text:
L'ambiente culturale fiorito attorno alla corte di Alfonso X il Sapiente diede vita a una rilevante letteratura, composta da opere letterarie di carattere lirico, giuridico, storico, scientifico e ricreativo, realizzate nell'ambito dello scriptorium del re di Castiglia.

Alfonso X patrocinò, supervisionò e spesso partecipò, scrivendo lui stesso e in collaborazione con un gruppo di intellettuali latini, ebrei e islamici (conosciuto come Scuola di traduttori di Toledo), alla stesura di una ingente opera letteraria che inizia in gran parte la prosa in lingua castigliana.

I manoscritti alfonsini sono volumi lussuosi, di grande qualità calligrafica e profusi di miniature. Erano pertanto destinati ai potenti nobili che potevano finanziare la ricchezza di questi codici e a coloro che condividevano il progetto dell'uso della lingua castigliana come strumento politico al servizio della corte, dato che i libri utilizzati nelle università medievali o Studi Generali erano più a buon mercato, maneggevoli e scritti generalmente in latino, lingua di uso comune tra i letterati.

La varietà geografica della lingua è quella in uso a Toledo nella seconda metà del XIII secolo, che fornirà la base di quella che da allora in poi sarà utilizzata nella prosa castigliana. Tuttavia, bisogna notare che nell'ambito della poesia lirica, Alfonso X usava il galiziano-portoghese, lingua con cui si scrissero le Cantigas de Santa Maria.

Opera poetica
Dovuti alla mano del monarca sono un insieme di poesie di «escarnio y maldecir» scritte in lingua galiziano-portoghese (cantigas d'escarnho e maldizer) dirette ai grandi uomini tanto ecclesiastici quanto laici e ad altri trovatori. Ci sono varie invettive destinate a Pero da Ponte, poeta della corte di suo padre Ferdinando III il Santo, che costituirebbero una disputa avutasi forse al tempo in cui Alfonso era un principe. Lo stile di queste cantigas d'escarnho è burlesco e arguto e non si allenta nel tono satirico, procace persino contro coloro che erano stati oppositori del futuro re.

Ma il culmine dell'opera lirica del re saggio è raggiunto le Cantigas de Santa Maria, che possiedono un grande interesse, sia dal punto di vista letterario che da quello musicale e plastico.

Cantigas de Santa María

L'unica produzione letteraria alfonsina non scritta in castigliano è quest'opera di ispirazione mariana e di carattere lirico, per la quale viene utilizzata la lingua galiziano-portoghese. Molte delle cantigas di questo libro furono composte da Alfonso X di sua propria mano. Si percepisce inoltre un tono personale in alcune delle canzoni che adottano il carattere innodico in lode alla Vergine e, comunque, in varie narrazioni, in cui appaiono protagonisti il monarca stesso o suoi familiari.

Il testo consta di 427 poemi narrativi e lirici che adottano una metrica molto variata basata sulla struttura della canzone (canción) con ritornello o del rondeau. La maggior parte raccontano un evento miracoloso o di santità, alla maniera degli episodi leggendari, come era solito nel genere delle vite dei santi. Tuttavia, un dieci per cento de queste canzoni sono «cantigas de loor», o inni in lode alla Vergine, accompagnate da partitura musicale e costituiscono uno dei monumenti della musica medievale spagnola.

Inoltre, i quattro codici che le hanno trasmesse (uno nella Biblioteca Laurenziana di Firenze, due nella Biblioteca di El Escorial, un altro in quella Nazionale di Spagna) costituiscono uno dei maggiori esempi di miniature gotiche conservate.

A partire dalla cantiga numero quattrocento, il contenuto smette di essere principalmente incentrato su leggende miracolose per costituirsi in un calendario religioso cristiano che riflette una serie di avvenimenti di tipo liturgico, preferibilmente celebrazioni mariane.

Opera in prosa

Prima del 1252, data in cui venne incoronato re, il principe Alfonso, oltre a scrivere le cantigas de escarnio e, molto probabilmente, alcuni inni in lode alla Vergine, patrocinava un libro di racconti esemplari (o exempla): il Calila y Dimna. È questo uno dei primi esempi (insieme al Sendebar) di adattamento della narrativa araba alla letteratura in castigliano e, se ovviamo ai racconti contenuti nelle cronache alfonsine derivanti dai cantares de gesta o leggende, è l'unica opera di fantasia dovuta al mecenatismo di Alfonso.

La prima opera di contenuto religioso dovuta al patrocinio di Alfonso X il Saggio, sebbene non scritta in lingua romanza nella sua stesura finale, è una raccolta fatta su richiesta del re da parte di Bernardo de Brihuega, un canonico di Siviglia, che riunì una serie di agiografie in latino.

Bisogna anche segnalare che alcune opere di grande interesse si persero, come la versione della leggenda araba della visione di Mahoma del cielo e dell'inferno. Conosciamo questa composizione dalla versione francese intitolata Livre de l'eschiele Mahomet, elaborata, secondo quanto si legge nel prologo, nel 1264 per ordine di Alfonso X a partire dall'originale castigliano. Il testo ebbe una grande diffusione nella Spagna del XIII secolo. Una sua sintesi venne adattata in latino da Rodrigo de Toledo nella Historia arabum, contribuendo a un ulteriore apporto di materiali alla Estoria de España (cap. 488 e 489).

Comunque, l'originale di un racconto cristiano di un viaggio all'altro mondo intitolato il Purgatorio de san Patricio si deve, con sufficiente certezza, al gruppo di scrittori alfonsini.

Le opere in prosa del re Alfonso il Saggio conservate possono classificarsi in quattro "sezioni" a seconda della materia trattata: legislativa, storica, scientifica e ricreativa.

Opera giuridica
Alfonso X sentiva la necessità di unificare il variegato corpus legislativo impiegato nel regno di Castiglia, che coniugasse il diritto romano della tarda antichità, passando per il diritto visigoto fino al diritto consuetudinario asturo-leonese e castellano. Perciò utilizzava un codice ispirato al diritto giustinianeo, che era quello che si impartiva all'Università di Bologna e nelle scuole giuridiche del sud della Francia, con l'intenzione di una sistemazione codificata. A questa impresa rispondono i seguenti trattati giuridici:

Fuero real

Il Fuero real (in italiano "statuto" o "giurisdizione regale") venne redatto verso il 1252 e risponde alla necessità di adottare una legislazione unitaria per le città castigliane riconquistate di recente. Questo corpus juridico venne influenzato dal Liber iudiciorum, che costituì ai suoi inizi un fuero locale concesso alle città di Aguilar de Campoo e Sahagún nel 1255. È detto anche Fuero del libro, Libro de los concejos de Castilla e Fuero castellano.

Il codice non era diritto castigliano propriamente detto, bensì unicamente un fuero concesso dal re ad alcune città secondo il suo arbitrio, di solito a beneficio del commercio delle stesse e per consolidare il potere della corona di fronte al feudalesimo dell'epoca. Località come Peñafiel, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Béjar o la stessa Madrid lo accolsero esclusivamente come condizione di diritto locale. Tuttavia si convertì presto in diritto castigliano de facto. Le norme promulgate erano più chiare, concise e imparziali rispetto a quelle attuate nelle grandi città del Regno di Castiglia, sottoposte all'arbitrio dei signori o dei tribunali locali. Sebbene la sua attuazione non fu esente da polemiche, Alfonso X impose in alcuni casi il fuero real al di sopra delle norme locali, trovandosi a volte di fronte alla nobiltà, e arrivando ad eliminare privilegi che, a suo avviso, menomavano il buon governo.

Espéculo
L'esistenza dell'Espéculo è documentata in una citazione risalente al 1255.  Possibilmente è anche il punto di partenza delle restanti opere giuridiche alfonsine. La sua stesura rimase incompleta, e gran parte del materiale venne poi ad essere incluso nella sua opera magna nel campo del diritto: le Siete Partidas.

Non arrivò ad essere promulgata e le circostanze della sua composizione non sono chiare. È possibile che fosse un abbozzo di una sezione delle Siete Partidas, sebbene alcuni studiosi pensano sia un'opera composta durante il regno di Sancho IV o di suo figlio Ferdinando IV.

Setenario
Il Setenario si presenta nella forma miscelánea. In linea con gli specchi del principe (speculum principis), il Setenario, probabilmente progettato da Ferdinando III il Santo, si proponeva essenzialmente come libro di diritto canonico, la cui struttura si conformava al numero magico sette.

Il libro contiene inoltre informazioni di carattere enciclopedico riguardanti i sacramenti destinati a un uso sacerdotale e riflessioni varie sul culto della natura dal punto di vista pagano. A causa di questo carattere misto si resta incerti nel definire il genere letterario a cui appartiene.

Siete Partidas

Si tratta dell'opera più ambiziosa di Alfonso X in questo ambito. Composta tra il 1256 e il 1265, raccoglie i fondamenti teorici delle opere precedenti, formulando un codice giuridico di carattere universale e con applicazione generale per il regno di Castiglia, dove ne regola la vita in tutti i suoi aspetti, sia religiosi che civili.

Questa base giuridica persistette nel corso dei secoli, e la sua influenza arriva fino ai nostri giorni. Le partidas non furono promulgate durante la vita di Alfonso X, dal momento che non sono venute a comporre un'edizione definitiva. L'opera, comunque, si divide in sette parti:

 Prima parte: affronta la base del diritto, occupandosi essenzialmente del diritto canonico.
 Seconda parte: tratta del governo e delle relazioni giuridiche tra signori e vassalli.
 Terza parte: diritto processuale e diritto civile.
 Quarta parte: diritto in merito a matrimonio, famiglie e stirpi, e stati sociali.
 Quinta parte: diritto mercantile.
 Sesta parte: diritto testamentario ed ereditario.
 Settima parte: diritto penale.

I paragrafi in cui si divide l'opera non comportano una partizione rigorosa; essa è organizzata in titoli (182) e leggi (2479), ognuna delle quali iniziante con un'epigrafe che ne indica il contenuto in modo più o meno approssimato.

Le sue fonti provengono dal precedente diritto leonese (il Fuero juzgo), e dalle opere giuridiche citate precedentemente dello stesso monarca, il Fuero real e, molto probabilmente, l'Espéculo. Per la «Primera partida» venne rifondato il Setenario, probabile bozza di questa sezione.

Del tardo diritto romano, ebbe influenza il Corpus Iuris Civilis di Giustiniano e la legislazione attinente alla vita ecclesiastica, fondamentalmente il Decreto di Graziano e le raccolte canoniche o Decretales.

Non mancano tra le sue fonti quelle ecclesiastiche, così come gli insegnamenti degli exempla dei Disciplina clericalis dell'intellettuale giudeo converso Pedro Alfonso de Huesca. Las Partidas raccolgono inoltre materiale di opere di carattere sapienziale o di letteratura gnomica, come i Bocados de oro (lett. "bocconi d'oro").

Dal punto di vista letterario, la prosa giuridica non dista molto da altri generi medievali, i quali influirono poderosamente nella sua gestazione, come nel caso del poema de debate.

Opera storica

Estoria de España

La Estoria de España, conosciuta nell'edizione di Menéndez Pidal come Primera Crónica General, costituisce la prima storia di Spagna in forma di romance. Il suo contenuto spazia cronologicamente dalle origini bibliche e leggendarie della Spagna fino alla contemporanea storia di Castiglia sotto Ferdinando III.

L'opera ebbe due stesure. La prima incomincia poco dopo la salita al trono del re castigliano (1260 circa) e si conclude verso il 1274; la seconda, chiamata Versión crítica, venne elaborata tra il 1282 e il 1284, data della morte del monarca.

Nella sua prima stesura, l'opera, completata nei primi anni del decennio 1270-1280, era costituita di quattrocento capitoli. Tuttavia, nel 1272, il re saggio intraprende un altro progetto monumentale, al quale dedicherà nuove energie: la compilazione di una storia di carattere universale intitolata Grande e general estoria, interrompendo la stesura della Estoria de España.

Tuttavia fu la Estoria de España ad essere diffusa, ampliata, e a servire da canone per la storiografia spagnola fino all'inizio dell'età moderna. La versione definitiva approvata da Alfonso X giunse fino al capitolo 616. Perciò, le contraddizioni degli ultimi capitoli della rifusione fatta da Menéndez Pidal nella sua Primera Crónica General, non debbono essere attribuite alla volontà del re, bensì all'uso di manoscritti tardivi e insoddisfacenti, in questa sezione dell'opera, da parte dell'erudito spagnolo.

Per raccontare la storia di Spagna, Alfonso X risale alle origini trovate nelle fonti bibliche, a Mosè, continuando a utilizzare miti e leggende della storia antica greca e latina. Mentre la storia progredisce, aumenta la prolissità nei dettagli, soprattutto riguardo al periodo che va dalle invasioni barbariche fino a Ferdinando III, dove le fonti più abbondanti sono le cronache e i cantares de gesta peninsulari.

Ma le opere più importanti a cui attinge il testo alfonsino sono le due grandi cronache latine che fornivano la conoscenza più completa della storia della Spagna di quel tempo: il Chronicon mundi (1236), di Lucas de Tuy, vescovo di Tuy, chiamato «il Tudense», e De rebus Hispaniae (1243), di Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, vescovo di Toledo, conosciuto come «il Toledano». Inoltre, la Estoria de España si servì di altre cronache latine medievali, della Bibbia, della storiografia classica latina, di leggende ecclesiastiche, di cantares de gesta in forma di romance e di storiografi arabi.

Grande e general estoria
La Grande e general estoria era un'opera molto ambiziosa che aspirava ad essere una storia universale, ma che rimase incompleta e interrotta alla sesta parte. La sua stesura fu intrapresa, a quanto sembra, poco dopo il 1272, quando era già in fase molto avanzata la Estoria de España. È possibile che Alfonso X desiderasse integrarla nella General estoria, ma il risultato più evidente è il fatto che l'inizio di quest'altro grande impegno storiografico e la stesura nella sua forma definitiva della storia di Spagna vennero ritardati, a causa della gran quantità di intellettuali che necessitavano per questa seconda grande impresa.

Sebbene vi siano fonti e caratteristiche comuni nella Estoria de España, in questo caso si predilesse l'interesse per i libri di storia della Bibbia e per gli storiografi classici disponibili nello scrittoio regale, che erano quelli che mantenevano vivo il suo vigore nella tradizione medievale, come Ovidio (da cui si estraggono frammenti dalla sua Metamorfosi) o lo Pseudo-Callistene che riferiva notizie sulla vita di Alessandro Magno.

Il proposito dell'opera appare nel seguente passo:

Similmente per quanto accade nella Estoria de España, il proposito perseguito è vincolare la sua monarchia alla storia che va dall'origine dei tempi fino ad arrivare al suo regno, in quanto Alfonso X il Saggio ambiva al titolo di imperatore. Si trattava di un'impresa politica che progettava di situare la Castiglia a capo dei regni cristiani peninsulari e a questo scopo il monarca si dotava di un'adeguata giustificazione storica.

Opera scientifica

La produzione di libri scientifici dallo scrittoio regio è variegata e promana dai progressi della scienza di Al-Andalus. Il Lapidario unisce lo studio delle proprietà delle pietre con la medicina e l'astronomia, mentre il Picatrix costituisce un trattato di magia ellenistico di stampo neoplatonico. Ma la maggioranza di essi lambiscono la più progredita scienza dell'epoca, l'astronomia, che all'epoca era una disciplina superiore alla matematica, sebbene coniugasse i suoi saperi con quelli dell'astrologia. In questo campo del sapere appartengono il Libro del saber de astrología — che riunisce vari trattati riguardanti la fabbricazione di strumenti di osservazione e di misurazione, come astrolabi, la azafea di Azarquiel e gli orologi di Isaac ben Sid —, il Libro de la ochava esfera, il Libro complido en los judizios de las estrellas, il Libro de las cruces (che tratta di astrologia giudiziaria), i Cánones de Albateni (una traduzione del trattato arabo di Ibn Yabir al-Battani) e, forse, il più influente: le Tavole alfonsine, tavole astronomiche che godettero di ampia diffusione in tutta Europa.

Lapidario

Il Lapidario è un trattato medico e magico sulle proprietà delle pietre in relazione all'astrologia, redatto verso il 1250 e conservato nella Biblioteca di El Escorial. Forse venne tradotto di nuovo, emendato, ampliato e riorganizzato tra il 1276 e il 1279.

L'opera fu ampliata nel 1279 con il Libro delle forme e immagini che stanno nei cieli, più conosciuto come Tablas del Lapidario. Il libro è una summa di trattati greci, ellenistici e arabi compilati probabilmente da Yehuda ben Moshe, medico reale e rinomato astronomo.

Il codice è corredato da circa cinquanta miniature di animali dello zodiaco. In questo tipo di trattati medievali di origine araba sulle virtù curative e magiche delle pietre, l'astrologia svolgeva un grande ruolo, poiché si pensava che ne spiegasse le proprietà.

Libro complido en los judizios de las estrellas

Si tratta di un adattamento del trattato di Ibn ar-Rigal (l'Abenragel dei cristiani) tradotto nel 1254 da Yehuda ben Moshe. Coniuga, come era in uso all'epoca, la scienza dell'astronomia con l'astrologia. Si occupa dei segni dello zodiaco, dei pianeti e delle sue qualità, dei movimenti celesti e della sua influenza nella vita umana.

Tavole alfonsine

Sono tavole astronomiche che contengono le posizioni esatte dei corpi celesti a Toledo dal 1º gennaio del 1252, anno dell'incoronazione del re Alfonso, e che informano del movimento dei rispettivi corpi celesti. L'influenza di queste tavole arrivò in Europa attraverso una revisione francese di inizio secolo XIV, il cui uso si protrarrà addirittura fino al Rinascimento.

L'obiettivo di queste tavole era fornire uno schema di uso pratico per calcolare la posizione del Sole, della Luna e dei pianeti basandosi sul sistema di Tolomeo. La teoria di riferimento prevedeva movimenti secondo epicicli e suoi deferenti. Per molto tempo furono la base di tutte le effemeridi che si pubblicarono in Spagna.

Le osservazioni originali provenivano dall'astronomo arabo cordovano dell'XI secolo al-Zarkali, e la revisione della stessa si basava sulle osservazioni effettuata a Toledo dagli scienziati ebrei alfonsini Yehuda ben Moshe e Isaac ben Sid tra il 1262 e il 1272.

Opera ricreativa
Tra queste opere di diporto o di ricreazione per nobili si trovano: un trattato di falconeria di Muhammad ibn Allah al-Bayzar (chiamato dai cristiani De scientia venandi per aves o Moamin latino, dall'omonimo falconiere alla corte di Federico II di Svevia), falconiere arabo del IX secolo, il Libro de los animales que caçan, e un libro sui giochi da tavolo dove viene descritto e insegnato il gioco degli scacchi (sebbene le regole siano un po' diverse da quelle moderne), dei dadi e delle tavole.
Le caratteristiche di questi due ultimi giochi sono pervenute fino ad oggi rispettivamente nel backgammon e nell'alquerque.

Libro de los juegos

Chiamato anche Libro del axedrez, dados e tablas, è il trattato di scacchi più antico che si conserva in Europa e consta di 98 pagine illustrate con numerose miniature che mostrano le posizioni dei giochi.

È uno dei documenti più importanti per la comprensione dei giochi da tavolo. L'unico originale conosciuto si trova nella biblioteca del Monastero di El Escorial. Una copia del 1334 si conserva nella biblioteca della Real Academia de la Historia.

Documenta lo stato e le regole del gioco degli scacchi medievali all'epoca in cui viene introdotto nei regni cristiani dall'islam. Il gioco degli scacchi del XIII secolo è diverso da quello moderno, emerso dalla rivoluzione che portò gli scacchi alla rabbiosa nel XV secolo e riflette Luis Ramírez de Lucena nel suo trattato di epoca rinascimentale Repetición de amores y arte de ajedrez (Salamanca, 1497). Fondamentalmente si trattava di gioco più lento, con meno possibilità di ottenere una vittoria per scacco matto e i cui trattati didattici (come quello del re saggio) davano molta importanza alla risoluzione di problemi scacchistici immaginari.

Opera perduta
Conosciamo l'esistenza di altre opere importanti redatte dallo scrittoio alfonsino che non ci sono pervenute, almeno nella loro versione finale in castigliano. Così successe per l'Escala de Mahoma, un'opera in castigliano del 1264, che ci è stata trasmessa in un esemplare in latino e una traduzione in francese. Anche il Livre des secrets de nature ci pervenne in francese, sebbene ebbe una stesura in castigliano, dato che nella prefazione si informa che il re saggio ordinò che fosse convertito in questa lingua a partire dall'originale greco e da una versione intermedia in latino. Del Liber Razielis si conserva solo la sua versione in latino, tradotta nel 1259 forse da Juan D'Aspa.

Trascendenza della sua opera

In che misura Alfonso X avesse contribuito all'opera che egli stesso promosse è una questione che rimane aperta. È fuor di dubbio che, oltre ad essere propulsore, mecenate, direttore e supervisore dell'opera che produsse, egli fu il responsabile della scelta dei libri che avrebbero dovuto realizzarsi.

Si può affermare, inoltre, che fosse intervenuto su questioni di stile, il che implica la somma importanza della sua responsabilità nella definizione della prosa castigliana, della quale corregge passaggi di sua propria mano. Così, nel Libro de la ochava esfera, dichiara che:
A partire dalla sua opera la norma utilizzata in castigliano si sposterà da quella usata nella regione di Burgos a quella di Toledo. Le soluzioni sintattiche e lessicali che dovette adottare Alfonso X hanno rappresentato un notevole sforzo, in quanto derivavano in gran misura dalla necessità di tradurre lingue con uno sviluppo tecnico e letterario molto evoluto, come il latino, l'arabo o l'ebraico, mentre il romance castigliano mancava di una tradizione letteraria attinente ai campi scientifici e umanistici a cui si avvicinava il re saggio. Ha inciso su questo sia la mancanza di un vocabolario adeguato che di "connettori" per discorsi complessi. Nonostante ciò, la prosa alfonsina non si esime dall'utilizzare risorse sintattiche precarie, soprattutto se le confrontiamo con quelle offerte dalle lingue "colte" di quest'epoca. Tuttavia l'arricchimento della prosa in castigliano fu notevole.

La maggior parte dei prestiti lessicali derivano dal latino e la loro assimilazione faceva supporre un aumento notevole del lessico castigliano, grazie all'utilizzo di neologismi che venivano leggermente adeguati alla fonetica in uso nella lingua romanza. Quando una parola appare per la prima volta nella scrittura, da quel momento verrà incorporata in modo definito e con naturalezza al resto dell'opera. Si produce inoltre, a causa dell'unitarietà dello scrittoio alfonsino e del compito di direttore svolto dal re, una regolarizzazione in tutti i piani della lingua.

Non bisogna dimenticare che il movente di tutto il suo lavoro, incluso quello letterario, è l'idea del predominio politico di Castiglia come capo di un progetto che risale alla primazia reale e ecclesiastica visigota di Toledo e che ha la sua continuità nel desiderio di Alfonso X di riunire i regni di Spagna sotto lo scettro imperiale. Ha influito sul fatto di non essere riuscito nell'intento di essere incoronato imperatore, come era suo desiderio, la stessa concezione di una Estoria de España che ravvisa un'idea unitaria dei territori della Penisola Iberica, nonostante a quest'epoca essa fosse una realtà più geografica e concettuale che politica di fatto. Tuttavia, il noto passo dell'opera storica citata dove descrive la geografia spagnola con tono encomiastico — «Del loor de España cómo es complida en todos los bienes» — ha il suo precedente in uno simile di sant'Isidoro di Siviglia, germe della coscienza di un'entità politica e del cosiddetto problema o ser de España nel pensiero successivo.

Riferimenti nell'intrattenimento
Le sue opere pseudo-scientifiche sono al centro di romanzi del ciclo dell'inquisitore Eymerich di Valerio Evangelisti, in particolare Picatrix, la scala per l'inferno e La luce di Orione.

Note

Bibliografia
  ALVAR, Carlos e José Manuel Lucía Megías, Diccionario filológico de literatura medieval española, Madrid, Castalia (Nueva Biblioteca de Erudición y Crítica, 21), 2002, pp. 1–86. ISBN 978-84-9740-018-3.
  DEYERMOND, Alan D., Historia de la literatura española, vol. 1: La Edad Media, Barcelona, Ariel, 2001 (1ª ed. 1973), pp. 166. ISBN 84-344-8305-X.
  FERNÁNDEZ-ORDÓÑEZ, Inés, "El taller historiográfico alfonsí. La Estoria de España y la General estoria en el marco de las obras promovidas por Alfonso el Sabio", en J. Montoya y A. Rodríguez (coords.), El Scriptorium alfonsí: de los Libros de Astrología a las "Cantigas de Santa María", Madrid, Fundación Universidad Complutense, 1999, pp. 105–126.
  LÓPEZ ESTRADA, Francisco, «La obra puesta bajo el nombre de Alfonso X», Francisco López Estrada e María Jesús Lacarra, Orígenes de la prosa, Madrid, Júcar, 1993, pp. 125–154.
  Parte del materiale di questo articolo è stato ottenuto daː wikillerato (educared), pubblico sotto licenza Creative Commons.

Voci correlate

 Scuola di traduttori di Toledo
 Traduzioni nell'Occidente latino durante il XII secolo
 Contributo islamico all'Europa medievale
 Rinascimento del XII secolo

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
  Obras de Alfonso X el Sabio - Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
  Lapidario nella Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes.
  Cantigas de Santa María (facsimile e informazioni complementari).
  Libro de los juegos (edizione paleografica di Sonja Musser Golladay).
  Libros del Saber de Astronomía, Catalogo dell'Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Immagini del manoscritto del 1276.
  Daniel Grégorio, «La producción del scrpitorium alfonsí», Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, n.º 27, 2005, pagg. 85-102. ISSN 0213-1382.

Opere di Alfonso X il Saggio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


sE Electronics sE X1 A - Конденсаторный студийный микрофон c 2/3" диафрагмой, направленость кардиоида, 20 Гц – 20 кГц, SPL 130 дБ, аттенюатор -20 дБ, Low Cut фильтр 100 Гц.
Конденсаторный микрофон X1A разработан на основе версии X1. Среди улучшений: оптимизирована электроника для снижения шумов и использован новый капсюль с мембраной 2/3 дюйма, позволяющей выдерживать звуковое давление до 150 дБ. Благодаря естественной частотной характеристике микрофон X1A подойдет при записывании вокала, струнных, акустических гитар и перкуссии.
-позолоченный разъём XLR, обеспечивающий надёжное соединение.
"With the sE Electronics X1 A an all-rounder appears on the stage of favorite condenser microphones, which can convince all around."
"...I can hardly find a flaw on this microphone. The X1 A can convince you of its balanced frequency response, rich bass, unobtrusive yet present mids, as well as gentle highs, features such as high-pass filter and pad, right up to the fantastic presentation of the microphone."
"It can be very easy to be snobby and make negative assumptions about inexpensive microphones, and the X1 range has done an excellent job of deflecting that criticism with some exceptional qualities at absurdly low prices."
"In particular, the microphone worked well on fingerpicked acoustic guitar, where the detail and focus of the X1 A worked perfectly with the already fairly bright nature of our dreadnought guitar."
"This sounds like a mic costing hundreds of dollars more. For the price, and what you get, this mic is truly amazing and one you should add to your mike locker. Who said great sound has to cost thousands?"


Rock Island has been doing neighborhood planning since the 1960s. Planning efforts evolved over the years from working with Model Cities to establishing Neighborhood Planning Areas in the 1970s and 1980s for specific and strategic improvements implementation. The city aggressively pursued neighborhood planning in the 1990s with many of the neighborhood organizations still operating today. Limited information about the neighborhood plans conducted in the 1990s is available. Explore information about each of Rock Island's neighborhoods.
Today the strong neighborhood network in Rock Island is recognized as an asset. The efforts of neighborhood planning and the linkages and partnerships among neighborhood organizations and agencies are utilized in many community efforts, ranging from Safe Routes to School travel plans and the school district's Check & Connect program to broader community efforts initiated by the National YMCA and United Way.


text:
Q: Set value on propertygrid combobox (jeasyui) How to set value on jeasyui combobox inside propertygrid using jquery?
I tried to fire the grid using a selector, and then select the "td" where the combobox is generated, but without success.
The value of the "td" changes, but when you click on the combobox or make a post the original previous value returns
   $("#datagrid-row-r4-2-3 > td:nth-child(3) > div").html('new value');

A: I got it, follow the code:
//update visual value on screen
$("#datagrid-row-r4-2-3 > td:nth-child(3) > div").html(row.cd_erro);
//update value
$("#pg").propertygrid('getRows')[3].value = 'new value';

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text: Q: Is there any other free flow diagram maker package than Graphite for Flutter? I want to add a flow diagram board to my Flutter application that users can add/remove blocks by drag and drop, edit block shapes or add onPressed() functionality to them, connecting the blocks together and also run something by taping on them. I found the Graphite package but still interested o know is there any other free options available?


We are a Yemeni-American led 501(c)(3) Tax-exempt Organization with Federal Tax ID Number 82-2418739.
We reject all forms of coercion, violence, and oppression against the civilian population of Yemen. We promote the ideals of an open society and support the right of people to be informed, healthy and safe.
Over the years we have supported many projects that provide aid to those most in need and to most hard to reach areas in Yemen.


text:
Q: Make UICollectionViewCell same width as UICollectionView Am writing this question just as a reference and to help anyone facing the same issue I faced. Many answers here at SO and in google search didn't provide a complete solution. So Here I answer my own question

A: Here is the code that works and sets both width and height correctly
import UIKit

class MyViewController: UIViewController, UICollectionViewDelegateFlowLayout, UICollectionViewDataSource {

    @IBOutlet weak var myCollectionView: UICollectionView!

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        myCollectionView.delegate = self
        myCollectionView.reloadData()
    }

    //Other methods here

    func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout,
                        sizeForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGSize {
        let width = collectionView.frame.size.width
        let cell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: "Cell", for: indexPath) //Put your Cell Identifier istead of Cell
        let height = cell.contentView.frame.height

        return CGSize(width: width, height: height)
    }

    func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, insetForSectionAt section: Int) -> UIEdgeInsets
    {
        return .zero
    }
}


This online course is geared towards high school students taking the AP Chemistry exam, but is also suitable for college students taking introductory chemistry. Lessons go in-depth with real world examples to help you understand what is occurring at the molecular level. In addition to covering all AP and first-year college chemistry topics, Professor Hovasapian also dispenses useful tips and strategies while working out a previous AP exam.


Rabies Vaccinations For Dogs and Cats Being Given Throughout Union County on Sunday, May 22.
« Kelly Presented Her Partner for Promotion Project at the College of Pharmacy.
On Sunday, May 22, from 1 to 4 pm, you can take your dog or cat to various locations throughout Union County to receive rabies vaccinations for $7. The vaccines can be given to dogs and cats four months of age and older. Those animals under four months will not be vaccinated.
Unfortunately, there are no locations in Plain City at this time. Dr. Allen of Pleasant Valley Vet Hospital used to kindly donate his time to give the vaccinations at the fire station here in town, but he was not asked to do that this year.


D.C. Second "Fittest" City In The Country?
USA TODAY -- The Twin Cities Minneapolis-St. Paul are the healthiest, fittest cities in the USA, followed by Washington, D.C., and Boston, according to a new analysis of the 50 most populous metro areas.
Oklahoma City ranks last, and Louisville is second to last.
The annual American Fitness Index, out today from the American College of Sports Medicine, is based on a number of health factors, including percentage of residents who smoke, obesity rates, percentage of people who exercise and availability of parks, walking trails and farmers' markets.
"It takes a healthy community to produce a healthy population, and Minneapolis-St. Paul is a beautiful place to live if you're interested in a physically active lifestyle," says Barbara Ainsworth, president-elect of the sports medicine group and a professor in Arizona State University's exercise and wellness program in Phoenix.
Among the reasons the Twin Cities ranked No. 1: a lower-than-average obesity rate, an above-average percentage of residents who exercise, a relatively low smoking rate and moderate-to-low rates of chronic health problems such as asthma, heart disease and diabetes. Plus the area has lots of parks and recreational facilities.
Minneapolis was one of the first cities to have organized bicycle trails and to prohibit smoking in public places, she says, and it has many parks and public golf courses.
Almost 16% of land in the city is park land vs. an average of 10% in other cities across the country, Ainsworth says. "The parks are filled with baseball diamonds, tennis courts, walking trails so there are many different ways to be active."
For the past three years, several cities have made the top 10, including Washington, Boston, Portland and Seattle, she says. "These are cities that are vibrant, active and very forward-thinking."
Oklahoma City is at the bottom of the list because of the residents' personal health habits such as smoking, not exercising enough and not eating enough fruits and vegetables, Ainsworth says.
The American College of Sports Medicine is working with several cities, including Oklahoma City and Indianapolis, to help create strategies and policies that make it easier for residents to be healthy, she says.
Experts are increasingly concerned about the country's health because two-thirds of people are overweight or obese, and only about a quarter meet the national exercise recommendations, which advise adults to get 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week.
Public health officials and others have been pushing for changes in the environment so that it's easier for people to be physically active where they live, work and play.
"The communities that scored well are places where physical activity is the convenient option," says Russell Pate, an exercise researcher at the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina-Columbia. He's chair of the National Physical Activity Plan, a coalition working to boost physical activity in the USA.
"Right now in so many places, there are many barriers to being physically active. We need to make changes across the country that will make physical activity the easy choice, the convenient choice."
The fitness index was designed by health and medical experts and funded by the non-profit WellPoint Foundation.
For more information, visit americanfitnessindex.org.


Blue-throated Bee-eater - a Sunday "Twitch"
Last Saturday evening I got a telephone tip-off to say that a Blue-throated Bee-eater was sitting on some wires less than two kilometres from where we live.
I "high-tailed" it up to Kwu Tung and met the finder, George Ho. I saw his photos and the wires the bird had been on, but the Bee-Eater was gone. Then the heavens opened, and it rained heavily until after it got dark.
George posted details of his sighting on the HKBWS website (link above), and both English and Chinese birdlines carried the news.
... circled a couple of times and disappeared, embodying, perhaps, the departure of spring.
Nice sunlight at the Mai Po boardwalk today. It was cool first thing this morning, but pretty soon felt like summer had arrived.
A few waders apart from the Dowitcher were still about, but they stayed on the tideline.
Yes, it was Hong Kong's version of "International Moth Night" with civilized temperatures and the odd bottle of Shiraz.
Many Thanks to Roger Kendrick, Andrew Hardacre, R & K Barretto and everyone else for a most diverting evening.
No, NOT an American Radio Station, but "World Migratory Bird Day".
This year it was actually TWO days, the weekend of 8th and 9th of May. Birdlife International's WMBD is aimed at focussing attention on Globally Threatened Migratory Birds.
But what I'm leading up to is that I haven't seen a Spoon-billed Sandpiper since February, despite searching through thousands of Red-necked Stints (with which they often associate on migration).
As I said before, there's a poignancy about seeing Spoon-billed Sandpiper, rather like meeting a friend with a terminal illness. You know they won't be around for much longer.
So, farewell then, Spoonbilled Sandpiper. I'm sorry, but I think you've "had it".
Some not-too-high tides at Mai Po these last few days, and we made an effort to catch some of the more tardy northbound waders on the Deep Bay tideline.
A good "find" for us was this Little Stint. In non-breeding plumage they are very hard to separate from Red-necked Stints, but I'm pretty confident about THIS one !
We saw over one hundred phalarope on the open sea. Their presence in is usually a good sign that seabird migrants are around. Although, until yesterday, I'd seen more phalarope at Mai Po than at sea !
Other visible migrants included a Peregrine, a couple of Barn Swallows and a few Little and Cattle Egrets, but my "bird-of-the-day" was THIS... a Hong Kong "tick" for yours truly, a beast that has been hiding from me for some time now..
Only one, only a fly-by, but in Sunday's light the view was clear enough.
A fine start to May !


text:
\subsection{Experimental Setup}

The main tool we used to collect data was Shadow, a network simulator designed to enable realistic and reproducible experiments with Tor. Shadow allows configuration of a network {\em graph}, which specifies nodes (network-connected hosts), how they are connected, and the processes that they should run. We sought to create a network graph resembling the live Tor network, with relays running the Tor process, and clients and servers running Tor and other processes to send and receive traffic over Tor.

We used TorNetTools~\cite{neverenough-sec2021} for this purpose. TorNetTools uses Tor Project metrics~\cite{wecsr10measuring-tor} to create {\em models} of the Tor network, which can be scaled down to account for resource constraints, specifically memory limitations, while remaining representative of the composition of the network. However, this scaling process involves random sampling, which can introduce error that might affect the conclusions of an experiment. Similarly, each simulation of a model involves random sampling, which could also introduce error.

To account for this, we generated multiple models and ran several simulations on each to produce our results. Using Tor Project metrics from March 2022, we generated two models at 0.5\% of the scale of the live Tor network at that time and two models at 0.75\% scale. We ran 5 simulations of each model with the default Tor configuration, which does not include any WF defenses, for a total of 20 simulations. We also compiled Tor with the padding-only defenses REB~\cite{mathews2018understanding}, Spring, and Interspace~\cite{pulls2020towards}, running a total of 20 simulations with each defense.

The models generated by TorNetTools consist of Tor relays; clients and servers that generate realistic network traffic and send it over Tor; and 100 {\em benchmarking clients}, which repeatedly perform 50 KiB, 1 MiB, and 5 MiB downloads throughout a simulation. We used these benchmarking clients to measure bandwidth overhead, delay, and failure rate. We begin by looking at bandwidth overhead, the typical measurement used when reporting the cost of a padding-only defense, with standard Tor, REB, Spring, Interspace.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=1MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Bandwidth overhead (\%),

          legend pos=north west,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_1M.csv};
        \legend{Control,Spring,Interspace,REB}
      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{1cm}
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=5MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Bandwidth overhead (\%),
          legend pos=south east,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},

          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_bwoh,col sep=comma] {PCTB_5M.csv};

      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}

\hspace{0.0cm}

\vspace{-12pt}
\caption{{\bf Bandwidth overhead:} Median of receive bandwidth overhead with standard Tor, Spring, and Interspace}
\label{fig-rbw}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=50KiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Time since start (ms),

          legend pos=south east,
          legend style={font=\tiny},

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_50K.csv};
        \legend{Control,Spring,Interspace,REB}
      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=1MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Time since start (ms),
          legend pos=south east,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},

          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_1M.csv};

      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=5MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Time since start (ms),
          legend pos=south east,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},

          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_time,col sep=comma] {TTB_5M.csv};

      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}

\vspace{-12pt}

\caption{{\bf Delay:} Time-to-byte data with standard Tor, Spring, Interspace, and REB
}
\label{fig-ttb}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=50KiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Failure rate (\%),

          legend pos=north west,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_50K.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_50K.csv};
        \legend{Control,Spring,Interspace,REB}
      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=1MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Failure rate (\%),

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_1M.csv};

      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b!]{0.31\textwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=5MiB Download progress (KiB),
          ylabel=Failure rate (\%),

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=CTL_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=SPR_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=INT_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_5M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=KiB_count,y=REB_error_rate,col sep=comma] {ERR_5M.csv};

      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{subfigure}

\hspace{0.0cm}
\vspace{-12pt}

\caption{{\bf Failure rate:} Percentage of attempted downloads that failed with standard Tor, REB, Spring, and Interspace
}
\label{fig-err}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Bandwidth overhead}

To visualize bandwidth overhead, we make a distinction between bytes of {\em content} received during a download and bytes of {\em padding} received. This allows us to examine the bytes of padding that have been received so far at any point in a download as a percentage of the bytes of content received. This is often referred to as {\em receive} bandwidth overhead; similarly, {\em send} bandwidth overhead is the padding sent as a percentage of the bytes of content sent, and total overhead takes both bytes sent and bytes received into account.

During each simulation, we measured the receive bandwidth overhead at various times throughout every download made by the benchmark clients. After filtering out the partial results of failed downloads, we calculated the median at each time for the three download sizes with standard Tor (the {\em control}), REB, Spring, and Interspace. We omit the results for REB since its median receive bandwidth overhead was 0\% for every download size. We also exclude all 50 KiB results as overhead was 0\% for the control and with each defense; the data for the 1 MiB and 5 MiB download sizes is shown in Figure~\ref{fig-rbw}.

For both download sizes, we observed lower values than those originally reported by the authors of the three defenses (for REB, 83\%~\cite{mathews2018understanding}; for Spring, 89\%; and for Interspace, 88\%~\cite{pulls2020towards}).  This is likely due to two factors: first, the different traffic patterns induced by single-file downloads as opposed to the web page downloads used as a basis for comparison in previous work will naturally lead to different patterns of adaptive cover traffic; and second, we observed a large fraction of failed downloads apparently caused by errors in the Tor circuit padding framework code, which we explore in the next section.

\subsection{Delay}

To measure delay, we recorded a timestamp and number of bytes each time data was received by a benchmark client. This allowed us to determine the time taken to reach any given byte count; that is, to examine the progress of each download over time. We aggregated these results over all simulations to obtain the median time to reach a number of progress points for the control and three defenses. In Figure~\ref{fig-ttb}, we compare the results for the 50 KiB, 1 MiB and 5 MiB download sizes.

It may be noted that the 50 KiB results are quite counterintuitive: the control actually had the highest median latency to every byte, and the median time to reach the 50 KiB mark for REB specifically was 5.5\% shorter than that of the control. The results for 5 MiB downloads are similar: although Interspace appears to have caused some additional delay, REB and Spring had shorter median times to 5 MiB than the control.

As with the bandwidth overhead data in Figure~\ref{fig-rbw}, we note that the time-to-byte data in Figure~\ref{fig-ttb} does not include the partial results of failed downloads. Since REB had a very high failure rate but little padding overhead, it is likely that download failures kept the total load on the network below that of the control throughout each simulation, allowing downloads that did succeed to complete more quickly.

Similarly, although Spring and Interspace involved more padding overhead, they both had very high failure rates for the 1 MiB and 5 MiB download sizes. As different benchmark clients performed downloads of all three sizes in parallel, it is likely that these download failures reduced the load on the network enough to affect the timing of successful downloads, including 50 KiB downloads.

To further illustrate this, we note that the time-to-byte data for 5 MiB downloads would seem to indicate that Spring had a median time to 5 MiB that was 9.6\% lower than that of the control. However, Spring had a 99\% failure rate for the 5 MiB download size, whereas the control had a 25\% failure rate, so this data is based on a much smaller pool of downloads that likely occurred when there was less load on the network.

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.7\columnwidth}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=Padding count (cells),
          ylabel=Download time (ms),

          legend pos=north east,
          legend style={font=\tiny},

          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},
          scaled x ticks=false,
          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot+[only marks,mark=+]
        table[x=INT_padding_count,y=INT_download_time,col sep=comma] {SCATTER_1M.csv};
        \addplot+[only marks,mark=x]
        table[x=SPR_padding_count,y=SPR_download_time,col sep=comma] {SCATTER_1M.csv};
        \legend{Interspace,Spring}
      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\vspace{-12pt}
\caption{Download time vs padding count (1 MiB)}
\label{fig-scatter1m}
\vspace{-12pt}
\end{wrapfigure}
The 1 MiB download size data comes closer to reflecting our expectations: it indicates that Spring and Interspace did add delay, although REB remained similar to the control. At the 25\% mark, Spring had a median latency overhead of 2.7\% and Interspace of 6.3\%; at completion,  Spring and Interspace had median latency overheads of 1.6\% and 7.8\%, respectively. REB finished slightly below the control, but had the highest median failure rate (89\%), which supports our conclusions about download failures.  Figure~\ref{fig-scatter1m} also shows this trend, with download time increasing as a function of padding cells, but with an R$^2$ of only 0.21 for Interspace and 0.28 for Spring.

\begin{figure
    \begin{tikzpicture}
      \begin{axis}[
          width=0.8\linewidth,
          grid=major,
          grid style={dashed,gray!30},
          xlabel=Padding count (cells),
          ylabel=Failure rate (\%),
          legend style={font=\tiny},
          legend pos=south east,

          no markers,
          every axis plot/.append style={very thick},

          scaled y ticks=false
        ]
        \addplot
        table[x=padding_count,y=CTL_error_rate,col sep=comma] {PAD_ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=padding_count,y=SPR_error_rate,col sep=comma] {PAD_ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=padding_count,y=INT_error_rate,col sep=comma] {PAD_ERR_1M.csv};
        \addplot
        table[x=padding_count,y=REB_error_rate,col sep=comma] {PAD_ERR_1M.csv};
        \legend{Control,Spring,Interspace,REB}
      \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}

\vspace{-12pt}
\caption{Failure rate vs padding count (1 MiB)
}
\label{fig-pad-err}
\vspace{-12pt}
\end{figure}
Although the precise mechanisms by which these failures occurred are unclear, we found that downloads were more likely to fail as the total number of padding cells sent and received increased (except REB, since it had negligible padding overhead) as seen in Figure~\ref{fig-pad-err}. That is, most of the downloads which did succeed involved a relatively low number of padding cells. This means that, in the absence of failures, the delay incurred by each defense should be expected to be higher than what we report.

Ultimately, even though we can't conclude that these defenses would result in a similar failure rate on the live Tor network, we suspect that latency overhead would be greater than what we observed in practice. Both cases represent potentially significant impacts on the usability of the Tor network, suggesting that rigorous evaluation of all potential usability factors is necessary before the deployment of any defense.

\section{Introduction}
\input{01-intro}

\section{Background}
\input{02-background}

\section{Experiments and Results}
\input{03-experiments}

\section{Conclusions and Future Work}
\input{04-conclusion}

\subsubsection*{Acknowledgements}
This work was supported by NSF grant 1815757 and the University of Minnesota Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP).

\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


So next time you see a post like the one we published in December (see below) ya just might want to get into gear because no one else is reporting on the review. Nobody!!
FAIRLAWN, OH & IRVING, TX: Fairlawn's Signet Jewelers Ltd. has engaged three new agencies to help boost its marketing and advertising after its sales slumped and Signet's stock took a severe beating in recent months.
Signet has struggled with sales of late. Following two years of wrangling with consumer and employee complaints — plus, the company still is dealing with a shareholder lawsuit over its consumer credit business — Signet announced Jan. 17 that it was cutting its earnings guidance for the quarter that would end Feb. 2, from expected earnings of $4.08 per share for the quarter to earnings of $3.92 or less. It said a decline in per-store sales was contributing to the decrease. It will release final numbers when it reports on its fiscal year in March.
That announcement sparked a decline of nearly 25% in Signet's stock price that day, as it closed at $25.13.
It was only the culmination of a long slide, though. Signet had been trading at more than $60 a share in October after briefly topping $65 per share last September.
The new agencies will improve the company's outreach and market position, Signet chief marketing officer Bill Brace said.
The new partners also are promising results.


text:
Q: How to use WordPress 3.8 back-end CSS in front-end? How to use WordPress 3.8 back-end CSS in front-end?
I want to use the back-end button CSS, button icons CSS etc. onto the front-end side. Is there any way, I can just call the CSS class in front-end to use them directly?

A: I believe you're asking how to include the admin styles in your front end theme?  If so, you simply need to either enqueue 'wp-admin' on it's own or list it as a dependency for your theme/plugin stylesheet.  Here are examples of both methods:
By itself:
wp_enqueue_style( 'wp-admin' );

As a dependency:
wp_enqueue_style( 'my-theme-styles', 'path-to-my-css.css', array( 'wp-admin' ), '1.0.0' );

There are also several individual parts of the admin css that can be enqueued separately as well:
'dashicons'
'admin-bar'
'thickbox'
'wp-admin'
'buttons'
'colors'

Although enqueueing any of these individually may have less than ideal results as I don't believe they are listed as dependent on eachother.


July saw the formal opening ceremony for the maternity bereavement suite at the William Harvey Hospital. Click here for more photos.
The care that bereaved parents receive in hospital following the death of their baby is crucial. These experiences may be remembered by parents for the rest of their lives, and bad experiences may exacerbate feelings of pain and grief for bereaved parents, potentially for many years to come. Small details can mean a great deal and the environment in which care is delivered is of particular importance. This is why dedicated bereavement care facilities are a necessity to ensure that parents receive care that best suits their needs. That is why we are so pleased that the WHH bereavement suite is now about to open. We say 'about to open' as at the time or preparing this report, there were still issues with the call system and the heat in the room which prevened it being used. This is frustrating on so many counts, particularly as we raised the issue of the heat a long time ago during the planning stage. Every day of delay is another day where bereaved families may have to be supported in inapproriate facilities. We will update this page as soon as we know the suite is in use.
Sands has campaigned for many years for proper facilities to be provided at every hospital The bereavement suite at Margate opened in October 2017 and now, at last, we have more approriate facilities at our other main hospital. This replaces the temporary 'Room 26' which Sands helped create a couple of years ago. Local press reports carried a picture of 'Room 26' before East Kent Sands gave it a makeover a couple of years ago. While this temporary room was far from ideal, since our makeover it certainly wasn't anywhere as bad as the press reports suggested!
The new facilities have come about following considerable fundraising by the Twinkling Stars project, part of the Hospital's charity activities, and special thanks to Charlotte and her family who did so much. East Kent Sands was pleased to be able to contribute financially, while also contributing to some of the design issues and gently chasing behind the scenes and, of course. Other charities and groups also contributed financially and we are grateful to them too.
Provide bereavement training for midwives, nursing, medical and other staff.
Paid for the makeover of the temporary bereavement room and supplied furniture and equipment.
Provide 'cuddle cots' and other equipment.
Offer memory boxes, information packs and special memory items.
Paid for eight staff to attend the national conference in York in September.
Contributed towards the costs of three bereavement suites at Margate and Ashford, as well as Hastings.
In addition we provide direct support to families, run the Baby Memorial Garden and take part in awareness-raising events most weeks. All of this is paid for by our fundraising & donations and deliverd by volunteers.


12th February is the day on which Hon Robert Kyagulanyi Sentamu a.k.a Bobi Wine breathed his first on earth. We celebrate his existence.
For the 37 years that the singer-turned-legislator has lived, he has turned his life around to become such an important role model and mentor to many youths.
His life story is one which perfectly fits the tag 'rugs to riches' going by the fact that he grew up from the ghetto to now being one of the most influential political figures in Africa.
Fellow Ugandan celebrities have joined Bobi Wine to celebrate today, with special messages to acknowledge his contribution in their lives and to the music industry at large.
First was his better half who couldn't wait for today to celebrate her lover's big day. As soon as we got into February, she knew it was time to celebrate.
Feffe Bussi has added his voice to those congratulating Bobi upon his new age as he regards the legislator as a mentor, leader, and one of the greatest artists of all time.
Happy birthday to Mr Bobi Wine. Wishing you more blessings . Faridah Body Mist @60k call 0702846530 .
As more celebrities continue to shower in their best of wishes, we want to wish a Happy Birthday to the Ghetto Gladiator!


text:
McMaster Revises Critical Remarks, Seeking to Reassure Turkey
By Staff Writer	 On Dec 15, 2017
U.S. National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster
U.S President Donald J. Trump's National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster sought to alleviate jolted nerves of the Turkish leaders by pledging close cooperation against radical terrorist groups in the Middle Eastern region.
Earlier this week, Mr. McMaster, the Director of U.S. National Security Council who is expected to unveil a comprehensive national security strategy next week, raised eyebrows in Ankara after he portrayed Turkey, along with Qatar, as "main sponsors of radical ideology."
His remarks elicited an immediate condemnation and criticism from the Turkish Foreign Ministry, which deemed such charges as "baseless and unacceptable." In a statement, the ministry pointed to Turkey's years-long efforts to combat extremist groups in the region.
"We recognize and support Turkey's efforts to bolster border security, halt foreign fighters and fight Daesh, and we will continue to work together to ensure Daesh's enduring defeat," the advisor told official Anadolu news agency.
"As noted, we will also increase efforts with Turkey and other partners to stop extremist actors that abuse financial infrastructure across the region," he said, according to Anadolu.
At an event in Washington, D.C., Mr. McMaster offered a sketch of the next week's detailed strategy. During his speech, he highlighted the "radical Islamist ideology as a threat to the civilized world."
To the chagrin of the current Turkish leadership, the advisor also said the problems between Turkey and the West mainly emanated from ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP).
But in speaking to the Anadolu, he appeared to backtrack his remarks.
"I was making the point that the United States and Turkey can do more together to cut off the finance of those who foment hatred and violence based on irreligious ideology," Hurriyet Daily News quoted him as saying.
Anadolu news agencyH.R. McMasterradical ideologyTrumpTurkeyUS National Security Advisor
Turkey to Try to Annul Trump Move on Jerusalem at UN
Turkey Seeks Repatriation of Police Officer Who Testified in US Case

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do Anti-Programmed Death Antibodies Cause Complications in Cancer Treatment?
One method a neoplasm may abscond massacre by the inoculated process is to strike the chambers that hanker otherwise annihilate it. For the confederacy to distinguish its own normally-functioning pretexts from odd chambers and invaders, routine cells illustrate molecules that regulatory immune cubicles appreciate. These molecules signal the guileless cells to award up an immune rejoinder. In the action of programmed equivocate death protein 1 (PD-1), which milky blood rooms called T dwellings use to recognize PD-L1 and PD-L2 on to be expected cells, a vegetation may display PD-L1 or PD-L2 in plenteousness to slow unfailing T chambers from charming demeanour against it and causing others to self-destruct.
Critiques called anti-programmed extermination antibodies (anti-PD-1) take for a ride been emerge b be published about. These counteractants block PD-1, enjoining it from respecting PD-L1 or PD-L2 and and so allow T stonewallings to act against the tumor. These narcotics, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, spread the unsusceptible return against cancer nooks. However, they are associated with autoimmune meles (teaches in which the genuine system censures the fraternity's own assemblies), including a domain of neurological rips, which are rag-bags affecting the genii or nervous thing. An improved expertness of which neurological problems result from anti-PD-1 catalogue therapy and the conditions that grounds these liabilities to arise after will and testament entrust clinicians to win intelligent decisions coupling to the appropriate use of anti-programmed extinction antibodies.
In a in US study divulged in JAMA Neurology, researchers analysed the ubiquitousness, archetypes, and grimness of neurological maladies associated with the use of PD-1-blocking antibodies (anti-PD-1). Researchers recant possession ofed accommodating observations from the Mayo Cancer Dispensary Database in Rochester, Minnesota. Patients who had permitted anti-PD-1 remedial proceedings for melanoma or well-founded lumps between September 2014 and May 2016 and initiated a neurological discompose within 12 months of antibody use were encompassed in the investigation. Those for whom the neurological circumstances was attributed to the cancer itself or to other cancer nostrums were excluded. Researchers assessed neurological job detesting tenacity and muscle conduction analyses, which person their mastery to transmit signals. Inexorableness, as even by a dependence on others to routine acts of garden living, was scooped from 0 to 6 where 0 mimicked self-assurance and 6 represented defeat.
In total, 347 perseverants were tangled in the analysis – 204 consider as home pembrolizumab anti-PD-1 clique therapy, 142 be delineated nivolumab, and one redirected from nivolumab to pembrolizumab. Ten (2.9%) of these patients had a neurological setting possibly motive by anti-PD-1 treatment, and not anyone of the participants had a ages of yore of neurological or genuine dysfunction. Seven had retreat down pembrolizumab and three had communicated nivolumab.
There were four bathrobes of weakness in numerous muscle constituents, two cases of spirits dysfunction, and off cases of redness in the cerebellum, which is a segment mostly of the understanding snarled in motor manoeuvre, autoimmune guerdon to the retina (a precincts of the eye which owns us to designate remodel and identification), crippled eye faction, and bother. Seven of the 10 firms ended treatment after shows began. Seven drew prednisone hourly for an average of 27 primes. To carry out neurological for ti, two received immunoglobulin (utilized to look after autoimmune disarrays) with prednisone, and one considerate received immunoglobulin without equal.
The austerity of manifestations slackened in eight patients who calm treatment for neurological involvements and in one stoical who did not get treatment for neurological predicaments. Four valetudinarians died. Of the four that mouldered, one was enchanted off of freshness buttress rudely after the start of suggestive ofs and the other three object away due to the check of their cancer. Two patients remained in subsidence. Four restarted anti-PD-1 psychotherapy after treatment for their neurological drudgery orders, one stopping-placed due to tangible dysfunction, and two continued slow down regimens.
The fingers suggest neurological troubles associated with psychoanalysis consuming anti-programmed dispatch antibodies are rare. In summing-up, although neuromuscular disorders were the most shared type of convolution, there was biggish substantial unlikeness surrounded by the ups. Future observational weighs may aid from a multi-centre interpret design in inform to more accurately be converted into the frequency of neurological complications and account for the great of patient calibrations (e.g. cancer species and the bearing of other ailments) and variations in treatment notes. Show ining clinical boning ups may also be considerate as they acceptance permit the rally of data separate to the research begs.


Covered parking located right at the Terminal, including fastTRACK security. Up to 5 people can use the FastTrack Bridge on level 2 of the multi-storey car park, which takes you straight into our new security hall.
Get from your car to the departure lounge in around 5 minutes. Super quick and ideal for the business traveller or who like to make a quick getaway; Full Park Mark award accredited car park with CCTV so you know your car will be safe and secure while you are away; Your car will be waiting for you when you return.
To use the bridge and skip check-in, you will need to be pre-checked in and have your valid boarding pass (e-ticket or paper copy), and only have hand luggage. Your parking reservation will still be valid for fastTRACK if you need to use check-in or bag drop.


text:
.class Landroid/media/MediaSync$AudioBuffer;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
.source "MediaSync.java"

# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;
    value = Landroid/media/MediaSync;
.end annotation

.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
    accessFlags = 0xa
    name = "AudioBuffer"
.end annotation

# instance fields
.field public mBufferIndex:I

.field public mByteBuffer:Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;

.field mPresentationTimeUs:J

# direct methods
.method public constructor <init>(Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;IJ)V
    .locals 1
    .param p1, "byteBuffer"    # Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;
    .param p2, "bufferId"    # I
    .param p3, "presentationTimeUs"    # J

    .prologue
    .line 177
    invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V

    .line 179
    iput-object p1, p0, Landroid/media/MediaSync$AudioBuffer;->mByteBuffer:Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;

    .line 180
    iput p2, p0, Landroid/media/MediaSync$AudioBuffer;->mBufferIndex:I

    .line 181
    iput-wide p3, p0, Landroid/media/MediaSync$AudioBuffer;->mPresentationTimeUs:J

    .line 178
    return-void
.end method

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If Ajmal Kasab's cousins come calling again or pirates strike over choppy seas, India's marine commandos (Marcos) will take just over an hour to launch a counter-offensive. Leading the charge will be two Marcos squadrons, deployed in Mumbai and Port Blair, equipped with "duck drop" systems fitted on Ilyushin-76 aircraft.
This is a "force-multiplier", said a scientist from the Aerial Delivery Rese-arch and Develop-ment Establishment, the Agra-based outfit that designed the system. Once paradro-pped from aircraft, it all-ows marines to assemble inflatable motorised boats in 10 minutes and race towards ships in distress.
"Once commandos are near the target, they can dismantle the boats and travel underwater to mount a surprise attack. The marines can be deployed in an hour, unlike earlier when it took up to 48 hours to reach targets as they had to travel on ships. Each system (two boats) can take 32 commandos, weapons and fuel," the scientist told this newspaper.
The scientist said the "duck drop" system was inducted recently by the Navy after several trials in the Indian Ocean. "It took us two years to develop the system; it's a cost-effective way to rush commandos for rescue operations. It costs less than a tenth of a similar system that US marines use onboard C-130J Super Hercules. It is also impossible to acquire these as the US has banned their sale," he added.
The "duck drop" system will be on display for the first time at Aero India 2013.


text:
The owners have decided to move on, she said. They are looking for a buyer for the restaurant.
Hague said one of the main problems was finding help in tiny Strong City, which has a population of fewer than 500. The restaurant has been running on a skeleton crew, with just herself, her husband and her mother in the kitchen. One weekend when they all had the flu, they had to close.
The setup wasn't sustainable and was affecting their happiness.
"It's been a rough couple of months, but once we made this decision, it's made it a lot better," Hague said.
She and her husband now "will have to get real jobs," she said, with a laugh. They've talked about opening a food truck, but that would happen only after they get all the restaurant business settled.
Hague said she's hopeful she can find a buyer for Ad Astra.
"We've had a little bit of interest from some people," she said. "Hopefully something will happen. A lot of people realize the value it brings to community."
Hague, who grew up in the Flint Hills, opened her restaurant along with her husband, Ben, three years ago, and it had a devoted following around the state. It served an eclectic mix of American favorites made with a gourmet twist like bison burgers, Creekstone farms rib eye and fried Brussels sprouts.
This little neighborhood eatery in Wichita has gone dark again
The Wichita beer drinkers who hoist the longest on Saturday win a trip to Chicago


One of my favorite trips I went on a few summers back was to Roma. I remember spending two months planning our eight day trip to various cities in Italy. I had the full schedule covering sight-seeing, restaurants to dine at, and experience local culture. One thing I miss was the architecture. The intricate detail of the buildings and how everything was done by hand in a grand-design that just makes you grab a cup of coffee, sit on a bench and admire.
Kind of like this dress I picked up from Mendocino. The moment I saw it, I instantly fell in love with the intricate design in print and style. I have a few weddings to attend in the next few weeks and I wanted something that was unique, different and fun. Kind of like the ladies whose weddings I will be attending. At the same time, I wanted a dress that was perfect to camouflage the little bulge I have from my pregnancy.
Isn't the dress just beautiful!! So perfect for summer and weddings!
I love short weekend trips! Before I met him, that's all I did with my girlfriends and they were the best! I hear you about having limited vacation time with jobs, I would take time out and unpaid leave just so we could travel before we had kids.
Beautiful frames, all of them. You look stunning in this floral beauty.
Oh WOW, this dress is truly stunning. And I love the handbag that you styled it with.
I can tell why you would love this dress. It is absolutely beautiful and breathtaking! I love that gorgeous print!
Beautiful dress & great shades. You look so pretty girl!
Love this maxi dress! Looks so glamorous yet summery fresh!
What a stunning dress. It's so beautiful! Definitely would be a great dress to wear for your upcoming weddings.
This outfit looks amazing on you! I love the photos!
That dress is so incredible! And I love that bag!
This dress is beautiful and you look stunning. I can see the glow 🙂 That is so amazing that you were able to travel to so many amazing places. Thank you for sharing babe.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <title>Meme Generator</title>

Meme Generator

Select a meme

      {% for img in imgs %}

          {{ img.name }}

          <input type="radio" name="radio-meme" value="{{ img.key }}" data-set-select="#meme"] {% if img.selected %} checked="checked" {% endif %}/>

      {% endfor %}

Enter meme content

      <form id="meme-form">

          Meme:
          <select id="meme" name="meme" class="one-whole" data-set-radio="[name=radio-meme]">
            {% for img in imgs %}
              <option name="meme" value="{{ img.key }}">{{ img.name }}</option>
            {% endfor %}
          </select>

          Top:
          <input type="text" id="top" name="top" placeholder="your text" class="one-whole"/>

          Bottom:
          <input type="text" id="bottom" name="bottom" placeholder="goes here" class="one-whole"/>

          <button type="submit" class="btn-large btn-block">Generate meme</button>

      </form>

Result


Started off with technical issues, to be honest (tried a new microphone that didn't work out well, yet, anyway), and then eventually discussed Tom Buck's currently running series of articles on Living Out. Then moved to the Traditional Text position (TR) finishing up with a look at the endings of Mark. We will be back on Thursday of this week. Don't forget the South Texas Bible Conference this weekend, and then next weekend the Sola Scriptura conference in Morgan Hill, CA (see the banner ads up above). Looking forward to seeing our friends!
Regular length show today (60 minutes!) with some material at the start on the difficult life of the church sound guy (thanks to the Babylon Bee). Then we talked about racialism, oppression, and the interpretation of Scripture (with shout outs to Cross Politic and others), and finished up with a few verses people use to try to make certain points about the preservation of the text. Next program is scheduled for Wednesday from North Las Vegas, Nevada with Summer Jaeger of Sheologians—and the grandkids!
I had intended to cover more than one topic today. Failed miserably. We spent the first half an hour with Pastor Tom Buck who was at the Q&A session of the Shepherd's Conference yesterday and was able to give us a first-hand report on his impressions of what took place. Then we played a major portion of the Q&A, interacting with the statements as they were made, seeking to understand why Dr. Mohler responded as he did, the relevance of the questions, etc. Though I sought to be fair and balanced and gracious, I am sure many will find reason to dislike my comments. But, my hope is simply to bring some background and some light to a confusing situation. 1:56 in length!


Below is the detail relating to the information that we gathered from millenniumhotels.co.uk website.
Website Description : Millennium & Copthorne Hotels: 4 star hotels in the UK, including the best areas of London - Kensington, Mayfair and Knightsbridge. Exclusive special offers!


text:
Q: Redefining prototype vs appending to prototype in Javascript From here: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Closures

Performance considerations

function MyObject(name, message) {
  this.name = name.toString();
  this.message = message.toString();
}
MyObject.prototype = {
  getName: function() {
    return this.name;
  },
  getMessage: function() {
    return this.message;
  }
};

However, redefining the prototype is not recommended. The following example instead appends to the existing prototype:

function MyObject(name, message) {
  this.name = name.toString();
  this.message = message.toString();
}
MyObject.prototype.getName = function() {
  return this.name;
};
MyObject.prototype.getMessage = function() {
  return this.message;
};

Above quotes and codes are from the given link.
I want to understand how does the first code suggest that we are redefining the prototype and how does the second code suggest that we are appending the prototype?
What represents redefining and what represents appending in the above pieces of code?

A: first code MyObject.prototype = { ... } suggest redefining the prototype as we set the completely new object to the MyObject.prototype.
but the second code suggests appending as it only assigns the function by the specific key(getName and getMessage) of the object.

A: When you redefine the prototype object you are creating a whole new object, instead of preserving the existing prototype with its properties, this is undesirable.
If we redefine the prototype object, it will break the inheritance hierarchy. Particularly instanceof and Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf won't work as expected.
Let's take an example and show a simple inheritance hierarchy with ChildClassOne and ChildClassTwo inheriting from ParentClass.
In the first case the inheritance is broken as the prototype is overriden with a completely new object which erases every information which was present already, instead of appending to the prototype received from the Object.create call.
In the second case it works as expected as the prototype is not replaced:

function ParentClass(param) {
  this.param = param;
}
ParentClass.prototype.getParam = function() {
  return this.param;
}

function ChildClassOne(param, name, message) {
  ParentClass.call(param);
  this.name = name.toString();
  this.message = message.toString();
}
//Inheriting through prototype
ChildClassOne.prototype = Object.create(ParentClass.prototype);
ChildClassOne.constructor = ChildClassOne;

//Prototype completely overriden, destroying the hierarchy
ChildClassOne.prototype = {
  getName: function() {
    return this.name;
  },
  getMessage: function() {
    return this.message;
  }
};

//the instanceof and isPrototypeOf is broken
const child1 = new ChildClassOne("bazz", "foo", "bar");
console.log(child1 instanceof ParentClass);
console.log(ParentClass.prototype.isPrototypeOf(child1));
console.log(ChildClassOne.prototype instanceof ParentClass)

function ChildClassTwo(param, name, message) {
  ParentClass.call(param);
  this.name = name.toString();
  this.message = message.toString();
}

//Inheriting through prototype
ChildClassTwo.prototype = Object.create(ParentClass.prototype);
ChildClassTwo.constructor = ChildClassTwo;

//Preserving the heirarchy information, by appending to existing prototype
ChildClassTwo.prototype.getName = function() {
  return this.name;
};
ChildClassTwo.prototype.getMessage = function() {
  return this.message;
}

//Works as expected
const child2 = new ChildClassTwo("bazz", "foo", "bar");
console.log(child2 instanceof ParentClass);
console.log(ParentClass.prototype.isPrototypeOf(child2));
console.log(ChildClassTwo.prototype instanceof ParentClass)