I graduated from a top beauty school in California, and currently, own several successful beauty salons in the LA area. I know about hair and how to make a woman beautiful. I have used almost all the styling tools one can think of, and will be reviewing some of them in due time. Subscribe to my post and receive tips on hair-do, make-up and other beauty products. I do read comments posted on my post and reply to all in due time. Thanks for stopping by, and hope you enjoy some of my tips.
I am more of a fitness buff and more into reviews of products that can help you stay within shape. I currently work as an addiction help specialist. To get some of my quitting addiction tips subscribe to the bog post. You can leave your comments at the end of each article.
As an older woman, I have so many life-experiences and my reviews will be from that angle. With four kids – three girls and one boy, weight-loss and personal hygiene products are some of the issues I can write about with authority.
As a mom with three kids, I have insights into issues concerning infant health and behaviors that most writers could only research. Within the last few years, I have gotten used to exploring mother-nature, and most of my reviews will be coming at you from that angle.


text:
USC Football
USC's Lane Kiffin on how he wants USC to win
By Paragon SC Aug 29, 2012, 4:15pm PDT
Share All sharing options for: USC's Lane Kiffin on how he wants USC to win
Aug 21, 2012; Los Angeles, CA, USA; Southern California Trojans coach Lane Kiffin at practice at Dedeaux Field. Mandatory Credit: Kirby Lee/Image of Sport-US PRESSWIRE
Lane Kiffin wants USC to win style...but he also wants some "Showtime".
Winning is not enough, according to Lane Kiffin.
Because of the city their campus is located in, the Trojans can't just beat teams and get on with it. They must win with flair, with a sense of style all their own, the USC coach explained.
"L.A.'s a town that isn't real fired up about winning games, 14-10, and showing up," Kiffin said Wednesday. "It is what it is. You've got a lot to compete with."
The last part of his comment is certainly true: The L.A. area has numerous sports interests, with six or seven other successful teams competing, including the Lakers, Clippers, Dodgers, Angels, Kings and UCLA basketball all in the news regularly.
But if USC were to win every game this season by a score of 14-10 -- every game -- would Trojan fans really be upset?
Kiffin seems to think so, citing the Lakers' exciting style of basketball under Pat Riley in the 1980s as evidence Angelenos require excitement from their sports teams.
"There is a Showtime element," Kiffin said. "There is a style factor to it.
Nothing would make any of us happier than to carpet bomb every team we play this year while acting like we have been there before.
That might be difficult to expect from young men who are constantly hyped and splashed on ESPN, Fox or whatever.
But if any team can do it it would be this team.
We have discussed the NCAA sanctions until we are blue in the face. We have also discussed the fundamental change that Lane Kiffin and Pat Haden have instilled...getting rid of malcontents and me first players, players holding each other accountable, etc.
Like I indicated in my 1-2 Punch piece below, the atmosphere that Kiffin has cultivated goes a long way in building this teams maturity. Selfishness will not a problem here. I would also suspect that showboating will be minimal. The lack of a circus sideline that the NCAA took away from USC will also temper the craziness that we saw in the past.
Well, I can tell you. I really don't care about style, as everyone's interpretation is different...but I do care about Showtime!!!
Next Up In USC Football
Trojans land local 2022 4-star WR Kevin Green Jr.
Slovis, Jackson among projected 2022 first-round picks
Pac-12 announces 2021 football schedule
EA Sports announces reboot for NCAA Football franchise
Ceyair Wright commits to USC!
Talanoa Hufanga declares for the 2021 NFL Draft

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Brian is back! If you have plant questions, call the Whitfill Nursery Garden Show at 602-260-9191 on Saturdays from 7:00am to 9:00am and listen on 1230 KFYI!
Did you miss the show or want to listen to past shows? Click the image below to listen to all of Brian's Radio Shows on KFYI!


How to Find the Perfect Dog House for Your Dog – In a absolute world, you will be skillful to keep your dog inside. But sometimes that just isn't possible. Perhaps your dog has outgrown your house, or you have a new baby or an elderly relative distressing in that you are worried virtually your dog beast around. In either case, the solution is not to comprehensibly cast your dog out into the backyard without any shelter. If your dog has to be outside most of the time, it is important to offer a dog house so your dog can continue to flesh and blood safely and comfortably. Indeed, even if your dog is allowed in the house, a dog home can yet be a fine idea if your dog will be spending lengthy periods outside during the day. In such cases, a dog house will allow shade upon sunny days, and glow upon cool days.
The most obvious factor to believe to be as soon as choosing a dog house is the size of your dog. It should be broad tolerable for your dog to stretch or to perspective around. Don't buy one that is too large for your pet. Your dog will not be suitable in a large blank space. Think approximately the places in your house where your dog likes to snooze and try to assent that size; these places will usually be nestled into corners, or on landings, or curled happening in a dog bed. attempt to locate the size that will make your dog as good as possible.
The bordering important consideration is climate. If you stimulate in a totally hot place, get a dog house that is without difficulty ventilated. Some manufactures meet the expense of raised dog houses to allow for an even greater air flow more or less and through the dog house. Alternatively, if the heat is essentially bad, you can even purchase dog houses similar to air conditioning. If you pick to go this route, be certain that it has a contact subsequent to a fine seal to urge on save the electricity bills down. If you are more concerned practically snow than heat waves, choose a dog house that is waterproof and competently insulated. As a bonus for your pet, you can buy a enraged pet bed.
If you and no-one else dependence a dog home on a performing arts basis, you should declare purchasing a portable dog house. Resembling a small tent, they are collapsible and, as the publish indicates, vivacious and easy to transport. even if not expected to withstand a winter storm, they are usually made of completely breathable materials and can provided a convenient and courteous home away from home like travelling considering your dog. If you plot to use a portable dog home while on the road, however, you should get your dog used to using it at house first in the past irritating it in a supplementary place where your dog may setting sick at ease.
As a perfect consideration, if you are particularly straightforward once tools, deem building the dog home yourself. A number of basic plans are welcoming on the internet for you to pick from. save in mind, however, that depending how proficient you are like woodwork, this may tilt out to be a more costly option. Additionally, ensure that the dog home you've made is stable and will withstand the elements before putting your dog in it for the night.
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Vancouver, Wash., January 16, 2019 – DiscoverOrg, the leading marketing and sales intelligence provider, is proud to receive four prestigious annual top software awards from G2 Crowd, the largest business commerce platform.
Among the 2019 winners of its annual Best Software Awards, DiscoverOrg's B2B intelligence platform landed among the Top 100 Software Products, Top 50 Fastest Growing, Top 50 Products for Sales and Top 50 Products for Mid-Market Businesses – further establishing that high-quality company, contact and intent data are must-haves for sales and marketing teams of all sizes in 2019.
Tech companies on the list are selected based on data provided by its software users, and, as a result, have proven their commitment to customers and providing technology that delivers.
With over 45,000 software companies on G2, DiscoverOrg's recognition on four of G2 Crowd's best software lists is an exceptional achievement, and one that can only be earned through the endorsement of thousands of users.
G2 Crowd compiled the list using data collected from over 270,000 authentic customer reviews written between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2018. Reviews spanned across nearly 60,000 software products, and each review is vetted by an individual person, not a machine, to ensure legitimacy.


Looking for an easy way to share with others how to know Jesus Christ?
This digital toolbox puts some of the most effective and widely used evangelistic tools on your smartphone.
The God Tools app goes wherever you and your phone go. It will help you guide someone through a simple and straightforward explanation of the gospel as well as provide resources for follow up and growth. The 35 languages available on the app as well as a parallel language feature will help you cross language barriers. When God gives you opportunities for spiritual conversation, you can feel prepared and confident to talk about Christ wherever you happen to be.
By simply using your phone, you can share your faith.
Included in the app are 3 digital booklets and a library of evangelistic articles.
The first two booklets offer a simple and straightforward Gospel message, while "Satisfied?" helps Christians understand what it means to truly walk in the power of the Holy Spirit.
God Tools also contains compelling articles on a variety of topics from EveryStudent.com, where people seeking answers to their questions about life and God can find answers.
Best of all, once downloaded to your device, God Tools can be used anywhere, even if you don't have internet access; all parts of God Tools function completely without an internet connection.
At Miami University in Ohio students created a week long outreach centered around the God Tools App. The outreach was called "Questions for God". Each student in the movement was was given a 3x5 card with the top 10 questions student have concerning God.
On the week of the outreach students carried around the 3x5 cards wherever they went and took the step of faith to ask friends and classmates this question, "If you could ask God any question what would you ask him?" This would spark great conversations and opportunities to listen to the hearts of Miami students. Our students were then trained how to go to the everystudent.com part of the app, search for the related article to their question and offer to read it with them together and have a follow up conversation in the near future.
Chris, a senior leader in our movement, was friends with Zach, a well accomplished senior Greek student who was a devout atheist. Through this outreach and talking through several of the questions Zach had for God and directing him to read many of the articles on the app, a series of deep conversations began between Chris and Zach. Through these conversations Chris and others began to see Zach's hard atheist shell begin to crack. Zach began to share, often through tears, about his loneliness and need for love. Two weeks before Zach was to graduate and begin a prestigious job with a big four accounting firm Chris sat down with him for yet another conversation where Zach would fire out question after question about the validity of the faith. Chris saw the opportunity and shared the gospel with Zach that afternoon. The devout atheist, 2 weeks before graduation, gave his life to Jesus.
If you have any comments or suggestions, please write us at support@godtoolsapp.com. We're already working on our next version!


Dow Jones wiped out 300 points amid lowering likelihood for US-China trade deal.
The main indexes on the New York Stock Exchange ended today's trading session on red after it became clear that the meeting between US President Donald Trump and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, would unlikely happen before the expiry of the temporary trade truce in March.
The blue-chip index Dow Jones Industrial Average wiped out 289.49 points, or 1.14%, closing at 25,100.81 points. The broader S&P 500 reported a decline of 1.25% to 2,697.38 points, while the technology benchmark Nasdaq Composite fell by 108.61 points to 7,266.67 points.
Earlier it became clear that the meeting between US President Donald Trump and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, would unlikely happen before the expiry of the temporary trade truce in March. This means that no agreement will be reached between Washington and Beijing by the beginning of March and the latest US tariffs on Chinese imports will automatically enter into force.
White House Economist Adviser Larry Kudlow said that "the US and China are unlikely to reach a trade deal before the end of the deadline".
Meanwhile, the European Commission (EC) has considerably reduced its forecasts of economic growth in both the European Union and the Eurozone against a background of an expected slowdown in some of Europe's largest economies. The European Commission predicts economic growth to continue but more moderate. In 2019, the Eurozone's gross domestic product (GDP) growth will be 1.3%. This is a significant decrease from the autumn forecast of 1.9%.
In the bond markets, the yields on 10-year and 30-year US Treasuries declined to 2.655% and 2.999%, respectively.
In the currency markets, the US dollar index rose by 0.13% to 96.51 points. The Euro fell against the US dollar by 0.10% to 1.1348 USD.
The stocks of SunTrust Banks and BB&T Corp rose by 10% and 4% respectively, after the announced all-stock merger between the two banks, which is valued at 66 billion USD and will create sixth-largest US commercial bank. The deal would create a company with 442 billion USD in assets, as well as 324 billion USD in deposits with a customer base of around 10 million American households. The all-stock deal will see SunTrust investors receiving 1.295 shares of BB&T for each share they own, with BB&T owning 57% of the combined group to 43% for SunTrust.
The stocks of Twitter fell by 9.84% after the social network warned that expenses would rise notably this year as it moved to protect the integrity of its platform.
The stocks of Chipotle Mexican Grill rose 11.35% after the burrito chain posted adjusted fourth-quarter earnings that beat analysts' estimates.
T-Mobile U.S. appreciated by 2% after posting better-than-expected fourth-quarter earnings and added more than 1 million new customers to its post-paid wireless network.
FAANG (Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google) stocks were also on red, posting a decrease between 1.5% and 2.5%.
Twitter posted stronger-than-expected fourth-quarter earnings with revenue of 909 million USD and an increase in sales by 24% to 717 million USD. The earnings per share were 0.31 USD again beating analysts expectations. The monthly users in the micro-blogging platform were 321 million, which is down by 9 million year-on-year, but matching with forecasts. The company set revenue guidance for the first quarter of 2019 to 715-775 million USD. However, Twitter warned that expenses would rise notably this year as it moved to protect the integrity of its platform.
T-Mobile US Inc on Thursday reported quarterly revenue and profit that beat Wall Street estimates, as the wireless carrier added more customers than expected after expanding its network, particularly in US rural markets. T-Mobile said it added a net of about 1 million so-called postpaid phone subscribers in the fourth quarter compared with 891,000 additions a year earlier. Analysts were expecting 912,000 new subscribers. The company's net income fell to 640 million USD, or 0.75 USD per share, in the fourth quarter, from 2.71 billion USD, or 3.11 USD per share, a year earlier, when it recorded a big one-time tax-related gain.


text:
Air Force Employee Assistance Program: New phone number, new website goes live Nov. 10
75th Air Base Wing Public Affairs / Published November 07, 2019
The Air Force Employee Assistance Program will relaunch at 12:01 a.m. Nov. 10, 2019, with a new phone number, 866-580-9078, and new website, www.AFPC.af.mil/EAP. The program will provide the same services and same access to care provided in the past with continued access 24/7 via telephone, website or in-person. (Courtesy graphic)
HILL AIR FORCE BASE, Utah -- The Air Force Employee Assistance Program will relaunch at 12:01 a.m. Nov. 10 with a new phone number and new website.
The program will provide the same services and same access to care provided in the past with continued access 24/7 via telephone, website or in-person.
The AF EAP program provides civilian employees and their families with free, confidential resources and support to help manage normal everyday life challenges that may affect job performance and personal well-being.
Officials said the program has been available to people within Air Force Materiel Command and at Hill Air Force Base for some time, but it's new to the service as a whole.
"This program hasn't been a part of the Air Force culture for long so it's important to raise awareness about it," said Danna Plewe, AF EAP program manager. "Everyone has challenges they face in their everyday life and that is the reality of being alive. Those challenges make it hard to be present in the workplace or at home. This program is the civilian employee equivalent of Military OneSource, designed to match members with a plethora of resources available to them."
No matter if the issue relates to work, relationship, family, health, finances or substance use, AF EAP can help.
All Air Force civilian personnel (APF and NAF), Guard and Reserve, and family members will be able to use the program at no charge to the individual or family member. This will also include any Army personnel that might fall under an installation's area of responsibility as well.
What has changed is how to access the program:
New phone number: 866-580-9078
New website: www.AFPC.af.mil/EAP
Officials said the changes are due to a changeover with the contract. However, the service to each client will remain the same.
The new number is scheduled to be online Nov. 10 at 12:01 a.m. and officials said they do not anticipate any disruption in service. If people call the previously used FOH EAP phone number after 12:01 a.m. Nov. 10 they will be transferred to the new number for a period of time.
For more information, contact hqafmca1.a1ri.eap@us.af.mil.
EAP Employee Assistance Program wellness counseling AF EAP


text:
Karasznyán (szlovákul Krasňany) község Szlovákiában, a Zsolnai kerületben, a Zsolnai járásban.

Fekvése
Zsolnától 12 km-re keletre fekszik.

Története
A község területén már a 8. században szláv település volt, ezt bizonyítják a határában megtalált sírok.
A mai települést a német jog alapján alapították. 1354-ben "Karazna" néven említik először, a közeli Óvár uradalmához tartozott. 1434-ben "Crasna", 1439-ben "Kraznane", 1511-ben "Kraznany" néven említik. Mátyás király a liptószentmiklósi Pongrácz családnak adta. A faluban a mai kastély helyén egy 1561-ben már említett reneszánsz nemesi kúria állt, amely 1654-ben leégett. 1598-ban 14 háza volt. 1720-ban uradalmi major volt a helyén. 1784-ben 53 házában 63 családban 338 lakos élt itt. 1828-ban 56 háza és 466 lakosa volt, akik főként mezőgazdasággal foglalkoztak. A 17. - 18. században határában mészégető kemencék és vaskohók működtek.

Vályi András szerint "KRASZNANI. Tót falu Trentsén Várm. földes Urai Gróf Pongrácz, és Lusinszky Uraságok, lakosai katolikusok, fekszik Zolnához más fél mértföldnyire, 's az Uraságoknak épűleteikkel díszesíttetik, határja középszerű."

Fényes Elek geográfiai szótárában "Krasznyán, Trencsén m. tót falu, Varinhoz 1 fertály. Lakja 469 kath., 16 zsidó. Határa elég termékeny rozsra és árpára; erdeje derék. Van egy csinos urasági kastélya is. F. u. gr. Pongrácz, és b. Luzsinszky család. Ut. p. Zsolna."

A trianoni békeszerződésig Trencsén vármegye Zsolnai járásához tartozott.

Népessége
1910-ben 566, túlnyomórészt szlovák lakosa volt.

2001-ben 1202 lakosából 1188 szlovák volt.

2011-ben 1430 lakosából 1236 szlovák volt.

Neves személyek
Itt született 1837-ben Pongrácz Adolf választott püspök.

Nevezetességei
A falu közepén áll nagy parkkal övezett várkastélya, amely 1667 és 1678 között épült a korábbi kastély helyén. A 18. században bővítették, majd 1898 és 1912 között teljesen felújították. A régi kastélyból máig fennmaradt a keresztboltozat és a reneszánsz portál.

Jegyzetek

Külső hivatkozások
 Községinfó
 Karasznyán Szlovákia térképén
 A kastély képes ismertetője
 Karasznyán kastélya
 Az SK Krasňany labdarúgócsapatának honlapja
 Alapinformációk
 Képek a kastélyról
 E-obce.sk

Karasznyan
Trencsén vármegye települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cet article présente la liste d'enseignes de la grande distribution aux Pays-Bas.

Liste d'enseignes par type

Supermarché

Bio
  (groupe Udea) : depuis 1980
  : depuis 2008

Magasin de proximité

Libre-service de gros
 Makro

 Zegro

Anciennes enseignes

  : enseigne disparue à la fin de 2018
 Bas van der Heijden (Detailresult) : chaîne de supermarchés ayant existé de 1973 à 2014, rebaptisée Dirk
 C1000 : de 1977 à 2015, racheté par Jumbo
  : chaîne de supermarchés de 1925 à 1998, devenue Super de Boer
 Digros (Detailresult) : chaîne de supermarchés de 1972 à 2014, rebaptisé Dirk
 Super de Boer : chaîne de supermarchés de 1998 à 2012, devenue Jumbo

Hypermarché
Les Pays-Bas ne comptent  aucun hypermarché, il y a eu cependant plusieurs enseignes d'hypermarchés néerlandaises dans le passé :
  : 1971 à 1982, première chaîne d'hypermarchés d'origine allemande ayant existé aux Pays-Bas, créée en coopération avec le  ;
  : 1971 à 1986, chaîne d'hypermarchés, appartenant au groupe Ahold ;
 Trefcenter : 1973 à 1989, hypermarchés ayant appartenu au groupe SHV Holdings ;
  : 1974 à 2000, chaîne d'hypermarchés appartenant au groupe Bijenkorf ;
 A&P Hypermarkt : 1998 à 2000, enseigne d'hypermarchés d'A&P Nederland qui a été créée à la suite du rachat des hypermarchés Maxis.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Commerce de détail
 Grande distribution
 Liste d'enseignes de la grande distribution

Enseignes de la grande distribution au Pays-Bas
grande distribution


It is believed that metabolic syndrome (MetS) may contribute to the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but a new study has found MetS to be independently associated with VTE with abdominal adiposity as a strong risk factor for VTE. The review, published in the journal Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, was a meta-analysis of both case-control and cohort studies evaluating MetS and risk of unprovoked VTE. MetS was found to be independently associated with VTE (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57–2.33), with MetS and abdominal obesity as superior predictors of unprovoked VTE compared to obesity defined by body mass index (BMI). In two prospective cohort studies, age, obesity, and abdominal obesity were associated with VTE but not MetS. Although additional research is needed to further examine the MetS-VTE association, currently studies indicate that abdominal adiposity is a strong risk factor for VTE.


Did you ever pick flowers from your garden to display in your house, but they didn't look like an arrangement– they just looked like flowers stuck in a vase?
Whether you start with flowers from a florist or flowers from your garden, learn how to make a pleasing arrangement in workshops taught by nationally recognized horticulture instructor David Clark.
The series of workshops is just one of many opportunities set at Lockwood's Greenhouses, 4484 Clark St., Hamburg. You can help a good cause when you shop on "Pink Day," get a discount on fruit trees in time for Father's Day, learn more about edible plants, rent your own garden plot in Lockwood's community garden and mark your calendar for even more classes.
You can take a single class or sign up for the entire series of hands-on floral design workshops with David Clark, the entertaining and informative horticulture teacher.
The cost is $45 per class or all three for $120. The price includes all supplies and instruction. Fresh-cut local, seasonal flowers will be supplied.
Each class may take up to 1 hour.
Registration is required so that the staff can make sure they have enough supplies on hand. Register online, sign up at the store or call 649-4684.
The registration deadline is 5 p.m. on the Thursday before each class. Register soon because space is limited.
Sarah Sorci of Sweet Flag Herbs give a talk and tour of the herb and perennial plants at Lockwood's at 6:30 p.m. Friday, June 17.
She will discuss lesser-known medicinal properties of common culinary herbs in Lockwood's herb section. Participants will also visit the perennials section to learn about several native medicinal plants and common garden perennials that are edible. Recipes and printed information will be distributed.
Sorci is a 2014 graduate of the Blue Ridge School of Herbal Medicine and a wild edible and medicinal plant enthusiast.
The cost for the talk and tour is $5. Register online, sign up at the store or call 649-4684.
Saturday, June 18 has been designated "Pink Day" at Lockwood's. When you shop at Lockwood's that day, 10 percent of sales will be donated to support the Ride for Roswell. Jill Kisker, grower at Lockwood's, and her team called the Pavement Pounders will be participating in this event that raises funds for cutting-edge research and patient care programs at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Lockwood's hours that day are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
In time for Father's Day, fruit trees will be 20 percent off at Lockwood's. The sale is in effect now and runs through Father's Day, June 19.
Lockwood's has set aside a portion of its farmland to be used as a community garden.
It is divided into parcels 4 feet wide by 50 feet long; the square footage is the average size of a home vegetable garden. Water is readily accessible near the gardens with additional hoses. The land is tilled and ready for planting.
Members will have free parking and access to the land during store operating hours seven days a week. They will also benefit from a 10 percent discount on garden-related products and classes.
To help cover garden expenses and use of the land, the fee for gardeners is $85. There is also the option for a half-parcel for $50. A portion (about 10 percent) of the harvest is requested from each gardener as a donation to a local food pantry.
Organic practices will be required and no use of chemicals on the garden parcels will be allowed by garden members.
Stop by the store anytime to get a copy of the rules and to sign up for your garden parcel.
A hypertufa class is scheduled for 6:30 p.m. Thursday, June 23 and a fairy garden class will be held at 10:30 a.m. Saturday, June 25 at Lockwood's. Check back to the Lockwood's website for more details.


text:
Gravidity and Parity Definitions Implications in Risk Assessment
Authored by Dr Colin Tidy, Reviewed by Dr Jacqueline Payne | Last edited 21 Jan 2019 | Certified by The Information Standard
Professional Reference articles are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. You may find one of our health articles more useful.
Relationship of gravidity and parity to risk in pregnancy
Gravidity and Parity Definitions
Implications in Risk Assessment
The shorthand system of describing gravidity and parity has evolved based on local obstetric traditions; it may vary slightly between different communities and this can cause confusion.
In the UK:
Gravidity is defined as the number of times that a woman has been pregnant.
Parity is defined as the number of times that she has given birth to a fetus with a gestational age of 24 weeks or more, regardless of whether the child was born alive or was stillborn.
For example, a woman who is described as 'gravida 2, para 2 (sometimes abbreviated to G2 P2) has had two pregnancies and two deliveries after 24 weeks, and a woman who is described as 'gravida 2, para 0' (G2 P0) has had two pregnancies, neither of which survived to a gestational age of 24 weeks.
If they are both currently pregnant again, these women would have the obstetric history of G3 P2 and G3 P0 respectively. Sometimes a suffix is added to indicate the number of miscarriages or terminations a woman has had. So if the second woman had had two miscarriages, it could be annotated G3 P0+2.
A nulliparous woman (nullip) has not given birth previously (regardless of outcome).
A primagravida is in her first pregnancy.
A primiparous woman has given birth once. The term 'primip' is often used interchangeably with primagravida, although technically incorrect, as a woman does not become primiparous until she has delivered her baby.
A multigravida has been pregnant more than once.
A multiparous woman (multip) has given birth more than once.
A grand multipara is a woman who has already delivered five or more infants who have achieved a gestational age of 24 weeks or more, and such women are traditionally considered to be at higher risk than the average in subsequent pregnancies.
A grand multigravida has been pregnant five times or more.
A great grand multipara has delivered seven or more infants beyond 24 weeks of gestation.
Multiple pregnancies present a problem: a multiple gestation counts as a single event and a multiple birth should be interpreted as a single parous event, although this remains contentious. In a survey, only 20% of British midwives and obstetricians recognised a twin delivery as a single parous event - G1 P1 rather than G1 P2, revealing the potential lack of standardisation in our documentation[1].
A more elaborate coding system used elsewhere, including America, is GTPAL (G = gravidity, T = term deliveries, P = preterm deliveries, A = abortions or miscarriages, L = live births).
The current total fertility rate (the average number of children a woman would have if she experienced the fertility rate of a particular year for her entire childbearing years) stands at 1.91 (2012 figures)[2].
Women are commencing their childbearing later and having fewer children in total. Women born in 1982 have had slightly fewer children (average 1.02) by their 30th birthday than women born in 1967 who had an average of 1.16 children by the same age.
More women remain childless (19% of women born in 1967 compared to 11% of those born in 1940). One in ten women born in 1967 had four or more children, compared with nearly one in five women born in 1940. The number of higher order grand multips has fallen significantly.
Obstetric histories should always record parity, gravidity and outcomes of all previous pregnancies because:
Outcomes of previous pregnancies give some indication of the likely outcome and degree of risk with the current pregnancy.
The number of previous pregnancies and deliveries will also influence the risks associated with the current pregnancy.
What is considered normal labour varies according to parity:
Normal labour in a primagravida is significantly different to normal labour in multiparous women, as physiologically the uterus is a less efficient organ, contractions may be poorly coordinated or hypotonic. The average first stage in a primagravida is significantly slower than in a multiparous woman (primarily due to the rate of cervical dilation). Therefore, progress is expected to be slower but delay longer than expected should prompt augmentation in managed labour.
Interestingly, grand multips have a longer latent phase of labour than either nulliparous or lower-parity multiparous women but then begin to dilate more rapidly. After 6 cm dilation, partogram curves for lower parity multips and grand multips are indistinguishable. Progress of labour does not appear to continue to improve with additional childbearing.
Risks associated with nulliparity/primagravidae
Higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia (relative risk 2.1 with confidence interval 1.9-2.4)[3].
Delayed first stage of labour, although this could be considered normal in a primagravida.
Dystocia (or difficult labour) was diagnosed in 37% of primagravidae in one Danish study[4]. Maternal age is an independent risk factor for dystocia, regardless of parity[5].
Risks associated with grand multiparity
Abnormal fetal presentation.
Precipitate and preterm delivery although higher age is more significant[6, 7].
Uterine atony.
Placenta praevia.
Uterine rupture.
Amniotic fluid embolism.
Postpartum haemorrhage.
Stress incontinence and urinary urgency symptoms[8].
What is a high-risk pregnancy?
Risk equates to factors that increase likelihood of harm to mother or baby. There is no universally accepted definition of a 'high-risk' pregnancy and antenatal 'risk' screening cannot identify every pregnancy/labour that will run into complications. Usually risk factors are combined and weighted to try to match an appropriate level of medical care and intervention to a more risky pregnancy to attempt to reduce the chances of a poor outcome.
Confounding variables[9]
Increased parity is often associated with:
Increasing maternal age - particularly with levator ani dysfunction[10].
Lower socio-economic and educational status.
Poorer prenatal care (more likely to be late bookers and poor attenders).
Smoking and alcohol consumption.
Higher body mass index (BMI).
Higher rates of gestational diabetes.
It is not always possible to disassociate the various risk factors attributable to each factor.
Primigravidae
Provide:
Good antenatal care with particular vigilance to early warning signs of pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends nullips with uncomplicated pregnancies should have 10 routine antenatal appointments (versus 7 in parous women)[11].
Good antenatal and parenting education, support during labour and pain control (if desired) are especially important in a first pregnancy, as anxiety levels are likely to be high.
Where there is delay in the first stage of labour in a primagravida, active management is with artificial rupture of membranes and/or oxytocin to augment labour.
The second stage of labour can be allowed to continue for longer than the traditional time associated with multips, as long as fetal monitoring is satisfactory and there is ongoing fetal descent.
Grand multigravidae
It is usually appropriate to book for delivery in a specialised unit. Consider:
Iron and folate prophylaxis.
A plan for the care of existing children during admission.
Vigilance for abnormal fetal presentations from 36 weeks onwards.
Planning for possible rapid labour and delivery.
Monitoring strength of contractions and fetal presentation during delivery.
Planning for the possibility of postpartum haemorrhage.
Good physiotherapy and postnatal follow-up for urogynaecological problems.
Opara EI, Zaidi J; The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey. BJOG. 2007 Oct114(10):1295-7.
Total fertility rate; Office for National Statistics
Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, et al; Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ. 2016 Apr 19353:i1753. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1753.
Kjaergaard H, Olsen J, Ottesen B, et al; Incidence and outcomes of dystocia in the active phase of labor in term nulliparous women with spontaneous labor onset. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 200988(4):402-7.
Waldenstrom U, Ekeus C; Risk of labor dystocia increases with maternal age irrespective of parity: a population-based register study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017 Sep96(9):1063-1069. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13167. Epub 2017 Jun 20.
Hu CY, Li FL, Jiang W, et al; Pre-Pregnancy Health Status and Risk of Preterm Birth: A Large, Chinese, Rural, Population-Based Study. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Jul 824:4718-4727. doi: 10.12659/MSM.908548.
Waldenstrom U, Cnattingius S, Vixner L, et al; Advanced maternal age increases the risk of very preterm birth, irrespective of parity: a population-based register study. BJOG. 2017 Jul124(8):1235-1244. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14368. Epub 2016 Oct 21.
Handa VL, Harvey L, Fox HE, et al; Parity and route of delivery: does cesarean delivery reduce bladder symptoms later in life? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Aug
Roman H, Robillard PY, Verspyck E, et al; Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in grand multiparity. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jun103(6):1294-9.
Waldenstrom U, Ekeus C; Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury increases with maternal age irrespective of parity: a population-based register study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Sep 1517(1):306. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1473-7.
Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies; NICE Clinical Guideline (March 2008, updated 2018)
Booking Criteria and Home Delivery
Antenatal Examinations
Antenatal Infections and their Consequences
I agree that there is very little information about this condition. I was born with it and apparantly spent 2 months in an incubator. I would like more information on possible life long problems as a...
Last Reviewed 21 January 2019
Next Review 20 January 2024
Author Dr Colin Tidy
Peer reviewer Dr Jacqueline Payne


Panaji, Dec 17 Rejecting criticism that ailing Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar's visit to an under-construction bridge near Panaji was a stunt, state BJP leader Sadanand Shet Tanavde on Monday said that Congress leaders will not be allowed to meet Parrikar henceforth because of the "inhuman politics" played by it vis-a-vis his health.
"There is no question of a stunt. If we had to do a stunt, it could have been done 15 days or a month ago… Court matter is different and this is different," Tanavde told reporters.
He was asked if Parrikar's surprise appearance at the spot on Sunday was a "stunt" carried out because of a pending petition before the Panaji Bench of the Bombay High Court, which has sought formal medical examination of the ailing Chief Minister and public declaration of his health status.
On Sunday, images of Parrikar wearing medical paraphernelia — a ryles tube running from the nasal passage into the stomach — while inspecting a bridge near Panaji, came under both praise from his supporters as well as criticism from several political leaders.
Tanavde, addressing a press conference at the party's state headquarters in Panaji, also said that Parrikar wished to conduct the inspection on his birthday (December 13), but "for some reason, that could not happen".
The ppposition has demanded his resignation on account of his prolonged ill-health.
Tanavde said that due to the "inhuman" and "insensitive" politics played by the Congress, which had staged a morcha on Parrikar's private residence demanding a meeting with him last month, no leader from that party would be allowed to meet the CM henceforth.


The C4 Corvette hasn't garnered much attention in recent memory. At the time, it was a revolutionary update to the C3 Corvette, but even today, prices remain fairly low for standard C4 Corvettes. Of course, there's one outlier, and that is the C4 Corvette ZR-1.
At the time, the C4 Corvette ZR-1 boasted supercar specifications. Its dual-overhead cam, 5.7-liter V8 engine produced a whopping 375 horsepower and would scoot down the quarter-mile in just 12.7 seconds. Not bad for the early 1990s at all. And, guess what? They're starting to really climb in value, which means now is the time to buy one.
According to Autoblog's research, Hagerty's value tool pegs concours condition 1990 Corvette ZR-1s to fetch $46,000. That's not exactly affordable, but ZR-1s in category three condition–not perfect, but not junk—fetch just $23,000. Later ZR-1s built sell for even less. That truly makes it a pretty excellent time to pick up a Corvette that is becoming more sought after by the year.
Research shows prices ultimately bottomed out a couple years ago and ZR-1s have been appreciating in value ever since. Consider this your forewarning: the C4 Corvette ZR-1 is poised to be highly collectable in another 10 years.
As for regular C4 Corvettes, they're bound to increase in value as well, though likely not in the strides the ZR-1 will see in the coming years.
With the interest this posting generated, I think we have a ways to go for the ZR-1.
Locally, I find that regular C4's and C5's rising slowly in price as are later Gen-3 Camaro's and late(98′-2002′) gen-4 Camaros.
For all buyers of these cars,, C4's, and Camaro's, take your time and buy the best one you can find, it is worth the extra money. I recommend the 92′ and later C4's and the same for Camaro's.
If your building a Gen'3_4′, Camaro, buy a solid car, even a V6 which will have suffered less abuse. We swap the LS, usually crate LS376′ engines and the Tremec, into these cars with suspension and chassis upgrades for Pro-Touring or track beasts. Usually caged and interior stripped and paneled in a aluminum with Recaros.
The only C4 in my opinion to buy as a investment grade car is the 90 ZR1. First year, better looking front lower valence and had the great bucket seats.


Our delivery service is both fast and efficient. Our customers enjoy a fast delivery within the areas we cover. Most areas are covered at least twice per day. We will also cater for you if you need the goods in an emergency.


Spoiler: If your name is Jeff and you happen to by my husband- stop reading!!
He always gives my girls and I the most thoughtful gifts each year, so last year I decided to do something special for him too... I did the 14 days of Valentines... For each of the 14 days leading up to and including Valentines day I gave him a small gift to remind him just how much I love him. It was so fun to see his excitement each day and he really appreciated the effort I put into it.
Since it was such a hit last year, I decided to do it once again but with a different twist on it. Instead I am doing 14 days of love notes.
I wanted to do something a little more personal than a cheesy tag tied to a gift each morning. Instead, each morning he will find a small gift with a hand written note tied to it. I tried to do things a little more catered to things that he liked instead of trying to find things that I could write something clever with. Since I am totally cheesy, some of the things do have clever/cheesy sayings hand written within the note but I didn't base my purchases on it like I did last year.
-Grapefruit KISS soda: "Hey Valentine... How about a KISS??"
-Kettle Corn: "This may be "CORNY" but I thought I would "POP" the question: Will you be my Valentine?"
-Muddy Buddies Chex Mix: " Hey Valentine, I wanna be more than just "BUDDIES".
-Pair of socks: "Hey Valentine... I think we are a "PERFECT MATCH"!
-Riesen candybar: "Valentine- You are my "Riesen" for living!"
Another cute idea would be to wrap each of the gifts so that your Valentine gets to open on up each morning... I wrapped a couple of my hubby's gifts.
If you want to do the 14 days of Valentines love notes for your Valentine this year- feel free to print out some love note cards.
I am happy to share- all I ask is that you become a follower of my blog somehow before printing.
Via GFC (blue box on my sidebar that says "join this site") , RSS, Facebook or Twitter.
Here is a link to the printable tags- just click the print button (not the share button).
Happy New Year everyone! I know that I am a week or so late, but I thought I would do the famous "last year round up" anyways!
Last year was a really crazy year for my family. I lost my brother at the end of February and the rest of the year was spent in a whirlwind of grieving and just trying to take things one day at a time. It is so cray how one person missing in your life can change everything.
One thing that did help me stay grounded was this blog. Having a creative outlet is so important to me. Sewing was so soothing and healing when times got rough or emotions were high. And having you readers help to brighten my day with a sweet comment, a "like" on Facebook, or a pin on Pinterest meant the world to me! So thank you to everyone that has helped me through this last year- friends, family, readers, bloggers, etc. I love you all and am so grateful to "know you"!
Here is to an awesome year!


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The Mystery of Blue Lava and the Kawah Ijen Volcano
Indonesia's Kawah Ijen volcano spews out blue lava thanks to its incredibly high levels of sulfur. But the beautiful phenomenon also reveals a dark secret.
By Jessica Miley
Stéphane Damour via Flickr
Volcanoes are the center of folklore and myth wherever they exist. These fiery mountains prone to unexpectedly erupting in cascades of lava and ash have inspired and frightened humans for centuries. However, there is one volcano that has a reputation that surpasses all others, Indonesia's Kawah Ijen volcano, otherwise known as the blue volcano.
Source: Jimmy McIntyre - Editor HDR One Magazine/Wikimedia Commons
The active Kawah Ijen Volcano is part of a complex of volcanoes in Banywang Regency, Java. This popular complex is situated within Ijen crater with stratovolcano Gunung Merapi as the highest point. It is one of the world's most unusual volcanoes because instead of producing the usual red lava and black smoke, its underground activities result in bright blue flames rising into the air. Some people even call it electric blue fire. Since it was mentioned on TV (National Geographic to be precise) the number of tourists who travel to East Java and Indonesia has significantly increased.
Source: Seshadri.K.S/Wikimedia Commons
The phenomenon is caused when the volcano's sulfuric gases come into contact with air temperature above 360°C.
This Shapeshifting Pacific Island Might Be Similar to Martian Volcanoes
The Ijen volcano complex has some of the highest levels of sulfur in the world. This dense collection of the gas, when exposed to oxygen and lit by the molten hot lava burns blue. Unlike regular volcanoes whose bright red lava is visible in the day, Kawah Ijen's blue burning flames can only be seen at night. "The vision of these flames at night is strange and extraordinary," Photographer Olivier Grunewald says. "After several nights in the crater, we felt really living on another planet."
Here you can also find the largest acid lake in the world which is conveniently situated within the crater. While the turquoise water of this crater lake is quite spectacular, it can also threaten your life.
Sulfur Mining at Kawah Ijen
The Ijen volcano complex holds another, darker secret. It is home to one of the world's most dangerous sulfur mining operations in the world.
Source: CEphoto, Uwe Aranas/Wikimedia Commons
Miners extract the sulfur rock, which is formed after the blue flames extinguish leaving behind a solid sulfur-rich rock. They then carry these large loads in baskets down the side of the mountain to be paid per kilogram. The work is unregulated and small children can often be seen scrambling up and down the slopes hoping to support their families low incomes with additional money. They usually take two daily trips. Each local worker is paid about 680 Indonesian rupiahs per kilogram, the equivalent of about six USD cents.
The working conditions are highly dangerous. It does not only require agility and strength to walk up and down the volcano's steep slopes, but workers are also exposed to the toxic sulfur gases for long periods of time. Without gas masks or other safety equipment, many of the mine's workers suffer long-term health problems resulting from sulfur exposure. These volcanic materials make it one of the more dangerous places on Earth.
Documentary casts light on incredible workers
Photographer Olivier Grunewald worked with the president of the Geneva Society for Volcanology, Régis Etienne to create a documentary about the mining operation at Ijen. He describes working on the challenging project saying: "The main problem was the acidic gases that whirled constantly in the crater".
Source: Candra Firmansyah/Wikimedia Commons
Visitors to East Java can take a guided group tour at night to the volcano to see the blue flame phenomenon for themselves. Don't forget to schedule your trip and get a guide as the whole place can be quite dangerous!
Would you like to visit this part of the world? Have you seen a similar color in nature?
Before you go, please share your opinion it in the comments below! If you wish to read similar content, make sure to follow our site and add us on Facebook and Twitter!
Via: The Smithsonian
20 Most Dangerous Volcanoes in the U.S.
Marcia Wendorf
Daily Exposure to Blue Light May Damage Cells in the Brain and Retinas
Elon Musk Shares His Views on AI, Neuralink, Autopilot, and the Blue Dot in a Podcast
Solving the Mystery of Antarctic Polynyas


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Q: Ferris wheel Trig Question Question: Suppose you wanted to model a Ferris wheel using a sine function that took 60
seconds to complete one revolution. The Ferris wheel must start 0.5 m above ground.
Provide an equation of such a sine function that will ensure that the Ferris wheel's
minimum height of the ground is 0.5 m. Explain your answer.
Hey, I don't really know how to do this question, I mean if we don't have max how do we find any equation. I would appreciate it if you could help me to get the answer. thanks

A: Let's start with the standard sine function: $$f(t)=\sin t$$ If the radius of the wheel is $r$, then to adjust the amplitude, i.e. the farthest the wheel can go from its middle position, you need to multiply with $r$: $$f(t)=r\sin t $$ Now, you need to adjust the time period. Note, the period for $\sin (nx)$ is $\frac{2\pi}{n}$. Set $\frac{2\pi}{n} =60 \implies n=\frac{\pi}{30}$. $$f(t)=r\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{30}t\right) $$
To ensure that it attains its minimum value at $t=0$, shift the graph to the right by $\frac{\pi}{2}$: $$f(t)=r\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{30} t -\frac{\pi}{2} \right) $$
Now, you need to add a constant that will take care of the minimum height constraint. It is needed that $f(0) = 0.5$, so that constant is $r+0.5$. This gives the final equation: $$f(t) = r+0.5+r\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{30}t -\frac{\pi}{2} \right) $$ Note: Since $r$ is not given in the question, you might assume $r=1$.

A: Hint:
You want your height $h$ such that:
$h(t) = a + r\sin(bt + c)$
To find these values:
$r$ should be the radius of the ferris wheel. This would make sense, as the height of someone at the top of the ferris wheel is r + height of center, and r - height of center for being at the bottom
$c$ should be chosen such that when $t=0$, $\sin(bt + c) = -1$. This is because you would be at the bottom of the ferris wheel, so this would be the minimum height you can get with the equation for $h$ above.
$b$ should be picked so the period of the ferris wheel is $60 s$.
Finally, $a$ should be picked so that $h(0) = $ min height
These together should be enough to solve this question

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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About pregnancy Meghan Markle announced in early October.
"Meghan and Kate have different interests and lead different lives", the source says.
TENSION between Meghan Markle and Kate Middleton is rumoured to be the cause of a growing rift between Princes Harry and William, according to reports.
And while there are reports of "tension" between Prince William and Prince Harry, speculation that Meghan doesn't get along with her sister-in-law Kate Middleton seems to be unfounded. "Understanding the Palace way, the deference, the politics and the fact that there's a pecking order, is taking a while for Meghan to get her head around".
It's not known if Williams provided a reference for Melissa, but the singer and his wife, fellow X Factor judge Ayda Field, enjoy close links to the Royal Family.
"Harry and Meghan are incredibly happy and deservedly so". Some may have suspected that Meghan's choice in shoe would change once she joined the royal family (after all, Hollywood has different standards than Queen Elizabeth) - but nope! After graduation, she briefly worked for her parents' company Party Pieces before landing a part-time job as an accessories buyer for London-based clothing store, Jigsaw Junior.
But there's little evidence to support the claims the two women "don't get on", royal biographer Duncan Larcombe tells Yahoo UK.
"Harry and William are very close, so it won't be a decision that will have been taken lightly", he says. Wow, we did not see that coming.
"The Duke and Duchess of Sussex will move to Frogmore Cottage on the Windsor Estate early next year as they prepare for the arrival of their first child", Kensington Palace confirmed in a press release.
Mueller Has Trump's Answers…Now What?
I know it will be a bit hard for me to win a gold in Tokyo (2020 Games) as I will have to fight in the 51kg. She evolved from a bullfighter to a smarter pugilist and became world's best amateur boxers of all time.
Speaking in September , he said joining Madrid remained his "dream" but he was still open to talks about a new Chelsea contract. A preview of this weekend's Premier League games, including Manchester City's trip to West Ham and Chelsea's clash with Spurs.
That leaves two spots and four of the five Power Five conference champions have at least three losses. The first two teams on the outside looking in continue to be No. 5 Georgia and No. 6 Oklahoma .
But by Saturday night, Mexico's incoming government was denying that any such plan had been finalized. But she told Reuters that plans to assume " safe third country " status were "ruled out".
Corsi's role in the investigation centers on the possibility that he served as a contact between Stone and Wikileaks. Corsi is largely tied to this Russian Federation probe because of his link to Stone.
The oil-rich Gulf state said yesterday that Hedges can still appeal the verdict or request "presidential clemency". The UAE statement said Hedges was convicted after "compelling and powerful evidence was presented in court".
Inmates at the centre are typically allowed 30 minutes exercise per day and only two baths a week. It also accused representative director Greg Kelly of having masterminded the fraud with Ghosn.
Brown said Alonso was sure to attend some Formula One races next year and did not rule out a new role for him eventually. It will mark Ricciardo's 100th start for Red Bull after moving to the team from Toro Rosso in 2014.
Similarly, Lucas Torreira came off the bench in the first five Premier League games this season but is now a guaranteed starter. Mesut Ozil has been dropped by boss Unai Emery for Arsenal's Premier League visit to Bournemouth on Sunday afternoon.
As far as return serves go, USA comedian Michelle Wolf's comeback to a signature President Trump diss is Novak Djokovic-worthy. Trump did not attend last year's White House Correspondents' Dinner , but sent press secretary Sarah Sanders in his stead.
Brookfield Properties, which owns the shopping center, said it was devastated by the shooting. A 12-year-old girl was also struck and injured, but it's unclear by whom, Rector said.
Like numerous Blue Devils, Reddish struggled in the first half but found his stroke in the second half to finish with 10 points. The Blue Devils are now 5-1 on the season and fans are now hit with the reality that this season is going to bring.
That showed his mental strength. "I didn't really play a very good match". "From 4-4 in the first set, my game really fell apart". If we put things in perspective, it was an unbelievable year, a great comeback so thanks for helping me get to where I am.
LEE GELERNT: Congress has specifically said people can apply for asylum regardless of where they enter. The ACLU took immediate legal action upon hearing about the proclamation , and U.S.


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Zack Godley's rotation spot uncertain after meltdown vs. Cubs
David Bote homered twice and drove in five runs, leading Yu Darvish and the Chicago Cubs to a 9-1 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks on Saturday night.
Zack Godley's rotation spot uncertain after meltdown vs. Cubs David Bote homered twice and drove in five runs, leading Yu Darvish and the Chicago Cubs to a 9-1 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks on Saturday night. Check out this story on azcentral.com: https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/mlb/diamondbacks/2019/04/27/godley-delivers-stinker-cubs-hammer-diamondbacks/3605863002/
Cubs' Albert Almora Jr. (5) celebrates after scoring against the Diamondbacks during the 15th inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Chicago Cubs at Arizona Diamondbacks
Diamondbacks' Matt Andriese pitches against the Cubs during the 15th inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Albert Almora Jr. (5) slides in scoring and celebrating against the Diamondbacks during the 15th inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Yoan Lopez (50) pitches in relief against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Nick Ahmed backs off Cubs' Kyle Schwarber (12) after recording an out at second base during the second inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Kris Bryant (17) faces pitches from Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver during the third inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver (24) reacts to a Cubs' Kris Bryant two-run homerun during the third inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Kris Bryant (17) rounds third after hitting a two-run homerun against the Diamondbacks during the third inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Kris Bryant (17) celebrates with pitcher Jose Quintana (62) and Anthony Rizzo (44) after hitting a two-run homerun against the Diamondbacks during the third inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks Luke Weaver (24) pitches against the Cubs during the third inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Eduardo Escobar (5) celebrates with Ketel Marte (4) after a home run during the fourth inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Nick Ahmed (13) catches a throw from the outfield during the fifth inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' manager Torey Lovullo (17) pulls Luke Weaver (24) from the mound in a game against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Wilmer Flores (41) throws out a runner at first base against the Cubs during the fifth inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ildemaro Vargas (15) swings at a pitch against the Cubs during the sixth inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' David Bote (13) throws out a runner at first base against the Diamondbacks at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Andrew Chafin (40) pitches in relief against the Cubs during the sixth inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks Eduardo Escobar (5) rounds third for home after hitting a two-run homer during the sixth inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks Eduardo Escobar (5) celebrates at home with Ketel Marte (4) after hitting a two-run homer during the sixth inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Jarrod Dyson (R) celebrates with Eduardo Escobar (5) after his second home run of the game during the sixth inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Jose Quintana (62) pitches during the first inning against the Diamondbacks at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) reacts to missing a pitch against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) swings against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) runs out of the batters' box against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Javier Baez (9) throws out a Diamondbacks runner at first base during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver (24) steadies himself on the mound during the first inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver (24) pitches during the first inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Javier Baez (9) reacts to striking out during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver (24) pitches agains the Cubs during the second inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver (24) reacts to a home run during the third inning against the Cubs at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Wilmer Flores (41) grabs a bunt and throws to second base for the out against the Cubs during the second inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Nick Ahmed grabs a throws for a force out on Cubs' Kyle Schwarber (12) during the second inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Anthony Rizzo (44) reacts after being hit by a ball during the third inning by Diamondbacks' Luke Weaver at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019. Patrick Breen/The Republic
Arizona Diamondbacks starting pitcher Zack Godley throws against the Chicago Cubs during the first inning of a baseball game, Saturday, April 27, 2019, in Phoenix. (AP Photo/Ralph Freso) Ralph Freso, AP
Chicago Cubs' Javier Baez, right, is chased by Arizona Diamondbacks shortstop Nick Ahmed, center, as he gets caught in a run-down during the second inning of a baseball game, Saturday, April 27, 2019, in Phoenix. Baez was out on the play. (AP Photo/Ralph Freso) Ralph Freso, AP
Chicago Cubs' David Bote (13) watches his three-run home run against the Arizona Diamondbacks during the third inning of a baseball game, Saturday, April 27, 2019, in Phoenix. (AP Photo/Ralph Freso) Ralph Freso, AP
Arizona Diamondbacks starting pitcher Zack Godley (52) walks back to the mound after giving up a three-run home run to Chicago Cubs' David Bote, right, during the third inning of a baseball game, Saturday, April 27, 2019, in Phoenix. (AP Photo/Ralph Freso) Ralph Freso, AP
Diamondbacks' manager Torey Lovullo (R) high-fives Adam Jones (10) after Jones scored during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' manager Torey Lovullo (R) high-fives David Peralta (6) after Peralta and Adam Jones scored during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Robbie Ray pitches against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) rounds third against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) slides safely in past the tag of Cubs' Willson Contreras (40) during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Ketel Marte (4) celebrates a single against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Kyle Hendricks (28) pitches in the first inning gains the Diamondbacks during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' David Peralta (6) steps on home plate past Cubs' Willson Contreras (40) scoring during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Diamondbacks' Adam Jones (10) high-fives David Peralta (6) after they scored against the Cubs during the first inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 26, 2019. Patrick Breen, Patrick Breen/The Republic
Cubs' Albert Almora Jr. (5) celebrates after scoring against the Diamondbacks during the 15th inning at Chase Field in Phoenix, Ariz. on April 28, 2019.
Nick Piecoro, Arizona Republic Published 8:32 p.m. MT April 27, 2019 | Updated 10:30 p.m. MT April 27, 2019
For the Diamondbacks, the sight has become all too common for right-hander Zack Godley. So common, in fact, that it might have just happened once too often.
Godley allowed his outing to spiral out of control in a 9-1 loss to the Chicago Cubs on Saturday night. He went from seemingly in command to very clearly not, giving up five runs in the third as the Cubs took control of the game.
Godley has become a once-every-fifth-day liability for the Diamondbacks. That fact was evident in manager Torey Lovullo's postgame acknowledgement that Godley isn't assured of another start.
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"It's something that we're going to probably round up and talk about as a staff," Lovullo said. "I think we do a good job of removing some emotion from the moment. We're going to let it kind of calm down and probably have some conversations through the night about that very topic."
As they often do, things started well for Godley on Saturday. He threw two scoreless innings, then struck out the Nos. 8 and 9 hitters in the Cubs' lineup to open the third.
But facing ex-Diamondbacks infielder Daniel Descalso with two out, Godley suddenly seemed unable to find the strike zone. He walked Desclaso on six pitches, with each of the four balls easily missing the zone.
"Honestly," Godley said, "I just couldn't throw strikes."
It unraveled from there. Kris Bryant doubled. Godley balked home a run and Anthony Rizzo doubled home another. Then, after an intentional walk to Javy Baez, Godley left a 3-1 sinker up and over the plate and David Bote clobbered it for a three-run homer.
"I have to be better than that," Godley said. "I have to be able to work ahead of guys and get guys out. I'm not doing that right now and I've got some stuff I've got to figure out and get back to what I've bee doing for the last couple of years."
At Dodger Stadium in his first start of the season, Godley's inability to throw to bases played a part in a four-run third inning. Two starts later, the Padres scored five times in the sixth, an inning in which Godley's command vanished for stretches.
Then, five days ago in Pittsburgh, Godley again looked unsteady at times. He was unable to record an out beyond the fourth inning.
"There's a few things that I have to work through," he said. "I know that what I've done so far this year is not what I normally do and what I've shown that I can do, and I've got to get better."
The Diamondbacks seemingly have rotation options. Reliever Matt Andriese has pitched well and would seem to be a logical candidate, as would Triple-A Reno right-handers Taylor Clarke and Jon Duplantier, both of whom were effective in big league relief stints this season.
They also have flexibility in the way of the schedule: With two off days next week, they won't need a fifth starter until M 7.
Their roster doesn't offer the same flexibility. Godley is out of minor league options. So is long man Matt Koch, who was hit hard once again on Saturday. And the club seemingly will need to find room for left-hander T.J. McFarland as his return from a shoulder issue looks to be about a week away.
It has been a steep fall for Godley. Two years ago, he posted a 3.37 ERA in 155 innings. He featured one of the league's better curveballs. He looked like an emerging rotation mainstay. Now, nothing seems certain.
"I know he hasn't thrown the ball well over the past couple outings," Lovullo said. "We'll circle up as a group like we always do and figure out what the best options are."
Reach Piecoro at (602) 444-8680 or nick.piecoro@arizonarepublic.com. Follow him on Twitter @nickpiecoro.
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Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever and a board member of the B Team, has just posted an important blog on The Huffington Post, framing his thoughts on this week's COP19 climate conference in Warsaw.
In the blog Polman calls for a step change in the way business responds to climate change. He points to the huge risks to business and society from not urgently responding to the findings being announced in Warsaw. And he points to the critical role progressive business can and must play in supporting governments to regulate and incentivize the urgent shift to a sub 2c, low-carbon economy.
Echoing this, Christiana Figueres, head of the UNFCCC, has said this week that "Warsaw is the first opportunity for companies to show that they want clear, consistent policies in place." Figueres said this during the launch of an important new UN report and set of guidelines on "Responsible Engagement," which I had the honor to collaborate on with eight international organizations. She went on to say of the guidelines, "Using this framework, companies should start engaging proactively on the international climate agreement."
This report, which will be featured at the Caring for Climate Business Forum in Warsaw during COP19, breaks new ground as it is the first time the collective might of the UN, along with numerous NGOs, has set out guidance on how companies should manage and report on their influences on climate policy. The guidelines were developed in detailed consultation with leading companies and they are backed by a coalition of not one, but three UN agencies, the UNFCCC, UNGC and UNEP as well as the WWF, the World Resources Institute, The Climate Group, CDP and the CERES progressive business alliance.
The subject of the guidelines, corporate lobbying, and particularly climate policy lobbying, is an issue that has risen up the CSR agenda over recent years. According to Greenpeace, corporate lobbying often has a chilling effect on climate negotiations. A WWF review I wrote on corporate lobbying practices on social and environmental challenges noted companies tend to "strike an overwhelmingly defensive tone." And the Union of Concerned Scientists point out in a report on corporate climate lobbying that some business voices are misinforming policymakers and effectively obstructing progress on climate change policy.
But its not just NGOs that highlight these concerns. Both Harvard Business School and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), have identified corporate influence on climate policy as presenting a major stumbling block to progress on global climate change initiatives.
Whilst there are also many examples of progressive and responsible corporate engagement with public policy, many progressive companies would agree with this analysis and some have commented on a catch-22 situation where "Governments tend to feel limited in their ability to introduce new policies for reducing [greenhouse gas] emissions because they fear business resistance, while companies are unable to take their investments in low carbon solutions to scale because of lack of long-term policies."
And the UN has recently thrown down the gauntlet saying it is "time for lobbying to come out of the shadows, and for companies to take a more responsible approach" to such issues. These new guidelines now provide the framework for such a responsible approach.
These are not "merely" moral questions about corporate responsibility. There are significant business risks related to getting this wrong. Numerous business studies, including from Harvard and Yale, suggest that traditional corporate approaches to public policy advocacy are fraught with inconsistencies, wasted resources, risks to shareholder interests and significant missed market opportunities.
And the investment world is increasingly focusing on these issues, concerned with academic studies showing that corporate political activity is often negatively correlated to both shareholder-friendly governance practices and to shareholder value.
Because of these concerns, CDP, which represents $87 trillion of investments, has recently called on all the world's largest companies to disclose to them their lobbying positions on climate change and to state what they plan to do to protect their investors whilst pushing for significant progress on climate policy nationally and internationally.
Surprisingly, there has as yet, been no attempt to properly understand and measure these issues in environmental ratings compiled for the use of corporate stakeholders such as investors and purchasers. But with the CDP annual questionnaire now asking about corporate lobbying, and these new guidelines, all that is set to change. One can expect more and more focus on these issues and many companies will need to significantly review the way they think about engagement with public policy, not just on climate change, but on many other social and environmental issues. The new guidelines will be a great help in this regard and should be required reading for CSR and Government Affairs executives.
In developing the guidelines more than 75 thought-leaders, policy-makers, investors and senior executives from numerous companies, including Unilever, IKEA, Novo Nordisk, Sasol and Allianz, were interviewed. Pooling their insights we have put together a compelling business case around issues such as accountability and legitimacy, consistency, transparency and opportunity.
In reviewing best practice and previous studies on these issues, many companies often have little understanding of the risks that inconsistency in CSR commitments and lobbying can represent. In fact, whilst the CDP annual review found that at least 50 percent of the Global 500 are active in climate lobbying, often through trade associations, a recent UN Global Compact report found that only 30 percent of leading companies have aligned their lobbying, with their corporate responsibility commitments, such as reducing GHG emissions.
But, more important than these misunderstood risks, companies, and therefore their investors, are often missing important opportunities to profit from "doing the right thing" on issues such as climate policy and the shift to a low-carbon economy. The report cites numerous examples from around the world where leading companies and progressive business alliances have significantly raised the bar on climate policy.
The guidelines have laid out how companies can connect the dots between sustainability commitments (like emissions reductions across their value chains and efficiency improvements) with their corporate policy positions. A detailed set of recommendations show companies why and how they can review their current position on these issues, understand and manage risks and most, importantly profit from being active in pushing for a shift to a low carbon economy.
Getting this right can help companies provide proactive, constructive business input in order to help governments create effective climate policies. Businesses worldwide urgently need to play such as a role because getting this wrong is not conceivable.
As Paul Polman has said, if we don't get this right, "The gains in prosperity that many in the world have enjoyed over the last century could be severely curtailed."
NOTE: This post has been updated to clarify the blogger's collaboration with the United Nations.


COUNTY — Community volunteers are needed to provide in-home companionship and respite care to hospice patients in San Luis Obispo County and the Santa Maria Valley, according to Central Coast Hospice.
Central Coast Hospice has been providing medical and social services to those with a terminal diagnosis in all of San Luis Obispo County for over seven years. Volunteers are an important part of the program. They provide supervision to patients while their family caregivers take a break or run errands, assist with light household tasks, provide emotional support and socialization, and help with miscellaneous, yet important tasks — like organizing family photos or helping the patient write letters to their loved ones.
No prior experience is necessary. Potential volunteers just have to have an interest in helping others, a caring nature, and able to participate in a training program prior to beginning their volunteer experience. Current and past volunteers have said that they received way more from volunteering than they feel like they gave — they have learned more about themselves, their own families, and their own feelings about death as well as the beauty of life, in the process.
Central Coast Hospice will soon be offering volunteer training and is hoping to recruit potential volunteers. The training will be held three consecutive Fridays: Feb. 8, 15 and 22, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. There is no charge for the class and hospice will provide snacks and lunch as well as a binder of training materials. Pre-registration and interview are required.
This training will be held in San Luis Obispo, but there are other training options including an upcoming Paso Robles training. Call or e-mail for more information or to apply for the program.
The training will include such topics as the history of hospice, its philosophy and mission, how hospice addresses the needs of the patient and family, the role of various hospice clinician team members, family dynamics and communication skills, dementia, grief and loss, and the role of the volunteer. Multiple presenters, videos, and examples will be given to convey the material.
COUNTY — Community volunteers are needed to provide in-home companionship and respite care to hospice patients in San Luis Obispo County and the Santa Maria Valley, according to Central Coast Hospice. Central Coast Hospice has been providing medical and social services to those with a terminal diagnosis in all of San Luis Obispo County for over seven years. Volunteers are an important part of the program. They provide supervision to patients while their family caregivers take a break or run errands, assist with light household tasks, provide emotional support and socialization, and help with miscellaneous, yet important tasks — like organizing family photos or helping the patient write letters to their loved ones.


At an event tonight in London, Tomorrow's Company launches its new report NEDs: Monitors to Partners, which analyses the changes needed in governance to enable companies to focus on creating long-term, sustainable business.
In the report, written in consultation with senior UK chairs and directors, Tomorrow's Company argues that governance has become an industry in itself. 25 years of reforms following scandals have led to a mounting burden placed on boards, with average board packs now over 250 pages and annual reports doubling in length. This is pushing NEDs to focus on risk mitigation and monitoring process, rather than supporting executives as partners in successfully steering the business. In turn, this is contributing to a risk averse approach by many companies with record high dividends and low investment. In its research, Tomorrow's Company found that while some boards are able to keep their focus on the future, many boards become weighed down by this burden.
The chair sets the tone as to why his/her board should be different. Company secretaries can help manage the flow of information and reduce the size of board packs. NEDs can focus on supporting and advising executives. Executives can reciprocate this by bringing issues to be discussed, rather than solutions to be approved.
Investors to shift the focus from quarterly results to stewardship, while taking the time to move away from a tick-box assessment of boards.
Government can shift the emphasis from preventing scandals to encouraging long-term investment, sustainability and a greater diversity in governance structures.
Tomorrow's Company is an independent non-profit think tank that inspires and enable companies to be a force for good in society. It believes business can create more value for shareholders and society by adopting an approach that focuses on purpose, values, relationships and the long term. It succeeds in its goal by convening business leaders, investors, policymakers and NGOs to develop practical solutions. Tomorrow's Company was founded in 1995 following the RSA inquiry into the role of business in a changing world.


text:
require "bindata/base_primitive"

module BinData
  # A BinData::Stringz object is a container for a zero ("\0") terminated
  # string.
  #
  # For convenience, the zero terminator is not necessary when setting the
  # value.  Likewise, the returned value will not be zero terminated.
  #
  #   require 'bindata'
  #
  #   data = "abcd\x00efgh"
  #
  #   obj = BinData::Stringz.new
  #   obj.read(data)
  #   obj.snapshot #=> "abcd"
  #   obj.num_bytes #=> 5
  #   obj.to_binary_s #=> "abcd\000"
  #
  # == Parameters
  #
  # Stringz objects accept all the params that BinData::BasePrimitive
  # does, as well as the following:
  #
  # <tt>:max_length</tt>:: The maximum length of the string including the zero
  #                        byte.
  class Stringz < BinData::BasePrimitive

    optional_parameters :max_length

    def assign(val)
      super(binary_string(val))
    end

    def snapshot
      # override to always remove trailing zero bytes
      result = super
      trim_and_zero_terminate(result).chomp("\0")
    end

    #---------------
    private

    def value_to_binary_string(val)
      trim_and_zero_terminate(val)
    end

    def read_and_return_value(io)
      max_length = eval_parameter(:max_length)
      str = ""
      i = 0
      ch = nil

      # read until zero byte or we have read in the max number of bytes
      while ch != "\0" and i != max_length
        ch = io.readbytes(1)
        str << ch
        i += 1
      end

      trim_and_zero_terminate(str)
    end

    def sensible_default
      ""
    end

    def trim_and_zero_terminate(str)
      result = binary_string(str)
      truncate_after_first_zero_byte!(result)
      trim_to!(result, eval_parameter(:max_length))
      append_zero_byte_if_needed!(result)
      result
    end

    def truncate_after_first_zero_byte!(str)
      str.sub!(/([^\0]*\0).*/, '\1')
    end

    def trim_to!(str, max_length = nil)
      if max_length
        max_length = 1 if max_length < 1
        str.slice!(max_length)
        if str.length == max_length and str[-1, 1] != "\0"
          str[-1, 1] = "\0"
        end
      end
    end

    def append_zero_byte_if_needed!(str)
      if str.length == 0 or str[-1, 1] != "\0"
        str << "\0"
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
A hebefília a serdülőkorúak (típusosan a 11-14 éves fiatalok) iránti szexuális vonzalom. Különbözik az efebofíliától, mely a későbbi adoleszcens korú, 15-19 éves fiatalok iránti tartós nemi vonzalmat jelenti, és a pedofíliától is, mely alatt definícióból adódóan a serdülőkor előtti gyermekek iránti szexuális vonzalmat értik. Ugyan a felnőttek iránt vonzódók körében is előfordulhat, hogy időnként serdülőkorú fiatalhoz vonzódjanak szexuálisan, a hebefília esetén az egyén alapvetően ezt az életkortartományt részesíti előnyben a felnőtt partnerekkel szemben. A hebefília pontos életkor szerinti definiálása nem lehetséges, mivel a pubertás nem mindenkiben azonos életkorban zajlik le, így az életkor szerinti besorolás tekintetében átfedhet mind a pedofíliával, mind az efebofíliával. A pszichiátriai betegségeket jelenleg osztályozó DSM V a serdülőkor előtti, ún. prepubertás felső határát 13 évnél határozza meg, az Egészségügyi Világszervezet által használt BNO-10 pedig a pedofília alá besorolja a korai pubertáskorúak iránti nemi vágyat is.

A hebefília az ifjúság görög istennőjéről, Hébéről kapta a nevét. Elsőként Kurt Boas használta a kifejezést 1914-ben, aki  a női fetisizmus egyik altípusát értette alatta. A ma is használt értelemben először Bernard Glueck használta 1956-ban az olyan szexuális bűnelkövetőkre, akik jellemzően 12-15 éves kor közötti áldozatokat választottak ki. A fogalom ezt követően feledésbe merült, egészen 2009-ig, amikor is Ray Blanchard és munkatársai 881 parafíliával, szexuális bűncselekménnyel vagy egyéb szempontból problémás szexuális viselkedéssel kivizsgálásra utalt férfit vizsgáltak pénisz pletizmográffal és azt találták, hogy a fiatalkorúak iránt szóban vonzódó személyek a vizsgálattal a preferált korcsoportok szerint megkülönböztethetőek és további alcsoportokra oszthatók. Ezen eredményeik alapján javasolták a pedofília definíciójának újragondolását, a pedofília és hebefília klinikai megkülönböztetését az akkor készülőfélben lévő DSM V-ben. A hebefília, mint mentális betegség koncepciója heves szakmai vitákat eredményezett, így végül elvetették Blanchardék elgondolását és a fogalom nem került be a DSM 2013-ban megjelent ötödik kiadásába.

A hebefil vágyak kielégítése a legtöbb országban illegális, Magyarországon 2013-tól a 18 éven aluliak 12. életévét betöltött partnerrel létesíthetnek szexuális kapcsolatot, korábban csak fajtalankodhattak (párzáson kívül minden: petting). A 18. életévüket betöltöttek számára 14 év a beleegyezési korhatár.

A DSM V körüli vita

A DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) az Amerikai Pszichiátriai Társaság kiadványa, mely definiálja és rendszerezi a pszichiátriai betegségeket. Orvosi jelentőségén túl a DSM-ben foglaltak iránt általános társadalmi érdeklődés mutatkozik, illetve jelentős igazságügyi jelentőséggel is bír, mivel a mentális betegségben szenvedők esetén az orvosi szakvélemények alapjául szolgálhat büntetőperekben. A negyedik kiadása 1994-ben jelent meg, melyben a pedofíliát a serdülőkor előtti (jellemzően 13 éves kor alatti) gyermekek iránti nemi vonzalomként határozták meg.

A 2009-es javaslat

2009-ben Ray Blanchard és kollégái leközöltek egy tanulmányt, melyet 881 különböző szexuális zavarok (parafília, szexuális bűncselekmény) miatt vizsgálatra rendelt férfi adatai alapján végeztek. Ebben a különböző vizuális ingerekre adott nemi vonzalmat kutatták a hímvessző vérteltségét mérő pletizmográf segítségével. Az alanyoknak a nemi érettséget meghatározó ún. Tanner skála alapján vetítettek képeket, a kontroll csoportot a Tanner 5. stádiumú, érett egyének iránt vonzódók jelentették. A kutatás során azt találták, hogy a vizsgált egyének a szexuális vonzódásuk tekintetében további alcsoportokra oszthatók az egyes érettségi stádiumok és korcsoportok szerint. Eredményeik alapján a DSM IV akkori, pedofíliával kapcsolatos definíciójának átírását javasolták a DSM következő, 5. kiadásában. Javaslatuk alapján a pedofíliát átnevezték volna pedohebefíliára, melyen belül a klinikusok számára további három altípust defináltak volna: a 11 évesnél fiatalabbak iránt vonzódókra a pedofil altípust, a 11-14 év közöttiek iránt vonzalmat mutatókra a hebefil, míg azokra, akikre mindkét állítás igaz, a pedohebefil típust kívánták használni. Javaslatuk alapján a hebefília mentális betegség lett volna, a pedohebefil személyeket pedig a következő módon akarták definiálni a DSM V-ben:

Blanchardék új definíciója számos következménnyel járt volna. Azzal, hogy a pedofíliánál leírt "serdülőkor előtti" kifejezést kibővítették a "serdülő vagy serdülőkor előtti" meghatározásra, illetve az életkor szerinti definíciót 13-14 éves korra emelték, jelentősen megváltoztatták a pedofíliával kapcsolatos diagnosztikus kritériumokat, nevezetesen a Tanner 2-3 stádiumú, pubertáskorú személyek iránt vonzódókat is mentálisan betegnek minősítették volna, szemben a korábbi gyakorlattal.

Ellenvélemények

A Blanchard és munkatársai által javasolt új definíciók hamar heves vitákat váltottak ki a pszichiáterek között. Michael First, a Columbia Egyetem pszichiáter professzora ellenezte, hogy a hebefília betegségként legyen meghatározva, mivel szerinte nem dönthető el, hogy a serdülők iránti szexuális vonzalom normális vagy kóros állapot-e. Véleménye szerint a médiában évek óta jelenítenek meg serdülőkkel kapcsolatban szexualizált tartalmakat is, és evolúciós szempontból nem tekinthető hátrányosnak, hiszen olyan egyének iránti vonzalomról van szó, akik már biológiailag termékenyek. Egyben felvetette, hogy a szexuális bűnelkövetők sem mindig tesznek különbséget a serdülőkor előtti, vagy éppen serdülő fiatalokat illetően, és a hebefília, mint mentális betegség bevezetésével az ilyen személyeket tévesen parafilként könyvelnék el, holott lehetséges, hogy egy részük egyszerűen antiszociális, és opportunista módon választotta ki áldozatait. Ugyancsak kritizálta, hogy a javasolt definícióval sok álnegatív diagnózis is születne, például két áldozat esetén nem minősíthetnék betegnek a vizsgált személyt, de háromnál már igen, amit nonszensznek nevezett. A pszichológus Bruce Rind szintén bírálta a hebefília, mint betegség jellemzését. Szerinte bár a hebefília a mai társadalmi berendezkedésben erősen problematikus lehet, és emiatt esetleg szerepelhetne a DSM V-ben, de a társadalmilag széleskörűen elfogatottaktól eltérő magatartás vagy preferencia önmagában nem jelent mentális betegséget. Egyben cikkében felhívja a figyelmet arra, hogy mint sok más, ennek megítélése is koronként változó, hiszen a házasság kritériumának sokáig nem a felnőttkort, csupán a termékenység elérését vélték mind a keresztény, mind a muzulmán világban, ahol ma sem ritka, hogy 12-14 éves lányokat férjhez adnak. Az, hogy a házasságkötés kitolódott a nyugati világban, véleménye szerint inkább az iparosodással és annak következményeként végbemenő társadalmi átrendeződéssel hozható kapcsolatba. Utal arra is, hogy számos vizsgálat alapján a férfiak többsége alapvetően a fiatal nők iránt vonzódik, olyannyira, hogy számítógéppel a különböző korú nőkre jellemző arányokkal készített digitális arcok közül egy vizsgálatban a férfiak legnagyobb arányban a 14 éves korúakra jellemző tulajdonságok alapján készített arcot nevezték a legvonzóbbnak. Továbbá érvként hozza fel, hogy a nők is igyekeznek megőrizni fiatal, pubertáskori  jellemzőiket, melyekről tudják, hogy attraktívnak számítanak, így például szőrtelenítik a lábukat, kozmetikumokat használnak, stb. Összességében, noha a társadalom ellenségesen viszonyul a fiatalkorúakkal szembeni szexualitáshoz, a szerző szerint annak jelenléte bizonyos értelemben általánosnak vehető.

Szintén árnyalja a kérdést, hogy a pedofíliával szemben, ami komoly traumát és személyiségfejlődésbeli zavart idézhet elő a sértett gyermekben, a hebefília traumatizáló jellege jelenleg nem bizonyított. Egy 1965-ös vizsgálatban serdülőkorú (12-15 éves) lányok hajlandóságát vizsgálták arra, hogy férfiakkal létesítsenek szexuális kapcsolatot. A kutatásban részt vevő lányok 69 százaléka nem volt alapjaiban elutasító a nem rokonnal vagy ismerőssel folytatott szexuális együttléteket illetően, amit csak 31 százalékuk utasított volna határozottan el. Egy másik, 2014-ben közölt vizsgálatban az első közösülésnek, mint az egyén életének egy meghatározó eseményének a hatásait vizsgálták a fiatalkorú lányok és fiúk esetében. Az aktus élvezetét szem előtt tartva nem találtak lényeges különbséget a tekintetben, hogy az első alkalom hebefil kapcsolatból vagy felnőttként következett-e be, és a hebefil együttlét nem jelentett nagyobb érzelmi megterhelést sem a felnőttkori eseményhez képest.

A Blanchard által közölt tanulmányt is heves szakmai bírálatok érték, hiányolták többek között a normális, serdülőkoron átesettek iránt vonzódók kontroll csoportként való vizsgálatát, és kritizálták, hogy a Blanchard által élesen elkülönített alcsoportok egymással átfedést mutattak. A kritizálók szerint Blanchard cikkében nem definiálta a mentális betegségeket, és nem hozott fel érveket, hogy a hebefília miért sorolható ezek közé, egyszerűen csak annak bélyegezte.

Kapcsolódó szócikkek

 Pedofília
 Efebofília
 Beleegyezési korhatár
 Szexuális erőszak

Külső linkek
 A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság honlapja
 Nyugat.hu: Betegség vagy sem a pedofília?

Jegyzetek

Szexuális irányultság
Pedofília


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