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Dr Ali Akbar & Professor Abdullah Saeed
This article provides examples of some of the key arguments employed by select contemporary Muslim scholars in support of theological inclusivism concerning the 'People of the Book', a term used in the Qur'an to refer mainly to Jews and Christians.
Theological inclusivism is understood as a positive attitude towards other religions with regard to theological matters such as salvation in the Hereafter, the validity of other religions, and whether followers of religions other than Islam should be considered as believers rather than kafirun (unbelievers) or mushrikun (polytheists). In contemporary scholarly literature about the People of the Book produced by a number of Muslim scholars, a line of thinking has emerged that strongly supports this theological inclusivism and makes a number of claims:
the Qur'anic criticism of the People of the Book and terms such as kafir (unbeliever) and mushrik (idolator or a polytheist) should be applied only to certain individuals or groups of Jews and Christians, not all Jews and Christians;
the Qur'an does not support supersessionism; and
the Qur'an considers the possibility of salvation for the People of the Book in the Hereafter.
Muslim and non-Muslim scholars have produced considerable literature on Islamic theological approaches to the People of the Book in the modern period. The ideas of classical and pre-modern Muslim scholars about Jews and Christians and their religions have been addressed in the extant literature. Several scholars, including Jane D. McAuliffe, Juan Cole, and Moshe Sharon have explored how the People of the Book were treated in the Qur'an and whether they should be considered unbelievers (kafirun). Although classical Islamic theological tradition emphasised theological exclusivism, a trend of theological inclusivism is emerging which challenges theological exclusivism. Interest in a more theologically inclusivist view has become more important with the significant increase in interfaith dialogues and forums over the course of the last 50 years or so. This inclusivist approach can be found in the works of Muslim scholars such as Fazlur Rahman (d. 1988), Nurcholish Madjid (d. 2005), Asghar Ali Engineer (d. 2013), and Imtiyaz Yusuf. Referring to the ideas of some Sunni and Shia inclusivist Muslim scholars, we present some of their key ideas that highlight this theological inclusivism.
People of the Book in the Qur'an
Ahl al-kitāb, which literally translates to 'the People of the Book', is a term used in the Qur'an to refer mainly to Jews and Christians (as stated earlier). The Qur'an states in several verses that the People of the Book received revelations before the Prophet Muhammad and that the revelations the Prophet received confirm the previous revelations granted to the People of the Book (Q 2:41; Q 3:3; Q 3:50; Q 5:48) in the same way that Jesus confirmed the revelations sent to prophets before him (Q 5:46). Indeed, the Qur'an states that 'God has ordained for you [Muhammad] that which He ordained upon' previous prophets, including Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (Q 42:13). In this sense, the Qur'an asks Muslims to say that 'We believe in what was revealed to us and in what was revealed to you [the People of the Book]; our God and your God are one [and the same]; we are devoted to Him' (Q 29:46). The Qur'an invites the People of the Book to find basic common ground with Muslims: 'Say, "People of the Book, let us arrive at a statement that is common to us all: we worship God alone, we ascribe no partner to Him, and none of us takes others beside God as lords'" (Q 3:64). More importantly, the door to salvation in the Hereafter is open to the People of the Book: 'The [Muslim] believers, the Jews, the Christians, and the Sabians – all those who believe in God and the Last Day and do good – will have their rewards with their Lord' (Q 2:62; see also Q 5:69).
Although the Qur'an contains positive commentary about the People of the Book, it also includes some polemical verses (especially Medinan verses). For example, some verses suggest that at least some of the People of the Book deny God's revelations (Q 3:70; Q 3:98) and mix truth with falsehood (Q 3:71). Jews are described as having compromised strict monotheism by treating their rabbis as 'lords' (Q 9:31) and by considering Ezra 'the son of God' (Q 9:30). Verses such as Q 5:17 and Q 5:72 seem to label Christians as unbelievers, for saying that God is the Messiah. In Q 4:171, Christians are asked not to commit excesses in their religion by attributing divine characteristics to Jesus, who, according to the Qur'an, was no more than a messenger of God (Q 5:75). According to Q 4:171, Christians must cease to say 'three', most likely referring to the doctrine of the Trinity, since God is far above begetting a son. People of the Book are also asked not to commit excess in their religion, which appears to be a reference to avoiding non-monotheistic beliefs or practices (Q 5:77).
Classical approaches to the People of the Book
In the classical period, most Muslim scholars supported theological exclusivism. According to Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), a commentator on the Qur'an, 'Allah states that there is no religion accepted with Him from any person, except Islam. Therefore, after Allah sent Muhammad, whoever … [follows] a path other than Muhammad's, it will not be accepted of him'. Regarding this view, Yasir Qadhi, a well-known contemporary Muslim scholar, notes the following:
It shall come as no surprise to anyone familiar with the Islamic tradition that all of the major theological movements in classical and medieval Islam viewed their religion as being the sole path to God. This was, after all, a time in which such a particularistic view was the norm in other religious traditions. In fact, far from allowing salvation outside of the religion, most Muslim sects spent their energy debating whether members of other Muslim groups would be forgiven for their heresies.
The idea that Jews and Christians should be considered kafirun (unbelievers) or even mushrikun (polytheists) was also supported by many classical Shia and Sunni scholars, who referred to Qur'anic verses that criticise the religious beliefs and practices of the People of the Book. For example, Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) argues that Christians engage in polytheistic acts such as worshipping the images of Jesus, Mary, the Cross, and Gabriel in their churches, which, he argues, is a form of idolatry. Another scholar, Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), argues that although the People of the Book should generally be distinguished from non-Muslims practicing other religions, religious beliefs of some Christians and Jews include polytheistic teachings: 'God has sometimes categorised them [Christians] separately from the idolaters, and elsewhere cursed them for the shirk which they innovated' (referring to Q 9:30-31). Likewise, classical Shia scholar Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Tusi (d. 1067) states that Jews and Christians are to be treated as mushrikun due to their beliefs regarding Ezra and Jesus. According to him, although the Jews of his day denied compromising monotheism, they were not strictly practicing monotheistic because they called Ezra the son of God (based on Q 9:30). Based on Q 9:31, Tusi even claims that Jews and Christians consider their monks and rabbis to be lords besides God, which leads them to 'obey prohibitions and permissions contrary to what God has commanded'. Indeed, for al-Tusi, Jews and Christians are guilty of shirk (associating other beings with God) given 'their making lawful what God has forbidden'.
The following questions arise: How would contemporary Muslim scholars who adopt reformist approaches to theological matters respond to the criticisms of the People of the Book indicated in the Qur'an, especially those which label them as unbelievers? Should Muslims believe that all religions prior to Islam, such as Judaism and Christianity, are theologically invalid? Finally, does Qur'anic criticism of the People of the Book (such as the polytheistic acts attributed to them) preclude their salvation? The remainder of this article presents briefly arguments from a number of contemporary Muslim scholars, from Sunni and Shia backgrounds, who address these questions.
Labelling the People of the Book as unbelievers
Unlike many classical Muslim scholars who tended to consider non-Muslims, including the People of the Book, kafirun (unbelievers) or even mushrikun (polytheists) based on their interpretations of verses such as Q 5:17 and Q 5:72, some contemporary Muslim scholars have reconsidered attributing such terms to the People of the Book. Scholar and activist Farid Esack (b. 1955) notes that kufr is 'something conscious, deliberate and active rather than a casual ignoring or disregard of the existence of God'. Kufr is used in the Qur'an in relation to individuals who actively engage in acts such as attempts to assassinate prophets (Q 4:155; Q 5:70; Q 8:30) or refuse to spend one's wealth on the poor (2:254; Q 3:179; Q 9:34; Q 41:7). Therefore, while in the classical Islamic theological tradition, kufr is often associated with 'theological unbelief', Esack associates it with hostility towards Muslims and the oppression of marginalised people, especially the poor, and thus argues that being a Christian or a Jew is not sufficient to be labelled one as unbeliever (kafir), meaning that the People of the Book should not be called unbelievers (kafirun). Another scholar Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1960) argues that the term kafir should not be attributed to the Jews and Christians on the grounds that:
The term kafir has two meanings. The first and most common one [refers to the] irreligious person, who denies the existence of God. In terms of this meaning, we do not have the right to call the People of the Book kafir. The second meaning is one who denies the prophethood of the prophet of Islam. In this case, we can call them kafir but since the first meaning is the most common one, it [would become] a hurt for them [and thus it is better to not call them kafir].
Like Esack and Nursi, Muhammad Hussein Fadlullah (d. 2010) places Jews and Christians within the category of believers rather than kafirun or mushrikun. He reasons that their attribution of divine characteristics to Ezra and Jesus merely represents extreme veneration of them. In other words, although, for him, Jews and Christians have attributed divinity to Ezra and Jesus, respectively, based on the Qur'an, 'they may be excused, perhaps, for simply taking their admiration and respect for these individuals too far'. This means that 'it is not actually a matter of doctrine, but of exaggeration or extremism in practice only'. Fadlallah emphasises that the belief of Jews and Christians in one God is a certainty, which makes them allies of Muslims in matters of faith; the moral and spiritual world of the People of the Book is entirely different from that of the mushrikun and therefore is compatible with that of Muslims.
Validity of other religions
Two Qur'anic verses, namely Q 3:19 ('Indeed, the religion in the sight of God is islam') and Q 3:85 ('And whoever seeks a religion [din] other than islam, it will never be accepted of him'), have been used by most classical Muslim scholars and contemporary Muslims to support 'supersessionism'. Supersessionism refers to the view that Islam as taught by Prophet Muhammad has superseded all other religions and therefore those religions are invalid.
Several modern day scholars have reinterpreted these verses through a more theologically inclusivist lens. Seyyed Hossein Nasr (b. 1933) argues that when the Qur'an employs the term islam, it refers only to 'universal surrender' to God, which is a key characteristic of many religious traditions. In this sense, Abraham is considered a muslim (Q 3:67) who was 'upright and devoted to God'. According to Nasr, Abraham was obviously not a Muslim (with an upper case 'M') because he did not follow the religion of the Prophet Muhammad, but he was a muslim (with a lower case 'm') because he surrendered to God. Mahmoud Ayoub (d. 2021) takes a somewhat similar approach, arguing that 'islam applies to any human beings or human communities [who] profess faith in the one God and seek to obey God'. For Ayoub, 'it is in this sense that the Qur'an speaks of Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus and his disciples as muslims'. Scholars such as Nasr and Ayoub take a theologically inclusivist position when interpreting verses such as Q 3:19 and Q 3:85, arguing against the idea that Islam, i.e. the religion preached by the Prophet Muhammad, is the only valid religion and that other religions such as Judaism and Christianity are invalid.
Muhammad Jawad Mughniya (d. 1979) has also argued against the idea that, with the emergence of Islam, previous monotheistic religions such as Judaism and Christianity should be considered abrogated. When interpreting Q 3:19, Mughniya interprets the term islam as submission to God. The Qur'an, as Mughniya explains, confirms that Abraham, together with Ishmael and Isaac, were muslims, as they believed in one God and devoted themselves to Him: 'When his Lord said to him, "Submit", he said, "I have submitted to the Lord of the worlds". And Abraham instructed his sons [to do the same]' (Q 2:131-132). In another verse, Joseph asks God to let him die as a muslim (Q 12:101). According to Mughniya, the Qur'an says that Moses asks his people to be muslim, meaning they are expected to believe in God and trust Him alone: 'And Moses said, O my people, if you have believed in Allah, then rely upon Him, if you should be muslims' (Q 10:84). Therefore, like Nasr and Ayoub, Mughniya concludes that when the Qur'an states that 'whoever desires a religion other than islam, this will never be accepted of him', it does not refer to a theory of supersession, but rather refers to the idea that people are expected to believe in one God and devote themselves to Him alone.
Salvation of the People of the Book
Theological inclusivist scholars often argue that salvation is open to the followers of other religions, including the People of the Book, and many refer to verses of the Qur'an such as Q 2:62 and Q 5:69, which consider the possibility of salvation for people of other faiths. The well-known Indonesian scholar Haji Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (d. 1981), better known as Hamka, considers Q 2:62 a 'universal promise from God to all mankind that they will be rewarded, regardless of their religious adherence, provided they are sincere in their faith and perform righteous deeds'. For Hamka, this verse gives three main criteria for salvation: faith in one God, faith in the Hereafter, and doing good deeds. Hamka argues that the message of all prophets is similar despite their differences in laws; therefore, if a believer adheres to the three principles mentioned above, he or she will find salvation in the afterlife.
Mohsen Kadivar (b. 1959), arguing in favour of theological inclusivism, maintains that belief in a particular religion, such as Islam, does not necessarily guarantee salvation. According to him, the salvation of a Jew or a Christian who believes in the Day of Judgement and performs good deeds in accordance with their religious laws is guaranteed from an Islamic perspective. Kadivar supports his ideas by referring to another verse (Q 49:13): 'O humanity! Indeed, We created you from a male and a female, and made you into peoples and tribes so that you may get to know one another. Surely the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous among you. Allah is truly All-Knowing, All-Aware'. According to Kadivar, this verse emphasises that all people are equal, and the only distinguishing criterion between them is their level of righteousness, which is the key criterion to salvation – not their belief in a particular religion. It is important to note that, as Feisal Abdul Rauf notes, when it comes to the matter of faith, some Muslims have also become subject to criticism by the Qur'an. For example, the Qur'an states, "'Some of' the nomadic Arabs say, 'We believe'. Say, 'You have not believed. But say, 'We have submitted,' for faith has not yet entered your hearts" (Q 49:14). That is, in the same way that the Quran condemns some People of the Book for their disbelief, some Muslims are also subject to reprimand – an idea which supports the argument that the Qur'anic criticisms of the People of the Book do not necessarily prevent them from salvation.
Abdulaziz Sachedina (b. 1942) takes a somewhat similar approach to that presented by Kadivar. Referring to Q 2:62, Sachedina argues that the Qur'an supports salvation of the righteous who are not Muslims or who do not affirm the Prophet Muhammad's prophethood. This idea is confirmed by another verse (Q 5:9), which reads, 'God has promised forgiveness and a rich reward to those who have faith and do good works'. For Sachedina, this verse explicitly guarantees the salvation of 'anyone who holds true belief and acts righteously', including non-Muslims. Indeed, belief in a particular religion does not necessarily guarantee salvation. To endorse this idea, Sachedina argues that it is God Himself, who has created different communities with different beliefs, ultimately promoting religious pluralism—an idea explicitly, he says, endorsed in the Qur'an: 'We have assigned a law and a path to each of you. If God had so willed, He would have made you one community, but He wanted to test you through that which He has given you, so race to do good' (Q 5:48).
Another idea in support of theological inclusivism is that the Qur'an considers it unreasonable to claim that paradise and salvation are reserved for followers of a particular religion. From the Qur'anic perspective, Jews and Christians who meet certain conditions can also attain salvation. Q 2:112 reads, 'Any [persons] who direct themselves wholly to God and do good [deeds] will have their reward with their Lord'. It is important to note that this verse is preceded by one that repudiates the claims of the People of the Book that they alone are entitled to salvation: 'They also say, "No one will enter Paradise unless he is a Jew or a Christian." This is their own wishful thinking' (Q 2:111). Q 2:112 is also followed by another verse that reads, 'The Jews say, "The Christians have no ground whatsoever to stand on," and the Christians say, "The Jews have no ground whatsoever to stand on,"' which is then followed by the statement that 'God will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning their differences' (Q 2:113). Indeed, the main message of Q 2:111-3 is that no group can make exclusive claims to salvation and that God alone can make the final decision about religious differences and salvation. As Munim Sirry argues, 'these passages … reject this claim of the Jews and Christians that they are alone who would enter paradise', meaning that paradise cannot be monopolised by a certain group of people or followers of particular religions.
This article has highlighted some examples of theologically inclusivist positions about the People of the Book that are promoted by some contemporary Muslim scholars. They argue that terms such as unbelievers or polytheists should not be used to refer to People of the Book. They also reject the supersessionism adopted by many classical and modern Muslim scholars, according to which after the emergence of Islam, other religions, including Judaism and Christianity, have become invalid. Finally, according to them, the Qur'an considers that the door to salvation is open to Jews and Christians. The ideas presented in this article represent an emerging trend among some contemporary Muslim scholars, which rejects the dominant Muslim exclusivist positions on theological matters such as those covered here. Given the current emphasis on interfaith dialogue and understanding, one of the potential benefits of rethinking exclusivist positions that developed in the classical Islamic tradition is the possibility that this may lead to the promotion of a better understanding between Muslims and people of other major religions.
Image: 'Friendship tree'. Credit: Pixabay.
contemporary scholarship inclusivist Islam Muslims People of the Book supersessionism


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Is it possible to show that assignment is in without yet giving it a grade and if not turned in to show as missing?
Before we could type in 85%, say for a 20-point assign, and it would enter 17 points; can we please have back?
Why is the elipsis for (click to edit status comment) showing on all scores when displaying scores by class?
Enter scores in gradebook; but students cannot see...?


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The big question for this segment is, what is the Anthropocene epoch?
And why does it represent an exceptionally high level of complexity?
But it's powerful and illuminating.
it was proposed by the Nobel Prize winning climate scientist Paul Crutzen in 2000.
the earth's surface from the sun's destructive ultraviolet radiation.
human activities could have a profound impact on the entire biosphere.
In a 2002 essay, he listed many of these impacts.
of fossil fuels, the crucial energy source for modern industrial societies.
any natural processes, largely through the manufacture of artificial fertilizers.
We had transformed more than 50% of the earth's surface.
faster rates than at anytime in the last few million years.
These impacts reflected the SIAS scale of human activity.
Human populations increase by ten times in just 200 years.
And human energy use increased by 16 times in just the 20th century.
Now let's focus for a moment on energy to get a sense of the scale of these changes.
We've seen that all complex systems depend on flows of free energy.
If these are too small, this is to be starved of energy.
If they are too large it may be shaken apart.
the beginning of the fossil fuels revolution of the 18th century.
structures of modern human societies?
that had shaped the history of the biosphere over billions of years.
The change was on a geological scale.
has entered a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene.
since the end of the last ice age known as the Holocene Epoch has now ended.
the idea is immensely useful for anyone interested in understanding today's world.
It encourages us to try to measure the scale of human impacts on the biosphere.
destabilize human society and perhaps the biosphere as a whole.
How stable is human society and the Anthropocene?
What sources of resilience are there?
more sustainable technologies that can slow human impact on the climate system.
dangerous positive feedback systems that will cause sudden unpredictable changes?
Arctic ice caps is darkening the surface of the Northern Hemisphere.
more is retained which will in turn speed up the loss of Arctic ice caps.
living standards and health in different areas of the world.


The University of Macau (UM) today (3 December) held the Ceremony for the Conferment of Honorary Degrees and Higher Degrees 2016. This year, 852 graduates of PhD degree programmes, master's degree programmes, and postgraduate certificate/diploma programmes, received their graduation certificates. Secretary for Social Affairs and Culture Dr Tam Chon Weng officiated at the ceremony on behalf of Dr Chui Sai On, chief executive of the Macao SAR and chancellor of UM. Tam said that UM's education model helps enhance its own quality and the quality of higher education in Macao, adding that he appreciates what UM has done to facilitate cultural interaction between China and Portuguese-speaking countries.
Chao Kit I, representative of the graduates, thanked UM for its education and for the opportunity to study at the City, University of London, as an exchange student. 'Part of my exchange experience even included producing subtitles and translation for some amazing movies,' she said. Chao also thanked the professors for instilling in the students a love of learning.
This year, a total of 852 students from PhD degree programmes, master's degree programmes, and postgraduate certificate/diploma programmes, received graduation certificates. Among them, 66 received PhD degrees, 731 received master's degrees, and 55 received postgraduate diplomas/certificates. 15 outstanding master's students and graduates received scholarships.


I spent a couple of days doing the Modern Palm Springs Tour, a self-guided street-side peep around the exteriors of the best examples of mid-century modern architecture. I picked up a $5 map from the Visitors' Center, formerly the Albert Frey designed Tramway Gas Station - the first stop on the tour - and set off on a drive past residential and commercial buildings designed by Donald Wexler, William F. Cody, E. Stewart Williams and other designers who made the Coachella Valley the unique resort destination in the 50s and 60s.
The tour takes you past the Richard Neutra Kaufmann Desert House - newsflash they were doing some work on the air-conditioning system - via the Albert Frey designed Raymond Loewy House to the House of Tomorrow.
Although I've seen photographs of some of these homes, and in some cases written about them, it's always more interesting to see them in situ. You see how they fit into their environment, how they affect and are affected by the surrounding landscape.
The House of Tomorrow, for example sits on a cul-de-sac; other homes have been built around it and thickly planted trees and shrubs have grown to enclose it so that it now looks, at first glance, like any other suburban home. It's only when you look closer that you notice William Krisel's mid-century details: the huge projecting bay window, the angles, the cutaways in the roof.
The Raymond Loewy House is set back on the lot behind an elaborate fence structure, the more architecturally unique side of the house faces the mountains, hidden from passers-by.
While I had great fun driving round the neighborhoods of Palm Springs in the rented convertible (and getting a major case of neck burn from the desert sun) I was disappointed I couldn't get this trip to coincide with Palm Springs Modernism Week when I'd be able to view the interiors of some of the houses. So when I got back home I treated myself to Julius Shulman: Palm Springs, the late iconic photographer's tribute to the architecture of the city. If you can't get to Palm Springs I recommend you beg, borrow or buy a copy, you'll be instantly transported to the desert oasis where every building is a reminder of the shift in style that became known as mid-century modern design.
A great series of posts! I finally got to take a look at your Palm Springs posts. Delightful. And, the concrete screen...my father built one in the backyard of our small suburban house in a new development in the early 60s...where's that picture? Real style, very enjoyable.
And did you see the post at Hooked on Houses about Tony Curtis & Janet Lee's former PS house that is now on the market? Very, very nice.


small sore on the inside of the mouth. A canker appears as a shallow, whitish ulcer surrounded by a thin, red area. It is tender, sometimes painful, and may occur singly or as one of a group of sores. Cankers develop on the inner surfaces of the lips or cheeks, on the gums, under the tongue, or on the roof of the mouth. The cause is unknown, but cankers have been associated with friction, injury, allergy, and viral infection. They generally heal by themselves in a few days but can be recurrent.
a disease of cultivated and wild plants characterized by extreme, irregular proliferation of stems, branches, roots, and, less commonly, other organs, resulting in the formation of excrescences and tumors. Bacteria and fungi are the most common causative agents of canker. Some cankers heal very slowly or not at all. The use of the term "canker" is arbitrary. The most widespread and harmful cankers affecting crops are potato wart, crown gall, apple black rot, and bacterial canker of tomatoes.
Potato wart is a serious quarantine disease caused by an intracellular parasite—the pathogenic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum of the class Phycomycetes. The disease is characterized by the formation of fleshy nodular growths on the tubers and stolons and, less commonly, on the stems and leaves. The growths are sometimes larger than the tubers. A severely infected tuber is commercially worthless, and, as a rule, infected tubers cannot develop at all. The disease sharply decreases crop yield.
The causative agent of potato wart overwinters in the soil and plant residues in the form of spores. The spores germinate in spring, forming monociliated zoospores that penetrate the plants. The causative agents are spread by the tubers, postharvest residues, and manure; the spores remain viable even after passing through the intestinal tract of animals. Control measures include cultivation of potato varieties resistant to the disease, such as Kameraz, Berlichingen, and Priekul'skii Early. Other measures include keeping the fields in bare fallow, controlling solenaceous weeds, feeding affected potatoes to cattle only after they have been boiled, and disinfecting the soil with fungicides.
Crown gall, which affects fruit crops, is most dangerous in nurseries, especially when young plants are infected. The causative agent is the rodlike bacterium Bacterium tumefaciens, which can infect not only pomes and drupaceous plants (apple, pear, cherry, apricot, sweet cherry) but also willows, roses, chrysanthemums, beets, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The bacterium penetrates plants at the sites of injury to the root system and releases growth substances, such as indoleacetic acid and gibberellin-like substances, that intensify cell division and give rise to primary galls. Secondary galls often appear some distance away from the primary ones; they are usually sterile, since they result from the metabolic products of the bacteria moving through the tissues. The galls hinder the movement of juices, especially when the main root or the root collar (crown) is affected.
Control measures include establishing nurseries on plots where plants susceptible to crown gall were not grown for two or three years, growing healthy planting stock, discarding and burning seedlings with large galls on the main roots and root collar, and pruning away growths on the lateral roots and disinfecting the cut portions with copper sulfate or naphthenate.
Apple black rot, or apple canker, is a very dangerous disease. It most seriously affects weakened pomes (apple, pear, quince, medlar); less commonly, it affects drupaceous plants, persimmon, English walnut, and other plants in old neglected orchards. The causative agent, the pycnidial fungus Sphaeropsis malorum, penetrates plants at the sites of injury and attacks the bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Brown sunken spots appear on the bark, which gradually spread in concentric circles around the branches and trunk, causing them to wither. The affected areas resemble gooseflesh, owing to the formation of minute pycnidia under the epidermis. Apple canker is manifested on the leaves in the form of cinnamon-brown spots and on the fruits as black rot. Severely infected plants die in three or four years. The scion and stock must be compatible if the disease is to be prevented. It is recommended that disease-resistant varieties (Bel'fler-kitaika, Pepin Shafrannyi, Borovinka, Papirovka, Pepinka Litovskaia) be grafted into the crowns of vigorously growing stock with powerful root systems.
Control measures include uprooting dead trees, pruning overgrown branches, trimming away affected bark and then applying fungicides, applying tree coating to the wounds, collecting and burning rotted fruits and infected leaves, and coating boles and boughs with lime water.
Bacterial canker of tomatoes is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium michiganense, which may be transmitted by seeds, infected residues, wind, and insects. Pruning during the growing season also causes the disease to spread. Canker of tomatoes attacks the fruits, stems, and vascular system, causing the branches and leaves to wither. Control measures include treatment of seeds, disinfection of soil with fungicides, thorough cleansing of the young crops before pruning, destruction of postharvest residues and replowing plots.
Cankers affecting trees may be caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas remifaciens (poplar and ash canker), the bacterium Pseudomonas pini (pine canker), the rust fungi Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini, the ascomycetous fungus Dasyseypha willkommii (European larch canker), and the bacterium Erwinia multivora (blight canker).
Peresypkin, V. F. Sel'skokhoziaistvennaia fitopatologiia. Moscow, 1969.
Zhuravlev, I. I., and D. V. Sokolov. Lesnaia fitopatologiia. Moscow, 1969.
Pospelov, S. M., M. V. Arsen'eva, and G. S. Gruzdev. Zashchita rastenii. Leningrad, 1973.
An area of necrosis on a woody stem resulting in shrinkage and cracking followed by the formation of callus, ultimately killing the stem.
A localized chronic inflammation of the ear in cats, dogs, foxes, ferrets, and others caused by the mite Otodectes cynotis.
Given this additional information about canker sores, I began to wonder if dietary exposure to gluten had somehow played a significant part in Melissa's precipitous descent into an autistic-like state.
When the study ended, their pain from canker sores actually increased.
Researchers don't know what causes canker sores or why licorice seems to work, Haley says.
Most canker sores heal on their own within a week or two, but can severely limit eating during that time.
Trying to grab a larger slice of the pie, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals has introduced Orabase Soothe-N-Seal, a product designed to ease pain from canker sores and mouth sores.
Canker sores in the mouth may be caused by bacteria or viruses, by chemical irritants such as alcohol and tobacco, or by gastric upset.
Between 20% and 50% of young people will get one to four episodes of canker sores each year on the soft tissues of the mouth but not the hard palate or gingivae.
While Bioerodible Mucoadhesive systems can deliver small molecules, peptides, proteins and DNA, this formula patent covers a Bioerodible Mucoadhesive composition containing dyclonine-HCl, a topical anesthetic drug for relief of pain including canker sores and minor dental procedures.
Speaking with painful canker sores in his mouth, Michael recalled how in April 1994 he was brutally raped by three men in Vancouver.
Two of the most common recurrent oral lesions are fever blisters (also called cold sores) and canker sores (aphthous ulcers).
Both products are used for the treatment of canker sores and include the active ingredient amlexanox.
Its juice is also an effective mouth rinse to cure canker sores and eliminate dental plaques.


Deepika Padukone is the current flavour of the season, she is all over the place, and there's another SRK-Deepika film coming up next year "Happy New Year," so wait for that! Standing tall at 5 feet 9 inches, she rocks the saree look.
Love the waist band she is wearing with this white saree.
An old pic of Deepika Padukone, probably for some saree brand.
I know, its a thumbs up from all of you for this saree.
Deepika Padukone walking the ramp during IIJW, resplendent!
Deepika Padukone in a lovely red saree, looks like an old pic though.
A plain red saree with a well-cut blouse, a very wearable look for aam junta!
Deepika in a blue lace saree.
A black and white combo!


Kvetera Castle lies on a mountain west of the village of Naduknari, in the Akhmeta municipality in the Kakheti region in Georgia.
Kvetera Castle was actually the fortress of a fortified city. It is situated on the highest point of the mountain. The city was situated next to it on its west and south side. Due to its position it was considered a formidable stronghold, near the confluence of the Ito and Khevgrdzeli rivers on the old northern route from Kakheti to Kartli.
Although it was first mentioned in the 11th century, it is supposed to already have existed in the 8th century. During the rule of Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010-1037), it was in the hands of the Dukes of Kvetera.
Archaeological excavations have uncovered numerous traces of urban life from the 13th century. After the 13th century the city was not mentioned in historical sources anymore. Its fate is unknown.
In 2007 Kvetera was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The mountain on which it is situated is very wooded, so it is hard to take pictures of its exterior. When walking to the castle one first encounters the remains of a city gate. A short distance behind it stands a small tower which intended use is unknown. Of the castle itself remains the curtain walls with ruined towers. Within its walls are the ruin of a palace and a, beautifully restored, 10th century tetraconch (four-apse) church.
At present Kvetera Castle can freely be visited. A nice site but due to the woods it is hard to see its exterior. Also you will need a 4WD car to get there.


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Gary Brooker (1982) Lead Me To The Water (LP) Mercury (SRM-1-4954)
October 28, 2016 October 28, 2016 / Winch	/ Leave a comment
Gary Brooker
Lead Me To The Water
Mercury (SRM-1-4954)
Written and produced by Brooker
You don't expect much from an aging rocker (almost 40!) backed with lots of English superstars from the previous two decades (Harrison, Collins, Clapton, Albert Lee, Mel Collins, to name a few)–but this ends up an enjoyable set.
Some of the elements are stamped with the 80s–which listeners will likely find either annoying or interesting– but the sound is very much in the Procol Harum tradition, except here the heaviness of that group is replaced with a lighter pop feel. This isn't as drenched in organ, but since Brooker doesn't seem to be purposely distancing himself from his previous band, the difference between Procol Harum and this set certainly has something do to with the contributions of the band members on this album. Fortunately these musicians control their egos, and their contributions are part the compositions rather than an excuse to show off. This clearly remains Brooker's album.
This was Brooker's second solo album, and apparently this is his best. For fans of this singer/keyboard player or his previous band, this is worth a listen.
Badfinger (1971) Straight Up (LP) Apple 3387
August 16, 2016 / Winch	/ Leave a comment
Straight Up
Produced by Todd Rundgren
(two cuts produced by George Harrison)
Released December 1971 (US & UK) reached #31 in US.
Noteworthy ***
Badfinger's third album, containing two more top 10 hits, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue," both melancholy pop gems that suggested this band was perhaps a bit more than just a Beatles copycat. The hits helped the band get plenty of airplay and leave behind a legacy that lasted long after they were gone.
While the rest of the album resonates with the mood of the hits, it also strives to lift out of the gloom without ever really shaking that melancholy that permeates the sound. The setis fairly consistent, but many cuts sound a bit lacking alongside the stronger ones. With some clearly coming out of the fab four, this should interest fans of the Beatles. For fans of this group, this is essential listening.
This was the last outing that sold well in the States. (For some reason, they never caught on at home.) All of the songs are written by band members, both of the hits penned by Pete Ham. While they'd continue releasing albums, few took interest. Ham would hang himself in 1975.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A new bboy legacy has to be built and there is only one way to do this: go to Europe, find the best bboys with the dopest breakdance moves, feed them Croky chips and drill them to become the most impressive army of breakdancers. 94 bboys from Belgium and Holland were united by Bboy Sambo & Pirroman and trained with an iron fist to make this happen.
This online movie, launched at the beginning of January 2017 and preceeded by an online teaser in december 2016, was impressively crafted by the hard work and dedication of Team Shmetta (Battle Droids, Flash Family, Fresh Allstars, Psychos), the 2016 world champion breakdancing and AOOA.TV, jointly also known as Team Awesome.
We got contacted by our friends at We Are Digital to create a viral-inspired marketing campaign for Croky. They wanted to do this by gaining as much organic brand awareness as possible and support it with paid advertising on the Croky Facebook page and YouTube channel. The only thing missing was awesome content to bring the whole campaign to life. That's where we came in.
We came with the idea to make a sequel of their highly praised video 'Army Drill' featuring the Battle Droids. In this production that was bigger, more professional and featured no less than 94 bboys from Belgium and The Netherlands, we shot a new series of videos for the #CrokyDrill campaign: a trailer, a main video, multiple spin-off's and a making-of.
All content first appeared on all social channels of AOOA.TV, as they had the biggest influencer network. On Facebook, the video was posted on the page of Croky through a crosspost-relation. This kept the views central on one video and made it look like Croky posted it directly to their page, without a shared post. On YouTube only the spin-off video's were uploaded to the channel of Croky, so they could be used as pre-roll advertising. In total, these videos gathered more than a million views all together.
The distribution was also supported by digital PR efforts, resulting in the collaboration with top 10 video influencers in Belgium and the Netherlands, who shared the movies and organized online competitions and with Belgian and Dutch general press, which resulted in a wide array of online and offline articles.


In most instances, a DUI charge in Virginia is considered a misdemeanor offense. However, there are some cases in which the Commonwealth punishes drunk driving as a much more serious threat to the community. Under these circumstances, a DUI can be charged as a felony offense—which can yield significant criminal penalties for the accused.
If you have been charged with a felony DUI offense, then I invite you to contact me, Andrew J. Cornick, Attorney at Law, today. Clients that come to me and my firm benefit from the insight of a former prosecutor who knows how the Commonwealth of Virginia pursues and secures serious DUI convictions. I'm ready to assess your case and provide you actionable legal options that make your interests and future a priority.
It is possible to challenge the allegations against you. Call me at (540) 827-4446 to speak with a knowledgeableFredericksburg DUI defense lawyer today.
There are only certain circumstances when a DUI becomes a felony in Virginia. In these instances, the courts assume the accused poses a greater threat to others than a first-time DUI offender and levies more serious penalties against them.
Penalties for these convictions vary, but many of them come with serious prison sentences. Involuntary manslaughter as a result of DUI, for example, can come with a maximum prison sentence of 20 years. This is why retaining effective and proven defense counsel is so necessary in these cases. These felony charges need to be thoroughly examined for possible weaknesses and the accused must have an advocate in and outside to the courtroom.
The time to start reviewing your legal options is now. Use the online form on this site to request a free case evaluation.


Efficient DCT blocks in sub-micron CMOS.
The DCT block transform is used every day in the compression of images, video and audio for the transmission of television signals, multimedia graphics, audio and video all over the world. Image compression is the efficient coding of digital images to reduce the number of bits required, to represent an image, while maintaining a quality image. Data compression is the transmission of data over communication channels in an effective manner that uses as few bits as possible to minimize the bandwidth required, while maintaining distortions within limits. The efficient implementation of the DCT block in sub-micron CMOS continues to be dependent on the degree of regularity of the chip's architecture. Whereas the chip's required speed is dependent on the degree of parallelism of the DCT transform algorithm-architecture. That is, the speed of the block DCT chip is dependent on the subband signals maintaining a parallel FIR filter bank form. The block DCT transform is efficiently implemented when all the multiplication operations are removed from the architecture, thus minimizing the size of the chip. This thesis deals with the VLSI implementation of a multiply free approximate DCT architecture. The approximate DCT has the capability of mapping integers to integers in sub-micron CMOS with near perfect reconstruction. The approximate DCT is based on the algorithm-architecture found in , the binDCT. The forward binDCT chip and inverse binDCT chip designs assume the use of image data as their input. The use of an image as the input signal places the constraint that the chip is to be designed to implement unsigned binary arithmetic. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 39-02, page: 0561. Adviser: J. J. Soltis. Thesis (M.A.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2000.
Franklin, Tracy Ann., "Efficient DCT blocks in sub-micron CMOS." (2000). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1880.


Dead Chicks Are Cool is a social network for the alternative community. Their site is a place for alternative models, girls and guys alike, along with photographers and creative minds. Fet-Erotica shares similar values and goals,which is to spread alternative beauty through all its forms.


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Stats & Reports
SMS Templates
State of SMS Reports
Intro to SMS Marketing
Australian SMS E-Course
MMS Templates
5 Reasons why you should use SMS Marketing
Reason #1. Mobile device usage is growing
It's undisputed—the world is becoming more mobile by the minute.
According to the 2018 Mobile Economy Report, the number of unique mobile subscribers worldwide is expected to reach 5.9 billion by 2025.
And people aren't only using their mobile devices for socialising. They're also engaging and buying products from their favourite brands. During the 2017 holiday season, smartphones generated 27% of the total purchases and 46% of total web traffic, according to Adobe.
Reason #2. SMS can reach more of your audience quickly and effectively
The average open rate for email is between 15-27% according to MailChimp.
On the other hand, SMS has a 98% open rate, and 90% of text messages are opened within the first 3 minutes after it's received. This is practically a guaranteed read rate.
A recent survey Deloitte also show that some people check their phones over 50 times per day on average. This is why SMS is one of the quickest, most effective, and most affordable tools to help you reach your audience.
Reason #3. Simple setup process and fast results
Based on a recent client survey, a majority of respondents felt that setting up a Facebook or Google ad campaign took significantly longer to set up than an SMS campaign (30 minutes vs 10 minutes).
They also felt that SMS campaigns provided more value than Facebook or Google ad campaigns.
Check out our stats and reports page for more information.
You don't need a big budget to get started. Although you should add a website link, it's not mandatory. All it takes is 160 characters of copy to get started.
And if you already have a list of your customers' mobile numbers, you can launch a campaign within 10 minutes.
Real-time statistics, which include handset delivery reports, bounce rates, opt-out rates, responses, and click-through rates are provided after you launch your campaign. All the information is there to help you make smarter, data-driven marketing decisions.
Burst SMS also integrates with over 1000+ web applications via Zapier to help you automate your workflow. Integrations include popular services like Hubspot, Infusionsoft, MailChimp, Salesforce, and PayPal to name a few.
Reason #4. SMS is highly effective
Your customer's mobile number is more private and precious to them than their email inbox. Customers that are willing to provide you with their phone numbers genuinely want to hear from you.
Again, we are comparing to email with SMS. Email click-through rates, according to Mailchimp's most recent study is 2-3% across all industries. According to our platform-wide statistics, the SMS click-through rate is closer to 10-12%.
Reason #5. SMS campaigns are affordable
When you look at the cost per message, SMS may appear to be significantly higher than an email.
But if you factor in the cost of producing a creative and the time required to design an email campaign, launching SMS is much more cost-effective. SMS is straightforward with its 160 character limit.
If you compare SMS with the leading CPC services like Google Adwords, Facebook Ads, and Twitter Ads, SMS is up to 101.6 times more affordable.
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Trump's Own Words to CNN Come Back to Bite Him With Travel Ban in Court
by Elura Nanos | 10:08 am, March 16th, 2017
Last night, the Trump administration got a little lesson in the power of words. A federal judge in Hawaii considered the legality of Trump's new and improved travel ban, and it didn't go well for POTUS. Plaintiffs in the case argued that the revised executive order on immigration issued March 6 is unconstitutional because it is discriminatory and violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution. The Establishment Clause is much like a flip side of anti-discrimination laws: it prohibits the federal government from favoring any one religion over others. According to Judge Derrick Watson, violating the Constitution is precisely what President Trump's order did.
The ruling was based in no small part on Trump's own words while on the campaign trail. Just hours before the ban was set to go into effect, suspending the U.S. refugee program for 120 days and halting for 90 days the issuance of new visas from six majority-Muslim countries, Judge Watson issued a preliminary injunction halting its enforcement. Early this morning, another federal judge — Theodore Chuang in Maryland – issued another ruling against the March 6 executive order. In Judge Chuang's ruling, he called out the order as being part of a "long-envisioned Muslim ban" and also specifically mentioned Trump's campaign promises.
Here's the thing. When courts grapple with adjudicating claims of discrimination or Establishment Clause violations, they typically analyze the government's stated purpose for the law in question. They usually weigh deference to the lawmaker's neutral-sounding intentions against whatever potential discriminatory effect the law creates. Legally, there is no requirement that laws must affect every individual identically, and many subject-matter areas warrant the giving of wide latitude to those in a position to legislate. Presidential authority to regulate matters of immigration and foreign affairs is just one such area. However, we don't usually see proponents of a law (or here, an executive order) publicly declare what amounts to a clear discriminatory intent. At least since the death of Jim Crow, purposeful discrimination of one racial or religious group, or favoritism of another is simply not allowed – and is just about never argued as a legitimate basis for governing. Those familiar with Constitutional history know that the usual struggle lies in sorting out which laws mean to discriminate and which have a defensible purpose that warrants potential unequal effect on various groups of people. Unusual is the case where discrimination is the very promise the government has fulfilled by legislating.
If there's anything we can count on in Trump's America, though, it's that "business as usual" will be tested. Perhaps because the President was elected on a platform that at times appeared to include patriotism-through-xenophobia, it appears his administration expects the federal courts to fall in line. If that was the plan, it's not working.
Judge Watson called out the administration for its lack of logic and clear discriminatory intent. DOJ lawyers had argued that the new travel ban could not be discriminatory, because it did not affect all Muslims. That's like arguing that segregated schools aren't discriminatory, because not all black people are school-age. That argument doesn't make any sense, and Judge Watson said so:
The notion that one can demonstrate animus toward any group of people only by targeting all of them at once is fundamentally flawed.
Perhaps even more meaningful to the DOJ and to President Trump himself, though, was Judge Watson's use of Trump's own words. In his decision, the judge specifically referenced statements the President made in a CNN interview during the campaign. Trump told Anderson Cooper last year, "I think Islam hates us," and that it is "very hard to separate" radical Islam from Islam as a whole.
Is it unusual for a federal judge to rely on a campaign-time television interview? You bet it is. But then, what better way is there to assess the purpose behind the EO? And it's not like the President has backed down from his anti-Muslim rhetoric since the inauguration. Trump's statements might have been chalked up to "political speech" or "campaign rhetoric," if not for the fact that he's doubled down on the same promises since taking office.
Immigration expert Afia Yunus, Esq., agreed, and told LawNewz.com:
President Trump's statements leading up to the second travel ban, including statements made in his CNN interview, were rightfully relied upon by the federal judge in this order. In order to pass one part of the three-part Establishment Clause test, the policy must have a primary secular purpose. Trump's clearly anti-Muslim comments go directly to the inquiry of whether religious animus towards Islam or religious preference against Islam was the primary purpose of the Executive Order.
Since Trump entered the White House, his administration has had an interesting relationship with the idea that words matter. We've seen Press Secretary Sean Spicer disclaim that the first immigration executive order was a "travel ban" at all and blame the press for creating that moniker. Time and time again, we've heard Trump accuse outlets from CNN to the New York Times as being "fake news" sources. And yet, Trump's own words are the now basis for federal court rulings.
Donald Trump's brand is built on straight-talk and "telling it like it is." That plain-language approach is unquestionably what got him elected. The only problem is that it seems the federal courts were listening too.
This is an opinion piece. The views expressed in this article are those of just the author.
Donald Trump, executive order, executive orders, immigration, islam, islamic, muslim ban, travel ban, trump
Elura Nanos - Columnist & Trial Analyst, Law & Crime; CEO Lawyer Up
Elura is a columnist and trial analyst for Law & Crime. Elura is also a former civil prosecutor for NYC's Administration for Children's Services, the CEO of Lawyer Up, and the author of How To Talk To Your Lawyer and the Legalese-to-English series. Follow Elura on Twitter @elurananos
More Stories by Elura Nanos


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"Down the Trail of Achin' Hearts" is a country music song written by Jimmy Kennedy and Nat Simon, recorded by Hank Snow and Anita Carter, and released on the RCA Victor label. In May 1951, it reached No. 2 on the US country charts. It spent 14 weeks on the chart and was the No. 12 country record of 1951 based on juke box plays.

The song was also covered by Patti Page.

See also
 List of Billboard Top Country & Western Records of 1951

References

Hank Snow songs
1951 songs
Songs with music by Nat Simon
Songs with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Meet Akiliyah Sumlin
Akiliyah Sumlin discusses how the Association's partnership with Historically Black Colleges and Universities invests in students to promote diversity in agriculture
October 26, 2020 | Young Farmer Profiles
Akiliyah Sumlin (pictured above, left) never considered pursuing a career in agriculture. It wasn't that she didn't have exposure to the industry—growing up in small-town Oklahoma, she was surrounded by farmers. Problem was, very few of those farmers actually looked like her: female and Black.
Now the senior agriculture science major at Tennessee State University is determined to be a role model for the people of color coming up behind her.
"There isn't a lot of representation of Black women in agriculture and I want to be that for (young people)," says Akiliyah, a two-time Farm Credit Mid-America intern who will graduate the spring of 2021 and hopes to go into ag marketing. "When I'd go home (from college), people were surprised like, 'you're in agriculture?' That's not really something people like us do. I want people of my race and my gender to see me and say 'that's something I can do.'"
Helping to encourage that is a new national Farm Credit partnership with Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to strengthen recruitment of people of color and promote diversity in agriculture and rural communities. Under the Launching Leaders program, embraced by Farm Credit Mid-America, any student or recent graduate of an HBCU interning at a Farm Credit Entity receives a $3,500 stipend for living expenses. The goal is to attract HBCU candidates who may be interested in a Farm Credit internship but face financial barriers to participating. The stipend, offered in addition to regular internship wages, may be used for a number of living expenses associated with an internship, including housing, transportation and groceries.
That's important, says Akiliyah, because without exposure to ag-related jobs and encouragement to enter the industry, agriculture is lacking in diversity and missing out on a vast pool of talent coming from Historically Black Colleges and Universities.
"I want people of my race and my gender to see me and say 'that's something I can do.'"
Akiliyah Sumlin
"I know that HBCUs breed some of the most hard-working students I've ever seen," says Akiliyah, who received the stipend as an Association intern in 2020. "When companies come in and invest in these students, they're going to get something great in return."
Farm Credit's Launching Leaders Stipend is part of its pledge to the national HBCU Partnership Challenge in which more than 50 major employers across the nation have committed to deepening or creating relationships with HBCUs to encourage recruitment. Farm Credit is one of a growing number of esteemed national organizations working with the Congressional Bipartisan HBCU Caucus to strengthen partnerships between HBCU students, the federal government and the industry. HBCUs produce 50 percent of all Black professionals in the country. Today, there are 107 HBCUs with more than 228,000 students enrolled, according to the U.S. Department of Education.
Akiliyah says her experiences with Launching Leaders and Farm Credit Mid-America have reinforced her decision to enter the agriculture industry.
"Farm Credit Mid-America is pouring into something that needed to be supported for a long time," she says. "This partnership shows people from different backgrounds that there are people in agriculture that want to see you grow and lead in the industry, and I think Farm Credit Mid-America is a leader in that."
To learn more about the Launching Leaders program, visit the Farm Credit Launching Leaders website, or watch the video below.
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Young farmers are finding their fit working both on and off the family farm.
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Acupuncture & Natural Healing Center | Ronald Mullen, DOM, AP | Barbara Thurman, DOM, AP, CCT
Wei Laboratories
What is Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine?
Acupuncture is a method of encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve function. This is done by inserting sterilized, stainless-steel needles (that are as fine as a human hair) into specific points located near or on the surface of the skin which have the ability to alter various biochemical and physiological conditions in order to treat a wide variety of illnesses.
Traditional Chinese Medicine views a person as an energy system in which body and mind are unified, each influencing and balancing the other. Unlike Western medicine which attempts to isolate and separate a disease from a person, Chinese Medicine emphasizes a holistic approach that treats the whole person.
Your practitioner will make a Chinese medical diagnosis based upon a thorough examination and consultation. The examination includes the assessment of the pulse and tongue. Once a diagnosis is made, your acupuncturist will choose the most appropriate acupuncture points for treatment.
Qi (pronounced chee) can be defined as the "force" or "vital substance" that animates and controls the observable functions of living beings. The basic foundation for Asian medicine is that this vital substance flows through the body on channels known as meridians that connect all of our major organs. According to Chinese medical theory, illness arises when the cyclical flow of Qi in the meridians becomes unbalanced or is blocked.
The basis of acupuncture is expressed in this famous Chinese saying: "Bu tong ze tong, tong ze bu tong" which means "free flow: no pain, no free flow: pain."
In other words, any kind of pain or illness represents an obstruction in the normal flow of Qi or life force. Simply put, acupuncture moves Qi, restoring free flow.
Acupuncture points are areas of designated electrical sensitivity that have been shown to be effective in the treatment of specific health problems. They have been mapped out by the Chinese over a period of over 2000 years.
How does acupuncture work?
Eastern Explanation:
The Eastern Explanation for how Acupunctures works is that the life energy flowing through the body which is termed Qi (pronounced chee) can be influenced and balanced by stimulating specific points on the body. These points are located along channels of energy known as meridians that connect all of our major organs. According to Chinese medical theory, illness arises when the cyclical flow of Qi in the meridians becomes unbalanced or is blocked.
Western Explanation:
Acupuncture is the stimulation of specific points located near or on the surface of the skin which have the ability to alter various biochemical and physiological conditions in order to achieve the desired effect.
Explanation of How Acupuncture Works
Acupuncture points are areas of designated electrical sensitivity. Inserting needles at these points stimulates various sensory receptors that, in turn, stimulate nerves that transmit impulses to the hypothalamic-pituitary system at the base of the brain.
The hypothalamus-pituitary glands are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters and endorphins, the body's natural pain-killing hormones. It is estimated that endorphins are 200 times more potent than morphine. Endorphins also play a big role in the functioning of the hormonal system. This is why acupuncture works well for back pain and arthritis and also for P.M.S. and infertility.
The substances released as a result of acupuncture not only relax the whole body, they regulate serotonin in the brain which plays a role in human and animal disposition. This is why depression is often treated with acupuncture.
Some of the physiological effects observed throughout the body include increased circulation, decreased inflammation, relief from pain, relief of muscle spasms and increased T-cell count which stimulates the immune system.
What is involved in Acupuncture Diagnosis?
Acupuncture diagnostic procedures center on finding blockages and imbalances of Qi. In examining meridians, acupuncturists utilize ancient diagnostic procedures. At first these may seem strange to Western patients but for many centuries these procedures have proven reliable for Eastern patients.
Pulse Diagnosis – an intricate evaluation of the pulses reveals excesses, deficiencies, disharmonies of Qi and what organs are involved.
Observation of the Patient – noting color and condition of the tongue, texture and condition of the skin, of the hair, of the voice – its strength or weakness, high or low pitch, hoarse or throaty. Answers here confirm many health issues.
Interviewing the Patient – seeking a history of the illness, the patient's feelings, lifestyle, diet. All of those, as well as emotional problems may contribute to Qi's imbalance.
Physical Examination – feeling for tender acupoints is a reliable diagnostic tool because certain acupoints are related to specific areas and functions of the body, and tenderness may relate to a specific problem.
How many treatments will I need and how often?
Each patient's health problems and response to treatment are unique, the number and frequency of treatments vary. Typically, the recommendation is two to four treatments per week for eight to sixteen treatments, although some patients respond favorably after only one or two treatments. Some may not improve until the eighth or ninth visit. Others may require two or three treatments per week for several months for maximum results. In general, acute conditions require less treatment than chronic conditions.
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Falls Creek Falls Loop
…Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Oldman Pass
"A hike to a multi-tiered waterfall, above it for views, and then back to form a loop "
Karl W
2,360' 719 m
Features River/Creek · Waterfall
Family Friendly Most families may prefer to take 152A as an out-and-back but this whole route is family-friendly if you mind the few cliff edges
FR 3062 is gated in the winter from Dec. 1 - March 31, about 2 miles before the trailhead.
This is a great, well-graded hike to an impressive multi-tier waterfall that drops over 300 feet total. You'll follow the stream, cross it on a suspension bridge, arrive at the misty base of the falls, then hike to the top for views of the valley, and finally take a less-crowded route back to the trailhead to form a loop.
Falls Creek Falls Creek #152A is most commonly taken as a ~3.4 mile out-and-back with about 750 feet of elevation gain. That shorter option is great, and well worth doing on it's own. This loop route is about double the out-and-back's effort, but will reward you with better views of the top tier of the falls and vistas towards Observation Peak in Trapper Creek Wilderness. The return route will also avoid the crowds!
There is a large gravel parking area at the end of Forest Road 3062 and a pit toilet. During the winter NF 3062 is gated about two miles before the trailhead with room to park for only a few cars. The road can have potholes but should be easy enough for any car.
Falls Creek #152A starts from the NE corner of the parking lot and quickly passes Falls Creek #152B which you'll return on before arriving at Falls Creek. At a little over a third of a mile you'll cross the creek on a nice suspension bridge that offers great views of the rapids. The trail then follows the north edge of the creek before gaining a bit of elevation. You'll cross a super-mossy tributary on another bridge and skirt past some cliffs before Falls Creek Falls comes into view. The trail ends at the base of the bottom-tiers: a 91 foot plunge and 135 foot mid section. The top tier is difficult to see from here.
Return about a half mile the way you came to the clearly signed connector trail to Falls Creek #152. This short connector gains a decent amount of elevation on a series of switchbacks. Turn right (east) on Falls Creek #152 and follow it uphill for about a half mile. Keep an eye out for an unsigned, but clear, spur trail on the right that leads to a cliff edge. From here you'll see down the valley towards Trapper Creek Wilderness and, looking down, the top tier of Falls Creek Falls. Go back to Falls Creek #152 and continue right (east) for another quarter of a mile on a very flat section to yet another unmarked, but clear, spur that leads to even better views of the valley and top tier.
From here return the way you came on Falls Creek #152 but pass the connector you came up on to continue downhill on Falls Creek #152. Eventually you'll have lost most of the elevation you gained and return to the north edge of the creek. At about 5.3 miles you'll come to a clear intersection. Turn left (south) to cross a sturdy bridge to get to Falls Creek #152B. Turn left (east) again to follow this trail through second growth forest back to the trailhead.
Land Manager: USFS - Gifford Pinchot National Forest Office
4.0 from 1 vote
in Oldman Pass
199 Since Nov 16, 2021
Nov 23, 2021 near Stevenson, WA
Greenleaf Overlook
Cascade…, OR
Eagle Creek Trail to Tunnel Falls
PCT: Herman Creek to Eagle Benson
18.1 mi 29.1 km • 4,399' Up 1340.93 m Up • 4,399' Down 1340.8 m Down
Wyeth State Park to North Lake
Lava Canyon Loop
1.2 mi 1.9 km • 257' Up 78.27 m Up • 257' Down 78.34 m Down
Amboy, WA
Dog Mountain Trail #147
Carson, WA
Average from 1 vote:
Virtual Tour of Falls Creek Falls Loop


Front line supervisors, middle and upper level managers.
How to improve your ability to impact the behavior of others. What is needed to create an environment where employees motivate themselves. What is important to subordinates how to use positive reinforcement what employees expect & want, and how providing for expectations and wants can improve performance.
Studies indicate a difference between what employees and supervisors believe is important in a job. The difference often involves what motivates employees. Different approaches to motivation are covered. The focus is on learning what motivates and what de motivates employees. Role plays and self-analysis instruments are utilized to help participants learn more about the motivation process.


One of the many questions I am asked is "what does it take to become a chef". In an industry that was male dominated, the obvious answer some two & half dozen years back, would probably have been balls of steel. I recall working in a small but luxury hotel abroad were I was introduced to my first encounter with Shirley; my Head chef … Shirley ruled that kitchen with a rod of iron, I swear to this day that she had eyes on the back of her head . Chef commanded a reasonably large kitchen brigade, to operate the bistro style bar menu as well as the fine dining restaurant. I quickly rose through the ranks from chef de party to senior Sous Chef.
In an industry were words such as innovative, talented, gifted and sublime are words to describe some of the most influential Chefs within our industry, culinary giants such as Angela Hartnett, Elena Arzak ,Helen Riza, Clare Smyth, Hèlèn Darroze and Jenny Morris (to name but a few) is most certainly not the answer that I would be inclined to give for fear of being chopped up into brunoise!
So back to my original question, What does it take to become a chef? Whilst it is not a requirement, most wannabe chefs will go to a world renowned culinary institute. Here, the International Centre for Culinary Arts (ICCA Dubai) is one of those institutes. All chefs must have a high degree of training, technical skills, experience and management skills, leadership and time management skills, Able to multi task with kitchen equipment and to a degree with staff. Basically like a musical conductor. Twelve plus hours a day six days a week is extremely commonplace. Take a large pinch of dedication and sprinkle over obsession; you might just have what it takes to become a CHEF!


Neptunea was born out of wanting a 'sister image' to my post ETHEREAL DANCE.
I attacked this one in the same way as a previous painting, Ethereal Dance, with an abstract underlay.
I then superimposed my shells over the top and embellished parts of the colors and shapes allowing my shells to evolve.
This is not an easy way to get a painting done, but it's so much fun!
I felt completely stimulated all the way through this image, which is very important to me.. I get bored very easily if a painting I am tackling is too easy. LOL.
My next post is the finished painting.
Rae teaches workshops and classes in all media.


When a Japanese-American is charged with the murder of a local fisherman, more than one man's guilt is at stake. Soon to be a major film starring Ethan Hawke, directed by Scott Hicks (Shine).
San Piedro Island in Puget Sound is a place so isolated that no one who lives there can afford to make enemies. But in 1954 a local fisherman is found suspiciously drowned, and a Japanese-American named Kabuo Miyamoto is charged with his murder.
In the course of the ensuing trial, it becomes clear that what is at stake is more than one man's guilt. For on San Piedro, memory grows as thickly as cedar trees and the fields of ripe strawberries - memories of a charmed love affair between a white boy and a Japanese girl who grew up to become Kabuo's wife; memories of land desired, paid for, and lost. Above all, San Piedro is haunted by the memory of what happened to its Japanese residents during World War II, when an entire community was sent into exile while its neighbours watched.


There is a lot of speculation in the crypto space. With all the scams going around, how does one know how to navigate these fraudulent waters of speculation to find the real gems? Well, there is no real good answer to that, so that's why we always advise doing your own research. Today, we'll help you out with that by looking at Tron (TRX). The hype surrounding this token is unreal with some even saying it's the next bitcoin. But is any of this true?
On December 5th, 2017 the value of Tron (TRX) sat at just $0.002. Just one month later, it skyrocketed 12,600%. That's certainly no feat to ignore. Don't get too excited though, as the volatile markets of crypto took it back down to $0.0257 a month later. Yet, the company is gearing up for another bullish run this year. The reasoning behind this is the countdown to Tron's release of the Test Net.
Tron is not just an idea. There is some serious innovation behind it. For one, Tron strives to create a completely free, decentralized internet using blockchain technology. Their protocol lets users publish, store and own their data. Furthermore, they issue, circulate and trade digital assets known as Tron tokens (TRX). In this new internet era, legislation is transferring from a transparent, centralized authority to transparent codes. Everything in the future is executed using smart contracts which Tron uses to govern their "web 4.0 blockchain Dapp platform."
SHOULD YOU INVEST IN TRON OVER BITCOIN?
Bitcoin is still the supreme crypto out there but this seems to be the year for underdog coins like YouToken, Tron, IOTA and more. But how do you decide where to invest your money? At investory, we are huge believers in investing in people, not products. Startups like Tron have true innovation behind their idea. The crypto aspect is just a small piece of the puzzle. They're based on blockchain technology. Hence, even if the fundamentals of crypto collapse, they still have valuable assets. As always, this is just one opinion. Don't forget to do your own research before investing.


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A recent article in TGO Magazine got me thinking about some great 'peak to pub' walks – good hill or mountain walks with a great pub at the bottom.
Having eaten and drunk far too much over the Christmas holidays, many of us are keen to walk off the calories. Climbing a hill is an appealing prospect but winter hill walks – even short ones – can be bracing and exhausting. So after an exhilarating walk, what better than to go directly from a hill into a cosy pub and rehydrate yourself over a pint (or a coffee) in front of a roaring fire ? Or perhaps more accurately, stumble off the hill to dry out and warm up !
Pubs and mountains and pubs have at least one thing in common – some are superb and others are really a bit of a disappointment. After a cold day on the hill, there's nothing like a roaring fire and a relaxed, friendly atmosphere to warm things up, so I've tried to match great hills with great pubs. (Unfortunately, there are many great hills with no decent pub nearby and vice versa).
I've also selected hills that are easily manageable within the short daylight hours of winter, recognising that the most popular are likely to be within a fairly easy drive of Scotland's main centres of population. So there's no Cluanie Inn, Sligachan Hotel or countless others in my list. The timings given are those from the Walk Highlands website. I'm a reasonably fast walker and a 6 – 8 hour walk will normally take me around 6 – 6.5 hours. So know how fast you and your party tend to walk, build in the inevitable contingency time (for snacks, route finding etc) and don't set out on a walk that's likely to take you past sunset.
I found the TGO selection slightly strange in this respect, recommending a long day walk of Ben Lawers (taking 8 – 9 hours) when at this time of year sunrise is 0815 and sunset 1645 hours. The TGO article also recommended climbing Ben Lomond. While it's a fine hill the Rowardennan Hotel doesn't merit a visit in my book so I'm afraid you won't find Ben Lomond in my list either.
Winter walking is a very different proposition to summer walking. It goes without saying that you need to be suitably kitted out, knowledgeable and prepared for the (extremely varied) conditions you're likely to encounter. You need to carry more gear (eg crampons, ice axe, spare layers, hot drinks), be much more prepared and know the limitations of you and the rest of your party. You also need to be prepared to flex your plans and not stick rigidly to a route carefully worked out from the comfort of your home; weather, ground conditions and avalanche risks can all present potential dangers, so better to avoid these if you can. I also suggest that head torches are essential just in case you get delayed and have to descend past sunset (see the BMC link below for some excellent advice on winter walking).
So enough of the build-up and safety advice, what 'peak to pub' combinations have I got to whet your whistle ?
Dumyat is the characterful hill in the Ochils overlooking Stirling, the hillfoot towns (Alva, Menstrie, Dollar) with the Pentlands in the distance on a clear day. It's a short, well-trodden walk and you'll find the Sherrifmuir Inn just a short drive away, also high up on the Ochil moors: a perfect place to warm up and get a bite to eat before the drive home.
This is the easiest walk in my list and probably familiar as a summer walk to most. Arthur's Seat gives great views over Edinburgh, south to the Bass Rock and north to Fife. It might not be a long walk but it can be steep so take care in snowy or icy conditions. The Sheep's Heid is a stone's throw from Holyrood Park in Duddingston, voted the AA Scottish pub of the year in 2013.
This walk takes in two munros just to the south of Crianlarich and can be climbed via a number of routes. The route below starts from the A82 just south of Crianlarich, a straightforward up-and-down route, although the hills can also be climbed from the south or in a horseshoe directly from the village. In poor visibility you may miss the ridge out to Ben Tulaichean, as I did on my first trip there ! The Ben More Lodge serves great beer and bar meals.
Morrone is a Corbett that sits high above Braemar giving great views of the Cairngorms and Braemar itself. The walk starts from the centre of the village and follows tracks and moorland, finishing right past the Fife Arms.
A lovely walk through woodland and open moorland towards the steep summit of Ben Vrackie, towering over the Perthshire countryside. And what better way to celebrate your descent than sample the fine ales in the Moulin Inn ? This is a traditional Highland inn dating from 1695 offering good Scottish food and an award-winning pub with its own microbrewery behind the Hotel.
The conical peak of Beinn Dorain stands proud above Bridge of Orchy and can be combined with the neighbouring munro, Beinn an Dothaidh (or climbed alone for a shorter walk). The Bridge of Orchy Hotel is the obvious place for post-walk food and drink, and why not take the train to/from Bridge of Orchy and leave the car at home ?
While admittedly not the most exciting of walks in summer time, this munro makes a fine winter's walk along tracks and over moorland. The Royal Hotel is probably the pick of the hostelries in Comrie, although a little posher than the other pubs in my list (fine dining rather than bar meals for walkers).
When I climbed these two munros on a clear, sunny day one January it seemed as though I was sharing the hill with half of the inhabitants of Dundee. Even with parties of walkers it makes a fine winter's walk and gives great views. Post-hill refreshments are available at the Glen Clova Hotel and you could always stay over at their bunkhouse.
If you can, save this one for a fine day for the views from Stob Dearg over the neighbouring hills and Rannoch Moor are superb. One of the classic Scottish mountain walks, matched by the Clachaig, one of the classic hillwalker's pubs. Expect a great atmosphere, stone floors, wooden tables, open fires, over 200 whiskies and real ales.
Since the walk starts from a high level start point, the new Ben Lawers car park, Meall nan Tarmachan is one of the easier munros to climb in winter. There's a steep scramble up to the summit which could be icy in winter. But perhaps your biggest difficulty may be actually getting to the Ben Lawers car park; the steep single-track access road is often icy. Last time I climbed it I had to park well short of the car park in a clearing in the forest since the road was a skating rink ! Rather than climb the whole ridge, which could be tricky in full winter conditions you can shorten the walk by simply climbing Meall nan Tarmachan and returning by the route of ascent.
Great, thanks for the feedback Mike !
And I shall be in Scotland in February – this post is perfectly helpful for what I have in mind to do!
Oh that's great – I hope these provide some useful ideas for walks. In the interests of space I've only highlighted particular routes and pubs – others are available of course ! I'd recommend the Walk Highlands website for alternative route options.


The application form for HEC Need Base Scholarship to be filled by the students is attached along with submission guidelines and deed of agreement. In order to make the selection process more transparent Provision of following documents shall be mandatory for nominated candidates.
Income Certificate and Pension book/copy (where applicable) In case of business, affidavit stating income details.
If living in Rented house, Rent agreement shall be attached.
Details of Academic Record, copies of degrees/ transcripts.
CNIC of Applicant and Guardian/Parents.
Student may get Scholarship Forms from CIIT Website/Photocopy shop.