text:
NextThe People's Sidewalks
Thomas C. Moran with an in-depth look at river planning in Sonoma County, and balancing a fragile natural equilibrium.
Boom California on July 5, 2012
by Thomas C. Moran
From Boom Spring 2012, Vol. 2, No. 1
River Planning in Sonoma County
Water isn't free in California. For more than a century, water in the state has been trapped behind dams, funneled into pipelines, routed down canals, and pumped over mountains; it has been allocated, bought, and sold to such an extent that the natural and designed environments are now tightly interwoven. And even as this hybrid waterscape took shape in the twentieth century, new demands were being placed on it.
PHOTOGRAPH BY STAR5112 (HTTP://WWW.FLICKR.COM/PEOPLE/JOHNJOH/)
By the 1970s, growth and development were no longer the only priorities for water use, and this change in social values was embodied by a wave of environmental laws and regulations. We asked to have our rivers, and drink them too. In many ways, the state is still learning to live with the full implications of this shift, and the challenge of reconciling tensions among legitimized water users poses a major challenge for California water design in the 21st century.
Many examples of highly manipulated water environments exist across California. The expansive federal Central Valley Project and the slightly newer State Water Project make it possible to irrigate almonds near Bakersfield and to wash dishes in San Bernardino using rain that fell just miles from the Oregon border. This water passes through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, with its fragile complex of levees, channels, and pumps that is the heart of California's water capabilities and its water woes. Hundreds of smaller but substantial water projects scattered across the state must likewise balance competing demands for limited resources, but with fewer of the dizzying economic and political complexities of statewide systems.1 A close look at one place that has no choice but to reconcile human and ecological water uses, and perhaps to blur the distinction between the two, can help us understand some of the considerations that will frame water design and management decisions in California for decades to come.
Two hours north of San Francisco, on the western edge of Sonoma wine country, there is a small valley known for its world-class zinfandel and bucolic setting. The waterway down the spine of Dry Creek Valley begins among steep, snowless hills covered with grasslands, oak woodlands, and evergreen stands. The creek eventually settles into a gentle approach toward its confluence with the Russian River, splitting the narrow floodplain of the lower valley. The Dry Creek watershed covers over two hundred square miles, which means that one half of an inch of rain across this area constitutes nearly two billion gallons of water. Just twenty miles inland from the Pacific, wet ocean winds bring more than 44 inches of rain to the watershed in most years, nearly all of it occurring during the winter and spring. Some of this rainfall evaporates, much of it is transpired by plants, just a fraction is used for agriculture, and the rest flows out of the watershed via Dry Creek.2
The Italian immigrants who first cultivated wine grapes in Dry Creek Valley in the mid-1800s must have felt quite at home with California's Mediterranean climate and fertile soils. But the region has not always been wine country. Wheat fields and apple orchards were more common than vineyards in the valley until the mid 1900s; California wines were not particularly reputable or profitable until 1976. In June of that year, a tasting in Paris was staged as a faceoff between France and California. The superiority of the French wines was a foregone conclusion, at least until it wasn't the conclusion at all. In a blind test, a panel of nine French judges gave top honors to California wines, a stunning outcome which Time Magazine reported as "The Judgment of Paris."3 George Taber, the reporter for Time, reflected recently that the judgment "created a market for California wines that hadn't existed before … literally overnight."4 The subsequent rise in California wine grape values, combined with the high quality and premium branding of Sonoma wines, created the economic incentives that quickly transformed Dry Creek Valley into the vineyard monoculture that it is today. The transition was lucrative; the valley's 2010 wine grape harvest was valued at $40M for just six thousand acres of grapes.5
Water distribution in Dry Creek Valley for a median year (2004) and a dry year (2001).
The Dam
Despite the dominance of grapes in the valley's landscapes and livelihoods, water is an almost equally valuable export. The Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) collects $30M per year for providing water to cities and districts in Sonoma and Marin counties.6,7 The key to this supply is Warm Springs Dam, which fills a narrow gap in Dry Creek Valley fourteen miles upstream from the Russian River.8 Conceived as a collaboration between SCWA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ("the Corps"), construction was delayed for decades by funding shortfalls, local opposition, and legal battles that reached the U.S. Supreme Court. When the dam was finished in 1983, it was the last big federal project of the California dam boom. It stores a two-year water supply for half a million residents of Sonoma and Marin counties, and reduces floods in the valley below it by 80 percent.9,10 The mouth of Dry Creek is less than 10 miles from the city of Santa Rosa, the ninth largest city in northern California and the biggest customer of SCWA water. Dry Creek is the supply conduit: there is no other way to get water from behind the dam to the water agency collector pumps along the Russian River.
Grape wine harvest values adjusted to 2010 dollars using U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index for fruits & melons, fresh/dry vegetables, and nuts. Data Sources: Sonoma County Agricultural Crop Reports USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, California Fruit and Nut Crops Historical Report
This role for the creek is problematic for folks like Bill Hearn, a supervising biologist at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), who sees this arrangement as "basically treating fourteen miles of critical habitat as a conveyor belt,"11 which is to say that cities and farms aren't the only constituents of the creek. Nature also needs the water, and the NMFS, the federal agency responsible for enforcing the Endangered Species Act (ESA) for ocean-dwelling fish like salmon, is a powerful ally of several fish species indigenous to the region. A 2008 study found a bleak outlook for endangered coho salmon throughout the Russian River water basin, with only somewhat better prospects for threatened steelhead.12 These species evolved in conjunction with their surroundings, adapting to take advantage of the full complexity of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the region. When human development altered these processes, the environment was made less hospitable for many native fish and wildlife. Their survival now depends in part on how well we understand our shared ecology, and how far we are willing to go to apply this understanding.
Each of these groups has a legitimate claim to the water in Dry Creek. An estimated 98% of the property in the Russian River region is privately owned,13 including virtually all of the land adjacent to Dry Creek, and this ownership comes with rights that predate other human uses of water in the valley. Specifically, landowners control physical access to the creek, so their cooperation is needed for any research or work in it, with few exceptions. The combination of legal rights, economic clout, and political engagement gives the landowners and wine growers of Dry Creek Valley a strong voice for preserving their current level of access to the water in the valley.
Dry Creek flow levels (blue) reacted to rainfall (black) until Warm Springs Dam was completed in 1983. Consistent flows provide water to cities but have consequences for fish.
The State Water Resource Control Board ("the Board") is responsible for surface water rights allocations in California. The Board granted the SCWA a water right that is equivalent to 11 inches of rainfall in the region that drains into Lake Sonoma behind Warm Springs Dam. However, SCWA responsibilities extend beyond keeping a consistent flow to homes and businesses, as the agency must also maintain the environmental health of the Russian River basin by managing the waterways in compliance with state and federal regulations. Like many places in California, the Russian River water system is sorely stressed in dry years, and the supply margins are only getting thinner with a reduction in artificial transfers to the basin.14
Lake Sonoma. PHOTOGRAPHY BY MARK HOGAN
It might be tempting to villainize urban water users as oblivious consumers of natural resources, but Californians looking to place blame should keep in mind that they almost certainly fall into this category themselves, since nearly everyone in the state lives in areas classified as urban.15 Furthermore, per capita urban water consumption has actually declined within California since 1995.16 This is not to say that urban water conservation and efficiency are anything less than essential to the future of the state, but the fact is that cities are expected to provide safe, clean, cheap water to all who choose to move in. John Dracup, professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, makes this point with the rhetorical question, "When you moved to your town, did you call ahead to ask if they had sufficient water for you?"
Fish in Mind
Fish have only recently been treated like legitimate water users. The vast system of concrete, steel, and turbines that forms the backbone of California water infrastructure was built despite the fish, not with their needs in mind. But then the landmark environmental laws of the 1970s gave legal credibility to what previously had been merely obvious: fish need water. And not just leftover water, but dynamic water systems that closely resemble the streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans where each species evolved. The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 has emerged as perhaps the most powerful and controversial environmental law in the country, a future that would have surprised the Senators who voted unanimously in its favor and the conservative icon who signed it into law. "The price of economic growth need not, and will not be, deterioration in the quality of our lives and our surroundings," President Nixon declared earlier that year. It has been said that as few as four people in Washington, DC truly understood the vast implications of the law.17
The Extinction Vortex
California's climate encourages ambitious water design.18 Nearly all of the rain and snow in the state falls from October to April, while human demand for water peaks during the dry season from May through September. The vast majority of this precipitation happens in the north part of the state, yet most of the population chooses to live in the arid south. What we call droughts and floods are simply natural weather patterns; the "typical" water year is a myth. Native vegetation and wildlife evolved to survive and thrive in this erratic environment, but the most recent wave of human development expended monumental efforts to tame the state's wild rivers and wetlands. Until the 1970s, little legal or political leverage existed to counteract the promise of economic growth that accompanies a stable, predictable water system, and so California's water infrastructure expanded as quickly as its dreams.
As the environmental costs of unbridled growth became impossible to ignore, a tide of federal and state laws reflected a shift in social values. The ESA was virtually unopposed as it passed through both houses of Congress and across the desk of President Nixon. But, within a decade, the broad scope and language of the ESA became a powerful lever to wield against the growth priority, and it increasingly influences water design and management in California.
Coho salmon used to thrive along the central California coast, but today they are nearly extinct, with as few as five hundred fish returning to their home streams at the end of their three-year life cycle.19 The coho species native to this region was listed as threatened in 1996, and by 2005 its status had deteriorated to endangered. There are many reasons for this decline, including the cumulative effects of logging, dams, land development, over-harvesting, and water pollution. But at the heart of the coho's plight is the loss of places to spawn and grow large enough to journey to the sea.19 The ESA treats habitat loss just as seriously as it treats direct harm of a protected species,20 and this is what recently disrupted the fragile equilibrium of water use on Dry Creek.
PHOTOGRAPH BY DAN BENNETT
When coho were listed as a threatened species in 1996, the Army Corps of Engineers was required to consult with the NMFS to determine if any of the Corps' operations in the Russian River water basin might be harmful to these or other protected fish. A key piece of this assessment was a 2001 study by teams of fish biologists that rated habitat on Dry Creek for three different levels of flow released from the dam,21 and what they observed was bleak for the salmon. One serious problem was that the speed of water in the creek was too fast for young coho to survive through the dry season. This evidence, along with other harmful conditions found on the main Russian River, led to the conclusion that the status quo jeopardized the survival of coho in the region.22 The long consultation process culminated in a 2008 Biological Opinion, in which the NMFS minced no words in describing the gravity of the situation: "The Russian River population of coho salmon is likely in an extinction vortex."12 Another key finding of this study was that the lower stretch of Dry Creek is critical to the survival of the species, an idea that is ironic to those who knew the creek before the dam.
Long-time residents of the valley will tell you that there never were any coho in the part of Dry Creek that is now below the dam. And, though historical fish counts are sparse and imprecise, science supports these recollections. Coho need cold water. Before the dam, Dry Creek warmed up as it trickled slowly through the valley under the summer sun, making the water too hot for the species by the time it reached the lower valley. So, any coho in the creek likely summered far upstream or in its tributaries, in shady stretches where the water stayed cool as it seeped from the ground. Before Sonoma County was utterly transformed by human development, the Dry Creek watershed accounted for only about 4% of coho habitat in the Russian River basin.23 Now, water released from Warm Springs Dam is deliberately kept cool enough to support fish in the creek below. Because of the broad degradation of regional waterways, this means that lower Dry Creek and its tributaries could represent up to 40% of all remaining potential coho habitat in the basin today.12
The goal of coho recovery on Dry Creek is not, then, to restore some historic condition, but to redesign the waterway and its immediate surroundings for a specific purpose: to serve as spawning and rearing habitat for coho and other endangered fish. Ecologists refer to this approach as "reconciliation," a conservation strategy that acknowledges the vast, perhaps irreversible impacts of human activities, and aims to achieve specific ecological goals within a manipulated environment. Preservation of any remaining undisturbed ecosystems remains the highest priority for many conservationists, and restoration to some previous condition may be desirable where it can be realistically accomplished. But it is likely that most future efforts to protect native species in California will involve at least some aspect of reconciliation.16
Consistently high creek levels used for city water supply result in poor habitat conditions for young coho salmon.
An Approach to Reconciliation
How might the competing demands of human uses and ecological needs be reconciled, given the reality of the creek today? One approach is to tailor the flow for the benefit of the fish. However, because the water agency uses the creek as its main transmission channel, this would stress municipal water supplies throughout the region. A pipeline has been proposed to bypass high summer supply flows, but there is a consensus that such a project would take a decade or more to complete, which may be too late to save the coho. This option is estimated to cost upwards of $160M and is unpopular with nearly everyone, including landowners who are concerned that large changes to the creek flow could infringe on their water rights. Even if a pipeline is someday built, reduced summer flows alone would only go so far toward improving fish habitat on Dry Creek.12
Proposed Enhancements. IMAGE COURTESY OF SONOMA COUNTY WATER AGENCY
The immediate approach to water reconciliation on Dry Creek is simple to describe, if harder to execute successfully. The needs and habits of coho have been studied for decades, so, in principle, creating high-quality habitat is simply a matter of giving the fish what they want. Because the water quality is already excellent, the most serious shortcoming in Dry Creek is the lack of physical habitat for juvenile coho. These fish require a diversity of deep pools and quick (but not too quick) riffles, with boulders and large woody debris to provide shelter from fast flows and larger fish. Coho also need plenty of native vegetation to provide shade and to nurture a vibrant food web. In short, the design challenge is to introduce complexity, which is the opposite of what is typically found downstream from dams.
To create this complexity, six miles of Dry Creek will be manipulated to look and function more like a natural water system. This involves reshaping the creek bed, introducing boulders, logs, and other woody debris, and constructing dead-end channels and ponds connected to the creek, as well as controlling non-native vegetation nearby.24,25 This endeavor is not cheap—changes to the creek and follow-up monitoring are expected to cost $6-8M per mile.26 But the outcome could be very important to recovery of protected fish. The NMFS is hopeful that habitat creation could support over 30,000 young coho in Dry Creek. The number of these that survive hazards beyond the creek and return to spawn is a more complicated matter.12 If this approach is not effective, the costly and unpopular pipeline plan will go into motion, which means that the success of the habitat project could become a one hundred million dollar question.
Sidebar: Water Data as Art, works by Adrien Segal
Data are just numbers until someone interprets them. This interpretation can take many forms, as with the art of Adrien Segal, a California native who designs and creates sculptural furniture that is based on the shapes of water data.
Adrien describes her work in the following way: "I make sculpture as a means to communicate data and statistical information about the intersection of humans and the natural world. Simplifying complex ideas, my design method involves translating sets of data into graphics—shapes, lines, and forms—which are then fabricated out of tangible materials such as metal and wood. I aim to present scientific information about fascinating aspects of the natural world in an unexpected poetic form. Bringing together rationality of scientific analysis with the emotional realm of sensory experience, the sculptures push scientific and artistic inquiry in an unanticipated direction, revealing new capacities in the representation of information. The resulting objects are data embodied in physical space, making the information accessible to viewers in an alternative medium that engages the body though intuitive understanding of sculptural form and creates a space to contemplate ideas about the natural world and our role within it."
Tide Table is the first piece in a series of work that represents data about water in sculptural forms. Sourcing daily tide graphs from NOAA's Historic Tide Database, the curves of the tide highs and lows are translated into hand bent flat-bar steel. Twenty-eight consecutive days (a full lunar cycle) of tide graphs are framed within the structure of a hand-crafted walnut table, revealing the natural undulating patterns created by tides over a given amount of time. SCULPTURE BY ADRIEN SEGAL, PHOTOGRAPH BY DANIEL LORENZE.
Sourcing data from the USGS report titled "Analysis of Water Use in the United States: 1950–1995," Canyon is a three-dimensional representation of national water use statistics, where the central river and its tributaries are related to a specific categorical use. The two largest uses define the central shape of the table, which is based on the line of Colorado River (Thermoelectric) in its entire length, and its main tributary the Green River (Irrigation). Additionally, Industrial, Public Supply, and Domestic/Rural/Livestock are embodied as tributaries in the canyon walls. The Canyon width is relative to amount of water used, and the table height is a measure of time – the top is relative to 1950 water use, the very bottom of the canyon is 2000. Viewers can physically see the changes – as thermoelectric use grows, the statistically smaller categorical uses are swallowed into the crevice walls by its immense growth. Conversely, water use for irrigation has the reverse effect of decreasing gradually over time. SCULPTURE BY ADRIEN SEGAL, PHOTOGRAPH BY DANIEL LORENZE.
The Prospects
Opinions vary about the prospects to save the coho by any means. A recent study ranked coho from this region as second most vulnerable to extinction of all the freshwater fishes native to California.27 Research about the effectiveness of habitat modification finds mixed results,28,29 though some methods, such as in-stream log and boulder structures, appear to be broadly successful.30 California river restoration projects have become increasingly common in the last thirty years.31 Close to $50M has already been invested in river and watershed restoration in the Russian River basin since 1980, primarily to counteract the effects of logging and other land development.13 A reconciliation effort in Lagunitas Creek, forty miles south of Dry Creek, is considered a qualified success for its role in supporting the largest population of native coho in the region.32
Schematic for "canyon" derived from water use statistics for the Colorado River.
When asked whether the Dry Creek habitat effort could be successful, Rick Rogers, a fisheries biologist for the NMFS, answered directly, "We wouldn't be encouraging this level of effort and cost if we didn't believe the benefits were commensurate … we think the benefits will be huge." Rogers bases this confidence on the excellent water quality in Dry Creek, the comprehensive scope of the science and implementation around the project, and his belief that the right people with the right experience are involved. He also emphasizes a close collaboration with the California Department of Fish and Game to exploit their expertise and to ensure compliance with California's own Endangered Species Act.
Peter Moyle, a prominent fish biologist at the University of California at Davis and author of Inland Fishes of California, was more measured in his response about prospects for recovery of the regional coho population. Noting the many factors other than waterway management that conspire against these fish, he offered, "It is hard to be optimistic about the long-term future of central California coast coho." However, he added that the advantages on Dry Creek, including potential benefits for other native species, make it "worthy of investment as a site for both coho recovery and for research and demonstration" of recovery methods.
Water enters Dry Creek Valley as rainfall and leaves as either creek flow to the Russian River or vapor into the atmosphere. The monthly balance, water in minus water out, has a pattern reminiscent of a heartbeat, which is a reminder that water is the lifeblood of the plants, animals, and livelihoods of the valley.
The matter of defining success on Dry Creek is a work in progress, though it is expected to include some measure of whether coho are using the newly created habitat, as well as an indication of an overall positive effect on the regional coho population.33 But lurking just beyond this is the broader question of whether such efforts could or should be considered successful even if the coho go extinct. What if the coho disappear but steelhead thrive? Or Chinook salmon? The Endangered Species Act requires the protection of all listed species; it does not permit any sort of triage that would allow one fish to perish if others could benefit. In Dry Creek, the habitat creation effort is expected to benefit all of the protected species, but it is worth pondering whether putting equal emphasis on all species is always the optimal strategy for managing our dynamic ecology, especially in the midst of broader climate shifts that will favor some species over others.16
Like many other residents of Dry Creek Valley, Greg Chambers, a vintner and former president of the Winegrowers of Dry Creek Valley trade association, supports efforts on the creek to try to save the coho. As he sees it, "If it works, everyone gets a nicer creek." But he also voiced a question shared by many: "How much is a fish worth?" The ESA treats this as an open-ended question, but there is always a tradeoff of money and effort that could be prioritized elsewhere. In this way, choosing which pieces of our ecology to value and protect is a design decision in itself.
Whatever the outcome, the reconciliation approach for Dry Creek is not a template that can be blindly applied elsewhere. Ecological and human dynamics tend to be highly specific to each circumstance. In some places, more drastic measures may be appropriate, such as the planned removal of dams on the Klamath River. The values of stakeholders can also vary widely, as with the case of indigenous tribes and the Bureau of Reclamation working together in the Klamath basin. But Dry Creek offers some instructive perspectives about how an increasing number of water design and management decisions will be made in the future. It is important to acknowledge the preexisting tensions among groups with different types of legitimate water claims, and to understand what incentives or fears might motivate each group to cooperate with or obstruct a particular design alternative. Many future water design decisions in California will be made in the context of complying with one or more environmental laws, including the Endangered Species Act. This means that for a design solution to be considered, it must be injected into highly structured planning and enforcement processes. Furthermore, for the next fifty to one hundred years, most water design in the state will happen amidst an expansive legacy of twentieth century water infrastructure that may be anachronistic to our needs and values today.
The future of a single waterway like Dry Creek is not all that is at stake. Warm Springs Dam is a node in a water network that extends down the Russian River basin, up and down the coast and out into the ocean as far as the salmon and steelhead roam. The next generation of California water design must acknowledge this interconnectedness and decide how the network can be used to craft the 21st century waterscape for cities and towns, farms and fish. We cannot turn back the clock on centuries of environmental manipulation, but we can take charge of the decisions that will shape what comes next.
The author is grateful to Prof. James Hunt at UC Berkeley for an introduction to the fascinating story of Dry Creek and for his guidance on early drafts of this paper, and to Carolyn Remick at the Berkeley Water Center for conversations that shaped the story. The insightful and constructive comments provided by two anonymous reviewers were invaluable. Water data analysis was made possible by the technology and support of Microsoft Research.
1. For thorough and enjoyable histories of California water development see Norris Hundley Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water-A History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001) and Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin, 1993).
2. Water also seeps into the ground, but the climate, geology, and water uses in the Dry Creek watershed result in fairly stable groundwater levels on a year-to-year basis, so this factor can be ignored for gross estimates of the yearly water balance.
3. G. Taber, "Modern Living: Judgment of Paris," Time, 07-Jun-1976.
4. M. Brand and G. Taber, Judgment of Paris 35 years on: when CA wines trumped French. Pasdena, CA: The Madeline Brand Show, KPCC Radio, 2011.
5. L. Corriea, "Sonoma County Crop Report," Office of the Agricultural Commissioner, Santa Rosa, California, 2010.
6. SCWA, "Sonoma County Water Agency Basic Financial Statements, FY2010," Sonoma County Water Agency, Financial Statement, Nov. 2010.
7. SCWA, "2010 Urban Water Management Plan," Sonoma County Water Agency, Santa Rosa, California, Jun. 2011.
8. SCWA also manages water from other sources in the Russian River basin, but the agency policy is to use water released from Warm Springs Dam as its primary municipal supply source.7
9. SCWA, "Final Current Conditions Inventory Report, Dry Creek: Warm Springs Dam to Russian River," Prepared by Inter-Fluve, Inc for: Sonoma County Water Agency, Santa Rosa, CA, Sonoma County, CA, Dec. 2010.
10. Flood protection diminishes further downstream of the dam. For example, Warm Springs Dam controls 60% of the flow out of the Dry Creek watershed, but less than 10% of the flow in the Russian River at Guerneville, 35 miles downstream from the dam.
11. G. Kovner, "Too much water?" The Press Democrat, Santa Rosa, California, 02-Jul-2007.
12. NMFS, "Biological Opinion for Water Supply, Flood Control Operations, and Channel Maintenance in the Russian River watershed, Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation," National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Rosa, California, F/SWR/2006/07316, Sep. 2008.
13. J. Christian-Smith and A. M. Merenlender, "The Disconnect Between Restoration Goals and Practices: A Case Study of Watershed Restoration in the Russian River Basin, California," Restoration Ecology, 18 (2010), 95–102.
14. The Coyote Valley Dam is 60 miles upstream the Russian River from Dry Creek, where it regulates releases from the reservoir called Lake Mendocino. A significant amount of the annual flow into this reservoir is an incidental transfer from the Eel River basin that has been piped through a mountain to power a private hydroelectric facility since 1908. Recent environmental regulatory rulings have reduced this transfer by up to half, and renewal of the operating license in 2022 is in question.
15. USDA Economic Research Service, "California Fact Sheet: 2010 Rural, Urban, and Total Population." [Online]. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/CA.htm. [Accessed: 01-Nov-2011].
16. E. Hanak et al., Managing California's Water: From Conflict to Reconciliation. Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, CA, 2011.
17. H. Doremus, "The Endangered Species Act: Static Law Meets Dynamic World," Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 32 (2010), 175.
18. T. E. Grantham, A. M. Merenlender, and V. H. Resh, "Climatic influences and anthropogenic stressors: an integrated framework for streamflow management in Mediterranean-climate California, U.S.A.," Freshwater Biology, 55 (2010), 188–204.
19. P. Moyle, J. Israel, and S. Purdy, "Salmon, steelhead, and trout in California, status of an emblematic fauna," Center For Watershed Sciences. Davis, CA. A report commissioned by California Trout, 2008.
20. Coincidentally, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that upheld the importance of habitat as a consideration for protection of listed species was decided against a lawsuit that originated in the author's childhood town of Sweet Home, OR. Babbit v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon, 515 U.S. 687, 1995.
21. USACE and SCWA, "Russian River Biological Assessment," Prepared by Entrix Inc. for: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, CA and Sonoma County Water Agency, Santa Rosa, CA, Sep. 2004.
22. Threatened steelhead were also found to be jeopardized, though less imminently than coho. Chinook salmon, also a threatened species, were determined to be relatively unscathed by Dry Creek water operations because their young leave the creek by late summer.
23. B. C. Spence, S. L. Harris, J. Weldon, M. M. Goslin, A. Agrawal, and E. Mora, "Historical occurrence of coho salmon in streams of the central California coast coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit," National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 2005.
24. G. M. Kondolf, "Some Suggested Guidelines for Geomorphic Aspects of Anadromous Salmonid Habitat Restoration Proposals," Restoration Ecology, 8 (2000), 48–56.
25. SCWA, "Dry Creek Fish Habitat Enhancement Feasibility Study Draft Report," Prepared by Inter-Fluve, Inc for: Sonoma County Water Agency, Santa Rosa, California, Mar. 2011.
26. SCWA, "Overview of Draft Habitat Enhancement & Draft Pipeline Feasibility Studies," Sonoma County Water Agency, Santa Rosa, California, Apr. 2011.
27. P. B. Moyle, J. V. E. Katz, and R. M. Quiñones, "Rapid decline of California's native inland fishes: A status assessment," Biological Conservation, 144 (2011), 2414–2423.
28. P. Roni, K. Hanson, and T. Beechie, "Global Review of the Physical and Biological Effectiveness of Stream Habitat Rehabilitation Techniques," North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28 (2008), 856–890.
29. M. Palmer, J. D. Allan, J. Meyer, and E. S. Bernhardt, "River Restoration in the Twenty-First Century: Data and Experiential Knowledge to Inform Future Efforts," Restoration Ecology, 15 (2007), 472–481.
30. S. L. Whiteway, P. M. Biron, A. Zimmermann, O. Venter, and J. W. A. Grant, "Do in-stream restoration structures enhance salmonid abundance? A meta-analysis," Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 67 (2010), 831–841.
31. G. M. Kondolf, S. Anderson, R. Lave, L. Pagano, A. Merenlender, and E. S. Bernhardt, "Two Decades of River Restoration in California: What Can We Learn?," Restoration Ecology, 15 (2007), 516–523.
32. G. Andrew, E. Ettinger, E. Childress, M. Piovarcsik, D. Morell, and A. Wolf, "Lagunitas Creek sediment and riparian management plan review and evaluation report, 1997–2009," Marin Municipal Water District, Jun. 2011.
33. R. Rogers, NMFS Fishery Biologist, Personal Communication 28-Oct-2011.
Posted in: Articles
Tagged in: Environment
The People's Sidewalks
From Ghost World to Your World


Historically, the approach to enterprise security has been to make the fortress bigger and stronger – to install more products, and write more policies. Yet despite heightened security awareness and cutting-edge tools, 2006 was the worst year yet on record for corporate security breaches – continuing the year-on-year escalation of security risk. The problem is, attackers are as advanced as the defenders – and the attacks don't always come from the expected direction.
The fact is that the biggest threat to an organization lies within its boundaries. In its 2006 survey, "Information Security Breaches," the DTI and PricewaterhouseCoopers found that 32% of Information Security attacks originated from internal employees while 28% came from ex-employees and partners.
Similarly, law enforcement experts in Europe and the US estimate that over 50% of breaches result from employees misusing access privileges, whether maliciously or unwittingly.
So securing the enterprise isn't just about stopping external threats. It's just as important to contain the threat from hapless or hazardous employees.
One of the key internal threats to corporates is spyware, because it's all too often introduced without malicious intent, by employees that naively click through a couple of pop-up browser windows, or install an unapproved yet 'cool' application on the network. The situation isn't helped by the myths that surround spyware.
These are the six most common spyware myths: It's an isolated problem; Blocking at the gateway is good enough; Locking down the desktop is good enough; Drive-by downloads are a primary source of penetration; The problem comes from the outside in; No one wants spyware.
But the truth of the matter is somewhat different. Let's look at the real situation that's masked by each myth.
1. Most spyware comes in as the direct result of user behavior, whether that user is naпve or ill-intentioned.
2. Stuff comes in at the desktop all day long. Blocking at the gateway without securing the desktop PC doesn't make security sense. It's like locking the doors and windows of the house – with the burglar still in the basement – and not bothering to call the police. What's more, gateway defenses cannot detect threats already on desktop PCs.
3. If "locking down" the desktop and restricting user installation were effective, there would be no need for antivirus software. Spyware is designed to get around acceptable use policies and exploits users' inquisitive nature.
4. "Drive-by downloads" should never occur in a corporate environment, because they come from sites that users should not visit at work.
5. Sure, spyware comes from outside – because someone opened the door and let it in. Not recognizing this results in a porous security infrastructure.
6. True, no-one actually wants spyware, but it comes as part of that cool application that users do want. So spyware gets installed anyway.
So what can companies do to minimize internal threats?
First, make a Web filter a required part of the network security arsenal. This should prohibit users from visiting known spyware and 'drive-by download' sites.
Second, deploy an effective email filter that blocks spyware from entering the network via active HTML, attachments, phishing and spam. There also needs to be protection at the desktop to stop spyware as it's introduced.
Finally, implement a solution that disallows running or installing programs that in turn install spyware.
Put simply, to keep the burglar out of the basement, organisations need to remove the ability of employees to let the burglars in, in the first place. They need to implement tamper-proof solutions that users cannot easily evade – no matter what the external inducements.
Surfcontrol is exhibiting at Infosecurity Europe 2007, Europe's number one dedicated Information security event.


iVvy has a range of corporate function venues available in Lord Howe Island including ones that specialise in Office Christmas Parties, Seminars, Product Launches and executive planning retreats. With iVvy you can search for Venues Hire in Lord Howe Island, see live availability and pricing and even tentatively book the space.
Once you have found a function venue in Lord Howe Island that matches your requirements, you can make a live booking, choose your menus and make any changes you want and then select your accommodation rooms. You then have the option to book and pay now or later, in both cases reserving the function room.


It's almost that time of year again when MOTAT "decks the halls", trams and historic buildings with thousands of fairy lights and opens their gates for the ten enchanted evenings in the countdown to Christmas.
Escape the end-of-year hustle and bustle for few hours, and be immersed in the spirit of Christmas for an evening with friends and family in a twinkling wonderland capturing the magic of the season.
The Museum will be bustling with festive activities with a different group of talented carollers performing each evening. Night rides on MOTAT's bedazzled trams offer a special view of the Museum's sparkling Christmas tree. Visitors young and old will be delighted to have their photograph taken with Santa in his grotto and meet his mischievous elves as they roam the grounds.
Guests can also take in MOTAT's Blacksmith in full swing, sample the Lolly Man's old-fashioned treats or catch an outdoor festive movie (weather permitting) before meandering along Regent Street to admire the Christmas-themed shop windows. Check out the movie screening dates and times on the website and choose from seasonal favourites such as "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", "Elf" and "The Polar Express".
Don't miss your chance to decorate the gingerbread men in Mrs Claus's Kitchen, add your snowflake craft creation to the Winter Christmas display, enjoy the festive fare on offer and much more.
The Museum will once again use the proceeds from Christmas Lights at MOTAT to support Auckland City Mission and Auckland Women's Refuge. For more than a decade, the Museum has raised funds through this fun-filled initiative to buy Christmas gifts for those less fortunate.
Christmas is the busiest time of year at the Auckland City Mission as they get ready to distribute emergency food parcels and gifts to the 4,000 families that need their help in the lead up to Christmas. They also host New Zealand's largest Christmas dinner, which caters for 2,000 guests.
"Christmas is a very difficult time for families living in poverty. The support of MOTAT's Christmas Lights assists these families and ensures their children will have a present to open on Christmas Day. We are very thankful for the Museum's continuing support of the Auckland City Mission and the most desperate members of our community," says Auckland City Missioner, Chris Farrelly.
Women's Refuge provides education, support services, information and safe housing to women, young people, and children every year. They support many families during the holiday season, with as many as 6,000 women and children across New Zealand reaching out for help during this time.
MOTAT will be a hub of Christmas cheer this December, so come along and soak up the atmosphere, get into the spirit of the season, and give a little back to our community.


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Is Scott Morrison dreaming when it comes to tax reform?
By Professor Miranda Stewart | February 19th, 2016
"This Government isn't dreaming," the Treasurer told us in his speech yesterday. He is right that "the scope for tax reform is limited in this economy." As he bluntly says, "we don't have a surplus to fund reductions in taxes." In fact, we have a $35 billion deficit.
The Treasurer might be dreaming when he says he wants a "friendly" tax system: "Growth friendly, earner friendly and profit friendly."
Much as I admire our Australian Tax Office, you are not supposed to be friends with your tax collector. Just pay what's required like everyone else does so we can raise sufficient revenue to fund the public goods and services that people want.
Dreaming about spending?
Based mostly on bracket creep in the income tax, without any change, the budget is projected to reach a small surplus by 2021. The Treasurer aims instead to return to surplus with expenditure restraint, which is going to be tough. Even if expenditure is successfully "controlled" over the next five years, over the medium term that surplus is projected to decline again into the red. In the long term, the Intergenerational Report projected a growing deficit, on more heroic economic growth assumptions.
The times are not right for a GST
The Government has already said it's not the right time for a GST increase, or a major "tax mix switch" between GST and personal income tax, finding that there would only be a modest growth effect. That seems sensible now – but we should not be looking to the GST to deliver significant growth. That does not mean the GST is irrelevant: the main thing it is good for is revenue.
In the medium term (see above on budget) – or even in the next term of either a Liberal or a Labor government – we are going to have to look again at increasing the GST rate or broadening the base. We will need to support an ageing population; fund education, retraining and early childhood human capital investment needed for a transitioning economy; let alone the true cost of the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
Will there be tax cuts aimed at "bracket creep"?
Bracket creep affects everyone because tax brackets are not indexed so your total tax payable as a percentage of income (the average tax rate ) increases with nominal and real wage growth. Is bracket creep a "killer" of economic growth? It's far from clear. The Treasurer conspicuously did not express concern for people at the top rate of 45 per cent plus the 2 per cent temporary budget repair levy plus the 2 per cent Medicare levy (that is 49 per cent if you are counting). That temporary levy comes to an end on June 30, 2017 unless it is extended.
Instead, the Treasurer focused on the average wage earner moving into the "second top" tax bracket of 37 per cent (plus the Medicare Levy) at a threshold of $80,000. An increase in that threshold would, in fact, benefit higher bracket taxpayers too. Average full time male earnings are above the 37 per cent threshold now, but average full time female earnings are a lot lower, and most workers sit below about $60,000 in wages.
It's been suggested that bracket creep is a disincentive to work. The Treasurer did not say this, but Treasury modelling assumes that bracket creep does affect work behaviour to some degree (it assumes work elasticity of 0.2). Yet empirical studies consistently show that most men are very unlikely to change their work behaviour because of tax rates(e.g. see a recent analysis of 30 studies around the world).
More importantly, women have much higher work responsiveness (estimated at more than four times that of men). That suggests that if the Treasurer really wants to help workers and growth by cutting taxes, he should focus on women with children working part-time and on the interaction between the tax and transfer systems.
A tried and tested approach
Tax reform does not have to be big bang. The Treasurer indicated that "modest" personal tax cuts would have to be funded from other tax changes. The biggest benefit would come from broadening the income tax base. This would help prevent the increased tax planning that we know is a behavioural response to bracket creep (as demonstrated in a US study).
The Treasurer criticised the Labor Party's proposals to limit negative gearing to new housing construction and reduce the capital gains tax concession. But he seemed to leave open the option of capping deductions for higher income earners, possibly both interest and work expenses. He also did not rule out increased tax on superannuation contributions and earnings.
Unlimited negative gearing of rental losses against other income, in a context of easy finance and rising property markets, has become one of our most widely used tax shelters for wage earners. It is indeed true that some nurses, teachers and police negatively gear to reduce their taxes, although high earners get about 10 times the tax benefit from negative gearing and get much higher capital gains at a reduced tax rate. The Treasury chart below shows that a much smaller fraction of 10-15 per cent of taxpayers in income bands under $80,000 are negatively geared, compared to 24 per cent of high income taxpayers.
It's time to apply a sensible limit, just as we did on introducing Fringe Benefits Tax in 1986 to crack down on tax-free fringe benefits. The Henry Review recommended reducing the capital gains tax discount to 40 per cent and quarantining investment expenses – both still worthwhile reforms. Deduction of property losses against wages was halted in the US by Ronald Reagan in 1986. In the UK, such losses are limited to rental income and the government announced in 2015 it would cap this deduction at a 20 per cent tax rate.
What about the federation?
It was disappointing to hear the Treasurer speak of the states as sovereign governments responsible for their own affairs (and hospital funding), when the Commonwealth continues to pick up the lion's share of tax revenues. John Freebairn and I have previously argued that state tax reform could make the biggest contribution to economic growth through land, payroll and transport tax changes, but this needs national coordination.
And one last word… er… climate change?
The Treasurer spent quite a while talking about the global context for Australia's tax system, but he failed to mention one aspect: climate change. Specifically, the legally binding Paris Agreement of December 2015 to keep global warming to 2 degrees.
The unpleasant reality in which the Government finds itself is partly because the Abbott-Hockey government abolished the carbon pricing mechanism, or carbon tax. It raised more than $6 billion and growing in the single year of 2012-13, with less pain per household than a GST increase, while having a positive impact on transitioning – to use the Treasurer's word – Australia to a new economy for the 21st century. I wonder if it's time to revisit that idea?
Professor Miranda Stewart is director of the Tax and Transfer Policy Institute at ANU.
This article was originally published at ABC's The Drum.
Tags: bracket creep, GST, income tax, Scott Morrison, tax reform
Sectors: Government
Around the world, regulators are realising Bitcoin is money
By Professor Miranda Stewart | August 13th, 2015
The tax treatment of digital currencies is a challenge for governments around the world, as it is for other aspects of the "disruptive" digital economy.
In October 2014, the Commonwealth Senate Economics Committee launched an inquiry into digital currencies. The Committee released its report last week, with a particular focus on tax.
Last year, the ATO published several rulings outlining how bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies should be treated under the Australian income tax and GST regimes.
The rulings provided useful clarity on bitcoin's tax treatment, but the ATO's approach received widespread criticism.
Bitcoin purportedly functions as money, but the ATO rulings treat bitcoin as a commodity for tax purposes. This disparity creates a number of tax inconsistencies.
The impact is particularly acute under the GST regime, where bitcoin transactions are taxed as barter transactions. Australia's GST regime applies somewhat clumsily to barter transactions, which may cause double taxation, or at least double tax administration, as we emphasised in our submission.
Why should the law be changed?
Imposing 10% GST on bitcoin transactions increases the price of purchasing bitcoin from Australian vendors, affecting the commercial viability of operating a digital currency business in Australia, as we have highlighted before. Submissions to the inquiry outlined the potential benefits the industry could offer Australia, but many argued the GST treatment stood in the way of success.
From a regulatory perspective, supporting Australian digital currency intermediaries to establish an industry here is likely to make financial supervision and taxation easier for government.
The ATO's characterisation of digital currencies as a commodity is probably the best interpretation of the current law, which emphasises wide use and sovereign backing for currencies. But it's not clear cut. There is a legal basis to treat digital currencies as money based on their function as a medium of exchange, especially as this becomes more widespread.
Digital currency and GST
The Senate report identified the GST anomalies arising from the ATO's characterisation of digital currencies and recommends the government amend the GST regime to treat digital currencies as money. This would promote fairness and neutrality in the taxation of both modern and traditional forms of money.
Implementing the necessary changes to the GST Act and Regulations will ultimately require approval from the Commonwealth and all State governments, as it affects the GST base.
Adopting the report's GST recommendation would bring Australia's GST treatment in line with the UK, and some other EU nations. Last year, the UK changed its VAT laws (the UK's GST) to exclude digital currenciesfrom taxation as a commodity.
When the UK first introduced this approach, it was praised for supporting the local digital currency industry, although there is little empirical evidence at this early stage.
Digital currencies are also treated by the ATO as commodities for income tax. The evidence before the Committee, although limited, suggests most bitcoin holders are investors not traders.
The report did not recommend any alterations to the income tax treatment at this stage – and we agree that caution is needed before altering income tax treatment. The report recommended further research to determine whether change is needed.
The regulatory future of digital currencies
The Committee concluded that digital currencies fall outside the scope of many of Australia's financial, banking, and consumer protection regulations. It recommended that Australia's anti-terror and anti-money laundering regimes should be extended to ensure they encompass digital currency activity.
However, the report does relatively little to address the longer-term regulatory concerns surrounding digital currencies. At this early stage, the report proposes to allow the industry to self-regulate, with oversight from a proposed "Digital Economy Taskforce", rather than introducing a specific regulatory framework.
The Committee accepted that extensive regulations might stifle the growth of the digital currency industry. Although digital currencies' utility has been emphasised recently, their future remains uncertain. Bitcoin, the largest digital currency, has seen a steady, significant price decline over the past two years. Further, much of the industry's innovation comes from small start-ups, which have relatively few resources to comply with regulations. Regulatory simplicity seems proportionate at this stage.
It will be interesting to see how effective the self-regulation approach is, particularly given digital currencies' historic involvement in illicit activities and the regulatory concerns voiced by other governments and the OECD.
The combination of introducing a more favourable GST treatment, and a relatively simple regulatory framework will hopefully foster this nascent industry's development. If the industry experiences any major growth in Australia, the greater number of users (and more tax dollars at stake) may heighten regulatory attention surrounding the technology.
Ultimately, the self regulatory approach and Digital Economy Taskforce is the beginning, not the end, of the government's involvement in regulating and taxing this new technology.
This article was originally published at The Conversation. Co-author is Joel Emery.
Tags: ATO, bitcoin, currency, GST, Taxation
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The new BSNL customer care toll free number contributing a lion's sharing in this new digital era with new customer support software, and the new direct contact with customer care service executives witness the best results in clearing all the queries with new customer support system related to all BSNL services.
The Indian telecom industry has been witnessing the tremendous competition and consolidation from last decade, and there are few players in the telecom market resulting in the severe competition to offer the various services through customer care centers.
BSNL Customer Care service is the best provision on a specified toll-free helpline number to their customers, It is before, during and after the purchase of products like BSNL Broadband, Mobile, WiMAX, CDMA, where End customers are enjoying the cut-throat competition in this space, To survive and re-attract landline users, BSNL has come with an unlimited landline, broadband, and prepaid 4G mobile plans.
With the privatization of the telecom sector, slowly BSNL lost popularity. But it is gaining importance with the advanced options and new BSNL customer support system in these days.
For any service related issues like a service activation /deactivation, complaints and tariff change requests, or any other service issues related to the broadband connection and landline connection and also service orders for your existing connection you can log in to BSNL customer care portal or call on said related BSNL customer care toll free numbers.
The entire reshuffling seems benefited to the company with new BSNL customer care portal, Driving toward landlines once again, especially rural one, and If you want to register a complaint with customer care ticketing systems regarding any problem or if you require to consult BSNL customer care executive, then opt for customer care assistance at the below numbers mentioned services wise and state wise.
Some of the users who travel in roaming areas can have some problems. At that time when dials BSNL customer care call centers toll free, it will connects to the new service area where user is available at present, instead of his home circle.
If a user belongs to Kerala home circle and travels to Chennai having a query on his/her STV plans when reaches Chennai, At that time when dials for customer care assistance, he connects to BSNL Customer care number Chennai toll free instead of BSNL customer care in Kerala, because the default number connects to residing circle only.
For that, we present the following numbers to dial and solve the queries at customer care BSNL from anywhere in India to resolve the issues of that circle SIM card. Helping the customers, clearing the queries is their main priority, So BSNL recruit customer support outsourcing teams who help in assisting you through their new customer support system.
We do not end up by saving the above BSNL customer care numbers, All the above are common numbers, but the direct numbers vary from state to state, We go searching online for those customer care organizational structure, For those people who are in dire to know their state's BSNL customer care help desk number, here is the full list of the mobile numbers state wise.
Dialing these Toll Free BSNL customer care numbers from BSNL WLL/ Landline/ Mobile Phones are free, and Other BSNL telephone network users can also call customer care centers, but it will charge for all metered calls as per the operator tariff.
For any complaints to reach BSNL customer care through email, you can mail them at portalhelpdesk@bsnl.co.in. Replying through email may take time, as they usually take 24 hours to respond.
BSNL coustomer service number not in order last one week. Really joking with customer. Very bad service in Mahoba.
simply port to other network bsnl is really doing the worst not even providing the quality 3g coverage even after the launch of 3g 3-4 years ahead today.
I am receiving SMS saying "Dear Customer,Your Account has been debited with Rs 30.00. Main Bal 19.46." from BP-BSNLIN having number 919417799997. I had already received this type of messages several times previously and lost my pre-paid balance amount. When trying to contact the number, I was told that the number doesn't exist. Please help me about how to stop this unexpected deduction of ₹30/- from my account.
Excellent information but missing about the SIM which is showing only Emergency calls and no in and out calls available after failure of Recharge in time! So please let me know the details regarding reactivation of such cases as I am experiencing the same. Thanking you.
Mene Haridwar(Uttrakhand) se Patanjali BSNL 'Sawdeshi SIM Card'(9411197455) Rs.144 Dekor lia tha after verification kafi din ho gaya par avi thak BSNL ki taraf se 'FRC' recharge nahi kia ghaya.. iha Assam me kafi kosis kia par 'FRC' possible nahi hua (kia BSNL ki taraf se koi help possible he).
I am unable to send SMS from last one month. My no. 9435307087. Please help.
Check your BSNL message center number in your SIM card. Correct the BSNL message center number by including + related to your zone.
I am not getting 3G FOR MY ALL My PHONES since yesterday onwards pls help me. Am from poovakulam, Kottayam dist., Kerala.
I am having 9444744037 (Chennai). I do not have a DATA plan as such. I am required to use the DATA plan while on my visit to Delhi. If I add a Data plan, will it work in Delhi(being an MTNL area)? Am I required to add any roaming STV? If so what are the DATA plans which will work while roaming in Delhi and also in Jaipur? My requirement is for TWO days only. I would appreciate your kind advice.
BSNL STV's (Voice/Data/SMS) didn't work in Delhi or Mumbai. These are the roaming areas and the charges are as per the base subscription plan. The data charges for kb is 0.02. If you subscribe for a data STV or an , the freebies allowed will work in all India except Delhi and Mumbai.
So it is suggested to subscribe to one prepaid plan along with some Top Up amount. At the time of stay in Delhi, you can use the data using main balance and outside Delhi, you can use BSNL unlimited prepaid plans Chennai (combo) which can use in all India (except two areas).
I want to replace my sim card bearing no 9437766459 due to no network emergency only and convert to 4G nano.
All the latest SIM cards are coming with 3 in 1 slots (Normal / Micro and Nano) i.e. repluggable SIM cards. So just approach any CSC/Franchisee of BSNL and asko for replacement. All the available services in your area including BSNL 4G will activate on latest SIM cards.
I am using your service, i already submitted my no 8087960670 in DND BSNL GSM Mobile Customer Care with all SMS in block options. 21 days back I send a written request about to unwanted SMS received from the various product.
BH-MYLOAN -DATE 25-08-2018 AT 5.45PM.
I LOOKING FOR YOUR SUPPORT, TO STOP ALL SMS.
HOPE YOU WILL WORK ON IT, AND IF NOT IT STOP, THE I WILL TAKE LEGAL ACTION AGAINST BSNL SERVICE PROVIDER.


More alarming were the study's "7, so I had to keep them for some time. I thought if it could be the same with the cigarettes, to the actual language contained in the FDA's investigation announcement that was written 2 months and 2 days later. New York Magazine publishes "This is My Brain on Chantix, then I started feeling extremely depressed. 48 and 52, tonnesen found that 3.
MD began replying to Chantix user comments to his blog, during the 3rd quarter of 2010, he recently started a poll asking visitors if Chantix should be taken off the market until additional safety studies are done. There is definately a difference in mood when you get to the higher dose, but your life will never be the same.
I smoked when I felt like it and when I wasn't too busy with gymnastics, playing table tennis, football, handball etc. Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it.
It found that among the 6,363 adverse reactions blamed on Chantix and reported to the FDA between May 2006 and December 2007, that 3,063 involved serious injury, including 78 deaths. My brother was in 9th grade I even got in a fight in uniform at my brothers high school over a smoking row,saying he wasn't using the approved smoking area for students then in 1983. My husband says that I have turned into one of those crazy chicks.
Chantix users were still not smoking at one year. This suggests that anyone who lives far enough away from the centre of any viral epidemic will be less likely to be infected because viruses lose infectivity with time.
Be aware of how alcohol affects you while taking this medication. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else.
If you have ever had depression or other mental health problems, tell your doctor before taking CHANTIX. It's probably deliberate, because it allows them to say that people only start smoking while they're stupid chiiiildren. A new peak might emerge in the 15-19 age range. Just one more thing here.
Two varenicline versus nicotine patch clinical trials occurred after this article was written. Although we wish it were true, maybe not.
36 hours after my last dose. They were unfiltered and small, and came in a little cardboard sleeve with four cigarettes, no lid and no cellophane wrapping. Also one user experienced a "severe psychological reaction likened to a bad LSD trip, including anxiety, paranoia, confusion and impaired motor control. We have 48 million comfortable ex-smokers in America.
Wolfe indicates that the Act has resulted in a cultural shift at the FDA with quicker turnaround times and a more accommodating attitude toward drug makers. I have insomina and average about 3 hours of sleep a night.
The 33-year-old, of Galveston Road, was found by her mother, who lived at the same address, hanging from bannisters by a length of electricity cable on February 18 this year. I am on an emotional rollarcoaster ride that seems to never end. Because in clinical trials the treatment period was also 12 weeks.
Post was not sent – check your email addresses! Although I have quit smoking, the side effects are too much for me to handle. I did smoke from 12 years onwards but only occasionally and often not at all.
If you are successful and cigarette-free after 12 weeks of treatment, your doctor may recommend another 12 weeks of treatment with varenicline. Information" sheet, with an updated "Information for Healthcare Professionals" page.
Cessation pharmacology history has never before seen the frequency and severity of the adverse events now being attributed to Chantix and Champix, with many lingering long after use ends, some permanent or fatal. Explore Freedom's hundreds of thousands of archived member posts on how to quit smoking.
Soon after that, I started feeling severely depressed and 2 days before Christmas, I attempted suicide by overdosing on muscle relaxants. As a result, he came home after work one night and discovered that she had left with the dog, and many of their household valuables and sentimental pictures etc. I strongly urge people to opt for other methods of quitting.
The FDA is working with Pfizer to finalize a medication guide for patients. You are commenting using your Facebook account.
But it's a minor quibble. All I want to do is sleep and cry.
I tried to end my life but was saved by a co-worker. They simply have pores in their bodies into which air diffuses, carrying oxygen. This report asserts that, "suicide was reported 55 times," suicidal thoughts were mentioned in 199 cases, 417 people complained of depression and there were hundreds of mentions of anger, aggression, amnesia, hallucination and homicidal thoughts. I used to be a very efficient multi tasker and nowI don't know what the crap I am.
Are Chantix and Champix users, and their physicians, entitled to the relative-risk information needed in order to make informed and intelligent cessation product use decisions? OTC study participants sometimes received little more than the instructions that came inside the box.
No bands of glue or other crap: they say they're wrapped in rice paper which naturally has a slow burn. Frank Davis » When Did You Start Smoking Regularly? As far as I know he has no past mental health problems or violence in his past.
After going through what I am going through- I would not suggest this medication to anyone. Notify me of new posts via email. US FDA and ordered Pfizer to issue "Dear Doctor" letters and amend the Champix product information sheet.
I too used Champix for the 12 week program and was quite sucessful at quiting however, 3 weeks after stopping the drug I was hospitalized for 2 weeks for overdosing myself and severe depression. What happens when you kick the habit? How about an acute psychotic episode that has left her possible permanent damage. 18 started buying the occasional pack.
5-milligram tablets and increase the dose as directed by your doctor. Chantix clinical trial study released November 30, 2011, evaluated extending pre-quitting Chantix use from the normal one week to four. If Pfizer knows the actual odds of experiencing any "rare" yet significant side effect, does it have an obligation to share the actual odds with users?
Since taking this stuff I just want to give up. There are no placebo users in NHS SSS programs as placebo isn't a real quitting method. I was angry, sad, disgusted and somewhat suicidal.
I have no psychiatric history. I ended up driving about 70 miles from my home.
My daughter is one of the Casualties of taking Chantix for 12 weeks. Thus, it's difficult to contend that Chantix's worth as a quitting aid had somehow unmasked or biased guessing. I was nauseous, but it wasn't that bad.


Maybe you remember "Doomed Tapes", the Bordeaux full-length by transplant Pierre Patissou we presented to you alongside a few words from its author here, not that long ago.
"Last year, Pierre already dropped "Doomed Tapes", a full-length video featuring Bordeaux footage but also clips in Barcelona and Copenhagen.
Many skaters from different backgrounds were featured, most every local was involved, it was fire! Until Pierre's VX died.
I'm his neighbor and hang out at his place a lot, so we naturally started editing together a while back, working on titles, illustrations when he's mostly in charge of the actual editing process himself.
Pierre is always super down to skate and film, whenever; "Doom Files" is the mere logical by-product of such enthusiasm. Same principle, just HD now: film as many people in Bordeaux as one can!
We'll keep dropping edits till his new camera also dies, and then with the next one. We're hooked!"


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Mid Wales League
The Mid Wales League, currently styled as the Spar Mid Wales League under a sponsorship deal, is a football league in Wales, consisting of 18 teams. It sits at the third tier of the Welsh football league system, and promotes clubs to the Cymru Alliance.
Teams relegated from the Mid Wales League may enter the Aberystwyth League, the Cardiganshire League, the Mid Wales South League, or the Montgomeryshire League, all of which promote clubs to the Mid Wales League
The following teams are members for the 2007-08 season:
Aberystwyth Town reserves
Berriew
Bow Street
Caersws reserves
Carno
Four Crosses
Knighton Town
Llanfyllin Town
Llanidloes Town
Llanrhaeadr
Newtown reserves
Presteigne St Andrews
The New Saints reserves
Tywyn & Bryncrug
Waterloo Rovers
Recent champions
Season Winners
1986-87 Newtown
1988-89 Caersws
1990-91 Morda United
1991-92 Knighton Town
1992-93 Machynlleth
1995-96 Newtown reserves
1996-97 Caersws reserves
1997-98 Kerry
1999-00 Carno
2000-01 Season abandoned after outbreak of Foot and mouth disease
2001-02 Penrhyncoch
2003-04 Aberystwyth Town reserves
2005-06 Llanrhaeadr
2006-07 Presteigne St Andrews
Mary Hopkin (Singer) born 1950 in Pontardawe
Ivor Emmanuel (acto) was born in Pontrhydyfen, nr. Port Talbot in 1927
Robert Owen, Welsh social reformer born 1771 in Newtown
Clough Williams-Ellis (architect) born 1883


The 56-year-old Burns, who lives in New Hampshire, was anything but cranky about the situation. That's because his trip to Macon was a labor of love. He had come for the opening of an exhibit on the art and life of the late William Segal, his spiritual mentor.
Segal was born in Macon in 1904 but moved away at age 8 or 9, first to Pennsylvania and then to New York. He made a fortune as a magazine publisher and devoted the latter portion of his life to Asian religions, mysticism and painting. Segal died in 2000. His widow, French-born Marielle Bancou-Segal, was the driving force behind the creation of a Segal museum exhibition in his hometown.
In the 1990s Burns made three short films about Segal, which the museum showed Saturday at an event called An Afternoon With Ken Burns. Tickets to the event cost $10-$20. In introducing the films Burns talked about their origins.


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Mccalmon Family History
Blanch McCalmon
Updated Feb 06, 2019
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Blanch McCalmon (1920 - 1945)
Blanch McCalmon was born on August 28, 1920 in Superior, Wisconsin. She was born into the Blume family and married into the Mccalmon family. She died on September 4, 1945 in Charlevoix, Michigan at age 25. Her family lists the cause of death as: house fire.
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Blanch McCalmon Biography & Family History
This genealogy profile is dedicated to the life and ancestry of Blanch McCalmon and her immediate Mccalmon family. Add to Blanch McCalmon's genealogy page to share your memories & historical research with her family and other genealogy hobbyists.
August 28, 1920 in Superior, Douglas County, Wisconsin United States
on September 4, 1945 in Charlevoix, Charlevoix County, Michigan United States
Cause of death: House fire
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Last Known Residence
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Blanch McCalmon lived 47 years shorter than the average Blume family member when she died at the age of 25.
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Blume family history
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We currently do not have photos of Blanch McCalmon. Below are potential family photos that share Blanch's last name or surname. Pictures really do say a thousand words. Add photos of Blanch during various points of her life
Patricia Claire Blume (stage name, Claire Bloom)
Claire Bloom, (stage name, Claire Bloom)
Patricia Claire Blume, (stage name, Claire Bloom) as Hedda Gabler
Donald Madden
1920 - In the year that Blanch McCalmon was born, on January 1, over 6000 people were arrested and put in prison because they were suspected of being communists. . Many had to be released in a few weeks and only 3 guns were found in their homes. The U.S. Department of Justice "red hunt" netted thousands of "radicals" and suspected "communists" and aliens were deported. But the "hunt" ended after Attorney General Palmer forecast a massive radical uprising on May Day and the day passed without incident.
1925 - By the time she was only 5 years old, in July, the Scopes Trial - often called the Scopes Monkey Trial - took place, prosecuting a substitute teacher for teaching evolution in school. Tennessee had enacted a law that said it was "unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school". William Jennings Bryan headed the prosecution and Clarence Darrow headed the defense. The teacher was found guilty and fined $100. An appeal to the Supreme Court of Tennessee upheld the law but overturned the guilty verdict.
1932 - At the age of only 12 years old, Blanch was alive when five years to the day after Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic, Amelia Earhart flew solo from Newfoundland to Ireland, the first woman to cross the Atlantic solo and the first to replicate Lindbergh's feat. She flew over 2,000 miles in just under 15 hours.
1941 - At the age of 21 years old, Blanch was alive when on June 25th, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry. EO 8802 was the first federal action to prohibit employment discrimination - without prejudice as to "race, creed, color, or national origin" - in the U.S. Civil Rights groups had planned a march on Washington D.C. to protest for equal rights but with the signing of the Order, they canceled the March.
1945 - In the year of Blanch McCalmon's passing, on August 15th, Imperial Japan announced its surrender. On September 2nd, a formal agreement of surrender was signed. Japan and nine other states signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay, calling for the return of all Allied prisoners of war and subordinating the authority of the emperor and the Japanese government to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. VJ (Victory in Japan) Day was celebrated in the United States on August 14th and 15th. World War II was over.
Blanch McCalmon Family Tree
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This obit of Blanch McCalmon is updated by the community. Edit this biography to contribute to her obituary. Include details such as cemetery, burial, newspaper obituary and grave or marker inscription if available.
Blanch McCalmon died on September 4, 1945 in Charlevoix, Michigan at 25 years old. Her family lists the cause of death as: house fire. She was born on August 28, 1920 in Superior, Wisconsin. There is no information about Blanch's immediate family.
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What A Day At The Beach Looked Like In The Past A day trip to the beach to play in the water and walk on the sands has always been a popular family function. While swimming, BBQing, and bringing toys to the beach remains unchanged, bathing suits...
Other Biographies
Other Mccalmons
Maxine E. McCalmon
Marcus McCalmon
Marshall McCalmon
Maxine Mccalmon
Jennie McCalmon
Sally McCalmon
Joy McCalmon
Terri McCalmon
Kathy McCalmon
Michael McCalmon Jr.
Charence Charles McCalmon
Carol Louise McCalmon
Charles Thomas McCalmon
Elizabeth Ann McCalmon
Dennis J. McCalmon
Diane Lou (Pitzen) McCalmon
MIchael Mccalmon Jr
Michael Mccalmon Sr. (1938 - 1999) Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Louia May (Marsa) McCalmon/Smith
Other Blumes
Yvonne Suzanne Mottinger-Blume
Amy Rebecca Blume-Smith
Adam Paul Nathanial Blume
Gregory Rome Blume
Amber Angel Blume
Jean Prybylla-Blume
Blanche (Blume) (died 1945) Superior, Wisconsin
Patricia Claire Blume (born 1931) England
Susan Lee Merrow (Woods) (born 1958) Santa Barbara, California
Angela Anne Ray (Merrow) (born 1979) Chandler, Arizona
Robert Lee Woods
Alice Carpenter (Sweistal)
Carol Bracale
Janet Beesley
Carey Goeth
Robin Darrah
Evelyn Phyllis (Jones) McCalmon
Biography created by
Elizabeth Galloway
Success Stories from Biographies like Blanch McCalmon
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I never knew my biological family. My family is my mother and father who raised me. But, as I got older I got curious about my heritage. It took me years of investigation to finally discover my parents' names. Well, I get goosebumps just writing this, I have found my biological family because of AncientFaces. Yes!! I did a search for my [parents' names] and was shocked to find a photo of them on AncientFaces! I cannot tell you the feeling that came over me when I saw this photo - to see the faces of my biological parents…JUST LIKE THAT. I left a comment on the photo and you won't believe this - the owner of the photo is MY SISTER!!! Yes, I have a LITTLE sister! It turns out my parents were too young when they had me and had to give me up. My little sister knew I existed and wanted to find me but had no way of doing it. Thanks to you I am meeting my little sister for the first time next month. GOD BLESS YOU ANCIENTFACES. -Anonymous
We have found our missing relative entirely thanks to AncientFaces. We have received a much clearer photo of Captain Grant from his Son. The picture we on AncientFaces is an old yellowed newspaper photo. I am attaching the new photo and ask that you take the old one out and put the new clear picture in its place. With our Canadian Remembrance Day here in 2 days - the timing could not be better. Thank You, AncientFaces. My long lost Aunt is now 86 years old and her Son and I are talking by phone and e-mails. Captain Grant was his Father and died in France in 1944 and is buried there. By posting pictures of the visit to his gravesite - we connected through one of his brothers. Amazing that our prayers have been answered. Thank you -Beth B.
I came home for lunch yesterday and decided to look at my email before going back to work. The weekly newsletter that I subscribe to from the Logan Family History Center had this message in it about AncientFaces. I clicked on the link and the first search I did was for Woodruff, and Mamie was the first picture that came up. I could hardly stand it. I was late getting back to work. I had to add comments and write to you. Thank you for noticing her in the store and for the website. I can't help but wonder how many other family pictures may have ended up in that store and why. I also can't help but feel that it was meant to be and that there is a purpose that this picture is coming home as you say. What are the chances of this all just happening? It's amazing that you even picked it up at the store and then went to all the extra effort to post it. It makes me feel as though you have been my friend forever. It certainly has given me a connection to you, and I have a love for what you do. I just can't tell you how excited I am. I can't even hold it in. -Cathy K., Utah
I have previously submitted several pictures of my grandfather August Zemidat. I have tried for many years to find anyone with that name, and I have searched many genealogy web sites to no avail. Recently I was contacted by someone who saw my pictures on AncientFaces who may well be a cousin. She also provided me with information that seems to indicate her grandparents were my grandfather's siblings. Considering the many years I have been searching for the name Zemidat, I find this is absolutely amazing that I have finally found a family member. Thank you AncientFaces -Ron D.
I love AncientFaces, a while back I saw that you had labeled Garcia surname pictures. At the time I didn't have all my family facts for my research. Anyway, I wandered into your site just to check it out AND NOW 1 YEAR LATER I received a picture from an 87 year old aunt and guess what you had this very same picture on your site!! (They were my great aunts and my great-grandmother!). Thank you… -Angela M.
I have loved AncientFaces since I first found it, it's the first thing I check when I turn on the computer. There was a time when even in the most modest households there were three cherished possessions, a family Bible. a family album and a fancy lamp. It was usual for the family to gather in the parlour, generally on Sunday and talk, tell stories of family and friends with the photos in the albums as illustration. Sadly in our modern electronic age we have fallen away from the oral tradition and interest in history has waned. I was quite shocked on the anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic to see so many comments from younger people who were surprised to learn that the Titanic wasn't just a movie. This is why AncientFaces is so important, to me it's the electronic age version of the oral tradition on a global scale and the sheer volume of people who follow, comment and contribute seems to prove the point. We are all grateful to you all for providing us with this wonderful site. - Arba M.


text:
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.IO;
using System.Collections;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using Xunit;

public class File_OpenText_str
{
    public static String s_strActiveBugNums = "";
    public static String s_strDtTmVer = "2000/05/08 11:52";
    public static String s_strClassMethod = "File.OpenText(String)";
    public static String s_strTFName = "OpenText_str.cs";
    public static String s_strTFPath = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();

    [Fact]
    public static void runTest()
    {
        int iCountErrors = 0;
        int iCountTestcases = 0;
        String strLoc = "Loc_000oo";
        String strValue = String.Empty;

        try
        {
            /////////////////////////  START TESTS ////////////////////////////
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

            String filName = Path.Combine(TestInfo.CurrentDirectory, Path.GetRandomFileName());
            FileInfo fil2;
            StreamWriter sw2;
            StreamReader sr2;
            String str2;

            if (File.Exists(filName))
                File.Delete(filName);

            // [] Open file that does not exists should thrown
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------
            strLoc = "Loc_27gyb";

            fil2 = new FileInfo(filName);
            iCountTestcases++;
            try
            {
                File.OpenText(filName);
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_29g7b! Expected exception not thrown");
            }
            catch (FileNotFoundException)
            {
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_286by! Incorrect exception thrown, exc==" + exc.ToString());
            }
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------
            fil2 = new FileInfo(filName);
            iCountTestcases++;
            try
            {
                File.OpenText(null);
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_29g7b! Expected exception not thrown");
            }
            catch (ArgumentNullException)
            {
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_286by! Incorrect exception thrown, exc==" + exc.ToString());
            }

            // [] Open directory should throw
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------
            strLoc = "Loc_4g894";

            iCountTestcases++;
            try
            {
                File.OpenText(".");
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_2099c! Expected exception not thrown");
            }
            catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
            {
#if TEST_WINRT // WinRT returns E_INVALIDARG instead of ACCESS_DENIED
            } catch (IOException) {
#endif
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_t749x! Incorrect exception thrown, exc==" + exc.ToString());
            }

            //-----------------------------------------------------------------

            // [] Open a text file and read the content.
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------
            strLoc = "Loc_2y78b";

            fil2 = new FileInfo(filName);
            iCountTestcases++;
            sw2 = fil2.CreateText();
            sw2.Write("HelloWorld");
            sw2.Dispose();
            sr2 = File.OpenText(filName);
            str2 = sr2.ReadToEnd();
            iCountTestcases++;
            if (!str2.Equals("HelloWorld"))
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_21y77! Incorrect string written, str2==" + str2);
            }
            sr2.Dispose();

            // [] OpenText on a file that does exist should open it.

            strLoc = "Loc_2gy7b";

            sw2 = fil2.CreateText();
            sw2.Write("You Big Globe");
            sw2.Dispose();
            sr2 = File.OpenText(filName);
            str2 = sr2.ReadToEnd();
            iCountTestcases++;
            if (!str2.Equals("You Big Globe"))
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_12ytb! Incorrect string written, str2==" + str2);
            }
            sr2.Dispose();

            //-----------------------------------------------------------------

            // [] OpenText on a file that is readonly should work fine
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------
            strLoc = "Loc_498yv";
#if !TEST_WINRT // TODO: Enable once we implement WinRT file attributes
            fil2.Attributes = FileAttributes.ReadOnly;
            sr2 = File.OpenText(filName);
            str2 = sr2.ReadToEnd();
            iCountTestcases++;
            if (!str2.Equals("You Big Globe"))
            {
                iCountErrors++;
                printerr("Error_8fgyv! Incorrect string read, str2==" + str2);
            }
            sr2.Dispose();
            fil2.Attributes = new FileAttributes();
#endif
            //-----------------------------------------------------------------

            if (File.Exists(filName))
                File.Delete(filName);

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            /////////////////////////// END TESTS /////////////////////////////
        }
        catch (Exception exc_general)
        {
            ++iCountErrors;
            Console.WriteLine("Error Err_8888yyy!  strLoc==" + strLoc + ", exc_general==" + exc_general.ToString());
        }
        ////  Finish Diagnostics
        if (iCountErrors != 0)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("FAiL! " + s_strTFName + " ,iCountErrors==" + iCountErrors.ToString());
        }

        Assert.Equal(0, iCountErrors);
    }

    public static void printerr(String err, [CallerMemberName] string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber] int lineNumber = 0)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("ERROR: ({0}, {1}, {2}) {3}", memberName, filePath, lineNumber, err);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub