text:
Sojourn, Exodus, Conquest
Contents | Documentary forms | Covenants | Law codes | Other treaties | Chronology
Covenants and law-codes - covenantal forms
Documents in the ancient world - just as the modern one - tended to follow certain standard patterns or forms. Sometimes these forms persisted over a very long period of time, and so are of limited use for the purposes of dating. However, other forms are characteristic of particular eras and so give strong supportive evidence for a time of origin. Both covenant-treaties and law-codes have an exceedingly long history of development, and followed quite specific forms of composition. This is of great relevance when trying to establish a most-probable date of composition of the Pentateuch.
Early period
Intermediate (Syrian)
Intermediate (Hittite)
Late (Syrian)
Late (Mesopotamian)
Early period (late 3rd millennium)
Requirements/stipulations
Other features eg curses, blessings, oaths
Examples: Ebla...Tudiya of Assyria
Naram-Sin of Akkad...Elam
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Intermediate - Syrian
Title or preamble Brief ( < 5%)
Requirements/stipulations Substantial ( > 90%)
Curses Brief ( < 5%)
Examples: Niqmepa of Alalakh...Ir-Dim of Tunip
Idrimi of Alalakh...Pilliya
Discussion of content
Niqmepa
The heading and preamble here are very short. After the seal of Ir-Dim comes the brief assertion, "Text sanctioned by an oath to the gods, between Niqmepa, king of Mukishhe [and Alalakh] and Ir-Dim, king of Tunip; Niqmepa and Ir-Dim have now established [this agreement] between them as follows:".
The stipulations are fairly systematic but deal with commercial or legal matters rather than military cooperation. In order, the following items are listed: merchant agreements, reporting conspiracies, booty, runaway slaves, theft, criminals and future loyalty. The seal of Niqmepa follows the stipulations and precedes the curse.
The curse section is very brief, consisting of "Whosoever transgresses these agreements, Adad, [...] and Shamash the lord if judgement, Sin and the great gods will make him perish, [will make disappear] his name and his descendants from the lands, [...], they will make him forsake his throne and sceptre[...]". There are no blessings listed for adherence to the treaty.
Idrimi
The overall form of the agreement is very similar to the above, dealing for example with matters such as the return of fugitives. The curse section consists of "Whoever transgresses this agreement, Dim, Shamash and Ishhara and all the other [gods] will destroy him."
Niqmepa was a vassal of Shuttama of Mitanni and was contemporary with the start of the Amarna period. The fact that he himself was a vassal may account for the prosaic and commercial (as opposed to primary allegiance and service) nature of the agreement. Idrimi was his father, another Mitanni vassal.
Later developments
A later development in the first millennium in Syria was to place the curses before the requirements. As with other first millennium forms, there was no historical prologue nor blessings for obedience to the treaty provisions.
Middle (mid-late 2nd millennium)
Title or preamble (One or two sentences)
Historical prologue Moderate (10-20%)
Requirements/stipulations Substantial (50-60%)
Deposition and renewal arrangements Brief ( < 5%)
Witnesses [in 2 examples this section is placed earlier] Short (5-10%)
Curses, blessings Moderate (10-20%, about equal size)
Occasionally other elements eg oaths and ceremonies
Examples: Suppiluliumas of Hatti...Aziras of Amurru
Suppiluliumas of Hatti...Mattiwaza of Mitanni
Suppiluliumas of Hatti...Kurtiwaza of Mitanni
Mursilis of Hatti...Duppi-Tessub of Amurru
Suppiluliumas...Aziras
The agreement opens with the following phrase: "These are the words of the Sun Suppliluliumas, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favourite of the storm god".
With this kind of treaty the historical prologue appears, making up a significant part of the whole. Here, the annual payment of 300 shekels of refined gold is stipulated, together with the background to the treaty. Among other statements we find "Formerly, in fact, the king of the land of Egypt, <a list of other kings follows here> - all these kings were hostile [to the Sun]. But Aziras, the king of [Amurru] land, parted from the gate of Egypt and became subservient to the Sun."
The stipulations begin with military support issues, dealing in order with assisting Hatti on campaigns, not joining with enemies of Hatti, not attacking Hatti troops, actively helping Hatti against rebellion, and showing willingness to ask Hatti for assistance in case of need. After this follows a shorter collection of other clauses, chiefly dealing with relationships with foreigners, such as seizing fugitives and how to treat citizens of either land going to live in the other.
The fourth (and final) column of the treaty is badly mutilated and largely unreadable: however a list of god's names (almost certainly witnesses) can be seen.
Suppiluliumas...Kurtiwaza
This treaty contains the later sections intact. Duplicate copies of the tablet were required to be placed before Arinna the Sun-goddess in Hatti, and Teshub in Mitanni. The contents were to be regularly read in the presence of the king of Mitanni and the Hurrian people.
The list of divine witnesses is very thorough and appears to give the names of gods associated with many countries across the Middle East.
The treaty ends with a curse section followed by a slightly shorter blessing section, the combined length being approximately the same as the list of witnesses. The curses start with, "If you, Kurtiwaza, the prince, and (you) the sons of the Hurri country do not fulfil the words of this treaty, may the gods, the lords of the oath, blot you out". They go on to specify that the women would be barren, the throne overturned, reputaion be lost, peace banished, and the soil unyielding. If, on the other hand, the treaty was kept, "may these gods protect you, Kurtiwaza, together with your wife, the daughter of the Hatti land, her children and her children's children, and also (you) the Hurrians, together with your wives, your children, and your children's children and together with your country. May the Mitanni country return to the place which it occupied before, may it thrive and expand, and so on, ending with the promise that throne and nation would persist.
Mursilis...Duppi-Teshub
The agreement opens with the following phrase: "These are the words of the Sun Mursilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favourite of the storm god, the son of Suppiluliumas, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant".
The historical prologue goes into considerable detail about relations between the two counties, going back to relations between Suppiluliumas and Aziras. It emphasises the continued loyalty shown between the two lands, and in particular the ways in which Hatti had assisted Amurru. A bridging section concerning future relations forms a transition between this and the stipulation part - "Do not turn your eyes to anyone else! Your fathers presented tribute to Egypt; you [shall not do that!]".
The treaty requirements begin with military clauses - assisting with specific actions, proactively helping to put down rebellions, asking for assistance in the event that Amurrus was threatened, and the treatment of prisoners and captives. A shorter section deals with relationships with foreigners, such as the arrest of fugitives, exposing traitors and providing assistance to friends of Hatti. One specific clause says "If the Sun gives you an order in secrecy (saying): 'Do this or that' (if) that order cannot be executed, petition about it on the spot (stating): 'This order I cannot execute and will not execute' and the king will reconsider it then and there". This indicates a level of mutual relationship and respect absent from the later treaty forms.
The treaty ends with a short section outlining first a curse and secondly a blessing, these being the consequences of breaking or keeping the treaty. In both cases the responsibility for the treaty rests on Duppi-Tessub - "should Duppi-Tessub not honour these words ... if Duppi-Tessub honours these words" - but the consequences apply to the people of the land as a whole - "may these gods of the oath destroy Duppi-Tessub/protect him together with his person, his wife, his son, his grandson, his house, his land/country"
Suppiluliumas is contemporary with the Amarna period, and Aziras features in that correspondence. His changes of allegiance are recorded there as well as implicit in this treaty. Two of his sons succeeded: the very brief reign of Arnuwandas II was followed by Mursilis II, who began ruling at the same time as the start of the 19th Egyptian dynasty. Duppi-Teshub was the grandson of Aziras. The Mitanni kingdom was in decline at this stage.
Earlier variations of the Hittite form
A little before the main period of Hittite treaties, Arnuwandas established a treaty with Ishmerika-land. Arnuwandas ruled Hatti at a time when territory was being reduced on several fronts. This may explain both the conciliatory tone - for example willingness to considerably reduce the army contribution - and the difficult situation faced by Ishmerika itself. Presumably the retention of vassals even if they provided less resources was more important to the Hittites than the risk of losing them to others. Arnuwandas reigned during the 18th Egyptian dynasty, after Thutmose III and before the Amarna period. The structure of the treaty involves a witness section followed by requirements, an oath, and then curses for treaty breaking. The tablet is damaged and unreadable in parts. It is not clear whether this should constitute a separate treaty form in its own right, or a specific accommodation to difficult circumstances.
The agreement opens with the following phrases: "As follows (speaks) Arnu[wanda, the great king, king of the country Hatti: I made this] oath under God[. You are the opposite king, queen, prince,] and [preserve love] of the country Ha[tti]". A list of numerous gods then follows as witnesses.
The requirements are damaged in parts, but appear to contain many of the familiar elements from the later Hittite treaties. After religious concerns, the stipulations largely concern military affairs and the duty of the Ishmerrikans to maintain the reputation of Hatti internationally. Several clauses deal with the correct treatment of messengers or refugees from foreign countries. The duty of supplying troops for the Hatti army is evidently relaxed from an earlier treaty, seeemingly because Ishmerikan territory has been reduced: "And concerning your heavily armed soldiers, in former times in each case 150 people came from Ishmerika; now I have made [a new regulation for you], and it is for you to determine 60 heavily armed ones. To march however only free ones, which [...] A slave however and a mercenary under the heavily armed ones is not to be sent... If however the country becomes large again, it is added for the heavily armed ones that [again more will] be sent".
The oath section is quite thorough, naming a collection of specific individuals together with their home cities, and collectively also the people (including women and children) of the land. The curse is short and simply asserts that the house, field, wine garden and other possessions are "to be roasted".
Late (1st millennium) Mesopotamian
Witnesses Moderate (10-20%)
Curses Substantial (40-50%)
Examples: Ashur-nirari V...Mati'ilu of Arpad
Esarhaddon...Baal of Tyre
Esarhaddon...Vassal treaties
Ashur-nirari V...Mati'ilu
The treaty is partly damaged here, with several columns lost. The first readable part consists of a description of a sacrifice: "This spring lamb has been brought from its fold not for sacrifice, not for a banquet, not for a purchase, not for (divination concerning) a sick man, not to be slaughtered for [...]: it has been brought to sanction the treaty between Ashur-nirari and Mati'ilu". There follows a description of the actions to be carried out to the lamb, and parallel ones to befall Mati'ilu, his family members, his officials, or his people in the event of breach of the treaty.
The stipulations that follow are interlaced with curses relating to failure to adhere to that clause, rather than a collection of curses at the end. The first readable clause requires devoted loyalty to Ashur-nirari. After a break, there follows a military stipulation, "(If the Assyrian army) goes to war at the orders of Ashur-nirari, king of Assyria, and Mati'ilu, together with his officials, his army, his chariotry, does not leave on the campaign" - a long paragraph of dire consequences follows, cursing Mati'ilu and his people with sickness, famine, drought and destitution. This is the longest such stipulation, but several follow in connection with demonstrations of loyalty, and each paragraph consists of the requirement stated briefly with the terrible consequences of failure to adhere spelled out at length. There are no blessings listed at all.
The last preserved section contains a list of gods affirmed as witnesses and enforcers of the treaty - the tablet is broken part-way through this.
Esarhaddon...Baal
There is only a short heading: "[Treat]y of [Esarhaddon], king of Assyria, eldest son of [...], with Baal, king of Tyre".
This is followed by stipulations, with a high proportion describing trade arrangements and concessions for Tyre. An example is "If a ship of Baal or of the people of Tyre is shipwrecked off (the coast of) the land of the Philistines or anywhere on the borders of Assyrian territory, everything that is on the ship belongs to Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, but one must not do any harm to any person on board ship, they should li[st] their names".
The curse section - which follows the requirements rather than being interleaved as in the treaty above - forms about half the body of text, again with no blessings for obedience to the terms of the treaty. They apply both to Baal of Tyre as an individual and to the land as a whole. Extracts are "May Bethel and Anath-Bethel deliver to you a man-eating lion ... May Astarte break your bow in the thick of battle, and have you crouch at the feet of your enemy, may a foreign enemy divide your belongings".
The treaty ends with the short phrase, "Tablet of the treaty established with Baal of Tyre".
This was apparently a standard form of treaty, into which the particular name of the vassal concerned, and their city, was inserted. 9 of these have been found, all thought to date from a specific assembly of vassal kings at ***. The treaty opens with the formal phrase,
"Seal of the god Ashur, king of the gods, lord of all lands, which is not to be altered;
Seal of the great ruler, the father of the gods, which is not to be contested.
(This is) the treaty of Esarhaddon, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Sennacherib, likewise king of the world, king of Assyria, with <here the ruler and their city is inserted>". This is then followed by a lengthy title ascription for Esarhaddon.
After a list of divine witnesses, the stipulations make up just over half the document. The document is clearly focused on ensuring that the vassal acknowledges not only Esarhaddon as current ruler, but Ashurbanipal his son as appointed crown prince, and in most cases, Shamashshumukin as appointed ruler of Babylon as well. The need for continuity of succession is clearly a major theme. Each clause is stated in the form "If you do..." or "If you fail to do...", with the dire consequences left to the end. The first clause contains the basic requirement to uphold Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal as the chosen successor - "(If) you do not serve him in the open country and in the city, do not fight and even die on his behalf, do not always speak the full truth to him, do not always advise him well in full loyalty, do not smooth his way in every respect...". After that, the requirements cover remaining loyal and reporting the rebellion of others promptly (stated at considerable length and covering several potential situations), fighting for Assyria or in case of disaster fleeing to Assyria for aid, offering military assistance, and ensuring the loyalty of family offspring. An example is, "If you do not fight for the crown prince Ashurbanipal, son of your lord Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, if you do not die for him, if you do not seek out what is good for him, if you act wrongly toward him, do not give him sound advice, lead him on an unsafe course, do not treat him with proper loyalty...". Finally, there are requirements to honour the treaty tablet itself - "If you remove it (this tablet), consign it to fire, throw it into water, bury it in dust, or by some trick destroy, annihilate, or turn it face down...". Because of the thorough enumeration of different possibilities, the document is quite repetitious.
The curse section in the event of failure to keep the requirements is extremely thorough and makes up nearly half the document. It begins with personally-directed curses, such as "May Ashur, king of the gods, who determines the fates, decree for you an evil, unpropitious fate, and not grant you fatherhood, old age ... ripe old age". It then progresses to family members, "May Zarpanitu, who grants offspring and descendants, eradicate your offspring and descendants from the land". An affirmation evidently intended to be expressed by the vassal intrudes here, followed by more curses directed at the land and the people at large. "May all the gods who are named in this treaty tablet reduce your soil in size to be as narrow as a brick, turn your soil into iron, so that noone may cut a furrow in it". This section finishes with a series of symbolic actions carried out to objects (door hinges, a chariot, etc), to be duplicated for real in the life of a treaty-breaker.
The treaty ends with "Dated the 16th day of the month Ajanu, in the eponymy of Nabu-bel-usur, governor of Khorsabad. Treaty established (by Esarhaddon) concerning Ashurbanipal, crown prince designate of Assyria, and Shamashshumukin, crown prince designate of Babylonia".
Ashur-nirari V ruled shortly after a time of weakness for Assyria, and immediately before the strong and expansionist king Tiglath-pileser III. Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib, ruled while Assyria was at its zenith. He appointed his son Ashurbanipal as crown prince and joint ruler a few years before his own death. Assyria faced constant rebellions from vassal states, which probably explains the strongly-worded consequences of breaking oath and the thorough way in which possible cases of disloyalty are listed.


This is the website of Cecilie Eken, Danish writer of literature for children and young people. My first novel was published in 1993 when I was only 23 years old, and since then I have written around 30 books, some are stand alone novels, some are series, some are picture books in verse. They all have my double love of dramatic action and beautiful language in common. Many of them contain some kind of magical or fantastic element since I easily get bored if I have to write about a completely realistic reality. Not to say that my stories are unrealistic – they just talk about the reality of our modern life in a different way.
Also, you might have seen my name in connection with a free book, Aunt Stella's House, handed out by the Danish clothes company Name it as a gift for Christmas 2017.
If you want to read some chapters of my book The Adamant Sword in English – see below.
If you want to get in touch with me via e-mail go to 'Forside' and press … "eller send en mail til Cecilie Eken" – you'll find it at the bottom of the page to the right.
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Thanks to a very kind Danish-Canadian woman, Mrs. Jette Kjær Buffet, I'm able to give you a little taste af my novel for children The Adamant Sword (Danish: Det Levende Sværd) in the form of an English translation of the first three chapters. The Adamant Sword is the first book in a series of four. Only the first ten chapters have been translated. All rights belong to Mrs. Buffet of course.
Wet. Soaking wet. So wet my clothes need wringing. And it's all King Leopold's fault. The idiot! Sends me off in the worst possible weather.
His daughter can go hang, for all I care. Princess Sofia is as crabby as a crab-apple. Crabby and spoiled. Crabby, spoiled, and soon the dragon's dinner. If I don't find a hero, that is. So here I am, riding along with the rain running down my back. Can't feel my fingers or my toes.
A hero. Where can I find a hero? You can't buy them at the market. Though it would be nice. « Capital Heroes – Heroes for Any Occasion!». I need a hero who can slay dragons. And quickly, if you don't mind. Time is running out. But heroes are hard to come by. As King Leopold very well knows. Good heroes easily get killed. Fighting for justice. Fighting dragons. Fighting evil tyrants. They die like wasps in the fall. A short, sweet song and then: bye-bye! I hate King Leo. Of all his warriors, he had to pick me. Because I am the best. The king has over a hundred men-at-arms. I can beat every last one of them. Never mind that most are at least ten years older than me. I had the guts to talk to the dragon. They didn't. He should take better care of me.
Towards evening the wind settles. Now it's only raining. I find shelter in a cabin at the edge of the forest, ancient and abandoned. Luckily the roof is not leaking. I pull my horse in behind me. Dry wood has been left by the fireplace, greetings from a fellow traveller. Not everyone is a fool I guess. First, I light the fire. Then I undress and find some dry clothes in my pack. Wipe my horse down and feed it. Polish my chain mail and my sword. It helps to get some food in my stomach. I stare at the flames. Warmth and well being almost make me drowsy.
In a start I am on my feet. Time to train! Mustn't let myself get stiff or slow. I draw my sword, I let the blade soar, do some footwork, spin around. I was six years old when my father first trained me. His only child: a girl. What a disappointment. But he learned to live with it. And I learned to become a warrior. My grandfather was weapons master to King Leopold's father. My father was weapons master to King Leo. The greatest warrior in Westland. Now my father lies dead. And I have taken his place. In the throne room I swore my allegiance. But I hate King Leopold. I'll find him his hero. Then I'll be on my way.
At dawn I am on the road again. The last trails of rainclouds have drifted north and the sun is shining. Beree, the free market town by Broad River, is a good place to begin. A town that loves a good fight. The tournament ground is packed all summer long. Strong men come here from near and far.
I ride into town through the west gate. The narrow alleyways reek of urine and rubbish. Just as they should. At the inn I am given a room facing the street. They stare at my scars, my long hair, and my weapons. What else is new? I pretend not to notice. A girl around ten shows me the way upstairs. She looks as scared as a mouse between the claws of a cat.
« Is there a tournament on tomorrow? » I ask.
That sounds good. The winner will probably do. I ask her to bring some food up to my room. While eating, I look out the window and wonder about Princess Sofia. Wether she is still alive. The dragon is clever enough. It wants all King Leopold's gold in exchange for her release. But King Leopold wants to keep his gold and have his daughter back. So the dragon of Black Mountain must be killed. The dragon is waiting for the King's answer at this very moment. It has taken refuge in Wintercavern near Whitefalls. Every day it eats six oxen. The King has until Midsummer. Unless the dragon loses its patience. Then Sofia will never run around picking flowers again. By herself.
She laughed at me. A shepherd saw her with a wreath of daisies on her head. More lovely and radiant than all King Leopold's gold. But on her way home at dusk she was overtaken by the dragon. Too bad.
The next morning I walk down to the tournament ground. The men are all getting ready. Muscular arms bend and stretch. The sun sparkles on shields and helmets. Hardened warriors, most of them. A few beginners, with faces as white as sun bleached linen. None of them look like heroes.
The sound of fanfares. The foot tournament is about to begin. The contestants fight one to one inside an enclosure of ten feet by ten feet. Not a pretty sight. The audience whoops and shouts enthusiastically. I cringe. Those fighting practically trip over their own feet. Several look like they're drunk.
Finally, a broad shouldered, grey haired man steps forward. Ugly as a toad. His chain mail has seen better days. But he can fight. Breaks a young man's thigh. Wounds another warrior in the arm. I don't like his methods. Even when his opponent is down, he keeps striking. They beg for mercy. He continues. In the end, he is the victor. People applaud and acclaim him.
The leather purse with silver coins is his. Not exactly the type I was hoping to find. But I suppose he will have to do. I don't have time to be picky.
The toad takes his silver and leaves with his friends. I follow them over to the beer tent. He buys an entire barrel of beer and quickly downs two tankards, one after the other. Friends crowd around, yelling and laughing loudly all at once, as if they were the winners. I walk over to their table. They all look up and stop talking.
He looks me over with half-shut eyes.
He points to King Leopold's blue lion on my surcoat.
« Aren't you a little young? » Toerk grumbles.
He pats the bench and yells for a mug for me. Reluctantly, I take a seat next to him at the table. A fair haired boy comes running and fills up a clay tankard for me from the barrel.
« Well, let me hear it then, weapons master ».
« It's for your ears only ».
Toerk signals to his friends to move away a little. Then he leans towards me. He reeks of sweat and dirt and beer.
« King Leopold needs a hero who will save his daughter, » I explain.
Toerk hesitates. He appears to be thinking. Amazing, if he is actually capable of that.
« How much? » he grunts.
Putting my lips right up against his ear, I tell him. No one else can hear.
Toerk opens his mouth, practically drooling with surprise. Then he brings his fist down hard on the table.
He fills up his mug again. I have to drink with him.
« Tell me a bit more about the reward, » Toerk demands.
« Listen, weapons master … how about giving me an advance?
« An advance? Didn't you win enough money today?
I feel his hand sliding up my inner thigh. For a second. Then I grab him by the wrist. I jump up. Twist his arm around. Smash his head into the table, beer spraying all over the place.
People move aside in front of me. Only a couple of stupid drunkards stagger by, not looking where they are going. I have to stop myself running into them. Toerk catches up to me and grabs my arm.
I hit him squarely in the jaw. Several teeth go flying. What a …!


text:
Entrepose GTM pour les travaux pétroliers maritimes (ETPM) was een Franse offshoreaannemer. Het werd in 1965 gevormd als samenwerking tussen Entrepose – onderdeel van Vallourec – en Grands Travaux de Marseille.

In 1982 fuseerden GTM en Entrepose en enkele jaren later deed Vallourec zijn belang geleidelijk over aan Dumez. Na de fusie van Dumez met Lyonnaise des Eaux ging deze samen met Suez om Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux te vormen. In 1999 werd ETPM overgenomen door Stolt Comex Seaway dat in 2006 opging in Acergy.

Beginjaren

Het bedrijf richtte zich aanvankelijk op het Midden-Oosten en West-Afrika. Entrepose had in het Midden-Oosten al een belangrijk aandeel had in het pijpenleggen op land. Ook was het via dochteronderneming Les Conduites Immergées (LCI) betrokken bij de mislukte pogingen om met de Salvor een gaspijpleiding tussen Algerije en Spanje te leggen. GTM had veel ervaring in Afrika.

Het bedrijf kreeg van Elf de opdracht om het Farsi-veld in Iran te ontwikkelen. Hiertoe werd in Bushehr een werf opgezet en werd opdracht gegeven tot de bouw van de E.T.P.M. 501, een gecombineerde pijpenlegger en kraanschip met een capaciteit van 500 shortton, zich daarbij baserend op de bakken van Brown & Root. Uit proefboringen in 1966 bleek het veld uiteindelijk echter oneconomisch, zodat de opdracht ingetrokken werd. De 501 zette nog wel een platform bij Turkije, maar had verder alleen wat werk aan het weghalen van platformpjes van droge putten. Het jaar daarop werd echter samen met Ingram Corporation van Conoco een opdracht verkregen voor het Fateh-veld, het eerste offshore-olieveld van de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten.

West-Afrika
Daarna werd in 1967 voor Elf in Gabon het hefeiland TU2 in beheer genomen en werd in Ntchengué bij Port Gentil een werf opgezet. De 501 werd hier ingezet, terwijl in 1969 de kleinere E.T.P.M. 202 werd opgeleverd – de latere 401 – een kraanschip met een capaciteit van 150 shortton. Met toenemende waterdieptes werden de stalen onderstellen (jackets) ook steeds groter en werden zo te groot voor de kraanschepen. Daarop nam ETPM enkele lanceerbakken over waar vandaan de jackets te water konden worden gelaten.

Na enkele mindere jaren trok de markt in 1983 weer aan en werden weer de nodige projecten uitgevoerd. De daling van de olieprijs had echter hier ook grote gevolgen en vanaf 1986 had Ntchengué tot 1989 vrijwel geen werk. Hierna verbeterden de omstandigheden, maar kwam de nadruk te liggen op velden in dieper water. Voor de grotere en zwaardere platforms was de geringe waterdiepte bij Ntchengué een beperkende factor, doordat de pontons hierdoor maar een beperkte diepgang konden hebben. Fabricage voor deze regio verschoof daarom naar de werf in Sharjah. Ook werden vestigingen in Pointe-Noire in Congo-Brazzaville, in Nigeria en later in Lobito in Angola geopend.

Midden-Oosten
Voor de Perzische Golf werd in 1969 de gecombineerde pijpenlegger en kraanschip E.T.P.M. 502 opgeleverd en werd de werf in Bushehr opnieuw opgestart. Daarnaast werd vanuit Abu Dhabi in de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten (VAE) gewerkt. In 1973 kreeg ETPM concurrentie in de vorm van NPCC.

Het hoofdkantoor voor het Midden-Oosten zat in Teheran, totdat vanwege toenemende moeilijkheden van het regime daar in 1976 gekozen werd voor Sharjah in de VAE, waar ETPM dat jaar een werf opende. Vooral door de Irak-Iranoorlog kon ETPM 10 jaar lang niet in Iraanse wateren werken. De werf in Sharjah bleek daardoor vitaal om de werkzaamheden in de regio uit te kunnen voeren, waaronder een groot project voor waterinjectie in het Umm Shaif-veld en het Zakum-veld, de grote Ruwais-terminal met Kawasaki Steel voor ADNOC en de Mina Al Ahmadi-terminal voor KOC. Ook de 202 werd hierheen gehaald en later het hefeiland JU251 en de E.T.P.M. 203.

Na 1982 liep het aantal opdrachten in de regio sterk terug. De werf in Sharjah bleef vooral met ondersteund werk voor India en Afrika open. De 203 werd verkocht aan Elf.

Na de beschadigingen door de Irak-Iranoorlog van de olieterminal op Kharg kreeg ETPM met Micoperi en Ssangyong in 1990 de opdracht voor herbouw die in 1994 voltooid werd, ondanks dat deze in het oostelijke gebied lag dat in de joint-venture met McDermott aan deze was toegewezen. Door deze joint-venture werd de werf in Sharjah gesloten, aangezien McDermott beschikt over werven in Dubai en Jebel Ali.

Noordzee
Met de opkomst van de Noordzee-olievelden werd in 1970 met Laing de joint-venture Laing Offshore gevormd waarmee twee platforms voor het Forties-veld werden gebouwd in Graythorp bij Hartlepool, Graythorp I en II, de latere Forties Alpha en Bravo. Graythorp III was een platform voor het Thistle-veld en was het laatste project van de joint-venture.

De zware omstandigheden op de Noordzee noodzaakten tot zwaarder materiaal. In 1974 kwam de E.T.P.M. 1601 in de vaart, een pijpenlegger en kraanschip met een capaciteit van 1600 shortton zwenkend en 2000 shortton vast. De eerste opdracht voor de 1601 was het leggen van de Frigg-pijpleiding van het Frigg-veld naar de St Fergus Gas Terminal. De 1601 voerde met de L.B. Meaders in Loch Fyne in april 1976 een tandemhijs van 1870 ton uit voor een module op de betonnen Sea Tank TP1 voor het Frigg-veld die te groot was om als enkele hijs uitgevoerd te worden.

In 1975 volgde de kleinere E.T.P.M. 701, ook een pijpenlegger en kraanponton met een capaciteit van 650 shortton zwenkend en 925 shortton vast. Een zusterschip van de 1601 zou als E.T.P.M. 1602 in de vaart komen, maar kwam in 1976 als de Sea Troll in de vaart nadat ETPM met enkele Noorse reders het consortium Sea Troll A/S was aangegaan. Sea Troll A/S ging echter bankroet, zodat het schip ter veiling werd aangeboden, waar weinig belangstelling voor was. In 1980 werd het schip overgenomen door de combinatie Bergesen-Uglands Rederi als Berge Worker, maar al in 1982 nam Saipem het over die het schip omdoopte in Castoro Otto.

In 1977 richtte ETPM met Bjørge Enterprise ETPM Bjorge op voor onderhoudswerkzaamheden. Deze assisteerde toen de 1601 in 1983 en 1984 voor Statoil de Statpipe legde van het Heimdal-veld via Draupner-riser-platform naar Ekofisk. De jaren daarna volgden projecten op het Nederlandse, Britse en Noorse plat en opende ETPM een vestiging in Nederland. Korte tijd werden er voor de NAM en Statoil ook pijpen gelegd van duplex roestvast staal.

Andere regio's
ETPM breidde verder uit richting het Verre Oosten. In 1978 ging ETPM een samenwerking aan met Mazagon Dock voor de fabricage van platforms voor de ontluikende offshoreindustrie in India. In 1979 werden in Sarawak ook platforms en pijpleidingen geïnstalleerd. Vanwege de dalende omzet werd in 1983 de 701 verkocht aan Mazagon Dock als Mahavir.

In 1978 legde de 1601 een pijpleiding in de Straat Magellaan. Daarna begon ETPM zich ook te richtten op de Verenigde Staten waar het in Aransas Pass een werf opzette. In 1979 legde de 1601 de pijpleiding van Louisiana Offshore Oil Port naar de wal, maar leed hierop verlies. Ook de 701 en de in 1978 in de vaart gekomen E.T.P.M. 601 werden hier ingezet, de laatste als DLB 801. De concurrentie met de gevestigde McDermott en Brown & Root was echter groot en de schepen werden al snel ingezet in Mexico. In 1984 werd de werf overgedaan aan Peter Kiewit Sons die hier Gulf Marine Fabricators opzette dat het Bullwinkle-platform bouwde, het grootste jacket ooit.

Voorlopig was daarmee het Amerikaanse avontuur afgesloten en de schepen werden daarna ingezet in Azië, terwijl de 1601 in 1982 een pijpleiding legde in de North West Shelf Venture in Australië voor het North Rankin-veld van Woodside. Dit was de eerste keer dat gebruik werd gemaakt van het Saturne-lassysteem van Serimer-Dasa, het lasbedrijf dat ETPM in 1977 had opgezet.

In 1977 kwam de E.T.P.M. 101 in de vaart die twee jaar later werd hernoemd naar CLB 101, en in 1979 kwam de Polaris in de vaart.

Zuid-Amerika was van minder belang, maar ook hier werden enkele projecten uitgevoerd. Zo werd in 1987 in Coveñas in Colombia een olieterminal aangelegd voor Ecopetrol. Hiertoe werd de tanker Jarmada omgebouwd tot een FSU, de FSU Covenas. In het Hidra-veld voor de kust van Vuurland in Argentinië werden twee platforms geplaatst en 65 km pijpleiding gelegd door de CLB 101. Om het project in de moeilijke weersomstandigheden te kunnen voltooien, werd uiteindelijk ook de E.T.P.M. 1601 gebruikt.

De 1601 plaatste in 1985 een groot platform voor het Ashtart-veld in Tunesië.

In 1980 verkreeg ETPM met UIE en CFEM een grote opdracht in de Sovjet-Unie voor de oplevering van een werf voor dekmodules in Astrachan in Rusland, een werf voor jackets in het Qaradag-rayon in Bakoe in Azerbeidzjan en het leveren van kennis.

Gezien de neergaande markt werd de 501 in 1983 verkocht aan het Russische Soudo-Import. De Polaris werd in 1986 overgedaan aan Raymond Offshore. Het personeel werd vanaf 1985 sterk ingekrompen en het hoofdkantoor werd in 1988 verplaatst naar dat van moederbedrijf GTM in Nanterre. In 1987 werden de 801 en de 1601 verkocht en teruggecharterd om zo de schuldenlast te verminderen. Oudere schepen als de 502 en 401 werden verkocht.

Joint-venture
Vanwege de malaise in de olie-industrie met toegenomen concurrentie en een dalende olieprijs ging het bedrijf in 1989 een joint-venture aan met McDermott. Daarbij verdeelden ze gebieden onderling in een westelijke joint-venture en een oostelijke joint-venture. McDermott-ETPM West betrof vooral de Noordzee en Afrika en werd door ETPM beheerd, terwijl McDermott-ETPM East het Midden-Oosten omvatte en door McDermott werd beheerd. Zo kreeg de westelijke joint-venture de beschikking over de werf van McDermott in Warri in Nigeria, wat een goede vervanging was van de werf in Ntchengué. Op de Noordzee kreeg ETPM de beschikking over de halfafzinkbare pijpenlegger LB 200.

Daarnaast won ETPM een claim tegen Brissonneau et Lotz Marine (BLM) dat de ankerlieren had geleverd voor de 1601. Deze bleken niet te voldoen en moesten tegen hoge kosten vervangen worden door lieren van Skagit. De langdurige kwestie speelde sinds 1974 tot in 1991 vonnis werd uitgesproken dat BLM ruim 150 miljoen frank moest voldoen.

De jaren 1990 zagen een sterk aantrekkende markt, met op de Noordzee veel pijpleidingen door de 1601 en de LB 200, waaronder Zeepipe IIB en NorFra. Ook in West-Afrika trok de markt aan, in Nigeria vooral op ondieper water, onder meer een float-over in het Ekpe-veld. Op dieper water betrof het in Congo-Brazzaville onder meer het N'Kossa-veld en in Angola onder meer het Nemba-veld. Hier werd de McDermott Derrick Barge No. 21 ingezet en sporadisch de 1601, vooral als deze tijdens de winter niet op de Noordzee kon werken.

Halverwege de jaren 1990 was een overgang naar zeer diep water van meer dan 1000 meter, vooral in het Amerikaanse deel van de Golf van Mexico en in West-Afrika. Voor conventionele methodes met jackets of zelfs compliant towers was dit onhaalbaar. Drijvende platforms en onderzeese installaties waren hiervoor benodigd, wat voor de installatie betekende dat veel van het oude materieel zonder aanpassingen niet of nauwelijks te gebruiken was. ETPM investeerde daarom onder meer in een dynamisch positioneringssysteem voor de Polaris en een J-lay-installatie.

McDermott wilde hier niet in meegaan en besloot zich terug te trekken op zijn traditionele markten. Daarmee kwam in 1997 kwam een einde aan de joint-venture. De 1601 ging daarop over naar McDermott en ETPM betaalde daarnaast 105 miljoen dollar. Daarvoor kreeg ETPM de LB 200 en McDermott Subsea Construction dat beschikte over de pijpenlegger Norlift en de Northern Explorer.

Verkoop
De overgang naar diep water vergde de nodige investeringen en ook een partner die expertise op dat vlak in kon brengen. GTM was niet bereid om dergelijke grote bedragen bij te dragen en overnames te financieren. Daarop werd in 1999 gekozen voor de verkoop aan Stolt Comex Seaway, dat het jaar daarop zijn naam zou veranderen in Stolt Offshore. Het eerste diepwaterproject, het Girassol-veld, van dit bedrijf was nog door ETPM binnengehaald. Het werd uitgevoerd met Bouygues Offshore.

Link
 Le Pelican, Bulletin de liaison de L'Amicale de l'Offshore Pétrolier

Frans bedrijf
Economie in Île-de-France
Nanterre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We will attend the Paris Fintech Forum to be held in Paris on the 25th and 26th of January. You are welcome to visit our stand and listen to our CEO, Houssem Assadi, who will be on stage.
The Paris Fintech Forum will bring together 2.000 participants in the heart of Paris on the 25th and 26th of January 2017 to listen to 160 CEOs from banks, insurance companies, telcos, regulators and of course Fintechs from all the continents.
Dejamobile will show its solution ReadyToTap Payment. You will discover how the solution offers a unique customer experience for proximity as well as online payments. We can then share lessons learned from our first client projects in the banking sector.
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Stephen Tonkin FRAS - Ten Ways The Universe Tries To Kill You!
Peter Fishenden (Society Members) - Solar and Lunar Eclipses.
Will Joyce (Society President) - A whistle stop tour of the universe.
Graham Bryant (Hampshire Astronomical Group) - A guide to Astro Photography.
Dr Iocopo Vivarelli - Discoveries at the Large Hadron Collider.
Prof. Carl Murray - The Cassini mission to Saturn: The end of an era.
Dr David Bacon - Probing the dark universe with next generation telescopes.
Dr Lilian Hobbs - An Astronomers "Wish You Were Here"
Peter Fishenden (Society Member) - 50 Years of Moon Missions.
John Davies (Society Member - Sunspots: Why do they shine so darkly?
James Fradgley (Wessex Astronomical Society) - A trio of talks.
Oliver Price (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) - The Rosetta Mission.
Keith Brackenborough (Eastbourne Astronomical Society) - The Royal Greenwich Observatory Herstmonceux: Its Rise & Fall.
Alan Drummond (Croydon Astronomical Society) - Helium.
Peter Fishenden (Society Member) - The Space Telescope.
Roy Easto (Croydon Astronomical Society) - The Cassini Mission.
Will Joyce (Society President) - A whistle stop tour of the solar system.
George Hurrion (Society Member) - Atmospheric Optics.
Graham Bryant - The Northern Lights.
Anne Moore (Society Member) - The Jantar Mantar Observatory.
Dr David Whitehouse - A New Way Of Seeing.
Jerry Day (society member) - Astronomical symbols on ancient coins.
Peter Fishenden (society member) - Venus, the goddess of love.
Members Contributions and "Christmas Goodies"


THE FAMILY of a pensioner who was fatally injured after being hit by a bus in Marske has paid tribute to him.
Albert Jennings died on Saturday following a collision involving an Arriva bus in Marske on Thursday.
In a statement, Mr Jennings' family said: "Albert was a much loved husband to Katrina, dad to Tracie and Andrea and grandad to Lauren and James.
The incident happened at 11am outside a fruit shop on The Wynd, just off the roundabout on the high street.
The 71-year-old, from New Marske, sustained injuries to his head and arm. He was airlifted to James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough after the incident, but died on Saturday.
The family added: "Albert was a well loved person; everyone liked him and he would do anything for anybody.
Inquiries into the circumstances of the incident are ongoing and police would like to hear from anyone who has not yet spoken to them.
Nigel Featham, managing director for Arriva North East, also confirmed that they are working closely with the police and helping them with their investigations.
Witnesses should call PC Amanda Stokes on 01642 326326, quoting event number V10243.


In American sport, suicide can refer to a type of gruelling running drill, usually performed on a basketball court. Athletes run suicides by repeatedly sprinting from a starting point to each of a series of lines across the court, and back again. The drill is intended to improve speed and agility; its gruesome name reflects the intensity of the physical effort it requires.
The context of this example suggests that the term was not well known at the time, but it may have appeared previously in specialized publications, such as coaching guides. Can you help us find an earlier example? The name is most commonly used in the plural form, or as a modifier, as in suicide drill.


text:
Modern police officers are notorious icons of peacekeeping. Police officers are most notorious for placing labels on many different cultural and racial minorities of this country. It must be realized that not only one race make up the population of America. There is a multitude of different races, cultures, genders, beliefs, orientations and preferences to be acknowledged as part of the modern society (Simpson, 2007). However, peace officers must learn to accept these differences as they are a very important part of the community.
Law enforcement has always been thought of as a form of public service. These include the anticipation of crime, and upholding order in the community. Law enforcement demands many different aspects of policing, but its primary objective is just that: the enforcement of law, and upholding peace. Police officers now have the opportunity to become not just part of civil peacekeeping but also assume the role of a Peace Officer. To ensure its effectivity, however, one must first reevaluate police professionalism in its true sense.
There must be a certain degree of sophistication in the use of policing methods in any particular event in the course of the daily routine in each and every police officer. It is imperative that every peace officer must be able to reach out to the community at large. Police training must be aimed towards officer proficiency and thorough understanding of their role in today's society. Police managers will recognize the interconnectedness between their activities and those of other public services, such as housing, welfare and employment agencies.
The police are the community and the community is the police (Solicitor General, 1991). Officers must also be able to meet high technology standards, as high-level crime activity is often assisted by high-level technology. The judicial system of the police force must be extensively organized to promote effectiveness and proficiency. RAND Corporation (2007). Training the 21st Century Police Officer.
Retrieved 9 March, 2007, from http://www.rand. org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1745/MR1745. sum. pdf Simpson, D. (2007). CULTURAL AWARENESS AND THE MILITARY. Retrieved 10 March, 2007, from http://www. au. af. mil/au/aul/bibs/culture. htm Solicitor General, C. S. O. S. G. C. (1991). Solicitor General and Correctional Service of Ontario and the Solicitor General of Canada. Community policing: An introduction to the philosophy and principles of community policing Retrieved 10 March, 2007, from http://www. johnhoward. ab. ca/PUB/C52. htm
Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nigerian virus hunters in race against COVID-19 in Africa's giant
PUBLISHED: Tue, 14 Jul 2020 12:08:06 GMT
LAGOS/ABUJA (Reuters) – Early one evening, Folasade Fadare and her team of four disease hunters piled into a van and headed for Okegun, a rural community down a narrow potholed road in eastern Lagos state.
A coronavirus patient had visited the area, and it was their task to find anyone exposed, isolate them and trace their contacts. The team quickly realised the job was too big: more than 100 people needed to be interviewed and tested.
Ultimately, only the two sickest people, feverish and gasping for air, were sent to hospital to be isolated and tested. The rest were told what symptoms to watch for and urged to stay home for two weeks.
"We are not enough," said Fadare, an epidemiologist who has battled Ebola and Lassa fever for more than 20 years.
Contact tracers like Fadare are among the few safeguards standing between Africa's fragile public health systems and a pandemic that could quickly overwhelm them. Infections are rising, but many governments have been easing lockdowns to save their economies.
In Nigeria, medics who do tracing say they are near breaking point.
Confirmed cases of COVID-19 have increased tenfold to over 32,000 since the government began easing restrictions in May, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) says. At least 740 have died.
Lagos, Nigeria's largest state and epicentre of its outbreak, has 200 tracers for a population of 25 million. That is fewer than one per 100,000 people, compared to around 14 per 100,000 in Turkey.
The state's health commissioner, Akin Abayomi, dismissed concerns about the scale of its tracing efforts.
"We recruit contact tracers as necessary. We have a large pool of primary health care staff and volunteers to select from," he said in a text message, adding there were 1,000 people in the pool.
POLIO NETWORK
Nigeria's experience with infectious diseases meant it could quickly mobilize veteran epidemiologists like Fadare along with hundreds of medics and community volunteers already embedded in remote communities to fight polio.
But nothing prepared them for this epidemic, Fadare said. More than 12,400 cases have been confirmed in Lagos state alone – any one potentially infecting scores of others, she said. Members of her team say they are overwhelmed, receiving updates about infected people as late as midnight.
Unlike South Korea and Singapore, which used contact tracing apps, Nigeria has had to resort to more labour-intensive methods. Only a quarter of the population uses smartphones.
A team of medics is tasked to visit each contact to verify symptoms, identify contacts and ask them to stay at home for 14 days. The team then checks in with the person each day by phone, to monitor compliance. If the person reports symptoms, they will be referred to another team for testing.
However, the stigma associated with COVID-19 means many are keen to avoid tracers, Fadare said. People commonly turn off their phones, deny their identity and lie about when they last saw coronavirus patients.Slideshow (4 Images)
Such fears can be justified. In Abuja, one man's neighbours moved out after he was tested. Others suspected of being infected have been told to leave, said Ramatu Abdu-Aguye, head of tracing in the capital.
So the teams keep a low profile, using unmarked vans to visit homes.
Nigeria's low testing rates are making the tracers' job harder, they say. Just over 183,000 tests have been conducted in a country of 200 million, according to the NCDC. A government target announced in April was for 2 million tests by the end of July.
Olujimi Oyetomi, a Nigerian health ministry spokesman, said more testing machines and materials were being deployed.
Adding to the challenges, 10 tracers working for Fadare contracted COVID-19 and had to take up to three weeks off.
As lockdowns ease, many Nigerians are moving around and ignoring safety measures.
Traffic jams have returned to Lagos, increasing the time it takes tracers to reach contacts, many of whom are already hard to find because their homes have no formal address.
Outside the Lagos clinic where Fadare's teams meet, life goes on as normal. Men sit around on plastic chairs, women sell instant noodles, and yellow minibuses weave through the streets. Nobody keeps their distance, and those who wear masks pull them down to speak.
Fadare fears they don't realise the danger: "The truth is that we are all at risk now."


Many of the white villains in Death Wish are somewhat cartoonish. The "freak" on the right (Jeff Goldblum) is wearing a type of felt crown  that is an all-purpose signifier of a juvenile delinquent in many comic books.
After the attack, Paul Kersey sinks into depression. He watches TV infomercials in the dark and apathetically watches a mugging in the street below (a reference, no doubt, to the horrifying 1964 Kitty Genovese killing ). Additionally, Paul is unable to do anything to aid his daughter's recovery.
Therefore, Death Wish's inclusion of white criminals is partially a response to the dark side of the self-absorbed Baby Boomer hippie revolution that was then in full swing. Indeed, Paul Kersey kills two muggers on the subway  that are dressed much like the stars of the counter-culture classic Easy Rider (1969).
Death Wish goes as far in dealing with the reality of black crime as one can possibly go and still be somewhat polite. In real life, most of the horrific home invasions like those shown in Death Wish, such as the December 2000 Wichita Massacre , are committed by blacks. There are probably no cases of a group of criminal whites doing the same thing, although lone white hunters like Richard Speck  are certainly capable of great cruelty.


text:
Home Arts & LIfe Rain can't stop faire fans
Rain can't stop faire fans
Rameesha Qazi
The Royal Medieval Faire took place Sept. 17 in Waterloo Park. The inexpensive family event included jousting, a pageant to pick the queen of the realm, and stalls selling all kinds of items from the time period.
Event veteran Dwayne Price, who is on the board of the event and the director of operations, has been doing this for 13 years and does not plan on stopping any time soon. Price said he has seen many people become repeat customers and that the community is why they keep putting the event on.
"This event has become a tradition for many people. A few years ago when it was really pouring, I met a dad with his two daughters. I jokingly asked him why he was there and he said that he gets two outings a year with his two little girls and this was one of them and despite the rain, they were adamant on going. That's why we do this. That's why we come back every year. To see a kid doing something and walk away with the biggest grin is so rewarding," Price said.
The event also featured small games like ring toss, boat racing, Italian bowling, sword fighting, archery, and medieval Pokémon.
Yes, you read that correctly, medieval Pokémon, which was played by throwing a stuffed animal version of a Pokémon at someone who would catch it in handmade pokéballs. The archery booth was run by the UW Archery club, who were all very helpful in teaching the young kids (and myself) how to play properly.
Price commented on the fact that the faire only ran one day, "We would love to [run for a full weekend], but it's all volunteers, and we have not yet made the conscious decision that we want that kind commitment from them. We would also have to consider the monetary aspect, getting the vendors, and performers on the same page about a longer event."
Pop culture, not surprisingly, also has an effect on the event and the kinds of items that are featured. There was a whole tent dedicated to what I would categorize as Harry Potter supplies – gnome hats, Gillyweed, wands, and even owls (stuffed ones) to adopt. Plus there were items for sale inspired by Game of Thrones.
Next year, for the 20th anniversary, students can get involved as volunteers on the day-of by emailing volunteers@royalmedievalfaire.org. Price said, "Without volunteers [the event] just doesn't happen. For more enthusiastic people, we can see how to get you more involved by playing on your skills."
Holiday Season Gift Guide: Small Business Edition Amidst COVID-19 Holiday Season Gift Guide: Small Business Edition What are local businesses up to for...
Athletes at UW are ready for U SPORTS
The Continued Rise of UW Esports
From nothing to gaming in 48 hours
Laurier beats UW at shot competition (and it didn't involve alcohol)
Reddit thread prompts PAC locker rooms makeover
Other services on campus
El Niño causes warmest December on record
Hot up in the 6ix, Warriors going back to back


A 20-ft. high ski chalet is built as a winter retreat that features a secret bedroom and a double-sided fireplace.
A modern marvel in Georgia features a 205-foot zip line. Also: Pete visits Dale Earnhardt Jr. to check out his tree house.
A dining-room tree house is constructed in a large oak for a French restaurant that's surrounded by fields of red poppies.


text:
Astrophysical Magnetic Field Understanding Continues To Benefit From Plasma Laboratory Experiments
Image of coronal mass ejection successfully produced in laboratory experiment, in 2016.
For decades astrophysicists have had to contend with investigating their objects of inquiry from a distance, using instruments such as powerful telescopes, spectroscopes, and vector magnetographs. But in the past 17 years that frustration has given way to laboratory experiments that have exposed astrophysical magnetic phenomena in hitherto unknown ways.
For example, in December, 2016 solar physicists, for the first time, replicated an artificial coronal mass ejection in the laboratory as part of a plasma experiment. The researchers, Ha and Bellan, used a plasma gun in concert with an artificial strapping field to create their own flux ropes in their lab and from these CME-eruptions inside a vacuum chamber (see image). Read more details of their work here, in the abstract to the Ph.D. thesis of Bao N. Quoc Ha:
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/9061/
The strapping field itself (that field which secures or holds back any emerging flux ropes) had to be carefully computed so that it decayed as a precise function of height. The reason is that the pair needed to generate the most likely instability - called the "torus instability". This is believed to occur in the Sun's upper atmosphere - namely the corona- when the growth of a flux rope is held back by a magnetic field structure that subsequently decays with increasing altitude.
Before this, in 2001, Agris Gailitis and colleagues achieved the first laboratory amplification of a self-exciting magnetic field in a turbulent flow of liquid sodium. Then, in 2012, Gianluca Gregori generated shock waves in a laboratory plasma with a laser and showed that asymmetric shocks, like those occurring in gamma ray bursts and supernova remnants, e.g. like this one in Cygnus:
produced seed magnetic fields. Most recently, laboratory experiments have moved into the domain of astrophysical dynamos. In fact, for the first time we have first hand evidence from such experiments they can exist.
I refer to the latest work by Gianluca Gregori and Petros Tzeferacos et al who have measured the amplification of a turbulent laboratory plasma and demonstrated the first physical evidence of a dynamo resulting from turbulent motion. Their study, an overview of which was reported in Physics Today, e.g.
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.3891
Shows, in fact, that the turbulent dynamo could be a viable mechanism for magnetic field amplification, in the lab and in astrophysical settings.
To sustain a dynamo a fluid needs to be electrically conductive and its motion can't be too symmetric. Dynamo conditions also require magnetic lines stay in the plasma (e.g. "frozen in") rather than diffusing away.
In the classical solar dynamo theory - which explains how sunspots originate- we are looking at the process by which the solar magnetic field is generated through a combination of rotation and convection. We refer to the two parts of the dynamo process the a-effect and w- effect.
In the latter, the shear flows are able to stretch the photospheric magnetic field lines in the direction of the shear while in the former, helical flows are able to lift and twist field lines into orthogonal planes. The basic equation for solar dynamo theory is given below - which is constructed from Maxwell's equations and the solar form of Ohm's law:
¶B / ¶ t = Ñ X (v X B) + h Ñ 2 B
Where B is the magnetic induction, v is the velocity and h is the magnetic diffusivity. A key condition for a dynamo to emerge is a high enough value for a dimensionless quantity called the magnetic Reynolds number Âm . If Âm >> 1 then diffusion can be ignored, otherwise it can't. It is commonly expressed:
Âm = L VA / h
Where L is a typical length scale for a given solar environment, VA is the Alfven velocity and h is the magnetic diffusivity. The infinitely conducting condition applies for h -> 0. This implies zero electrical resistance, so the field lines must be frozen into the plasma. Hence, the frozen-in condition, high magnetic Reynolds number and infinite conductivity all mean the same condition for solar plasma.
In the work by Gregori, Tzeferacos et al a value for Âm of 600 was achieved, consistent with modeled intergalactic plasmas which have much lower density than solar plasma. (Mathematically, one needs Âm > 200 for a magnetic fluid to remain a good conductor and hence have any chance of generating a dynamo.)
As summarized in Physics Today, Gregori, Tzeferacos et al irradiated two fixed targets of penny-sized pieces of chlorine-doped polystyrene foil with a series of progressively stronger UV laser pulses to deliver a total of 5 kJ to each target. This experiment was conducted at the Omega Laser Facility at the University of Rochester.
The foils faced each other 8 mm apart, and the laser quickly stripped and ionized each foil's atoms generating two hot plasma jets that were directed toward each other through a grid of holes. The grids, having been offset from each other, created interpenetrating fingers of plasma that sheared when they collided, generating a strongly turbulent region. Images then taken by an x-ray framing camera confirmed the experiment reached the turbulent region.
Inhomogeneities developed in a region more than 1 mm across after the plasma collided (see Fig. 2a below). Note that the intensity fluctuations are directly related to the electron density fluctuations which in turn indicate the plasma turbulence. This is depicted in frame 2b below, verifying the x-ray imagery captured the associated turbulence:
Now down to some sobering measurement reality. Because the experiments lasted only tens of nanoseconds, with the amplified magnetic fields lasting only a fraction of that, it was necessary to use numerical simulations, i.e. to measure the magnetic field produced by the plasma. Basically, these simulations were needed to determine when to run the diagnostic tools. In one method, the researchers measured the polarization of light passing through the plasma. This is based on a technique used by astronomers to measure the magnetic fields of distant objects, see e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_effect
This and an additional method using focused protons determined the magnetic field in the turbulent region several times during the experiment. It was found that in less than 10 ns the field amplified by a factor of 25-30. To put this into perspective, on galactic spatial and temporal scales the same amplification mechanism could 'grow' a tiny seed field to the observed values. (The initially weak fields then evolve according to Maxwell's equations, e.g.
http://brane-space.blogspot.com/2015/03/solar-electrodynamics-part-3-of-3.html
While these results, including in the associated papers, are exciting, it is important now that they be replicated in other labs, universities. It is especially important to nail down the same time and intensity parameters given the same basic experimental setup. For example, is there the same field amplification factor of 25-30 in less than 10 ns? Also, does the magnetic energy of the plasma saturate at about 4 % of its kinetic energy as the Univ. of Rochester experiments found?
Given there is now a lot of hullaballoo about experiments- claims being confirmed, e.g.
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/doing-good-science/evaluating-scientific-claims-or-do-we-have-to-take-the-scientists-word-for-it/
This is an important next step in securing the validity of astrophysical experiments.
Labels: Agris Gailitis, astrophysical dynamo, Bao N. Quoc Ha, Gianluca Gregori, magnetic Reynolds number, Omega Laser Facility, Petros Tzeferacos, plasma turbulence
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Covid cases remain high in the Balearics
775 cases have been reported in the last 24 hours
Number of Covid cases rise.
21-07-2021Bienvenido Velasco
The local ministry for health announced this morning that there had been 775 new cases of Covid in the Balearics in the last 24 hours and there are 282 people in hospital suffering from the virus.
The local authorities said this morning that there had been an increase in the number of people who had been hospitalised with Covid (16 more cases).
On Friday 864 new cases were reported so infections are in decline although the figure remains high.
Majorca covid
Mallorca covid


power indicator changes to green and a picture appears.
changes the language as shown below.
changes the screen as shown below.
CH-Setting will not be displayed.
and channels change as shown below.
seconds after the volume has been adjusted.
on the TV can be pressed to turn on the power.
! Turns the TV on or to Standby mode.
@ Mutes the sound and restores sound to previous level.
# Changes the on-screen display language.
% Produces a virtual surround sound.
^ Returns to previously viewed channel.
& Adjusts the volume. Used for MENU setup.
( Switches POWER SAVE mode on or off.
Q Displays the channel and timer settings on the screen.
T Selects the channel. Used for MENU setup.
Y Calls the MENU screen.
Turns on and off the main power.
the indicator is lit red.
Receives the infrared wave from the remote control.
Tunes the channels. Used for MENU setup.
Selects the channels. Tunes or sets the channels.
Connects to a camcorder, video game, etc.
Use to listen to external mobile player.
and lift the door open.
between the door and front panel.
This may result in an injury.


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Rangers must not give up hope in pursuit of wing wizard despite recent setback – Agreed?
Rangers supporters have been pretty downbeat in the Transfer Tavern in the last few days after seeing their team's four-match winning run come to a shuddering halt courtesy of a 3-1 defeat at the hands of St Johnstone on Saturday.
Graeme Murty's men went into their clash with the Saints off the back of successive victories over Aberdeen, Ross County, and Hibernian, but they weren't able to replicate those level of performances against Tommy Wright's side at Ibrox on Saturday. The Gers took the lead through Alfredo Morelos after just five minutes, but that was as good as it got for the home faithful as goals from Blair Alston, Denny Johnstone, and Graham Cummins secured an excellent win for the visitors, who in turn moved up to sixth place in the Scottish Premiership table.
For our resident Rangers fans though, there has been much disappointment and frustration, with several starting to look ahead towards to the January transfer window and thus what players their team could be bringing in ahead of the second half of the season.
And one man they have been linked with in recent months is Brighton's Jamie Murphy, yet recent reports suggest that Seagulls chief Chris Hughton will block any approach from the Gers for the 28-year-old winger.
However, as a reported lifelong Rangers fan, the Premier League side may only be able to do so much to prevent Murphy from fulfilling what would surely be a dream of playing for the team he supports, and as such the Scottish giants must not give up hope in pursuit of the wing wizard.
The Scotsman has spent a decent chunk of his career north of the border, be it as a youth player at Clyde or a professional a Motherwell, the latter with whom he spent seven years between 2006 and 2013, playing 215 games and netting 50 goals.
However, things haven't quite worked out at Brighton in recent times with just four Premier League appearances to show for the last six months, plunging his future at the club into doubt ahead of the January transfer window.
And although Brighton appear unwilling to let Murphy go, the lure of Ibrox and playing for his boyhood club may be enough to convince the 28-year-old of his future prospects, and as such force through a move to the Scottish giants.
Ultimately, if this transfer saga involved any other club except Rangers, that side would probably give up based on Hughton's recent comments, but the Gers will always have a chance given Murphy's support of the side, and likely desire to play for them.
As such, Murty's side must stay in the race for the wing wizard over the coming weeks.
Related Items:Chris Hughton, Gers, Graeme Murty, Ibrox, jamie murphy, Seagulls


A little bit of an update from the capital of Argentina about what I've been up to the past week.
Last week, about 30 miles from Ushuaia, I ran into some cyclists, but not just any cyclists! Over three years ago I had been reading a handful of blogs of folks biking or going to bike from Alaska to Argentina, including the Vogel family. They set off in the summer of 2008, and I had been in touch with them a few times, and let them know I'd be leaving a year later in 2009, and wouldn't it be cool if I caught up with them, since they were planning on taking a year longer than I was. (I actually met them in Mendoza when I took a bus to meet Hawk, but since that was on a bike I don't think it really counted.) But sure enough, on the last day of our trips, I caught up to them and rode with them for a while. Their two sons, Davy and Daryl, both 13, are now the youngest to cycle the length of the Americas, so congrats to them.
As I rolled past the 'finish line', the entrance into Ushuaia, and I had an unexpected welcome committee of sorts. Susana and her husband Antonio, who head the local cycling club had heard about the Vogel family and wanted to be there to greet them. But since I got there first, they kindly offered to bike with me to the campsite, and gave me a quick tour of the city. They invited me over to their house for mate the next day, and so I came over. I came back the day after, and they helped me find a bike box. By the third day they offered to make a big lunch, and I certainly didn't want to miss that (Antonio works at a gourmet restaurant!). So all in all we spent hours around the table, chatting about life in Ushuaia and Chicago, and a lot about bikes. On Friday they even took me to the airport. So, I had arrived in Ushuaia only thinking of it as the end point, and that my trip was over, but in reality I met yet even more wonderful people and was truly sad to say goodbye.
I've been in Buenos Aires for a few days now, and have spent most of my time walking around town and riding the Subte metro system. I used to be a pretty good city walker, but I think I've lost my touch, having run into a few pedestrians and even a cyclist. After months in wide open spaces, I'm having to get used to the feeling of being trapped in the streets with highrises all over, unable to see the horizon.
Tomorrow I fly back to Mexico and will get to see my parents. They bid me farewell in June of 2009 somewhere outside of Portland, when Luke and I set off on out bike trip to Seattle (we didn't make it anywhere near Seattle but that is a different story). I am eagerly anticipating being back, and of course, enjoying some home baked treats. After some time with them, I'll be making my way back to Chicago, but the exact details are being kept a surprise!
Congrats Matt! I will keep checking in and hope to see you in Boulder someday!


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Albums That Define Us – Nostalgia: AJ Spurr
Posted by Jeffrey Kelly | Feb 28, 2020 | Albums That Define Us, Entertainment, Feature Display | 0 |
In the heart of Miami, while the sounds of busy tourists and reggaeton fill the air AJ Spurr, WVUA's program director, likes to mix in the raw lyrics, coarse vocals and the smooth acoustic guitar strums of country music.
"Growing up in Miami, there was no country [music] down there," Spurr said.
Though Miami's musical culture is diverse, including reggae, soca, conga, rumba, zouk, and much more, there wasn't a large country music scene.
"When I came up here to Alabama, obviously there's a country scene, and I started picking up on it," he said.
It was Spurr's freshman year when his roommate introduced him to country music. Ironically, his roommate was originally from Baltimore, a city known for its rich history of jazz and western classical music. Yet, somehow his roommate grew up entirely in love and immersed in the country music genre.
"I guess I was lucky to live with him at first because he was already fully immersed in the genre," Spurr said.
After his roommate played him a few songs, Spurr was entranced by what country music had to offer. He found that it was the "raw sound" that resonated with him. He liked the way that songs would sound like they were just recorded in a room on a mic and just put out. But most of all, Spurr resonated with the messages in the music and stories they told.
"I noticed that some of the messages that they were talking about really did stick with me," he said.
He liked how the songs seemed to have specific messages that the artists were trying to send, and it felt as if they were singing to him or about him. He said the music embodied some of the mindsets and attitudes that he has/had, especially Luke Combs, an American country music singer.
"Luke Combs as an artist was someone that really sat well with me," Spurr said.
When first introduced to Combs, Spurr's attention was captured by "When It Rains It Pours" from Comb's 2017 debut studio album "This Ones for Us," which became triple platinum in 2019 selling 3 million copies.
"Everything about that song I fully relate to or fully related to at that time," Spurr said.
After that, Spurr kept digging into different country music artists' discographies. Currently, he is listening to Luke Combs's second studio album, "What You See Is What You Get," which was released in 2019. The title track is an upbeat song that is quintessential 90s country with playfully honest lyrics that tell a story over a merry band. Spurr emphasized how much he liked the message of the album and its title track.
"It's about you know I am who I am, and you can take it or leave it, and I feel like that really represents me pretty well," he said.
Spurr doesn't have favorites, but if he had to choose a top song on "What You See Is What You Get," it would be "Better Together;" the track that closes the album.
The simple production is accompanied by Combs's deep vocals that have a sweet country twang that adds a heartwarming feeling to this love song. Spurr said he likes how the song has minimal production with just piano and vocals creating that same raw energy that he wants to hear.
"I could 100% listen to this [album] for the rest of my life and not anything else," he said.
PreviousCharts for the week of 2/25/2020
NextRush Into Tame Impala's "The Slow Rush"
New To Netflix: July 2018
Who has the Edge; Positional Breakdown for 2014 SEC Championship
never not vibing to nada surf's "Never not together"
Prisoners: Darkness Visible


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Black Sox nip Sixers in crazy slugfest
STEVENS POINT - The latest chapter in the crazy rivalry that features the Stevens Point and Plover American Legion baseball programs may go down as the wildest of them all.
For starters, Plover did the unthinkable by scoring 10 times in the top of the first inning. At that point all signs pointed to a blowout and an early night for everyone.
RELATED: Black Sox GM inducted into Legion HOF
RELATED: Sixers long for return to glory days
As it turned out Stevens Point had the Black Sox right where they wanted them. The Sixers would proceed to unleash a 17-hit attack against three Plover pitchers.
By the time the final out was recorded in the eighth inning Stevens Point had come all the way back to knot the game at 11-all.
Plover ultimately had the final word with a pair of unearned runs in the top of the ninth inning to upend the battling Sixers 13-11 in a bizarre Wisconsin Valley Legion League matchup at Bukolt Park.
"Not the way we would have scripted it," Plover coach Wayne Sankey said. "I knew we weren't going to beat them 15-2, that's just the way it is."
In keeping with the craziness of the night there was nothing normal about the winning rally for the Black Sox.
Derek Baumgartner reached on an error to open the ninth inning. A balk and a wild pitch would get him to third without any outs.
Plover eventually loaded the bases before another error brought the go-ahead run home and then a ground out plated an insurance run to go up 13-11.
"Our guys were excited to play and get back in the conference schedule this week," Sankey said. "Lets be honest there are no shutdown pitchers on either squad. But you have to make enough plays behind them."
For the game to come down to the ninth inning is a testament to the refusal of the Sixers to lay down.
It started on the mound where relievers Isaac Perner and Cole Wright had the back of starter Tyler Frafjord who struggled with command as he failed to record an out.
Perner and Wright combined to limit the Black Sox to a single earned run over nine innings to give the Sixers a chance to mount a comeback.
Throw in a four-run mini-rally in the bottom of the first, highlighted by Cole Wright's mammoth two-run home run, and Stevens Point made its intentions known.
This wouldn't be a cakewalk after all.
"Tyler didn't have it today, but I think we'll be able to count on him in the long run," Sixers coach Jason Rieck said. "For Isaac Perner to come in and give us four or five very solid innings, and if Cole Wright doesn't battle the way he did on the mound, we're not even in that situation (to tie the game).
"To put four runs up (in the first inning) is another game-changer. If you don't answer right away, maybe it's a seven-inning game."
Plover probably wouldn't have complained if it had been a seven-inning game considering how the Sixers were swinging the bats.
Seemingly every inning there were line drives coming off the bats of Stevens Point hitters. If they weren't dropping in front of outfielders, balls were going over their heads.
Andy Tepp and Josh Morton were responsible for four hits apiece. Wright chipped in with three hits while Joe Strigel, Brady Franz and Legend Kieliszewski each added a pair of hits.
"I give my guys a lot of credit. A lot of teams would have folded right there after giving up 10 in the first (inning)," Rieck said. "I was really proud at how hard they worked and how they never gave up.
"Realistically, looking at the first inning, nobody in the stands would ever had thought we would come back from being down 10-0. You take away that first inning and it's not even a ball game. We just fell a few plays short."
Nick Schroeder picked up the win in relief for the Black Sox.
Brett Ehr paced the Plover attack with three hits. Mitch Bigell, Jack Kelly and Jake Thomas finished with two hits apiece.
"Nine innings is definitely a long game and give them credit for battling back," Sankey said. "Nick had some dead arm issues last week, so it was nice to see him bounce back and get the win."
WP - Nick Schroeder 1 ⅔ IP, 1K, 1BB, Dylan Davis 4 ⅓ IP, 0K, 0BB, Alec Wiczek 3 IP, 1K, 1BB. LP - Cole Wright 3 ⅓ IP, 4K, 2BB, Tyler Frafjord 0 IP, 0K, 3BB, Isaac Perner 5 IP, 3K, 3BB, Legend Kieliszewski ⅔ IP, 0K, 2BB. HR - Stevens Point, Cole Wright. 2B - Stevens Point, Joe Strigel, Josh Morton.
Records: Plover 6-7, 4-1 WVLL; Stevens Point 2-2 WVLL.


Jaylin Williams (23) of Fort Smith Northside looks to pass under pressure from Conway defenders Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2019, at Kaundart Fieldhouse in Fort Smith.
CENTERTON — Coming off a career-best effort against his team's biggest rival, Fort Smith Northside junior center Jaylin Williams was looking forward to carrying that momentum into the Class 6A state tournament on Wednesday.
Williams, who scored 35 points against Fort Smith Southside in his previous game, was saddled with two fouls in the first 90 seconds, but returned for the second quarter and did not pick up another foul en route to a game-high 20 point effort in the Grizzlies' 52-47 win over Bentonville West.
Smith (6-10, 220 pounds) also had 13 rebounds and four blocked shots.
Fort Smith Northside coach Eric Burnett took a gamble, trusted Williams not to get a third foul and he was rewarded as his big men put up seven points in the second quarter and the Grizzlies rallied to tie the game 21-21 at halftime.
Williams had 13 of his points in the second half while Jacob Joe - the younger brother of Arkansas freshman guard Isaiah Joe - and Braylin McKinney both added nine points for the Grizzlies (18-11).
Northside will next face top-seeded Fayetteville (21-5) Friday at 5:30 p.m. in the quarterfinal round.
The Grizzlies won the 2017 state championship and played in the 2018 championship game, but were not expected to be as strong this season.
The Grizzlies downed Fayetteville 66-54 earlier this season and knocked the Bulldogs out of last season's state tournament.
Burnett, whose team is two wins away from a third straight title game, expects a tough challenge.
Williams, who has been to several Razorback games this season, has offers from Arkansas, Oklahoma State, TCU, Tulsa and Lamar.
Williams, averaging 18 points, 11 rebounds and 3 blocks this season. He is set to play with Woodz Elite AAU program this summer along with players such as West Memphis junior Chris Moore and Oklahoma State commit and Jacksonville standout DeVonta Davis.


This delightful painting was completed when Maliavin was still studying at the Saint Petersburg Academy. The influence of Repin in clear and there is a strong emphasis on draughtsmanship, the smooth application of paint and an elegant composition where the hot red of the boys' jackets is contrasted with the diagonal cream triangle of the stringed instrument.
225 × 125.5 cm; 88¾ × 49½ in.


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Interpretation of Sura Hud - Verses 105-107
105. " The day(when)it comes, no soul shall speak but by His leave. Then some of them shall be wretched, and some happy. "
106. " Then as for those who are wretched(they)shall be in the Fire, for them therein will be moaning and sighing. "
107. " They will abide therein so long as the heavens and the earth endure, except as your Lord pleases. Verily your Lord is the(Mighty)Doer of what He intends. "
On the Day of Resurrection, the Reckoning Day, silence will prevail everywhere except for those who are permitted to speak.
In the foregoing verses, allusion was made to the Day of Resurrection and the general assembly of people in that great Court. Here, the Qur'an informs us of a part of the fate of people on the Day of the Judgment.
At first it implies that when the Day comes, no one can speak without Allah's permission. The verse says:
" The day(when)it comes, no soul shall speak but by His leave. ..."
On that Day, people will go through various stages, each one having its own specifications. In some stages no questions are to be asked, even our mouths will remain shut, only those organs which have been involved and have been imprinted by the performance of their owners would bear testimony by a mute tonge. However, in other stages, the silence imposed upon the mouths would be removed and mankind will start speaking with Allah's permission, confessing their sins. The guilty will blame each other, and try to attribute their own sins to others, holding them responsible for their deeds.
Towards the end of the verse, the Qur'an divides all people into two categories, saying that some people are stone hearted and some are soft hearted, some are happy while others are unhappy. The verse continues saying:
"... Then some of them shall be wretched, and some happy. "
This toughness and stone heartedness, on the one hand, and the contentment and happiness on the other, are no more than the consequences of individual behaviors, words, deeds and intentions in this world.
It then expounds upon the state of the wicked, stone hearted and vicious as well as the state of those prosperous and happy individuals in a concise, self explanatory sentence by saying that those who became wicked and stone hearted will be in agony, moaning and crying all the time. These reflect the conditions of those who are deeply regretful, the kind of crying which saturates them to the point that shows their utmost discomfort because of the severity of their punishment. The verse says:
" Then as for those who are wretched(they)shall be in the Fire, for them therein will be moaning and sighing. "
It adds further that they will permanently stay in the Hell Fire until the heavens and the earth endure or unless Allah wishes otherwise, for Allah does whatever He wishes. The verse says:
" They will abide therein so long as the heavens and the earth endure, except as your Lord pleases. Verily your Lord is the(Mighty)Doer of what He intends. "
Adopted from the book : "The Light of the Holy Qur'an; Interpretation of Surah Hud" by : "Sayyid Kamal Faghih Imani and a Group of Muslim Scholars"
Prev: Interpretation of Sura Hud - Verses 102-104
Next: Interpretation of Sura Hud - Verses 108-110


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Q: ARIA and WCAG 2.0 success criteria Please correct me if I'm getting this wrong. If I understand it correctly I don't have to use aria-hidden for elements that basically are available in the source of the document, however are not always shown.
For example, an image slider or a menu or tooltip that are there in the document source(basically they are available), but not always presented visually to the user on the display.
Because it sounds weird to me I don't have to use ARIA for this things in order to meet WCAG 2.0

A: You do not need to use aria-hidden to meet WCAG. You can use it to meet WCAG. You can also use it and accidentally violate WCAG.
If you want to visually display something but hide it from assistive technology (screen readers in this case), then aria-hidden may be the best option.
If you want to hide something visually and from assistive technology, then skip the aria-hidden and just style it with display:none;.
If you want to hide an element's native semantics (such as legacy layout tables) but otherwise display everything within, then role=presentation is the way to go.
Importantly, do not use aria-hidden to hide something that otherwise needs to receive focus or be interactive (per the Fourth Rule of ARIA). Doing that would violate WCAG.
So, for example, if you have a tool-tip style design element that is hidden with display:none; when not in use, skip the aria-hidden. It is just extra noise and an additional place your code can become inaccessible if you fail to update it with the visual style.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Curvature of projection function onto a smooth curve Suppose we have a smooth curve $C$ lying in $\mathbb{R}^2$, and let us consider the orthogonal projection function $P_C(x)$ onto the curve, described by
$$P_C(x) = argmin_{y \in C} \Vert x - y \Vert$$
where $\Vert \cdot \Vert$ is a norm, it can be $\Vert \cdot \Vert_2^2$, or $\Vert \cdot \Vert_1$.
My question is: is there a general relationship between the second derivative tensor of $P_C(x)$ and the curvature of the curve $C$? For example, relationship between their norms, and if the curve is convex, what can we say about the second derivative of the projection? If nothing specific can be said, under what restrictions on the curve $C$ and/or location of $x$ can we say something about their relationships? Does there exist work that discusses this problem or some problems related to it?
To visualize the problem somewhat, we consider an example here:
Example
Denoting the blue curve as $C_1$ and black curve as $C_2$, $C_1$ clearly has greater curvature than $C_2$, but what about $\Vert D^2P_{C_1}(x) \Vert$ vs. $\Vert D^2P_{C_2}(x) \Vert$?


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Aída Rubino (Buenos Aires, 1 de noviembre de 1942 - Idem, 19 de noviembre de 2021) fue una actriz de cine, teatro y televisión argentina. Era la hija del primer actor cómico Vicente Rubino.

Carrera
Hija del capocómico Vicente Rubino y de la actriz Zulma Grimaldi, fue además sobrina segunda de la notoria comediante Olinda Bozán (tía de Zulma); su primer trabajo en la escena fue junto a su tía en El proceso de Mary Duggan, donde también actuaron Mirtha Legrand, Diana Maggi, Mecha Ortiz y Francisco Petrone.

Su trayectoria teatral incluye títulos como El amor no pide permiso, Los solteros también sufren, La China Dominga, Nuestra Natacha y Rascacielos.

En variados ciclos de televisión se pudo apreciar su versatilidad, en ciclos Felipe, junto a Luis Sandrini, Teatro de Pacheco, Constancia, una esposa constante y Celeste, entre muchas otras labores.

En cine actuó siempre con roles de reparto en películas como La Rubia Mireya (1948), siendo una niña,  con Mecha Ortiz; La fiaca (1969) con Norman Brisky, Norma Aleandro y Lydia Lamaison; Muchacho (1970)  estelarizado por Sandro; Autocine mon amour (1972) con figuras como Luis Brandoni y Marta Bianchi; La bastarda (1972) con Isela Vega y Luis Dávila; y Las locas protagonizado por Mercedes Carreras, Juan José Camero, Leonor Manso y Leonor Benedetto. Trabajó bajo la dirección de grandes directores de la talla de Manuel Romero, Fernando Ayala, Leo Fleider, Fernando Siro, Emilio Gómez Muriel y Enrique Carreras.

Además de la actuación se dedicó por muchos años a ser psicología social, estudió en Instituto Superior de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (IsCiHS). Trabajó en Asociación Cambiar para Vivir (ONG). Su mejor amiga fue la actriz Graciela Pal. Murió víctima de un Cáncer a los 79 años el 19 de noviembre del 2021, según informó la Asociación Argentina de Actores.

Filmografía
 1977: Las locas
 1972: La bastarda
 1972: Autocine mon amour
 1970: Muchacho
 1969: La fiaca
 1948: La Rubia Mireya

Televisión
 1991: Celeste
 1976: Constancia, una esposa constante
 1973: Teatro de Pacheco
 1967: Risas y sonrisas, con Juan Verdaguer.
 1966: Felipe

Teatro
 El amor no pide permiso
 Los solteros también sufren
 La China Dominga
 Nuestra Natacha
 Rascacielos

Referencias

Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de televisión de Argentina
Actores de teatro de Argentina
Fallecidos por cáncer en Argentina


Seems like History will repeat as same patterns are appearing again, as mentioned in the chart. I expect 400 to 600 movement till the upward gap fill area, then bounce back/go ahead.
Fundamentally the Banking sector has starting improving.
Let's see now that things go as planned!


ECWA Courses 2019 – Here is the list of COURSES OFFERED In ECWA BINGHAM UNIVERSITY (ECWA), List of faculties in ECWA and requirements. ECWA Courses.
We have prepared the complete and official list of courses/departments and Faculties that are available in the entire ECWA BINGHAM UNIVERSITY (ECWA).
So if you are looking for a course to study in ECWA Bingham University, check this comprehensive list of all the Courses Offered in ECWA and also all the faculties in the school.


Wanna get a six pack? Try this standing abs workout routine by Charlee Atkins.
When you're on vacation, finding a decent spot to sweat should be the least of your concerns. There are tons of hotel room routines to get you moving, but if you don't want to get down and dirty on that questionable carpet for a core crusher, there are moves that you can do on your feet.
This routine didn't just solve her inactivity problem. Opting to stay on her feet gave Atkins a different style of workout than she might have tried otherwise, with benefits that she would have passed up had she dropped down to the floor for core.
Run through the circuit three times, resting for 1 minute between each full repetition. Atkins recommends adding this routine to your dynamic warm-up on full body days, as a quick cardio push on days you're traveling, or even at the end of your workout as a finisher.


In early spring I was contacted by Craig Hartmetz asking me if I'd like to help co-lead a trip up Edith Cavel. I'd wanted to climb Cavel for quite awhile but usually in mid-August I'm climbing in the Bugaboos and hadn't had the chance to attempt Cavel. I decided to take a break from the Bugs and give Cavel a shot, as an Edmontonian that visits Jasper on the regular it's the mountain you stare at every time you visit. How cool would it be to say I'd made it to the top?
We headed out after work on Friday and made it to the Edith Cavel hostel fairly late. We all cooked some pasta before heading to bed and woke up at 3am and were at the trailhead by 4am. We left the parking lot at a fairly quick pace and reached an awful scree slope. As a group we snaked up the scree slope and it proved to be a bit too much for one member of our party. He got sick and unfortunately had to turn around.
After some reshuffling of our group we decided to keep going and reached the steeper scrambling. At least the scree was a thing of the past at this point and the scrambling was straight forward. We kept heading up the ridge and reached the first snow slope. Luckily the slope wasn't too bad and we were able to get up it without crampons by kicking some good steps in the snow. By this point Craig's group was way ahead of mine.
Most times when I go mountaineering when I get to the summit I don't take it in or enjoy it as much as I should. On the walk up the ridge to the summit I could feel the smile growing on my face and when I reached the summit I was grinning ear to ear. I'd never been happier to be on the top of a mountain!
We soaked in the summit as a group and signed the summit register, then made our way down the west ridge. If you hate scree, this isn't the place for you. If the west ridge wasn't the scree covered hellscape that it is, it would be one of the most popular scrambles in the Rockies! The scattered snow slopes across the scree was a welcome sight to break up the rocky knee punishing descent.
At the bottom of the scree we refilled our water bottles in one of the creeks and made our way to the path out to the Tonquin trail. We came across a grouse "camoflagued" with her chicks on the path, we stepped around them carefully and carried on.
A few of us who were in the slower half of the group came up with the term "mall walking" to describe the pace we were moving at. At this point we were motivated by some of the cold beers and desserts that awaited us back at the hostel. Just before you get back to the hostel you come out at Cavel Lake. I dipped my head in the lake to cool off and then just sat on the bridge for awhile to take in what we had accomplished. It was a perfect ending to a great day out.