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FlorenceSC
Highest paying jobs in Florence, South Carolina that require a graduate degree
Florence, SC News
Rappaport Center // Wikimedia Commons
Those with graduate degrees earn more on average than those without them—but not all jobs are equal. And while rising tuition costs are enough to turn people away from the prospect of a master's or doctoral degree, many high-paying professions still require such degrees to get in the door. Stacker compiled a list of the highest- paying jobs that require a graduate degree in Florence, SC using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Jobs are ranked by 2020 annual mean wage.
The best way to guarantee a high return on investment in a graduate degree is to be aware of professions that pay top-dollar for that added educational investment. Keep reading to see where a graduate degree is required—and can earn you the most.
You may also like: Cities with the most expensive homes in Florence, South Carolina metro area
DGLimages // Shutterstock
#18. Mental health and substance abuse social workers
- Annual mean salary: $35,750 (#248 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: data not available
- Annual mean salary: $54,540 (116,780 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Madera, CA ($92,870)
--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($91,480)
--- Santa Rosa, CA ($89,730)
Job description: Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.
VH-studio // Shutterstock
#17. Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors
- Employment: 270
--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($91,420)
--- El Centro, CA ($91,110)
--- Fresno, CA ($90,860)
Job description: Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services.
#16. Healthcare social workers
--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($100,410)
--- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($98,980)
--- Salinas, CA ($95,690)
Job description: Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family caregivers. Provide patients with information and counseling, and make referrals for other services. May also provide case and care management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare.
Simon Fraser Universtiy // flickr
#15. Instructional coordinators
- Employment: 80
--- New Haven, CT ($111,440)
--- Warner Robins, GA ($110,800)
--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($104,000)
Job description: Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology into instruction in order to provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. May train and coach teachers. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors.
Sebastian Duda // Shutterstock
#14. Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates
- Annual mean salary: $58,400 (#91 highest pay among all metros)
- Annual mean salary: $131,850 (28,550 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
--- Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL ($185,950)
Job description: Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.
You may also like: Most expensive homes for sale in Florence, South Carolina
#13. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists
--- Santa Rosa, CA ($138,550)
--- Jefferson City, MO ($133,640)
--- Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA ($125,020)
Job description: Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.
#12. Speech-language pathologists
--- Modesto, CA ($128,540)
--- Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA ($115,480)
Job description: Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems.
Aykut Erdogdu // Shutterstock
#11. Physical therapists
--- El Centro, CA ($143,500)
--- Visalia-Porterville, CA ($119,510)
Job description: Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury.
ABO PHOTOGRAPHY // Shutterstock
#10. Occupational therapists
--- The Villages, FL ($115,920)
--- Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV ($115,060)
Job description: Assess, plan, and organize rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Use therapeutic techniques, adapt the individual's environment, teach skills, and modify specific tasks that present barriers to the individual.
David Bibo // Wikimedia Commons
#9. Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary
- Annual mean salary: $103,010 (262,480 employed)
--- New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA ($146,070)
--- Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT ($145,590)
Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary schools.
Jacob Lund // Shutterstock
#8. Education administrators, postsecondary
--- Ithaca, NY ($205,810)
--- Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ($178,210)
--- Charlottesville, VA ($176,040)
Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.
Ohiodominican // Wikimedia Commons
#7. Physician assistants
--- Salinas, CA ($168,220)
--- Waterbury, CT ($165,230)
--- Portsmouth, NH-ME ($158,020)
Job description: Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.
Monkey Business Images // Shutterstock
#6. Nurse practitioners
- Annual mean salary: $103,770 (#271 highest pay among all metros)
--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($188,070)
Job description: Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.
#5. Lawyers
--- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($231,610)
--- Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ($186,070)
Job description: Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.
Grace Nichols // U.S. Air Force
#4. Pharmacists
--- Madera, CA ($165,350)
Job description: Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.
You may also like: Metros where people in Florence, South Carolina are getting new jobs
#3. Dentists, general
--- Dover-Durham, NH-ME ($286,540)
--- North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL ($278,790)
--- Portland-South Portland, ME ($278,390)
Job description: Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care.
#2. Family medicine physicians
- Annual mean salary: $272,170 (#13 highest pay among all metros)
--- Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA ($309,800)
--- Napa, CA ($302,040)
--- Gadsden, AL ($292,110)
Job description: Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.
#1. General internal medicine physicians
- Annual mean salary: $290,460 (#7 highest pay among all metros)
--- Rochester, MN ($315,830)
--- Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC ($314,080)
--- Wichita Falls, TX ($311,260)
Job description: Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.
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Story name: Highest paying jobs in Florence, South Carolina that require a graduate degree

Canonical URL: https://stacker.com/south-carolina/florencesc/highest-paying-jobs-florence-south-carolina-require-graduate-degree

Written by: Stacker

Description:
Stacker compiled the highest paying jobs that require a graduate degree in Florence, SC using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Highest paying jobs in Florence, South Carolina that require a graduate degree

Those with graduate degrees earn more on average than those without them—but not all jobs are equal. And while rising tuition costs are enough to turn people away from the prospect of a master's or doctoral degree, many high-paying professions still require such degrees to get in the door. Stacker compiled a list of the highest- paying jobs that require a graduate degree in Florence, SC using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Jobs are ranked by 2020 annual mean wage.

The best way to guarantee a high return on investment in a graduate degree is to be aware of professions that pay top-dollar for that added educational investment. Keep reading to see where a graduate degree is required—and can earn you the most.

You may also like: Cities with the most expensive homes in Florence, South Carolina metro area

#18. Mental health and substance abuse social workers

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $35,750 (#248 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: data not available

National
- Annual mean salary: $54,540 (116,780 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Madera, CA ($92,870)
--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($91,480)
--- Santa Rosa, CA ($89,730)

Job description: Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.

#17. Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $43,680 (#365 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 270

National
- Annual mean salary: $62,320 (292,230 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($91,420)
--- El Centro, CA ($91,110)
--- Fresno, CA ($90,860)

Job description: Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services.

#16. Healthcare social workers

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $53,310 (#242 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 160

National
- Annual mean salary: $60,470 (176,110 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($100,410)
--- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($98,980)
--- Salinas, CA ($95,690)

Job description: Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family caregivers. Provide patients with information and counseling, and make referrals for other services. May also provide case and care management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare.

#15. Instructional coordinators

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $56,230 (#267 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 80

National
- Annual mean salary: $70,160 (174,900 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- New Haven, CT ($111,440)
--- Warner Robins, GA ($110,800)
--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($104,000)

Job description: Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology into instruction in order to provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. May train and coach teachers. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors.

#14. Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $58,400 (#91 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 50

National
- Annual mean salary: $131,850 (28,550 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($211,940)
--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($210,160)
--- Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL ($185,950)

Job description: Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.

You may also like: Most expensive homes for sale in Florence, South Carolina

#13. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $70,090 (#217 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 50

National
- Annual mean salary: $89,290 (111,320 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Santa Rosa, CA ($138,550)
--- Jefferson City, MO ($133,640)
--- Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA ($125,020)

Job description: Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.

#12. Speech-language pathologists

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $79,170 (#167 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 70

National
- Annual mean salary: $83,240 (148,450 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Modesto, CA ($128,540)
--- Santa Rosa, CA ($120,920)
--- Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA ($115,480)

Job description: Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems.

#11. Physical therapists

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $80,930 (#330 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 90

National
- Annual mean salary: $91,680 (220,870 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- El Centro, CA ($143,500)
--- Modesto, CA ($123,370)
--- Visalia-Porterville, CA ($119,510)

Job description: Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury.

#10. Occupational therapists

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $85,230 (#161 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 120

National
- Annual mean salary: $87,480 (126,610 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- The Villages, FL ($115,920)
--- Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV ($115,060)
--- Modesto, CA ($112,870)

Job description: Assess, plan, and organize rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Use therapeutic techniques, adapt the individual's environment, teach skills, and modify specific tasks that present barriers to the individual.

#9. Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $86,200 (#245 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 180

National
- Annual mean salary: $103,010 (262,480 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Modesto, CA ($154,970)
--- New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA ($146,070)
--- Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT ($145,590)

Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary schools.

You may also like: Cities with the most expensive homes in Florence, South Carolina metro area

#8. Education administrators, postsecondary

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $88,360 (#173 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 140

National
- Annual mean salary: $115,200 (140,880 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Ithaca, NY ($205,810)
--- Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ($178,210)
--- Charlottesville, VA ($176,040)

Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.

#7. Physician assistants

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $94,720 (#284 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 60

National
- Annual mean salary: $116,080 (125,280 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Salinas, CA ($168,220)
--- Waterbury, CT ($165,230)
--- Portsmouth, NH-ME ($158,020)

Job description: Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.

#6. Nurse practitioners

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $103,770 (#271 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 200

National
- Annual mean salary: $114,510 (211,280 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($188,070)
--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($177,800)
--- Salinas, CA ($155,310)

Job description: Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.

#5. Lawyers

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $104,300 (#229 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 180

National
- Annual mean salary: $148,910 (658,120 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($231,610)
--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($201,920)
--- Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ($186,070)

Job description: Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.

#4. Pharmacists

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $127,230 (#155 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 270

National
- Annual mean salary: $125,460 (315,470 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Madera, CA ($165,350)
--- Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA ($162,540)
--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($161,120)

Job description: Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.

You may also like: Metros where people in Florence, South Carolina are getting new jobs

#3. Dentists, general

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $135,360 (#235 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 90

National
- Annual mean salary: $180,830 (95,920 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Dover-Durham, NH-ME ($286,540)
--- North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL ($278,790)
--- Portland-South Portland, ME ($278,390)

Job description: Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care.

#2. Family medicine physicians

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $272,170 (#13 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 210

National
- Annual mean salary: $214,370 (98,590 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA ($309,800)
--- Napa, CA ($302,040)
--- Gadsden, AL ($292,110)

Job description: Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.

#1. General internal medicine physicians

Florence, SC
- Annual mean salary: $290,460 (#7 highest pay among all metros)
- Employment: 110

National
- Annual mean salary: $210,960 (50,600 employed)
- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree
- Metros with highest average pay:
--- Rochester, MN ($315,830)
--- Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC ($314,080)
--- Wichita Falls, TX ($311,260)

Job description: Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.

Story name: Highest paying jobs in Florence, South Carolina that require a graduate degree Canonical URL: https://stacker.com/south-carolina/florencesc/highest-paying-jobs-florence-south-carolina-require-graduate-degree Written by: Stacker Description: Stacker compiled the highest paying jobs that require a graduate degree in Florence, SC using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Highest paying jobs in Florence, South Carolina that require a graduate degree Those with graduate degrees earn more on average than those without them—but not all jobs are equal. And while rising tuition costs are enough to turn people away from the prospect of a master's or doctoral degree, many high-paying professions still require such degrees to get in the door. Stacker compiled a list of the highest- paying jobs that require a graduate degree in Florence, SC using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Jobs are ranked by 2020 annual mean wage.The best way to guarantee a high return on investment in a graduate degree is to be aware of professions that pay top-dollar for that added educational investment. Keep reading to see where a graduate degree is required—and can earn you the most.You may also like: Cities with the most expensive homes in Florence, South Carolina metro area#18. Mental health and substance abuse social workers Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $35,750 (#248 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: data not availableNational- Annual mean salary: $54,540 (116,780 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Madera, CA ($92,870)--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($91,480)--- Santa Rosa, CA ($89,730)Job description: Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.#17. Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $43,680 (#365 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 270National- Annual mean salary: $62,320 (292,230 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($91,420)--- El Centro, CA ($91,110)--- Fresno, CA ($90,860)Job description: Advise and assist students and provide educational and vocational guidance services.#16. Healthcare social workers Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $53,310 (#242 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 160National- Annual mean salary: $60,470 (176,110 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($100,410)--- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($98,980)--- Salinas, CA ($95,690)Job description: Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family caregivers. Provide patients with information and counseling, and make referrals for other services. May also provide case and care management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare.#15. Instructional coordinators Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $56,230 (#267 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 80National- Annual mean salary: $70,160 (174,900 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- New Haven, CT ($111,440)--- Warner Robins, GA ($110,800)--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($104,000)Job description: Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology into instruction in order to provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses. May train and coach teachers. Includes educational consultants and specialists, and instructional material directors.#14. Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $58,400 (#91 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 50National- Annual mean salary: $131,850 (28,550 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($211,940)--- Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ($210,160)--- Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL ($185,950)Job description: Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.You may also like: Most expensive homes for sale in Florence, South Carolina#13. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $70,090 (#217 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 50National- Annual mean salary: $89,290 (111,320 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Santa Rosa, CA ($138,550)--- Jefferson City, MO ($133,640)--- Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA ($125,020)Job description: Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.#12. Speech-language pathologists Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $79,170 (#167 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 70National- Annual mean salary: $83,240 (148,450 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Modesto, CA ($128,540)--- Santa Rosa, CA ($120,920)--- Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA ($115,480)Job description: Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems.#11. Physical therapists Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $80,930 (#330 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 90National- Annual mean salary: $91,680 (220,870 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- El Centro, CA ($143,500)--- Modesto, CA ($123,370)--- Visalia-Porterville, CA ($119,510)Job description: Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correct disabling conditions resulting from disease or injury.#10. Occupational therapists Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $85,230 (#161 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 120National- Annual mean salary: $87,480 (126,610 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- The Villages, FL ($115,920)--- Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV ($115,060)--- Modesto, CA ($112,870)Job description: Assess, plan, and organize rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Use therapeutic techniques, adapt the individual's environment, teach skills, and modify specific tasks that present barriers to the individual.#9. Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $86,200 (#245 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 180National- Annual mean salary: $103,010 (262,480 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Modesto, CA ($154,970)--- New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA ($146,070)--- Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT ($145,590)Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary schools.You may also like: Cities with the most expensive homes in Florence, South Carolina metro area#8. Education administrators, postsecondary Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $88,360 (#173 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 140National- Annual mean salary: $115,200 (140,880 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Ithaca, NY ($205,810)--- Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ($178,210)--- Charlottesville, VA ($176,040)Job description: Plan, direct, or coordinate student instruction, administration, and services, as well as other research and educational activities, at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.#7. Physician assistants Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $94,720 (#284 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 60National- Annual mean salary: $116,080 (125,280 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Salinas, CA ($168,220)--- Waterbury, CT ($165,230)--- Portsmouth, NH-ME ($158,020)Job description: Provide healthcare services typically performed by a physician, under the supervision of a physician. Conduct complete physicals, provide treatment, and counsel patients. May, in some cases, prescribe medication. Must graduate from an accredited educational program for physician assistants.#6. Nurse practitioners Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $103,770 (#271 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 200National- Annual mean salary: $114,510 (211,280 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Master's degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($188,070)--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($177,800)--- Salinas, CA ($155,310)Job description: Diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a healthcare team. May focus on health promotion and disease prevention. May order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as lab work and x rays. May prescribe medication. Must be registered nurses who have specialized graduate education.#5. Lawyers Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $104,300 (#229 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 180National- Annual mean salary: $148,910 (658,120 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ($231,610)--- San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA ($201,920)--- Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ($186,070)Job description: Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.#4. Pharmacists Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $127,230 (#155 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 270National- Annual mean salary: $125,460 (315,470 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Madera, CA ($165,350)--- Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA ($162,540)--- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ($161,120)Job description: Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. May advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosage, interactions, and side effects of medications.You may also like: Metros where people in Florence, South Carolina are getting new jobs#3. Dentists, general Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $135,360 (#235 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 90National- Annual mean salary: $180,830 (95,920 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Dover-Durham, NH-ME ($286,540)--- North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL ($278,790)--- Portland-South Portland, ME ($278,390)Job description: Examine, diagnose, and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting oral hygiene and retention of teeth. May fit dental appliances or provide preventive care.#2. Family medicine physicians Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $272,170 (#13 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 210National- Annual mean salary: $214,370 (98,590 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA ($309,800)--- Napa, CA ($302,040)--- Gadsden, AL ($292,110)Job description: Diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan. May refer patients to specialists when needed for further diagnosis or treatment.#1. General internal medicine physicians Florence, SC- Annual mean salary: $290,460 (#7 highest pay among all metros)- Employment: 110National- Annual mean salary: $210,960 (50,600 employed)- Entry level education requirements: Doctoral or professional degree- Metros with highest average pay: --- Rochester, MN ($315,830)--- Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC ($314,080)--- Wichita Falls, TX ($311,260)Job description: Diagnose and provide nonsurgical treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems. Provide care mainly for adults and adolescents, and are based primarily in an outpatient care setting.


text:
Q: Closing Oracle connection? We always hear that we should close the connection once we are done with a transaction. My question here is: even if we don't close the connection, the garbage collector will reclaim the memory once we are out of the method inside of which we are creating the connection. so what's the actual issue, even if we don't close the connection?

A: No, GC doesn't help you here, because it's not about memory.
A connection is a scarce resource on the database server, not in your app client.  If you clean up your memory without telling the server to do the same you'll leak a connection that may not be reclaimed.  Eventually you'll run out.
Same with ResultSet - it's a cursor.
You must always close all SQL resources - Connection, Statement, and ResultSet - in individual finally blocks, wrapped in try/catch blocks, in reverse order of acquisition.
public class JdbcTemplate {

    public Object exampleSqlOperation(Connection c) throws SQLException {
        Object results = null;

        Statement st = null;
        ResultSet rs = null;

        try {
           // SQL stuff here
           // Load into results Object - data structure
        } catch (SQLException e) {
           e.printStackTrace(); // Better to log it.
        } finally {
            DatabaseUtils.close(rs);
            DatabaseUtils.close(st);
        }

        return results;
    }
}

public class DatabaseUtils {
    public static void close(Connection c) {
        try {
            if (c != null) c.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    // Same for Statement, ResultSet
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We would like to warmly invite all unicyclists to attend UNICON 19 in Seoul, South Korea, in 2018.
Ever since the first UNICON was held in New York in 1984, UNICON has been a festival for unicyclists, bringing together riders in every discipline from around the world. It is the world convention, as well as the world championship event for the International Unicycling Federation.
Next year, UNICON returns to the Asia-Pacific region, to South Korea's capital, Seoul. We are excited and looking forward to hosting you in our beautiful city.
Looks like I have a spare bed for anyone that needs a place to sleep. I reserved a twin room at New-RaSung Dormitory for Janna and myself, but she can no longer make it. Price is $286 for all 13 days of Unicon. You'll have the privilege of sharing a room just with me and not 29 other people. Please let me know asap if interested (or if you have a spare bed in an airbnd/house let me know and I might be able to cancel my room and join you). Where is everyone else staying?
Who hasn't registered for Unicon yet and wants to save $80?! Janna Wohlfarth registered but can't come anymore so we could transfer her early bird registration ($220) to you so you don't have to pay the current late registration of $300. Let us know ASAP if interested. Thanks! Feel free to share this with anyone else who may be interested.
Actually, I have a question about the whole event. As I've never gone to a Unicon before, and I mostly picked up my unicycle to do commuting, would it make sense for me to apply for a competitor spot?
1. I'd be bringing my 29" KH with brake, but it's got the fat tire; would that be an accepted unicycle, and which categories?
2. I haven't technically trained for any of the events; is there some kind of process or qualifier I would need to go first, or is it just 'show up and participate'?
3. I saw the list of events; what are the most popular ones for spectators? How many people are there usually for each event?
Yes!!! Not everyone is super competitive. It's like running a marathon- the vast majority of people are there to have fun, beat personal bests, see how they rate against their friends/age group, rather than necessarily get on the podium.
Unicon is ''-CON" for convention. It is also a chance to meet unicyclists from around the world, attend non-competition rides and workshops and social events.
It depends on what you are entered in. If it is the longer road racing events (100km and Marathon), then a 29" is considered 'Standard Class'. In the 10km race, it is 'Unlimited Class'.
You are free to participate in most events. Some events have qualifying but or national selection if there are large numbers of competitors.
Depends what you like watching. Artistic freestyle tends to draw the biggest number of spectators, although street/flatland and the team events (hockey/basketball) also draw big numbers. Racing events are good to watch, but it's hard to follow the race as we do not have the resources for race cameras/motorbikes to follow the riders. The 10km is a multi-lap race, and is one of the largest events at Unicon, so will be good viewing.
Are you still selling your ticket to union19? Just booked last minute flights and only there for two days to compete for one event.
Is anyone selling a unicon19 ticket?
Booked last minute flights and only entering one event and there for 2 days.
I heard a leak about the next UNICON. 2020 they are looking at Orcas Island in Washington State, USA.


Dozens and dozens of fun, attention-getting practice pages help students in grades 3-6 along the path to becoming more confident writers and readers. This book provides exactly the repeated practice students need to hone essential grammar, usage, and mechanics skills. Topics include parts of speech, punctuation, overused words, and much more. Flexible and easy to use-for homework or in school. Also a great way to boost vocabularies! For use with Grades 3-6.


Cornwall has a strong track record on this important environmental issue, and I'm proud to be bringing that spirit to Parliament with my APPG.
Those making the economic case already faced an uphill struggle – now their argument is "contaminated by association".
Trump's opposition to the climate change consensus will aid her aim of helping households which are struggling to pay their energy bills.
Bright Blue's new project aims to push policies which will ensure this really is "the greenest government ever".
We can encourage greater international trade and investment without writing off Britain's working classes.
Introduce tariffs? Nationalise Tata Steel? Cut green taxes?
In Paris, who spoke for steel workers, householders and taxpayers?
National Grid is already using 'last resort' measures to keep the lights on.
Doing so could fund a substantial cut in National Insurance and wrest control of the green agenda away from the left.
Dominic Raab MP: Farage himself says that UKIP "isn't passing the credibility test". Here's why he's right.
A double-talking, flip-flopping, party of spendthrifts will aggravate – not salve – public mistrust of the political class.
The Coalition must end now.
Voters should remember the damage that the Blair and Brown-led governments are responsible for.
Compare Miliband's speech today to Tony Blair's at the same stage of Opposition. Ed doesn't come off well.


The final thing that revenue officers can do is they can seize assets. While ACS can seize assets as we mentioned earlier, revenue officers can seize physical property, which makes it very difficult.
One of the nasty stories that we have is we had a client who was called to an IRS meeting for a summons interview. When the client showed up at the building and saddened him with an interview with the agent, the agent took the stub of seizing the client's vehicle out of the parking lot while the administrative summons is going on.
That's a pretty extreme case. The client in this case had done some particularly bad things and had kind of upset the revenue officer and sort of had it coming.
But at the same point, the revenue officers have the ability to seize vehicles. They can seize boats. If it moves, they will take it.
Generally speaking from an administrative level, it is difficult to seize assets that are not cash. Because the IRS is not in the business of collecting cars. The IRS will generally go after cash assets first. It is rare although possible, that the IRS will seize physical assets as well.
That's why it's important to negotiate with the revenue officer, particularly in high-dollar cases to prevent the seizure and sale of assets that might be a particular value to the taxpayer.
They can also seize jewelry. They can seize any number of items so you want to be sure you communicate with the revenue officer and smooth things over as quickly as possible.


Last night's event of the official opening of the restoration was excellent. There were approximately 150 guests in attendance, with many travelling several hours to attend. The evening started with welcome by the Chair of the Greater Manchester Building Preservation Trust, followed by presentations from the Chair of the THI Board Malcolm Allen, Lisa McFarlane (architect) and Warren Marshall (GMBPT Trustee). Mr. Billy Sheerin ( Depuy Mayor) thanked all the agencies involved on behalf of RMBC.
The official party and guests then moved into the restored hall where the Lord Lieutenant, Warren Smith unveiled a commemorative plaque. Christine thanked Viridor Credits for their match funding and for the huge support GMBPT have received from Heritage Trust North West. She also thanked the groups and individuals who sponsored windows. Over £20,000 has been raised so far, with more donations promised on the night. Also thanked were Elaine, Maureen, Carol and Dave who helped to prepare for the evening. After all the speeches ended glasses of wine were drunk and as everyone chatted musicians Shirley and Peter entertained on keyboard and alto saxaphone. Many thanks to everyone for making it a memorable evening. If you took photographs , please will you send a copy to the Edgar Wood Society email address.


Interleukin-10 and interferon-Y levels in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with cryotherapy.
Pentavalent antimonials, as the 1st choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), have various side effects. Also, there are some reports of drug resistance. Due to its safety, cryotherapy can be a good alternative or complementary treatment in CL. The aim of this study was to explore the possible systemic immunological mechanisms of cryotherapy besides its local effects in the treatment of CL. Twenty patients with CL were selected. The disease was confirmed via a direct smear. A venous blood sample was collected to determine IL-10 and IFN-[gamma] levels before starting cryotherapy. Then, 1 week after 8 sessions of cryotherapy were completed (i.e., 63 d), a 2nd venous sample was taken in order to compare the results with the pretreatment levels of these cytokines using the ELISA method. Cryotherapy resulted in no change in the levels of IL-10 and significantly increased the IFN-[gamma] levels in our patients with CL. Given these inconclusive or even mixed results, a larger sample size is needed in order to better assess the systemic immunological effects of cryotherapy.
Please cite this article as: Handjani F, Yousef SR, Saki N, Hamidizadeh N. Interleukin-10 and Interferon-[gamma] Levels in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treated with Cryotherapy. Iran J Med Sci. 2017;42(5):488-492.
IFN-[gamma] is the most potent cytokine involved in the induction of cidal activity against phagocytized organisms. It induces the production of oxygen species and activates the Th1 system. This process is also activated by IL-12. (1,3,4) Tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]) is also important for the control of leishmania infections. (5) It is produced by activated macrophages and natural killer cells and it amplifies the macrophage activation triggered by IFN-[gamma].
Old World CL is often a self-limiting disease. Pentavalent antimonials are the standard therapy for this disease. Common associated side effects of this group of drugs are cardiotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia or hepatitis, and rarely, acute renal failure. Meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate are the 2 most commonly used antimonials. Other treatments include cryotherapy, heat therapy, pentamidine, azoles, amphotericin B, allopurinol, and paromomycin.
The aim of the present study was to explore the possible systemic immunological mechanisms of cryotherapy besides its local effects by measuring IFN-[gamma] and IL-10 levels (Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively) in the serum of patients with CL.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, from September 2012 to May 2013. Twenty Old World CL patients who were diagnosed via a leishmania skin smear and who met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected consecutively from a pool of suspected CL patients who had referred to the clinic.
The criteria for inclusion were comprised of age[greater than or equal to]14 years, having[less than or equal to]6 cutaneous lesions and none>10 cm, having no signs and/or symptoms of mucous membrane involvement, having no previous history of leishmaniasis, and receiving no specific leishmania treatment. Patients with impaired sensation, hypersensitivity to cold, and impaired circulation, as well as patients with angina pectoris, all of which are considered contraindications for cryotherapy, were excluded from the study.
All the patients signed an informed consent form, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
Physical examination of the patients included visualization of the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa and a complete lymph node examination.
The skin lesions were documented in detail, including their number, location, and size (expressed in mm, great axis+small axis/2). The duration and clinical evidence of bacterial superinfection was noted, and a photograph of the lesion was taken. The study was designed to measure IL-10 and IFN-[gamma] levels in the CL patients before and after treatment with cryotherapy. A venous blood sample (10 mL) was collected to determine baseline IL-10 and IFN-[gamma] levels before the commencement of cryotherapy. Subsequently, at 1 week after the completion of 8 sessions of cryotherapy (day 63), a 2nd venous blood sample (10 mL) was drawn in order to compare the results with the pre-treatment levels. The design of the study took into consideration that it is unethical to treat the patients just for 8 weeks in the event that there was no complete cure. Hence, the treatment and follow-up of the patients was continued until the complete improvement of the lesions, even if it took several months.
Cryotherapy was performed for 8 sessions on a weekly basis. The lesion was 1st washed with saline. Then, the open-spray method was used, which consisted of a cryosurgical unit, liquid nitrogen, and spray-tip attachments. A fine spray of liquid nitrogen was directed at the lesion from a distance of approximately 1 to 2 cm. An intermittent spray of liquid nitrogen was used for deeper lesions in order to achieve a deeper freeze. The lesion was thereafter covered with a gauze bandage. No additional treatment was administered.
Human IFN-[gamma] and human IL-10 were measured in the patients' sera using the Platinum ELISA (eBioscience, USA).
The current study was a before-and-after study, and descriptive statistics were applied for the analysis of its results. The data analyses were done using SPSS (19 student version; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to verify differences between the cytokine levels before and after cryotherapy. Effect size was utilized for quantifying the size of the difference between the 2 groups with and without the deletion of some data.
Five (25%) male and 15 (75%) female patients participated in this study. Overall, 13 (65%) CL patients had the rural (wet) form and 7 (35%) had the urban (dry) form of the disease. The mean level of IL-10 was 3.63 pg/mL before cryotherapy (SD=6.16) and 0.36 pg/mL after cryotherapy (SD=0.54). The mean level of IFN-[gamma] was 1.033 pg/mL before cryotherapy (SD=1.08) and 2.566 pg/mL after cryotherapy (SD=1.94). The decrease in the levels of IL-10 (P=0.031) and the increase in the levels of IFN-[gamma] (P<0.001) in the CL patients treated with cryotherapy were statistically significant.
Since the amounts of IL-10 from 3 patients were very high, we calculated the P value and effect size in 2 different situations, with and without the extreme values of IL-10 in the 3 mentioned patients (tables 1 and 2). By calculating the effect size, we intended to seek clinical correlations from our analysis in addition to statistical associations. Cohen has classified effect sizes as small (d[greater than or equal to]0.2), medium (d[greater than or equal to]0.5), and large (d[greater than or equal to]0.8).
Calculation using the extreme values of IL-10 in the 3 patients showed a significant P value of 0.023 (P<0.05). The calculated effect size was 4.854 with an SD of 5.8 for this group and was analyzed as large and significant (effect size>0.8). However, with the deletion of the extreme values of IL-10, the P value was calculated as 0.75 with an SD of 2.8, which was insignificant (P>0.05). The calculated effect size was 0.378 for this group, which was considered small and trivial.
From what has been discussed above, after the removal of the 3 patients' data, the P value and effect size for the IL-10 levels were insignificant statistically and clinically.
Cryotherapy appears to be a reasonable alternative in the treatment of CL insofar as it is effective and usually requires a limited number of applications. In addition, cryotherapy can be easily performed in the field. Killing the parasite with local freezing is a conventional mechanism of cryotherapy. However, to our knowledge, there is no study on the possible systemic effects of cryotherapy to date.
Belkaid et al. (13) investigated the persistence of L.major in genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice after the healing of their dermal lesions. IL-10 was shown to play an important role in parasite persistence. There are a few studies on the importance of decreased IL-10 levels in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Nonetheless, in a study on heat therapy, Lobo et al. (12) found a decrease in IL-5, IFN-[gamma], and TNF-[alpha] levels after heat therapy and concluded that heat therapy for CL elicited a systemic cytokine response similar to that of antimonial therapy as the 1st line therapy in the treatment of CL. Bhattacharjee et al. (14) demonstrated that the in vivo neutralization of IL-10 by anti-IL-10 antibodies (mAb) was able to confer protection against leishmaniasis. Murray et al. (15) demonstrated that the deactivating effects of IL-10 regulated the outcome in experimental visceral leishmaniasis and that IL-10 receptor blockade represented a potential immunochemotherapeutic approach in this infection. These studies prompted the authors of the present study to seek possible systemic cytokine alterations or effects after cryotherapy. Whether the alteration in the cytokine response is a direct result of cryotherapy is not known.
The results from the current study showed that after removing the extreme values of IL-10 in 3 patients, the effect size was reduced considerably. In other words, cryotherapy had no effect on the IL-10 levels, while the INF-[gamma] levels increased significantly after cryotherapy.
Financial constraints precluded us from selecting more than 20 patients for this research. More studies with larger sample sizes and with measurement of these 2 and, indeed, more key cytokines are recommended to confirm our findings.
Cryotherapy caused no change in the levels of IL-10 but significantly increased the IFN-[gamma] levels in our patients with CL. In order to have a better and more accurate assessment of the possible systemic immunological effects of cryotherapy and changes in the levels of key cytokines, studies with larger sample sizes are required.
(1.) Pirmez C, Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Paes-Oliveira M, Conceicao-Silva F, Modlin RL. Cytokine patterns in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:1390-5. doi: 10.1172/JCI116341. PubMed PMID: 8473490; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC288111.
(2.) Da-Cruz AM, de Oliveira MP, De Luca PM, Mendonca SC, Coutinho SG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human american tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1996;91:225-9. PubMed PMID: 8736095.
(3.) Carvalho EM, Correia Filho D, Bacellar O, Almeida RP, Lessa H, Rocha H. Characterization of the immune response in subjects with self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53:273-7. PubMed PMID: 7573712.
(4.) Bacellar O, Lessa H, Schriefer A, Machado P, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Dutra WO, et al. Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Infect Immun. 2002;70:6734-40. PubMed PMID: 12438348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC132996.
(5.) Mosleh IM, Geith E, Natsheh L, Schonian G, Abotteen N, Kharabsheh S. Efficacy of a weekly cryotherapy regimen to treat Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:617-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.12.032. PubMed PMID: 18249466.
(6.) Siriwardena HV, Udagedara CU, Karunaweera ND. Clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of cryotherapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J. 2003;48:10-2. PubMed PMID: 12795012.
(7.) Layegh P, Pezeshkpoor F, Soruri AH, Naviafar P, Moghiman T. Efficacy of cryotherapy versus intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:172-5. PubMed PMID: 19190206.
(8.) Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Faghihi G, Momeni A. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:281-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02002.x. PubMed PMID: 15090013.
(9.) Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Faghihi G, Momeni A, Amini Harandi A. The efficacy of treatment with intralesional meglumine antimoniate alone, compared with that of cryotherapy combined with the meglumine antimoniate or intralesional sodium stibogluconate, in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003;97:493-8. doi: 10.1179/000349803225001373. PubMed PMID: 12930612.
(10.) Gurei MS, Tatli N, Ozbilge H, Erel O, Seyrek A, Kocyigit A, et al. Efficacy of cryotherapy and intralesional pentostam in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2000;30:169-76. PubMed PMID: 10786028.
(11.) Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Darnell BJ, Valencia-Pacheco G, Tryon VV, Palomo-Cetina A. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun. 1994;62:837-42. PubMed PMID: 8112853; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC186190.
(12.) Lobo IM, Soares MB, Correia TM, de Freitas LA, Oliveira MI, Nakatani M, et al. Heat therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis elicits a systemic cytokine response similar to that of antimonial (Glucantime) therapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:642-9. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.011. PubMed PMID: 16274713.
(13.) Belkaid Y, Hoffmann KF, Mendez S, Kamhawi S, Udey MC, Wynn TA, et al. The role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure. J Exp Med. 2001;194:1497-506. PubMed PMID: 11714756; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2193677.
(14.) Bhattacharjee S, Gupta G, Bhattacharya P, Adhikari A, Majumdar SB, Majumdar S. Anti-iL-10 mAb protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis via induction of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009;47:489-97. PubMed PMID: 19634715.
(15.) Murray HW, Lu CM, Mauze S, Freeman S, Moreira AL, Kaplan G, et al. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in experimental visceral leishmaniasis and IL-10 receptor blockade as immunotherapy. Infect Immun. 2002;70:6284-93. PubMed PMID: 12379707; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC130311.
* In general, it is known that the clinical cure for cutaneous leishmaniasis by systemic drugs is associated with a Th1 response, characterized by increased INF-y and a Th2 response by decreased IL-10.
* Killing the parasite with local freezing is a conventional mechanism of cryotherapy.
* Cryotherapy caused no change in the levels of IL-10 and significantly increased IFN-y in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients.
Lymph node enlargement in neck filariasis as a rare cause: A case report.


text:
The Trailer for 'The Morning Show,' Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon's New TV Series, Is Here
Oh, this is going to be good.
NOAH BERGERGetty Images
Just last week, we were blessed with a reminder that Friends onscreen sisters and IRL besties Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon would be reuniting on television in the upcoming TV drama The Morning Show. The series follows the ups and downs (from the looks of the trailer, mostly downs) of a successful daytime news show and its cast of news anchors.
Aniston takes center stage as The Morning Show's star anchor Alex Levy, a seasoned journalist who's got quite the bite hiding behind her megawatt smile; she ousts her longtime co-anchor and friend Mitch Kessler (Steve Carell) from his seat without blinking an eye. Her victory doesn't last long—the show is thrown into chaos with the introduction of a local reporter named Bradley Jackson, played by a red-headed (!) Witherspoon. As you can guess trouble ensues, tantrums are thrown, and breakdowns are had.
The Morning Show will be Aniston and Witherspoon's first onscreen collaboration since their days on Friends, and in some ways, it's kind of like they're playing the Green sisters again—except this time, they're enemies vying for a prized seat on a morning television show instead of Ross's heart. Also featured in the ensemble cast of the Apple TV+ production are Billy Crudup (Almost Famous), Gugu Mbatha-Raw (Beyond the Lights), and Mark Duplass (The Mindy Project), who will play the anchors' co-workers.
The series, which does not yet have a specific release date, is one of the first of many original offerings that will be available on Apple TV+. In late March, Apple announced that its new subscription service would be launching this fall with an impressive lineup of scripted television content; in addition to The Morning Show, the streaming service is set to release a selection series across various genres, including a period piece about the life of renowned poet Emily Dickinson, a dark mystery series starring Octavia Spencer, and an M. Night Shyamalan–helmed thriller called Servant.
The Morning Show's trailer shows just enough of the storyline to set the stage for what is bound to be a high-energy, captivating television drama, and with its star-studded cast, we just know this show is going to be a good time.
For more stories like this, including celebrity news, beauty and fashion advice, savvy political commentary, and fascinating features, sign up for the Marie Claire newsletter.
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Ineye Komonibo Ineye (in-NAY-yay) Komonibo is the editorial fellow at MarieClaire.com.
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