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S4.BE1 – On Madam Vice President Elect, Kamala Devi Harris
On the morning of Nov. 7, we peeled our faces from our pillows and (with one eye open) checked our social meeds to learn that Senator Kamala Devi Harris was now MADAM VICE PRESIDENT-ELECT KAMALA DEVI HARRIS (it sinks in more every minute, even as we type this description). In this episode, we share our post-election thoughts and we offer you a bonus: an unreleased segment from our Election Spectacular episode, where we loved on our future Vice President. Grab your chai and your Parle-G crackers. This one's for the books.
Listen to Season 4, Bonus Episode 1:
Season 4 is on Spotify
History was made on November 7, 2020 as the 2020 US Presidential Election was called for the Biden-Harris ticket. This episode was originally part of the 2020 Election Spectacular, but was cut for time. And like true Desi Aunties, we re-purposed it. As news made the rounds that California Senator Kamala Harris would become the first woman of color to ascend to the vice-presidency, we sat down and recorded our reaction to the news.
While we are still processing our thoughts and recharging to face the lame duck period, but wanted to compile some of the best resources we used in our research.
Non-Kamala Things
Activist and author Sonya Renee Taylor is the Founder and Radical Executive Officer of The Body is Not An Apology, a digital media and education company promoting radical self-love and body empowerment as the foundational tool for social justice and global transformation. Sonya's work as a highly sought-after award-winning Performance Poet, activist, and transformational leader continues to have global reach.
Fair Fight (founded by Stacey Abrams) brings awareness to the public on election reform, advocates for election reform at all levels, and engages in other voter education programs and communications. Fair Fight Action engages in voter mobilization and education activities and advocates for progressive issues; in addition Fair Fight Action has mounted significant programs to combat voter suppression in Georgia and nationally.
Kamala Things
Joy-Ann Reid hosted a long-form podcast that goes through the life of Senator Harris. Kamala: Next in Line goes inside the cross-cultural journey that led Harris from her humble roots to become the first African-American woman to represent California in the Senate and now the first African-American woman to be the Vice Presidential nominee for a major party. Listen Here.
NPR's Code Switch Podcast posted an episode about Kamala Harris as well. The episode goes long on Harris's history as a self-described "top cop" and "progressive prosecutor" in California.Listen Here.
Miranda mentioned the police reform sparring with Texas Senator John Cornyn (R):
Listeners should be aware by now that we believe in accountability. And here are some readings to show Senator Harris' evolution over her political career:
Sarah Thankam Matthews' piece on the end of Kamala Harris' presidential campaign Kamala Harris' Truth (The Juggernaut)
How Kamala Harris Clashes With Joe Biden (Washington Post)
Kamala Harris' Controversial Record on Criminal Justice, Explained (Vox)
Kamala Harris' Attorney General Record, Explained (Marie Claire)
Not all Criticism of Kamala Harris is Created Equal (fair.org)
Give Kamala Harris a Break (The Atlantic)
How Kamala Harris has Grown as a Political Leader (LA Times)
The Speeches
On January 19, 2019 then Senator Kamala Harris announced she was running for President in 2020
The Presidential run lasted until December 3, 2020 with a promise to keep up the fight
It has been the honor of my life to be your candidate. We will keep up the fight. pic.twitter.com/RpZhx3PENl
— Kamala Harris (@KamalaHarris) December 3, 2019
On August 12, 2020 President Joe Biden formally introduced Senator Harris as his running mate.
Senator Harris's speech at the Democratic National Convention on August 19, 2020 accepting the vice-presidential nomination.
The October 8, 2020 Vice-Presidential debate between Kamala Harris and [now former] Vice-President Mike Pence.
And the victory speech made on November 7, 2020.
Transcript of Season 4, Episode 3 Bonus
<Intro music plays>
Announcer: You're listening to the Jilted Indian Podcast, a show that examines the immigrant and 1st Gen South Asian American experience through politics, history, and pop culture. Join our hosts as they explore all the ways they don't fit in, reclaim their connections to their Indian heritage, and eventually say, "Fuck it, we're starting a feminist commune". Here are your hosts.
<Intro music ends>
Miranda: Hey there, Jilted Indian Podcast listeners. It's Miranda.
Puja: Puja
Anju: Anju
Miranda: And this is a special post-election bonus in which we love on our Madam Vice President-elect, Kamala Harris. In our Jilted Indian Election Spectacular, we… went on for a while. I don't know if any of y'all know this, but we can talk. So we had to edit down what was around an hour and a half of audio to our actual episode length. And part of that included us pretty much going on and on and on about Kamala Harris. And we wanted to give some of that to you. But we also wanted to talk a little bit about our feelings at this very moment. At the time of record, on this day, it had been announced that Joe Biden has been projected to win the presidency of the United States. And that means, with him, is our first half-Jamaican, half-Indian female Vice President-elect, Kamala Harris. And we wanted to share some of our feelings at this moment. I don't know about y'all, but it took me awhile to unwind from all the trauma I've felt for the past four years to feel anything. But then I started seeing things. Like she updated her Twitter to say, "Vice President-elect Kamala Harris." I started seeing the way her sister reacted, the way her niece was reacting. I started seeing black women rejoice. I started seeing South Asian women rejoice. And that started to make it a little bit more real for me. What about y'all?
Anju: Same. I have not actually looked as much on social media today but yeah. I'm a little numb but it is very exciting. I think it'll probably sink in a little bit more later. Once I've had a chance to really sit with the news.
Miranda: What about you, Puja?
Puja: I, uh… I am always a Debbie Downer, killjoy type of person but, I think, in this context I'm trying very hard not to be. In the time since we've recorded that election special and up until the election, I did a lot more reading on Senator Harris and, you know… From all these different local LA journalists and all these people who have been covering her to get kind of, like a fuller picture of her and to truly acknowledge what her perceived shortcomings are and where her blind spots may be and truly track how she's developed and progressed as a progressive and, you know, as a politician. And so I think we can definitely say that we are not at a point yet where we can recognize how much it took for her to get here because it just feels so shaky at the moment. Given the context of everything that we're in. There are people who tried to kidnap Gretchen Whitmer. There are people who try to gun down Steve Scalise. There are people who tried to send poison to elected officials. So I want to acknowledge that my numbness comes from a place of abject fear. I don't want this snatched away from us. It is so historic. It is so great. It took the Herculean efforts of another black woman, Stacey Abrams, to ensure that one black woman got seated in the second highest level of power and government, you know, in the modern world.
Anju: I also want to acknowledge, 'cause it's worth pointing out, that this is the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage, right? So there is something kind of particular to note about the fact that we're having our very first woman Vice President on this particular year, is the year that we've elected her so…
Puja: And just one last piece of synergy there. It's– You know, Kamala Harris launched her presidential bid, you know, with Shirley Chisholm's "For the people" messaging and the colors. Today, somebody shared a clip on social media of Shirley Chisholm at the end of her career when her hair is white and she's just sitting there saying that there's no way that a woman would become president without first becoming vice president. That's how the country works. And so, that full circle for me. 'Cause Shirley Chisholm is one of my personal heroes. She's also West Indian of Caribbean descent. And she was the first elected woman to Congress in that demographic, so… I love her so much and all that she did for this country. So just to hear that, to see that, just a lot of things coming to fruition. In Lovecraft Country, on HBO, there's a scene in there where they go back in time– It's a sci-fi show. They go back in time and something traumatic is about to happen. They cannot change the past. And the character who has to sacrifice her life does so with the messaging that she does this knowing that her great-grandson is going to be her legacy and is going to be the fruits of this sacrifice. And just to think about all the people, that John Lewis is not here to see this and his county was one of the ones that delivered for Georgia. Just the context of history, it– God, I didn't think I was gonna get emotional. But the context of history is just so overwhelming at this point that, you know, despite what you feel about Senator Harris, you have to give her her due. And this is our opportunity to be part of that. So, without further ado, here's our episode.
<tape of previous recording starts>
Puja: On August 11th, 2020, history was made – US history, world history, universe history – when Kamala Devi Harris was nominated to be the vice presidential candidate on the 2020 Democratic ticket. She is the first woman of color to be nominated for top of ticket on any major party. Shout out to Shirley Chisholm, who was the first black woman to run for president. Although she did not secure that nomination. The pick is representative of the base of the party, women of color, as well as a signifier that the momentum started with the 2016 disappointment where women ran for something is continuing. So, this segment, we're going to talk about our reactions to Senator Harris's nomination for vice president.
Miranda: Yeah, so… How I felt about the Kamala Harris nomination. There's two things and I swear I'll get to that other thing, I just don't want to talk about it. But number one, immediately, I went to all of the "Indian as fuck" moments that happened during her campaign, during, you know– Actually, that we already knew about her as a person. When you're Indian, you are attuned to all the Indian things. When you're an Indian person, you claim everything except for terrible people. You claim every good thing that Indians, you know, do. We– Once we were Miss America, all Indians were Miss America. When we won– When we won the Oscar for Slumdog Millionaire, we won an Oscar! So now we're the vice presidential candidate. You guys have to understand how Indians think. We claim all the good things of all of our most successful. We win the spelling bee every fucking year. We think– We have that football mentality about ourselves.
Anju: This is why every disappointment is a collective disappointment. Like, you have shamed the community.
Miranda: Yes! When Indians fuck up we're like "Fuck you!" Like "Fuck you, we had something good going! God! Nimrata." Anyway, so, when a half-Indian, half-Jamaican woman secured the VP nom, it was very– I mean, almost automatic to go to the "Indian as fuck" moments. I immediately pulled up Mindy Kaling and Kamala Harris making masala dosa together. That video that she made during the primary before Kamala's campaign suspended. It was a really fun moment where you got to hear them talk about very nuanced things about being Indian. And I swear that that video meant a lot to everyone who's Indian who saw it because we saw our lives in it. And so it made me immediately think of the family photo of her with, um… I think it's P.V. Gopalan? Like, her grandfather. And it was her and Maya. And I think isn't Meena in that photo as well?
Anju: Yeah. She is.
Miranda: Yeah, and they're so cute. And it's just like this photo of all them. And Kamala Harris is in a sari and everyone's in Indian clothes and that is just a normal fucking photo op for us. You have no idea how fucking normal that photo is. Anju, Puja? Do y'all have photos that look like this? Yes. Right?
Anju: Every time we go back to India, there's a family photo op, for sure.
Miranda: And the fact– You know, how old-timey the photo looks? You know that shit was put on Kodak. We all have family photos that look like that, with those clothes, with those melanin colors. You know what I mean? Like I'm seeing– Like we are seeing our own lives. You know, before us, we're seeing this person being elevated to prominence, you know, before our very eyes and it's such a huge, huge moment. And that was the first thing I went to. You know what I mean? So there's that. The second thing, I won't talk for much longer than 5 seconds. The next thought I had was sexism. How is sexism gonna fuck up this moment for us? I'm going to stop talking about that immediately. But– Because, I told you, I ran out of my drink already. (Side note: I refilled it between the segments.) But I'm saying, I'm saying, I'm saying. I invite all of you to put away your rehearsed Kamala Harris rhetoric. Um, you know, that has nothing to do with who she is and it– You know, put that rhetoric away that serves no purpose except to prevent critical thinking. And serves no purpose except to be what the opposition says. You know. And that's what Puja was talking about earlier: propaganda. Like, language is so… It's a flame. It can turn into a fire. I'm telling you to put that away for two seconds and I invite you to meet Kamala Harris, the person. So I'm talking about the woman who has shown us she is capable of growth. That she is capable of being malleable and civic-minded. So can we stop, like for two seconds, I'm asking us to stop being soothsayers. And stop being like "She's gonna this" and "She's gonna that" because, like… You don't fucking know her. You don't know anything about her except what opposition has told you to say. I'm asking you to stop for two seconds. Because I've noticed something. When you talk about story, when you talk about a person's story and what a person means to you, it's very hard to combat that story with rehearsed rhetoric. It forces you to listen. So, like, the day after Kamala Harris was nominated, I knew certain people in my life were going to bring it up. The first thing I said was, "Oh my God, it's so fucking incredible to see someone who shares my blood. You know? Shares my heritage. Running as a VP nom for the Democratic Party." And all I could talk about was her Indianness because that's everything I know, right? And no one can say shit to that. No one can say shit to that. I'm talking about somebody who has talked about her Indianness. And I am, I'm forwarding that to everybody. Like, "Hey, look at this." And, you know, when you talk about someone's story, you're forced to listen. So I have a few things about Kamala Harris I'd like to share. So she is, believe it or not, 55 years old. Bottle that up and sell it, sister. I'd buy it. Like, she looks incredible. She looks incredible! She was born in Oakland, CA of two PhD parents: her Indian biologist breast cancer researcher mom and her Jamaican Stanford professor Emeritus in economics dad. Her Indian grandfather who was a freedom fighter and women's rights advocate. She's the sister of Maya Harris. She's the aunt to Meena Harris. She participated fully in both of her cultures, as I mentioned earlier. She visited Jamaica and Chennai, India. Her parents divorced but she stayed connected to her heritage. She would go with her mother to temple. She is a learning human being, right? Like, to me, Kamala Harris is somebody who wants to know the ins and outs and every crevice of her story. And what a gift. Because we got to experience her story. How many people keep their story buried inside? Right? Or, for whatever reason, don't think to observe and look at it. Well, hell. She didn't do that. And we got to hear about her story enough that we're even talking about it right now. So she was born in 1964. She witnessed desegregation. She was bussed to a formerly 95% White elementary school. She and her sister witnessed the racism that was in full force during the Civil Rights era. So imagine that being a part of your story. She was a graduate of Howard University. She is an HBCU grad and that is so freaking huge. She's also a graduate of UC Hastings College of Law. As many of you know, she's the former DA of San Francisco, District Attorney of San Francisco. After tons of experience working in District Attorney offices in California. Twice elected as the AG of California before becoming an elected US Senator representing California. Yeah, OK, it's really hard for me to say all that without being bitter as fuck. 'Cause, I mean, how many mediocre men have been elevated to office with not even the tiniest fraction of that much of a resume? OK? All right, now, moving on. She– I want to bring up her ability to be a civic-minded politician. So, remember this. And remember this in your own life. White supremacy is a sickness, as Sonya Renee Taylor says. If you don't follow Sonya Renee Taylor on Instagram, follow her. Show me one person who hasn't had to deal with that and grow out of it. I bet I could call out anyone's former bullshit ideologies, former bullshit actions, and former bullshit positions. Anyone could do that to me. People grow. Can we– Can we just for two seconds say "people grow"? Ready? Say it.
Anju, Puja, and Miranda in chorus: People grow
Miranda: Goddammit. OK, thank you. Thank y'all. So keep that in mind. Now, prior to her Senate career, Kamala Harris created a hate crimes unit. She focused on hate crimes against LGBT children and teens in schools. She– And I believe that was after the death of a transgendered teen. She worked with Gavin Newsom to ban gun shows. She was against the death penalty. She settled several multimillion – and in some case billion – dollar lawsuits against fraudulent behaviors or fraudulent actions of companies. She fought for debt relief for homeowners who suffered foreclosure. She fought for financial recovery for California's public employee and teachers' pensions. She fought for privacy rights. She fought against Proposition 8 attempting to ban gay marriage. She fought to ban the gay and trans panic defense in court, in a fight against hate crimes. I urge everyone who claims to not like her "for her record" to read her whole fucking record. Stop trying to pretend you're a campaign speechwriter for her opposition. And I want you to try your darndest to hold her successes with her imperfections and even her failures, her mistakes. See the whole politician. You'll see that she has grown.
Anju: To that point, I also think it's important to remember that she was a prosecutor in the early 2000s when, you know… Like, we currently are in an era of progressive criminal justice reform, but that was not the mood then. So, as the first person of color elected into that office, she had to walk a tightrope of being, you know, "tough on crime" while also pushing for reforms. And so you have to put that track record of hers in context. Like, yes, there are things that she did that we're not thrilled about, but they were things that she needed to do at the time. While also pushing for a lot of progressive reforms that nobody before her had done.
Miranda: At the time, yes! Oh my God, in 2005/2006, she was doing some progressive ass shit, right? And it's her job. She's trying to keep her job. I won't say that that's an excuse, but it just wasn't the cultural mindset at the time. Like show me your record of fighting shit at 2005. You know what I mean?
Puja: Well and also it's, like, what the hell is this purity test all of a sudden? The Democratic Party lets in pro-life Democrats, if there's such a thing, under our big umbrella tent. And to say that she's any less of a progressive because she upheld the law and duties of her office as written and prescribed by state laws and constitutions is kind of a purity test, in my eye, and that's unfair. Because, like you're saying, Miranda, she has progressed and moved. One of the big things people point to is her treatment of sex workers on that Backpage thing. Well, she had to stop human trafficking of minors and sex workers against their will. Yes, there was fallout from that. But I think now she's in a position to hear that out and maybe change her mind because we've seen her progress in her politics as she's been put on the larger national stage, right?
Miranda: Correct. Like so we're talking about her actions as a local to her actions on a state level to her actions on a national level. And the context surrounding those positions at that time. You know what I'm saying? Like, it's just not as simple as saying "This is what she stands for." No! Dummies! Look for the context, please. Look for the context and the nuance, please. What we're seeing her do right now is not an act. You know how people put on an act when they're running for office, right? They do things for office? They say things for office? I'm seeing consistencies in who she is as a person and who she's been saying she is as a person all along and I've got to say, this isn't an act. People who want to dwell on and criticize a record, they fail to see her current actions. And they don't pay attention to her now. If they did, they'd see things like her epic, though kindly delivered, destruction of John Cornyn when she was addressing the death of Breonna Taylor in Congress. Right?
Anju: Yep.
Miranda: Who didn't just like– Memes were made of her. Memes were made of her. I believe if you look for the "Fuck around and find out", that meme? That came from that Cornyn comment, that just absolutely hilarious, stupid Cornyn comment. And she's like, "Uh, yeah, they're public meetings." And we'll give you the video in the shownotes, of course. Why wouldn't we? But yes, John Cornyn died that day. These are the images of Kamala that stick in my mind. You know what I mean? You know, if you're paying attention, you're seeing a malleable, civic-minded politician. And I just want to urge you to see that and find that instead of acting like a campaign speechwriter for the opposition. Because I feel like that's what people do. You're Susan Sarandon-ing it. Don't do that.
Puja: So I wanted to talk about two things. The first is, if you don't subscribe to The Juggernaut, it's a Brown online zine that's very, very good. They have a series of articles about Senator Harris and one that kind of covered the end of her presidential run was written by Sarah Thankam Mathews. And there's a quote in there that said something along the lines that people saw her willingness to update her thinking, to move to different positions, as inconsistencies and a series of attempts to, you know, please, different and sometimes oppositional constituents. And I feel like we need to address– Again, since 2016, we've been addressing how women are covered in the media and things like that. And how, you know, women are held to a higher standard than men. And, again, that purity thing. So what I want to talk about in terms of how I felt when Senator Harris was nominated, I kind of expected it. I feel like she conceded to drop out of the race for this. You know, because at the time she was, you know, it was clearly between – before Michael Bloomberg joined the race – it was clearly between Senators Warren—
Anju: And Sanders.
Puja: And Vice President Biden. Right? Like, I think everybody, those were the people that everybody expected to be the top three, at the beginning of the thing. You know, knowing what I know about politics – knowing what my degree, studying politics and the science of it has taught me – is that I feel like that may have been some kind of concession. But what I want to talk about with Senator Harris is all the stories that came out immediately afterwards, discussing how she identifies herself. So Miranda, you touched on it. We all know she is biracial of Indian and Jamaican descent. So there were a lot of talks within the diaspora about how she doesn't identify as Indian. She's not Indian enough. And I want to at least acknowledge that– And I've mentioned this on this podcast before, that I have cousins who are black and, you know, Trinidadian-Indian, you know. So there are things that they experienced within our own family that I don't experience because they are Black. And so, I feel like the Indian diaspora, in general, is anti-black. And so her and Maya, and perhaps her mother, may have been shunned. You know? In the terms of they're not pure, they don't fit in, they don't do this.
Miranda: Yeah, they were definitely treated poorly as black children when they were young. There are stories that they couldn't play with kids when they visited their dad because they were black. And imagine– You know, we've talked for, what, three seasons now about anti-blackness and Indian communities. Imagine how they were when they were around Indian people.
Puja: Yes, and so I just want to ask people to sit with the fact that we have a whole podcast about being rejected by, you know, our peers, our elders, not being "good enough" Indian. So just imagine what that would feel like when you're already treated as an outsider for not being purely racially Indian. Right? So I think we need to not put how we identify ourselves and our expectations about how we express our culture onto other people. And recognize that there is room for a collective identity that allows everybody to be proud of their heritage and not shamed for how they've progressed and adapted. And so, when I thought– when I heard this, I was like, wow, there's going to be a lot of discourse about identity and collective community and things like that. And to that, I just want to say, you know, you can't sit around and tell your kid "You're special," "You're one of a kind," and you get told, you know, "You are stardust" and, you know, all these things and then forget it when it comes time to talk about somebody else. You know? Everybody is a single, individual human being and, with that, comes everything that a single, free-thinking, you know, free-willed person would do. And so, again.
Miranda: Who isn't a narcissist, Machiavellian psychopath. We need to make that distinction.
Puja: Exactly. And so you have, in the 2020 election, the opportunity to prove that the 2016 election was not the paradigm shift, was not the most significant election of the 2010s and 2020s, right? It's not the defining one. That's the opportunity we have here, to course correct. And if you're sitting here and holding Senator Harris to these standards, I need to hear coming out your mouth and your asshole you talk about Mike Pence and Donald Trump and their past behaviors and hold them to account too. You can't do this. If you do this, it's mysogynoir. If you do this. Only to Senator Harris. If you're only picking apart the one person of color running for top seat in this country since President Obama in 2012, in the last eight years then, you need to please– Or do what we told Susan Sarandon to do: Be quiet and sit with it. Nobody asked for you.
Miranda: Shut the fuck up! Shut, shut, shut, shut the fuck up, please. Shut the fuck up. I'm sorry. I'm sorry, that was bottled in and I had to yell. But you know? You know what I'm saying? Like, this was my point #2, remember? That I said I didn't want to talk about very much?
Puja: Yeah
Miranda: Check your sexism!
Miranda: Check your sexism. You heard what I read in her– I gave you the, like, the most abridged version of her resume there can be. And yet you will stop and question and compare this person, this woman, to the most mediocre fucking male that there exists and go "Well, what about her nuanced but tiny detailed blah? I don't think she can be a politician." You know, like, Oh my God. Stop Susan Sarandon-ing. Like that's all I've got to say.
Puja: Everything is Gamergate. Anju, what are your thoughts on this historic moment?
Anju: I mean, like y'all, I was obviously happy. Like you said, Puja, I wasn't necessarily surprised but it was a… It was a nice validation of what I was expecting and hoping would happen, for sure. I was surprised to have those conversations with people in my family, I think, that first weekend who thought she didn't really "count" as Indian or she didn't really claim her Indianness and I thought that was really bizarre. I'm like, she was raised by her Indian mom. That's pretty much all she talks about. I don't know how much more Indian you need her to be. The other thing that I was really struck by, and this especially when I was watching the Democratic Convention, her speech, her acceptance speech for the VP nomination. I was really struck by how, like, norm-shattering her nomination really is. Not just as the first woman of color at the top of the ticket but also just, like… She's biracial, she's, you know, an HBCU grad like Miranda pointed out, her husband is Jewish, she has step kids. Like, we're so used to the White House presenting a very specific, very narrow definition of what an American family looks like. Which is almost always white, almost always Christian, almost always a normal, nuclear-type family and I was just struck by how Kamala is representative of so many different other categories of what it means to be American and what American life looks like.
Miranda: Yeah, OK? I think that we hit rock bottom so hard that it opened up the door for that, you know what I mean? Like, after you let this fucking sociopath be the current occupant with a wife whose, you know, citizenship procedures are suspect. You know? I– Anybody! You know, it kind of leaves room for what you're talking about. Which I think is, yeah– I'm with you. It's totally– It's really norm-shattering. It's amazing.
<tape of previous recording ends>
Miranda: So that was what we had to say… before we even knew anything was gonna go down. Obviously, we're still a little in shock. I don't know. I'm still in shock. I'm also thinking of the January 5th Georgia election, you know, runoff Senate elections that are coming up soon. I'm also thinking what foolishness is the Republican Party going to try right now, so I'm not getting too excited. But I am a little excited. And I'm so, so proud that there is a woman like us up there. And what this is going to mean for the future, what other women do, because she's done it. And, I don't know if we mentioned this earlier, but her Secret Service name is what?
Anju: Pioneer
Puja: Pioneer
Miranda: Which actually, now that you all said that, is just, like, gonna make me start crying.
Anju: Yeah
Miranda: She's a fucking pioneer.
Anju: Yep
Miranda: And we're excited to see what's next for her and what she gets to do for our country in this extremely powerful and influential position so… Stay tuned. Thank you for listening. This has been Miranda.
Puja: And Puja with the Jilted Indian Podcast. We came with love and courage and hope you go in peace and power. Bye.
Miranda: Bye
Anju: Bye
<Outro music plays>
Announcer: You've been listening to the Jilted Indian Podcast. The Jilted Indian Podcast is an independent production produced by the hosts, Miranda, Anju, and Puja. Make sure to subscribe and leave a review on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, or your podcatcher of choice. Follow the show on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter at Jilted Indian Pod. For more information on episodes, including show notes, visit jiltedindianpod.com.
<Outro music ends>
Posted in Bonus Episodes, Podcast, Season Four, Show NotesTagged #Politics, 2020 Election, Electability, Kamala Harris, Vice-President ElectBy jiltedindianpodcastLeave a comment
← S4.E2 – A Jilted Indian Election Spectacular
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There's just over two weeks to go before the first market of the year… and we're all very excited about it! Not only have we our usual unique mix of great crafts, great crafted food, and great people, but we're also pleased to be host to the great Ikon Gallery, thanks to the Council's Arts on the Move scheme.
The Ikon have been working with Birmingham-born artist Gillian Wearing to search for a 'real' Birmingham family. The chosen family will be made into a bronze-cast sculpture, which will be unveiled with the opening of the new Library of Birmingham in 2013. This will be a great opportunity to have your family photo taken and added to Ikon's online family photo album, and fingers crossed for a Stirchley family to be cast in bronze!


text:
Early black bear hunting season starts Sept. 15 in St. Lawrence County
Tuesday, September 11, 2018 - 9:22 am
Early black bear season will be underway Sept. 15 in St. Lawrence County.
In northern New York, the early bear season runs from Sept. 15 to Oct. 12 in WMUs 5A, 5C, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5J, 6C, 6F, 6H, and 6J.
Bowhunting season for bears also begins on Sept. 15 in the other Northern Zone units (WMUs 6A, 6G, 6K, and 6N). Muzzleloader season then opens in all Northern Zone WMUs on Oct. 13, followed by the regular firearms season for bears on Oct. 20.
"Late summer is a great time to be afield, with pleasant days and cool evenings," said DEC Commissioner Basil Seggos. "By participating in early black bear season, New York hunters play an important role in helping wildlife managers control bear populations."
Bears feed heavily at this time of year, building reserves for the upcoming winter. Bears gorge on wild foods like acorns, beech nuts, berries, and vegetation, and also frequently feed on apples and other agricultural crops like corn. Hunters can increase the odds of finding a bear by keying in on concentrated food sources.
During the early bear season, hunters may use a bow (with appropriate bowhunting eligibility), crossbow, muzzleloader, handgun, shotgun, or rifle (where allowed). Because of the likelihood of warm weather, bear hunters should be prepared to skin and cool harvested bears as soon as possible to protect the quality of the meat. Hunters may opt to skin and quarter the bear in the field, then pack out the meat in game bags to a waiting cooler of ice.
DEC uses regulated sport hunting to manage black bear populations at levels that are acceptable to the public. Information about black bear hunting in New York, including season dates regulations, is available at http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/7857.html.
Also, see DEC's booklet Hunting the Black Bear in New York at http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/bbhunting10.pdf for tips on bear hunting and proper care of harvested bears.


Kids At Play 2nd Birthday Bash!
Join Kids At Play as we celebrate our 2nd birthday!
We will have special hours on Sunday January 21st from 10:00 am -2:00 pm and entrance will require tickets.
Meet N'Greet with a surprise guest character!
*Anyone who does not have a ticket, may be able to purchase a ticket at the door for $15 per child and $4 per adult depending on capacity limits.
**Socks are required for all children and adults.
***When you enter a Kids At Play ("KAP") event or program, you enter an area where photography, audio, and video recording may occur. By entering the event premises, you consent to interview(s), photography, audio recording, video recording and its/their release, publication, exhibition, or reproduction to be used for news, web casts, promotional purposes, telecasts, advertising, inclusion on websites, social media, or any other purpose by KAP. Images, photos and/or videos may be used to promote similar KAP events in the future, highlight the event and exhibit the capabilities of KAP. You release KAP, its officers and employees, and each and all persons involved from any liability connected with the taking, recording, digitizing, or publication and use of interviews, photographs, computer images, video and/or or sound recordings.
irrespective of whether a fee for admission or sponsorship is charged. You also waive any right to inspect or approve any photo, video, or audio recording taken by KAP or the person or entity designated to do so by KAP. You have been fully informed of your consent, waiver of liability, and release before entering the event.


text:
'Disgusting': Devastated family kept apart
Ms McCourt is worried she will miss her chance to say goodbye."I don't know what I'll do if she passes before I see her," Ms McCourt told NCA NewsWire over the phone, with her voice shaking.Ms McCourt and her husband Mark are Australian citizens but they live in Texas. They flew to Perth via Sydney on December 28 and were sent to quarantine at the Pan Pacific Hotel where a security guard tested positive for Covid-19 over the weekend.Although it was arranged that they could see Ms McCourt's mother, who lives in a retirement village, on Wednesday, it was only about half an hour beforehand that they received an email informing them the visit could no longer go ahead."I sincerely regret to inform you that following thoughtful consideration, the WA Health Incident Controller has this morning withdrawn support for today's visit due to increasing concerns regarding the public health risk associated with your visitation request," the email read."Please know that we are endeavouring to navigate this complex environment and subject to further approval, will strive to reschedule the visit as soon as practicably possible, nonetheless regrettably we are unable to propose a future visitation date at this time or guarantee the same."Ms McCourt said both she and her mother had been ready early that morning to see each other, adding she was "flabbergasted" when her husband told her about the email — not even a phone call."It just seemed like they were stringing us along," she said."That, to me, was disgusting."I couldn't call my mother to tell her."Instead, she called her sister to break the devastating news.Ms McCourt said she felt like she had been given false hope.She has since spoken to her "very weak and tired" mother over the phone but it is not the same as being able to see her in person.Mr McCourt told NCA NewsWire he believed their situation and any others like them should be a "hot topic" in Australia.He said a "one size fits all" approach did not work and his friends in the United States were outraged when they learnt what was happening."It's an absolute mess," he said.Mr McCourt said he and his wife felt "pressure" because his mother-in-law "could die at any moment"."She's holding on to the hope that she can see Andrea one last time," he said.
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What you need to know to treat Covid at home


Review: 2011-09-25, pleasant fight between Jose Barradas and Abraham Roqueni but it is not enough for our three stars. Roqueni defeated Jose Barradas by decision, fight was valid for the qualification for the semifinals of "THAI FIGHT 2011 – 70kg Tournament". Watch the video!
2011 K-1 MUAY THAI fight – Yodsanklai Fairtex vs Barradas – Video Thai Fight Extr.
Review: 2011-05-14, nice fight between Yodsanklai Fairtex and Jose Barradas (Thai Fight Extreme). Yodsanklai won Barradas by decision. Watch the video!


China is the world's third largest country, dominating the map of eastern Asia. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products & is the world's largest producer of rice. China has also become the world's third largest automotive vehicle manufacturer and the second largest consumer. China is also the world's fastest growing consumer market and second largest importer of goods in the world. On a per capita income basis, China ranked 71st by GDP (nominal) and 78th by GDP (PPP) in 2016, according to the IMF. It exported $2 trillion of its production and imported $1.4 trillion of goods in 2016.
China has become an industrial powerhouse, moving beyond initial successes in low-wage sectors like clothing and footwear to the increasingly sophisticated production of computers, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
China is well on its way to becoming the world's leading economy.


We are a design company seeking to rethink our daily impact though honest goods dedicated to simple sustainable living. Sign up for promotions, new products and sales. Directly to your inbox!
Zero waste foodie? No problem!
"Hi, just wanted to say your bag is amazing. I received it in the mail yesterday and was pleasantly surprised by the fast delivery and how well made the product is. I love it even more that it is all compostable! I hate plastic bags and have been buying canvass bags for my grocery shopping, this is my favorite bag so far."
"Fantastic quality and design; I've stopped using plastic produce bags!"
"Coolest new item for your day at the farmer's market.These bags are beautiful, and I'm always excited to use them! Superb quality, and great for any use."
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Love from our Kickstarter backers!
Notes from our Green Upward community!
Share with us how you're using your Green Upward purchases to reduce your waste by tagging us @greenupward on Instagram!
Check out Green Upward on the Side Hustle School podcast by Chris Guillebeau!
Get inspired to design and live more sustainably. Go "behind the stitch" to learn how Green Upward was built.
I created Green Upward to deliver simple, thoughtful, and all-sustainable products to the world. Learn about the journey here.


Once upon a time Megan thought that Lullaby was going to be a simple clone of Fables, cleaned up for the kids. What she finds is something much more interesting!
Megan questions the need for manga publishers to tell readers that a book is shonen or shojo.
When discussing Usagi Yojimbo, Megan doesn't split hares: she loves it (and she thinks you would too).
Megan B Moore posted a lowdown: Run a ways for Runaways!
Runaways, written by Brian K. Vaughan, and illustrated and co-created by newcomer Adrian Alphona mixes manga with Marvel and the results are mad-hot!
Megan takes a look at a year of reading manga and makes some observations on the US distribution of Asian comics.
Megan finds that despite the prevalence of pink in Viz's new Shojo line, the stories are more than just cute boys and ditzy girls.
Megan B Moore posted a lowdown: You Can't Beat Shojo!
Megan delves into the new anthology of shojo manga and finds it a diverse and entertaining experience.
Megan delves into the all ages manga Hikaru no Go, a fun tale of ghosts, games and good times!
Megan reviews the new Shonen Jump Advanced line of manga for teen boys from Viz.
Megan B. Moore checks out the new fad in Shojo Manga: the short story!


text:
David Luongo – Editorial – November 2022
Dear MXGP Friends,
As we are entering the break for winter time, Infront Moto Racing staff is already preparing the next season and its opening Grand Prix in Argentina.
The usual off-season started last week with EICMA, the International Motorcycle and Accessories Exhibition, in Milan, where most of the motorsport industry was represented in the Fiera Milano compound. We were present as well to meet all our partners and to celebrate the great season we just ended. Besides, Infront Moto Racing was also present at the 2022 edition of Sportel, the annual Sport Media and Broadcasting convention, in Monaco. We were present to meet existing partners as well as discuss TV rights for the upcoming season of the FIM Motocross World Championship.
Then, the FIM Awards will conclude the year to honor all the World Champions, and we will use this opportunity once again to organize our annual seminar with all the 2023 MXGP season organizers to debrief on our past experiences and to prepare the best season possible.
I would like to thank all our partners, the FIM, the organizers, the riders, teams, manufacturers, the media, TV and press and the photographers.
I wish you a great off-season!
David Luongo, CEO of Infront Moto Racing


A couple of days ago, a video surfaced online showing Patrick Mahomes giving his best Kyrie Irving moves on the basketball court, complete with a spin move and layup.
The Chiefs are a year away from even being able to break the bank for quarterback Patrick Mahomes. Though if the most recent reports are true, they might be going a tad overboard.
This week, a video circulated on Twitter of the Chiefs quarterback and league MVP dominating a pickup basketball game at a Kansas City gym.
"The (Chiefs) Kingdom can be assured: No more basketball for Pat".
"Yes I did see the tweet of Pat Mahomes playing basketball", Veach said.
"We were laughing but ... the problem with Pat is he does everything 100 miles per hour and is so dang competitive", Veach said.
"As soon as I saw it, it probably took me about two seconds to call his agent and tell him that was a big no-no", Veach said on the radio station Thursday. We were able to nip that in the bud.
The Chiefs got massive production out of Mahomes in 2018, his first year as a starter for the team.
Kansas City finished last season with a 12-4 record and are projected to have the best odds at winning the Super Bowl next season.
It might be understandable that the Chiefs would want Mahomes to avoid risking any sort of injury playing a sport like basketball.


A few weeks ago, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in Williams v. Pennsylvania, No. 15-5040. Attorneys for Terrance Williams argued that former Pennsylvania Supreme Court Chief Justice Ronald Castille should have recused himself from a 2014 case involving Williams.
Castille was the district attorney of Philadelphia in 1986 when Williams was sentenced to death. Nearly 29 years later, Castille—then on the state Supreme Court—joined in a unanimous decision reversing a trial judge's decision to reverse Williams' death sentence.
Shawn Nolan, who handles death-penalty appeals in the Federal Community Defender Office in Philadelphia, told The Associated Press before the argument, "It's just not right."
For his part, Castille said, "In Pennsylvania, we leave it up to the judge's personal conscience ... I've always been confident that I can be fair and impartial."
Williams was convicted and sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of Amos Norwood. The Supreme Court affirmed Williams' conviction and sentence, and he filed three petitions under the Post-Conviction Relief Act, all of which were denied and affirmed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Williams also petitioned for federal habeas relief, which was denied.
On his fourth try for post-conviction relief, Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas Judge M. Teresa Sarmina, said prosecutors in Castille's office had failed to turn over evidence of the abuse to Williams' lawyer, and she vacated the death sentence five days before Williams was scheduled to be executed.
Williams moved to have Castille recuse himself from this case. He refused and ultimately joined the opinion that reversed Sarmina's decision. Castille, in an opinion laced with withering criticism, suggested Sarmina's court had become "unmoored from its lawful duty" and accused Williams' lawyers of sidestepping procedural rules and "pursuing an obstructionist anti-death penalty agenda."
The Philadelphia District Attorney's Office argued that Castille played only a fleeting part in Williams' prosecution, limited to signing off on the decision to seek the death penalty.
"His signature on that [capital case] memo, in January 1986, was his first, last, and only contact with this case," prosecutors said during oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court.
A majority of U.S. Supreme Court justices voiced concern that Castille participated in the case. Justice Sonia Sotomayor said, "The judge here actually signed his name to the review of the facts and the decision to seek the death penalty."
Justice Elena Kagan indicated Castille should have recused himself because he personally signed off on seeking the death penalty.
"He made the most important decision that could be made in this case," Kagan said.
By deciding to judge the conduct of his own office in a case in which he was personally involved, Castille created a judicial conflict so obvious and so extreme that it violated the due process clause's guarantee of an impartial justice system, wrote Brianne J. Gorod, chief counsel of the Constitutional Accountability Center, on the American Constitution Society website.
"Chief Justice Castille's conduct deeply undermined the integrity of the judicial proceedings and trampled any notion of due process for Mr. Williams," wrote Lawrence J. Fox in an amicus brief filed by the Ethics Bureau at Yale Law School.
Nearly seven years have passed since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on whether a judge should have recused himself.
The last time the court took up the issue of judicial was in 2009. In Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal, 556 U.S. 868 (2009), West Virginia Justice Brent Benjamin was asked, and refused, to recuse himself in a case in which one of the parties had contributed $3 million to his election campaign. He voted with the majority, in favor of his contributor, reversing a jury verdict.
In analyzing a question of recusal, the court asks not whether the judge is actually, subjectively biased, but whether the average judge in his position is "likely" to be neutral, or whether there is an unconstitutional "potential for bias." This unconstitutionally high risk of bias exists where "'experience teaches that the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge or decision maker is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.'"
Applied to the facts of Caperton, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "there is a serious risk of actual bias—based on objective and reasonable perceptions—when a person with a personal stake in a particular case had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing the judge on the case by raising funds or directing the judge's election campaign when the case was pending or imminent."
The death penalty, like campaign contributions, can have an impact on the impartiality of the court. Data analyzed last month by Reuters found a strong correlation between the results in death-penalty cases and the way each state chooses its justices.
In states like Pennsylvania where high court judges are directly elected, justices rejected the death sentence in 11 percent of appeals compared to a 26 percent reversal rate in states where justices are appointed, Reuters reported.
Castille has always been a proponent of the death penalty. When he was running for a seat on the state Supreme Court, although prohibited from taking a position on specific issues, he would say, according to The New York Times, "I can certainly say I sent 45 people to death row as district attorney of Philadelphia," adding that voters "sort of get the hint."
In a scathing decision in September 2014, only months before the Williams decision, Castille took the Federal Community Defenders Office to task. "Death-penalty opponents, such as the Federal Community Defenders Office, can then redirect their efforts to the political arena, where they belong," Castille said. "This court has a responsibility for the entire Pennsylvania judicial system, to ensure the delivery of swift, fair, and evenhanded justice in all cases."
Castille wasn't shy about lambasting Williams either as the argument before the high court approached. Castille said, "He [Williams] was actually a male prostitute ... He was prostituting himself for money. This guy he killed was not the most upstanding individual, but he still took the guy's life."
As court observers wait on the high court's decision, it is worth noting that Gov. Tom Wolf has vowed to grant a reprieve to every death-row inmate scheduled for execution in Pennsylvania.
Williams was the first to benefit by Wolf's pledge. Even without the governor's intervention executions are unlikely in Pennsylvania. The state has not carried out an involuntary execution in more than a half century. There has been three executions in Pennsylvania since 1978 and all three men volunteered to be executed.


text:
\section{Introduction}
We present an oblivious walk for point-location in 2-dimensional
triangulations and a corresponding, strictly monotonically decreasing
distance measure.

\section{Problem Description}

Let $T = (V, F, E)$ be a 2-dimensional triangular tiling of $\mb{R}^2$
in quad-edge representation~\cite{guibas1985primitives}, consisting of
a set of vertices $V$, a set of faces $F$ and a set of half-edges
$E$. We say $T$ is \emph{locally finite} iff for any circle in
$\mb{R}^2$ it holds that the set consisting of all edges (vertices,
faces) in $T$ that intersect the circle (circumference or interior) is
finite.

Let $e \in E$ be some half-edge of this mesh starting at vertex $e_1$
and ending at vertex $e_2$. With $\ms{inv}(e)$ we denote the twin of
$e$ such that $\ms{inv}(e)_1 = e_2$ and $\ms{inv}(e)_2 = e_1$. With
$\ms{face}(e)$ we denote the face $f \in F$ that is, by convention, to
the left of the half-edge $e$. With $\ms{next}(e)$ we denote the next
half-edge (in the face winding order) that is also a side of
$\ms{face}(e)$, i.e.: $\ms{face}(\ms{next}(e)) = \ms{face}(e)$. With
$\ms{prev}(e)$ we denote the previous half-edge (in the face
winding order) that is also a side of $\ms{face}(e)$, i.e.:
$\ms{face}(\ms{prev}(e)) = \ms{face}(e)$. Because we are dealing with
a triangular mesh, in particular, it holds: $\ms{next}(\ms{next}(e)) =
\ms{prev}(e)$ and vice versa.

The problem of point-location~\cite{devillers2002walking} that we
consider in this note can be formulated as follows: Given a point $p
\in \mb{R}^2$ and an initial half-edge $e_\ms{init} \in E$ find some
half-edge $e_\ms{goal} \in E$, using only $\ms{next}(\cdot)$,
$\ms{prev}(\cdot)$ and $\ms{inv}(\cdot)$ operations, such that $p \in
\ms{face}(e_\ms{goal})$, i.e.: the point is on the face. We,
additionally, require the algorithm to be \emph{oblivious}, meaning
that the next chosen half-edge only depends on the last-visited
half-edge and the goal location.

\section{Example of a Zig-Zagging Walk}

A walk in a triangulation is a sequence of faces. We concern ourselves
here only with \emph{directed} walks, such walks attempt to close the
distance between some starting edge (or its corresponding face) and a
target point. Directed walks are important in practice as they are
frequently used to navigate meshes as efficient, flexible
space-partitioning data-structures.

One possible application of a directed walk would be to translate
mouse-clicks to selected faces in a CAD-application. Because such type
of interaction exhibits a lot of locality ---i.e.: clicks often happen
in close proximity to each other--- it is much more efficient to walk
to the corresponding face from the last-visited one then to perform a,
potentially exhaustive, sweep of the entire mesh, which, in
representative cases, may measure in the order of millions or even
billions of faces.

Before we turn to the exposition of the zig-zagging walk, its
corresponding distance measure and termination proof, let us first
investigate briefly why a zig-zagging motion is a useful and intuitive
analogy in thinking about point-location in two dimensional
triangulations.

Since an oblivious walk ``forgets'' its original point of departure as
well as the route followed to get to the current face, it suffices to
consider only the current half-edge and the corresponding current
face (which, by our convention, is always to the left of the current
half-edge) when thinking about the point-location problem.

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}
    \node (e1) at (-5,-3) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (e1l) at (e1) [anchor=north] {$e_1$};
    \node (e2) at (5,-3) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (e2l) at (e2) [anchor=north] {$e_2$};
    \node (c) at (0,0) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (t1) at (-5,3) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (t2) at (5,3) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (f) at (0,-2) [inner sep=1mm] {$f$};
    \node (fl) at (-4,0) [inner sep=1mm] {$f_l$};
    \node (fr) at (4,0) [inner sep=1mm] {$f_r$};
    \node (p) at (0,2) [inner sep=0] {$\circ$};
    \node (pl) at (p) [anchor=south,yshift=0mm] {$p$};
    \path [draw] (e1) -- node [above] (e) {$e$} (e2);
    \path [draw] (e1) -- (c);
    \path [draw] (e2) -- (c);
    \path [draw] (e1) -- (t1);
    \path [draw] (e2) -- (t2);
    \path [draw] (c) -- (t1);
    \path [draw] (c) -- (t2);
    \path [draw] (t1) -- (t2);
    \path [draw,dashed,->] (f) -- (fl);
    \path [draw,dashed,->] (f) -- (fr);
    \path [draw,dashed,->] (fl) -- (p);
    \path [draw,dashed,->] (fr) -- (p);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{An example of a zig-zagging motion exhibited during a
    walk.}\label{fig:zig-zag}
\end{figure}

As an example consider Figure~\ref{fig:zig-zag}. Assume that at some
point during the walk we arrive at half-edge $e$ and corresponding
face $f = \ms{face}(e)$. The target point $p$ is ``straight ahead'' in
the direction of the tip of $f$. However, going straight is not an
option, because the only faces that are directly linked to $f$ (in the
quad-edge representation) are $f_l =
\ms{face}(\ms{inv}(\ms{prev}(e)))$ and $f_r =
\ms{face}(\ms{inv}(\ms{next}(e)))$. Since ``turning back'' is not an
option either, any route to the target point $p$ will have to go
either over the left or over the right, hence, any route will make a
``zig-zag'' motion to reach the target.

The previous example may seem particularly inefficient in terms of
Euclidian distance traveled, however note that the complexity of the
walk does not, in any way, depend on the Euclidian distance, rather it
depends on the \emph{link distance} which, in our case, could be
defined as the number of atomic quad-edge relations ($\ms{next}$,
$\ms{prev}$ and $\ms{inv}$) that had to be traversed.

One problem that we quickly run into when developing a
walking-algorithm is the fact that Euclidian distance is not a
sufficient measure to prove termination: steps do not always strictly
decrease the Euclidian distance to the target. Therefore, to obtain a
clear proof of termination, we need an alternative distance measure
that takes into account the fact that a step in the walk can make
progress not only in terms of Euclidian distance to the target but
also in terms of \emph{orientation towards the target}.

\section{Distance Measure}
For some half-edge $e$ and point $p$ such that $e$ does not intersect
$p$ we define the \emph{oriented distance} of $e$ to $p$ denoted
$\od{e}{p}$ as a pair $[d, \alpha]$ where $d$ is defined to be the
Euclidian distance of point $p$ to the closest point $e_p$ on the
(finite!) line segment $e_1;e_2$ corresponding to half-edge $e$ and
$\alpha$ is defined to be the (smallest) angle between $e_1;e_2$ and
the ray $p;e_p$ or zero in case $p = e_p$.
Since the shortest ray from $p$ to $e$ ends at either $e_1$, $e_2$ or
the orthogonal projection of $p$ on $e_1;e_2$ it follows $\alpha \ge
\pi/2$.
For some examples of how this oriented distance measure is defined
under various relative configurations of the current edge and the
target point, see Figure~\ref{fig:dist1}.

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.9]
  	\node (e1) at (-2, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
	\node (e2) at (2, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
	\path [draw] (e1) -- (e2);
	\node (e1label) [anchor=north] at (e1) {$e_1$};
  	\node (e2label) [anchor=north] at (e2) {$e_2$};

	\node (p1) at (-1,3) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
  	\node (ep) at (-1,0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
	\path [draw, dashed,<->] (p1) -- node [right] {$d_1$} (ep);
  	\node (p1label) [anchor=south] at (p1) {$p_1$};
  	\node (ep1label) [anchor=north] at (ep) {$e_p$};

  	\path [draw] (-.6,0) arc (0:90:.4cm);
  	\node (alpha1) at (-.5,.5) {$\alpha_1$};

  	\node (p2) at (-6, 3) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
	\path [draw, dashed,<->] (p2) -- node [right] {$d_2$} (e1);
  	\node (p2label) [anchor=south] at (p2) {$p_2$};

  	\path [draw] (-1.7, 0) arc (0:135:.4cm);
  	\node (alpha2) at (-1.6,.5) {$\alpha_2$};

  	\node (p3) at (6, 3) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
	\path [draw, dashed,<->] (p3) -- node [right] {$d_3$} (e2);
  	\node (p3label) [anchor=south] at (p3) {$p_3$};

  	\path [draw] (1.7, 0) arc (180:45:.4cm);
  	\node (alpha3) at (1.6,.5) {$\alpha_3$};
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Examples of point--half-edge distance for various locations of a point.}
  \label{fig:dist1}
\end{figure}

We now define a strict partial ordering $<$ on oriented distances such
that
$$[d, \alpha] < [d', \alpha']\text{ iff }d < d' \lor (d = d' \land
\alpha < \alpha')$$
In order to see how this distance measure allows us to compare various
candidate successor edges consider the example in
Figure~\ref{fig:areas}. Here we show a classification of the points in
the space that is to the left of the line supporting the current
half-edge $e$ (but not \emph{on} the current face). So let $p \in
\mb{R}^2$ be the target point and let $l = \ms{inv}(\ms{next}(e))$ and
$r = \ms{inv}(\ms{prev}(e))$ be the two possible successor half-edges,
now let $[d_l, \alpha_l] = \od{l}{p}$ and $[d_r, \alpha_r] =
\od{r}{p}$, we classify the space where the target point $p$ may
reside as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item $d_l < d_r$ and the point of $l$ closest to $p$ is $l_1$ (I$_l$)
\item $d_l < d_r$ and the point of $l$ closest to $p$ is strictly
  in-between $l_1$ and $l_2$ (II$_l$)
\item $d_l = d_r$ and $\alpha_l < \alpha_r$ (III$_l$)
\item $d_l = d_r$ and $\alpha_l = \alpha_r$ (IV)
\item $d_l > d_r$ and $\alpha_l > \alpha_r$ (III$_r$)
\item $d_l > d_r$ and the point of $r$ closest to $p$ is strictly in-between $r_1$ and $r_2$ (II$_r$)
\item $d_l > d_r$ and the point of $r$ closest to $p$ is $r_2$ (I$_r$)
\end{itemize}
Note that area I$_l$ or I$_r$ becomes a line in case the triangle is
right in its left or right base angle respectively and empty in case
the corresponding angle becomes obtuse. All the other areas remain
non-empty no matter how obtuse or how thin the triangle becomes.

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \coordinate (ee1) at (-5, 0);
    \coordinate (ee2) at (5, 0);
    \node (a) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \node (labelA) [anchor=north] at (e1) {$l_1 = e_1$};
    \node (labelB) [anchor=north] at (e2) {$e_2 = r_2$};
    \node (labelCl) [anchor=north east,xshift=-.3cm] at (a) {$l_2$};
    \node (labelCe) [anchor=north,yshift=-.1cm] at (a) {$=$};
    \node (labelCr) [anchor=north west,yshift=-.1cm,xshift=+.3cm] at (a) {$r_1$};
    \path[draw,dashed] (ee1) -- (e1);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw,dashed] (e2) -- (ee2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above,xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (a);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above,xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (a);
    \path[draw,dashed] (a) -- ++(3,2);
    \path[draw,dashed] (e2) -- ++(3,2);
    \path[draw,dashed] (a) -- ++(-3,2);
    \path[draw,dashed] (e1) -- ++(-3,2);
    \node (iv) at (0,5.5) {IV};
    \path [draw,dashed] (a) -- (iv);
    \path [draw,dashed] (iv) -- ++(0,1);

    \node (i) at (4.5, .8) {I$_r$};
    \node (ip) at (-4.5, .8) {I$_l$};
    \node (ii) at (3, 3) {II$_r$};
    \node (iip) at (-3, 3) {II$_l$};
    \node (iii) at (-1, 5) {III$_l$};
    \node (iii) at (1, 5) {III$_r$};
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{The various areas where the target point may reside.}\label{fig:areas}
\end{figure}

\section{Oriented Distance Walk}
We are now in a position to describe the algorithm properly. Let $e \in E$ be some initial half-edge,
and let $p \in \mb{R}^2$ be the goal location. The algorithm then goes as follows:

\lstdefinelanguage{alg}{}

\begin{lstlisting}[language=alg, mathescape ,numbers=left]
    $\text{\bf if}$ $p\ \text{is to the right--of}\ e$ $\text{\bf then}$ $e \leftarrow \ms{inv}(e)$
    $\text{\bf while}$ $p \notin \ms{face}(e)$
        $l, r \leftarrow \ms{inv}(\ms{next}(e)), \ms{inv}(\ms{prev}(e))$
        $\text{\bf if}$ $(\od{l}{p}) < (\od{r}{p})$ $\text{\bf then}$ $e \leftarrow l$ $\text{\bf else}$ $e \leftarrow r$
\end{lstlisting}

In line 1 we bootstrap the algorithm by ensuring the invariant that
$p$ is always to the left of $e$. In line 2 we check the termination
condition that $p$ is on the current face (i.e.: the face to the
left of the current half-edge). In line 3 we compute the two possible
successor edges. In line 4 we pick the successor edge that has the
smallest oriented distance to the target point.

Note that, in this algorithm, ties are broken by defaulting to the
right-successor edge. Clearly, it is possible to have a leftmost
version by defaulting to the left instead, or a non-deterministic
version by allowing either the left or the right-successor edge
whenever $\od{l}{p}$ is not strictly less or greater-than
$\od{r}{p}$. For the remainder we will assume the non-deterministic
version of the algorithm, all the results that follow will then hold
also for (both) deterministic versions, as a corollary.

We shall first prove a number of properties of the walk which
consequently will allow us to prove the main result, i.e.: guaranteed
termination of the zig-zagging walk. First we show that the point
will, as an invariant, always be to the left of the current half-edge.

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (-2,0) -- (4,0) -- (1,4.5) -- (-2,0);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (4.5,0);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (1.5,5.25);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:halfspace}, step 1: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray cone}\label{fig:lemma:1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (2,0) -- (4,0) -- (1,4.5) -- (0,3) -- (2,0);
    \draw[dashed] (2,0) -- (4.5,0);
    \draw[dashed] (2,0) -- (0,3);
    \draw[dashed] (0,3) -- (1.5,5.25);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:halfspace}, step 2: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray, truncated cone}\label{fig:lemma:2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (0,3) -- (1,4.5) -- (2,4.33333) -- (0,3);
    \draw[dashed] (0,3) -- (1.5,5.25);
    \draw[dashed] (0,3) -- (3,5);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
    \draw (-0.395,2.4) arc (56.6:123.4:-.72cm);
    \node (alr) at (0,2) {$\angle lr$};
  \end{tikzpicture}$\quad$
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:halfspace}, step 3: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray cone}\label{fig:lemma:3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (-2,0) -- (0,3) -- (2,0) -- (4,0) -- (0,4.5) -- (-4,0) -- (-2,0);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (-4.5,0);
    \draw[dashed] (2,0) -- (4.5,0);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:mono}, step 1: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray zone}\label{fig:lemma:mono:1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (-2,0) -- (0,3) -- (2,0) -- (2,4.5) -- (-2,4.5) -- (-2,0);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (-2,5);
    \draw[dashed] (2,0) -- (2,5);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
  \end{tikzpicture}
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:mono}, step 2a: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray zone}\label{fig:lemma:mono:2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \fill[black!30] (-2,0) -- (-4.5,0) -- (-4,1.3333) -- (-2,0);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (-5,2);
    \draw[dashed] (-2,0) -- (-5,0);
    \node (e1) [inner sep=0cm] at (-2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (e2) [inner sep=0cm] at (2, 0) {$\circ$};
    \node (tip) [inner sep=0cm] at (0,3) {$\circ$};
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above] {$e$} (e2);
    \path[draw] (e1) -- node [above, xshift=-.2cm] {$l$} (tip);
    \path[draw] (e2) -- node [above, xshift=.2cm] {$r$} (tip);
    \draw (-1.4,0) arc (0:56:.6cm);
    \node (ael) at (-1,.5) {$\angle el$};
  \end{tikzpicture}$\quad$
  \caption{Lemma~\ref{lem:mono}, step 2b: $p$ lies somewhere in the gray cone}\label{fig:lemma:mono:3}
\end{figure}

\begin{lemma}[Target in Half-space]\label{lem:halfspace}
At every iteration of the walk it holds that $p$ lies in the half-space
to the left of $e$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
By induction on the number of iterations. The basis is ensured as a
postcondition of line 1. For the inductive step assume, w.l.o.g., that
the left successor edge $l$ is chosen in line 4, which implies, in the
non-deterministic version, $\od{l}{p} \le \od{r}{p}$.  Now, for
contradiction, assume that $p$ lies strictly to the right of $l$. By
inductive hypothesis we have that $p$ is to the left of $e$ which
places it in the cone formed by $l$ and $e$
(cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:1}). In addition we have the loop invariant
$p \notin \ms{face}(e)$ which places $p$ further inside the now
truncated cone formed by $l$, $e$ and $r$
(cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:2}). Now let $[d_l, \alpha_l] = \od{l}{p}$
and $[d_r, \alpha_r] = \od{r}{p}$, and note that a ray cast from any
point in the truncated cone to $l$ must pass through $r$ hence we
obtain: $d_l \ge d_r$. Now, by assumption, $\od{l}{p} \le \od{r}{p}$
which implies $d_l \le d_r$. From the latter two facts it follows that
$d_l = d_r$ and $\alpha_l \le \alpha_r$ which places $p$ still further
inside the cone formed by $l$ and the line orthogonal to $r$ starting
at the tip vertex (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:3}). However, we see from
the diagram that this implies $\alpha_l = \alpha_r + \angle lr$ which
directly contradicts our assumption that $\alpha_l \le \alpha_r$.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}[Monotonicity]\label{lem:mono}
  With every step of the zig-zagging walk the oriented distance of the
  current edge to the target strictly decreases.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
  Assume for contradiction that the oriented distance does not
  strictly decrease, i.e.: $(\od{e}{p}) \le (\od{l}{p})$ and
  $(\od{e}{p}) \le (\od{r}{p})$.  First note that by
  Lemma~\ref{lem:halfspace} we have that $p$ is to the left of $e$,
  and by the loop invariant we have that $p$ is outside of the current
  face (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:mono:1}). Now let $e_p$ be the point
  on $e$ closest to $p$. We make a case distinction. As a first case
  consider $e_p \ne e_1$ and $e_p \ne e_2$, i.e.: $e_p$ is properly
  contained between $e_1$ and $e_2$. In this case the projection of
  $p$ on $e$ must have been orthogonal
  (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:mono:2}). However this means that the ray
  from $p$ to $e$ must have passed through one of the two sides $r$ or
  $l$ and through the interior of the face which contradicts our
  assumption that $(\od{e}{p}) \le (\od{l}{p})$ and $(\od{e}{p}) \le
  (\od{r}{p})$. For the second case consider $e_p = e_1$ or $e_p =
  e_2$. So, w.l.o.g, assume $e_p = e_1$.  Now let $[d_l, \alpha_l] =
  \od{l}{p}$ and $[d_e, \alpha_e] = \od{e}{p}$. Since $e_1 = l_1$ is a
  shared point with $l$ it must hold $d_l \le d_e$, and hence, by
  assumption that $(\od{e}{p}) \le (\od{l}{p})$, it must follow that
  $d_l = e_l$ and $\alpha_e \le \alpha_l$, this places $p$ in the cone
  between $e$ and the line orthogonal to $l$ emanating from $e_1$
  (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:lemma:mono:3}). However, we see from the
  diagram that this implies $\alpha_e = \alpha_l + \angle le$, which
  directly contradicts our assumption that $\alpha_e \le \alpha_l$.
\end{proof}

We are now in position to formulate and prove finite time termination
theorem. For this we need local finiteness of $T$ to rule out the
possibility of asymptotic walks in dense tessellations.

\begin{theorem}
If $T$ is locally finite, the zig-zagging walk always terminates.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
  Let $p \in \mb{R}^2$ be the target point and $e \in E$ the initial
  half-edge, let $[d, \alpha] = \od{e}{p}$, and let $E' = \{ e' \in
  E\ |\ (\od{e'}{p}) \le (\od{e}{p}) \}$. We say $E'$ is the
  neighborhood of $e$ and $p$. Note that all edges in the neighborhood
  $E'$ intersect a disc centered at $p$ with radius $d$, hence, by
  local finiteness of $T$, it follows $E'$ is a finite set.  Now by
  Lemma~\ref{lem:mono} we have that the zig-zagging walk visits a
  sequence of half-edges in $E'$ that exhibits a strictly
  monotonically decreasing chain of oriented distances, and, since
  $E'$ is finite, this implies termination.
\end{proof}

If we define the local size of the mesh as the size of the
neighborhood as defined in the proof, we actually get the stronger
result that the zig-zagging walk always terminates in a number of
steps that is bounded by the local size of the mesh.

\subsection{Spiraling in a Tetrahedralization}

One of the obvious next questions to consider is whether this result
can be generalized from two to three dimensions. Although we defer formal
treatment to future work, we already give some intuition and a proof
sketch as to how this might be done.

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \node (p) at (0, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (a) at (2.5, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (b) at (4.5, -1.5) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (c) at (3, -2) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \draw (p) circle (2.5cm);
    \path [draw,dashed,<->] (p) -- (a);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (b) -- (c) -- (a);
    \draw [->] (3.5,-.75) arc (-36.39:-75.97:1.25cm);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\caption{A example of a reorienting step in two
  dimensions.}\label{fig:2da}
  \vspace{1cm}
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \node (p) at (0, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (a) at (2.5, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (c) at (3, -2) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (b) at (1,-1) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \draw (a) arc (0:322:2.5cm);
    \draw (p) circle (1.4142cm);
    \path [draw,dashed,<->] (p) -- (b);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (c) -- (b) -- (a);
    \draw [->] (0,2.5) -- (0,1.4142);
    \draw [->] (-2.5,0) -- (-1.4142,0);
    \draw [->] (2.5,0) -- (1.4142,0);
    \draw [->] (0,-2.5) -- (0,-1.4142);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\caption{An example of an approaching step in two
  dimensions.}\label{fig:2dd}
\end{figure}

First observe that, in two dimensions, we can define the ``current
neighborhood circle'' to be the smallest circle surrounding the
target point that intersects the current half-edge. A zig-zagging walk
then consists of steps that change the angle of the current half-edge
to make it more tangent to the current neighborhood circle
(cf. Figure~\ref{fig:2da}) eventually followed by steps that approach
the target and thereby shrink the radius of the current neighborhood
circle (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:2dd}).

In three dimensions the analogon to the neighborhood circle would be the
smallest \emph{sphere} surrounding the target point that intersects
the face. A spiraling walk through a tetrahedralization would then
consist, analogously, of steps that change the orientation of the
current face to make it more tangent to the current neighborhood
sphere (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:3da}) eventually followed by steps that
approach the target and thereby shrink the radius of the current
neighborhood sphere (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:3dd}).

\begin{figure}\center
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \node (p) at (0, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (a) at (2.5, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (b) at (4.5, -1.5) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (c) at (3, -2) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (d) at (3.5,-.25) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \draw (p) circle (2.5cm);
    \draw (a) arc (0:-180:2.5cm and 1cm);
    \draw [dotted] (a) arc (0:180:2.5cm and 1cm);
    \path [draw,dashed,<->] (p) -- (a);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (b) -- (c) -- (a);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (d) -- (b);
    \path [draw,dotted] (d) -- (c);
    \draw [->] (3.5,-.75) arc (-36.39:-75.97:1.25cm);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\caption{A example of a reorienting step in three
  dimensions.}\label{fig:3da}
  \vspace{1cm}
  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
    \node (p) at (0, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (a) at (2.5, 0) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (c) at (3, -2) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (b) at (1,-1) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \node (d) at (3.5,-.25) [inner sep=0cm] {$\circ$};
    \draw (a) arc (0:322:2.5cm);
    \draw (p) circle (1.4142cm);
    \draw (1.4142,0) arc (0:-180:1.4142cm and .6cm);
    \draw [dotted] (1.4142,0) arc (0:180:1.4142cm and .6cm);
    \path [draw,dashed,<->] (p) -- (b);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (c) -- (b) -- (a);
    \path [draw] (a) -- (d) -- (c);
    \path [draw,dotted] (d) -- (b);
    \draw [->] (0,2.5) -- (0,1.4142);
    \draw [->] (-2.5,0) -- (-1.4142,0);
    \draw [->] (2.5,0) -- (1.4142,0);
    \draw [->] (0,-2.5) -- (0,-1.4142);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\caption{An example of an approaching step in three
  dimensions.}\label{fig:3dd}
\end{figure}

In the two dimensional case a single angle was sufficient to
characterize the orientation of the current half-edge w.r.t. the target
point. In the three dimensional case we need at least 2 angles to
characterize the orientation of the current face w.r.t. the target
point.

In particular we define the \emph{ray} as the shortest line segment
from the target point to the closest point on the face, we must then
fix a roll \emph{roll axis} as a line-segment that lies in the face
and intersects the ray.

Given such a roll axis we then define the \emph{pitch axis} as the
line that is orthogonal to both the ray as well as the roll axis.  We
further define the \emph{pitch angle} of the face as the angle between
the ray and the roll axis and we define the \emph{roll angle} as the
angle between the face and the plane defined by the pitch and roll
axis.

We then define a \emph{pitch minimizing roll axis} to be any roll axis
that minimizes the pitch angle, and we define a \emph{minimizing roll
  axis} to be any pitch minimizing roll axis that minimizes the roll
angle, i.e.: it minimizes \emph{firstly} the pitch angle and
\emph{secondly} the roll angle. We refer to the latter as the
\emph{minimal pitch angle} and the \emph{minimal roll angle}.

For some face $f$ and some point $p$ where $f$ does not contain $p$,
we can now define the oriented distance of $f$ to $p$, notation:
$\od{f}{p}$, as the triple $[d, \alpha, \beta]$ where $d$ is the
Euclidian distance of the target point to the closest point on the
face, $\alpha$ is the minimal pitch angle and $\beta$ is the minimal
roll angle. We then define a strict partial order as follows:
\begin{align*}
  [d, \alpha, \beta] < [d', \alpha', \beta']\text{ iff }
  d < d' \lor (d = d' \land \alpha < \alpha') \lor (d = d' \land \alpha = \alpha' \land \beta < \beta')
\end{align*}

\section{Discussion and Future Work}
We defer to future work the formal treatment of the three dimensional
case (for which we already gave some intuitions in the previous
section), and, possibly, a full generalization to $n$--dimensional
simplexes.

Another possible direction that we are interested in is to look for a
robust version of the zig-zagging walk that does not require infinite
precision in the evaluation of the predicates.
The hope there is that the clear termination proof in the infinite
precision case can function as a starting point in proving termination
in the finite precision case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Reuters News - Euro zone rescuer Draghi faces daunting 2013
European Central Bank (ECB) President Mario Draghi addresses a news conference at the European parliament in Brussels December 17, 2012.
Credit: Reuters/Laurent Dubrule
By Paul Carrel
FRANKFURT | Tue Dec 18, 2012 7:56am EST
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"There will be a lot of focus on preparation for the ECB as the new single supervisor," said Nick Matthews, economist at Nomura, referring to new plans for the ECB to take over supervision of the bloc's biggest banks.
"The other big challenge is the performance of the real economy - does confidence return as the ECB is expecting?"
Draghi had only been in office eight months when he pulled the euro zone back from the brink of break-up by saying in July: "Within our mandate, the ECB is ready to do whatever it takes to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough."
Although he began 2012 relatively untried at the European level, with Berlin suspicious, the new ECB president won support from German Chancellor Angela Merkel and her nominee on the ECB board, Joerg Asmussen, for his bold plan to save the euro.
That involved the ECB standing ready to buy government bonds in secondary markets to bring down borrowing costs for stricken countries, provided they signed up to a tough program of economic targets.
Draghi's stroke of genius - or luck - was that during 2012 the mere threat of ECB action sufficed to push borrowing costs down by a critical two percentage points for Spain and Italy, without the need to actually intervene.
This was just as well, since the most influential single ECB council member - Germany's Jens Weidmann - opposed the plan.
Clemens Fuest, research director at Oxford University's Said Business School and an adviser to the German Finance Ministry, explained that Draghi's vow to "do whatever it takes" to save the euro and the development of his plan came at a time when Berlin was under intense pressure to hold the bloc together.
"They didn't like (being pushed to do more) and they knew this would take the pressures away from that area," he added.
For a man who likes to say "the proof is in the eyes of the beholder", Draghi will need to deliver on his pledge next year but without triggering another ECB internal schism that would blow the market confidence he has restored.
The first test is already looming. In Draghi's native Italy, the reforming government of technocrat Mario Monti has collapsed and there is no guarantee that elections early next year will deliver a strong government committed to economic reform.
This threatens to take the three-year-old crisis to a new level and further test Draghi's ability to get a convincing policy response from a fractured ECB Governing Council.
The ECB will likely need to activate its new bond-purchase program - dubbed Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) - in 2013 to ease Spain's borrowing costs. Any intervention will have to be strong enough to show Draghi's pledge is credible.
Bundesbank chief Weidmann would rather not use the OMT at all. Others at the ECB would, and sooner rather than later.
"We would prefer them to apply," one member of the policymaking Governing Council, speaking on condition of anonymity, said with reference to the request for aid from Europe's bailout fund Madrid must make before the ECB can act.
If juggling these pressures is not enough, Draghi also faces the managerial challenge of building up a banking supervisory body at the ECB next year that is both credible but separate from the bank's main business of setting interest rates.
BANKING BEHEMOTH
The ECB's new supervisory role is part of a vision for a more integrated euro zone that Draghi has pushed for since he succeeded Frenchman Jean-Claude Trichet as ECB president in November, 2011.
Under a landmark deal last week, the ECB will have new powers from 2014 that will give it automatic oversight of around 150 of the euro zone's 6,000-odd banks, and the authority to intervene in smaller banks if there are signs of trouble.
The establishment of this single supervisory mechanism is a first step towards a banking union that will lay a cornerstone for closer economic integration.
The Governing Council member, speaking on condition of anonymity, described the banking union as being of "existential importance for the euro zone". It will later include a fund to wind down problem banks and a deposit guarantee scheme,
But he and others at the ECB still worry about how the central bank will handle its new supervisory role without compromising its independence on setting interest rates - for instance by keeping rates low to keep banks alive.
"This institution is starting to be overburdened," said the Council member, who wanted tight rules to delineate the bank's new supervisory role and to separate it from monetary policy.
Draghi's challenge here is two-fold: he needs to put the right structures and people in place to ensure the supervisor operates effectively. But he must also separate it from ECB monetary policybusiness or risk losing the bank's independence.
Draghi's solution is to keep himself out of the supervision business - a strategy that poses a risk of its own as the ECB must make the new body credible without the authority he brings.
"It's not going to be me who is going to take care of this," he told European lawmakers on Monday. "We have to make sure that monetary policy and supervision are rigorously separated."
TIGHTROPE WALK
One tightrope walk Draghi cannot opt out of its monetary policy: in the past this was mainly the business of setting interest rates to keep inflation in check. This year, Draghi took ECB's monetary policy to a new level with his OMT plan.
In Germany, however, the OMT plan has led to worries that Draghi is moving the ECB away from the Bundesbank model of fierce independence. Before the ECB can intervene under the program, a country must seek help from Europe's bailout fund.
"This means the ECB becomes dependent on fiscal policy decisions, and gives up its independence to a degree," said Fuest, who in March takes over as head of German think tank ZEW.
These concerns echo the views of Weidmann. The resignations last year of his predecessor, Axel Weber, and German chief economist Juergen Stark in protest at the ECB's previous bond-buying plan rocked the young central bank.
While Weidmann has indicated he will not resign, 65-year-old Draghi was only able to secure his OMT plan by isolating the Bundesbank chief. Draghi needs to keep him in a minority of one, or else risk his signature policy plan losing value.
This means Draghi may have to forgo the interest rate cut some at the ECB would like in 2013 to help the euro zone's recession-hit southern economies, just to avoid other hardliners - or hawks - joining Weidmann in opposing use of the OMT.
Euro zone rates are currently at 0.75 percent, higher than Britain's 0.5 percent and the Fed's rate of close to zero.
"Draghi's key task for 2013 is keeping the sharpest weapon the ECB has - the OMT - as sharp as possible by keeping as many of the Governing Council hawks on his side as possible," said Christian Schulz at Berenberg Bank, a former ECB economist.
"If there is a gradual recovery, as expected, his chances are good because another rate cut, which the hawks would not like, would not be needed."
(Editing by Michael Stott)
Posted by Premier Gold Group at 4:20 AM
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Today is the 25th anniversary of World AIDS Day. I care about fighting AIDS because treatment is inexpensive and I believe that no one should have to die because they can't afford it. HIV treatment is also a method of HIV prevention. A person on treatment is up to 96% less likely to transmit the virus to another person including mother to child.
The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, also known as PEPFAR, was introduced in 2003 under the Bush Administration. It provides treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS and support for the care of orphans and vulnerable children. PEPFAR is a commitment to fighting the global HIV/AIDS pandemic through U.S. contributions to UNAIDS and The Global Fund.
The Global Fund supports programs for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria in 150 countries. The United States has contributed over 30% of the funding from the public sector, which makes up 95% of total donations. The country of Rwanda is a contributor and recipient of Global Fund aid – the government contributes what it can to the Global Fund and programs under the Rwanda Ministry of Health apply for funding through the Global Fund.
The President's FY 2013 budget request for PEPFAR is $546 million less (over 13% of the United States' plan for 2011-2013) than the FY 2012 request. Because accessible treatment is directly impacting the spread of HIV/AIDS, to decrease spending for the Global Fund now would be to reverse ten years of progress for global health equality. For these reasons, FACE AIDS is in the midst of an advocacy campaign writing letters and making phone calls asking representatives to keep their promises and fully fund PEPFAR and the Global Fund. This video is great example of how advocacy can be fun and informative.


text:
NAD >> The NAD Takes on Health and Fitness Fads (and a Few Kardashians in the Process)
Advertising, Marketing & Promotions:
5th Edition: Trends in Marketing Communications Law
Every year brings with it a new set of health and fitness fads, and a new set of opportunistic marketers seeking to take advantage of consumers' never-ending desire to look and feel their best. Never one to blindly follow trends, the Advertising Self-Regulatory Council's National Advertising Division (NAD) spent much of the past year ensuring that advertisers do not exploit these fads at the expense of consumers.
Last year, the NAD addressed a pair of challenges involving FitTea, a beverage that promised to "Boost Energy, Boost Immunity, Boost Metabolism, Burn Fat" when used as part of a diet and exercise regimen. As a part of its marketing push, FitTea hired social media influencers – including Kourtney Kardashian, Khloe Kardashian and Kylie Jenner – to post Instagram endorsements of its product. In addition, FitTea populated its website with various social media posts and testimonials that it received from uncompensated consumers. Many of these posts included claims that FitTea boosts metabolism and burns fat, and included before-and-after photos showing substantial weight and fitness changes. The NAD found that, although the diet and exercise program that FitTea promoted may result in weight loss and fitness improvement, there was no evidence that FitTea itself boosts metabolism, boosts immunity, burns fat or otherwise results in weight loss. The NAD therefore required FitTea to stop re-posting consumer testimonials that contained such claims and to ensure that its paid endorsers avoid conveying such untrue messages. In a separate challenge involving the influencers themselves, the NAD found that they had failed to adequately disclose their connection to FitTea, and required that the influencers modify their posts to make clear that they were compensated for their statements.
The NAD also reviewed advertising for a natural deodorant product that included claims that the product absorbs wetness and moisture without aluminum (a common ingredient in most antiperspirants). Although the advertiser presented laboratory testing and consumer-use surveys as evidence that the product helps absorb wetness, the NAD found that the advertiser's claims were unsubstantiated, absent testing of the product on actual consumers.
Other health misrepresentations were far more blatant. For example, one advertiser marketed its version of the wildly popular fidget spinner as an "ADHD Focus Anxiety Relief Toy" that is "Great for Anxiety, Focusing, ADHD, Autism." Others proclaimed that all-natural herbal remedies and dietary supplements could treat a broad range of ailments, from cramping and kidney stones to opiate addictions and even cancer. In each case, the advertiser refused to participate in the self-regulatory process or provide substantiation, resulting in referrals by the NAD to the Federal Trade Commission.
Marketers are responsible for statements made in paid-for testimonials and must ensure that their influencers adequately disclose their material connections to the advertiser.
Today's fad could be tomorrow's NAD challenge. Marketers seeking to leverage health or fitness trends must therefore ensure that their advertising claims are truthful and substantiated.
RONALD R. URBACH
Chairman/Co-Chair
rurbach@dglaw.com
Advertising, Marketing & Promotions
ataylor@dglaw.com
LOUIS P. DILORENZO
ldilorenzo@dglaw.com


Lori is a licensed producer here to help you.
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Consulting Ireland hosted a seminar in NMCI's conference venue facilities yesterday. The conference was for Irish companies interested in tendering for opportunities with International Financial Institutions (IFIs), such as the European Commission and World Bank.
There were presentations on the day from experts in the Construction, Finance, IT, Legal, Management Consulting and Pharmaceutical sector.
The seminar also introduced the activities of Consulting Ireland, described the international opportunities available and provided practical advice on how best to capitalise on them.


We are in LOVE with this stunning dress! Our Black Crochet Wrap Dress features crochet lace detailing at the bust and neckline, a tie at the waist, and a wrap skirt. Line. Non-sheer. Single snap closure at bust. Kayla is 5'6" and is wearing a small.