text:
Diel streamflow cycles suggest more sensitive snowmelt-driven streamflow to climate change than land surface modeling
Sebastian A. Krogh1,2,3, Lucia Scaff4, Gary Sterle2, James Kirchner5,6, Beatrice Gordon1, and Adrian Harpold1,2 Sebastian A. Krogh et al. Sebastian A. Krogh1,2,3, Lucia Scaff4, Gary Sterle2, James Kirchner5,6, Beatrice Gordon1, and Adrian Harpold1,2
1Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA
2Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA
3Departamento de Recursos Hídricos, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, 3812120, Chile
4Global Water Futures, Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
5Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
6Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Received: 19 Aug 2021 – Accepted for review: 20 Aug 2021 – Discussion started: 20 Aug 2021
Abstract. Climate warming may cause mountain snowpacks to melt earlier, reducing summer streamflow and threatening water supplies and ecosystems. Few observations allow separating rain and snowmelt contributions to streamflow, so physically based models are needed for hydrological predictions and analyses. We develop an observational technique for detecting streamflow responses to snowmelt using incoming solar radiation and diel (daily) cycles of streamflow. We measure the 20th percentile of snowmelt days (DOS20), across 31 watersheds in the western US, as a proxy for the beginning of snowmelt-initiated streamflow. Historic DOS20 varies from mid-January to late May, with warmer sites having earlier and more intermittent snowmelt-mediated streamflow. Mean annual DOS20 strongly correlates with the dates of 25 % and 50 % annual streamflow volume (DOQ25 and DOQ50, both R2 = 0.85), suggesting that a one-day earlier DOS20 corresponds with a one-day earlier DOQ25 and 0.7-day earlier DOQ50. Empirical projections of future DOS20 (RCP8.5, late 21st century), using space-for-time substitution, show that DOS20 will occur 11 ± 4 days earlier per 1 °C of warming, and that colder places (mean November–February air temperature, TNDJF <−8 °C) are 70 % more sensitive to climate change on average than warmer places (TNDJF > 0 °C). Moreover, empirical space-for-time based projections of DOQ25 and DOQ50 are about four and two times more sensitive to earlier streamflow than those from NoahMP-WRF. Given the importance of changing streamflow timing for headwater resources, snowmelt detection methods such as DOS20 based on diel streamflow cycles may constrain hydrological models and improve hydrological predictions.
How to cite. Krogh, S. A., Scaff, L., Sterle, G., Kirchner, J., Gordon, B., and Harpold, A.: Diel streamflow cycles suggest more sensitive snowmelt-driven streamflow to climate change than land surface modeling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-437, in review, 2021.
Sebastian A. Krogh et al.
RC1: 'Comment on hess-2021-437', Jessica Lundquist, 05 Oct 2021
Krogh et al. present an interesting analysis comparing climate change sensitivity impacts on streamflow in the western United States between space for time substitution (which they term STS) and more traditional modeling techniques, where they focus on NoahMP-WRF pseudo-global-warming simulations (termed PGW). They introduce a new metric based on diurnal fluctuations in streamflow that are lag-correlated with solar radiation, and then calculate the day of year when 20% of all days with well-correlated diurnal fluctuations have passed. I like the idea and the premise of the paper, but I feel that major revisions are necessary to disentagle all the possible ways that errors in the analysis could lead to misconceptions in the results. I also feel that the number of acronyms and metrics in the paper (STS, PGW, DOS_20, etc.) make the written text hard to follow, and I strongly recommend that the authors minimize their use of acronyms, perhaps provide a table of acronyms and metrics, and overall work to increase clarity. I have organized my comments into requests for Major and Minor revisions below. The authors are welcome to contact me directly if they have questions: Jessica Lundquist, jdlund@uw.edu
Major:
1) You need a clear analysis of how well your diurnal-cycle-correlation metric works across a range of streams.
1a. line 199-200 "more variable mean annual autocorrelation that ranges between roughly 0.1 and 0.6, with a mean value around 0.4" —need to explain what different mean annual autocorrelations refer to. These numbers are really new to most people. It would be helpful to tie this metric to the examples in Figure 1, as well as a discussion of rain vs. snow — a lot of the "snowmelt days" marked with purple circles in Figure 1 look like rain storms to me. The South Fork of the Tolt mostly gets rain, but also rain on snow. How do diurnal cycles that are identified but aren't really snow melt impact your results?
1b. As an alternate approach to when snowmelt is significant, you could look at the power spectra of your time series. See Figure 6 in Lundquist and Cayan 2002. The days with a sharp increase in power at the once per day cycle indicate snowmelt, whereas rain exhibits a much more red spectra. I know that power spectra are commonly used by oceanographers and not hydrologists, so your method is likely easier to understand, but it would be nice to have an independent method to check.
1c. In particular, I recommend clearer discussion about the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. It will miss rain-on-snow (signal dominated by rain), as well as early melt into dry soil (no streamflow response). It may also misclassify rain with a diurnal structure to it as snowmelt. Therefore (and you allude to this multiple times in the manuscript but should make it clearer), the method is best at detecting melt in non-rainy locations with fairly-saturated soils. With that in mind, which of your basins do you trust the signal the most.
1d. Section 3.1 explains how well the DOS_20 is related to simpler magnitude metrics (DOQ_25 and DOQ_50) but doesn't really justify why the DOS_20 is helpful beyond those metrics — can you better explain what we gain by doing this extra analysis. This section also identifies some rain-dominated rivers wherein these metrics appear less correlated. Is this because the method breaks down? Or can we learn important information from this change in relationship?
2) You need to more explicitly discuss the difference between a stream's climate sensitivity of snowfall changing to rainfall vs. a climate sensitivity of earlier snowmelt.
2a. Many of the earlier papers on streamflow sensitivity to climate change highlighted basins in the transitional rain-snow zone as being most sensitive because snowfall shifts to rainfall. From my own experience, the diurnal cycle in streamflow is particularly hard to detect in these basins because rain-induced runoff is such a larger signal than snow-induced runoff, especially when both happen more or less at the same time. Therefore, I imagine that your snowmelt index uniquely does not work well in these basins (e.g., the Tolt example in your paper, or the NF American River example in Lundquist and Cayan 2002 Fig. 6). I could imagine that for these basins, you could even get DOS_20 moving later in the season with warming if early season events are all rain and only a later, non-rainy period exhibits snowmelt.
2b. I imagine that including rain-on-snow or rain-dominated basins would bias your correlations with humidity because these tend to be more humid basins but also may have spurious results.
2c. I encourage the authors to think about rainfall vs snowfall and snowmelt sensitivities separately and to decide if they want to address both in this paper or only focus on the latter. Then, be very clear about this decision in the paper discussion.
3) You need to more clearly evaluate how well your NoahMP-WRF model set up is simulating streamflow timing in the current climate before examining the results of its climate sensitivity.
3a. It appears that you have a biased simulation of NoahMP-WRF — if the historic runoff date is off by 50 days (see line 260), the model is either simulating too much rain and too little snow or melting snow way too early. It's hard to draw conclusions on sensitivity when using a biased model. Of course, if the model has less snow than the real world, it will be less sensitive to that snow disappearing. The paper would be much more meaningful if you included some evaluation of your NoahMP-WRF simulations — how do they compare to baseline observations and to other models run over the domain (similar western US climate-change papers).
3b. Also, if the NoahMP-WF simulations perform better in certain regions (if I'm correct, these were only carefully vetted for Colorado), you may also want to focus your analysis on those regions separately. Do you get closer agreement in areas where the model represents snow processes more accurately? Might a check for space-for-time sensitivity against model sensitivity be a good check for model fidelity?
4. Discussion should be better streamlined and organized. This may be a good place to address major comments 1-3 above.
Minor:
Abstract: 1st sentence, "may cause" — I think the literature is pretty conclusive that warming does cause snow to melt earlier. Abstract should define what you mean by the 20th percentile of snowmelt days — this is meaningless to someone only reading the abstract. What do you mean by colder places are more sensitive than warmer places? In what way? Earlier snowmelt? If there's no snow, of course it wouldn't be sensitive to that.
Line 120: "DAYMET dataset (daymet.ornl.gov), which in turn is based on ground observations" — it's interpolated from existing ground observations — worth specifying as sometimes this is far from truth.
lines 202-205 The percent of streamflow volume by a certain date vs temperature has been well established in the early literature (Stewart et al. 2005). Also see Lundquist et al. 2004 for a review of different ways to define the "spring onset" from snow pillows and from a hydrograph: https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0327:SOITSN>2.0.CO;2
line 215: Yes, these sites are low elevation, receiving primarily rain, and I think your methodology is identifying rain events as having a diurnal cycle.
line 259: "greatly underestimated" — I think you mean than it's modeled as earlier than observed, right? Underestimated makes me think that the magnitude of the streamflow is too low.
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Sebastian Krogh, 13 Nov 2021
Answers provided in Bold
Krogh et al. present an interesting analysis comparing climate change sensitivity impacts on streamflow in the western United States between space for time substitution (which they term STS) and more traditional modeling techniques, where they focus on NoahMP- WRF pseudo-global-warming simulations (termed PGW). They introduce a new metric based on diurnal fluctuations in streamflow that are lag-correlated with solar radiation, and then calculate the day of year when 20% of all days with well-correlated diurnal fluctuations have passed. I like the idea and the premise of the paper, but I feel that major revisions are necessary to disentangle all the possible ways that errors in the analysis could lead to misconceptions in the results. I also feel that the number of acronyms and metrics in the paper (STS, PGW, DOS_20, etc.) make the written text hard to follow, and I strongly recommend that the authors minimize their use of acronyms, perhaps provide a table of acronyms and metrics, and overall work to increase clarity. I have organized my comments into requests for Major and Minor revisions below. The authors are welcome to contact me directly if they have questions: Jessica Lundquist, jdlund@uw.edu
Dear Prof. Jessica Lundquist, we greatly appreciate your critical feedback, and we will address your concerns as much as possible (see details below). Regarding the use of acronyms, we will reconsider and reduce how many we use. In particular, we will stop using STS and PGW; however, we believe that DOS20 and DOQ25 and DOQ50 are necessary to shorten the length of sentences, figure captions, figures labels etc.
We agree that the auto-correlation metric can be confusing and can be better explained. We will add clarifications about its meaning in the context of Figure 1. About the effect of rainstorms, we have set up several checks in our method to limit false positive snowmelt days. First, we apply a more restricted monthly and site-specific window of lagged correlations based on clear-sky snowmelt-driven diel cycles only (see lines 140-145). This limits rainfall coming at a time different from typical snowmelt (or ET) causing a false positive melt day. Second, the rainstorm needs to have a specific diel cycle that will highly correlate with solar radiation. On a complete cloudy day, solar radiation will have a diurnal cycle like a clear sky day, so a rainstorm that produces a snowmelt-like response (depending on watershed's surface and subsurface connectivity and rainfall histogram) may potentially produce a false positive. On a partly cloudy day, where rainfall occurred but either before or after the event there were clear sky conditions, the chances to have a highly correlated rainfall-induced diel cycle with solar radiations are likely minimal as the shape of the solar radiation diel cycle can have several discrete changes.
However, our method cannot guarantee that rainfall-driven diel cycle will not be picked up (though we argue that the chances are small). To address the reviewer's concern, we propose screening the days that our method classifies as snowmelt-driven by whether precipitation occurred that day or not, using daily NLDAS precipitation. This will allow detecting whether there is a chance that the snowmelt-day was wrongly picked up. We think this screen will show an unbiased effect from rainfall to the streamflow diel from our method. The Tolt River example is an important one because it has a lower number of snowmelt days. We will better highlight in Figure 1E the two examples of diel patterns that are not recognized at snowmelt and screened by our method. Figure 1F may be misleading because the diel cycles are not observable in the line graph. We will better discuss this figure and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the method.
We appreciate the recommendation of the reviewer about the power spectra, but do not feel that it will be an improvement from our custom method that adjusts for seasonal and basin-specific lags. We think that a power spectra method would also struggle to distinguish between rainfall and snowmelt diel cycle. Please, see previous comment about figure 1E, and how we propose to check our method for rainy days.
The reviewer makes good points about what the method can and cannot do. As detailed in previous answers, we will add an independent method to check for rainstorms. One way that we will strengthen our argument is to subset the basins where we are most confident that rain is not occurring and streamflow is tightly couple to snowmelt. This additional analysis will be discussed in the text and shown in a supplemental Figure or Table.
DOS20 aims to capture snowmelt-streamflow connectivity; however, it does not imply anything about the contribution (volume) of snowmelt to streamflow. As such, this metric can potentially be implemented as a relatively easy way to benchmark -hourly- hydrological and land-surface models beyond typical daily streamflow metrics or point-scale continuous SWE measurements. Specifically, we see potential to use this information to validate snowmelt dynamics of a model. We will be more specific about the value of DOS20 in the discussion.
About the value of section 3.1, we believe there are two key points to be stated. First, the diel method is more uncertain under rainier conditions as it may potentially misclassify snowmelt events due to rainfall (we now propose checking those), and second, under rainier conditions the timing of streamflow volume is likely to be more strongly controlled by the timing of rainfall as opposed to the timing of snowmelt, and thus those sites deviate from the 1:1 line in DOS20 vs DOQ25 and DOQ50.
2a. Many of the earlier papers on streamflow sensitivity to climate change highlighted basins in the transitional rain-snow zone as being most sensitive because snowfall shifts to rainfall. From my own experience, the diurnal cycle in streamflow is particularly hard to detect in these basins because rain-induced runoff is such a larger signal than snow- induced runoff, especially when both happen more or less at the same time. Therefore, I imagine that your snowmelt index uniquely does not work well in these basins (e.g., the Tolt example in your paper, or the NF American River example in Lundquist and Cayan 2002 Fig. 6). I could imagine that for these basins, you could even get DOS_20 moving later in the season with warming if early season events are all rain and only a later, non- rainy period exhibits snowmelt.
We agree that a better discussion of the effects of changes from snow to rain on our results is merited. We train a simple model to predict the date of DOS20 based only on basic climatological information. This model shows, as the reviewer suggests, smaller sensitivity in DOS20 to climate variation (Figure 5) in warmer and more cloudy locations. However, it shows consistent trends to earlier DOS20 from our simple inter-annual regression-based metric, even in the warmest and rainiest basins.
We also agree that this effect could be better discussed with regards to Figure 6. The largest difference between NoahMP and the STS method were in the sunny, cold basins that would be least likely to see changes to rain and be biased by the rainier basins.
We try to incorporate as much site and inter-annual variability in the dataset to increase the predictive power of the space-for-time approach, as historically cold sites will transition into warmer and more humid site as those with rainier conditions. That's being said, we recognize the challenges in reliably capturing snowmelt events where rainfall is important (as discussed in previous major comment). It's relevant to highlight that those sites in the Pacific Northwest (#24, 25 and 31) that have low snowfall contributions (as highlighted in Figure 3) are ultimately not used for the sensitivity analysis, and thus, do not impact the conclusions drawn in the study. Nonetheless, this will be further clarified and discussed in the revised version of the manuscript that includes an analysis of the importance of rainfall-cased diel fluctuations.
It is not easy to disentangle the two, but we agree that our method is better suited to answer questions about snowmelt sensitivity and that should be the focus of the paper. However, we recognize our empirical analysis reflects both the effect of changing precipitation partitioning and snowmelt sensitivities.
The reviewer makes a good point, and we will improve and highlight better the description of the model performance. Just to clarify, these simulations made by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) presented by (Liu et al., 2017) have been previously tested in terms of its meteorology and snow components (Liu et al., 2017; Scaff et al., 2020). We do agree with Dr. Lundquist in that one should make sure the model represents reliably a particular system before looking at its sensitivity to climate change. Nonetheless, this type of simulations have been used for climate change analyses (Musselman et al., 2017, 2018), but its runoff component has not been tested to our knowledge. Furthermore, the NoahMP model is the under the US National Water Model (https://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm) and thus its relevance to policy and research are high.
Detailing the exact biases of NoahMP simulations in the past is beyond the scope of this study, but we will detail previous efforts in this arena. We will improve our discussion and analysis to demonstrate that the NoahMP-WRF is predicting an earlier historical DOQ25 compared to our STS method and historical observations (current Figure 6A), whereas prediction of DOQ50 is more similar between the methods and observations historically (Figure 6B). A key finding is that NoahMP DOQ50 is less sensitive to change than the STS method in the snowier basins where the STS methods should be more reliable.
For the historical DOQ25 the NoahMP-WRF model actually performed the best in rainier sites (see circled blue symbols in Figure 6a) and a few other sites classified as 'cloudy' and 'partly cloudy', whereas the Rocky sites are characterized by 'sunny' snowmelt events were the most biased (see circles in Fig6a). This suggests that the timing of streamflow volume is better represented in areas where snowmelt processes are less important, though other variables like topographic (and thus climatic) gradient can also be important.
Discussion should be better streamlined and organized. This may be a good place to address major comments 1-3 above.
We will improve the discussion based on Dr. Lundquist suggestions, which will hopefully address her main concerns.
We will change the abstract to read "climate change will cause …", and provide a more meaningful introduction to DOS20. We will clarify what we mean by "cold sites are more sensitive", which refers to the fact that the timing of early streamflow volume changes the most at cold sites compared to warmer sites.
We will change it to read as suggested by the reviewer.
We appreciate the references. Stewart is already mentioned in the discussion, and we will add Lundquist et al (2004).
We appreciate the confirmation. These sites are not used later on the sensitivity analysis and, as previously discussed, or method does not guarantee that rainfall-driven diel cycles are excluded, but we are now adding an independent check.
We mean the date DOQ50 is underestimated by the model, but to avoid confusions we will change it to "earlier than observed" as suggested by Dr. Lundquist.
Liu, C., Ikeda, K., Rasmussen, R., Barlage, M., Newman, A. J. A. J. A. J. A. J., Prein, A. F. A. F., Chen, F., Chen, L., Clark, M., Dai, A., Dudhia, J., Eidhammer, T., Gochis, D., Gutmann, E., Kurkute, S., Li, Y., Thompson, G. and Yates, D.: Continental-scale convection-permitting modeling of the current and future climate of North America, Clim. Dyn., 49(1–2), 71–95, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3327-9, 2017.
Musselman, K. N., Clark, M. P., Liu, C., Ikeda, K. and Rasmussen, R.: Slower snowmelt in a warmer world, Nat. Clim. Chang., 7(3), 214–219, doi:10.1038/nclimate3225, 2017.
Musselman, K. N., Lehner, F., Ikeda, K., Clark, M. P., Prein, A. F., Liu, C., Barlage, M. and Rasmussen, R.: Projected increases and shifts in rain-on-snow flood risk over western North America, Nat. Clim. Chang., 8(September), doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0236-4, 2018.
Scaff, L., Prein, A. F., Li, Y., Liu, C., Rasmussen, R. and Ikeda, K.: Simulating the convective precipitation diurnal cycle in North America's current and future climate, Clim. Dyn., 55(1–2), 369–382, doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04754-9, 2020.
The authors present a new means of considering the sensitivity of snowmelt timing and streamflow response under warming climate conditions based on space for time substitutions. Their metric (DOS_20) is based on diel fluctuations in streamflow that correlate with solar radiation (after a time lag of 6-18 hours). They use this metric to assess regional sensitivity to warming across an array of small montane basins in the western U.S. They compare their approach to one using a physically-based modeling framework, highlighting differences in snowmelt-streamflow sensitivities derived from each method.
I think the approach presented here can provide valuable insights into the implications climate warming holds for water forecasting and management. However, I found the paper somewhat difficult to follow. I believe significant revisions are necessary to improve the clarity of the analysis. These are enumerated below.
1. Devote more space to background information. Numerous concepts are discussed with minimal introduction (e.g. space for time substitution, mean annual autocorrelation, diel streamflow cycles, etc). I understand that the authors are snow hydrologists writing for other snow hydrologists, but the paper would be significantly easier to follow with a proper setup for many of the concepts being discussed.
2. Streamline extremely dense figures and captions. There is a ton of information included in each figure--particularly Figures 1-3. I think it would be beneficial to break some of these into multiple figures in order to make them more digestible. At the very least, the authors should consider changes such as increasing the font size (overall, but particularly in the tiny inset histograms) and increasing the clarity of the captions, even if that means making them longer. It took me a long time to understand that the "thick line" referenced in the Figure 1 caption referred to the border of the text box itself.
3. Reduce the number of abbreviations in the text. Overall, there are a lot of abbreviations in this manuscript. Certain sections (e.g. Section 3.3) are particularly dense with abbreviations, and correspondingly hard to follow. I would recommend cutting down on the number of abbreviations for clarity.
4. Elaborate on the NoahMP-WRF simulations. It's hard to draw conclusions on this section of the analysis, because relatively little information is given about these simulations. An important feature of NoahMP is that it has multiple options for simulating rain-snow partitioning and snowpack albedo. It also has multiple snowpack-related parameters to which both snow and streamflow are quite sensitive. Without knowing the model physics options and parameters used, it is difficult to conclude whether the biases the authors observed is a structural problem with the model or just a poor setup.
5. Rain on snow. This seems like an important point to discuss in a paper about snowpack and streamflow under climate warming. How well does this new metric handle rain-on-snow events? Can they be resolved and included/excluded? Or are they a confounding factor?
We greatly appreciate the positive comments.
Devote more space to background information. Numerous concepts are discussed with minimal introduction (e.g. space for time substitution, mean annual autocorrelation, diel streamflow cycles, etc). I understand that the authors are snow hydrologists writing for other snow hydrologists, but the paper would be significantly easier to follow with a proper setup for many of the concepts being discussed.
We appreciate the reviewer´s feedback and we will provide a more detailed introduction to the terms highlighted by the reviewer.
Streamline extremely dense figures and captions. There is a ton of information included in each figure--particularly Figures 1-3. I think it would be beneficial to break some of these into multiple figures in order to make them more digestible. At the very least, the authors should consider changes such as increasing the font size (overall, but particularly in the tiny inset histograms) and increasing the clarity of the captions, even if that means making them longer. It took me a long time to understand that the "thick line" referenced in the Figure 1 caption referred to the border of the text box itself.
We appreciate the comment and agree with the reviewer that figures are quite dense in information. We will do our best to increase readability by increasing font size, extent, and split some of them if necessary.
Reduce the number of abbreviations in the text. Overall, there are a lot of abbreviations in this manuscript. Certain sections (e.g. Section 3.3) are particularly dense with abbreviations, and correspondingly hard to follow. I would recommend cutting down on the number of abbreviations for clarity.
This comment was also provided by Prof. Lundquist, and we are reducing the number of acronyms in the manuscript. In particular, STS and PGW will no longer be used and spelled out instead. However, we do believe that DOS20, DOQ25 and DOQ50 are necessary to avoid making the paper already longer, and are also easier to follow in our opinion.
Elaborate on the NoahMP-WRF simulations. It's hard to draw conclusions on this section of the analysis, because relatively little information is given about these simulations. An important feature of NoahMP is that it has multiple options for simulating rain-snow partitioning and snowpack albedo. It also has multiple snowpack-related parameters to which both snow and streamflow are quite sensitive. Without knowing the model physics options and parameters used, it is difficult to conclude whether the biases the authors observed is a structural problem with the model or just a poor setup.
We will provide more details about key information relevant to our work about this simulation as suggested by the reviewer, in particular we will add more details about snow-related processes. However, the details about simulations are provided by Li et al (2017).
Rain on snow. This seems like an important point to discuss in a paper about snowpack and streamflow under climate warming. How well does this new metric handle rain-on-snow events? Can they be resolved and included/excluded? Or are they a confounding factor?
As also noted by reviewer 1, rain on snow events are problematic in our method as we have no explicit way to address the impact of rainfall due to lack of reliable rain/snow observations. It is likely that our method does not capture rain-on-snow events due to the lack (or unlikelihood) of a diurnal shape in the streamflow response, and a solar radiation cycle that can have discrete hourly changes due to changing between clear sky and cloudy conditions (and backwards), resulting in very low correlations. We will improve our discussion to incorporate the reviewer's suggestion. Also, please note the new screening method for rainy days that we are proposing in the answer to Reviewer 1 first mayor comment.
Sep 2021 69 21 0 90
Oct 2021 67 19 4 90
Nov 2021 57 14 4 75
Jan 2022 12 4 0 16
Oct 2021 367 90 7
We present a new way to detect snowmelt using daily cycles in streamflow driven by solar radiation. Results show that warmer sites have earlier and more intermittent snowmelt than colder sites, and the timing of early snowmelt events is strongly correlated with the timing of streamflow volume. A space-for-time substitution shows greater sensitivity of streamflow timing to climate change in colder than in warmer places, which is then contrasted with land-surface simulations.
We present a new way to detect snowmelt using daily cycles in streamflow driven by solar...


text:
Collection Title: Cain Family Papers, 1945-1946.
Size 5 items
Abstract Members of the Cain family resided in North Carolina and Mississippi during the 1940s. The collection contains miscellaneous papers including the genealogical and historical record of the Cain family; two letters, 1946, from Mrs. S.R. Cain of Canton, Miss., giving family news; short sketches of Samuel Robert, Frederick, W.S., and James Manning Cain; and a letter, 1945, from Annis Cain Bridgers, donor of the collection.
Creator Cain family.
[Identification of item], in the Cain Family Papers, #1169-z, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Cain family.
Families--Mississippi.
Families--North Carolina.
Genealogy.
Mississippi--Genealogy.
North Carolina--Genealogy.
Members of the Cain family resided in North Carolina and Mississippi during the 1940s.
The collection contains miscellaneous papers including the genealogical and historical record of the Cain family of North Carolina and Mississippi; two letters, 1946, from Mrs. S.R. Cain of Canton, Miss., giving family news; short sketches of Samuel Robert, Frederick, W.S., and James Manning Cain; and a letter, 1945, from Annis Cain Bridgers, donor of the collection.
Expand/collapse Cain Family Papers, 1945-1946.
1945-1946 # 01169-z, Series: "Cain Family Papers, 1945-1946." Folder 1
Updated by: Kate Jordan, February 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


APH Museum Director Micheal Hudson shares some interesting information.
Last week I was researching a curious event in our local history. When Confederate soldiers invaded Kentucky in 1862, Federal authorities seized the Kentucky School for the Blind, kicked out the kids and teachers, and converted it into a military hospital for a few months. I used the Museum's collection of annual reports from the nation's residential schools to determine that this was not an isolated event. Schools in Tennessee, Virginia, and Mississippi suffered a similar fate. In Tennessee, in fact, soldiers decided the school building threatened the Union trenches and had the building torn down! APH is the repository of probably the largest collection of school reports in the U.S., with examples from every state school for the blind, including a number that have closed or been consolidated, and many from overseas.
If you are researching the early history of schools for the blind, these beautiful and detailed reports contain an amazing wealth of detail. For more details on our exact holdings, contact Museum Collections Manager Anne Rich at arich@aph.org or 502-899-2364.
Photo: 1938 Report from a mission school in Bombay, India. The recently acquired AFB Migel Library Collection contained many reports from overseas.


text:
L'isobara di van 't Hoff (impropriamente nota anche come isocora di van 't Hoff), che esprime termodinamicamente la variazione di una costante di equilibrio con la temperatura;
 L'equazione di van 't Hoff per il calcolo della pressione osmotica nelle soluzioni di elettroliti;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Roanoke Electric Cooperative Roanoke Electric National Drive Electric Week Free EV Test Drives
National Drive Electric Week Free EV Test Drives
Monday, September 27th 10:00am
Thursday, September 30th 3:00pm
Roanoke Electric Co-op Hedquarters
In recognition of National Drive Electric Week, Roanoke Electric Cooperative will offer member-owners the opportunity to take a test drive in a Tesla Model 3.
National Drive Electric Week, Sept. 25 – Oct. 3, is billed as a nationwide celebration to raise awareness of the benefits of all-electric and plug-in hybrid cars, trucks, and motorcycles.
"If member-owners are considering an electric vehicle or are just curious and want to test drive one, we encourage you to participate in this event," said Patrice Jordan, the co-op's coordinator of community relations and engagement. "Participants will also have the opportunity to speak with staff about our EV Pilot Program."
Test drives will be by appointment-only from Sept. 27 – 30, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., at the co-op's headquarters.
Member-owners wishing to participate must have the following items:
A valid driver's license
Proof of insurance (liability and collision)
Contact Patrice Jordan at 252-539-4601 to schedule a test drive.


There's no time for pain, headaches, or migraines during the holiday season. That's why if you suffer from frequent or occasional migraines and headaches it's important to listen to your body this time of year and be aware of what may be coming down the pike. Catching a migraine early is so important for preventing a full-blown strike — and the best way to do this is to know the symptoms.
Here are five early warning signs a migraine is about to hit.
Functional brain scans performed during the early phase of a developing migraine show activation of different brain regions corresponding with different symptoms.
For instance, activation of the hypothalamus, a small region deep in the brain that is involved in the regulation of appetite, sleep, and metabolism, could play a part in the symptom of food cravings.
Food cravings; especially for chocolate is one of the symptoms migraine sufferers report. However, experts believe that chocolate is not a trigger. It's more that the headache process has already started, and as part of that initial phase, they're craving chocolate.
In patients with nausea, brain scans reveal activity at the base of the brain, where the queasy sensations originate. Furthermore, according to 2016 research from Istanbul University in Turkey, migraines may be genetically linked to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
While light sensitivity can signal other eye problems, it is also a symptom of the early phase of migraine development. It may be caused by the activation of the occipital cortex, which is the region at the back of the brain that processes vision.
The activation of the brain's hypothalamus region may also play a part in the sleep difficulties some patients experience. In a study published by The Journal of Headache and Pain, excessive daytime sleepiness was linked to an exacerbation of migraine symptoms.
Neck pain is another common symptom of migraines, and it seems related due to the nerve impulses that go back and forth between the lower part of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.
To prevent a migraine developing fully, identify the cause and remove it. If you're stressed, try to rest. If you're dehydrated, take water. Removing the cause can go a long way in keeping you healthy.


text:
01 Dec Advent greetings and an update to our Constitution & Canons
Posted at 13:11h in Bishop's Posts by Dawn Jewell
Dear Brothers and Sisters of the Upper Midwest Diocese,
Please watch my two-minute video greeting here before reading my letter below.
A Top Priority
One of my top priorities since my return to active ministry has been working on improving our diocesan governance structures. When our Diocese was formed in 2013, the Constitution and Canons that we drafted alongside the American Anglican Council provided us with a foundation to facilitate our mission of revival in the Upper Midwest. Today the Diocese comprises 22 churches, 12 of which didn't exist then. As we have grown in the past nine years and faced recent challenges, it has become clear to our diocesan leaders that an update of our Constitution and Canons is needed.
Constitution and Canons are governing documents that operate as a kind of lived out theology of the Church. As the Church pursues her mission to seek and save the lost, these documents provide the needed structure for her life and her missionary endeavors. The Constitution provides a broad framework, while the Canons specify essential details.
I am so grateful that our Bishop's Council initiated a review of our Constitution and Canons last year. They engaged the expertise of a trusted canon lawyer, Canon Phil Ashey, and his associates at the American Anglican Council. Since my return, I have assembled a task force including former Acting Chancellor Todd Johnson, supervisory Bishop Martyn Minns, and Canon Brenda Dumper. This task force is working closely with Canon Ashey, his associates, and the Bishop's Council.
Overview of Revisions
These two goals are guiding the current work of revising our Constitution and Canons: 1) increasing the number and involvement of our lay leadership roles, including elected positions, and 2) creating increased accountability.
The revised Constitution will facilitate both these goals via a proposed tri-part governing body. A Standing Committee will function as the legislative branch, taking over the oversight functions of the Bishop's Council, including providing leadership in the absence of a bishop. A Diocesan Council will assume the primarily executive functions of the Bishop's Council, including budgets and reports. And an Ecclesiastical Trial Court will provide judicial guidance and accountability. Lay representatives will be key to all three leadership entities. I am enthusiastic about how these developments will help equip us for the next season of Gospel ministry.
Additionally, the Diocese has already implemented a change in pastoral oversight. The Upper Midwest was originally established with four active deaneries, three geographic areas–Chicagoland/Kansas City, Wisconsin, Minnesota–and the Greenhouse Deanery. The Greenhouse Deanery is distinct from the Greenhouse Movement, an independent, national 501(c)3 organization. The Dean represents each deanery in diocesan matters.
This summer the Bishop's Council unanimously voted to transfer pastoral oversight of the Greenhouse Deanery's clergy and congregations to the Dean overseeing their relevant geographic areas, which took effect July 31. Clergy, leaders, and congregations formerly in the Greenhouse Deanery were moved to either the Wisconsin/Iowa Deanery under Acting Dean Fr. John Mackett or to the Chicagoland/Kansas City Deanery under Acting Dean Fr. Michael Flowers. (You can view a full list of our diocesan churches here).
Next Step: Diocesan assembly
The next step of this revision will occur when the Diocesan Assembly gathers to vote on the revised Constitution. The proposed Constitution does not include the Greenhouse as a deanery within our Diocese.
Our Diocesan Assembly will take place on Saturday, December 17, 10am to 3pm at the Cathedral—Church of the Resurrection, in Wheaton, IL. The main goal of this assembly is to review and vote on the Constitution. Two lay delegates from each parish will attend and vote on the draft amendments. Delegates will receive all proposed amendments ahead of time and have an opportunity to send questions and gain clarification prior to the Assembly. All active clergy in our diocese will also attend as delegates.
A second assembly is scheduled for May 20, 2023, for the required second vote to ratify the Constitution formally. The revised Canons will receive a first and only vote at that time.
To be clear, this December's Assembly is different from our annual Revive Conference, which will be held again in 2023. Previous Diocesan Assemblies have been held on the Saturday of Revive.
You are warmly invited to attend the Assembly as a non-voting observer. I will send an update after the Assembly concludes describing the results of the vote in greater detail.
I am excited for this opportunity to strengthen our foundations for ministry. Please pray for our delegates and the task force as they carry out this crucial work to support the ongoing growth of our Diocese.
Yours in Christ,
+Stewart
Bishop Stewart Ruch III


text:
Discover Good Hustle We Hail Thee Carolina, and Sing Thy High Praise (S1E5)
We Hail Thee Carolina, and Sing Thy High Praise (S1E5)
In the SEC Football is King. But what do you do when you're historically irrelevant? You hire a big time coach and try to turn your fortunes around. In 1999, South Carolina wanted to join Florida, Tennessee, and Alabama at the top of the standings. Instead, they had one of the worst seasons in football history.
This is episode 5 of Good Hustle. The 1999 South Carolina Gamecocks.
American Swagger - The Story of Clint Dempsey (S1E13)
Hail to the Victors Valiant (S1E12)
Boston, You're My Home (S1E11)
Born in a Car Dealership in Canton (S1E10)
The Minnesota Twins Have a New Owner (S1E9)
Meet the Mets (S1E6)
Blue Moon (S1E8)
Dixie's Football Pride (S1E7)
Friends Can Come and Go, But Banners Hang Forever (S1E4)
The Farce Has Begun (S1E3)
Taking My Talents To South Beach (S1E2)
The Worst Team of All-Time Without A Good Excuse (S1E1)
Good Hustle: A Podcast About Bad Teams (Trailer)


text:
Q: React Native FlatList with object I want to render object with React Native's FlatiList but this component doesn't return the expected result.
My dictionary is like this:
Object {
  "Lisa.Sky": Object {
    "name": "Lisa",
    "surname": "Sky",
    "age": 21,
    "sex": female
  },
  "Thomas.Prat": Object {
    "name": "Thomas",
    "surname": "Prat",
    "age": 33,
    "sex": male
  },
  "Paul.Sing": Object {
    "name": "Paul",
    "surname": "Sing",
    "age": 88,
    "sex": male
  },
  "Andrew.Brown": Object {
    "name": "Andrew",
    "surname": "Brown",
    "age": 23,
    "sex": male
  },
}

I have implemented a FlatList like this, but I have white screen
   <View>
       <ScrollView>
           <FlatList
                data={this.props.nameList}
                renderItem={({item}) =>
                    <View key={item.name + "." + item.surname}>
                        <Text style={styles.viewDetail}>{item.name}</Text>
                        <Text style={styles.viewDetail}>{item.surname}</Text>
                        <Text style={styles.viewDetail}>{item.age}</Text>
                        <Text style={styles.viewDetail}>{item.sex}</Text>
                    </View>
                }
                keyExtractor={(index) => index.toString()}
           />
       </ScrollView>
   </View>

Thanks

A: You can do it by
<Flatlist
   data={Object.values(obj)}
   ...
  />

A: you can do like this way.
check working snack. https://snack.expo.io/@nazrdogan/bad-cashew

import * as React from 'react';
import { Text, View, StyleSheet, FlatList } from 'react-native';
import { Constants } from 'expo';

// You can import from local files
import AssetExample from './components/AssetExample';

// or any pure javascript modules available in npm
import { Card } from 'react-native-paper';
var obj = {
  'Lisa.Sky': {
    name: 'Lisa',
    surname: 'Sky',
    age: 21,
    sex: 'female',
  },
  'Thomas.Prat': {
    name: 'Thomas',
    surname: 'Prat',
    age: 33,
    sex: 'male',
  },
  'Paul.Sing': {
    name: 'Paul',
    surname: 'Sing',
    age: 88,
    sex: 'male',
  },
  'Andrew.Brown': {
    name: 'Andrew',
    surname: 'Brown',
    age: 23,
    sex: 'male',
  },
};
export default class App extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <View style={styles.container}>
        <FlatList
          data={Object.keys(obj)}
          renderItem={({ item }) => <Text>{obj[item].name}</Text>}
        />
      </View>
    );
  }
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  container: {
    flex: 1,
    justifyContent: 'center',
    paddingTop: Constants.statusBarHeight,
    backgroundColor: '#ecf0f1',
    padding: 8,
  },
});

A: According to documentation

For simplicity, data is just a plain array. If you want to use
  something else, like an immutable list, use the underlying

Try to pass data as array not object

A: I got to this old post because I googled "flatlist react native support object" and in turns out -  FlatList only supports array. But the underlying VirtualizedList do support object.
My data is structured by recommendations from redux:
const data = {
    byId: {
        0: { id: '0', name: 'Bill' },
        1: { id: '1', name: 'Steve' },
        2: { id: '2', name: 'Dan' },
    },
    allIds: [0, 1, 2]
};

And i need VirtualizedList to support this data structure
<VirtualizedList
// Use keyExtractor to help the list optimize performance
    keyExtractor={item => item.id}
    data={data}
    initialNumToRender={7}
    renderItem={({item})=> {
        return <Text>{item.name}</Text>;
    }}
// the virtualized list doesn't know how you want to extract your data
// you need to tell it
    getItem={(data, index) => {
        const dataIndex = data.allIds[index];
        return data.byId[dataIndex];
    }}
// it also needs to know how much data you have
    getItemCount={data => data.allIds.length}
/>

The difference between the FlatList implementation and the VirtualizedList is just you need to overwritegetItem and getItemCount
You can see full example here: https://snack.expo.io/@rcknti/virtualized-list-example

A: You need to use your data as an array(If you need, you can check that from https://facebook.github.io/react-native/docs/flatlist#data ). Your data can be something like that,
const nameList = [
    {
        "name": "Lisa",
        "surname": "Sky",
        "age": 21,
        "sex": female
    },
    {
        "name": "Thomas",
        "surname": "Prat",
        "age": 33,
        "sex": male
    },
    {
        "name": "Paul",
        "surname": "Sing",
        "age": 88,
        "sex": male
    },
    {
        "name": "Andrew",
        "surname": "Brown",
        "age": 23,
        "sex": male
    },
];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Tomcat , Intellij and DCEVM configuration I had configured DCEVM on intellij, but I think the way I did it is wrong as when I made some change in the java file and ctrl + shift + f9, the tomcat is getting restarted. Can someone please tell me the correct way to configure it.

A: In intellij tomcat debug configuration, add the following parameters to your JVM arguments like this :
-XXaltjvm=dcevm -javaagent:/home/depellegrin/Applications/hotswap-agent.jar=autoHotswap=true

change /home/depellegrin/Application/ by your DCEVM-light-...-installer.jar path.
For more information take a look at this blog


Particles powder zzf series vibration feeder machine for sale . powder hopper vibrating feeder/automatic vibrating feeder machinery/vibrating feeder mining machine .. Classical ZSW vibrating powder feeder machine with good quality and low price.
good quality hydraulic filter press for coal mining higt efficiency good quality hydraulic filter press for coal mining higt efficiency; Filter press . An industrial filter press is a tool used in separation processes, specifically to separate solids ..
good quality fully automatic filter press higt efficiency. Full Automatic High Efficiency Oil Press Machine .. High Quality Seeds Automatic Screw Cold Press Oil Extraction Machine. Get Price Laboratory Filter Press . About 68% of these are filter press equipment, 1% are other analysis instruments, and 1% are .
Good quality DAF Dissolved Air Flotation Machine to Remove Oil High Rate Wastewater Treatment DAF Dissolved Air Flotation Machine US $7000 9000 / Set . chinese supplier dissolved air flotation units daf flotation machine for sewage.843 with ISO9001, 596 with Other, and 229 with ISO14001 certification.
Well Filter Press. High Efficiency Good Quality Filter Press Price . well balanced Belt Filter Press for Fruit or Vegetable Juice Treatment . Hydraulic Filter press used for Water well drill machine coconut oil extracting cold press Machineries.
good performance high pressure raymond mill gold supplier China mill wholesaleGood Quality Rolling Mill for Gold and Silver and Gold Silver Wet Pan Mill Machine Top Suppliers Raymond Mill with Supreme Performance, High Pressure.
Cross Belt Magnetic Separator . Cross Belt Magnetic Separator, Wholesale Various High Quality Cross Belt . 2016 New Good Quality Timber Industry Mining Industry Cross Belt Magnetic .. 10 500TPH cross belt magnetic separator for ore processing with low price.
On the lower side, the filter belt is typically supported by a grid of replaceable plastic material. Many belt filter press designs place these support grids too far apart (6 10 inches) and on some the supports are also are too wide and block the drainage of liquids from the filter belt.
Dec 23, 2016183; China Good Quality Impact Rock Crusher for Sale PF1210 China . China Good Quality Impact Rock Crusher for Sale PF1210, Find details about China Machinery, Impact Crusher from Good Type Impact Crusher Condition New More suitable for crushing hard rock, high efficiency, low consumption;.
Belt Filter Press Price . About 51% of these are filter press equipment, 32% are water treatment, and 2% are other . Auto continuous dewtering belt filter press price low made in China.
High Quality Products Filter Press, Filter Belt Press, Belt Press, Automatic Chamber Filter Press Sludge Wastewater Treatment Manufacturer Innovating High Quality High Efficiency Use Friendly are our features.
Filter Press, Wholesale Various High Quality Filter Press Products from Global Filter Press . Mining, chemical, food, wine industry use high pressure hydraulic compress filter press . High efficiency clay filter press with reinforced PP filter plate.
good quality portable filtering press machine higt efficiency; good quality portable filtering press machine higt efficiency. because it takes a lot of wind to push air through such a fine filter. High efficiency particulate air HEPA filters were invented during World War II as a way to prevent radioactive particles from escaping.
By increasing the sludge extrusion force each time, our drum thickening dewatering belt filter press can realize the high efficiency dewatering process. Then, the sludge depends on the proper variation of pressure gradient in the high pressure shear zone, so as to reduce the water content of the sludge cake.
Flotation Machine Parts, Wholesale Various High Quality Flotation Machine Parts Products . Widely used Floatation Machine Spare Parts . best selling items sea sand mining machinery parts in africa . Little Wearing Spare Parts Low Maintenance Cost BS K Flotation .


Write a review on Universal Storm!
Potent Volumizing Formula Shown To Boost Strength After Only 2 Weeks Of Use!
If you want to enhance your performance in the gym and add serious size onto your frame, then look no further than Storm. We are talking about serious size, not extra fat from the sugar-loaded creatine products of the past. We use only the finest and most advanced blend of creatine including magnesium creatine chelate, which is a patented form of the molecule that has been shown to boost strength after only 2 weeks of use. This coupled with the potent blend of nitric oxide boosters and insulin potentiators that make up Storm's delivery system makes it the most potent volumizing formula available.
Storm uses a unique delivery technology called iNOXsulin-7, that speeds up the absorption without the need for any unwanted glucose ingestion. iNOXsulin-7 uses time released nitric oxide boosters and insulin potentiators to effectively shuttle the creatine into the muscle tissue during your "window of opportunity" that exists directly prior to and immediately after your workout. You can also expect incredible pumps from the NO boosting complex that will help increase your energy levels in the gym.
Storm uses 4 diverse forms of creatine to form the foundation for this advanced formula that can help saturate your muscle tissue like no other. Storm contains some of the most technologically advanced forms of creatine, including magnesium creatine chelate, dicreatine malate and tricreatine malate for superior uptake. We didn't forget creatine monohydrate, the tried and true form that has produced proven results time and time again. Introducing these four distinct forms into your system will allow for a continuous flood of creatine into your muscle tissue for sustained benefits throughout the day.
Storm is your standard Pre-Workout "cell volumizer," with Creatine and Citrulline Malate, no caffeine though. Perhaps this is why I basically felt nothing - my energy level was the same as it was when I got up in the morning. Taste wasn't too bad, kinda like Kool-Aid, but no sugar if you're watching that. Took off some points for mixability because it was all clumped up, and everyone I talked to said that's how their's was as well. However, it is a great value for the price, so you can't complain too much.
This is a good creatine supplement that is very cost effective.
Recovery: 10/10 This is a great feature of this product that is loaded with other ingredients along with 3 solid forms of creatine. I noticed recovery times improving when taking this product daily, which is important to me on a keto diet.
Strength: 8/10 This is also a good point of Storm, as I was able to keep my strength up while on a keto cut and add some weight to some lifts.
Taste: 7/10 Not great but not bad either. I had the grape, and it was a bit like a grape sweet-tart.
Mixability: 7/10 Like any creatine product mixability is not perfect but it mixes ok and I usually fill my shaker up to get that last bit of creatine.
A little pump from this product too, nothing like a straight NO product but pretty good for a creatine product. Overall this is a good, very cost effective creatine product.
Pump I expected more pump from this product than it provided.
Pump I did find that using almost two scoops (I'm a tiny person, so this is a lot) with two cups of coffee would make the beta alanine kick in and give me the pump I was looking for.
Muscle gain I only take it once immediately after my workout and noticed strength and muscle gains pretty quick.
Strength I only take it once immediately after my workout and noticed strength and muscle gains pretty quick.
Taste This stuff tastes and works GREAT.
Value for money You can't beat the price for 80 servings either.
Texture The purchase went smoothly and all of the products were at my doorstep when they said they would be.
Muscle gain I notice that my muscles look a lot bigger and fuller.
Strength My repetitions have increase, and my strength as well.
Taste The taste is amazing when you take with cold water and ice.
Muscle gain hoping to see good gains in my body when i'm done with it.
Taste The fruit punch flavor is a favorite of mine.
Taste This together with Beast's Creature and Controlled Labs' Green Magnitude are my favorite flavored creatine on the market at the moment.
Muscle gain effectiveness: definitely have seen some gains over the use of it and water weight from this was added very quickly.
Endurance It gives you a great energy boost, and immensely helps your endurance.
Strength My bench has gone up 20 pounds in three weeks.
Physical energy It gives you a great energy boost, and immensely helps your endurance.
Pump Product gives great pumps while in the gym if used consistently.
Value for money Great price per serving with a very solid profile.
Ingredient profile Great price per serving with a very solid profile.
Mixes well however the creatine was clumped like a rock in the bottom when i first opened it and had to b broken up.
Taste but tastes great after a while.
Muscle gain I notice an increase in Muscle hardness, an increase in the progression(time wise) of my shape and strength.
Strength I notice an increase in Muscle hardness, an increase in the progression(time wise) of my shape and strength.
Taste I don't like rating the taste on supps.
Taste Judging quality on taste is what got me to a fat 320 before I started lifting.
Endurance I've been using it for about 1 month now and I do feel an increase in stamina at the gym.
Muscle gain Take the rest after and it will help speed up your muscle recover and increase fluid in your muscle tissue.
Recovery ability Take the rest after and it will help speed up your muscle recover and increase fluid in your muscle tissue.
Pump Take a little bit before and you will feel increased concentration and a bit more of a pump.
Taste The taste is pretty good, a bit salty from all the different forms of creatine + the inoxosulin complex.
Endurance I acctually feel more energy with this stuff which i was surprised about, more stamina in every workout and less fatiuge.
Muscle gain I tryed Storm and after two weeks im looking bigger in my forarms everytime i look in the mirror, definition is up and strength is way up.
Strength I tryed Storm and after two weeks im looking bigger in my forarms everytime i look in the mirror, definition is up and strength is way up.
Physical energy I acctually feel more energy with this stuff which i was surprised about, more stamina in every workout and less fatiuge.
Taste Ohh its tastes great.
Muscle gain I took it only post workout and i could see my increase in lifts quick and gained some good weight with it.


In a food processor fitted with the steel blade combine the flour, salt sugar. How many people does a sheet cake feed? Calories80 Total Fat 0g 0 % Cholesterol 0mg 0 % Sodium 0mg 0 % apple Total Carbohydrate 21g 7 % Protein 0g Saturated. Serve with serving spoon or spatula. Apple Fritter Doughnuts.
This is the guide that I created to determine how many servings per each sheet cake and a diagram of how I would recommend it being cut. With so servings much variation in how portions of foods, it' s easy for consumers many to become confused many about what. Bake many 40 minutes or until top is apple browned. Reduce heat; simmer 15 minutes or until tender. With its flaky wonderful sheet how cinnamon- y aroma, , buttery crust; tart- sweet how apples, a slice of warm apple pie is the perfect end large to any repast from casual lunch to elegant dinner. Pulse many briefly to combine. Apple Crisp for 100 Dessert 4915 how reads.
on the Nutrition Facts Label on food packaging. In a small bowl how combine the cracker crumbs 1. It was a thing of beauty! Per several requests to large many post this here, here it is. Combine apples servings with 2 gallon water; cover; bring to a boil. In large bowl mix oil, Italian seasoning , servings garlic, vinegar salt.
Fruit many Servings That Equal a Cup. Approximate depending upon the cut. Food Planning Guide For A Crowd. It' s a meal that' s cooked on a sheet pan. Keep sheet in servings mind that the number of servings does large not necessarily mean the number of guests served. Simply print out a tally sheet ( servings you will need Adobe to view tally sheet) to keep track sheet of your servings throughout the day.
If you opt for a readymade bakery sheet cake it can be three or four times this size. Our chart takes the guesswork out of many how much food you will need to serve a large group army of many family just some friends. If large not, you should! many Cut each pan 6 by 9. Easy dinner recipe! oil on a small rimmed baking sheet. 1 large apple is how many servings in a sheet. Place a greased 9- sheet in. Toss ¼ cup sunflower seeds apple and 1 tsp.
Any sheet highlighted, clickable Amazon link you see is an affiliate link that how we may earn advertising fees on. Pour 2 tablespoons of the mixture into medium bowl; add chicken toss to coat. Apple Nutrition Facts * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2, 000 calorie diet. So, what is a apple sheet pan dinner? springform pan on a double thickness of heavy- duty foil ( how about 18 in. September 13 an affiliate advertising program designed large to provide how how a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising , Tastes of Lizzy T is sheet large a many participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program linking to Amazon. about many 3/ 4 cup of fruit juice made from 100 large percent juice is a single serving. Apple pie: many American icon most popular pie, the ONE dessert everyone has to make for Thanksgiving. Sheet pan cashew chicken is a tasty 30 minute meal that' s great for weeknight dinners or for make- servings large ahead meal prep. Apricot, dried 5. As you can see this filling was how perfectly sturdy servings , had just the right amount of apples thickener. Healthy Oven Baked Apple Chips are an easy large delicious snack large that are perfect for healthy kids snacks Valentine' s apple parties.
Goes without servings many reason! Sprinkle an how equal quantity of the mixture evenly large over apples in each pan. Then enter the how total servings from each food group in the calculator. 1 large apple is how many servings in a sheet. A serving of dried fruit is 1/ 4 cup. No doubt the bigger the cake the more people it will feed! Avocado Serving Size 1 how apple ( 138g) Servings Per Container 10 Amount Per Serving % servings Daily Value* 2. Roast until darkened servings very fragrant 7– 10 minutes. Securely wrap foil around pan.
I' ve been making a lot of. It' s not rocket science. servings Make the crust: Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. 1/ 4 how sheet cake 9" x 13" = 12 to 20 servings; 1/ 2 Sheet cake 13" x 18" = 30 to. If apple you love pie in apple any of its many forms, you owe it to yourself apple apple to make a slab pie. Preheat oven to many 350°. For large example, a large deli bagel might weigh 6 ounces ( about 6 FGP servings of bread) while the 1⁄ 2 medium bagel listed on the Food Guide Pyramid weighs 1 ounce ( large about 1 serving of bread).
Season with salt and pepper. A serving of fruit is equivalent to one medium piece of fruit banana , such as an apple, , 1/ 2 cup of chopped fruit, peach, berries grapes other small fruits. Have you tried sheet pan dinners yet? 1 large peach ( about the size of a. Apple: 1 small apple.
These Easy Apple Pie Tacos feature a delicious cinnamon sugary apple filling in a crispy and sweet mini taco, drizzled with caramel sauce, and then topped with whipped cream! The easiest apple dessert that comes together in no time. Plus video tutorial! OMG whenever we get crazy apple pie cravings, we know it' s time to make Apple Pie Tacos again. Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium high heat.
When oil is very hot and smoking, add pork tenderloins. Sear each side until browned, approximately 1 minute per side.
How Many Fruits and Vegetables Should I Eat: A Visual Guide.


Thousands across Maryland continue to head to the polls to vote early, including state delegate Kathy Szeliga.
The republican Senate hopeful cast her ballot at Towson University Tuesday; her fifth time voting early in an election, Szeliga said.
In the past, Szeliga said she would stand behind her party's nominee, Donald Trump, but she still commented on the uncertainty in the presidential race.
"The top of the ticket has gone back and forth," she said. "With the recent revelation of the FBI reopening the case against Hillary Clinton, people are concerned about the future of our country."
Szeliga and Congressman Chris Van Hollen are vying for the Senate seat held by long-time Senator Barbara Mikulski, who is retiring.
Van Hollen will speak at an early voting rally on Thursday, the last day of early voting. It will be held at the McFaul Center in Bel Air.


The captivating pics below, is part of The Spy Shots 2020 Ford Mustang Svt Gt 500 First Drive content which is categorised within Wallpaper, and published at August 31st, 2018 05:59:42 AM by admin.
Here is necessary tip on . We have the prime method for . Check it out for yourself! You can gather The The Spy Shots 2020 Ford Mustang Svt Gt 500 Redesign And Price guide and look the latest The Spy Shots 2020 Ford Mustang Svt Gt 500 First Drive in here.


Denver, Colorado –The Siragusa Foundation of Chicago, Illinois has announced it is renewing a grant of $15,000 for general scholarships for American Indian students to the American Indian College Fund.
The grant will support qualified American Indian students by providing financial resources to encourage them to complete a college degree. With an education, students can build a better life for themselves, their families, and make valuable contributions to their communities and nation.
Established in 1950 by Ross D. Siragusa, The Siragusa Foundation is governed today by his descendants, whose support of charitable organizations reflects the founder's special interests, including the arts, education, the environment, and health and human services.


Fundamentally, HSGF claims that although residents of the Western Togoland voted in 1956 to become a union with the Gold Coast (now Ghana), the union has not been formally established by way of a unionized constitution to date. That is, Queen Elisabeth II did not incorporate Western (British) Togoland in the Act establishing the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Thus, they are right in calling for a secession to form a new sovereign state.
However, do these arguments really stack up against the historical record? The purpose of this article is to analyse the recent calls by the HSGF in light of the existing historical narrative to address the following: (1) the history of Western Togoland (2) political associations in the Togoland (Unificationists vs Unionists) and (3) the plebiscite and matters arising.
Africa's international boundaries were delimited and subsequently demarcated by European States following the 1884 Berlin Conference (Prescott, 1963; p1). The division of the former German colonies of Togoland, Kamerun (now Cameroun) and Tanganyika (Great Lakes Region) into British, French and Belgian Mandates after World War I was one of the most important boundary changes that took place.
Prescott (1963) notes that before the European intervention "the Ewes were politically divided into about 120 subtribes lying between the centralised military kingdoms of Abomey and Ashanti. During periods of war temporary alliances were formed amongst the Ewe groups, but these were dissolved in times of peace." The Anglo-German boundary, which lay between Lomé and the Volta River divided Eweland into two protectorates namely British Gold Coast Colony and German Togoland. The British administered their mandate as an integral part of the Gold Coast Colony whereas the French kept theirs administratively separate from Dahomey (Benin) and Upper Volta (Burkina Faso). Both Togoland under the British protectorate and Togoland under the French protectorate were under supervision of the Trusteeship Council of the League of Nations (now the United Nations). The Ewe area in the British controlled territory was formally constituted into the Trans-Volta-Togoland region in 1952 to enable effective administration as a single group (Prescott, 1963; p5). The landmass of British Togoland stretches from Bawku East district in the Upper East region and borders the Volta River up to the Gulf of Guinea.
The 1950s saw a rise in Pan-tribal movements amongst groups that had hitherto been divided by colonial boundaries. They now saw political advantage and security in being united on one side of the boundary (Prescott, 1963; p3). For example, there were constant demands by some Ewes for unification either as a separate or to join Ghana or Togo Republic. Two key groups emerged Post World War II on the status of Togoland: the unificationists and the unionists. The unificationists held on to the idea of a pan-Ewe nation state encompassing both French and British Togoland whereas the unionists held on to the belief that their interests will be best served under the Crown. A popular claim of the unificationists against the unionists was that "far from being free, the Ewes will be dominated by other Gold Coast peoples if integration takes place" thus taking a similar position as the National Liberation Movement of Ashanti. The proponents from the opposing camps of the debate were the Convention Peoples' Party who were for integration with the Gold Coast (Unionists) and the Togoland Congress who were for unification of both French and English Togolands.
In 1954, a United Nations Visiting Team to British Togoland recommended a plebiscite to be held to decide on the wishes of the Togoland people on the issues of whether the Trust Territory should be integrated into or secede from the Gold Coast. The plebiscite came about because the British government, having granted internal self-government to the Gold Coast in 1954, informed the UN it could no longer administer British Togoland separately after the Gold Coast had achieved full independence (Bening, 1983; p205). The future of the Togoland territory was decided based on majority votes of the plebiscite from these four areas: (1) Northern Section of British Togoland, (3) Kpandu and Ho Districts; (3) Buem-Krachi District north of the southern boundary; and (4) Buem-Krachi District.
On 9 May 1956, the poll was held with an 83% voter turnout estimated at 160,587 persons. A resounding 58% of the population backed the union with the Gold Coast with the remaining 42% voting against it. The same plebiscite in French Togoland, showed a majority of the people voting in favour of the territory becoming an autonomous republic within the French Union (Prescott, 1963). Interestingly, the results showed that there was an overwhelming support for the union in the Northern Togoland region whereas the Ewe-speaking areas of the south namely in Ho and Kpando voted strongly in favour of seceding from the new Ghana. To put this into context, Ho and Kpando regions comprised only about 15% of the territory in terms of landmass. On this basis, the British government therefore recommended that the Trans Volta Togoland should be integrated into the Gold Coast. This suggestion, however, did not go down well with a portion of those from the Ewe speaking regions as they had opted to join the French Togo in the plebiscite which had then attained the status of an autonomous republic. There was even an armed rebellion by the people of Alavanyo against integration with the Gold Coast.
Following the recommendation by the British government on the basis of the poll results, the Fourth Committee of the Eleventh Session of the General Assembly of the UN approved the union "…. and their recommendation was adopted by the General Assembly and on 6 March, 1957 the British trust territory of Togoland and the Gold Coast became the independent and unitary state of Ghana." The new Parliament of Ghana after independence adopted the UN resolution to merge and integrate the Trans-Volta Togoland with Ghana which was then given the name Volta Region.
From the above historical exposition, it is trite to say the requisite protocols were followed in the run-up to Trans-Volta Togoland becoming part of the unitary state called Ghana. It is highly fatuous for anybody to claim that they have the right to secede because the Trans-Volta Togoland-Ghana union has not been formally established by way of a unionized constitution to date. The processes adopted and the results of the plebiscite were clear: the vote was not for federal union! Rather, it was to join a new unitary state called Ghana. The Queen did not need to incorporate Western (British) Togoland into an Act establishing Ghana – i.e. the 1956 Ghana Independence Bill.
This issue of secession did not start today. Indeed, some people publicly demanded secession from Ghana at a 1975 durbar attended by Gen. I.K. Acheampong at Ho. The historical records even show that a legion of Ewe chiefs also went to Lomé and petitioned the Ghana Ambassador there to initiate immediate negotiations between the two countries for a solution to the demands for the reunification of Togoland. Finally, let me restate here again that the May 1956 plebiscite duly prepared the way for British Togoland to join the Gold Coast and became a fully independent state of Ghana on 6 March 1957. The interests of elements in this fringe secessionist group should be discounted and treated with the contempt it deserves. I have not seen any 50 year expiry date on the plebiscite. Their claims are bogus!
Amenumey, D.E.K., 1989.The Ewe Unification Movement: A Political History. Ghana Universities Press.
Amenumey, D. E. K. "The 1956 Plebiscite in Togoland under British Administration and Ewe Unification."Africa Today 3 (1976): 126-140.
Brown, D., 1980. Borderline politics in Ghana: The national liberation movement of western Togoland.The Journal of Modern African Studies,18(04), pp.575-609.
Coleman, J.S., 1956. Togoland.International conciliation, (509), pp.3-91.
Skinner, K., 2007. Reading, Writing and Rallies: The Politics of 'Freedom' in Southern British Togoland, 1953–1956.The Journal of African History,48(01), pp.123-147.
Bening, R.B., 1983. The Ghana-Togo boundary, 1914-1982.Africa Spectrum, pp.191-209.
Brown, D., 1982. Who are the tribalists? Social pluralism and political ideology in Ghana.African Affairs, 81(322), pp.37-69.
Prescott, J.R.V., 1963. Africa's major boundary problems.The Australian Geographer, 9(1), pp.3-12.
Apoh, W., 2013.Germany and Its West African Colonies:" excavations" of German Colonialism in Post-colonial Times (Vol. 49). LIT Verlag Münster.


Prendergast faced 2 batters in the 2nd.
Bruml advanced to second on a balk.
Bruml advanced to third on a passed ball.
Lopez homered, 2 RBI; Okuma scored.
B. Diorio to p for Prendergast.
Brice reached on an error by 3b.
Fox hit by pitch; Jordan advanced to second; Brice advanced to third.
Nishioka flied out to cf, SAC, RBI; Jordan advanced to third; Brice scored, unearned.
Fox advanced to second on a wild pitch; Jordan scored, unearned.
B. Burns singled to right field.
Rabin singled; Okuma advanced to third.
Rabin stole second; Okuma stole home.
Brice singled through the left side; Rabin advanced to third.
S. Yanchus hit by pitch.
C. Brown singled to center field; Z. Cole advanced to second.
C. Belyea walked; C. Brown advanced to second; Z. Cole advanced to third.
A. Sanders to p for B. Diorio.
Rabin doubled to right center.
Brice reached on an error by 3b; Rabin advanced to third.
Z. Cole doubled to left center; T. Thompson advanced to third.
C. Belyea doubled to right center; B. Burns advanced to third.
J. Savacool reached on an error by ss, RBI; C. Belyea advanced to third; B. Burns scored.
J. Stanley grounded out to 3b, RBI; J. Savacool advanced to second; C. Belyea scored, unearned.
J. Randazzo to c for C. Belyea.
J. Wagner to p for A. Sanders.
Lopez singled to left field; Okuma advanced to second.
Rabin reached on a fielder's choice; Lopez advanced to second; Okuma out on the play, out at third p to 3b.
Brice singled to left field; Rabin advanced to second, advanced to third on the throw; Lopez advanced to third, out at home lf to c.
Jordan hit by pitch; Brice advanced to second.
Holm to p for Miles.
T. Thompson reached on an error by ss.
M. Connolly pinch ran for T. Thompson.
Gerics to p for Holm.
Fiaschetti to 3b for M. Connolly.
T. Hill to p for J. Wagner.
McCoy to rf for Okuma.
Hinthorne to lf for Brice.
C. Oathout singled up the middle.
J. Stanley reached on an error by ss; C. Oathout advanced to third.


text:
Cover Girl: The Amazing Mary Jane #1
In Comics
Welcome to Cover Girl. Each month, we gather a team of WWAC contributors to analyze a new and notable comic book cover featuring one or more women. This month, Nola, Claire, Wendy, and Emma examine Humberto Ramos's cover of The Amazing Mary Jane #1. What is your initial reaction to this cover as a piece
Welcome to Cover Girl. Each month, we gather a team of WWAC contributors to analyze a new and notable comic book cover featuring one or more women. This month, Nola, Claire, Wendy, and Emma examine Humberto Ramos's cover of The Amazing Mary Jane #1.
What is your initial reaction to this cover as a piece of comics art?
Wendy Browne:
Claire Napier: She's wearing flatforms, and I don't know what to do with this feeling. Comics guys know those exist??
Nola Pfau: All I know is my 6'1" frame would pull a move like this out of sheer insecurity regarding heels, so thank you for letting me feel seen.
Emma Snape: It almost reminds me of a MCU Spider-Man poster with so many characters all seemingly drawn with a different perspectives, but I think MJ draws the eye really effectively.
What do you think the artist is trying to achieve?
Wendy: I keep begging comic artists to give me more fashionable clothes outside of superhero costumes so, given MJ's actual status as a fashion model, I do appreciate that Ramos is trying here and succeeding fairly well. "A" for effort, even if I am not entirely loving the way that leg seems to be a separate entity because of the how the bottom of the dress fades into the background.
Nola: I think this is a better presentation than we normally see for women! I don't really feel like the leg is a separate entity; it follows the lines of the body, it doesn't look out of place. I appreciate that she's allowed to look feminine and confident without it being a cheesecakey kind of thing.
Emma: I definitely get the sense that Ramos wants to remind people viewing this cover of MJ's long legacy in Spider-Man comics by filling the background with so many classic Spidey villains, but the sunny avenue lined with palm trees behind her and MJ's presentation give a good sense of this as a book about MJ in Hollywood. And with MJ specifically, I agree with what you're saying, Nola. I think her leg certainly stands out, but not unnecessarily unnaturally, it feels in line with how Ramos has drawn her anatomy. And I like her posture, she has a pose that seems confident and poised.
Is MJ working that outfit or what?
Wendy: Both MJ and the demon insects on That Leg are indeed working that outfit and I adore the confident look on her face. She's aware the Spidey and all those bad guys are behind her, angling for the spotlight, but this is her spotlight and she is owning it.
Nola: MJ's a supermodel, of course she's working that outfit. That's literally her professional training.
Emma: Absolutely. She looks like she's going somewhere and knows she'll look good when she arrives. I don't necessarily love the outfit—the straps of her shoes look spiny like sea urchins to me, which sounds like it could feel uncomfortable on the go—but I'd never tell MJ that. She's making it work.
Mary Jane's story continues with the third issue out this month.


Project Mu HC+ is formulated for premium street, race, and rally performance. The initial bite is much more aggressive compared to the NS and B-Force pads with excellent fade resistance and brake modulation. With an operating temperature in excess of 800ºC (1472ºF), this pad can operate in a multiple settings that you can feel safe using both on the street and on the track. Elevated amount of dust, noise, and brake rotor wear is to be expected from this pad. This is the pad to use if you're looking for a true "crossover" pad between road and track.
Note: When using high grip tires, please select your pads carefully for the application you are seeking. Contact us for a consultation of what pad to use on your vehicle so we may better help you find the best brake pad combination for you.


text:
module Charger

  class Product
    include Resource

    attribute :id, Integer
    attribute :price_in_cents, Integer
    attribute :name, String
    attribute :handle, String
    attribute :description, String
    attribute :product_family, ProductFamily
    attribute :accounting_code, String
    attribute :interval_unit, String
    attribute :interval, Integer
    attribute :initial_charge_in_cents, Integer
    attribute :trial_price_in_cents, Integer
    attribute :trial_interval, Integer
    attribute :trial_interval_unit, String
    attribute :expiration_interval, Integer
    attribute :expiration_interval_unit, String
    attribute :return_url, String
    attribute :return_params, String
    attribute :required_credit_card, Boolean
    attribute :request_credit_card, Boolean
    attribute :created_at, DateTime
    attribute :updated_at, DateTime
    attribute :archived_at, DateTime

    def self.find_by_product_family_id id
      products = []
      client.get("product_families/#{id}/products") do |data|
        products << new(data['product'])
      end
      products
    end

    def persisted?
      !!id
    end

    def self.client
      Charger.client
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Join us January 18 2019 at Dance Victoria as we explore these questions and more in the Introduction to the Anitafrika Method Masterclass. To prepare for this workshop please consider the following questions: Who Am I? How am I? What is my Purpose? Come prepared to go on a personal journey of self-reflection and self-recovery. Come with a notebook and a writing tool. Dress comfortably. Anitafrika Method Card Decks will be available (50% reduced price) for purchase, however they are not mandatory for workshop participation.


This is the archive for NEP-DGE, a report on new working papers in the area of Dynamic General Equilibrium. Christian Zimmermann issued this report. It is usually issued weekly.
Guido Menzio & Shouyong Shi, 2008. "Efficient Search on the Job and the Business Cycle, Second Version," PIER Working Paper Archive 09-010, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, revised 28 Feb 2009.
Marcello D'Amato & Vincenzo Galasso, 2009. "Political Intergenerational Risk Sharing," CSEF Working Papers 216, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
Jason Beeler & John Y. Campbell, 2009. "The Long-Run Risks Model and Aggregate Asset Prices: An Empirical Assessment," NBER Working Papers 14788, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Sandra Lizarazo, 2009. "Contagion of Financial Crises in Sovereing Debt Markets," Working Papers 0906, Centro de Investigacion Economica, ITAM.
Eo, Yunjong, 2008. "Bayesian Analysis of DSGE Models with Regime Switching," MPRA Paper 13910, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Feb 2009.
Mariano Bosch & Julen Esteban-Pretel, 2009. "Cyclical Informality and Unemployment," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-613, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
Leonardo Melosi, 2009. "A Likelihood Analysis of Models with Information Frictions," PIER Working Paper Archive 09-009, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania.
Wang, Wen-Yao & Hernandez-Verme, Paula, 2009. "Multiple Reserve Requirements, Exchange Rates, Sudden Stops and Equilibrium Dynamics in a Small Open Economy," MPRA Paper 13802, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Nicolas Melissas, 2009. "On Bid Disclosure in OCS Wildcat Auctions," Working Papers 0905, Centro de Investigacion Economica, ITAM.
Mourinho Félix, Ricardo & Almeida, Vanda & Castro, Gabriela, 2008. "Improving competition in the non-tradable goods and labour markets: the Portuguese case," MPRA Paper 13945, University Library of Munich, Germany.


text:
Home | Blog | Fiction
The Silence of Reason (an excerpt) (WLT Translation Prize Runner-Up - Fiction)
Anna Maria Ortese
Laura Shanahan
Photo (left to right) Translator Laura Shanahan and author Anna Maria Ortese
Part One: Night Falls on the Hilltops
On the evening of June 19 (evening only in a manner of speaking, as the sky was still bright and the sun still stared intently down at the sea), I boarded a Line 3 tram that would take me all the way along the Riviera di Chiaia to Mergellina. I sat in a corner seat, next to a noseless woman with a huge plant on her lap, and I began to think that those words alone had justified my trip to see Luigi Compagnone, who worked on Radio Napoli's literary desk, who I hadn't seen for a long time, and to whose house I was now traveling. I needed some information on four or five young Neapolitan writers: Prisco, Rea, Incoronato, and La Capria (whose first novel was soon to be released by a publisher based in the North), not to mention Pratolini—though the author of A Tale of Poor Lovers couldn't exactly be called a Neapolitan writer, nor a newcomer—who, I had heard, was about to leave the city permanently, if he hadn't already. I was hoping to extract some more precise and more scandalous information from Compagnone, who at one time used to invite them all to his house—the kind of information that could really raise the stakes of an article. "What are all the young Neapolitan writers doing now?" was the title of my piece, which I was writing for an illustrated weekly.
You couldn't exactly say the tram was speeding along. It progressed at a crawl, although when I had got on at Piazza Vittoria, it had been going at a more normal pace, rousing a suspicion in my mind that the driver had either fallen asleep or had been injured and was now slumped in his seat with his eyes half open. In fact, the man in the faded jacket with no buttons left was sitting up normally and driving by the book, but was having to slow the pace more and more often on account of the terrible condition of the road, which was in a state of total ruin.
No, I cannot call it squalid or restless; it is more accurate to say that this street was both wonderful and terrible, exactly like the smiling expression of intelligence and goodwill that can sometimes be seen on the faces of the dead.
Leaning out the window, I could see the Riviera di Chiaia stretching away for more than a kilometer, covered by a swarm of half-naked men with gray backs, gray shorts, gray heads, and gray hands, the last of which they were using to split and shape the stones. The street's old paving stones were all being rearranged, giving it the appearance of a torrent in full flow, its murky waters cascading obliquely, then straightening into a petrified line. Many streets took on this squalid and restless look when certain construction work was taking place. But it felt like something different was happening here, which in fact compels me to reject the two adjectives I have just used as an insufficient definition. No, I cannot call it squalid or restless; it is more accurate to say that this street was both wonderful and terrible, exactly like the smiling expression of intelligence and goodwill that can sometimes be seen on the faces of the dead. It was a dead street—that comes close to how I defined it in my heart, despite my attempts to find a less intense and irrational attribute, which in the end proved impossible.
From the window on my right, I could see the familiar old nineteenth-century houses and the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century buildings that, a couple of centuries ago, had taken the place of the multitude of plain old fishermen's houses here in this neighborhood battered directly by the sea. Nothing could be more refined and beguiling than those buildings, even after the wild years of 1940 to 1945: the sprinkling of tiny holes that machine-gun fire had left on their façades and the great, solemn, gaping wounds left by the bombs had for a while lent a new vitality to those walls, throwing them into perfect harmony with the human figures swarming at their feet. That dark and colorful entity, that endless conveyor belt of rabble that crawled interminably along at the base of the houses, had for the first time, in the years that followed the storm, begun to make a new and unforeseeable sound: an enchanted sound, like the crackling of the sea on the sand after a hurricane. You could hear unrest and, more importantly, hope in that muffled and continuous sound. This was the reason that the windows of the houses had shone, that the pink and yellow façades had looked as if an unfamiliar sun was beating down on them, vivid and rejuvenating. At the remove of a few years (for I had been away from Naples for that long), the famous Riviera di Chiaia looked like a different place. A new coating, a mysterious concoction of rain, dust, and above all boredom, had settled on the façades, covering their wounds and returning to the scene that air of rarefied stillness, that equivocal smile which appears on the faces of the dead.
Translation from the Italian
Editorial note: This excerpt is from the short story "Il silenzio della ragione," from the collection Il mare non bagna Napoli (Naples never swims in the sea). An English translation by Ann Goldstein and Jenny McPhee of the full collection was recently published by New Vessel Press.
About her entry, Ms. Shanahan wrote:
Anna Maria Ortese's 1953 collection Il mare non bagna Napoli comprises five short stories set in postwar Naples: some are works of classic narrative fiction, while others are presented as semi-journalistic pieces. "The Silence of Reason" falls into the second category and was controversial in its direct naming of several prominent Neapolitan writers of the period, whom Ortese condemns for their retreat from public and political life after the war. The extract I have chosen to translate is taken from the beginning of the story: in this passage, the narrator recounts an experience of taking a tram ride through Naples after having been away from the city for several years, describing in her characteristically complex and unsettling prose the scenes she sees through the windows of the tram.
Anna Maria Ortese (1914–1998) was an Italian writer of short stories, novels, and reportage. Her prolific body of work encompasses elements of neorealism and magical realism. She spent parts of the 1930s and 1940s living in Naples, and her 1953 collection Il mare non bagna Napoli documents her impressions of the postwar city.
Laura Shanahan is a postgraduate student in the MA in Literary Translation Studies program at the University of Warwick. She has worked in the publishing industry and as a freelance translator and editor. She lives in Oxford, where she previously studied French and Italian, spending a year abroad in Naples, Italy.
Herford (WLT Translation Prize Winner – Fiction)
By Gunter Silva
The Testament of Gjon Muzaka
By Moikom Zeqo
The Public Scribe
By Tahar Ben Jelloun
A Woman in Workspace
By Tehila Hakimi
Daseyn: A Theater of the Mind
By Ute von Funcke
Spider Babies Blowing
By Nicole Adair
Mrs. Black (an excerpt)
By Olja Knežević
Miss Jane: The Lost Years (an excerpt)
By Kat Meads
Zopor (WLT Translation Prize Winner - Fiction)
By Jamal Ouariachi
WLT Weekly Categories
Cultural Cross Sections
Eye on Culture
Friday Lit Links
From the Road
Lit Lists
Literary Tributes
The Once Over
Translation Tuesday
Travels in Literature
Words for Thought
Women Writing Taiwan
Photo by Ethan Chiang / Flickr Contemporary Taiwanese Women Writers: An Anthology (Cambria Press, 2018) is a collection of short stories...
July 18, 2019 | Amy Lantrip
The Writers Who Left: Cuban Exile and What Comes Next
Children's choir at the 2014 La Matanza Book Fair / Photo by Mauro Rico / Ministerio de Cultura de la Nación / Flickr When good engineers or...
July 10, 2019 | Margaret Randall
By Marginalia et al.
Photo by cactusbeetroot / Flickr I take a book off the shelf in a small graduate office I wander into that resembles a bunker. The book is ...
July 8, 2019 | Nilufar Karimi
Twelve Egyptian Poems
Chris Barnes, Egypt, December 2010 / Flickr To Hisham Harbi who said to me: "don't stay in the shadows" but I didn't listen ...
July 5, 2019 | Muhammad Harbi
People of the Books
Ever since early Islam, Jews have been dubbed the people of the book. The title stuck in European lands too, a deferential nod to the role of the...
July 3, 2019 | Alan Levenson
Neustadt Festival
Arabic Literature
Literary Prizes


text:
This Homeless Man's Swanked-Out Digs Include a Bed and Living Room
Ceola Waddell Jr., sitting in the chair of his makeshift living room under a Los Angeles freeway
KTLA Screenshot
Ceola Waddell Jr. is homeless.
Ceola Waddell Jr. refuses to believe that, just because he doesn't have a home, he shouldn't have all the amenities that someone with a home would have.
So with a lot of gumption and a bit of imagination and ingenuity, Waddell's humble abode has made him something of an internet sensation since video of his elaborate encampment under a Los Angeles freeway went viral.
"You have now entered Paradise Lane," the 59-year-old smooth-talking, full-length-robe-wearing Waddell explains in the video, which has been viewed over a million times on Facebook.
He takes viewers on a tour of his pad, which includes a refrigerator turned on its back to function as a "Jacuzzi." Waddell's home also includes a toilet (we'll spare you the details, but no, it doesn't work), a bed and a living room.
Waddell also has a guest room that he claims to rent for $25 a week or $10 a night.
"I've set this up three times," Waddell told Fox 11. "The first and second time, they came and got all my coats, my food, my cooking utensils, my makeshift Jacuzzi, which I made out of a refrigerator, laid it on its back and put water in it so I could take a bath.
"They took all of that, and I said, 'You're not gonna win because I come from the streets. I know how to live as a homeless person. You can keep taking it, but you can't take my spirit to do it again."
Elena Stern, a spokeswoman for the Bureau of Sanitation, said that the city has offered homeless services to Waddell but he's refused. Waddell told Fox 11 that that's not true and he'd love to have an actual apartment.
"I want to have one of those, but they're a little slow, dragging their feet with the process," he said.
See the video below:
Read more at Fox 11.


text:
GREENWAY JOHN R
CPT John "John" R Greenway was a VHPA member who died after his tour in Vietnam on 10/04/2020 at the age of 94.0
Served in Vietnam with AIR AMERICA in 65-79
This information was provided by Obit
More detail on this person: John R. Greenway described himself as a child of two very patriotic parents. His father served as radio operator during WWI, and his mother, a teacher, supported the country working at the Boeing aircraft company. One of four siblings, John did not consider himself a grand national figure. What he was is a warrior dedicated to the survival of the United States of America. He represented America in WWII and Korea. In 1965 he joined Air America and spent ten years in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and the Sudan. For this he received no recognition and little recompense. He didn't expect there to be. Those who knew John will remember his amazing stories. With the notable grit that carried him through, at the age of 93, John spoke to the students at Bainbridge Island High School and let them know his experiences at war were fun even if it was hell. For John it was worth the adventure. And he had quite a few adventures. He shared stories of being on little islands in the Pacific during World War II. He enjoyed talking about Asia from being in Japan to little outposts in Laos. He'd tell about daredevil flights while rescuing the vulnerable and wounded from the forested hills. Always with a tone of reverence, he would remember flying the dead home. If you knew him well, he might share the story of rescuing a sweet lady from Mount Baker. A longtime resident of Bainbridge Island, John would light up being in the outdoors with the trees or being on his beach. He always had a pocketful of seed for little critters. One of his favorite modes of transportation was by air. He really loved it, and he loved beer. Whether it was flying over the volcanos of Hawaii, firefighting in California, piloting in the Kenai peninsula or flying to have breakfast at Heaven on Earth in Oregon, if you sat down to have a beer with him, he'd get a twinkle in his eye, size you up and decide which story would be the most fun to share. John was the friend of many and is survived by family, friends, his fellow Air America and China Post 1 warriors, and his beloved dog Zepplin. Although he did not believe himself to be extraordinary, John R. Greenway was a legend for many. In lieu of flowers, and in honor of his service donations to Air America and China Post 1 are appreciated.