They say that a watch is the most important jewellery you can wear. You can tell a lot about a man by observing his wrist wear. Choosing to wear a luxury watch simply shows the fact that you reflect a certain class and elegance. Several years are spent researching and perfecting the movement and mechanism of a luxury watch. You might remember the watch i got for my wedding day here.
The expertise of the watchmaker is another factor to take into consideration to map the value of this masterpiece. The fruit of this solid work is a watch that is accurate to the microsecond. They are made in limited quantities and only sold in select shops by the topmost brands.
The rarity and the science behind it tend to make these watches cost a fortune. Some watches are even set with rare gemstones on the dial. The brand name is the first identification you can make of a luxury watch. Only the very top and rare brands specialize in creating this timeless work of art.
A luxury watch is similar to a piece of jewellery and it is often turned into an heirloom that you pass down generations in the family. There a number of factors to consider and understand before you decide on which model you are interested in. It can be daunting to get into the world of luxury watches and the art of watchmaking.
However, the more you understand, the more you will appreciate the value of your potential prized possession. Learning everything about luxury watches can take forever. Condensed into the very essentials, here are a few factors you should be considering, as a novice luxury watch collector, before you can start to think about buying.
Perfect timekeeping: while this is the primary role of a watch, low priced watches made in mass by unskilled labourers often stay unheard of factors such as quality control. Luxury watches are made only by highly skilled artisans and is treated as a creation of pure art.
Durability: Low priced watches are unheard of to stay in perfect condition for a period more than five years. Luxury watches can last for decades, with only minor tune-ups being necessary once in five years or so.
Investment value: A luxury watch is more than a wrist wear. It is an investment for a generation. Composed of valuable materials which tend to retain or increase their value over time, this watch only gets more costly with age. This is unlike low priced watches which hardly have any resale value due to their material composition. The brand value only increases as well in the case of luxury watches, slowly converting them into a vintage piece which will be worth more than a couple of thousands of dollars.
A sign of being well off: Being wealthy does have its perks at situations. A well-dressed gentleman will demand respect with the way he looks, wherever he goes. The brand value of a prestigious watch can add numerous points for the gentlemanly look. In the social sphere, luxury timepieces are respected and widely recognised by people who have an eye for detail. This adds up when paired with the right type of clothes such as a tailored suit, tuxedo or semi-formal wear as well. All of this subtle display can point out to the attire of a successful man who is not self-aggrandizing, yet bold enough to make a solid impression.
The family heirloom: An intrinsically valuable investment, the luxury watch in your possession can be more than just for a lifetime. It can be a precious asset you can pass off to your son, and he can hand it down too his, converting this exquisite piece of jewellery into a priceless family heirloom. The process of a young boy growing up to be old enough to wear his father's watch will be an everlasting memory. It reminds you of the importance of family, and all the men who wore it before you.
While every watch can tell time, a luxury watch can do much more. It is the perfect possession for someone who is willing to invest into an item of jewellery that will be a treasured and prized possession for eternity. The precious metal and the value they hold, along with the incomparable precision, durability and retained value correspond to refiled wealth, success and a story of many generations.
However, some of the facts that you may hear about luxury watches are no more than falsely accused facts and assumptions. You can read about them in detail in this blog.
It is common to assume that the higher the price, the more is the quality of the watch. However, the price may increase due to the value of the gemstones or complications. Complications on a watch are the term used to denote features such as a sundial, stopwatches, and windows. These features may seem like a lot more than they are worth when you are a first-time buyer. After the initial excitement, the realization may dawn that these features will be rarely used and it would have been a waste of money to invest upon a watch merely based on these.
Another myth that surrounds luxury watches is the assumption that, more the gemstones set into the dial, the more better the watch will turn out to be. This is due to the high advertisement that surrounds watches by watchmakers that highlight the number of gemstones as high point. Originally, precious stones were used as a tool in luxury watches to reduce the friction between the parts of the watch, preventing any wear and tear to the piece of jewellery. The addition of the jewels also increase the price of the watch, and they can be misleading towards the value of the of the luxury watch. It is also necessary to ensure that the gemstones set into the dial are original and worth their value.
Regardless of all the myths that surround luxury watches and their value, the fact remains that they are an investment for a lifetime and if chosen carefully, they will make an excellent choice of wrist wear and much more.


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Pre-Prep and Nursery School children took part in the annual PTA sponsored walk through our wonderful school grounds on Friday 12 October. This year the children were helping Theo to replace a survey he made of the local wildlife after House Teddy spilt coffee all over his original report. The children showed a real determination to complete their task and were not put off by the challenging terrain and windy weather conditions. They looked and listened carefully during the walk and were able to find all the animals, plants and features on their tick lists. As a school we are lucky to have such excellent support from our parents and the walkathon was a wonderful example of the difference they make!


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GREAT NEWS: EBRD Provides Financing for the Construction of High-speed Tramway Network in Poland
photo: EBRD/EBRD Provides Financing for the Construction of High-speed Tramway Network in Poland
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has signed agreements to support the construction of phase four of the high-speed tramway network in Krakow, Poland, through a public-private partnership (PPP).
The EBRD will provide a loan of 258.5 million Polish zlotych (equivalent to about €54 million) to the special-purpose vehicle (SPV) PPP Solutions Polska 2 Sp, the project company. The SPV is owned by the Turkish engineering firm Gülermak, which has a successful track record in civil infrastructure projects both internationally and in Poland.
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The rest of the financing package – around PLN 565.5 million – will be co-financed by the European Investment Bank and a Polish commercial bank.
The new phase of the city's high-speed tramway network will include a new 4.5 km twin-rail track, a new 900-metre tunnel and an upgrade of associated infrastructure. The new tracks will connect two existing tramlines in the north of the city, thus increasing the system's capacity and enabling more than 40 additional tram trips per hour (approximately 550 more trips per day).
EBRD Director for Infrastructure in Europe, Susan Goeransson, said: "We are proud to support Krakow's efforts to make its transport greener. The project, which the city's population is eagerly anticipating, will make Krakow's tram network faster and more convenient, encouraging more people to use trams instead of cars. The associated infrastructure will also serve pedestrians and cyclists."
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Kemal Güleryüz, Gülermak's Chairman, said: "The Krakow tram PPP represents a pioneering project in the evolution of the PPP market in Poland and a significant milestone for Gülermak Group as its first PPP investment. The EBRD brings substantial experience to the project and also guides all stakeholders to prioritise the green economy transition. We are also proud to work with the EBRD on the project."
The project will be the first PPP for the municipality of Krakow and the first in Poland's tramway sector.
Gülermak Group will undertake the construction and maintenance works. Attracting private enterprises to public transport and other public services is a way to increase financing opportunities and the efficiency of the required infrastructure, which is particularly relevant because countries need to invest more in decarbonising their economies.
The EBRD has committed over €1 billion to clean transport in Poland, of which half has been in public transport, rail and ports, and half is dedicated to electric-vehicle manufacturing.
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To date, the EBRD has invested more than €12 billion in Poland, with a strong focus on green economy transition, which accounted for three-quarters of the Bank's 2022 investment in the country.
Source: EBRD
author: Mariia Akhromieieva
EBRD, PPP, high-speed, tramway, network, Poland, construction, Krakow,
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Go to Bookies.com
Yankees Over/Under Regular Season Wins Higher Than Red Sox
By Dave Golokhov | Feb, 27th 2019 | 3 mins
As the frigid temperatures start to thaw a little bit, we can start to look forward to Opening Day 2019.
Helping us get into the mood for spring and baseball season is that BetAmerica Sportsbook have posted some regular season win totals. Two of the numbers stand out from the crowd: the New York Yankees are projected to win two more games than their rival, the World Series champion Boston Red Sox.
On top of that, the Yankees are now favored to win the Fall Classic while the defending champs have dropped to second in line. Is it warranted or should the World Series champs have the upper hand?
2019 Regular Season Win Totals
New York Yankees O/U 96.5
Boston Red Sox O/U 94.5
Yankees Have Improved
The first thing to remember is that the Yankees won 100 games last season and are in position to sustain that success.
To start off, the team had an average age of 27.6 last season, which made them the seventh-youngest team in the league. On top of that, remember that a number of their players dealt with injuries, including Aaron Judge, who only played in 112 games, and Gary Sanchez, who played in 89.
The team also made some quality upgrades to the roster, including the addition of starting pitcher James Paxton. When healthy, he's a legitimate ace. The team also added Troy Tulowitzki, who is not the All-Star he once was, but will add depth while Didi Gregorius (Tommy John) returns around the All-Star break.
The Yankees were 83-47 on August 26th last season before finishing the year just 17-15. Their young roster should be in much better shape to finish the season strong, get over this regular season win total and win the American League East.
Red Sox Had A Quiet Offseason
While the Yankees bolstered their lineup in the offseason, the World Series champs probably took a small step back. They're still very talented in most facets but they do have to be concerned about their bullpen. They lost Joe Kelly to free agency and while it's not official yet, it looks like All-Star closer Craig Kimbrel is also a goner.
It's not become the clear-cut team weakness as we don't know who will take the reigns in the later stages of the game. It looks like Matt Barnes will be the closer but he's had control issues.
Outside of that, this team is still very well put together but it was definitely a quiet offseason for the Red Sox with no big signings or acquisitions.
History Suggests Red Sox Take A Step Back
One reason why the Red Sox are posted with a lower win total than the Yankees is that they don't often get above this number. Consider that the Red Sox have won 96 games just once in their last five seasons and twice in their last 11. Regardless of how good this team looks, that's a factor here.
Beyond that, you also have to add to the equation that the Red Sox have now won the World Series four times since 2004 and they've won less regular season games the following year each of the first three times. It's usually just a small drop-off – a few games – but in 2014, they did fall off by 26 games.
That's not just a Red Sox-problem as that tends to be a league-wide trend. Of the last eight World Series champions, only once has the team winning the ring won more regular season games the following year (Houston Astros in 2018). The other seven times, the team declined the following regular season.
Yankees Leapfrog Red Sox As World Series Favorite
Just a few weeks ago, the Yankees, Red Sox and Houston Astros were all posted on the board at +600 at 888Sport but the odds have shifted slightly. Now the Yankees are the favorite, sitting solo at +600, while the Red Sox and Astros have dropped to +650.
The Los Angeles Dodgers were at +700 and have dropped to +750 but they could be on the move if they in fact sign Bryce Harper, as some recent reports have suggested.
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SEOUL, Nov. 30 (Yonhap) -- Samsung Electronics Co. said Friday it will retire 4.8 trillion won (US$4.29 billion) worth of corporate shares in line with efforts to benefit shareholders.
The South Korean tech giant decided to retire 449 million units of its common shares, along with 80 million units of preferred shares.
The amount represents 7 percent of all the common shares and 9 percent of the preferred shares.
The amount is based on the book value. In terms of the closing market price on Thursday on the main bourse, the volume is estimated at around 22 trillion won.
Shares of Samsung Electronics' common shares closed at 43,150 won for common shares and 34,600 won for preferred shares.
The move is a follow-up to Samsung Electronics' decision made in April 2017, when the company vowed to retire 899 million common shares and 161 million preferred shares.
Samsung already retired around half of the amount in May last year.
The company said the process will be completed by Tuesday.
Samsung Electronics said the move will benefit shareholders by increasing the value of the respective shares that remain on the market.
The tech giant added it will continue to bolster its business competitiveness and actively roll out programs that will benefit shareholders.
Samsung Electronics injected 33.5 trillion won over the 2015-2017 period for shareholders, including dividends of 12.9 trillion won.
The company plans to spend 28 trillion won over the 2018-2020 period.


Christmas is a time of hope. The days may be dark and dismal but the corner has finally been turned. The sun is beginning its journey back to the north, and from here on the days will get lighter and longer. The new year has started. In Christianity, it is the birth of a baby that signifies this change. The celebrations are of course older than that. In northern Europe, the winter season started mid November with the darkest days of the dying year still ahead. It was a frightening time to wander in the primeval, haunted forests, looking for food and firewood. There was a reason why spirits needed banishing. In some countries, this start of winter is still celebrated on 11 November, whilst in the US it gave rise to halloween. The darkness of halloween and the light and hope of Christmas punctuate the winter season. It amazes me that some who wish to ban Christmas are happy with halloween. Pratchett would have pointed out that you can't have one without the other.
Seeing a robin (the European, dainty variety, not the much larger and more self-confident American one) in the snow as a depiction of peace is a uniquely British fantasy: this is a bird that will not tolerate other robins, and will fight its brethren to the death in order to keep possession of the garden and its food supplies. It is the bull of the bird world. It does not believe in Peace on Earth. Only we do. Similarly, seeing a snow-covered Christmas landscape as being romantic and homely is a recent change. In the past, snow and ice meant cold and hunger. We have shaped snow into a symbol of peace. But don't underestimate snow. It doesn't only do peace. It is also quite capable of destruction.
The prime example of snow power is Iceland. Some 10 per cent of the country is covered in glaciers. They impact the land far beyond the glaciers themselves. Every time an Icelandic volcano heats up, the ice gets it. It melts from the bottom, and huge meltwater lakes collect underneath the glacier, where no one can see them. Eventually the glacier can no longer contain the lake: the ice barrier begins to lift, the water finds an exit and begins to flow in ever increasing quantities. A jokulhlaup has started. These floods can be impressive, but also very destructive. The coastal ring road invariably needs rebuilding. A look at the map of the south coasts of Iceland shows the areas of devastation. These were once rich farm lands, but as the glaciers grew in the Middle Ages, the jokulhlaups came and destroyed them. One can imagine what Iceland would have looked like at the end of the ice age as the main glacier that covered 90 per cent or more of the land began to melt. The jokulhlaups must have torn the land apart.
Flow ripples in the Scablands. The boat gives a sense of scale.
Jokulhlaups are not confined to Iceland. Its combination of ice and fire is rare, but glaciers can melt from other causes. The climate change at the end of each of the ice ages is a prime example of glacial melt. The sequence of events is somewhat predictable. The ice melts, and the water collects at the lowest accessible place. The way out remains barred by the big glacier, and a lake forms behind the ice wall. If things go well, the lake will slowly trickle out. If things don't go well, it will patiently sit there until its chance comes. One day the ice dam will give way, and the lake will suddenly empty. This happened in North America, more than once. One time, a huge in-land sea emptied towards the west. The Washington Scablands still carry the scars. Another time, a meltwater lake the size of the Great Lakes combined emptied eastward, and the huge amount of fresh water made the Atlantic Ocean notably less salty. That turned out to be a bad idea. The fresh water stopped the overturning of the sea water which normally happens in the North Atlantic. 30% of the winter heat in Europe comes from this overturning. Within just a few years, Europe was thrown back into the depth of the ice age, just at a time when the young humanity had spread north again, into the new land. England became fully depopulated in this Younger Dryas. This single flood, which may have lasted weeks or months, set the world back by a millennium.
But before you conclude that North America has had all the fun, such floods have happened elsewhere too. At the time they happened, the sea level was much lower than it is now, because so much water was locked up in the immense glaciers. At times the sea level was more than 100 meters below the current one. And so the floods happened on what is now the bottom of the sea, safely submerged. This hides the evidence, and in any case, who looks for massive floods under water? Only a mad scientist would do that. But now those mad scientists have found something different: a jokulhlaup to end all jokulhlaups. And it happened, of all places, in England.
500 kilometer long, 100 meter deep, and between 30 and 200 kilometer wide, the English Channel separates the English South Coast from France. It used to be called the British Sea, as far back as the Roman era. (The word 'Channel' was introduced into general use by Shakespeare. Of course, the French have their own name: they now call it La Manche.) This deep barrier between France and England is an essential part of the English psyche. They wouldn't be bothered by a land bridge to Denmark or the Netherlands. But France is a step too far. Peace on Earth is easier to maintain if there is some distance. But how did the Channel form and why is Calais still so close? Why is Britain an island?
It was long before Brexit. Britain had been part of the European Union for as long as Europe had existed. The first attempt to break away was when the Atlantic Ocean began to form, and a rift developed from Greenland southeastward. The rift split Scotland from Scandinavia, and traveled south, in the process creating the North Sea basin. But it failed. The north had become separated, but the south remained solidly fixed to the continent. The rift gave up: a new one developed further to the west and this one became the Atlantic Ocean. Things could have been so different. If the North Sea rift had succeeded, England, Scotland and Ireland would have been part of the North American continent. Now, they remained connected to the rest of Europe.
In the west, the break between Cornwall and Brittany had long existed, the result of a rift in the Permian which re-activated several times. The rift came with volcanic activity, forming the Exeter volcanic series (also known as the Exeter traps). The English Channel Fault (in fact a series of faults) extended further east over the aeons, up to the Isle of Wight but no further. The basin it had created slowly subsided. The Chalk Sea came in and covered a large area of Europe, depositing thick layers of chalk. Eventually, the land rose up again. But the Channel west of the Isle of Wight remained a basin. However, this left a fairly wide land area between the Channel and the North Sea which included the chalk hills, running along England and continuing into France. The chalk formed a 200-meter high backbone to the land bridge.
The map show roughly what the region was like a million years ago. The North Sea, the scar of the failed proto-Atlantic, was now a bay. The south of England bordered the proto-Channel, another sea arm. In between these two seas was the broad land bridge connecting Kent to northern France and Belgium with its chalk core.
Now the ice came. The ice ages began with a long period of slow cooling. Suddenly, a critical level was reached and what had been a stable, albeit chilly climate became wildly unstable. Temperatures plummeted, and the glaciers came. They lasted for 100,000 years: then the ice melted and life recovered in what became a balmy period. But the heat of summer lasted only 10,000 years, and winter returned with a vengeance. Again the ice ruled, seemingly forever, with plenty of halloween but Christmas was a ghost of the future. Finally, summer did return, again only for a brief interlude. Four times the cycle repeated. The ice ages were not uniformly cold: there were variations in climate, and the ice waxed and waned. But the ice fully disappeared only in the brief, much warmer interludes. We are now in such a warm interlude.
The 3-kilometer thick glaciers locked up tremendous amounts of water. That water was borrowed from the oceans, and in consequence sea levels fell. During the depth of the ice ages they were lower by as much as 120 meters. Now England really was an integral part of Europe: most of the North Sea was dry land, and even the English Channel was a sloping plain extending to beyond Ireland. As the ice melted, the sea rose again. But it could not break the barrier that separated the seas north and south. At least, not without help.
When 'the ice age' is mentioned, it normally refers to the most recent one, which lasted from 110,000 to 12,000 years ago. It is the one we know most about; it is called the Devensian in England (other countries use different names). There were three earlier major glaciations during the quartenary: the Wolstonian (200,000 to 130,000 years ago), the Anglian (425,000 to 480,000 years ago) and the Beestonian (620,000 to 675,000 years ago). Again, these names are used in England only: every country has their own name for them. Each ice age cleared the landscape of most of the signs of the earlier ones, and therefore we do not know nearly as much about the preceding ice ages.
We know that the most severe period was the Anglian. Its glaciers came furthest south, and therefore left signs in the landscape that still survive today. In the UK, the Chiltern hills, north of London, mark the furthest extent of the Anglian glaciers. The Thames was forced out of its bed at St Albans, and it found a new bed further south, paving the way for London. In the west, the ice reached the Scilly Islands.
Almost 50 years ago, bathymetric mapping of the Channel revealed a long, straight depression running west off Normandy. Called the Hurd valley, it lies 50 to 100 meter below its surroundings. The name is old: it dates from the 18th century when the lowest point was called Hurd's Deep. The deepest point is 180 meter below current sea level. The straight channel was quickly shown to have been shaped by erosion, and was identified as a river channel. But which river?
There are two current rivers which could have fed the Hurd Valley, and both flow from France. These are the Seine and the Somme. Neither are particularly large. Larger rivers, the Rhine and the Thames, flow into the North Sea instead. It was a bit of a mystery how these two small rivers could have eroded such a deep channel. The depth provide a further enigma. River valleys form on dry land. The Hurd valley is too deep for this: it would have been a sea arm. How could a river erode a deep channel under the sea?
As the bathymetry became more accurate, it was found that the Hurd Valley was at the end of a series of stream beds, carved into the bottom of the eastern Channel and starting at the Dover Straits. This became known as the Channel River. One of the streams lines up with the Seine, and seems to delineate the ice age extension of this river. The other stream beds came from the Dover Straits, but without a clear connection to any current river.
An interesting aside, the reason that the bathymetry improved so much is GPS. Of course GPS does not work below the sea: sea water does not transmit radio waves. So how could GPS possibly help? It turns out that the dominant source of error was the position of the boat. The depth is measured by sonar, using the length of time before the echo returns. That gives the distance from the sonar to the bottom. The sonar is mounted on a boat, which goes up and down with the tides and rolls with the waves. That gives an uncertainty of several meters. With GPS, the position of the sonar itself can be measured to centimeters, even correcting for the effect of waves. It opened up an underwater world.
The sonar revealed the underwater riverscape off the English south coast. Amazingly, the mapped surface was free of sediment: the bottom of the Channel showed bed rock. The strong tidal currents in the Channel appear to have swept out the sediments. The river bed, carved in bed rock, dwarfed anything known before. At 15 kilometer wide, this was by far the largest European river known. It didn't run straight: there was a bit of a meander, with a branching appearance. Beyond the Isle of Wight it fed three parallel arms which entered into the proto-Seine and from there into the Hurd Valley, but much of the water appears to have gone on, but in an indistinct channel as if in a large body of water.
Within the main streambed, there were a number of higher areas, clearly islands. The shape of these were like tear drops, with the tip in the downstream direction. Such a shape forms when there is a high rate of erosion: the shape minimises the drag and thus stabilises the island against the water flow. The shape in such a river is rare. It does occur in rivers that deposit sediment but these islands are not made out of sediments: they are made of bed rock. The shape is found in stream beds on Mars.
J.S. Collier et al. / Global and Planetary Change 135 (2015) 190–206: Streamlined islands and the English Channel megaflood hypothesis.
The islands are surrounded by ~1–2 m deep, 200–500 m wide and 8–15 km long scours into the channel floor. These scours form flow lines which curve around the islands. To create the islands required that 30 meters of bed rock was eroded away, something no current European river is able to do. The shape of the islands, the scour marks, the size of the river and the depth of the erosion all point at an origin in a massive flood. The size of the river suggests a flow rate of at least 106 m3 per second. This is four times the rate of the Amazon, and brings it in the 'mega flood' domain (in fact the term 'mega'flood refers to a flood rate of a million cubic meters per second or higher).
Several river beds coming from the English coast, extended during the ice age, terminate at the deep river bed in the floor of the Channel. But the termination points are ten meters above the floor of the river. This is typical for situations where the river suddenly deepened, leaving the tributaries no time to respond by deepening their channels. This is a second argument for a sudden formation of the Channel river. It was formed in a catastrophic flood.
The stream bed can be traced to near the Dover Straits, but there they change. They terminate in a number of deep depressions. In fact these depressions were known. During the building of the Channel tunnel, a deep channel called the Fosse Dangeard was found, but at the time it was not understood. The bathymetry now showed a series of elongated, bowl-shaped depressions, up to 10 km long, 5 km wide and 120 m deep. They are located near where the Channel is at it narrowest, sandwiched between the white cliffs of Dover and the equally white cliffs of Calais. Apart from the size, these were the kind of plunge pools that form underneath waterfalls. But to form 100 meter deep holes in bed rock would have required waterfalls 200 meter tall. In fact, the height of the white cliffs would do nicely.
Everything was now coming together. At one time, water was spilling over the land bridge which connected England and France. This was during the ice age when the water in the Channel was 100 meter below its current level. But the water in the North Sea, on the other side, was 100 meter above its current level. Something had gone wrong in the North Sea.
The ice had come and a huge glacier was sitting over the north of England, stretching to Denmark. The big rivers had found good flow beds in the dry North Sea basin, flowing north and emptying into the deep ocean, off Norway. But now this became blocked and the rivers had no way out. An inland sea was filling up. Northern Europe is an area of low plains, and the sea would have been able to spread, but the ice had come far and blocked off all escape routes. The only way was Essex.
The modern flow rate of the Rhine is about 100 km3 per year. At one point during the ice ages, the available sea area for it to flow into was reduced to perhaps 10000 km2 (this may be a low estimate which excludes the flooded parts of the Netherlands and Germany). The sea water rose by 10 meters per year. It quickly found the lowest points on the land bridge, and began to overflow. A river now drained a sea. On the far end of the land bridge, a waterfall formed. Initially, it was tall but not overly voluminous, as it only needed to balance the flow rate of the Rhine. And the Rhine may not have been as large as it is now: the ice age was a dry period. Things remained in balance, although large areas got their feet wet and a river now covered the bottom of the Channel.
But now the ice age began to wane. Temperatures rose a bit, and the glaciers began to melt. But the melt water did not yet have anywhere to go. The route into the deep sea off Norway was still blocked by the ice. The water volume entering the North Sea basin increased dramatically with the melting ice. Thus, the flow rate across the land bridge increased further and further. And chalk is not the hardest material to begin with, and wet chalk is even weaker. The waterfall cut back into the chalk, and finally reached the North Sea basin. The breached barrier collapsed and a whole sea drained instantly. Over 1000 km3 of water hurled to the exit. The chalk didn't stand a chance.
At a flow rate of 1 million cubic meter per second, the sea drained in 10 days. (The flow rates probably peaked even higher, but our estimate for the drained volume may be a few times too low so this compensates.) At first, like in any jokulhlaup, a sheet of water covered the land, in this case the English Channel. The flow started to cut deeper and deeper channels into the bed rock, which formed the Channel river which we have now discovered. The torrent found the Hurd's Deep and thundered into it, deepening it into its current channel.
When it was all over, the landscape had changed forever. Gone was the land bridge. There now was a deep gap where once the chalk hills had connected smoothly. The edges of the gap were the white cliffs. But Britain was not yet an island. Sea levels were still very low, and the North Sea basin was drying out again now that the inland sea had drained. Soon, the rivers would resume flowing north across its marshy plains. Perhaps 10,000 years later, the sea had risen far enough to come back in. In flood after flood the land was conquered, and now there was nothing to stop it at the Dover Straits. This was when Britain finally stood alone, separated from the continent.
So when did all this happen? The answer is, we don't quite know. It wasn't the most recent ice age. A date 450,000 years ago has been suggested, in the Anglian when the ice had come furthest.
So Britain has had close to half a million year to develop its unique culture. The melting ice isolated and shaped the country; the scars of that event have been hiding underneath the English Channel ever since, only to be discovered in our age of GPS. We now know the incredible magnitude of the flood that separated England from France. In the seemingly eternal winter of the ice age, it was a halloween flood worthy of the occasion. But after halloween comes Christmas. The ghost of Christmas past turned an unimaginable disaster into the making of a country. Exiled on an island, the isolation gave rise to the most outward looking and culturally diverse nation the world has seen. No other nation could have turned a fighting bird on frozen snow into a symbol of peace on earth, set against the native Scrooge. The inscrutable British mind, with its cultural creativity, perpetual self-doubt and self-assured superiority, was a gift from this ice age calamity.
Iceland is the land of the jokulhlaups. But England had its own Jokulhlaup, a megaflood that re-shaped the country. Ice melt caused a calamity that not even Jurassic bed rock could withstand. On that Christmas card, labelled Peace on Earth, perhaps that robin is not the only deception. The snowy landscape itself hides a killer. Volcanoholics know well that peace does not come the Earth. Peace is humanity's answer to a far-from-peaceful world around us. It is not about how the world affects us. It is about how we respond.
As I am writing this Santa Claus is making his way around the world delivering presents, covering a complex merging of traditions. There have been many calculations on how fast the reindeer sledge needs to travel in order to visit the entire world. The energetics of the journey are considered rather less frequently. The reindeer get their energy from carrots left out by the expectant children. Father Christmas himself gets mince pies to eat (and a certain amount of alcohol, leaving a whiff of suspicion of driving a sledge while under influence). At the speed the reindeer are traveling, air drag is the main drain on energy. The required speed is 600 miles per second. Taking into account the size of the reindeer and sledge, and assuming they fly aerodynamically (legs tugged up behind) and supersonically, the power required to counter the drag is 10 terajoules per second. In terms of carrots, that makes 60 million carrots per second or 6 trillion carrots over the entire flight.
Now mince pies have a 6 times higher energy density than carrots, explaining why Father Christmas is slightly bulky. So it would be much better to feed the mince pies to the reindeer. That would leave the carrots for Father Christmas, who would lose some of his surplus weight and as a side benefit gain a more aerodynamically favourable shape.
How does this compare to the Channel flood? The total energy released by the water falling down into the Channel was around 200 pentajoules, which could have kept the reindeer going for about 5 hours. Or alternatively and perhaps less in the spirit of Christmas, it could have powered the entire UK electricity grid for about 2 months. Assuming that the average person pays around 1 pound per day for electricity, this makes the Channel flood worth 4 billion pound. To end this post on a high note, now we finally know the monetary value of separating the UK from Europe.
And a final warning to Father Christmas and the reindeer: be careful with breathing while flying in the open air at altitude. There is a lot of ash and sulphur around from the recent explosion at Bezymianny.
From all of Us to all of You: Happy Christmas!
← Is Volcan Agua extinct?
You are spelling it wrong. It's "jokulhlaup", not "jokulhaup". There is an "L" missing.
Thanks for pointing that out, entirely my mistake. The spell checker didn't catch it either. It should be fixed now.
To be frank I am not convinced. Not that a megaflood didn't happen but its mechanism.
The Scablands mechanism was a glacier damming a lake which filled and eventually broke through, essentially destroying part of the glacier. This mechanism for a catastrophic flood is hugely convincing. Large volume of water in a very rapid time.
Just eroding past as escarpment is, in my opinion, unlikely to cause a catastrophe of epic proportions. Chalk is soft, but not that soft. I would be hugely convinced if the chalk ridge, or more likely just north of the ridge contained a glacier plugging the exit. For example I could readily see a glacier coming down the Rhine and blocking off the southern North Sea. To be honest even one from northern england. It would only require a hundred feet/30m above the escarpment to produce a flow capable of taking out the escarpment in a matter of hours, this would then produce the waterfall over said escarpment that we now posit and the subsequent dramatic erosion. You cant have a waterfall over 200′ cliffs unless the water surface is significantly higher than the escarpment.
The paper discussed this issue whether the chalk barrier can collapse like this. Obviously it did collapse, so the question is how (and how fast) rather than if. Chalk cliffs erode much faster than chalk platforms. The current rate is 1 meter per 3 years, but this has accelerated by a factor of 10 since a century ago. The erosion comes from below: the cliffs become undermined. The beaches that protect the cliffs have almost disappeared in recent year, due to a variety of reasons.
Wet chalk loses half its strengths, and seawater is even worse. So under bad conditions, chalk cliffs can go very fast. The cliffs were attacked from two sides: the front caused by rapidly rising water, and at the back by the water falls undercutting it. I expect that the undercutting was the most important. Don't forget that the water gouged 100 meter deep plunge holes in bed rock. It would have done much more in chalk.
If at the moment the cliffs retreat by 1 meter per 3 years, you can expect the rate to have been vastly higher at that time. Say at 10 meter per year, a 10 kilometer barrier would have broken in 1000 years. You may of course be right that there were rapid water fluctuations as other melt water lakes emptied into the dammed North Sea. But I expect that a 200 meter tall water reservoir was sufficient.
10km in 1000years will not a catastrophic flood produce!
Also given the slope of the downs, there would be at least 1km to drop 200m, and this would be slow enough to empty the reservoir relatively slowly.
10km in 24 hours is more like it and I think chalk will not go that fast under normal circumstances. However exposed to an ice-dam flood, they probably would.
Not that anyone will read my reply in the first place!
Don't forget that as the erosion affects the back of the bridge/cliff, the effective slope steepens with time. In such cases, the process accelerates and that is what causes the eventual flood. The calculation shows that the break-down point can be reached in the available time.
But the basic point is the same as what has been raised about the Mediterranean flood: it is difficult to know how catastrophic the event was. All we know for sure is that it breached the cliff and made a gap 200 meter deep and 30 kilometer wide. An impressive event no matter how it happened!
And I did still read your response..
The North Sea Basin was caused by a failed rift. But there are more failed rifts due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean,the Irish Sea between Ireland and Great Britain and there is a failed rift between Scotland and Faeroe Islands.
The break-up wasn't clean. What tended to happen is that a triple point formed, but one of the three arms failed to develop further. The most obvious failed rift is the one between Greenland and Canada, which actually developed quite far before dying out.
Albert, thanks once again for an outstanding primer/article about something I knew nothing about.
Everytime a new post is released from VC, it's a highlight of my day/week.
And to all, from Earth's newest desert, the "Calicama", we wish everyone a very Happy Christmas with hopes for a safe and interesting 2018!
I'd like to thank you, Albert, for sharing your scientific knowledge/reasoning and writing talent with us. It must take a lot of time to put these gems together and make sense out of them. This was a very nice Christmas present.
Once again Albert you put together an amazing and very interesting article!
To think what an enormous affect this had on the history of humans and how things would have been different if the geography was not as it ended up.
Thanks to Carl and all of the Admins here that keep this a place to come and read and learn.
I learn something new with each article, thanks! Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays to all.
Fantastic. And a story about the creation of Hudson Bay / Crater, out there on the Canada Shield. Merry Christmas, one and all!
Thank you Albert for the great article, I love the articles about puzzling the landscape, putting the pieces to a geological story!
Actually I went back to Miocene – Pleistocene times last friday when was trying to find some pieces of agate or amber in some piles of gravel dug up from the depth of Dutch sediment, once put there by Baltic rivers and the pre Elbe… No luck this time.
But there were many bones, most of them mammal bones, probably freed from Miocene or Pliocene clays. One of them had a special shape and I took it home. It probably is a Dolphin vertebra, maybe a Beluga ….
Remains that tell a story, I love them!
It looks rather large for a dolphin but that may be a matter of apparent scale. I went to a fossil site once in South Africa with a huge collection of giraffes from a few million years ago (before the necks got so extended). Mixed in with the fossils were some whale bones, a very strange combination.
There were many different extinct cetaceans in the Miocene. A lot of them were older lineages like the toothed ancestors of modern baleen whales and also squalodontids which looked like dolphins with big teeth. Maybe that is what that bone is from.
It's probably not from a dolphin though as they only evolved at the end of the Miocene and were usually smaller than today's dolphins.
The vertebra (part, the thin parts aren't there anymore) is 5,0 cm long and 3,7 cm at its widest point.
Not an expert in fossils, only did pick up info from articles, a fossil forum and Wikipedia.
Dolphin related species were not large in Mioceen indeed, but the long snout dolphin could reach the length of 3 meter. About one third was the snout though.
You might be right here turtlebirdman, bones of many 'ancestors' of todays dolphins and whales have been found on the miocene and pliocene coastlines under the low countries.
And because the bone was freed from the sediment by a suction dredger I never can be sure from what sediment exactly it is. That's why I pondered about a Beluga. Never can be sure without parts of a skull or teeth.
Perhaps you should drop by with it at Naturalis in Leiden.
Outstanding article on a most interesting topic! Thank you Albert!
Nothing compares to cookies straight out of the oven.
Yeah, they will. I observed the ban as directed. I ain't stupid. I made a toasted Ham and Cheese on rye and retreated to another room. If I had Pastrami available, it would have been a Reuben instead. Since I am a greater fan of Reubens than Ham and Cheese, I am out of Pastrami.
To be honest, I am not a sweets fanatic. Spicy and/or hot is my thing. I'd try to get drunk, but I drank my allocated whiskey yesterday. Besides, I have to be operable/abulatory tomorrow.
Now… about those sweets. One thing I do like are chocolate coated pretzels. Unfortunately, my source for those holiday treats is no longer available after their divorce. My attempt at replicating them failed horribly, mainly because someone tossed out part of my double boiler. I would have tried for the Pecan Divinity, but I have no where near the skill set that my Mom had. My wife rescued my failed pretzel project and turned out a suitable batch of pretzels, so I have those as a back-up if I really wind up wanting something sweet.
Now for the "ain't stupid" bit. Those sugar cookies are specifically target for the grandkids. This is an important thing for my wife and I will not interfere with that aspect of her Christmas working as planned. Along those same lines, I noted to her that her youngest daughter is making the very same desert for her family get together that she usually makes for ours. In short, I pointed out that her daughter is using and emulating a recipe that she got from her mom, which is where my wife got it from. Highlighting that familial mother→daughter→daughter interaction seemed to make my wife quite happy when she realized what I was saying.
There was a documentary about this a while ago, fascinating.
Happy Xmas you volcano lovers!
Thank you for making VolcanoCafe what it is, a great source of information, discussion and debate. We couldn't do it without all who contribute.
There is a chalk ridge running through the center of the Isle Of Wight, it is known as the downs.
All along its Southern edge are the bases of long dry waterfalls. People thought they were really old quarries until quite recently. The mega flood swept right over the Isle of Wight, it even left Saracen stones just like the ones at Stonehenge and Avebury, in the red flood gravel on top.
Sadly religious zealots called Puritans destroyed most but not all of the Saracen stones.
The best place to see the base of one of these old waterfalls is Compton Farm near Freshwater bay.
The only place to see a Saracen stone not on private land on the Island is School lane Carisbrooke, it is used as a corner stone to stop carts clipping the corner of a house in the old style.
Thank you for such a great read Albert.
Great read Albert, thanks for the Christmas treat!
No doubt half of the UK is just sitting down for lunch about now. We have ours in the evening. After enjoying a long, leisurely breakfast listening to our favourite Christmas album – Transformed Man, Shatner – you really don't want a big roast. Makes collapsing on the couch to watch our favourite Christmas film, Die Hard (and yes, it is a Christmas film), all the more enjoyable.
The map on Magma Indonesia is showing the Agung symbol as what? erupting? I haven't noticed this when it erupted steam or ash cloud before? So what's it mean.
The seismogram is showing something happening.
I think it means actively venting.
And an appology to all. I was under the impression that a "Tri Axle" dump truck had a 12 yard dump body. Its actually 18 yards. Fully loaded, the third set of wheels must be lowered or DOT will be issuing citations if when they catch you. (They will) So, a Tri-Axle dump truck holds about 13.8 cubic meters of material. That puts Agungs current mass rate at one dump truck load every 5.6 seconds for the current plume height.
The symbol just means there is an active VONA for that volcano, the symbol is often seen at Sinabung and Dukono.
The jokulhlaup to end all jokulhlaups was probably when the Mediterranean sea was dammed and dried out, the Gilbraltar bridge back then broke and the Atlantic Ocean flooded eastwards into the Mediterranean!
Something for another post, perhaps. The question whether it was re-flooded slowly or fast is still unanswered.
I don't see anything major on cam. Just wondering why they've changed the status of the symbol.
On this cam B is Agung. It does look like an ash cloud. To the left on cam A is Popo.
It was on the 6am news, since I couldn't see anything either I thought they meant the regular ash puffs, it really was confusing.
I think I see lava?
I heard on another site that there was very heavy ash fall that day. Lapilli and some larger stones as well. Perhaps that is what it was. There certainly was no lava flow yesterday.
could be a glow + steam coming off a crack. Not necessarily a flow. Orange color was notable and new.
I just checked Twitter, nothing there either.
Been a long while since i have posted. I have had several things going, Cold/flu was one of them -some other business related things too.
A post about how Geirfuglasker became a central volcano (when I looked away)!


text:
Q: How to update the id attribute on $get callback jquery I am trying to update the id attribute of a button on its click event through jquery, the success call is getting executed fine but id attribute is not updating as per the requirement, or is something i am doing wrong on success callback to check the selector class .. ( $(this).attr("id", "add_"+$id); )
<script>

        $(document).ready(function() {
        $(document).on('click', '.mybtnclass', function( onclick, e){
            $id=$(this).attr('id');
            $("#flash").show();
            $("#flash").fadeIn(400);
            $.get('abc.php',{id:$id},function(msg){
                    array=msg.split('/');
            if( msg == 0) // tocheck the value is deleted
                    {
                        $('#'+$id).html('Add ');
                        $('#'+$id).removeClass('btn-danger');
                        $('#'+$id).addClass('btn-success');
                        $(this).attr("id", "add_"+$id);
                        $("#flash").hide();
                    }
            else if( msg == 1) // tocheck the value is added
                    {
                        $('#'+$id).html('Remove');
                        $('#'+$id).removeClass('btn-success');
                        $('#'+$id).addClass('btn-danger');
                        $(this).attr("id", "delete_"+$id);
                        $("#flash").hide();
                    }
            });

                });

            });
    </script>

HTML
....
 <button type="button" class="btn btn-<?php echo in_array($q->id, $myarray)? 'danger' : 'success' ; ?> btn-sm mybtnclass"  id="<?php echo in_array($q->id, $myarray)? 'delete_'.$q->id : 'add_'.$q->id ; ?>">  <?php echo in_array($q->id, $myarray)? 'Remove ' : 'Add' ; ?> </button>

abc.php
<?php

    $getval=explode('_', $_GET['id']);
    $id=$getval['1'];
    $action = $getval['0'];

    if($action == 'delete')
    {
            //code for delete
            echo 'add/'.$id ;

    }
else
{
  // code to add ...
   echo 'delete/'.$id ;
}

?>

A: As you are using $('#'+$id) for other oprations. Use it for changing id also
$('#'+$id).prop("id", "add_"+$id);

OTHERWISE
var self = this; //Create another variable
$.get('abc.php',{id:$id},function(msg){
    $(self).attr("id", "add_"+$id); //Use other variable to perform operation
});

A: i believe the problem you have is about "this"
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
    $(document).on('click', '.mybtnclass', function( onclick, e){
        $id=$(this).attr('id');
        var $this_obj = $(this); // save this to a variable
        $.get('abc.php',{id:$id},function(msg){
                // use $this_obj instead of $(this)
                // because now you are in another block, 'this' is different
        });

            });

        });
</script>

A: Not as per the question asked but still a working method
$(document).ready(function() {
            $('.mybtnclass').click(function(){
            $id=$(this).attr('name');
            $("#flash").show();
            $("#flash").fadeIn(400);
            $.getJSON('abc.php',{id:$id},function(data){
            alert(data.action + '-' + data.id); // to troubleshoot
            if( data.action == "add")
                    {
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').html('Add ');
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').removeClass('btn-danger');
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').addClass('btn-success');
                        $("#flash").hide();
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').attr('name', data.action+'_'+data.id);

                    }
            else if( data.action == "delete")
                    {
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').html('Remove');
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').removeClass('btn-success');
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').addClass('btn-danger');
                        $("#flash").hide();
                        $('[name ='+ $id +']').attr('name', data.action+'_'+data.id);

                    }
            });

I am passing the value from abc.php as
echo json_encode( array("action"=>"add","id"=>$id) );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Сумы — грузо-пассажирская железнодорожная станция 1-го класса Сумской дирекции Южной железной дороги, находящаяся в городе Сумы, Украина.

История

Станция была открыта в XIX веке. Последняя капитальная реконструкция вокзала станции была осуществлена в 2008 году.

Подъезд к станции не электрифицирован, передвижение составов обеспечивается тепловозами. Основными маневровыми тепловозами на станции являются: ЧМЭ-3 для операций с поездами общего назначения (пассажирскими, грузовыми обращающимися на сети дорог общего пользования) и ТГМ для обслуживания путей предприятий. Основными тепловозами и дизель-поездами являются: 2ТЭ116, ТЭП70, ДР1А, рельсовые автобусы 620М.

Электрификация планируется после продления линии переменного тока от станции Ворожба (в составе участка Ворожба — Сумы — Басы — Люботин). Ориентировочные сроки электрификации не называются. Электрификация поможет организовать движение грузовых поездов, перебросив их со скоростного направления Киев — Полтава — Харьков.

На станции имеется вагонное депо «Сумы».

Дальнее следование
По состоянию на 2023 год вокзал отправляет и принимает следующие поезда:

По состоянию на апрель 2019 года через станцию курсировали следующие поезда дальнего следования:

 Звёздочкой отмечены поезда, курсирующие только в летний период.
 Курсивом отмечены станции, до которых курсируют беспересадочные вагоны.

Примечания

Железнодорожные вокзалы Украины
Станции Южной железной дороги
Сумы

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This repository is an import of the Git repository at https://github.com/cshoredaniel/msmtp-scripts.git.
Said queue dir when meant log dir; this could confuse the user.
Prepare for final release with final version bump and changelog.


text:
History of the Museum
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Chalkis
The Jews of Chalkida belong to the Romaniote community. Theirs may not have been the first community to be established on Greek soil, but...
The Jewish presence in Volos is documented since the reign of King Philippos ΙV (297-221 BCE). Massive emigration of Jews to Volos took place...
The presence of a Jewish community in Larissa dates back to the 2nd century BCE. In 1881, 2,800 Jews lived in Larissa and operated seven...
The Jewish Community of Ioannina was founded in the 8th century. It is one of the largest and most typical Romaniote Jewish communities in Greece,...
Τhe Cultural Centre of the Jewish Community of Athens was founded by the community shortly after World War II. Since 1979, its premises have...
The Jewish Kindergarten and Primary School of Athens is a private school that belongs to the Jewish Community of Athens. It is located in...
The Jewish Community of Athens has two cemeteries, the first of which is adjacent to the old, historic 1st Athens Cemetery, not far from the...
The Jewish Community of Athens has two functioning synagogues, both on the same street facing each other, in the area of Thission, near the...
The most important sights of Jewish interest in Athens Sephardic Synagogue Beth Shalom - 5 Melidoni st., Thission. Romaniote Synagogue Etz Hayim - 8 Melidoni st.,...
The first archeological evidence of Jewish presence in Greece is a 300-250 B.C.E. inscription from Attica. The oldest synagogue of the Diaspora was found...
"At the Crossroads: The Jewish Community of Corfu"
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text:
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IRAMIS
Organigramme IRAMIS
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olivier.klein cea.fr
CEA lead scientist in fundamental research on Condensed Matter
Responsability:
CEA-director of research
Group leader on spintronics of magnetic insulators at the CEA-Grenoble
Founder of the Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy group at the CEA-Saclay
Senior expert in magnetic resonance spectroscopy for national and european agencies. Scientific officer for the CEE.
Olivier Klein has been the project leader in Europe on the development of Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM). The aim was to develop innovative tool to perform spectroscopy of magnetic nano-objects. MRFMs are inspired by magnetic force microscope. A micron-size permanent magnet is affixed at the free end of a clamped cantilever and placed in the stray field of the sample. The resulting point load on the tip induces an elastic deformation of the cantilever. Changes in the deformation are monitored when the magnetic resonance is electromagnetically excited in the sample. Dimensional analysis shows that cantilevers are better detectors compared to coils when it comes to volume size below the micron scale. Ultra-soft cantilevers have achieved the sensitivity to detect single spin albeit in stringent conditions: vacuum, large field and sub-Kelvin temperatures.
In the past five years, he has been active in the spectroscopy of topological singular magnetic objects (e.g. vortices) as well as opening spintronics to magnetic oxides (e.g. YIG), which offer improved dynamical properties compared to their metallic counter-parts.
Olivier Klein is currently director of research at SPINTEC, CEA-Grenoble. After his graduation from ESPCI-Paris Tech in 1989, he obtained in 1993 a Ph.D. from UCLA studying the microwave properties of superconductors, followed by a PostDoctoral fellowship at MIT working on single electron transistors in GaAs. He has joined the CEA in 1996 to develop Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy in France. Since, he obtained his Habilitation thesis from the University of Paris VI in 2004. After ten years at the Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CEA-Saclay) devoted to the spectroscopy of magnetic nano-objects, he moved to SPINTEC (CEA-Grenoble) in 2014 where is current interest is spintronics of magnetic oxides. His areas of expertise are nanomagnetism, magnetic resonance, microwave spectroscopy and near field probe techniques.
Diploma:
Habilitation to direct research from Univ. P. et M. Curie Paris VI (2004)
Ph.D in physics from UCLA (1993)
Engineer from ESPCI - Paris Tech (1989)
Present-2014: SPINTEC. Spin transfer effects in magnetic insulators. Engineering of the spin-wave spectrum
2014-2000: Service de Physique de l'État Condensé, Saclay France. Magnetic resonance force spectroscopy on . Spin-wave confinement in nano-structures. Spin relaxation mechanisms. Non-linear dynamics in ferromagnets.
2000-1996: École Polytechnique, Palaiseau France. Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging. Bubble and maze magnetic structures. Domain wall resistance.
1995-1993: MIT, Cambridge USA. Transport properties of single electron transistors. Magnetic properties of quantum dots created by the lateral confinement of two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs heterostructures. Evolution of their macrospin with magnetic field using the resonant tunneling potential as a probe.
1990-1993: UCLA, Los Angeles USA. Characterization of the microwave properties of superconductors and coherence effects: a characteristic peak that appears in the temperature dependence of the optical conductivity, which is a signature of the pairing symmetry in the condensate.
2000-2014 Senior lecturer at École Polytechnique on Condensed Matter Physics.
Scientific Publications:
His current research interests are the microwave properties of ferromagnets for the field of nanomagnetism and spintronics. Olivier Klein has been the principal investigator in France of the Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy technique. He is author or co-author of more than 150 papers in international journals and he has two patents. He supervised 12 PhD students
The sum of the times cited of his papers is greater than 3000. His h-index is currently 28.
"Full Control of the Spin-Wave Damping in a Magnetic Insulator Using Spin-Orbit Torque"
A. Hamadeh, O. d'Allivy Kelly, C. Hahn, H. Meley, R. Bernard, A. H. Molpeceres, V. V. Naletov, M. Viret, A. Anane, V. Cros, S. O. Demokritov, J. L. Prieto, M. Muñoz, G. de Loubens, and O. Klein Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 197203 (2014)
"Origin of Spectral Purity and Tuning Sensitivity in a Spin Transfer Vortex Nano-Oscillator"
A. Hamadeh, N. Locatelli, V. V. Naletov, R. Lebrun, G. de Loubens, J. Grollier, O. Klein, and V. Cros. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 257201 (2014)
"Probing the Anharmonicity of the Potential Well for a Magnetic Vortex Core in a Nanodot"
O. V. Sukhostavets, B. Pigeau, S. Sangiao, G. de Loubens, V. V. Naletov, and O. Klein,* at al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 247601 (2013)
"Detection of Microwave Spin Pumping Using the Inverse Spin Hall Effect"
C. Hahn, G. de Loubens, M. Viret, and O. Klein et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 217204 (2013)
"Measurement of the Dynamical Dipolar Coupling in a Pair of MagneticNanodisks Using a Ferromagnetic Resonance Force Microscope" B. Pigeau, C. Hahn, G. de Loubens, V. V. Naletov, and O. Klein Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 247602 (2012)
"Bistability of Vortex Core Dynamics in a Single Perpendicularly Magnetized Nanodisk"
G. de Loubens, A. Riegler, B. Pigeau, F. Lochner, F. Boust, K.Y. Guslienko, H. Hurdequint, L.W. Molenkamp, G. Schmidt, A. N. Slavin, V. S. Tiberkevich, N. Vukadinovic, and O. Klein Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 177602 (2009)
"Ferromagnetic resonance force spectroscopy of individual submicron-size samples"
O. Klein, G. de Loubens, V. V. Naletov, F. Boust, T. Guillet, H. Hurdequint, A. Leksikov, A. N. Slavin, V. S. Tiberkevich, and N. Vukadinovic, Phys. Rev. B 78, 144410 (2008)
"Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Fundamental Spin-Wave Modes in Individual Submicron Cu/NiFe/Cu Perpendicularly Magnetized Disks"
G. de Loubens, V. V. Naletov, O. Klein, J. Ben Youssef, F. Boust, and N. Vukadinovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 127601 (2007)
"Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy of parametric magnons excited by a four-wave process"
V. V. Naletov, G. de Loubens, V. Charbois, O. Klein, V. S. Tiberkevich, and A. N. Slavin, Phys. Rev. B 75, 140405 (2007)
"Reduction of the spin-wave damping induced by nonlinear effects"
G. de Loubens, V. V. Naletov, and O. Klein, Phys. Rev. B 71, 180411 (2005)
"Measurement of the ferromagnetic relaxation in a micron-size sample"
O. Klein, V. Charbois, V. V. Naletov, and C. Fermon, Phys. Rev. B 67, 220407 (2003)
"Individual Domain Wall Resistance in Submicron Ferromagnetic Structures"
R. Danneau et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 157201 (2002)
"Anisotropy of Domain Wall Resistance"
M. Viret, Y. Samson, P. Warin, A. Marty, F. Ott, E. Søndergård, O. Klein, and C. Fermon Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3962 (2000)
"Exchange Effects in an Artificial Atom at High Magnetic Fields"
O. Klein, C. de C. Chamon, D. Tang, D. M. Abusch-Magder, U. Meirav, X.-G. Wen, and M. A. Kastner, and S. J. Wind, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 785 (1995)
"89Y NMR study of the anisotropy of the static and dynamic susceptibilities in YBa2Cu3O6+x"
H. Alloul, A. Mahajan, H. Casalta, and O. Klein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1171 (1993)
"Critical magnetic fields in the superconducting state of K3C60"
K. Holczer, O. Klein, G. Grüner, J. D. Thompson, F. Diederich, and R. L. Whetten, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 271 (1991)
"Electrodynamics of the superconducting state of kappa(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2"
O. Klein, K. Holczer, G. Grüner, J. J. Chang, and F. Wudl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 655 (1991)
Former graduate students:
Christian Hahn "Magnetization dynamics and pure spin currents in YIG/normal metal strucutres" (2014)
Abbass Hamadeh "Synchronization of spin-transfer nano-oscillators"(2014)
Benjamin Pigeau "Magnetic vortex dynamics in nanostructures" (2012)
Simone Borlenghi (co-supervised with X. Waintal, theory and simulations) (2011).
Antoine Vanhaverbeke "Corrélations entre hétérogénéités magnétiques et transport électrique dans des nanostructures" (2005).
Grégoire de Loubens "Spectroscopie micro-onde d'une nanostructure métallique magnétique hybride" (2005).
Vincent Charbois "Détection mécanique de la résonance ferromagnétique" (2003).
In 2008 he coordinated the European project MASTER. In 2010 he organized the 3rd nano-MRI conference in Paris. In 2011, he co-organized a workshop on "Challenges and opportunities of Spin-Transfer Nano-Oscillators".
PRL_88_157201_02.pdf
JAP_89_6781_01.pdf
EPJB_17_57_00.pdf
PRL_98_127601-1.pdf
PRB_78_144410.pdf
Bistability of vortex core dynamics in a single perpendicularly magnetized nanodisk, PRL 102 (2009) 177602 (pdf).
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text:
Giles David Arceneaux
Beyond the Rubicon: Command and Control in Regional Nuclear Powers
Command and control systems are the operational means by which a state conducts the management, deployment, and potential release of nuclear weapons. Command and control systems fundamentally underpin important dimensions of nuclear strategy and operations, such as deterrence and strategic stability. Despite these broader implications, however, detailed analysis on nuclear command and control remains scarce in the post-Cold War era.
This book project addresses the literature's shortcomings by making two contributions to the study of command and control in regional nuclear powers. First, the project presents a new conceptual framework of command and control arrangements that emphasizes the procedures employed to transition from peacetime to crisis arsenal management practices. Second, the project provides a theory that specifies how three variables interact to explain command and control outcomes in regional nuclear powers, including the presence of a proximate and conventionally superior adversary, the severity of domestic threats to the political regime, and the level of military organizational autonomy.
Evidence from India, Pakistan, apartheid-era South Africa, and the United Kingdom provide the empirical foundations of the analysis, including archival documents and original interview data with political and military elites. These contributions inform academic research on nuclear strategy and operations and yield policy implications for engaging with emerging nuclear proliferators.
Administrative control of South Africa's nuclear weapons (figure from 2016 interview)
Illustration of vulnerability of Pakistan's primary lines of communication to conventional attack (figure from 2018 interview)
Nuclear command and control
(1) "Command and Control in Regional Nuclear Powers"
This paper provides a new conceptual framework for classifying nuclear command and control systems and explains variation in regional nuclear power command and control arrangements using original interview data with political and military elites from India and Pakistan. Manuscript in preparation.
(2) "The Fulcrum of Fragility: Command and Control in Regional Nuclear Powers," in Scott D. Sagan and Vipin Narang, eds., The Fragile Balance of Terror: Deterrence in the New Nuclear Age (with Peter D. Feaver)
This chapter identifies major international and domestic pressures facing regional nuclear powers when developing command and control systems and illustrates how different command and control systems affect strategic stability, especially during crises. Chapter currently under review.
Nuclear platform diversification
(1) "Nuclear Platform Diversification: A New Dataset" (with Kyungwon Suh)
This paper provides a new quantitative dataset that measures the operational delivery systems that nuclear states deploy and provides an empirical application that illustrates the importance of nuclear capabilities in making extended deterrence guarantees more credible. Manuscript in preparation.
(2) "Civil-Military Stability and Nuclear Platform Diversification"
This paper evaluates the effects of unstable civil-military relations on the diversification of a state's nuclear delivery systems. Manuscript in preparation.
Opinion and Commentary
"COVID-19 and British Nuclear Deterrence," War on the Rocks, April 24, 2020.
UK Royal Navy Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarine (click image for source)


Joker Poker video poker is played between the dealer and one player. Joker Poker is a version of poker played with one deck of cards. The Joker is left in the card deck and is used as a semi-wild card. It can be played as an ace or used to complete a flush, a straight, or a straight flush.
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text:
T R A I N S E T S
B U Y I N G
Browse through our train sets
Find out more about Peppercorns
Or visit us to try before you buy
P L A Y I N G
P E P P E R C O R N ' S
ULTIMATE GOODS
ULTIMATE PASSENGER
CLASSIC GOODS
CLASSIC PASSENGER
R E T R O T O Y S F O R B O Y S A N D G I R L S O F A L L A G E S
UK TEL 07515 360341 MAIL [email protected]
A small team dedicated to unearthing and reviving the very best in collectable retro toys for boys and girls of all ages. We specialise particularly in construction sets and toys that familiarise receptive minds with the principles of physics, engineering and technology as well as providing brilliant and unlimited fun.
W H O W E A R E
"Toys can be sociable, too. A toy I genuinely and unashamedly love is the train set ... when I set it up, I discover that it's a great focal point for the community, and that neighbours I don't even know knock on the door to ask if they can have a go. Mulled wine and shunting parties have become something of an annual fixture in the May household."
James May's Toy Stories, Conway, 2009
We source toys, construction sets and their components, build them up and integrate them into collections, sell them and support our Customers in their enjoyment. We design the collections to achieve three simple objectives - fun, education and a sound investment.
Our Company is named in honour of the great Engineer Arthur Henry Peppercorn who started his illustrious career in 1905 at the tender age of 16 as an apprentice with GNR, the Great Northern Railway. His achievements took him to the ultimate position of Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1946 and he became known as the designer of some of the best British steam locomotives ever in service. These included the now famous London & North Eastern Railways Peppercorn Class A1. Tragically none of these were preserved however from 1990 until 2008 a brand new A1 was designed and built by a loyal band of trusty Engineers and in February 2009 Prince Charles officially named the fabulous new locomotive "Tornado"
W H Y P E P P E R C O R N
Our unique Hornby train collections contain items dating from the 1920s, the start of of Frank Hornby's famous and now historic O Gauge clockwork trains. They are powered by a high quality clockwork motor made of metal pressings held together by Meccano (one of Frank Hornby's other great inventions) nuts & bolts
TEL. INT'L +44 7515 360341, UK 07515 360341 mail [email protected]


All 17" wheels come with 2 valve holes (1 for inner liner). If you will not be running an inner liner in your wheel, you will need a plug. The Rhyolite wheel uses a 1/8" NPT pipe plug which is not included. Beadlock bolts should be torqued to 20 ft. lbs.
Our experts are here to equip your vehicles with the perfect wheels for your most daring endeavors.


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About Damart
Damart Bridges Analogue-Digital Divide with Avaya
Home Corporate Damart Bridges Analogue-Digital Divide with Avaya
By Damart Corporate | Corporate | 0 comment | 16 March, 2020 | 0
Avaya helps Damart modernise its contact centre and comply with new legislation while maintaining customer experience across all channels from traditional post, to phone and online
This comes as Avaya's SuperServe research reveals the over-55 demographic – Damart's primary customer base – have a greater tendency to be concerned about data privacy, driving the need for clearly signposted data management processes
People 55+ are also more likely to choose traditional channels such as phone calls compared with younger demographics, reflecting the need for a multi-channel communication solution
Damart, a leading European fashion brand, has revamped its customer experience, so that even the most traditional order methods – such as those using the postal service – are digitally integrated, using technology from Avaya Holdings Corp. (NYSE: AVYA).
As one of Europe's leading multichannel brands for over-55 year olds, 80 percent of Damart's orders are made by traditional post or phone. This is consistent with Avaya's SuperServe research, which shows that the 55+ age bracket of respondents are 12 percent more likely than 18 to34 year olds to use a phone call to a call centre to contact an organisation. Those 55 and over are also nearly a fifth (19%) more likely to be concerned about organisations' adherence to data privacy laws and not sharing data with third parties.
Alongside these demographic trends, Damart has faced a changing regulatory environment placing additional strains on its contact center. Legislation, including Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, has meant that customer service agents should no longer hear customer card numbers or key them in on the customer's behalf, so new processes were needed to enable customers to provide this information easily and securely.
With the Avaya IX Contact Center solutions, Damart not only has the ability to process and add audit trails to letters received by post – for example by scanning them in and immediately directing them to the contact centre – but it can also add additional features to phone-based conversations, including voice recording and speech analytics, as well as KPI dashboards and trend analysis thanks to the digitalisation and unification of the customer experience process. The solution also creates a platform for further innovation in the future, enabling Damart to keep pace with new channels as communications preferences change.
Jeanette Askin, Head of Customer Service, Damart, said: "We're committed to a providing a customer experience that is a perfect fit to our customers; no matter how they want to communicate with us. This includes ensuring a seamless experience while protecting their financial information with the appropriate security procedures. Our new solution with Avaya perfectly bridges the analogue-digital divide, enabling a powerful customer experience for all of our customers and allowing us to keep pace with innovation in the retail industry."
Ioan MacRae, Managing Director at Avaya, UK & Ireland, said: "The retail industry is multifaceted, which means a one-size-fits all communications solution will never generate the optimum experience for all customers of every retailer. Unlike many retailers who are focusing on younger 'digital natives', Damart needed a solution that could cater to all of its customers, including those in their key 55+ market. It needed to have communication options for customers and yet unified infrastructure on the back-end for compliance and development. A good customer experience is about understanding your customers and designing and delivering a solution which fits their evolving needs, this is where we've created experiences that matter for Damart."
Solutions such as the one employed by Damart are on display at Avaya's recently opened and state-of-the-art Customer Experience Centre (CEC) in Guildford. The facility offers customers a chance to engage first-hand with the latest in contact centre, communication and collaboration technology to enable the digital workplace and deliver excellent digital customer experiences.
About Damart UK
A subsidiary of Damart France, Damart UK is a catalogue retailer specializing in clothing for women age 55+. Based in Bingley, Yorkshire, Damart UK employs 650 people. Annual revenues are more than £100 million.
Businesses are built on the experiences they provide, and every day millions of those experiences are built by Avaya (NYSE:AVYA). For over one hundred years, we've enabled organizations around the globe to win – by creating intelligent communications experiences for customers and employees. Avaya builds open, converged and innovative solutions to enhance and simplify communications and collaboration – in the cloud, on-premise or a hybrid of both. To grow your business, we're committed to innovation, partnership, and a relentless focus on what's next. We're the technology company you trust to help you deliver Experiences that Matter. Visit us at www.avaya.com.
This document contains certain "forward-looking statements." All statements other than statements of historical fact are "forward-looking" statements for purposes of the U.S. federal and state securities laws. These statements may be identified by the use of forward looking terminology such as "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "our vision," "plan," "potential," "preliminary," "predict," "should," "will," or "would" or the negative thereof or other variations thereof or comparable terminology and include, but are not limited to, expected cash savings and statements about growth, exchange listing and improved operational metrics. The Company has based these forward-looking statements on its current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. While the Company believes these expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections are reasonable, such forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond its control. The factors are discussed in the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, may cause its actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. For a further list and description of such risks and uncertainties, please refer to the Company's filings with the SEC that are available at www.sec.gov. The Company cautions you that the list of important factors included in the Company's SEC filings may not contain all of the material factors that are important to you. In addition, considering these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report may not in fact occur. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.
Source: Avaya Newsroom
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A few months ago Jay Selwitz forwarded me a photo of a newsletter that he'd saved from the Northern California Audiophile Society. Jay had been a member in his younger days. I emailed Michael Kuller, who was listed as one of the organizers of that society, and Mike's reply was interesting enough to me that I wanted to share it here with all of you. Mike thought it was all ancient history, but I believe most of our SFAS members were alive during those times of ancient history, and hey, most of us still listen to music from those ancient days, so how ancient can it really be?
In 1979 I met some audiophiles in SF and we used to get together to listen to new components. We were familiar with a number of manufacturers and high end audio stores in the area so we thought it would be fun to start an audio hobbyist group. Gary Hoffman and I were the ones who founded it. As far as I know we were the first audio group in the Bay Area.
We put in ad in the back of Audio magazine and a classified ad in the SF Chronicle to promote our monthly meetings. I wrote the monthly newsletter,The NCAS Audio Amplifier, if I recall (7 pages on my typewriter at its height) and mailed it out; Gary was in charge of the quarterly journal, and we both worked on the meetings.
We set up monthly meetings and called them "events". We got manufacturers to come show us their newest equipment and had the meetings at SF State and later UC Berkeley. We had one memorable meeting at Leo De Gar Kulka's Sonic Arts recording studio. At another, we put a thin curtain up and played 3 different loudspeaker systems behind it with members guessing which were which. J. Peter Moncrieff of IAR used to attend our meetings. William Johnson of ARC presented at one. We got a private evening demo of the new Wilson WAMM speakers by David Wilson at Garland Audio in San Jose. We knew Jon Curl and Brian Cheney of VMPS speakers and got their advice from time to time.
One of our most ambitious projects was an exploration of "cable sound". We wanted to determine what made cables sound different and did a lot of listening tests (blind and otherwise) and consulted with Bruce Brisson (who had just founded MIT) and Monster cable. We published the results in the journal. At our height we had 300 members on our mailing list.
I had to stop running it in 1982 after 3 years when I founded a new business, so I turned over the newsletter to a couple of members. The group went downhill since the other members didn't really want any responsibility and Gary couldn't handle it all. NCAS died about a year later. The problem with most organizations like this is that members want to be entertained and not do any work.
After leaving NCAS, in 1985, I got a call from Harry Pearson asking me if I wanted to review equipment for TAS. I had put he and Stereophile on our newsletter mailing list because I had a column in it discussing the latest audio publications. HP had sent me a couple of postcards about things I had written there. I wrote for TAS from 1985 until 2001 when the magazine changed hands. By then I had grown tired of listening to equipment and just wanted to relax and listen to music. So I put a final system together and I still enjoy listening to it today.
About 1996 I got a call from Dennis Davis, a former member, who was interested in restarting the group. He called it Bay Area Audio Society – BAAS. I joined the group and participated a little but was pretty busy with reviewing.
So today, I'm not much interested in equipment, just music. If you publish a newsletter, please put me on your list. If there's any way I can help you let me know.