal ministers claim to proffer solution to most of the irreconcilable exigencies of life. Crusades form part of apparent fora through which churches/ministers give out, reach out and provide solutions and answers to those who need them. Crusades according to one respondent, Tom-George (2016) are therapeutic for those who are alienated from themselves, from the society and from others, for those who feel abandoned, harassed, disappointed, or betrayed. Each crusade proposes and in fact, guarantees what it tends to achieve and people congregate from different geographical locations in anticipation of solutions to their various material, spiritual, social, psychological and emotional needs. As human life is a theatre of endless complexities, and Africa nay Nigeria has little or no scientific or technological mechanisms through which to handle them, crusades have become unavoidable Christian alternative. For this reason, crusades, according to the interviewees, have become fashionable Christian culture in Nigeria, more especially for Pentecostal denominations. In the face of daunting socio-economic problems in Nigeria, crusades keep people busy and distract them from facing their challenges proactively. Instead of developing concrete action plans to mitigate their socio-economic conditions, most Nigerian people seek for quick and easy routes or shortcuts to success which the crusades promise. This informs why Obiora (1998: p. 73) remarks that a "Crusade is found to be a forum where well-fed individuals boast their ego, project false assumptions, dish out intriguing half truths, innuendo, understatements, exaggeration, inarticulate promises, insinuations, deliberate generalizing and distortion of facts, false testimonies, and imputation for improper motives". But in spite of this, crusades continue to prosper in Nigeria. In his assessment, Olatunji (2016) notes; "As a result of the overwhelming ignorance, blindness and gullibility of most Nigerian people, religious ministers/churches continue to hype the game and saturate the environment with crusades upon crusades, in season and out of season". Whereas the anxiety related to salvation drove Calvinist Protestants to active engagement in daily affairs; socio-economic problems and challenges rather than drive most Nigerian people into the field of work drove them to crusades and churches.
Crusades are time consuming and capital intensive. Some crusades last for a week or two weeks as the case may be. A lot of preparation and publicity go into the planning and hosting of a crusade. Indeed, time, money, resources and energy are spent in organizing, hosting and managing a crusade. In relation to publicity, all available forms of media and communication strategies are deployed to create awareness and to prepare people ahead of each crusade.
b) Revival
Revival is a derivative of the word "revive", which means to restore to life or consciousness (Okechukwu, 2013: p. 25) . In Christian context, revival refers to a specific period of spiritual renewal in the life of a Christian, a group or denomination. It refers to a period of spiritual reawakening, especially from a state of perceived or apparent spiritual dormancy or stagnation in the life of a Christian, a group, a denomination or a church. According to Okechukwu (2013: p. 13) , "Revival is meant to invigorate and deepen the faith of a Christian, a group of people and opening his/her or their eyes to the truth in new and dynamic way". By and large, revival involves the connotation of a fresh start with a clean slate, marking a new beginning of a life lived in obedience to God. In fact, revivals are meant to instil new life into the target group or audience. It is also often used as a tool to inspire or renew a group's or people's commitment to God and to the church. Revivals, usually, focus on appeals to the imagination, exciting emotions and gratifying the love for what is new and startling. For this reason, it attracts thousands of people from different locations who yearn for something new.
Just like crusade, revivals have become a common Pentecostal phenomenon, especially in Nigeria. Revivals have become so common that often no weekend passes in Nigeria without some Pentecostal group organizing one revival or another. Some of the respondents acknowledge that Nigeria has been experiencing a surge in Christian religious revivals within the last twenty years. They are reported, according to the most of the interviewees, in towns and cities throughout the country, especially in Lagos, Port Harcourt, Ibadan, Onitsha and Enugu, among others. Some mega Pentecostal churches in Nigerian hold monthly revivals along the Lagos-Sagamu-Ibadan expressway. This road is the only dual carriage road that connects Lagos and other states in the South-east, South-west and South-south of Nigeria. The monthly Holy Ghost revival programme of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), for instance, is one of such examples. Some of the respondents points out that the traffic gridlocks experience associated with these revivals constitute a significant nuisance factor and sometimes safety hazard to motorists and surrounding neighbourhood.
c) Outreach
Outreach is a kind of promotional service or awareness about a product, a programme or a group. Traditionally, outreach is an activity of providing services to populations who might not otherwise have access to those services. Outreach teams are sent to different or intended locations to advertise or undertake awareness promotions. Of course, a key component of outreach is that individuals or groups providing a particular service are not stationary but mobile. In other words, they move from place to place with the intention of finding and meeting those in need or those perceived to be in need of their services at their locations.
Compared to traditional service providers, outreach services are brought to people at the doorpost of their convenience and reach. It is used as a means of creating awareness about existing products, services, programmes or of a group or institution. In the religious parlance, outreach is a significant evangelization strategy which is used to sell out or advertise a religious group and/or their programmes to the public. According to one of the interviewee, Omeh (2016) , "Outreach is a crucial proselytization tool. We design outreach programmes to target various population demographics, from market men and women, students, peasant workers, drug addicts, sex workers, motor park workers and so forth". Indeed, most Pentecostal churches in Nigeria exploit the use of outreach for proselytization and it serves as a tool for winning converts and increasing the numerical strength of their churches. In fact, outreach is one of the aggressive evangelization strategy introduced by Pentecostal churches in the face of competition in order to establish a presence, create awareness, win converts and gain some control of the Nigerian religious space.
Rhodes (1996: pp. 25-26) identifies three types of outreach. They include domiciliary, detached and peripatetic forms of outreach. Domiciliary outreach is the outreach carried out at individual residential homes. Detached outreach is the type of outreach carried to a public environment. It concentrates at reaching individuals at public environments. Peripatetic outreach takes place at public or private environments with the intention of reaching organizations rather than individuals. Of the three types of outreach outlined by Rhodes, domiciliary and detached types are common in Nigeria religious space. The interviewees acknowledge that market places, significant public spaces, bus stops, train stations, motor parks, community or village squares and busy junctions are centres of attraction for Pentecostal outreach in Nigeria.
d) Vigil
The word "vigil" came from the Latin root vigilia meaning wakefulness indicating a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. In fact, vigil is a time of vigilance, wakefulness, a watch normally kept at night. Vigils make the nights more radiant than the day (Cross & Livingstone, 2005: p. 600) . Vigils enable Christians to step out of time and move into eternity. It offers people time to pray more and also to have undistracted moment of communication with the supernatural being or reality. Vigil can be an individual or organized group phenomenon. Both individual and organized group vigils exist in Nigeria religious environment, especially among Christians.
Vigils have been characteristic part of all Christian traditions. It can be scheduled for a whole night, or before mid-night, or some hours before dawn according to needs and convenience. In traditional Christianity, vigils are held on the eve of major religious festivals or feast days, such that vigils are regarded as watchful devotional exercise or ritual observances on the eve of a holy day. The popular vigils in traditional Christianity are the Easter Vigil normally held on Holy Saturday or the Christmas Eve which is usually held on 24th December, among others. Vigils are also held when someone is gravely ill or mourning or when people have some grave issues bothering them. It also extends from eventual death to the burial of a Christian in which they gather to pray ritualistically for a dead loved one. Singing of psalms, prayers, worship songs, hymns and sermons or preaching, and sometimes silent meditations usually form the activities that characterize vigils.
As already noted, vigils are held, usually on the eve of major Christian festivals or feasts or when serious issues arise. However, with the emergence of Pentecostalism, vigils have been redefined and have taken a new dimension in the economy of Christian spirituality and religious expression. In fact, what is regarded by some scholars (Achunike, 2004; Anderson, 2004; Dim, 2012) as the first official outburst of Pentecostalism started with an all-night programme at Azusa Street, Los Angeles in 1906 under William Joseph Seymour (1870-1922). They prayed, sang, danced, shouted, spoke in tongues all through the night (Dim, 2012: pp. 6-7) . Since then, vigils have become characteristic part of most Pentecostal groups or Pentecostal-oriented groups such as those belonging to various Charismatic Movements outside and within the mainline churches and other independent ministries and churches. In Nigeria, vigils have become a common and regular Pentecostal religious expression. Vigils are usually organized by most Pentecostal churches in Nigeria on weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis. According to some of the interviewees, vigils held by major Pentecostal churches/denominations in Nigeria or organized by some so called "influential men of God" attract large numbers of people. Most of the vigils are usually held on Wednesdays, Thursdays or Fridays depending on the group, minister or church organizing it. In a highly competitive religious environment as we have in Nigeria, churches and ministers compete with the number of vigils they roll out every now and then.
Of course, participation in vigils affects people's efficiency, attentiveness to duty and general productivity input and consequent output. Nature abhors a vacuum. It follows a process and this process cannot be compromised or cheated without grave consequences. Adequate rest and sleep is indispensable to human efficiency, attentiveness to duty and optimal productivity input and output. This informs why deprivation of rest or sleep, especially night rest is counterproductive both to the individual and the society at large. If people were to spend much of their time attending to religious vigils, it will definitely affect them negatively. What such people deprived of nature, it takes back from them a hundredfold the next day and this is usually in the field of work and during work hours. Majority, if not all of such people spend the whole day sleeping or rendered totally ineffective and useless, until the sleep they lost was adequately supplied. The reason for this is simply because nature cannot be cheated. Obong (2016) notes, "Once I attend a vigil, the subsequent day and even the next would be useless for me. I will be feeling stressed up and uncoordinated and my productivity very low until I pay back what I lost".
Vigils have boundless impacts. It affects attendees as well as non-attendees within a particular environment. It affects attendees directly because they willingly and voluntarily attended such programmes. It affects non-at- tendees indirectly, since although, they did not attend such programmes, they were all the same deprived of the peace and rest they should have enjoyed in their neighbourhood. Vigils are characterized by loud singing, usage of musical instruments and ear jarring drum-sized microphones, megaphones and loud speakers. Night-hour religious activities generate intense and such penetrating noise effects that prevent people within the surrounding neighbourhood from experiencing satisfactory night rest. In fact, the noise that such services produce, affects everyone within the environment and beyond. Residents of urban cities suffer most from the effects of noise pollution as a result of heavy concentration of Pentecostal churches in such areas. Often, there are clusters of Pentecostal churches within residential areas. Omeh (2016) notes that a single street could have as many as ten to fifteen different churches or more. Even worse, there are some places where a number of churches co-exist in the same building. Olatunji (2016) , who incidentally is medical personnel, indicates that such noise pollution and their consequent effects, especially, deprivation of sleep can lead to stress-induced ailments such as hypertension, diabetes and psychiatric problems, among others. These affect the overall efficiency, attentiveness to duty and general productivity input and output of both attendees and non-attendees.
e) Retreat
A retreat is a term borrowed from military vocabulary. In military language, a retreat involves an act of withdrawing or moving back of a battalion in order to have time for assessment and re-strategization for effective military output. In religious parlance, a retreat is typically defined as a journey taken away from the confines of everyday living, activity or schedule in order to have a moment of inward assessment of one's life and his relationship with God. Retreats are undertaken for the purpose of spiritual growth or rebirth, of improving one's relationship with God, of rediscovering one's faith, of personal purification and atonement. It gives individuals or groups opportunity for spiritual renewal. Such periods are devoted to studying the Scripture and other religious texts, prayer, meditation and rest (Okechukwu, 2013: p. 24) . In this sense, when a person is undergoing a retreat, it implies he is withdrawing from the society to a quiet time of solitude and silence to engage in some spiritual or religious exercises. Religious retreats can be as simple as a weekend camping or as complicated as travelling to a distant location. Retreats, more often than not, cover a period of a few days to one week and in rare cases for a period of one month. Religious houses, churches, monasteries, retreat centres or a journey into the desert are popular locations for retreats.
Retreats are integral part of many world religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and Sufism (Islamic). However, retreats are much more popular in Christian tradition. As a medium for deepening the faith of members, many Christian denominations and groups have adopted retreats as a recurrent religious exercise and have exploited it to their advantage. Through retreats, they offer their members the opportunity to come together, pray, discuss and evaluate and nourish their faith.
f) Healing/Anointing/breakthrough Services
Apart from organizing crusades, vigils, religious rallies, revivals, retreats, most Christian churches, especially, Pentecostal churches and independent ministries in Nigeria also hold special weekly prayer sections or ministration services that run through a whole day. Each of the churches or ministries selects a particular day in a week to hold such special prayer section or "ministration services" under various tags or names with the purposes of bringing healing, anointing, breakthrough, and prosperity to its members. In the Catholic Church, for instance, it is often called "ministry of the sick" and some others call it adoration. In Pentecostal circles or independent ministries, it comes under different names. Any day of the week from Monday to Friday is usually chosen for such services or ministrations regardless of whether it interferes with productive hours or not. Unfortunately, it does interfere with productive hours. In the course of this research, all Christian churches or ministries visited without except have a particular day of the week they hold such programmes. The interviewees also consented to this fact. Observations in the course of the research reveal that attendance to prayer sections and ministration services in these churches/ministries are significantly dominated by the socially and economically disadvantaged people. The poor, needy, unemployed persons, sick people, women and children dominate the audience. Odoguje (2016) reveals that people in such social and economic conditions often spend valuable time and energy prostituting in the programmes held by various churches and ministries. The desperation associated with poverty, hardship or sickness has made some people to move from one church or ministry to the other in search of solutions. The researcher and co-researchers came face-to-face with people who admit that they often occupy a whole week with the habit of moving from one church service to another. One of the attendees, Anthony (2016) asserts that she attends prayer sections and/or ministration of different churches with the conviction that if a solution is not found in one place; it might be found in another since nobody knows where salvation will come from.
4. Pentecostapreneurship and National Development
National development involves the qualitative and quantitative growth or transformation of a nation that cut across the economic, social, cultural, political, scientific, moral, and ethical as well as the environmental landscape of a nation. It is a comprehensive transformation that fairly touches every aspect of the life of a nation. To achieve this objective, the synergy between religion, proper management of time, hard work, science and technology must be justifiable maintained in societies for a balanced human and societal development. Against this backdrop, it is, however, worrisome in Nigeria where Pentecostalism advocates superstition instead of science; proliferation of churches instead of growth of industries and technological advancement; cheap escapism through multiplicity of religious activities rather than dedication to duty or acquisition and development of skills, among others. Pentecostapreneurship disposes Pentecostals in Nigeria toward multiplicity of religious programmes either as participants or architects and promoters of religious programmes. While the architects and promoters serve as the supply side of religious industries, the participants stand as the demand side or consumers of the output of the supply side. The supply side of this economy is very active and responsive to the gullibility of the demand side. This responsiveness on the part of the supply side is manifested in the proliferation of churches and multiplicity of religious programmes and these have become a popular trend in Nigeria. Forty-five (45) respondents out of the fifty (50) people interviewed for this study attest that Pentecostal churches in Nigeria churn out countless numbers of religious programmes and activities ranging from crusades, revivals, outreach, rallies, seminars, retreats, vigils, camping, religious conferences, workshops, religious tourism, door-to-door evangelism, family cleansing, town cleansing and weekly/monthly services or ministrations, among others, as explained above. These programmes, the respondents note, keep their members busy and out of productive ventures. Quality and productive hours, human energy and even resources are dissipated and lost to religious programmes and/ or activities. Many religious suppliers, including people who abdicate their professional competence engage quality time in the name of doing God's work. The table (Table 1) below shows the list of some professionals in Nigeria that abdicated their professional specialization for pentecostapreneurship.
Moreso, many religious consumers, especially the poor, compromise productive hours while attending or engaging in religious programmes. In either of the cases, one wonders what such attitudes to life add to the growth and survival of such individuals and by extension to Nigerian economy. But what is obvious is that productive hours are wasted and nothing is added to the economy either by way of taxes or of production of goods and services.
But in contrast to the above scenario, one of the distinctive aspects of national development is the enhancement and assurance of economic growth. Economic growth consists, among other things, of a positive change in
Table 1. Professionals that abdicated their specializations for pentecostapreneurship.
(Source: culled from Nigerian Bulletin news online.com).
the output or production of a country or economy and this involves all aspects of an economy, from profits to taxes and wages and to such things as production rates. Economic growth is significantly measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Income (GDI) rates of a country. Indeed, part of the indicators of economic growth is increase in production, which means increased profits for the production companies. Increase in production also translates to increase in tax collection rates for the government. It also entails reduction in unemployment and poverty levels, and better prospects for the citizens and the economy. Indeed, positive economic growth leads to increased prosperity for the citizens and the creation of a healthy economy.
Engagement in productive ventures, according to Ihedioha (2016) leads individuals to develop their potentials, skills and capabilities and above all, leads to the development of industries. Developed countries are growing richer quite rapidly while underdeveloped countries for the most part show stagnancy or slow rates of growth. In contrast to underdeveloped economies, developed economies are commendably industrialized. That is to say, greater part of their working population is engaged in industry and most if not the greater part of their wealth comes out of mines and factories. They have a high output of labour per man in industry (Rodney, 1972/2009: p. 18) . On the contrary, underdeveloped economies often concentrate on those services that do not in turn generate growth or raise production level. They often focus on service-oriented engagements that yield no productive outcome. That is informs why developed countries have better economies than underdeveloped countries. Indeed, most service-oriented economies rather than create wealth only dissipate available resources within the country. Service-oriented institutions squander the wealth created by peasants and workers in purchasing exotic cars or aircraft, multi-million church buildings, luxury homes, whisky and perfumes, among others and these do not add any meaningful economic value to the society. In Nigeria, for instance, some Pentecostal clergy men who make fortunes through pentecostapreneurship and pastorpreneurship dissipate such resources in acquisition of unnecessary material goods such as aircrafts. Table 2 below shows some Nigerian pastors that own aircrafts even in the midst of the excruciating poverty in the country
As a service venture, churches often do not engage in productive ventures and pay no taxes to the government. The churches are treated as non-profit institutions in Nigeria (even though they generate so much money through tithes, offerings, fundraising and donations) and consequently, do not pay property and other taxes. In 2014, a motion was raised on the floor of the Nigerian Senate whether churches should pay taxes or not since they generate so much and exhibit great affluence. A consensus was not reached on the debate except for churches to pay taxes on the business they run. Implicitly, if Nigeria was to depend on property taxes to drive government revenues, she would lose money on the property owned by churches or other houses of worship (temple, synagogue, mosque, or shrine).
However, for a country to achieve economic growth and tread on the path of sustainable national development, it has to develop industries, produce goods and services that will in turn generate future growth within the economy. Consequently, entrepreneurship is exceedingly more beneficial to national development that pentecostapreneurship. Extended impacts and results of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial initiatives are found in the emergence of industries and development of human creative potentials. Similarly, the extended impacts and results of pentecostapreneurship and pentecostapreneurial initiatives are manifested in the multiplicity of reli-
Table 2. Nigerian pastors that own aircrafts.
(Culled from Nigerian Bulletin online news/vanguardngr.com).
gious programmes, abdication of professional competence or specialization in favour of religious ministries, abuse of productive hours, growth and entrenchment of the culture of indolence and pastorpreneuship, among others. Of the two outcomes, generation of industries is much more beneficial to national development than proliferation of churches or multiplicity of religious activities. Creation of industries within a nation is favourable to the development of the nation. Industries reduce the poverty level in a country by providing productive employment to people and this inevitably improves the GDP and GDI rates of the country. Through the creation of industries, individuals and nations create wealth. The wealth so created serves the interests of the individual and their families/friends, those of others and nation or country at large. Industries/businesses pay taxes to the government and these revenues keep the government going and the nation functional. On the contrary, keeping people busy with activities other than work and diverting their energies away from productive engagements is unfavourable to human and societal development. Majority of the respondents (38 out of the 50 persons) interviewed in the course of this study on what constitutes genuine manifestation of religiosity among Pentecostals in Nigeria (whether active participation in their duties or participation in religious programmes) note that active participation in religious programmes is one of the most indisputable expression of religiosity. Only twelve (12) respondents subscribe to the view that active engagement in their duties is the authentic expression of religiosity. Forty-two (42) respondents also underscore that the religious programmes' schedules of majority of the Pentecostal churches interfere with productive hours (8 am-4 pm). Majority of the respondents reflect the opinion that pentecostapreneurship keeps people away from active engagement in their duties in the world and keeps them busy with participation in religious programmes. This has negative implications for national development since productivity is not enhanced and the realization of the Nigerian National Policy on Labour and Productivity (NPLP) is adversely undermined.
Undeniably, one important measure of national development is that of economic growth and productivity in a country. Economic growth in its turn is evaluated through the GDP growth rate of the country. A country's GDP is made up of the monetary value of the goods and services produced in a country in a year (Giddens, 2009: p. 527) . Measures of economic activity with reference to GDP and GDI are given per person. This allows nations to compare the wealth of an average inhabitant of a country. Hence, keeping people away from active engagement in productive ventures and economic activities, no doubt, undercuts national development since it affects productivity output and unavoidably, leads to low GDP, GDI, GNP and GNI rates in Nigerian economy. Figure 1 below shows the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)'s report on GDP growth rates in Nigeria from 2013 to 2016.
The Central Bank of Nigerian report covering 2013-2016 shows that Nigeria GDP growth rate contracted 13.70 percent in the first quarter of 2016 over the previous quarter. The GDP growth rate in Nigeria averaged 0.30 percent from 2013 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 9.19 percent in the third quarter of 2015 and a record low of −13.70 percent in the first quarter of 2016. The point this study underscores is that keeping people out
Figure 1. Nigeria's GDP grow rates 2013-2014 (Source: culled from central bank of Nigerian online report).
productive ventures and engage them with religious programmes contributes to Nigeria's low GDP growth rates. In Achunike (2004: p. 6) 's opinion, planting new Pentecostal churches and selling petrol are the only two things viable in Nigeria. Planting new churches and multiplying religious programmes have no functional economic value but adverse economic impacts. Keeping adherents in the churches through religious programmes and away from productive engagements undermines productivity output. Hence, in a country where majority of the citizens spend more time at prayer camps or attend deliverance ritual centres rather than in the field of work; such a country will certainly experience low productivity out as well as low GPD, GDI, GNP and GNI rates. Religious groups/denominations concentrate more on human-supernatural service delivery (worship services, crusades, revivals, retreats, prayer hours) and this often yields no economic gain to individuals and societies. Such services dispose people toward the culture of indolence, abuse of productive hours and strangulation of human creative potentials and these are antithetical to human and societal development and wealth creation. The long term outcome of this is nothing but underdevelopment.
Pentecostapreneurship makes proliferation of churches and multiplicity of church programmes a popular culture in Nigeria. Consequently, there is a considerable growth in the number of pastors and pastoral workers in Nigeria as well as proliferation of churches (Obiora, 1998) . Greater number of Nigerians is joining the religious ministries and opening churches to service the religious industries. Regrettably, this impedes the development of human potential and possible growth of industries. No doubt, the attraction associated with the religious ministry in Nigeria as sources of income and social mobility seduces people and lures them to take up pastoral jobs. Unfortunately, such jobs render them economically impotent and unproductive, thereby stifling or strangulating their creative potentials. In so doing human and societal development is in the long run undermined.
[1] Achunike, H. C. (2004). The Influence of Pentecostalism on Catholic Priests and Seminarians in Nigeria. Onitsha: African First Publishers Limited.
[2] Ajani, E. (2010). Reinhard Bonnke's Crusades in Nigeria: Cultural Adaptation or Evangelical Renewal? In D. O. Ogungbile, & , A. E. Akinade (Eds.), Creativity and Change in Nigerian Christianity (pp. 109). Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited.
[3] Anderson, A. (2004). An Introduction to Pentecostalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Anthony, O. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[5] Barker, I. (2007). Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Economic Restructuring, and Social Reproduction. New Political Science, 29, 407-427.
[6] Barrett, D., & Johnson, T. (2001). Annual Statistical Table on Global Mission: 2001. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 25, 25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693930102500106
[7] Berger, P. (2008). Faith and Development: A Global Perspective.
http://www.cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Faith_and_Development.pdf
[8] Cross, F. L., & Livingstone, E. A. (Eds.) (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001
[9] Dim, E. U. (2012). Pentecostalism and Its Challenges: The Pertinent Questions. Lagos: Sovereign Prints Nigeria Limited.
[10] Ezema, V. (2015). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[11] Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology (6th ed.). New Delhi: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
[12] Ihedioha, E. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[13] Ihejirika, W. C. (2004). An Audience Ethnography on the Role of the Mass Media in the Process of Conversion of Catholics to the Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. Roma: Pontificia Universita Gregoriana.
[14] Mbachirin, A. T. (2006). The Responses of the Church in Nigeria to Socio-Economic, Political and Religious Problems in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN).
https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/handle/2104/4874
[15] Mbiti, J. (1969). African Religions and Philosophy. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
[16] Obiora, F. K. (1998). The Divine Deceit: Business in Religion. Enugu: Optimal Publishers.
[17] Obong, A. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[18] Odoguje, M. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[19] Okechukwu, J. (2013). The Changing Face of Christianity in Nigeria. Onitsha: Edeji Press.
[20] Olatunji, D. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[21] Omeh, C. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
[22] Rhodes, T. (1996). Outreach Work with Drug Users: Principles and Practice. Council of Europe.
[23] Rodney, W. (1972/2009). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Lagos: Panaf Publishing.
[24] Tom-George, T. (2016). Oral Interview on Pentecostalism in Nigeria.
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12:05 p.m.: The live stream has been added to Blue Origin's YouTube page. You can view it here or via the embed below.
11:03 a.m.: Blue Origin has pushed back the launch window for the second time this morning. The new target is 12:13 p.m. ET.
9:57 a.m.: Due to thunderstorms, Blue Origin pushed the launch window back to Sunday morning at 11:15 a.m. ET.
If all goes well, Blue Origin will launch its first flight of the year this morning. The rocket will take off from the company's facility near Van Horn, Texas, when the launch window opens at 9:45 a.m. ET, weather permitting. This will be the eighth test launch of a New Shepard rocket, founder Jeff Bezos said in a tweet. The rocket takes its name from astronaut Alan Shepard, the first person in space.
Blue Origin said it will provide a live stream of the launch 15 minutes before the launch window opens. It will be on the Blue Origin website. Check it out here.
Today's launch will help Blue Origin on its way toward sending tourists into space, which CEO Bob Smith hopes will happen before the end of the year, he told CNBC. Bezos reportedly invests $1 billion of his Amazon riches each year in Blue Origin, which might explain why the price of Prime membership will jump 20% this year.


The Al Shaqab team stamped its authority in the CEI2* 120 Km National Day Cup competition over the weekend at Messaied by taking the 3 positions on the podium. With 14 riders out of 57 who participated in the competition, the Al Shaqab team proved too much for the rest of the field as it captured 7 of the top 10 placings.
Jassim Al Madhadi, Head of Al Shaqab's Endurance led the field in combination with Djitane De Leyre. Hassan Tahous took the 2nd place riding Doria de Jansavis and Sultan Al Shamousi with Kinaye De Sinuhe finished 3rd. Commenting on the team's success, Jassim stated "Once again I am proud of our team; proud of our riders and trainers. I believe in teamwork and the results are showing me that this is the way forward. This winning has triple significance for me - I won as a rider, as Head of Endurance and I won for my country".
The National Day Cup was organized by the Endurance Committee of the Qatar Equestrian & Modern Pentathlon Federation. The team will be participating in a national competition at the end of the month.


For the past 9 years, Level Media has been the creative agency of record for the vastly successful UK based iGaming company, BGO.com. Our work during that period has included a vast volume of digital creative assets, web design, branding, concept and strategy work. We created BGO's corporate site and managed dozens of campaigns, from Television advertisements, to social media marketing campaigns, on site creative and more.


Top Chef judge Gail Simmons has created some new recipes to help Pure Leaf Iced Tea kick off its Love of Leaves campaign at its luncheon in NYC. In addition, every social engagement from fans on Pure Leaf's Facebook or Tumblr, and use of the #loveofleaves hashtag on Instagram and Twitter, Pure Leaf will donate $1 to Wholesome Wave, an organization focused on increasing access to local foods in underserved communities.
Salads, whether a lettuce or potato salad, make great side dishes in the summer. Perfect to go with your meat you just took off the grill. This Plum, Mint & Pea Salad is made with a Tea Vinaigrette made with Pure Leaf Unsweetened Iced Tea! A great summer salad recipe!
Place arugula in a large serving bowl.
Add snap peas and mint, and gently toss.
Top with plums, nuts and crumbled goat cheese if desired.
In a small bowl, whisk together the mustard, vinegar and tea.
Add olive oil in a slow stream, whisking constantly to emulsify.
Add salt and pepper, and combine.
Divide among four plates to serve.
Gail Simmons, TV personality and Special Projects Director at FOOD & WINE magazine.
If you would like to see more from Gail Simmons, check out her book Talking with My Mouth Full: My Life as a Professional Eater!
That's such a great idea, and very unique. Thanks for sharing with the Merry Monday Linky Party!
Looks delicious and perfect for Summer!!! Thank you so much for linking up at Tasty Tuesday! Your recipe has been pinned to the Tasty Tuesday Pinterest board! Please join us again this week!
This looks amazing. I'm always looking for new salad recipes.


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Some of you will know me as the silent co driver from AWS Racing (John).
If you know AWS Racing you will know that the 2016 season has not gone according to plan, our 16v race car never made it to completion & our old series 1 known as Tigger met its maker in a startline crash at Brands in June..
Andrew and I have parted ways, he has gone to the dark side with a Civic Cup car, and I have been sprinting my 205 whilst on the lookout for a 106 shell to convert to a race car.
I found a suitable specimen locally with a cage, part stripped and being used as a track day car.
I will try to upload pics of the above as soon as I figure out how.
Any way just wanted to say hi. If anyone is interested I will try to do a build thread for the 2017 season car.
Taken at Oulton Park t the final round of the CSCC Tin Tops series..
The Bianca White Rallye in the last picture is up for sale as I have acquired a new shell with a full weld in cage and a few other trick bits already attached.
If anyone is interested in or knows anyone interested in buying the Rallye or my Sprint/hillclimb 205 please feel free to message me..
Full update in the new year.
White Rallye sold to a local chap who is threatening to come and play with Tin Tops later in the year. Our car is complete and first test threw up a load of issues. Time and funds have until now prevented any progress..
I will be spending the weekend on the car and will take some fresh pics and do a full update soon..
I know it's long overdue, bendee inspired me to take 5 mins..
Haha glad I have gave some inspiration. I think we've met before? I've had some ledas and a048s on rallye steelies off of you?
Well it all seems like a bluer... one minute we were loading up for the trip out to Spa the next I'm back home looking at the photos.
So here goes.. Thursday morning 7.40am ferry to Calais on time! Making good time in France then, Belgium traffic OMG.. it's been a few years and I forgot how bad it was.
We eventually arrived at Spa with 1 hour until the last test slot, quickly unloaded the car, noise test, sign on, pay money, suit up and off up the hill from O'rouge..
Dragged back to the pits, we think the fuel pump has overheated (eBay special), a quick round of the paddock and a new Bosch pump was borrowed, fitted and tested.
Friday morning dawned another hot day, scrutineered the car FIA rules ��, all ok and passed.
Our qualy was late afternoon, got to the collection area - dead battery - bump started it ok and rushed out of the paddock and up the hill again from 0'rouge, again 3/4 lap and it started to splutter. Straight into the pits as it was only running on 2 cylinders. Re set the ecu, bumped it again and set of. I got out of the pits and onto the downhill into o,rouge and it started to die.... literally just made it to the top and found a pull off and that was my qualifying over.
Back in the paddock and a quick test revealed a dead alternator (probably the reason for the fuel pump not working the day before also). Again a quick search of the paddock and a very nice mr Williams with his saxo lent me his spare (brand new) alternator. Fitted and tested in anticipation of being able to race on Saturday..
After a quick grovel to the powers that be in race control I was aloud to start at the back of the grid.
Well Saturday arrived and I was so nervous I felt quite ill. I think the last 2 days had taken its toll.
Anyway, after a good talking too by my team I got in the car and set off for the rolling start. There were 60+ cars on the grid, I'm pretty sure that by the time I got to the pit straight the leaders were already looking to lap me. Lap 1 complete no issues, lap2 compleated no issues, I managed poss 5 laps at near on full race pace before my tyres cried enough and turned to some kind of jelly.. i also miss calculated fuel levels and had to short shift in order to finish.. and finish I did, yea haaaaaa.. 49th overall and 3rd in class I'll take that anyday..
Sunday dawned and it was raining. We had put our spare wheels with some just in case 5 year old tyres on the car, medium on the front and god forbid hard on the rear... it's all we had ok..
Filled the tank to the brim this time not taking any chances, good charge from the alternator and some tyres on ready to go. I was a bit further up the grid this time but still had no clue when the lights went green, so I went when everyone else did.
We were having a good race with our class leader until pit stops, then after the stop a safety car as people were throwing themselves at the aramco (not advised). Had a good re start dodging all the front runners until about 3/4 lap width 8-10 mins to run the red flags came out game over. There was a big crash between a Porsche & an M3. Both cars were a mess, both drivers a bit knocked about but glad to report all home safe.
So that was it all over!!!
Had an absolute blast, one of the best places I've ever raced at and am now trying to save up and go aging may be in a couple of years.
Finished the second race 40th overall and 2nd in class.
I will work out how to upload pictures again soon, but for now thanks for your interest and I will be back when there is more to tell.
We are there in October, where did you stay?
We stayed at a place called Val d'Arimont Resort just outside Malmedy.
Hoping to do Oulton again at the end of the season, might we see you there?
Thank you, I'll look it up now.
I'd say there is a pretty good chance!
Lisa & Toby usually ask me to do their pit stops.


text:
Gregory Alonza McCrary (Griffin, Georgia, 24 de marzo de 1952 - Atlanta, Georgia, 9 de abril de 2013) fue un jugador de fútbol americano que jugaba en la posición de tight end en la National Football League participando en clubs como Atlanta Falcons, Washington Redskins y San Diego Chargers.

Como jugador de fútbol universitario formó parte del Clark Atlanta University, fue seleccionado en la quinta ronda de la Draft de la NFL de 1975.

McCrary falleció el 9 de abril de 2013, después de sufrir un paro cardíaco el sábado 6 de abril de 2013.

Referencias

Jugadores de fútbol americano de Estados Unidos
Deportistas de Georgia (Estados Unidos)
Jugadores de Atlanta Falcons
Jugadores de Washington Redskins
Jugadores de San Diego Chargers
Fallecidos en Atlanta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Final UGK Album on the Way
This is a good thing
When Pimp C died late in 2007, it looked like the legendary Texas rap duo UGK was finished forever, just a few months after their Underground Kingz album topped the Billboard charts and brought the group to an unlikely new commercial peak. But last year, I interviewed Bun B, the duo's surviving half, and he told me that there'd be another UGK album. The two had enough unreleased music stored away for another full-length, and he wanted it out there.
That album is now ready to go As Bun told told MTV, "This will be a good bookend to the legacy of myself and Pimp. This album is about what the people wanna hear, and that's Bun and Pimp. And I wanna try to give that to them in the most purest sense." When Lil Wayne is running around talking about plans for a rock album, this is sorely needed good news for those of us who still love to hear great rappers rapping.
The album, with the heart-rendingly perfect title UGK 4 Life, is due from Jive on March 31, reports MTV. First single "Da Game Been Good to Me" is vintage UGK: spaced-out guitar-noodles, swollen bass, falsetto-coo Pimp hook, thunderingly authoritative Bun verse. According to MTV, another song, "Marvin", is titled for its Marvin Gaye sample. And we can only hope the bullshit Akon collaboration "Hard as Hell" will be nowhere near this thing.
UGK
Pimp C


text:
South Sudan army claims recapture of Bor
Army spokesperson Col. Philip Aguer Panyang said "Fighting was intense in the areas of Pariak, Sudan Safari and Diak but the rebels were repulsed and they ran towards the northern part of Jonglei."
The South Sudanese army claimed on Saturday the recapture of Bor, the capital of the Jonglei State from rebel forces loyal to sacked vice president Riek Machar.
"Fighting was intense in the areas of Pariak, Sudan Safari and Diak but the rebels were repulsed and they ran towards the northern part of Jonglei," army spokesperson Col. Philip Aguer Panyang told a press conference in the office of the presidential press secretary in Juba.
Aguer said the town was captured at 1pm after an intense fight for several hours.
He accused the rebels of burning down many houses as they fled the town.
The army spokesman said there were no prisoners of war, adding that there are clear instructions that any rebel caught in combat should be treated humanitarianly.
He also said the army forces have been given strict orders against attacking the compounds of the UN or humanitarian aids agencies.
This is the fourth time Bor is changing hands between the government troops and the rebels.
The rebels first took control of the town at the onset of the fighting in mid-December before the government recaptured it on Christmas eve.
The rebels then regained control again on December 31st.
South Sudan has been shaken by violence since mid-December, when President Salva Kiir accused Machar of standing behind a failed coup attempt against his regime.
Although Machar had initially denied involvement in the alleged coup, his forces have reportedly since captured parts of both the Jonglei and Unity states.
More than 1,000 people have reportedly been killed in the recent unrest in South Sudan and over 230,000 displaced.


Описание: Glamour and suspense in the all-new Sidney Sheldon from the international best seller Tilly Bagshawe.
Grace Brookstein is the beautiful, young, and naive wife of financial superstar, Leonard Brookstein - a billionaire many times over with estates all over the world.
In 2009 the US stock market goes into a terrifying freefall. The economy is on the brink, and the public want someone to blame, their eyes and their rage directed firmly at Wall Street.
Living as though nothing is happening, everything changes when Lenny's body is found after a tragic sailing "accident". His financial affairs unravel, revealing expensive crimes, and now Grace is in the frame.
Есть мстительница, готовая на все, чтобы найти и покарать убийц Ленни.
Она поставит на карту и свою, и чужую жизнь. Будет лгать, интриговать и использовать мужчин. Но она добьется справедливости, чего бы это ни стоило!..


text:
Q: C code goes to infinite loop Code goes to infinite loop. If I remove all lines inside inner for loop and replace with printf() it works properly. But keeping these lines, it goes to infinite loop.
How to resolve this issue?
    #include
#include <string.h>

void itoa(int, char[]);
void reverse(char[]);

int main()
{

    int i,j;
    for(i = 0;i<= 4; i++)
    {
        for (j = 0; j <= 9; j++)
        {
            char fileName[10]="A";
            char append[1];

                itoa(i,append);
            strcat(fileName,append);

            itoa(j,append);
            strcat(fileName,append);

            printf("i=%d j=%d\n", i,j);
            printf("%s\n", fileName);

        }
    }
}

void itoa(int n, char s[])
{
    int i, sign;

    if ((sign = n) < 0)  /* record sign */
        n = -n;          /* make n positive */
    i = 0;
    do {       /* generate digits in reverse order */
        s[i++] = n % 10 + '0';   /* get next digit */
    }
    while ((n /= 10) > 0);     /* delete it */
    if (sign < 0)
    s[i++] = '-';
    s[i] = '\0';
    reverse(s);
}
void reverse(char s[])
{
    int i, j;
    char c;

    for (i = 0, j = strlen(s)-1; i<j; i++, j--) {
        c = s[i];
        s[i] = s[j];
        s[j] = c;
    }
}

A: The program is invoking what is officially known as undefined behavior with this bit of code:
    char append[1];
    itoa(i,append);

itoa() is writing more than one element in append.  Probably, a byte past append[] (namely append[1]) is part of one of the loop variables (main::i or main::j) which leads to the infinite loop.

A: It's a whole lot simpler and cleaner to use sprintf for this kind of thing, e.g.
char fileName[32];
sprintf( filename, "A%d%d", i, j );
printf("%s\n", fileName);

Note, always make string buffers much bigger than they need to be.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LOCATION, LOCATION! Ideal business location that fronts US Route 522 on the outskirts of downtown Berkeley Springs and just 6 miles from Interstate 70 in Maryland. Over 1500 sq.ft. of heated space. 2 Bathrooms, propane heat, wall unit AC's, public water & sewer. Great location for retail space, office space, restaurant, hair salon, or your very own hobby shop, etc. Look at the parking space!


If you think these bags look good in the photos, just know how fantastic they are in person.
Handcrafted in Connecticut, in a beefy wool. With your choice of woolen numbers or letters. Like a letter jacket hiding out as a tote bag.
Just let us know your letter, number, or zip code, and the color you like. Four weeks later one ships to your home.
It's sort of like magic.


The parable's interpretation revolves around the nation of Israel. Just as the rich man fared sumptuously every day, so also Israel was blessed bountifully with nourishing symbolic food furnished by God's Law and his prophets. To them were given "the oracles of God." (Rom. 3:1,2) Thus, the rich man in the parable well represents the Jewish nation as it existed at the time of our Lord's earthly ministry.
The rich man of the parable wore a purple robe, a symbol of royalty. God had promised to make Israel a "holy nation" if they would obey him. The rich man's "fine linen" is a fitting symbol of righteousness. It represented the measure of righteousness which the Israelites had under the Law which had given them a standing before God unlike other nations.


On Sunday 1st May 2016, Staffordshire Day will celebrate all our county has to offer, like the stunning scenery of the Staffordshire Peak District.
As well as the first Staffordshire Day, 2016 is a special year for Staffordshire, as it's 1000 years since the first recorded mention of the county in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
For a fantastic short break or family holiday, a visit to Staffordshire offers you some unforgettable experiences, excitement, fun days out and incredible adventures, plus great money-off discounts and special offers from Staffordshire's top attractions, accommodation, restaurants and shops.
A Staffordshire holiday is all this and loads more.
Start planning your visit right now!


US equities plunged the most since September after Republicans from the US House of Representatives warned that failure to pass President Donald Trump's healthcare bill could jeopardize spending reforms. Banking stocks led the declines, recording their worst drop since "Brexit" as sentiment stumbles.
The US House of Representatives is scheduled to vote Thursday on the Republican-endorsed American Health Care Act. Despite the backing of President Trump, it is still unclear whether the House or the Senate will uphold the bill. The Trump Administration was hoping to lay a major tax reform package before Congress by August, however, if the healthcare bill is derailed, the pro-growth agenda of the President is likely to face a major setback.
Investors are now forecasting that equity markets are ripe for a pullback. A whopping 81.00% of fund managers polled in a recent Bank of America Merrill Lynch's survey said US equities were the most overvalued in the world right now. Meanwhile, Dow futures are extending Tuesday's losses, sliding back below the 20,600 level as selling pressure remains.
In another sign positive that Japan is experiencing a pickup in economic activity, the country recorded a goods trade surplus of JPY 813 billion ($7.29 billion) in February, the biggest in almost seven years as solid export growth to China buoyed the figure.
A notable jump in demand for car parts from China helped lift Japan's year-on-year exports by 11.30% to JPY 6.35 trillion - the third consecutive month of gains. Imports edged 1.20% higher in February to JPY 5.53 trillion on the back of a surge in crude oil imports according to a preliminary report published by the Finance Ministry. Notably, Japanese exports to the US grew by 0.40% last month, marking the first trade surplus in three months. USDJPY has been down since the foreign trade data was unveiled, with the pair currently hovering around the 111.300-mark.
Retail sales in Canada rebounded in January, logging the largest gain in close to seven years as consumer spending increased across most sectors, further bolstering expectations that economic growth had likely picked up since the start of the year. Retail sales rose 2.20% in January, the biggest increase since March 2010, besting the consensus forecast of a 1.50% gain. Sales at new car dealers, which jumped 4.20%, were the largest contributor to the headline figure.
The stronger-than-expected retail sales number is the latest in a series of recent economic data that have shown surprising resilience. In the past month alone, Canada's manufacturing, trade and wholesale sales have all topped expectations. However, there are concerns that an overinflated housing market may come crashing down, creating other risks for the outlook. USDCAD has reversed from the strong support around 1.3266, and was last seen trending just shy of 1.3370.
The decline in the Australian Dollar accelerated further on news that a leading indicator of economic health in the country contracted last month. The Westpac-Melbourne Institute's Leading Economic Index fell marginally by -0.10% in February from January, versus a flat reading reported during the previous month. Meanwhile, the more closely followed six-month annualised growth rate stood at 1.02%, down from the 1.34% recorded in January.
Economists reckon that despite the mild moderation in February and tough conditions to start out the year, the positive reading suggests that economic growth is still on track to be well above historic levels through the middle of 2017. However, these gains remain contingent on external factors such as China and internal developments like exchange rates. AUDUSD has given up ground since the figures were released, with the pair last seen trading close to 0.7670.


Kurt, welcome to the CONSIMWORLD Social Website! I just got my copy of ZEPPELIN RAIDER yesterday, so you are way ahead of me! Love TWILIGHT IMPERIUM 3rd Ed with expansions, but haven't sprung the cash for 4th Ed. Don't know that I will. Very intrigued by SpaceCorp (GMT) so I need to get that on the table! Hope you like what you find on the website!


On today's episode, I had documentary filmmaker and author, Sean Bloomfield.
Sean joined me on the show to talk about his new film, 'Apparition Hill'. This film is not the normal type of film we would promote on the podcast, but I was intrigued by the premise of the film, and after watching it wanted to talk with Sean to learn more about it. It's not a secret that I'm not a fan of religion, and this film didn't change that at all, but it's overall message and feel was still incredibly fascinating.
'Apparition Hill' follows seven strangers as they journey to Medjugorje, a small village in Bosnia-Herzegovina, to investigate the reports of miracles and supernatural phenomena's. The seven strangers, comprised of two atheists, a believer, a mom struggling with cancer, a man with ALS, a struggling addict, and a woman questioning her faith. Sean found these people through a video contest he held and picked his seven from there.
I talked to Sean about how he first learned about Medjugore, what he's learned from the film and from his time on Apparition Hill, the overall message of the film, dealing with cynics, and more.
Apparition Hill is currently playing nationwide, and just opened in New York City yesterday. Check out the links below to learn more about this film and find where it is playing near you. I went into this film a skeptic, and still left as a skeptic, but it still is a film that with an open mind will be interesting to anybody that watches.
Thanks for joining me, Sean!


ID Athletic is a West Australian owned and operated company offering a full range of apparel and promotional items which can be tailored to suit your needs.
Our staff are the both knowledgeable and creative ensuring the best possible result for your products.
ID Athletic is dedicated to making sure you have what you need, when you need it.


Gas Chromatography (GC) is a method of separating the volatile compounds in essential oils into individual components and produces a linear graph that charts these components. Mass Spectrometry (MS) identifies each of these components and their percentages. This process can identify if adulteration has happened to the essential oil tested. Additionally, the precise breakdown of the chemical components in each oil given to us by GC/MS reports is significant because the therapeutic benefits and safety issues of essential oils are, in large part, determined by their chemical makeup.
For essential oils to have a therapeutic effect, we believe they must be pure plant extracts. Adulterated oils or perfume oils will not offer therapeutic results and may, in fact, cause allergies, headaches, and chemical sensitivities.
We have every batch of oil we purchase from a distiller or distributor GC/MS tested. Once an essential oil is tested, we format the chemical constituents into chemical families for therapeutic blending purposes. All the main components and some of the trace components are listed on these reports. The chemical family information is written for the oils sold on Aromatic International's website and is specific for each batch of oil we buy. You can see each essential oil's GC/MS report by going to the essential oil's page and clicking on GC/MS report.