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HomeBlogNewsWWE: The Last Ride Is the Perf...
WWE: The Last Ride Is the Perfect Story… to RETIRE The Undertaker
by He'sHero.com
This past Sunday, after the Money in the Bank event, WWE aired the first part of The Last Ride, a five-part documentary series on The Undertaker and the man behind the gimmick, Mark Calaway. For the first time, fans will finally get an in-depth look at the man behind the most successful and long-lasting gimmick in history. The drawing of this final curtain is the perfect opportunity to consolidate the Undertaker gimmick once and for all, and finally lead to its retirement.
Mark Calaway's resistance to stepping out of character in any kind of public forum is legendary. Whether it's his refusal to sit in the arena during the Hall of Fame ceremonies (he chooses to stay backstage) or his lack of public appearances outside of the wrestling circus (although he has made a few of those in the last few years), Mark Calaway always tried to keep his life as Mark Calaway private. If you saw him on camera, chances are you saw him as The Undertaker. The gimmick needed to be protected to keep its mystique, at all costs.
RELATED: WWE Has One Match Left for Brock Lesnar – and It's Time to Book It
The first part of the documentary summarized the situation from Wrestlemania 27 to the lead up to WrestleMania 33 in what was supposed to be The Undertaker's final match. In a telling scene, Mark Calaway tells Jimmy Hart and Jim Cornette that the boys were calling him Santa Claus because he only showed up once a year. Of course, the reason for that was simple: his body was broken down. It had gotten harder and harder to get in shape for his WrestleMania match, and the loss to Roman Reigns was supposed to be the final chapter.
We all know that's not how it worked out. What followed in the three years since has been a squash against John Cena at WrestleMania 34, a casket match against Rusev in Saudi Arabia, a six-man tag at a house show in Madison Square Garden, a No Holds Barred match against Triple H in Saudi Arabia followed by a tag match with Kane against Hunter and Shawn on the next show there, a match against Goldberg at Super Showdown 2019, a tag team match with Roman Reigns against Drew McIntyre and Shane McMahon at Extreme Rules, the brief appearance at Super ShowDown to set up his match with AJ Styles, and the Boneyard match against AJ at this year's WrestleMania.
But why? There are really three reasons. The first is that after his match with Reigns, the Undertaker had multiple surgeries, hip replacement being the most urgent, and felt in much better shape. Secondly, although he doesn't need the money, the Saudi shows still are a nice payday. Most importantly though, Mark Calaway was apparently so disappointed in his own performance against Reigns at WrestleMania 33 that he just plain didn't want it to be his last match.
This seems to be the key to an Undertaker retirement: Mark Calaway is looking for that final match, that last glorious WrestleMania performance, that will let The Undertaker gimmick "rest in peace."
Whether it intended to or not, WWE may have found the perfect setup for that match. The documentary shows the man behind the Undertaker in a never before seen light: Mark Calaway is open. He is vulnerable, he is self-conscious, and most importantly, he is human. Not even as the American Badass has the Undertaker ever been presented in this way. As the show humanizes the man behind the gimmick, the show humanizes the gimmick itself.
RELATED: WWE's Becky Lynch Announces Pregnancy, Forfeits Raw Women's Title
This is where the storyline leading up to next year's WrestleMania – which will mark thirty years after The Undertaker's Mania debut – needs to begin. The Undertaker will be looking for his last great match and he will not stop until he finds it. Ironically, this will need to lead to the man who first exposed the man behind the Undertaker gimmick this past Mania season: AJ Styles.
At 43 years old, AJ is still one of the best wrestlers in the world. His physique and agility often draw comparisons to Shawn Michaels. Shawn gave the Undertaker probably the three greatest matches of his career (Hell in a Cell and WrestleManias 25 and 26). There is little doubt that AJ can give a healthy Undertaker that one last great match — and maybe even steal the show at WrestleMania.
After the Boneyard match, AJ still has a bone to pick with the Undertaker, with the loss still weighing heavily on AJ's mind, as Money in the Bank showed. At the same time, the Undertaker needs AJ for that last match. Both men. therefore. have a reason to want to make it happen.
With almost a year until Wrestlemania 37, WWE can take its time with this story. But everyone involved needs this match to happen. AJ needs it to leave his trauma behind. Fans need it as a proper conclusion to the story set up in the Boneyard Match. And most importantly, the Undertaker gimmick needs it to finally send Mark Calaway into his deserved retirement.
KEEP READING: The Undertaker Scared One WWE Star So Badly, He Now Has a Phenom-Phobia
By exposing Mark Calaway, the human being, the show humanizes The Undertaker, setting him up for a proper in-ring ending against AJ Styles.
1950 W Corporate Way #12519
Vsevolod Petrenko
heshero.com@gmail.com
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miyagi.sg
Benjamin "Mr Miyagi" Lee
Laws of our land
About Mr Miyagi
New Front
The Serious Business Of Dengue Prevention
Minister Masagos Zulkifli and others help hold up the banner showing the 5-step Mozzie Wipeout
It's been a few years since I've been involved with the dengue prevention campaign, and you would think with a couple of years, the disease would have been controlled, or even eradicated.
Unfortunately, dengue fever is still prevalent. In fact, the number of dengue cases in Singapore is expected to hit 30,000 this year – higher than the record in 2013 when 22,170 cases were reported. And it's come with a couple of challenges:
The Zika virus now making news around the world and akin to dengue fever, Zika is also carried and transmitted by the Aedes mosquito;
Campaign fatigue among people who are so accustomed to hearing about dengue this and that, that they become blasé about what needs to be done to prevent the disease from causing harm to them and our community.
But here's the thing about dengue – prevention is, quite practically, in our hands. Essentially, the best way to prevent dengue is to prevent the breeding of its carrier, the Aedes mosquitoes, through the 5-Step Mozzie Wipeout, which can be incorporated into our daily household routine. The steps entail removing stagnant water in our homes, which are ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, to break the Aedes mosquito's breeding cycle. By doing that, we can stop dengue transmissions through the bite of these pesky insects.
They told me the box contains only male mozzies. I think they checked every single one of their little private parts to be sure. #Repost @tryingtoohard with @repostapp. ??? #MozzieWipeout Fear Factor Challenge: @miyagisan trying not to freak out while @mr_brown exclaims on his behalf
A video posted by Benjamin "Mr Miyagi" Lee (@miyagisan) on Feb 28, 2016 at 1:17am PST
This year's dengue campaign launch repeated previous campaigns' exhortation to do the Mozzie Wipeout, but this time to consciously do it for 14 days – to effectively break the breeding cycle of the Aedes mosquito. To take effective control of the dengue situation, a penalty for households found to be breeding mosquitoes was also announced.
A few things of interest about the Aedes mosquitoes and dengue:
Only the female Aedes mosquito bites (because it needs the protein in our blood to develop its eggs).
The mosquito becomes infective about 7 days after it has bitten a person carrying the virus.
The mosquito is more prone to biting at dawn and dusk.
The average lifespan of an Aedes mosquito is two weeks, and during this time, it can lay eggs about three times.
Eggs can remain dormant in dry conditions for up to 9 months, after which they can still hatch if exposed to favourable conditions, i.e. water and food.
With that in mind, I'm going around the house to check for and remove potential breeding spots – like on our BBQ canvas sheet cover at the balcony, potted plant bases, our (not used often enough) bicycles, which may have tiny nooks where leftover rainwater may accumulate.
We've been hearing about the rising number of #dengue cases. The virus is transmitted only via the female #aedes mosquito. That means if you stop them breeding, you will stop it spreading. So do the #MozzieWipeout – it's easy, and only takes a few minutes. E.g. Check your potted plant holders for stagnant water, tip them out.
A photo posted by Benjamin "Mr Miyagi" Lee (@miyagisan) on Mar 23, 2016 at 9:15pm PDT
The other thing I'm concerned with is that many of us delegate our household chores to our hired help, and dengue prevention tasks like the 5-Step Mozzie Wipeout may be one of the chores that can be overlooked at times. I'm quite keen to make sure that this is done myself even if we have help at home.
For us, dengue prevention is a serious business, as I've reminded everyone over the years, our now 7-year-old son had to have two blood transfusions at 8 weeks old due to dengue fever. So he's going to go around our apartment and do the Mozzie Wipeout with me regularly as well.
It's no joke – there have been more than 5,900 reported cases of dengue since the beginning of the year. So get on it now, and make the Mozzie Wipeout part of your household routine.
Author Mr MiyagiPosted on March 31, 2016 April 1, 2016 Categories LivingTags Aedes, Dengue, health, mosquito, safety, Zika6 Comments on The Serious Business Of Dengue Prevention
Local Mosquitoes To Be Made Infertile
Dengue fighter gets up to speed. #mozziewipeout
A photo posted by Benjamin "Mr Miyagi" Lee (@miyagisan) on Apr 18, 2015 at 8:12pm PDT
Since May 2014, the NEA has been studying the feasibility of introducing Wolbachia-carrying male Aedes mosquitoes to help suppress the Aedes mosquito population in Singapore. Apparently, when these males mate with the female Aedes mosquitoes, their eggs do not hatch.
Here's hoping that it all works, and we're able to make these mozzies lose their mojo. In the meantime, community efforts in eradicating mosquito breeding habitats remain key to preventing dengue.
At the launch of this year's "Do The Mozzie Wipeout Campaign", I learnt of the outreach programme targeted at secondary school students in the South West district. Through the initiative, students are equipped with essential information on preventing the vector borne illness at home and at school, They are also tasked to spread the word about dengue prevention to residents living around their schools.
These roving ambassadors are called "Dengue Mobsters", but don't be afraid of them when they come knocking on your doors, because they're not there to mob you – they're just there to let you know how to prevent the spread of dengue, and give you a to-do list so you can also be a dengue fighter.
School Operations Managers will also have to attend forums to get them up to speed on procedures in the event of dengue outbreaks, as well as preventive measures for school premises.
At the South West of the country, workshops that began in 2013 will also continue to educate residents on maintaining mosquito-free gardens. By the end of May this year, "Garden Sheriffs" will also be trained, appointed, and armed with as much information as possible to stop the breeding of the dreaded Aedes mosquito.
I appreciate how difficult it is to maintain awareness of how dangerous dengue is, especially when the number of reported infections has fallen by 39% since last year. You can have dengue fighter kits packed with things like caps (2014), neck pillows (2015) and other paraphernalia – but it is difficult when people hear the same thing over and over again.
At last week's launch, Minister Grace Fu and the Mayor of South West CDC were tirelessly going around Bukit Gombak Neighbourhood Centre, meeting people, and handing out these bags and explaining what was in them, including "Aunty, this one cannot eat one ok? It is granular insecticide".
But please spare a moment to listen or read about preventive measures because there may be something you've missed out the last time. Or at least, think about how you can help with the outreach programme. For me, I think we should have forums for domestic helpers at these launches, seeing as how many of us delegate our housekeeping to this essential group of people.
It is also important to know that by far, most of the reported dengue breeding grounds have been in residences, and not construction sites and dormitories, and between February and March of this year alone, breeding habitats found in homes increased by 80%.
So please, for the sake of your families, do the mozzie wipeout, and stay vigilant.
Goodie Bags For To Fight Dengue With!
Uncle gives up and takes a picture of a picture of mosquitoes instead. #mozziewipeout
Author Mr MiyagiPosted on May 26, 2015 May 27, 2015 Categories LivingTags Dengue, health, mosquito, Mozzie Wipeout, safety
Last Minute Christmas Gift Ideas No. 5: Nicalu Olive Oil
I'll say this again. This is the best olive oil I have ever tasted, and it's available now in Singapore. And for Christmas and only in Singapore, you'll get it at a special price of $49.50 per litre!
Order here now.
Author Mr MiyagiPosted on December 21, 2014 Categories EatingTags Christmas, food, gifts, health, Nicalu, olive oil, TuscanyLeave a comment on Last Minute Christmas Gift Ideas No. 5: Nicalu Olive Oil
1 Million kg Challenge: Update
OK the fortnight is almost up, and I think I've lost the Blogger Challenge component (to get as many people to sign up for the 1 Million kg challenge) of the campaign.
That means a forfeit. Of me wearing spandex and doing yoga or some other exercise designed to make me look more ridiculous than I already do. So please, if you want to save your eyes and those of the nation, do your part and let me not be last if there's still time.
Being a part of this campaign has been interesting. Not least because I got my friends thinking about what they're eating and what they're doing about their health. I get lunch reports from friends telling me what they've had and what they've cut out. A fried chicken meal is now had apologetically.
Last week, a friend brought Naomi and I a box of delicious nonya kuehs sprinkled with coconut and guilt.
Personally I don't believe in putting even more stress on myself when it comes to my own health. I count myself lucky I'm able to enjoy tasty and unhealthy goodies once in a while, and in moderation. But to be able to do that requires a little bit of thought into what I'm eating.
Two years ago I was diagnosed with having pre-diabetes and I'm quite sure if I hadn't modified my diet then, I'd have upsized it to full diabetes by now. I'm now so used to not having soft drinks or any drinks with added sugar that the last time I had a gingerale, I had a stomach ache for a whole night. Most days now, the drink accompanying my meal is a glass of water or a cup of unsweetened tea.
It pays to be mindful, and I'm glad we eat healthily in our household. I know it's hard to change our mindsets – but like the proliferation of soup stalls shows, once we create the demand for healthier food, the supply will follow.
If the 1 million kg challenge is new to you, or your friends, sign up, and sign them up. Oh lordy save me.
Author Mr MiyagiPosted on March 26, 2014 Categories Eating, LivingTags 1 million kg challenge, food, health, HPBLeave a comment on 1 Million kg Challenge: Update
Good Things Must Share: Lim's Soup (The Art Of Soup)
There's been a surge in soup shops across the CBD in the past two years, catering to workers' increasing preference for healthier options. I've tried some of these places, and I've never gone back to any. Soups dished out from boiling vats are simply depressing, and most of them don't taste good.
It is difficult finding cheap, healthy, and tasty lunch options, but I think this trinity might have finally arrived in the form of this nondescript food stall in a coffee shop in Bukit Merah Central. Thanks are due to Dr Leslie Tay and the HPB's 1 Million kg Challenge for bringing us to this place.
Called Lim's Soup (The Art of Soup), the food stall is lovingly owned and operated by Eric Lim in the day. By night, Eric does something in finance. He didn't elaborate and I didn't ask what it is that requires you to work at night in finance, because when you make soup as awesome as his shop does, why would you want to talk about anything in finance?
Soups are different at Lim's, as Eric explains – there is a science (and and art) to "double-boiling" soup. The indirect heat extracts the flavour of the soup's ingredients without overcooking (yes you can overcook soup) them. The results are clear broths and subtle flavours that dispense with the need for further seasoning, or god forbid, MSG.
Apart from the soups, Lim's offer three grained steamed rice with a topping of cabbage as accompaniment, as well as menu items such as steamed minced meats with various toppings like salted egg yolk.
There's also a dish of baked rice with salted fish which is probably the best I've ever tasted. At other places, you'd probably dig into the dish and bite into chunks of salted fish which kill your tastebuds. Not so with Lim's version because the salted fish is so finely minced that it infuses the entire dish.
The thing that'll probably make me lim a lot more of Lim's Soup is that they deliver (if you order a day in advance). They'll double boil your order and put them in vacuum flasks that will keep your dishes warm for two hours. This is because Eric thinks microwaving your soup to reheat them is an insult to every ingredient in your soup. He's such a double-boiled soup nazi about it that he'll let you keep the vacuum flask and only collect them the day after you've finished your meal. Now, that's dedication.
Lim's Soup (The Art of Soup)
Block 161, Bukit Merah Central
Singapore 150161.
11:30am to 8pm
Closed Sundays and PH
Author Mr MiyagiPosted on March 22, 2014 March 22, 2014 Categories EatingTags food, health, Lim's SoupLeave a comment on Good Things Must Share: Lim's Soup (The Art Of Soup)
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Say I love you with a gourmet gift from Flying Noodle! Try the Flower of the Month Club or Beer of the Month Club. Or maybe surprise them with a delicious gourmet food gift basket. No matter what you choose, we've got great Valentine's Day gifts guaranteed to please everyone.


When your goals, both long term and short term, are centered on health growth and achieving real wealth, you'll be trying to balance requirements and demands from several directions. Challenges may come from the "daily operation" bag of tips and tricks or you may find yourself paying attention to details in the world of finance.
If you're a startup company, sales/marketing efforts will differ from those in an established business. It's important to understand, however, those marketing efforts and sales efforts retain a customer-service core, no matter which way the economy winds or societal winds blow.
This 2018 report is the "formal response" to construction standards believed to have contributed to the Grenfell fire catastrophe. At the time this report was published there was no formal comment from the "central Government." However, the industry, in general, is already adopting and observing most of the recommendations and observations in the report.
One of the paragraphs emphasized in the report puts the focus squarely on "the building and its separate parts, especially products." This concept is stated as "fitness-for-purpose," with "more rigour in enforcement and a sharper focus on fire safety." Fire-resistant glass is one way an architect or builder can take steps in the right direction.
This glass is designed to check the spread of fire within buildings, providing a barrier for resistance to fire and adding insulation properties. The primary benefit, as related to the Hackitt Report, is insulation on the non-fire side, "allowing more time for escape." More than 70 people died in the Grenfell event, and another 70 were injured. Hundreds managed to escape with their lives. Fire-resistant glass is rated in terms of "effect for a specified period of time," as well as for insulation properties that reduce temperature and amount of radiant heat.
As new standards and regulations are established in the wake of the tragedy, these ratings will gain importance. Advancements in technology can make fire safety a top priority.


Last week was another fun blog hop! So much to read, never enough time! I am all about simple and I have been converting my cleaning supplies to DIY cleaning supplies over the last few months. So, Make Your Own Fabric Softener caught my eye last week. I have added this product to my very fancy other products. I scented with lavender and have it mixed in a wine bottle with a pour spout on it. Very classy on the washing machine. I love lavender and this is simply another great way I can use it. Thanks for such a simple, simple thing that brightens my wash days! It makes them more fun!
And speaking of mixing play and work, I shared some thoughts on that yesterday on my blog. What about you? How do you mix up play and work? OR are they one in the same sometimes?
So are you ready to hop????
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE A MEMBER OF THE FARMGIRL SISTERHOOD to join the FARMGIRL/BOY FRIDAY BLOG HOP although I highly recommend you check it out if you like the idea of earning badges for all the fun farmgirl activities you already do, and the new ones you will try your hand at in the future! I love being a part of the Farmgirl Sisterhood and finding MJs Farm helped me and is helping me discover and embrace all the things I love!
While you are hopping be sure to check out Deb's blog about her farmgirl adventure to a Vintage Bazaar . The pictures and dialog will make you feel like you are there!
Everyone that plays in the dirt, craft room, kitchen, farmyard are welcome! So get ready to hop and link up!
« Work That Feels Like PLAY!


Does one act according to his/her feelings or does God give a sign?
I am not married but I believe that marriage is sacred. The only reason to end the marriage ( in my opinion) is when one person is physically, or emotionally abusing their Spouse and is refusing to get help. The spouse that is getting abused doesn't deserve it and if the abuser is refusing to get help then you have no right to be with them. You then can leave the marriage. Hopes this helps!!
Matthew 19:9 says you can divorce a sexually immoral spouse. "...whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits adultery."


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THORPE ABBOTTS, All Saints (TM 187 790),
NORFOLK.
(Bedrock: Pleistocene, Norwich Crag Formation.)
This is another church with a round tower that turns octagonal at the bell-stage and another where the account in the 'Northwest and South Norfolk' volume of The Buildings of England (second edition by Nikolaus Pevsner and Bill Wilson, New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1999, pp. 725-726) - which, in any case, is only fourteen lines long - is virtually worthless. Fortunately, help is at hand from Stephen Hart again, whose The Round Church Towers of England includes a detailed article on the building (pp. 129-131).
Considered in brief, the key to the understanding of the building lies in the recognition of a blocked round-headed doorway turned in flint about halfway along the nave N. wall (seen left), east of the present N. doorway of early thirteenth century form (illustrated below right). Presumably, the former was the entrance to the church before the latter was constructed, and just west of the blocked arch, at a distance of 19' 6" (5.9 m.) from the nave northwest corner, Stephen Hart noticed a straight vertical joint, just discernable in the masonry - a feature he then found in the same position in the S. wall. This appears to be incontrovertible proof that an original Romanesque nave was lengthened westwards in the thirteenth century - perhaps the first quarter to judge from the existing doorway, the obvious implication being that the tower, which adjoins the extension, could obviously not have been erected earlier than this date. Moreover, in addition, the two-light bell-openings have straightened reticulation units in their heads, a form which is most closely associated in East Anglia with the second half of the fourteenth century, and since Hart could find no trace, inside or out, of a join between the tower's round and octagonal stages (indeed, the change of shape inside takes place about 5' 6" higher up than outside), it seems reasonable to conclude that the whole tower was built in a single phase at this time, a conclusion given added credence by the composition of the masonry in the round stage, which includes a number of mediaeval bricks used at random in the matrix and in an integral relieving arch above the cinquefoil-cusped lancet window to the west. Above the round stage, the tower actually has two octagonal stages for before the bell-stage is reached, there is a short blank stage about 8' high (2.4 m.), divided off between string courses, presumably to enhance its appearance. Both the octagonal stages have brick quoins and the bell-stage is pierced by bell-openings in its cardinal faces only, and decorated on the ordinal sides by two-light blank openings in flushwork as also seen, for example, at Theberton in Suffolk.
The rest of the church can be quickly described. The N. windows to the nave include one with Y-tracery that seems partly original, perhaps of late thirteenth century date, and the S. windows comprise three two-light Perpendicular insertions with drop tracery and quatrefoils in the apices beneath segmental arches. The chancel windows are wholly Victorian. The diagonally-buttressed porch (shown right) is constructed in brick in mixed bond and is probably a fifteenth century addition; both the side windows and outer arch are composed of moulded brick. Inside the church, the tower arch is narrow but extremely thick, as a result of being formed by the meeting of two walls (i.e. of the nave and tower). The chancel arch consists of two orders bearing two wave mouldings on the inner order, carried on semi-octagonal responds, and a continuous quadrant moulding on the outer order, while the mouldings around the capitals extend to encompass both.
[Other churches with round towers featured on this web-site are Bartlow and Snailwell in Cambridgeshire, Quidenham, Roydon, Rushall and Shimpling in Norfolk, and Aldham, Brome, Hengrave, Higham, Little Bradley, Little Saxham, Rickinghall Inferior, Risby, Stuston, Theberton, Wissett and Wortham in Suffolk.]


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I volunteer for a number of organizations that work to improve food justice, including a mobile food pantry, therapeutic food pantry and a organic sustainable farm. I'm most passionate about increasing efficient use of food resources to feed those in need, whether through waste reduction, improved distribution or improved environmental and agricultural practices.
I'm excited to learn about the work that is being done in the tri-counties. I look forward to understanding how my skills and knowledge can help the work that is or will be done to help our state and country steward the land, environment and citizens.
I am ready to help, in whatever ways I can, to improve and support organizations in the field!


text:
// <auto-generated />
using System;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Infrastructure;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage.ValueConversion;
using WpfAppSqliteTesting;

namespace WpfAppSqliteTesting.Migrations
{
    [DbContext(typeof(AppDbContext))]
    [Migration("20200603170627_Initial")]
    partial class Initial
    {
        protected override void BuildTargetModel(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
#pragma warning disable 612, 618
            modelBuilder
                .HasAnnotation("ProductVersion", "3.1.4");

            modelBuilder.Entity("WpfAppSqliteTesting.Entity", b =>
                {
                    b.Property<long>("Id")
                        .ValueGeneratedOnAdd()
                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER");

                    b.Property<int>("ClassId")
                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER");

                    b.Property<string>("ClassName")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("CreatedBy")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<DateTime>("CreatedDateTimeUtc")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<DateTime>("EventDateTime")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<DateTime>("EventDateTimeUtc")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<long>("EventId")
                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER");

                    b.Property<int>("GroupId")
                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER");

                    b.Property<string>("GroupName")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("Message")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("Parameter1")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("Parameter2")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("Parameter3")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("Parameter4")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("SourceMessageId")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<int>("StateId")
                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER");

                    b.Property<string>("StateName")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.Property<string>("TechnicalComponentId")
                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");

                    b.HasKey("Id");

                    b.ToTable("Entities");
                });
#pragma warning restore 612, 618
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Эрика заметив, что я разглядываю ее, бьет меня ладонью по лбу, несильно, видимо, не желая вновь отправить своего жалкого братца в нокдаун. Call me a bright and experienced mistress. Просто устал. As she approached me she seemed to trip forward, spilling tea all over my lap.
She was 35 and I was just 17. Девочке хорошо, как никогда наконец, они оказались в одной постели со своими любовниками и трах, который они заняты, не может не радовать своим качеством, интенсивностью и откровенностью. Если сексуальной человек попадется довольно стойкий, то девушка, стоя перед ним, разденется полностью и шокирует .
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Mascara, eye creams, eye shadow Most natural eye makeup stays good for three to six months. But sunscreens, or any product made with sunscreen, such as moisturizer, are required to list an expiration date on their labels. Since using the clarifying skin care line my skin has never looked better. You can use a banana as an all-natural, homemade facial mask that moisturizes your skin and leaves it looking and feeling softer. This long treasured juice is low in calories, high in health benefits and traditionally used to promote healthy living.
Description: Then I tried blending one part Retin A the size of a small pea to two parts Nutrient Moisturizer before applying it my skin. Thank you again, great work! For example, Eminence Organics, an organic face and body care line, notes on its website that its products typically expire after 12 months, although it uses natural preservatives like honey and lemon to keep products fresh. The restorative effect was immediately noticeable.


text:
Glynn County golf legend to become CBS commentator
By Ken Griner | December 20, 2019 at 12:21 PM EST - Updated January 15 at 4:30 PM
SAVANNAH, Ga. (WTOC) -Davis Love III has had a Hall of Fame career in golf, as the shrine near Saint Augustine welcomed him in two years ago. Now, the Glynn County native is about to put down his putter for a few weeks for a new part-time career.
Love seems to be enjoying his role as grandad. After 21 PGA Tour victories and a major, the 55-year-old is picking up a microphone to call the images brought to you by the cameras of CBS Golf.
"I'm excited to be going into what I consider to be the best golf team in sports, CBS has a long history of covering golf, going all the way back to when I first started watching golf on TV," Love said. "I have a lot to learn, I know that. You know me, I like doing all kinds of things, but I like to be good at them, I don't like to do it just for fun, so I'm going to work hard at it and it's going to be quite a challenge."
Love will call 18 events in 2020. He says the move will be good for him, the same way golf fans got to know Ken Venturi and Johnny Miller after their playing career. And he's already getting some advice from other athletes that have made the move from playing to calling the game, like Joe Simpson.
"He said you have to be yourself, and that's why they hired you, don't let them push you into a box. I know the game. I know the players. I know how to play the game. I just have to get that out to the fans, and maybe not be as nice as I've been over the years, if a guy is making a mistake or not playing well, be able to say that."
Now as Love enters his rookie season in the booth, he says he's very comfortable with the crew and talking about golf. It's just the ins and outs of how to do TV that concerns him.
"Incredible amount of comfort, I am nervous doing any of it by myself. I can talk about the golf, but can I throw it back to Ian Baker Finch on sixteen, and then we're going to go to commercial, those are the mechanics I'm going to have to learn, I'll probably be calling you for advice as well."
Davis laughed and said we got to know Johnny Miller for good and for bad on TV.
"I've been talking about one day making it into the booth, my game has 'been going downhill a little.' Dabbling on the Champions Tour. Something I always wanted to do, CBS is shaking up their crew a little."
Joins CBS in 2020 at Torry Pines for the Farmers Insurance Open. January 23 is the first round. CBS in on Saturday.
Ken Griner
Daybreak Anchor
Ken Griner is now in his second stint at WTOC, coming home to his native Savannah, after fifteen years in Greenville, South Carolina. With nearly 30 years in television, he's covered just about every sporting event: World Series, The Masters, U.S. Open, Daytona 500, The College World Series and fourteen bowl games.
Pay to Play: Financial impact of COVID-19 testing on college athletics
Lyndsey Gough
Georgia's LeCounte officially NFL-bound
Published January 7, 2021 at 11:16 PM
Portal football coach resigns
SSU lineman accepts Tropical Bowl bid


text:
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Yesterday I began a post about our summer bike tour. As the post progressed, I realized it was becoming bigger than just recounting our trip. It was more about the lessons we all learned. As parents, Tim and I want to teach our kids about character and grit, and bike touring is a great way to accomplish that.
…How many of the character traits have I covered so far?
With two kids along for the ride, bike touring is even more challenging. Because bike touring involves some suffering and grit and our modern-day, middle-class kids aren't accustomed to that.
Too many months have passed since we returned from our family bike tour last summer to justify a trip report. But I think just enough time has passed to allow me to reflect on the experience and look forward to the next one.
Last summer we loaded up Tim's Big Dummy (with most of our gear), the tandem (equipped with 3 Ortliebs and a bucket pannier) piloted by Anne and the 8-year-old and the 10-year-old's bike (toting her clothes, sleeping bag and thermarest) and pedaled away from our house on a sunny Saturday afternoon in August.
We ended up in the San Juan Islands 5 days later.
The family spent 5 more days camping, relaxing, reading, playing on the beach and enjoying the tranquility of Lopez and San Juan Islands. We then hopped on the Victoria Clipper and motored back to downtown Seattle (covering the same distance on the passenger ferry in a few hours that took 5 days on the bike).
The trip came to an end after a 5 mile ride back to our house in North Seattle on a quintessential Seattle summer evening.
Recounting the trip in that manner makes it seem like a piece of cake. We pedaled, arrived 5 days later, hung out on the Islands for 5 days and took a ferry back to Seattle.
Truth be told, there was plenty of suffering mixed in as well. And some grit and definitely some character building.
This NYT education piece about education, failure, building character and ultimately success reminded me of bike touring.
Note: the following is the initial account of our summer family bike tour. If we were good bloggers we would have shared with you along the way. But instead we chose to be good bike tourists and (mostly) disconnect. And then we returned home and started the "back to school" cycle. So we're a little late (and as you'll see, there's nothing unusual about that), but we think worth sharing anyway. We'll add more installments over the next couple weeks.
It's 4:00 PM on August 13th and we're finally ready to head out on our first substantial (multiple days, 200 mile) family bike tour.
Destination: the San Juan Islands, eventually.
Transportation modes: Pedal power, assisted by state, county and private ferries.
After several days of bike upgrades and maintenance, endless laundry and packing, we were finally ready to roll. Our dog/house sitter arrived and settled in for her week+ stay.
We planned to ride 13 miles to Edmonds, catch the ferry to Kingston, then pedal 12 miles to Kitsap Memorial State Park. We said our goodbyes, then pedaled out of the driveway heading in the direction of Edmonds. Sure, our departure was about four hours later than planned, but so what. We were on the road.
And we made it about a block and a half. Seriously.
Though we thought we packed light, our bikes felt like RVs. The kids were moving even slower than usual. Uh-oh. Was this such a good idea?
That one long block made us realize 5-10 MPH would not get us to Kitsap Memorial before dark, especially with the threat of rain and darkness. Had we been kid-less (or just hauling them on the Xtracycles) we could have made it in time, even with the late start. But as a full pedaling family? No way.
Consider this reset expectation number one.


text:
Popular Alaska cop is illegal immigrant
In this undated photo provided by the Anchorage Police Department, Rafael Mora-Lopez is shown. Mora-Lopez pleaded not guilty Friday, April 22, 2011, to charges of passport fraud in U.S. District Court in Anchorage. Federal agents processing a renewal request for his passport discovered the alleged fraud. Mora-Lopez had been employed as an Anchorage police officer since 2005 under the name Rafael Espinoza. He was arrested Thursday, April 21, 2011, after federal and state authorities searched his home and found documents confirming his true identity. (AP Photo/Anchorage Police Department)
For years, the man known as Rafael Espinoza was widely respected as an exemplary police officer who was popular among his peers in Alaska's largest city.
All that ended this week when authorities discovered he was really Mexican national Rafael Mora-Lopez, who was in the U.S. illegally and stole another man's identity, officials charged.
"His reputation here is one of a hard-working officer, one who was very professional," Anchorage Police Chief Mark Mew said Friday at a news conference announcing Mora-Lopez's arrest. "The problem, obviously, is he is not Rafael Espinoza."
Soon after the announcement, Mora-Lopez appeared in U.S. District Court in Anchorage and pleaded not guilty to a charge of passport fraud, which carries a maximum 10-year sentence. At his arraignment, Mora-Lopez told a federal magistrate he is 47, even though officials listed his age as 51.
His attorney, Alan Dayan, declined to comment to The Associated Press.
Federal agents processing a renewal request for his passport discovered the alleged fraud. He was arrested Thursday after authorities searched his home and found documents confirming his true identity, officials said.
Mora-Lopez had been employed as an Anchorage police officer since 2005 under the assumed name. Police and federal prosecutors said he doesn't have a criminal record.
"We have no evidence that this individual had at the time been anything other than a good police officer," Karen Loeffler, U.S. Attorney in Alaska said.
The real Rafael Espinoza is a U.S. citizen who lives outside Alaska.
Officials said it's too soon to gauge implications of the case, such as any fallout over Mora-Lopez's court testimony in past criminal trials. Authorities released limited details, saying the case was still unfolding.
Mew said the department conducted a pre-employment criminal background check on Mora-Lopez and he also passed a polygraph test. A national fingerprint check also turned up empty.
The arrest was a "bitter pill to swallow" for many in the police department, Mew said.
There are no immediate plans to file state charges, said John Skidmore, a state attorney. He and other officials stressed that the case was still under investigation.
"At this time, we have no reason to believe, from what we know so far, that this gentleman or this officer's good work for APD has in any way been compromised or questioned," Skidmore said.
U.S. Magistrate John D. Roberts set bond at $50,000, and ordered Mora-Lopez to home-confinement and electronic monitoring. His defense attorney told the magistrate that Mora-Lopez has a wife and child in Alaska and has close ties to Anchorage, where he has lived since the late 1980s.
"He's not going anywhere," Dayan said.
The wife could not be reached by phone for comment Friday.
The passport fraud case is similar to one involving a Mexican national who took the identity of a dead cousin who was a U.S. citizen in order to become a Milwaukee police officer. Oscar Ayala-Cornejo was deported to Mexico in 2007.
Copyright © 2011 The Associated Press
1 thought on "Popular Alaska cop is illegal immigrant"
Throw him in jail for 5 years, then deport him.


text:
Q: Webpack 2: vendor, common and specific bundles With the CommonsChunkPlugin I currently have my code split up into:
vendors.js
common.js
page-1.js
page-2-authenticated.js
page-3-authenticated.js

So on page-1.html I load the following scripts:
<script src="vendors.js" />
<script src="common.js" />
<script src="page-1.js" />

It works fine and all the shared code in page-1.js, page-2-authenticated.js and page-3-authenticated.js are bundled into common.js.
As you can see, my application requires a user to be logged in for page-2-authenticated.html and page-3-authenticated.html. However, shared code in page-2-authenticated.js and page-3-authenticated.js is also bundled into common.js. But I don't want to bother users who are not logged in, with code that is only used when you are logged in.
So for page-2-authenticated.html I would like to have:
<script src="vendors.js" />
<script src="common.js" />
<script src="common-authenticated.js" /> // Shared code for authenticated users
<script src="page-2-authenticated.js" />

However, when I export a test variable in common-authenticated.js and import these into page-2-authenticated.js and page-3-authenticated.js, this shared code is still bundled into common.js. And common-authenticated.js is empty (just some webpackJsonp([12],[],[85]);).
I have the following webpack 2 config:
entry: {
  vendors: ['react'],
  common: 'index.js',
  'common-authenticated': 'common-authenticated.js',
  'page-1': 'page-1.js',
  'page-2-authenticated': 'page-2-authenticated.js',
  'page-3-authenticated': 'page-3-authenticated.js'
},
plugins: [
  new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
    // The order of this array matters
    names: ['common', 'vendors'],
    minChunks: 2
  })
]

Question: How do I bundle specific code into common-authenticated.js? Any ideas?

A: I was able to solve it with the following configuration:
entry: {
  // Same as in topic start
},

plugins: [
  /*
   * Check the files used for pages on which you need to be logged in
   * and bundle the shared code of these files in a chunk named
   * 'common-authenticated' (its output will be in 'common-authenticated.js')
   */
  new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
    name: 'common-authenticated',
    chunks: [
      'page-2-authenticated',
      'page-3-authenticated'
    ],
    minChunks: 2
  }),

  /*
   * Now check for shared code in the bundle defined above plus the files for
   * pages on which you do not need to be logged in. Bundle this shared code into
   * 'common.js'
   */
  new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
    name: 'common',
    chunks: [
      'common-authenticated', // Name of the chunk defined above
      'page-1'
    ],
    minChunks: 2
  }),

  /*
   * I don't really now how this works. But it works :).
   * It generates the 'vendors.js'
   */
  new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
    name: 'vendors',
    chunks: ['common', 'vendors'],
    minChunks: 2
  })
]

It gives me exactly what I want. The loading of scripts in page-1.html remains unchanged (I don't need common-authenticated.js there). And page-2-authenticated.html now has:
<script src="vendors.js" />
<script src="common.js" />
<script src="common-authenticated.js" /> // Shared code for authenticated users
<script src="page-2-authenticated.js" />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import {has} from './has.js';
import {isMap} from './is-map.js';

// Use a fallback for `Object.keys` if needed (for old browsers).
const objectKeys = Object.keys || function _keys(o) {
  const results = [];

  for (const key in o) {
    if (has(o, key)) {
      results.push(key);
    }
  }

  return results;
};

/**
 * Get all keys of map instance.
 *
 * @param {Map} map Map instance.
 * @return {Array<String>} An array of all map keys.
 */
function mapKeys(map) {
  // IE11 on Win10 does not support `keys` function, so
  // use the good old `forEach` function.
  const allKeys = [];
  map.forEach((v, k) => allKeys.push(k));
  return allKeys;
}

/**
 * Get all own and enumerable keys of an object.
 *
 * @param {Object} obj Object to extract keys.
 * @return {Array<string>} An array of all the keys in the object.
 */
export function keys(obj) {
  return isMap(obj) ? mapKeys(obj) : objectKeys(obj);
}


text:
Security Negligence? Juan Salazar Ramirez Fatally Injured in San Bernardino, CA Apartment Complex Shooting.
Juan Salazar Ramirez Fatally Injured in San Bernardino, CA Apartment Complex Shooting. (Stock Photo: MurrayLegal.com)
Did negligent security contribute to the shooting death at a San Bernardino apartment complex and are justice and compensation available to the victim's family? Read Our Legal Take below to find out what legal options are available.
A man is dead after a shooting at a San Bernardino, CA apartment complex early Sunday morning, November 29, 2020.
As reported by SBSun.com, "Juan Salazar Ramirez, 40, was shot and killed in the 2900 block of North Loma Avenue on Nov. 29 at about 12:14 a.m."
According to the report, "[o]fficers responded to reports of shots fired and [found] Ramirez down in the complex suffering from a gunshot wound."
Ramirez succumbed to his injury at the scene.
The investigation is ongoing.
OUR LEGAL TAKE
Residents and guests of apartment complexes have a right to feel safe and secure while on the premises. The level of security provided at the complex is of significance, and is a relevant consideration when analyzing whether this shooting may have been prevented. The following questions are also important in assessing whether this incident may have been avoided:
Have there been prior incidents of violence on the property, and were any security measures added after any prior incidents?
What security measures were in place to deter crime and protect the victim at the time of the shooting?
Was the complex aware of any suspicious persons or suspicious activity on the property prior to the shooting?
Property owners are generally required to protect against foreseeable harm to anyone and everyone legally on the premises. Should the investigation into this incident reveal facts that establish that the complex owner or management lacked adequate security to protect its residents and visitors, the family of Juan Salazar Ramirez may seek justice and elect to pursue legal claims and substantial compensation for their loss.
The Murray Law Firm has extensive and successful experience in handling security negligence claims on behalf of victims and their families, and suggests that an immediate, unbiased inspection of the property will need to be performed so as to limit evidence from being altered, damaged or destroyed. The complexities of pursuing a negligent security case are well understood by the legal team at The Murray Law Firm, and it is imperative that the family of Juan Salazar Ramirez retain a capable law firm who will work without delay to protect their interests.
The Murray Law Firm has a long history of representing victims of violence and security negligence. We have obtained over $100 Million in verdicts and settlements for our Clients, including a $29.25 million dollar verdict for a victim of an unsafe property. We offer our legal assistance, if desired.
We represent our Clients on a contingency agreement, which generally means that no fees or payments are owed until and unless we recover. Anyone seeking further information or legal representation is encouraged to contact us via e-mail (click here) or by telephone at 888.842.1616. Consultations are free and confidential.
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Posted in: Apartment Crime, Premises Liability and Security Negligence
Tagged: 2900 block of North Loma Avenue, Juan Salazar Ramirez and San Bernardino apartment complex shooting


Terrify that slows down affected enemies.
Speed reduction is affected by Ability Strength.
Maximum speed reduction is achievable with at least +34% Ability Strength at max rank.
Molecular Prime as it slows enemies as well as the ability's property of removing enemy armor, effectively allowing more damage to be dealt to armored enemies.
Reduces the number of affected enemies to 8, armor reduction to 8% and movement speed reduction to 24%.
Maximized Ability Strength increases the number of affected enemies to 82.4, armor reduction to 82.4% and movement speed reduction to 80%.
Without Energy Conversion and Growing Power, increases the number of affected enemies to 67.4, armor reduction to 67.4% and movement speed reduction to 80%.


Alcohol is a major global threat to public health. Although the main burden of chronic alcohol-related disease is in adults, its foundations often lie in adolescence. Alcohol consumption and related harm increase steeply from the age of 12 until 20 years. Several trials focusing upon young people have reported significant positive effects of brief interventions on a range of alcohol consumption outcomes. A recent review of reviews also suggests that electronic brief interventions (eBIs) using internet and smartphone technologies may markedly reduce alcohol consumption compared with minimal or no intervention controls.
Interventions that target non-drinking youth are known to delay the onset of drinking behaviours. Web based alcohol interventions for adolescents also demonstrate significantly greater reductions in consumption and harm among 'high-risk' drinkers; however changes in risk status at follow-up for non-drinkers or low-risk drinkers have not been assessed in controlled trials of brief alcohol interventions.
The study design comprises two linked randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two intervention strategies compared with screening alone. One trial will focus on high-risk adolescent drinkers attending Emergency Departments (Eds) and the other will focus on those identified as low-risk drinkers or abstinent from alcohol but attending the same ED.
Our primary (null) hypothesis is similar for both trials: Personalised Feedback and Brief Advice (PFBA) and Personalised Feedback plus electronic Brief Intervention (eBI) are no more effective than screening alone in alcohol consumed at 12 months after randomisation as measured by the Time-Line Follow-Back 28-day version. Our secondary (null) hypothesis relating to economics states that PFBA and eBI are no more cost-effective than screening alone.
In total 1,500 participants will be recruited into the trials, 750 high-risk drinkers and 750 low-risk drinkers or abstainers. Participants will be randomised with equal probability, stratified by centre, to either a screening only control group or one of the two interventions: single session of PFBA or eBI. All participants will be eligible to receive treatment as usual in addition to any trial intervention. Individual participants will be followed up at 6 and 12 months after randomisation.
The protocol represents an ambitious innovative programme of work addressing alcohol use in the adolescent population.
ISRCTN45300218. Registered 5th July 2014.
Alcohol is a major global threat to public health . Although the main burden of chronic alcohol-related disease is in adults, its foundations often lie in adolescence . A recent survey of alcohol use among 14–15 year olds across 36 European countries found that 87% reported lifetime alcohol use, with 57% consuming alcohol on one or more occasion in the previous month . While the proportion of young people in England aged 11–15 years who reported that they have drunk alcohol decreased from 62% to 45% between 1988 and 2011, the mean amount consumed approximately doubled (from 6.4 to 10.4 units of alcohol per week) between 1994 and 2011 . In England there is a rapid increase in alcohol consumption during school years, with 1% of those aged 11 years reporting weekly alcohol consumption compared with 28% of those aged 15 years . Adolescents in the UK are now amongst the heaviest drinkers in Europe .
Alcohol consumption and related harm increase steeply from the age of 12 until 20 years . In middle adolescence (ages 15–17 years) binge drinking (single occasion consumption leading to intoxication) often emerges. Binge drinking is associated with increased risk of unprotected or regretted sexual activity [3,5,7], criminal and disorderly behaviour [5,8], suicide and deliberate self-harm , injury , drink-driving or allowing oneself to be carried by a drinking driver , alcohol poisoning  and accidental death .
Over the past 15 years the World Health Organisation (WHO), the US Surgeon General, the American Medical Association, and the American Academy of Paediatrics have called for practitioners to carry out screening and brief interventions (SBI) for adolescent drinkers [13-16]. The alcohol strategies in both England and Scotland identify adolescents as a key target group in whom to reduce alcohol consumption and related harm [8,17]. However, while there has been an increase in SBI activity in relation to adults presenting to health care providers, adolescents remain a neglected group.
The term Brief Intervention (BI) encompasses a range of therapeutic processes from advice to extended counselling, and typically is delivered in short sessions on one or more occasion. A number of trials focusing upon young people (aged 12 – 21) have reported significant positive effects of brief interventions on a range of alcohol consumption measures [18-23]. Our recent review of reviews suggests that internet and smartphone delivered BIs (eBI) can significantly reduce alcohol consumption compared with minimal or no intervention controls, and have the added advantage of being more acceptable and easier to implement than more traditional face-to-face interventions [24,25]. Our recently completed study of the prevalence of risky drinking among an adolescent population (aged 10–17 years) found that about 1 in 4 young people presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) were consuming three or more drinks on one or more occasion over the preceding month, and that this level of consumption was associated with increased physical, social and educational adverse consequences. We also observed a steep transition in drinking prevalence between 13 and 16 years of age.
Several school-based interventions that target non-drinking youths have been found to delay the onset of drinking behaviours  and a recent study of adolescents found lower rates of substance misuse initiation among those exposed to a web-based intervention . Web-based alcohol interventions for adolescents also demonstrated significantly greater reductions in consumption and harm among 'high-risk' drinkers ; however changes in risk status at follow up for non-drinkers or low-risk drinkers have not been assessed in any well controlled trials of BI. Therefore our proposed work will assess both primary outcomes (delayed onset) and secondary outcomes (reduction of consumption and associated harms in those already drinking at a high level) among a population of adolescents.
Recruitment of both 'high-risk' and 'low-risk' drinkers will have the additional benefit of addressing a major concern among both young people and parents that participation in a trial of this nature may suggest that the participant is drinking at a level that warrants concern and intervention. Young people interviewed as part of this process indicated that they would prefer to take part in a trial if there was no implication that they had an "alcohol problem" and were assured that information about their drinking would not be disclosed to parents or healthcare staff.
Thus we shall conduct two linked trials that will include both high-risk and low-risk drinkers and abstainers, informing them that the study seeks to prevent alcohol-related harm in young people. In addition embedded within the proposed study is an internal feasibility study conducted prior to proceeding to the main trial.
Two linked randomised controlled trials will be conducted. Both trials will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of BI intervention strategies compared with screening alone. One trial will focus on high-risk adolescent drinkers attending Emergency Departments and the other will focus on those identified as low-risk or abstinent from alcohol. In both trials our primary outcome measure will be quantity of alcohol consumed at 12 months after randomisation.
To identify key predictors of recruitment to the trials.
To explore the process of treatment through key psychological constructs that may lead to further refinement of the proposed interventions.
To identify prognostic factors that improve outcome.
To explore interactions between participant factors, setting factors, treatment allocation and outcomes.
Our primary (null) hypothesis is similar for both trials: Personalised Feedback and Brief Advice (PFBA) and Personalised Feedback plus electronic Brief Intervention (eBI) are no more effective than screening alone in reducing alcohol consumed at 12 months after randomisation measured by the Time-Line Follow-Back 28-day version. Our secondary (null) hypothesis relating to economics states that PFBA and eBI are no more cost-effective than screening alone.
The linked trials have been granted ethical approval by the National Research Ethics Service London – Fulham (ref: 14/LO/0721). The linked trials comply with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Full flow diagrams for the studies are shown in Figure 1.
Both trials begin with a randomised internal pilot study to check that the process of recruitment, screening and intervention is effective and does not adversely affect the ED environment. If that pilot is successful, two linked prospective individually randomised controlled trials will be conducted using a similar design, measures and interventions with 6 and 12 months follow up.
The trial will be carried out in 10 EDs across three regions of England: North East, Yorkshire and Humberside, and London. Data collection will be carried out from 10 am to 10 pm seven days per week over a six-month period. During these hours of screening consecutive ED attenders between their 14th and 18th birthdays who meet the inclusion criteria but none of the exclusion criteria will be approached by a researcher and invited to participate in the study once cleared by ED staff to do so.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been chosen to maintain a balance between ensuring the sample is representative of the ED population whilst able to engage with both the relevant interventions and follow up.
Inclusion criteria for participants: aged between 14 and 17 years; alert and orientated; able to speak English sufficiently well to complete the research assessment; resident within 20 miles of the ED; able and willing to provide informed consent to screening, intervention and follow-up; if under 16 years, are 'Gillick competent' or have a parent or guardian able and willing to provide informed consent; and own a smartphone or alternatively having access to the internet at home.
Exclusion criteria for participants: severe injury; suffering from serious mental health problem; gross intoxication; specialist services involved because of social or psychological needs; receiving treatment for an alcohol or substance use disorder within the past 6 months; or current participation in other alcohol-related research.
Those who meet the inclusion criteria, fail no exclusion criterion, and score 3 or more on the screening questionnaire – Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Consumption (AUDIT-C) – are eligible for the high-risk study; those who score less are eligible for the low-risk study.
The study will be introduced to patients, and their parents or guardians if they are aged less than 16 years, as a study about alcohol, lifestyle and health with the focus on preventing alcohol-related harm in all young people attending ED irrespective of their alcohol consumption. Patients attending ED without their parent or guardian will also be approached to take part if ED staff have confirmed that they are 'Gillick competent'.
The study will be first introduced by ED staff and then explained in more detail by research staff orally and in writing using the Patient Information Sheet (PIS). If the patient is under the age of 16 years and accompanied by a parent or guardian, the parent or guardian will also receive the PIS. Patients, and parents or guardians if applicable, will have up to 4 hours to ask any questions about the study and to decide whether or not to take part. To obtain the most valid selfreport data patients will be told as part of the informed consent procedure that their answers, including alcohol consumption, will not be disclosed to their parent or guardian or the ED staff without their consent.
If patients agree to participate, informed consent will be collected using an electronic device (iPad) overseen by a research assistant who will also introduce and deliver the allocated intervention to each patient in a private area of the ED. Consent to participate will include permission to give the patient's data and contact details to the research staff, and provide the research team with access to the patient's ED records, and to participate in follow up 6 and 12 months after recruitment.
After consent has been given, by parent or guardian if appropriate, the participant will complete a screening and baseline assessment. All participants scoring 3 or more on the AUDIT-C questionnaire (high-risk drinkers) will be randomised between three groups – two intervention groups and the control group receiving screening alone. Of those scoring less than 3 on the AUDIT-C (low-risk drinkers or abstainers) one in three will be randomly selected to continue with the study and then randomised between three analogous groups. Participants who score less than 3 but are not selected for the study will be thanked for their participation, given a £5 voucher and returned to the care of ED staff.
The screening and baseline assessment includes demographic information and contact details, health and lifestyle questions, the AUDIT-C , questions 19, 21 and 22 from the European School survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) , the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire , the EQ-5D-5 L , and a short service use questionnaire . This takes approximately 10 minutes to complete.
To simplify and enhance data collection we have developed an electronic interface which will only show relevant questions to participants. To maximise completion rates this interface uses an attractive graphic interface. Participants can skip questions or withdraw consent at any stage of the process. All of the instruments have been designed and validated for those aged 14 to 17. The screening and baseline assessment will be conducted by trained researchers with experience of working with adolescents; all researchers will have completed enhanced Disclosure and Barring Service checks in advance. All information given by participants will be treated in confidence.
In total 1,500 participants will be recruited into the trials, 750 high-risk alcohol users and 750 low-risk alcohol users. Participants will be randomized with equal probability, stratified by centre, between a screening only control group and one of the two interventions – a single session of facetoface Personalised Feedback and Brief Advice (PFBA) or Personalised Feedback plus a smartphone or web-based brief intervention (eBI). All participants will be eligible to receive treatment as usual in addition to any trial intervention.
After completing the baseline assessment, participants in the screening arm will be thanked for their participation, reminded that a member of the research team will contact them in six and twelve months time to conduct a follow-up interview, and returned to the care of ED staff for usual care.
The PFBA intervention is structured brief advice that will take approximately 5 minutes to deliver. It is based upon an advice leaflet adapted for the target age group in this study from the SIPS Brief Advice About Alcohol Risk intervention [33,34]. It will be conveyed orally to the participant, and tailored to their risk status – high or low. The advice will cover recommended levels of alcohol consumption for young people; summarise the screening results and their meaning; provide normative comparison information on prevalence rates of high and low risk drinking in young people; summarise the risks of drinking and highlight the benefits of stopping or reducing alcohol consumption; outline strategies that they might employ to help stop or reduce alcohol consumption; and highlight goals they might wish to consider; indicate where to obtain further help if they are unsuccessful or need more support. The participant will receive a copy of the leaflet, which includes additional information about alcohol intoxication, alcohol poisoning, and alcohol and the law.
The eBI smartphone intervention is an offline capable mobile web application that work on a variety of platforms but has been optimised for recent iPhone and Android phones. It has been developed using the concept of gamification so users can navigate, explore, learn facts and figures about alcohol, receive personalised feedback and set goals in an engaging format. Its content will adapt to provide the most pertinent information and advice for high-risk or low-risk drinkers. Games components within the web application will support high-risk drinkers to reduce or stop their alcohol consumption, and low-risk users to maintain abstinence or low risk drinking.
For participants without access to a smartphone but with access to the internet through other computerised devices, access to a web based version of the application will be provided with appropriate instructions on its use.
All participants after receiving their allocated intervention (including the screening only group) will be thanked for their participation, reminded that a member of the research team will contact them in six and twelve months time to conduct a follow-up interview, receive a £5 voucher and returned to the care of ED staff.
To assess the fidelity of the delivery of the interventions to the norm we shall record a random sample of 20% of the interventions delivered by each researcher using the iPad application. The resulting audio files will not contain personal identifiable data and will be stored separately from the patient data.
All participants will be followed up at 6 months after randomisation with a brief set of questions and then at 12 months for a full assessment. Follow up interviews will be conducted over the telephone, face to face or electro-nically via web survey, as preferred by the participant – by research assistants trained in the administration of the assessment tools and blinded to the group allocation of the participants. Letters of thanks will be sent to participants after each follow up stage. On completion of each follow-up interview participants will receive a gift token for £5 in recognition of their participation.
Total alcohol consumed in standard UK units (1 unit = 8 g ethanol) over the 28 days before the 12-month follow-up, assessed using the Timeline Follow Back interview 28-day version (TLFB28) will be our primary outcome measure. TLFB28 is an established valid and reliable method of ascertaining alcohol consumption in adolescent populations over a reference period ranging from 7 to 365 days .
The TLFB28 will also provide secondary outcomes of percentage of days abstinent, drinks per drinking day, and number of days of heavy episodic alcohol use. Participants will also be asked questions about alcohol use over their lifetimes and the past year, and the consequences of alcohol consumption using questions 19, 21, and 22 from the ESPAD study  at baseline. Hazardous alcohol use will be assessed using the extended AUDIT-C questionnaire  at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. General health and functioning will be measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire  at baseline and 12 months. We shall also ask about service use including previous use of health and social services, school attendance and contact with criminal justice; and health utility (EQ-5D-5 L; 31) at baseline, 6 and 12 months.
Expectancy will be measured using the ESPAD Question 21  at baseline and 12 months after randomisation. Adherence to the eBI intervention will be assessed by monitoring remotely either when the smartphone device is connected to the internet, or else access to the web application. To assess treatment fidelity a random sample of treatment sessions will be audio-recorded, stratified by researcher, intervention, risk group and centre. These will be assessed for fidelity to behavioural change components using a behaviour rating scale employed in previous studies of alcohol brief intervention. Assessment will be conducted by two independent expert clinician assessors and analysed to take account of agreement between them.
The primary outcome measure for the economic evaluation in the trial will be the quality adjusted life year (QALY) as assessed by the EQ-5D-5 L . The secondary economic outcome measure will be alcohol consumption – derived from the TLFB28 for the high-risk group and from the maintainence of low-risk consumption for the low-risk group. The study will also collect data on the costs of the interventions and on the use of NHS, social care, criminal justice and other resources over 12 months follow-up period, using a bespoke version of the Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI).
For both studies the sample size addresses the effect of interventions on the primary outcome measure – alcohol consumption at 12 months after randomisation. To detect the 'clinically important' effect size of 0.3 (that previously used for adults) with a significance level of 5% and statistical power of 80% when using a two-sided continuity-corrected test will require 175 in each of the 3 groups, yielding a target of 525 analysable participants in each of the two trials.
Predicting that follow-up at 12 months will be 70% we need to randomise 750 high-risk drinkers and 750 low-risk drinkers. Based on the estimated prevalence of 24.2% for high-risk drinking (namely AUDIT-C ≥ 3) from our earlier survey and a consent rate of 60%, we would need to approach 5165 potential participants over the recruitment period. Of these our survey predicts that 2,350 will be low-risk drinkers consenting to the study. Therefore we shall initially sample one third of these to participate in the study; and we shall adjust this ratio if necessary.
To assess fidelity we plan to record a random sample of 20% of allocations, stratified by researcher, intervention, risk group, and centre. This will provide a total sample of 300 – 50 in each of the six intervention groups across for high and low risks.
We shall review our basic design at the end of the internal pilot study, when we have recruited 100 participants, to assess recruitment, consenting and adherence. We shall study the impact of the research on observed screening and prevalence rates to confirm our design, especially the number of centres needed in the main trial.
The outcomes for both studies will be analysed in a similar manner. The primary analysis will be by treatment allocated using a two-sided 5% significance level. Analysis and results will be presented in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines. The primary outcome is total units of alcohol consumed in the 28-days before the 12-month follow-up. After checking the distributional assumption of normality, and transforming the data if necessary, we shall conduct multivariate analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline AUDIT-C score, age, gender and centre to estimate the magnitude of differences between groups. Analysis will be presented as mean differences between groups with 95% confidence intervals. Multiple imputation will be employed with sensitivity analysis to adjust for missing data. Secondary outcomes will be analysed in a similar manner.
Analysis will also model the relationship between pre-randomisation factors and observed outcomes, including whether positive or negative at 12 months according to AUDIT-C. This will take the form of a linear or logistic regression including interaction terms for allocated group. These models will also assess the effect of adherence and fidelity of interventions on observed outcomes.
The clinical effectiveness analysis will be complemented by an economic evaluation that will estimate the cost-effectiveness of each intervention versus screening alone. Alcohol use disorders and associated problems generate high costs in health care and in society more widely, including costs to the criminal justice and social care systems. The incremental cost effectiveness of the two interventions versus screening will thus be assessed from a societal perspective that will account for resource savings beyond the NHS.
The costs of screening and of delivering the two interventions will be estimated by prospectively monitoring resource inputs to each arm of the trial, including training, valued using standard methods . Effects on NHS and non-NHS costs will be estimated from information gathered on patient contact with primary care, secondary care, specialist health services, social services and criminal justice. These will be assessed retrospectively using the CSRI tool. Service use will be valued using local costs where possible supplemented by national sources and information from previous alcohol studies [34,37,38].
Cost effectiveness will be assessed in terms of the incremental net health benefit (NHB), which converts costs and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained, as estimated from EQ-5D-5 L scores and UK population utility values, into a single monetary value. Differences in QALYs will be estimated from the 'area under the utility curve'. Both one-way and multi-way sensitivity analyses will be carried out to explore our basic assumptions. Non-parametric bootstrapping will be used to investigate joint uncertainty in costs and effects via cost effectiveness acceptability curves.
Three secondary analyses will be undertaken. The first will adopt a narrower NHS perspective including only costs and savings relating to the NHS and personal social services. This will us to compare the NHB with other interventions assessed using the narrower perspective recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for the economic evaluation of NHS interventions. The second will compare total societal costs with decreased alcohol consumption for the high-risk group. The third will compare total societal costs with the proportion of the low-risk group maintaining moderate alcohol use.
To explore acceptability of trial tools and processes to young people presenting at emergency departments we shall use semi-structured interviews to study: issues relating to consent by young people aged 14–17 years; alcohol screening; the baseline questionnaire and the burden on emergency care; and young person experiences of intervention delivery. A purposive sample of participants will be selected from the pool of participants in the two linked trials for interviews about the experience and acceptability of receiving the interventions. The sampling will cover the key variables of interest including: gender; ethnicity; age; level of alcohol use; area of the country (North East, Yorkshire and Humber or London), allocated intervention and whether it was delivered. To achieve this, a sample of at least 20 young people is likely to be required. However, recruitment will continue until data saturation is deemed to have been achieved, that is no new issues or themes are arising in the interviews.
A participant information leaflet explaining the qualitative study will be sent to a sample of young people who provided consent to be contacted for interview and, when appropriate, their parents. The young people will be invited to attend a one-to-one semi-structured interview. The interviews will be conducted in a venue that is appropriate, taking consideration of confidentiality, risk assessment, participant convenience and comfort. The purpose of the interview will be explained orally to the participant before arranging interview time and date. Interviews will be audio-recorded and transcribed to support data analysis. Though the topic guide will be produced before the start of interviews, and state the aims and objectives of the study, emergent issues will be explored as they arise.
Data will be subjected to framework analysis, which is appropriate for qualitative health research with objectives linked to quantitative investigation. This analytic strategy is characterised by an approach more deductive than inductive, in which analysis is structured around given themes so findings have detailed relevance to applied research questions. Based on interview notes and review of the interview recordings, important or recurrent themes in interviewees' responses will be identified. These will be combined with a list of key themes of research interest derived from the aims and objectives of the study. All transcripts will be repeatedly read and coded within this framework of prior headings. Data coded under each heading will be reviewed to produce a detailed description, and revised through the course of analysis to take account of all material under that heading. Finally the descriptions of headings within the framework will be compared and the relationships between them elaborated to provide a consistent interpretation of the dataset as a whole. Analysis will continue throughout the process of data collection, and will be discussed within the subgroup of the research team tasked with managing the qualitative study. This analytic process will assist in the identification of emerging themes and enhance credibility of the thematic framework and interpretation.
This protocol represents an innovative and ambitious programme of work evaluating the use of novel interventions to address alcohol use in adolescent populations. The study addresses both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and is designed to provide evidence of what works in reducing at-risk drinking in this population in addition to how to reduce the progression from low to high risk drinking.
The study has been granted ethical approval by the National Research Ethics Service London – Fulham (Ref num 14/LO/0721). There are no anticipated risks in relation to either treatment. There is no documented evidence of adverse events arising from any of the proposed interventions.
All trial data will be identified using a unique trial identification number. No personally identifiable information will be held beyond the final 12-month follow up. Analytical datasets will not contain any patient identifiable information. Anonymised data will be retained for a period of 60 months.
CD is chief investigator for the study. The study was conceived and designed in collaboration with a number of co-investigators with specific responsibilities for the ongoing conduct of the study; SC IR provide methodological design and quantitative analysis, PD DNB TP trial management and co-ordination, DC CP FA health economics, EG PM IM JS clinical experience, EK RM qualitative research. KD and RP are research workers involved in the ongoing conduct of the study. PD and SC wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Paolo Deluca and Simon Coulton are joint authors.
This is a summary of independent research funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grant for Applied Research (RP-PG-0609-10162). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Colin Drummond is partly funded by the NIHR Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London and partly funded by the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Thomas Phillips is funded by a NIHR-CNO Clinical Doctoral Research Fellowship.