The Sociology Department annually awards one $600 prize for assistance in dissertation research in the name of the late Steven Berkowitz, PhD. This prize is usually awarded in March.
In honor of emeritus faculty member, Peter Conrad, the Sociology Department annually awards funds, up to $600, to a PhD student for pre-dissertation research. This prize is usually awarded in March.
The social science collections of the University are housed in Goldfarb Library and Farber Library. These materials are also accessible through an online catalog system called One Search. The libraries have facilities for computerized searches of bibliographic databases such as SocINDEX, JSTOR, and other periodical indices. The Interlibrary Loan Office provides books or articles not owned by the University. Brandeis is a member of the Boston Library Consortium, composed of 12 academic and research institutions in the area. A consortium card, allowing use of these libraries, is available from the circulation desk of the Brandeis Library.
Sociology graduate students, faculty, and staff have access, via Latte, to a range of shared resources. Included are administrative material, reading lists, proposals, teaching resources, grant information, and much more. Students are encouraged to post additional resources on this site.
Brandeis participates in a cross-registration program with Boston College, Boston University, and Tufts University. Students are eligible to take graduate-level courses at these institutions (no more than one course per term) with the prior approval of their advisors.
Students interested in gender and women's studies may enroll, with their advisor's approval, in interdisciplinary courses offered through the Graduate Women's Studies Consortium at Radcliffe College.
The Office of Graduate Student Affairs supports and encourages life on campus for graduate students outside of the classroom and serves as a liaison between graduate students and University Administration. The office works to coordinate events and programming among the three graduate schools on campus. Graduate Student Affairs advises and assists the Graduate Student Association (GSA) and the Graduate Student Senate, offers programming throughout the year, and runs Graduate Student Orientation in the fall.
Graduate Students are invited to use the Graduate Student Lounge, Computer Room, and TF office in Pearlman Hall. They are also welcome to use the microwave in the kitchen on the first floor. Students may bring a lock and select a locker in the Graduate Student Lounge to store personal belongings. All students are also assigned a mailbox where mail and internal university correspondence are directed.
Students may consult the Funding Opportunities page, as well as the GSAS website for information regarding external and internal funding opportunities.
The purpose of this award is to allow a GSAS student to teach an advanced undergraduate course that is related to his or her research interests and dissertation work, so as to enhance the student's capacity to assume teaching responsibilities following completion of the PhD. Candidates must have completed at least one semester as a teaching fellow and must be ABD (i.e., have completed all degree requirements except the dissertation) by early May of the year the prize is awarded.
Up to five instructorships will be awarded to candidates who propose courses that represent strong contributions to the undergraduate curriculum and who have demonstrated excellence in, and commitment to, teaching. Selection criteria include quality of the proposed course as demonstrated by the syllabus, its relevance to the curriculum, and its intellectual appeal to undergraduates.
An amount of money is available to PhD students each fiscal year for reimbursement of travel expenses associated with their scholarly activities. To qualify, a student must be in the advanced stages of research and be attending a conference for the purpose of serving on a panel or presenting a paper. Additional information is on the Shared Latte site.
The department adheres to the American Sociological Code of Ethics.
Academic life, especially in apprenticeship situations where so much is at stake, is a messy business, open to many kinds of misinterpretations and disappointments, as well as divergent views among faculty themselves, as well as between faculty and students, as to what counts as good work appropriate for a PhD, or good teaching and advising to enable such work.
Our collective ethic as a faculty is to protect students from any form of intimidation or retaliation. It is also to provide as much opportunity and encouragement as possible for students and faculty to repair relationships that may have been frayed by previous misunderstandings or regrettable behavior on anyone's part. We do this not only because it is the ethically right thing to do, but because it is in everyone's interest for graduate students to leave the program with dense networks of support and trust, not only with the particular committee with which they may have worked, but with other faculty, who are often asked by faculty at other universities what they may think of particular students. We are proud of this departmental ethic, which we have nurtured for decades and have seen serve scores of PhDs well over the course of their careers.
Thus, when misunderstandings or disputes arise or someone feels treated unfairly, we encourage students and faculty first to talk as constructively as possible with each other. Students and faculty may also seek the counsel of other professors and students. Should the situation remain unresolved, students should consult with the Department Chair and/or the Director of the Graduate Program to seek advice on how to proceed or to lodge a formal complaint. GSAS policy is that students first seek resolution and, when possible, rapprochement, within the Department. If a student does not find the proposed resolution acceptable, the student may submit a written appeal to the Dean of the Graduate School.
At Brandeis University, a diverse body of people come together to form a cohesive community. Brandeis welcomes all qualified individuals into the University community as students, faculty, or staff members. Brandeis is committed to providing "reasonable accommodation(s)" to individuals with appropriately documented physical, learning, or psychological disabilities.
The person has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of the individual.
The person has a record of such an impairment, or the person is regarded as having such an impairment.
"Major life activities" include functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working.
A "reasonable accommodation" is defined as any change in the work or educational environment or the way things are customarily done that will allow an individual with a known documented disability to perform the essential functions of a position or let an otherwise qualified student receive a reasonable modification or adjustment for his/her known documented disability. All accommodations are made on a case-by-case basis. Students, faculty, and staff must follow well-established procedures to obtain accommodations. For more information regarding reasonable accommodations, contact Jessica Basile at GSAS.


Number Balls is one of the best educational games for kids. It is very useful to train the math skill. You will have to implement one mission to complete the level. That is to arrange the given numbers following the ascending order. But you can get some troubles when trying to catch them because these objects will move and it's hard to see exactly. It will affect the time and the score. How long can you reach the final round? Let's play this Cool Math Games right now!


Diamond Dredger,including cutter suction dredger,jet suction dredger and bucket chain dredger,usually the bucket dredger is the best for sand with stones.
Cutter Suction Dredger of steel construction,dismountable type,is able to berth and dredge at water both in the coastal area and inland rivers.The dredger can be used to excavate and transport cohesive sediment below the class specified in code for dredging engineering construction technique issued by Ministry of Water Resources(MWR) of P.R.China.
Because pontoons of dredger are designed wider and longer, they are transported in bulk vessel from the sea. And also in the transportation process, pontoons are anti-corrosion paint, then it doesn't matter which place they will be put, in the deck or at the bottom of the vessel. Lug and safe point hoist have been designed on the deck of the pontoon; it is convenient for loading and unloading.
We will provide 2-3 qualified and experienced engineers to the buyer's workplace to assist the dredger and then direct and guide the cutter suction dredger's installation and training workers operating.
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text:
Linda Sheehan
THE SINFULLY DELICIOUS NEW RELEASE FROM LINDA SHEEHAN
L.A.'s historic Bellstone Country Club is famous for its star-studded membership, championship golf course, and glamorous parties. Here, sexy golfer Mandy Manville is expected to win the club's Women's Golf Championship, which will qualify her to tee it up with legendary golfers in Scotland's Cialis Open. But when ex-college star golfer Jody Benson joins the club, Mandy's beautifully manicured nails become claws as she stops at nothing to keep the newcomer from entering the tournament. Meanwhile, the Bellstone president's bet on an upcoming heavyweight fight could cause an already struggling club to go bust. Add in a corrupt priest with a free membership, a down-and-out ex-movie star working as a caddy, an LAPD cop on the take, a pregnant stripper on the hunt for her baby's daddy, and you'll find yourself laughing, hooting, booing, cheering, and maybe even taking up golf!
"A company of spineless, scheming men try to gouge a California country club for every penny it's worth in Sheehan's seamy, steamy comedy of errors."
-kirkus reviews
"Good book, great read! Laughs, sex, golf, and good wine. What more could you want?"
-Danny Jacobson, Creator and Executive Producer of NBC-TV's Mad About You
"Sheehan's plot is witty and droll, and very easy to get caught up in. I had a grand time reading Fore Play. It's highly recommended."
-Readers' Favorite
"For a rollicking read, Fore Play delivers a hole in one in this engaging and funny novel from the rousing story to the high-voltage characters."
-Sublime Book Reviews
Get your copy of Fore Play today!
Decanted
Get the inside story about making wine in Napa. "...wonderfully realistic and intelligent...revealing a wine culture that's effortlessly entertaining." - LIterary Titan
From author Linda Sheehan, who's part of a Napa wine dynasty, comes a story of grapes, wine, first crushes, and juicy redemption that only a wine country insider could tell.
Dreading the desk job that awaits her after high school, eighteen-year-old Vivian Goodyear takes off for pre-World War II Paris, where she supports herself as an artist's model and has a fiery affair with a struggling painter. Flash forward to modern day Manhattan where, inspired by Vivian's courage, her grand-niece Samantha leaves her pressure cooker career to work harvest at one of France's most legendary wine domains. There, between picking grapes in the vineyard and crushing them in the cellar, she gets lessons in the art of making wine and the art of making love from gorgeous Julien LeMont. But when cultural differences turn her life upside down, a link from Aunt Vivian's past could salvage her future in a tale of being on top, sinking to the bottom, and coming up for glorious air.
"highly enjoyable"
"Grand and glorious"
"page turning... sensually romantic"
-A woman's write
"magical and totally absorbing"
-authors reading
-midwest book review
"A highly enjoyable tale of love, wine, and passion with juicy deft plotting. Readers will receive an enjoyable education on winemaking as Sam learns and works. Indeed, the emphasis on Sam's dreams give the book an admirably feminist bent."
– Kirkus Reviews
Linda Sheehan is a career writer living in Napa, California where she's the co-owner of Poe Wines that makes highly acclaimed Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet, Rosé, sparkling wines as well as organic grapefruit vermouth awarded 95 points from Wine Enthusiast Magazine. "Decanted" is her second novel.
Besides indulging her passion for great wines, she pursues her addictions of horseback riding and golf.
Contact: Linda@poewines.com
PR contact: Ann-Marie Nieves am@getredpr.com
© 2023 by Linda Sheehan. All rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It is important that you have a contract and that you understand the contents of it. There is no standard version or template for an FK participant agreement or contract. These may differ between the various partnerships, and they may differ between volunteers and professionals. The contract is usually between you and your host partner, but it may also be between you and your home partner. What is important, is that you know which partner you have a contract with, and you should know that the contract is ruled by the national legislation of the country where your contract partner is based.
Name and address of the participant and of the partner (home or host) entering into the contract.
Total duration of the contract: start and end date, with a specification of the number of months or weeks devoted to each phase of the project, including preparations, exchange and follow-up work.
Taxation and pension rights: Any taxation of the agreed allowance will depend on relevant national law and/or any bilateral agreements between the sending and receiving countries. The contract shall specify who is responsible for paying the relevant taxes. This is normally the partner's responsibility. The contract shall also specify whether there are any pension rights, and if any, the relevant details.
Insurance: The contract shall include which insurances are covered during the exchange. As a minimum it should cover your health insurance and your travel insurance.
If you still haven't received your contract, or if you still have questions to any of its content, ask your partner for a meeting. It is important that you have a full understanding of your rights and duties. You will also have the opportunity to go through the contract with one of our program advisers during the training.


With that in mind, below you will find a list of books that might be of interest to you, or to friends of yours who have to organize, craft and deliver presentations as part of their role in business. I did a similar list last year and have made a couple of additions to it based on my experiences this year. That said, and just like last year, I will ask you NOT to buy more than two of these, as too much knowledge out there might just put me out of business.
1) The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs, Carmine Gallo, 2010.
This is by far the best book I have read on simple, effective and practical presentation strategies. It is supplemented by examples which illustrate the effectiveness of one of the best presenters of all times – the late Steve Jobs. Everything I had believed about how to present was confirmed in this book.
This is Gallo's follow-up book and it has nine simple yet practical ideas and strategies on how improve your presentations. An enjoyable and very interesting read.
An outstanding book that follows her TED talk entitled," Your body language shapes so you are". The TED talk contains practical advice, ideas and stories about how to present your authentic self and should be (a must watch?) by everyone. If you do like her presentation, when you are buying the book for your friend, pick one up for yourself as well.
An interesting and fresh look at selling, and what Pink refers to as non-sales selling; the art of persuasion and 'moving' others. This is a must read for those in Leadership positions.
Storytelling is getting more a more popular each year. This book explains, among other things, how and why stories work, different types of stories to use and how to turn real-life experiences into stories that resonate. I like this one.
If you have watched his TED talk entitled, "How great leaders inspire action", then this is a must read. His message is simple, people don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it. I hesitate in calling a book a "must read" but for those in sales, I'd say it is pretty close to that.
People only act on what they remember yet audiences forget up to 90% of what you communicate. Based on the latest research on neuroscience and cognitive psychology, Carmen shows you how to deliver her proven three-step plan for persuasion. Some very interesting insights.
Why are some messages remembered and others are not? This book outlines in detail the six ways in which you can communicate your ideas so that they will 'stick'. I regularly refer to what I learned in this book during my sessions.
One of the most effective ways to get people to remember your message is through Story. This book provides a practical look at the use of Stories along with techniques and strategies on how to create, develop and become a better business Storyteller. The more I hear and see the effects of storytelling the more convinced I am that it is the best way to deliver your message.
Here's wishing you and your family an enjoyable holiday season and good health, happiness and prosperity in 2019.
To find out more about presentations and presentation skills training please click here.


In the world of support, we can measure literally everything. We know when people come to work, go home, and take breaks. We can measure how many customers they spoke to, how many they kept waiting, how long customers waited, how long it took for customers to be served, and much more.
With all the data available to us, how do we know which types are the most important ones to focus on when it comes to driving great performance? In my last article, "Four Steps to Creating High-Performing Customer Support Teams," I discussed the four steps for effective performance management. The first step is defining objectives based on business goals. That helps you narrow down the most important key performance indicators (KPIs) to track.
Good CSAT is simply table stakes today. Your department can't afford to let this metric slip, because the effects are felt on the bottom line. Unhappy customers complain to others, stop buying additional products and services, and eventually they churn. And they will take their friends and relatives with them.
Customers who hear "we're experiencing a high volume of calls, please be patient," won't in fact, be patient.
While this metric has been around for a while, NPS still tends to cause confusion and concern for many folks in customer support. Simply put, NPS is measuring the overall experience, how the customer perceives the journey. Think of this metric as your brand's overall thumbs up or thumbs down score.
The third part of the performance triangle is FCR. FCR measures the outcome of the interaction, which reflects the competence and effectiveness of your team. While your team may get high marks for friendliness and you're not keeping customers waiting long in a queue, if customers consistently need to call back on the same issue, then your CSAT and NPS, not to mention your upsell, cross-sell, retention and churn rates, will suffer.
In measuring FCR, you should look at how many tickets get reopened within 30 days. And because FCR means that agents don't have to transfer or escalate calls, you should look at your transfer rate. Both of these metrics show you how your team is performing when it comes to meeting your customers' needs.
For the performance triangle to work effectively, you have to keep these three KPIs in balance all the time. At the same time, you should be striving to improve each of the three metrics. But you can't focus on just one at a time or you risk seeing the other two metrics suffer.
You also need to watch out for the cost "gotcha." If your support center is too focused on only these three KPIs you may not always meet your financial objectives. The goal is always balance, balance, balance. Always keep the customer's lens on your business and what's right for the customer, the organization and the employees.
The next time someone in your organization asks what you're doing to improve your brand's customer service rankings or your NPS score, tell them about the performance triangle. Because hitting it out of the park with these three KPIs is what will make your brand a top performer.


Ok , now I'm really stretching for those alliterations.
Today I'm going to cover 2 Kilchoman drams. The first I got as a prize in our Toronto Whisky Society high proof bourbon tasting for getting I think 1 right or something? We weren't very good at guessing.
Palate: quite a bit ashier than the nose, earthy peat, some light fruit sweetness, malty. Body is thinner than I expected.
a very nice peated dram but lacking a bit of depth. Glad I finally cracked it open!
the second I got from tomodera in a recent swap. Discovered afterwards that I've reviewed it before while at devoz's house at a past Toronto Whisky Society social event, but that was quite a few drams in, my notes were sparse, and I remember enjoying it quite a bit, so I figure a proper re-review is in order!
Palate: tons of smoke, ash and earth peat, coupled with light fruity sweetness and tons of maltiness. Lots of oak in here too. montreal smoked meat. Great creamy body on it. lemon peel, brine, tons of spice. Quite hot, but not more than expected at 60+%. With a drop of water it gets much more malty, sweet and the heat is completely gone. more smoked meat too. delicious.
Finish: long, warm, spicy, with some smoke and earth.
delicious. Great depth and breadth of flavour and a very nice nose too. Comparing it to my previous review, I got a lot more out of it this time and it actually does 2 points better, so I guess the lesson is drink the good stuff first so you can actually taste it?


If you want to make your presence felt, your corporate identity ought to be in everything – logo, enterprise cards, stationery – letterheads and envelopes, brochures, presentation folders and so forth. Initially-year research in the online Web Design degree plan introduce the visual design fundamentals and software program that are crucial to any Web or print medium including colour, typography, composition, and digital imaging, and vector illustration.
Graphic design and style pros function in a diverse field that involves corporate, entertainment, retail, marketing, education, health care, and manufacturing industries. This degree program, according to the site , prepares students to operate in areas such as Net design, motion graphics, multimedia, animation and graphic design and style. Associate degrees can lead to entry-level careers in web improvement employers also favor to hire candidates that are up to date on the newest programming languages and tools. Online Web design degree student work Web style degree students are anticipated to present their perform in a final portfolio assessment. Applicants ordinarily need to have an accredited bachelor's degree and functioning information of operating systems and programming.
Overview: By way of Baker College's Internet development system, students create the small business and technical skills required to design, develop, implement and maintain internet websites for each public and private organizations. Receipt of the certificate will be noted formally on the student's transcript with an award date of October, February, or June.
For those already in the field, on the internet classes provide certification education in the newest releases of current and new net design software programs to advance your ability level and credentials to open doors to profession possibilities.
Prerequisite: HTML & Photoshop (CSCE) Particular Notes: Access to Adobe's Creative Cloud Computer software demands a monthly Inventive Cloud membership subscription. The general IT and market topics of the degree can also aid graduates prepare for roles as details safety specialists or IT project managers.


text:
About Mike Dobson Estate Agents
Mike Dobson Estate Agents is a family run independent Estate Agent, being established for over 35 Years. We are built on professionalism and personal attention, we are also renowned for our strong high street presence, expert local knowledge and independent status.
We don't just sell & let property, we're known for our superior service and ability to provide clients with a tailored experience. Our office's are equipped with the latest computer technology and industry software and we advertise on all the major property portals.
We first opened for business in January 1983, in Garforth, Leeds, West Yorkshire. Since 1983 our company has expanded. Mike Dobson Estate Agents now have branches in neighbouring Sherburn in Elmet, which opened in 1987 and Kippax in 1998.
Our Sales & Letting Team members are handpicked for the job. They're the kind of people that have patience, strategic minds and a calm and intelligent approach to all situations. They are hard working, are proactive and helpful, adding value to a client's overall experience at every stage.
We are proud to be members of the National Association of Estate Agents (NAEA), and the Estate Agents Ombudsman's Scheme. Our membership of the NAEA is a safeguard that ensures your experience of dealing with us is a good one.
Garforth: 0113 2864276
Kippax: 0113 2873500
Sherburn-in-Elmet: 01977 684258
Lettings: 0113 2869216
All our offices are open 7 days a week. For more details please click here.
If you want to register with for our newsletter then please click here.
Selling or Letting?
To arrange a free expert valuation please click here.
© Mike Dobson Estate Agents 2022
Search Valuation
Property Type No Preference Apartment / Flat Detached Bungalow Detached House Link Detached Park Home Semi - Detached Bungalow Semi - Detached House Terrace House Town House
Bedrooms No Preference 1 2 3 4 5+
Minimum Price No Minimum £50,000 £60,000 £70,000 £80,000 £90,000 £100,000 £110,000 £120,000 £125,000 £130,000 £140,000 £150,000 £160,000 £170,000 £180,000 £190,000 £200,000 £225,000 £250,000 £275,000 £300,000 £325,000 £350,000 £375,000 £400,000 £425,000 £450,000 £475,000 £500,000 £550,000 £600,000 £650,000 £700,000 £800,000 £900,000 £1,000,000 £1,500,000 £2,000,000+
Maximum Price No Maximum £50,000 £60,000 £70,000 £80,000 £90,000 £100,000 £110,000 £120,000 £125,000 £130,000 £140,000 £150,000 £160,000 £170,000 £180,000 £190,000 £200,000 £225,000 £250,000 £275,000 £300,000 £325,000 £350,000 £375,000 £400,000 £425,000 £450,000 £475,000 £500,000 £550,000 £600,000 £650,000 £700,000 £800,000 £900,000 £1,000,000 £1,500,000 £2,000,000+
Office * Select an office Garforth Kippax Sherburn-in-Elmet Lettings
Contact Us/Meet the team


At Maple Grove United Methodist Church, church ministry is Christ's ministry. Our ministry includes worship, connection, service, spiritual formation and witness. There are lots of things that we do individually and also do together as a congregation.
Prayer shawl ministry's aim is to console those who are grieving, to comfort those who are ill, and bring hope to those in despair. During the worship service prayer shawls are offered and blessed for anyone wishing to receive a tangible reminder of God's presence and comfort, either for themselves or a friend.
"Noisy Change" offerings are collected in worship once a month to support this ministry.
Members from Maple Grove UMC hold a prayer group meeting with residents of Bickford Cottage at 1 pm on the last Wednesday of each month. For more information please contact Betty Rose at 515-225-0763.
Greeting cards are sent to members or friends of the church who are in need of support and encouragement as they go through sickness, sadness or life struggles.
The group also sends cards to those who are experiencing joy and fulfillment because of birth, wedding, graduation, anniversary & new employment.
The card outreach group meets the 3rd Thursday of each month. For more information on this outreach opportunity please contact Betty Rose.
The Maple Grove UMW group meets during the school year. Meetings are once a month and are usually held in the fellowship hall. For more information please contact Judi Spencer for our next meeting day and time.


The Tony Award nominee and star of the hit TV show of the '80s "The Dukes of Hazzard" Tom Wopat crooned the audience last April 19 at The Curtis Theatre in Brea. After 30 years, Wopat still looked great and his voice still sounded smooth and rich. He started with the song "I've Got Your Number" which is the title of his latest CD, followed by "The Good Life." Wopat effortlessly rendered his version of the great American Songbook. He sang the best of Mel Torme, Paul Simon, Judy Collins to name a few. I found the audiences tapping their toes and swaying their heads while Wopat helped them reminisce their past through his strong baritone vocals. Accompanied with a 6-piece orchestra, Wopat sang without a mike for one song and his voice still sounded strong.
Indeed, it was a wonderful concert after all. Did I mention that he also had a great sense of humor? Before the show, he had a "meet and greet" with the fans. He signed his CD and took photos with the fans too. I was able to squeeze in some questions and he was friendly enough to answer all my questions.
Popbuff: You've done almost everything – TV, Broadway, Recording, is there anything else you'd like to do?
TW: Actually I've started doing some directing again which I haven't done in a long time. That's my little things.I think there quite a few more records to come. And hopefully writing some more stuff.
Popbuff: What do you enjoy more – performing on stage or acting on television or movies?
TW: Actually this is the most fun…the stuff for the band. We have a lot of control and they are really the best musicians in the world. I feed off of that. It's a different show everyday and it's always interesting. It's a blast. It's a lot of fun.
Popbuff: How did you select your songs.
TW: It's a mix of things. I have a producer that has me choose songs but a lot of them are my own ideas. Sometime it will take a pop tune making it into a jazz song a little bit or take Joni Mitchell or Bruce Springsteen and give it a jazz treatment. It's a lot of fun. It kinda integrates everything.
What a sweet interview! Love it & brought Jack so memories.


A central problem is the capacity of somebody to hold a typical full-time job for a sustained time. Don't forget, you're not setting out to conduct research for a means to prove a point. If you're using a survey that has been created by another person, say the origin of the survey. Pretesting a questionnaire is a great method to raise the odds of face validity.
From them you will see aids of all sorts out there. There's a need to come up with and implement legal frame to invigorate the protection of human rights. There are always ways a study can be made much better or elegant. Once more, a better analysis method might have been chosen determined by the essence of the information gathered.
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Describe the level to which you believe the limitations degrade the grade of this study. Electronic submission of documents is getting more common since e-mail is used extensively. When you've made a brand new tool, then you should attach it like a Appendix. Each of the tools were administered as a member of a structured interview an evaluation social worker had with study participants at predetermined intervals.
The introduction along with this conclusion is enforced collectively, thereby developing a streamlined paragraph conveying just the substantial info. The idea you will construct your research about must thrill you. If you would like to research a comparatively new area, the literature review must mention similar regions of research or studies which lead until the present research. The character of the game might also be critical.
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Normally, you will want to start with your science fair project question in order for the reader will know the aim of your document. Your work is to present the normal stuff that occurs to you in a manner that will create the reader want to understand you better. Ask yourself exactly what information the reader must learn first so as to comprehend the remainder of the paper.
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Completing a MLA outline will guarantee your research paper arrangement is accurate. The MLA format stipulates the vital guidelines for efficiently composing an essay in accord with the MLA standards. The format to be used is related to the topic that you have chosen. The research paper format is provided below.
A study paper that concerns scientific issues isn't just a free-style essay where it's likely to inform readers whatever you desire. A research proposal is a laconic and information-heavy breakdown of the research you would like to conduct. The section on Research covers the numerous kinds of sources. When you currently have a research paper topic, you will have a tendency to study it more profoundly.
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This 1 bedroom apartment was very spacious and beautifully presented. The kitchen was modern and well equipped with oven, cooktop, microwave,dishwasher and large fridge. The modern bathroom included a washing machine. But it was the oulook that was the winner. The balcony provided views over South Cronulla beach and the ocean to the north. Going to bed listening to the waves was great The car garage made parking easy and it was a short walk to the train station and restaurants.
Review Submitted: 30 Jul 2018 Date of Stay: July 2018 by Kristine"
Best wishes Carolyn Oct 2018"
Top floor location, no lift but only up 2 levels from ground.
Rates: from start to vacate.
Cronulla Cinema, cafes, restaurants and shops are here for your pleasure. Catch the ferry to the sleepy village of Bundeena and its smaller neighbour, Maianbar, unspoilt hideaways that draw many visitors eager to enjoy their timeless charms. Bush-walk through the nation's oldest park - the Royal National Park. Explore Sydney Tram Museum. Visit the Kurnell Peninsula - it was here, in 1770, that Captain James Cook first set foot on Australia, claiming the continent for Britain. There are plenty of attractions under the water for diving or snorkeling fans. Lean To Surf at North Cronulla Beach. All the surf beaches at Cronulla have been dedicated as Australia's 5th National Surf Reserve. The first 4 National Surf Reserves were Bells Beach, Angourie, Crescent Head and Lennox Head. Kayak or SUP Stand Up Paddle Board the Port Hacking and Woronora Rivers. With horse riding, ten pin bowling, rock climbing, children's indoor play areas, museums and galleries, Leisure centres, more cinemas and golf courses near by, it is sure to keep you entertained from start to finish.


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text:
The 2007 Losail Superbike World Championship round was the opening round of the 2007 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of February 22–24, 2007, at the  Losail International Circuit in Qatar.

Superbike race 1 classification

Superbike race 2 classification

Supersport classification

References
 Superbike Race 1
 Superbike Race 2
 Supersport Race

Losail
Superbike World Championship

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: When to use ast.literal_eval I came across this code and it works, but I am not entirely sure about when to use ast and whether there are performance issues when this is used instead of getting the string value from input() and converting it to int.
import ast

cyper_key = ast.literal_eval(input("Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) : "))

# this get the user input as an int to the variable cyper_key

I read the docs I understand what it does.

This can be used for safely evaluating strings containing Python
  values from untrusted sources without the need to parse the values
  oneself. It is not capable of evaluating arbitrarily complex
  expressions, for example involving operators or indexing.

I am looking for an explanation on above bold points.

A: ast -> Abstract Syntax Trees

ast.literal_eval raises an exception if the input isn't a valid Python datatype, so the code won't be executed if it's not.
This link AST is useful for you to understand ast.

A: When to use it.
ast.literal_eval(input()) would be useful if you expected a list (or something similar) by the user. For example '[1,2]' would be converted to [1,2].
If the user is supposed to provide a number ast.literal_eval(input()) can be replaced with float(input()), or int(input()) if an integer is expected.

Performance
Note that premature [micro-]optimization is the root of all evil. But since you asked:
To test the speed of ast.literal_eval(input()) and float(input() you can use timeit.
Timing will vary based on the input given by the user.
Ints and floats are valid input, while anything else would be invalid. Giving  50% ints, 40% floats and 10% random as input, float(input()) is x12 faster.
With 10%, 10%, 80% and float(input()) is x6 faster.
import timeit as tt

lst_size = 10**5

# Set the percentages of input tried by user.
percentages = {'ints': .10,
               'floats': .10,
               'strings': .80}
assert 1 - sum(percentages.values()) < 0.00000001

ints_floats_strings = {k: int(v*lst_size) for k, v in percentages.items()}

setup = """
import ast

def f(x):
    try:
        float(x)
    except:
        pass

def g(x):
    try:
        ast.literal_eval(x)
    except:
        pass

l = [str(i) for i in range({ints})]
l += [str(float(i)) for i in range({floats})]
l += [']9' for _ in range({strings}//2)] + ['a' for _ in range({strings}//2)]
""".format(**ints_floats_strings)

stmt1 = """
for i in l:
    f(i)
"""

stmt2 = """
for i in l:
    g(i)
"""

reps = 10**1
t1 = tt.timeit(stmt1, setup, number=reps)
t2 = tt.timeit(stmt2, setup, number=reps)

print(t1)
print(t2)

print(t2/t1)

A: If it's going to be used as an int, then just use:
cypher_key = int(input("Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) : "))

Only use that if you expect the user to be entering 10e7 or something. If you want to handle different bases, you can use int(input(...), 0) to automatically divine the base. If it really is an integer value between 0 and 25, there's no reason to use ast.

A: Running this in a python-3.x shell, I get no differences when I give correct input:
>>> cyper_key = ast.literal_eval(input("Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) : "))
Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) : 5
>>> cyper_key
5

However, when you give a string or something that cannot be converted, the error can be confusing and/or misleading:
>>>  cyper_key = ast.literal_eval(input("Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) : "))
Enter the key (a value between 0 and 25) :  foo
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python", line 3, in <module>
ValueError: malformed node or string: <_ast.Name object at 0x136c968>

However, this can be useful if you don't want to cast either float or int to your input, which may lead to ValueErrors for your int or floating points for your float.
Thus, I see no necessary use in using ast to parse your input, but it can work as an alternate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HomeAnalysisTrump legal team zeroes in on expulsion of election irregularities
Trump legal team zeroes in on expulsion of election irregularities
Lawyered up and moving
November 17, 2020 This article was posted by TLB Staff Analysis, GOVERNMENT, Spotlight, Tyranny 0
(TLB) editor: Important and connected article links are available at the bottom of this post. re: [Trump campaign's Pennsylvania lawsuit heads to court Tuesday], [Voter discrepancies cause Nevada's largest county to throw out one local race] and [Georgia discovers 2,600 previously uncounted votes in presidential recount].
Trump legal team zeroes in on expulsion of election observers, data irregularities
Lawyers to ask the courts to throw out hundreds of thousands of votes cast without equal protection.
By John Solomon
President Trump's campaign legal team has beefed up with several senior lawyers as it prepares to challenge hundreds of thousands of votes cast in Democratic stronghold cities like Detroit and Philadelphia without required GOP observers, arguing the expulsions created disparate treatment or unequal protection of voters in violation of the Constitution.
The team led by former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and longtime Trump private lawyer Jay Sekulow has been expanded to include former Justice Department officials Victoria Toensing and Sidney Powell, former U.S. Attorney Joseph diGenova and trusted campaign lawyer Jenna Ellis.
Paul Clement (Pictured here/credit AP), a George W. Bush administration solicitor general with a strong record of arguing in front of the Supreme Court, would likely argue any cases that reached the nine justices, officials told Just the News.
The lawyers are prepared to argue that votes that were counted on election night and the day after without GOP observers present in Democrat-led cities should be thrown out because they were tainted by a process that was left open to fraud and abuse and illegally treated voters differently in various jurisdictions. The Trump campaign lawyers have identified 680,000-plus votes in Pennsylvania and about 250,000 in Michigan they believe fall into the category.
To augment the case, the lawyers are securing affidavits and declarations from citizens who allege:
they went to the polls to vote and were told they had already voted when they had not cast ballots
they are listed as voting in a state where they did not cast ballot
they witnessed fraudulent or improper vote counting activities as observers or election officials
extreme statistical anomalies uncovered in a handful of battleground states' vote totals are prima facie proof of fraudulent or untoward vote collection and counting activities
The request to discount large numbers of votes is a high legal and political hurdle to surmount, but it is not without precedent. In the last year, North Carolina threw out an entire special congressional election in its 9th District after evidence emerged that mail-in ballots were tainted by a ballot harvesting scheme tied to a GOP operative. And in New Jersey, a state judge earlier this year ordered new municipal election in Patterson, N.J., after evidence of ballot fraud emerged.
Both cases involve mail-in ballots, which are at the heart of the Trump campaign's arguments that rule changes by state officials — not approved by their legislatures as required by the Constitution — coupled with the exclusion of bipartisan vote count observers created election irregularities in parts of Michigan, Pennsylvania and other states that violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
"The President's election integrity efforts have always focused on guaranteeing that every legal vote is counted fairly, accurately, and according to the law. This is what our system requires and demands. The campaign has passionately advocated for his re-election and over 73 million Americans agreed the President deserves a second term. The litigation, however, is not a political endeavor; it is a legal one," Ellis told Just the News.
"President Trump is fighting to ensure that the people can have confidence in the legitimacy of the results for this election and every election in the future. Led by Mayor Giuliani, our legal team is aggressively pursuing the best legal remedies to stop the coordinated, systematic, pervasive irregularities, fraud, and outright disregard for the law that hijacked the 2020 election. Our U.S. Constitution contemplates that our election system may be attacked through corruption and our founders provided the remedies to safeguard our free and fair elections through our Electoral College system. The President will fight to preserve and protect our constitutional republic and our great nation."
Alan Dershowitz. Photo: a katz/Shutterstock.com
Alan Dershowitz, the famed Harvard law professor and successful appellate lawyer, told Just the News that the Trump campaign's strategy appears aimed at throwing the results of three battleground states' elections where Biden leads into doubt and forcing the House of Representatives to choose a winner because neither candidate can lawfully claim he has the 270 electoral votes necessary to win.
"Their goal is not to get Trump to 270 or more electoral votes, it's to keep Biden from getting 270 electoral votes and throw the election to the House," he said in an interview Monday evening.
Dershowitz said the Trump team must go beyond sufficient legal arguments and also provide the courts evidence that the number of votes cast into question is enough to have swung each challenged state's election.
He also sharply criticized news media and Democrats for attacking Trump's lawyers for waging the court cases. Some activists have even doxed certain lawyers, outing their contacts and addresses. "It's abhorrent that his lawyers are being attacked," he said. "The lawyers are doing exactly what lawyers are supposed to do."
Editor's Note: The author, John Solomon, hired Joseph diGenova and Victoria Toensing as personal lawyers to represent him on matters in 2018 and 2019.
THE FACTS INSIDE OUR REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK
North Carolina threw out an entire special congressional election
judge earlier this year ordered new municipal election in Patterson, N.J.,
Trump campaign's Pennsylvania lawsuit heads to court Tuesday
Voter discrepancies cause Nevada's largest county to throw out one local race
Georgia discovers 2,600 previously uncounted votes in presidential recount
(TLB) published this article with permission of John Solomon at Just the News
Some emphasis and pictorial content added by (TLB)
Click Here to read about the staff at Just the News
Stay tuned to …
The Liberty Beacon Project is now expanding at a near exponential rate, and for this we are grateful and excited! But we must also be practical. For 7 years we have not asked for any donations, and have built this project with our own funds as we grew. We are now experiencing ever increasing growing pains due to the large number of websites and projects we represent. So we have just installed donation buttons on our websites and ask that you consider this when you visit them. Nothing is too small. We thank you for all your support and your considerations … (TLB)
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Disclaimer: TLB websites contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available to our readers under the provisions of "fair use" in an effort to advance a better understanding of political, health, economic and social issues. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the copyright owner.
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(TLB) the liberty beacon
data irregularities
Democrat-led cities
election observers
equal protection
GOP observers
mail-in ballots
Trump legal team
Now They Are Saying That The Republican Party Is The #1 "National Security Threat To The United States Of America"
CDC Forced To "Adjust" Sunday's Florida "Record" CV Count Lower By Almost 50%
TRUMP SUPPORT OF RYAN'S AMNESTY BILLS IS SWAMP FIRST, NOT AMERICA FIRST


A New York Times Magazine article released in January 2016 entitled "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare" mentioned Issaquah as one of four water districts across the nation with a concerningly high level of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In response to residents' worries, the city temporarily shut off the city's Gilman Well No. 4 during the first week of March to look at treating the well for PFASs. The following month, the city invested $1 million in a water treatment system to clean the water in Well No. 4.
Issaquah participated in the EPAs Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) from 2013-2015. PFOS had been found in Well No. 4 at a level of 600 parts per trillion (ppt) in 2013 and 472 parts per trillion (ppt) in 2015 (Jennings, 2017). As of 2016 the EPA's lifetime health advisory level for combines PFOA/PFOS in drinking water is 70 ppt.
According to town documents, an environmental consulting group identified the Eastside Fire and Rescue (EF&R) property as potential source location "based on the initial groundwater sampling results, [and] a south-trending distribution of PFOS in groundwater from City Well 4, toward MW05".
Issaquah is mixing contaminated well water with other well water in order to dilute the chemical. An agenda bill at city council asked for $150,000 to treat Gilman Well #4 for PFOS in March 2016. State Department of Health is working with the city public works in order to ensure levels meet Federal EPA's PHA.


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Meet the nominees for Most Memorable Wig in this year's Real Housewives Awards.
That soda can wig sealed the deal.
There are no rules for fashion here, and Erika loves it.
Time to saddle up with your favorite Texans! It's an-all new season of RHOD with old friends, new feuds, and a whole lotta Southern shade.
Ramona Singer may be stuck in an elevator, but Luann de Lesseps is ready for a night out on the town.
She calls it a shift, but Ashley Darby said it was more like Cousin It came to the party... Watch it now.


text:
Landmark ruling as ASA rejects complaints over AHDB advert
By Alistair Driver August 18, 2021 3 Mins Read
In in a landmark ruling for British farming, the Advertising Standards Authority has rejected complaints made about AHDB's 'We Eat Balanced' advertising campaign
The £1.5 million campaign, ran across TV, print and social media during January and February 2021, reaching up to 18.5 million people, according to AHDB.
Unique in its cross-sector approach to promoting health messages across AHDB's sectors, it aimed to remind consumers of the role red meat and dairy play in a balanced diet. Its key messages focused on naturally occurring Vitamin B12 and how red meat and dairy production in the UK is amongst the most sustainable in the world.
The campaign attracted 487 complaints in total, including Humane League UK, The Vegan Society, Compassion in World Farming UK, Four Paws, PETA, Surge Campaigning CIC, Brinsley Animal Rescue and Viva! The challenged whether the ads were misleading because:
They implied that consumption of meat and dairy was required in order to eat a healthy, balanced diet when there was evidence to suggest that was not the case;
They misleadingly implied that consumption of meat and dairy was required in order to obtain vitamin B12; and
They misleadingly implied that livestock used for meat in the UK were typically outdoor grazed and had a minimal environmental impact when that was not the case.
Among its defence, AHDB argued that it used qualifying statements to promote a varied diet and to clarify that meat and dairy consumption was not required. It pointed out that the ads directed consumers to more detailed information by providing links to the website weeatbalanced.com
It pointed out that red meat and dairy were included in the Government's Eatwell Guide, which they used as a guide, and in line with National Diet & Nutrition Surveys, they also sought to inform consumers and provide a balanced view regarding the health effects of consuming red meat. The website outlined limits set on red meat consumption by the NHS.
It said that the claims did not go beyond the AHDB guides to understanding nutrition and health claims regulations for beef, lamb and pork, on which they had been given Assured Advice by their Primary Authority.
Citing the evidence used by AHDB to back the adverts' claims, the ASA rejected all three complaints, concluding, for example, that the ads would be understood by consumers to mean that essential nutrients required for humans could be obtained from meat and dairy foods as part of a healthy and balanced diet.
It also agreed that the ads showing, for example, 'rolling fields with cattle and sheep grazing, and an open field with pigs and livestock shelters' did not go so far as to suggest that the scenes shown were representative of all livestock farming in the UK, or that farming had a minimal environmental impact.
It said the ads were not misleading and no further action would be required.
AHDB's Chief Communications and Market Development Officer Christine Watts said: "We are delighted with the ASA's ruling and are grateful for the careful consideration they gave to all the points which were raised.
"For British farming this is an important day as we can continue to communicate the benefits around consuming red meat and dairy as part of a balanced diet. We work hard to ensure our campaigns are robust and evidence-based'
"We are now focused on preparing for the next stage of our campaign, which will launch later this year, tapping into consumer trends around diet, health and environmental sustainability."
The 'We Eat Balanced' campaign has been nominated for The Food and Drink Federation's 'Campaign of the Year' award.
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Alistair Driver


text:
\section{\label{sec:Background} Parylene as an electronic material}

Parylene is the trade-name for the organic polymer poly-para-xylylene. It is normally deposited from the gas phase \textit{via} a three-stage chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process involving: a) sublimation of a precursor dimer, [2,2] paracyclophane, at approximately $115^{\circ}$C, b) cracking into reactive monomers at approximately $700^{\circ}$C, and c) physisorption and polymerisation onto surfaces at room temperature.\cite{Fortin_book_2003} The process is conducted under moderate vacuum $\sim 10^{-3}$~mbar with a pressure gradient from the sublimation zone (high) to the deposition zone (low) driving drift of the gaseous dimer/monomer through the system. In addition to the standard chemistry, parylene N, a number of chemical variants exist including parylene C (mono-chlorinated), parylene D (di-chlorinated) and parylene AF-4 (fluorinated) versions, each with slightly different properties and performance advantages. All variants can be deposited by the same approach with some fine tuning of parameters.

A key feature of parylene that makes it attractive for electrical encapsulation applications is its good barrier properties, solvent resistance\cite{Koydemir_IEEE_2014, Kim_IEEE_2005}, chemical inertness\cite{Kroschwitz_book_1998, Koydemir_IEEE_2014} and high dielectric strength.\cite{Pang_IEEE_2005} Additionally, parylene is biocompatible\cite{Chang_Lang_2007} and widely used in biomedical applications such as coatings for medical implants\cite{Ghodssi_book_2011} and neural interfacing.\cite{Khodagholy_NC_2013, Koitmae_AMI_2016} Parylene is used in a wide range of industrial applications and has become an important building block of many microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).\cite{Yang_SA_1999, Yao_SA_2002, Xie_AC_2005} Parylene CVD can give exceptionally conformal polymer coatings compared to, e.g., dip coating, spin coating or spraying.\cite{Fortin_book_2003} Parylene generally adheres by physisorption, making it compatible with delicate surfaces and materials.\cite{Fortin_book_2003} This has lead to its use as an alternative gate insulator in semiconductor devices where oxides are associated with excessive charge trapping or damage to the conduction channel material.\cite{Podzorov_APL_2003, Stassen_APL_2004, Sabri_APL_2009, Chamlagain_ACSNano_2014, Gluschke_NL_2018} Thinking beyond gate insulators, ultra-thin parylene films can also be utilized as a biocompatible coating in nanoscale biosensors.\cite{Zang_CR_2016, Koitmae_AMI_2016}

Nanoscale device applications require reliable deposition of ultra-thin films, ideally with controllable thickness less than $30$~nm. Sub-$30$~nm parylene films have been previously achieved\cite{Spivack_JES_1969, Spivack_RSI_1970, Fortin_book_2003, Senkevich_CS_2003, Senkevich_CVD_2009, Rapp_TSF_2012} for film characterization but, with one recent exception,\cite{Kondo_APEX_2016} have not been used in devices. This is presumably due to two obstacles: (i) sub-$30$~nm parylene films are generally affected by pinholes,\cite{Rapp_TSF_2012} and (ii) nanometer control over film thickness is difficult to achieve with commercial coating systems. Thickness is typically controlled by varying the amount of supplied dimer; this can be inaccurate even for $>$2$~\mu$m films\cite{Sutomo_JMS_2003} due to variations in other process parameters.\cite{Kramer_JPC_1984, Fortin_book_2003, Sutomo_JMS_2003}

In a recent publication\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018} we addressed both problems. We fabricated fully functional wrap-gated nanowire field-effect transistors featuring a $20$-nm parylene~C film as the gate dielectric. The parylene film gave a conformal, electrically closed coating that could be patterned with standard nanofabrication techniques, e.g., oxygen plasma etching\cite{Meng_NT_2008} and electron-beam lithography, demonstrating the potential of parylene in nanoscale electronic device applications. Notably, our devices did not suffer from the gate leakage currents that might be expected due to pinholes, which have been previously noted for $20$~nm films with large area ($\sim 10$~mm$^{2}$).\cite{Rapp_TSF_2012} We attribute this to the sub-micron active gate area of our nanowire devices, which is much smaller than the average distance between pinholes in high-quality ultra-thin parylene films.\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018} This means that parylene can remain electrically effective in nanoscale devices even when pinhole densities increase for thinner films,\cite{Rapp_TSF_2012} providing their active area is also sufficiently small.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{F1_CVD_complete}
\caption{\label{fig:F1_CVD_complete}(a) Schematic and (b) photograph illustrating the design of our parylene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. The system consists of three zones: sublimation, pyrolysis and deposition, moving from left to right along the process line axis. The relevant chemical species and temperatures are given above the three zones. The pumping structures are shown below, and consist of two parallel pathways to the vacuum pump. In normal operation, Valve VB and VC are closed and Valves VA, VD and VE are open, such that monomer flows \textit{via} the deposition chamber to facilitate deposition. To terminate deposition, Valve VA is closed, rapidly evacuating the deposition chamber, and thereafter Valve VB is opened to divert process flow to avoid adverse pressures in other parts of the system. The green arrows indicate the monomer flow during the deposition with Valve VA open and Valve VB closed. The orange arrows indicate the flow of monomers after closing Valve VA and opening Valve VB diverting the monomer flow around the deposition chamber. The deposition chamber also houses a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and motor (M) for monitoring deposition and enhancing deposition uniformity, respectively. HC1 and HC2 are heater cords heating the chamber walls to prevent unintended deposition on the walls.}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:CVD} Key elements of the design of our parylene CVD system}

Figure~\ref{fig:F1_CVD_complete}(a/b) shows a schematic and photograph outlining the key design features and operating concept of our parylene CVD system. The system consists of three process zones -- sublimation, pyrolysis, and deposition -- connected upstream of a cold-trap and vacuum pump, as found in conventional parylene coating systems.\cite{Fortin_book_2003} Beyond this, our system differs in several very significant aspects. Firstly, our deposition chamber is much smaller, approximately the size of a soft-drink can ($\sim 7$~cm in diameter and $10$~cm long), with a butterfly valve (Valve VA) at the opening and a diaphragm valve (Valve VD) downstream. The small volume and butterfly valve combine to allow us to rapidly terminate deposition at any point in time -- closing Valve VA stops monomer access, allowing the pump to rapidly purge all reactive monomers from the deposition chamber. Secondly, our system has an alternate process pathway, which we activate by opening Valve VB after terminating deposition in the main deposition chamber. This diversion of monomer flow enables us to manage system pressures safely, and entirely decouple deposition control from any aspect of the sublimation process itself. This means that ultra-thin films can result from even quite large starting dimer quantities. This not only removes the inaccuracies that arise from weighing small masses of dimer, it also reduces the potential for contamination that can result if the residual impurities in the dimer sublime as the dimer runs out -- these go down a separate line to the cold-trap post-deposition, maintaining film quality. Note that it is also possible to use the alternate line at the early stages of the process to divert any volatile impurity fractions in the dimer. Thirdly, the system features a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to continuously monitor deposition and a small-motor drive to rotate the sample and ensure uniformity. The motor is at a $30^{\circ}$ angle to the process line axis in our system because the samples we predominantly coat are high-aspect ratio nanowires that stand perpendicular on the growth substrate, and this enables better coverage of the side-walls.

Beyond the above, the system is otherwise similar to a standard commercial parylene coater system. There is a sublimation zone with a heated boat for generating gaseous dimer, a tube furnace that serves as the pyrolysis zone, a vacuum pump with a cold trap in front of it to capture stray monomer before it can clog the pump, and an external heating system (labelled HC1 and HC2 in Fig.~1(a)) to keep the external surfaces at a temperature exceeding $100^{\circ}$C to minimise recondensation of dimer or polymerization of monomer on surfaces prior to reaching the deposition chamber.

In the sections that follow, we go into some detail regarding aspects of the design for the key sub-systems.

\section{\label{sub:Subl} Sublimation chamber}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{F2_sublimation}
\caption{\label{fig:F2_sublimation}(a) Schematic of the sublimation chamber; not to scale, (b) photograph of the `dimer boat' assembly. Labelled items are A: KF40 blank, B: KF40-KF16 reducing T-piece, C: {\it Briskheat} HTC451009 heating cord HC1, D: \textit{Markez} Z1028 FFKM high-temperature o-ring, E: {\it Fischer} DBEE S104-Z087-80+ connector, F: brass support rod, G: ceramic insulator, H: brass support rod, I: type-K thermocouple, J: {\it Chromalox} CIR-10121 $100~\Omega$ resistive heater, K: brass boat to carry dimer, L: Type-J thermocouple.}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:F2_sublimation}(a) shows a schematic of the sublimation chamber. A stainless-steel KF40-KF16 reducing T-piece (B) is used as the sublimation chamber housing. The compact chamber reduces the area that needs to be heated by the heating cord HC1 (C) ({\it Briskheat} HTC451009 170~W resistive heating cord) to prevent recondensation of sublimed dimer onto the chamber walls. The external type-J thermocouple (L) is used by the HC1 heater controller ({\it Briskheat} SDC240JC-A) to maintain the external wall temperature at $>100^{\circ}$C. We use a {\it Powertech} variac SRV-5 autotransformer inserted between the HC1 controller and the heating cord to tune the heating power. The KF-40 end-plate (A) is large enough to fit a {\it Fischer} DBEE S104-Z087-80+ connector feed-through (E). This feed-through features two AWG11 solder cups with a $28$~A current rating suitable for driving the sublimation boat heater (J), which is a {\it Chromalox} CIR-10121 240~V 225~W resistive cartridge heater, $30$~mm long and $6.25$~mm in diameter. This heater fits into a cylindrical recess in the `dimer boat' (K), which was machined from a block of brass and is large enough to hold approximately $1$~g of dimer. A photograph of the dimer boat assembly is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:F2_sublimation}(b). The boat temperature is monitored using a type-K thermocouple (I) screwed onto the side of the boat; its wires pass through the two smaller solder cups in the electrical feed-through (E). This thermocouple and the sublimation heater are driven by a home-built power-supply featuring a {\it JUMO} iTRON-16 PID controller. The remaining elements are structural. The dimer boat is positioned at the center of the chamber, and mounted on a pair of three-segment support rods. These rods are brass at the two ends (F/H) joined by a tight sliding fit to a $25$~mm long ceramic segment (G) in the center. This arrangement is used to limit heat transfer between the dimer boat and chamber walls to ensure better independent control and stability of the dimer boat temperature. The additional KF16 port on the chamber housing is currently not used, but was included to provide access for a pressure gauge or additional wiring if ever required.

\section{\label{sub:Pyro} Pyrolysis furnace}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{F3_furnace}
\caption{\label{fig:F3_furnace} A: {\it Swagelok} Ultra-Torr SS-16-UT-A-20 tube fitting, B: \textit{Markez} Z1028 FFKM high temperature o-ring, C: 1-inch stainless steel tube with $1.6$~mm wall thickness, D: ceramic inserts ($27$~mm ID and $38$~mm OD), E: $40$~mm diameter furnace tube for \textit{Heraeus} RO 4/25 tube furnace.}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:F3_furnace} shows a schematic of the furnace connected to the outlet of the sublimation chamber. This is the simplest part of the system, structurally, but nonetheless entails a significant challenge of dealing with thermal isolation between subsections in a functional way. The central component is a {\it Heraeus} RO 4/25 tube furnace (E) designed to reach temperatures up to $1200{^\circ}$C; we run this at $680-700{^\circ}$C for parylene deposition. The furnace has an integrated thermometer linked to the temperature controller. It is located on the surface of the ceramic furnace tube (external wall of ceramic cylindrical tube inside the furnace housing). A small discrepancy between the temperature at the thermometer location and the inside of the stainless-steel tube where dimer pyrolysis occurs is possible. We accounted for this discrepancy during process development by inserting a thermocouple into the stainless-steel tube and mapping the pyrolysis zone temperature against the furnace thermostat point. The pyrolysis zone temperature is typically around 5\% below the thermostat setpoint. We compensate for this in process operation by increasing the setpoint accordingly. The furnace has a ceramic tube with inner diameter $40$~mm. The process tube (C) is a $1$-inch stainless steel tube with $1.6$~mm wall thickness and length $60$~cm. Connections between the $1$~in stainless tube and the sublimation/deposition chambers are made using a pair of fittings (A) consisting of a {\it Swagelok} Ultra-Torr SS-16-UT-A-20 tube fitting welded to KF25 weld stub. The ultra-torr fittings are equipped with {\it Markez} Z1028 FFKM high-temperature o-rings (B), which are designed for use at temperatures up to $300^{\circ}$C. The process tube extends $\sim 10$~cm from the ends of the tube furnace to ensure the seals to the sublimation and deposition chambers are at an appropriately low temperature (below $200^{\circ}$C) to be well within the operating range of the {\it Markez} o-rings. The KF25 fittings connect directly to their respective chambers using standard viton o-rings. We use a pair of custom-made $5$~cm long ceramic rings (D) with inner diameter $27$~mm and outer diameter $38$~mm ({\it Mellen Co.}) to support the $1$~in stainless tube and close the gaps in the furnace tube to ensure correct operating temperature and good thermal stability in the pyrolysis zone.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics{F4_deposition_chamber}
\caption{\label{fig:F4_deposition_chamber} (a) Schematic of the deposition chamber; not to scale, (b) photograph the of sample holder and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor, (c) photograph of deposition chamber including the inlet and outlet. Labelled items are VA: {\it MDC Vacuum} 360012 KF40 butterfly valve, B: viton o-ring, C: KF40-KF25 conical reducer, D: {\it Edwards} FL20K foreline trap body, E: {\it Inficon} SL-B0E00 quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), F: SEM-stub sample holder, G: $1000:1$ low current micro metal gear-motor, H: microdot cable, I: Type-K thermocouple, J: {\it Fischer} DBEE S104-Z087-80+ electrical feed-through, K: FL20K retaining nut, L: KF25-KF16 cross-piece, M: {\it Edwards} APG100-XLC pressure sensor, N: KF16 T-piece, O: {\it Briskheat} HTC451009 heating cord HC2, P: brass end-plate, Q: brass wedge motor mount, R: Type-J thermocouple, and S: {\it Swagelok} ultra-Torr SS-2-UT-A-4 vacuum feed-throughs, T: KF16 flange MicroDot to BNC connector, VC: KF16 ball valve to vent, VD: {\it Edwards} KF25 Speedivalve for deposition chamber isolation, VB: {\it Edwards} KF16 Speedivalve.}
\end{figure*}

\section{\label{sub:Depo} Deposition chamber}

Figure~\ref{fig:F4_deposition_chamber}(a/c) shows a schematic and photograph of the deposition chamber. Figure~\ref{fig:F4_deposition_chamber}(b) shows a photograph of the sample holder assembly. The chamber housing (D) is a repurposed {\it Edwards} FL20K foreline trap, where we have replaced the aluminium top-cap with a $72$~mm diameter, $3$~mm thick brass plate (P) for feed-through access. The plate is held in place by the original retaining nut (K) and sealed by the original o-ring supplied with the FL20K. The brass plate is penetrated by two {\it Swagelok} ultra-Torr SS-2-UT-A-4 tube fittings (S) and a single {\it Fischer} DBEE S104-Z087-80+ electrical feed-through (J). The two ultra-torr fittings allow passage of the two water-cooling tubes for an {\it Inficon} front-load single sensor SL-B0E00 quartz crystal microbalance (E), which is mounted in the center of the deposition chamber. The water-cooling tubes are purely structural in this context; we do not connect them to a water supply as there is not enough heat generated by deposition for this to be necessary. A microdot cable (H), supplied with the QCM sensor, connects the sensor (E) to an external {\it Inficon} Q-pod quartz crystal monitor {\it via} a {\it McVac Manufacturing} PN 200-004 microdot-to-BNC KF16 flange feed-through (T), mounted on the Tee-piece (N) that sits below the deposition chamber. The main reason for doing this rather than going through the brass plate (P) is that a plate-mountable microdot-to-BNC feedthrough was not readily available. A pair of screw-holes on the back of the QCM sensor were used to mount a brass wedge-piece that serves two functions. First, it supports a type-K thermocouple (I) for monitoring deposition temperature. This thermocouple exits \textit{via} feed-through (J) and connects to a {\it Testo} 922 thermometer since it is not used to drive a heater. We use the remaining two pins on the feed-through (J) to drive a 1000:1 low current micro metal gear-motor (G) for sample rotation. The motor is mounted on the brass wedge piece such that its rotation axis makes a $30^{\circ}$ angle to the process-line axis, as indicated in Figure~\ref{fig:F1_CVD_complete}. The sample holder (F) is a scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) specimen stub attached to the motor drive-shaft. The motor gear ratio was chosen such that the sample rotation speed is approximately $10$~rpm, helping to ensure even conformal coating of our high-aspect ratio nanowire structures, as detailed further in Gluschke {\it et al.}\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018} The motor needs to be run at low power to avoid heating the sample, and thereby negatively impacting the deposition rate.\cite{Fortin_book_2003}

A key feature of the deposition chamber for parylene thickness control is a pair of vacuum valves: a {\it MDC Vacuum} 360012 KF40 butterfly valve (VA) in front of the deposition chamber and an {\it Edwards} KF25 Speedivalve (VD) at the back of the deposition chamber, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:F4_deposition_chamber}(c). The KF40 butterfly valve (VA) allows rapid termination of deposition when the desired thickness is achieved without adversely restricting monomer flow into the chamber during operation. When this valve is closed, the deposition chamber is rapidly evacuated; the {\it Edwards} APG100-XLC pressure sensor (M) mounted on the cross-piece under the deposition chamber enables us to monitor this. The KF25 Speedivalve slightly restricts flow to help retain monomer supply in the chamber to drive polymerisation/deposition, and enables the chamber to be fully isolated. A final aspect of this pumping system is a KF16 ball valve (VC) that enables the deposition chamber to be vented and opened without having to break vacuum in other parts of the system (Valves VA and VD closed). This is an optional extra for convenience rather than a functional requirement.

All fittings between the furnace and deposition chamber are wrapped in Heating Cord HC2 (O) ({\it Briskheat} HTC451009 $170$~W resistive heating cord) to inhibit monomer deposition prior to reaching the deposition chamber. The type-J thermocouple (R) and heating cord are connected to a second {\it Briskheat} SDC240JC-A. We do not run the heater cord HC2 beyond the KF25 opening of the deposition chamber to avoid the hot deposition chamber walls from radiatively heating the sample, and thereby reducing the deposition rate at the sample surface. We also do not extend wall-heating downstream of the deposition chamber as any monomers that pass the chamber will obviously not return, and they are better off in the cold trap (ideal case) or pumping line walls (non-ideal case) than in the vacuum pump (worst case). This inevitably means some key components inside and downstream from the deposition chamber, e.g., the pressure sensor, valves and motor, could also accumulate thin parylene coatings over time. The pressure sensor is a Pirani gauge, which makes it immune to parylene deposition as its active components are heated during use (it measures pressure via heat loss from a hot wire). This makes it a wise choice of gauge for use in parylene coating systems in contrast to, e.g., a capacitive pressure sensor. The valves that are used unheated have relatively wide openings and readily replaceable seals. We have found after approximately 100 depositions with typical film thicknesses of 20~nm at the sample position that none of these components have been adversely affected by parylene accumulation.

\section{\label{sub:Vac} Vacuum system}

The remainder of the system from Fig.~\ref{fig:F1_CVD_complete} is relatively simple. Valves VB, VD and VE are all {\it Edwards} KF25 Speedivalves for rapid, economical operation. Valve VC is a low-cost KF16 ball valve, but could easily also be an {\it Edwards} Speedivalve or blanked off. The only critical valve in the system is Valve VA, which is a butterfly valve for reasons discussed in Section~\ref{sub:Depo}. The connections between Valves VB/VD and Valve VE are KF25 stainless steel flex-line. Valve VE is immediately in front of a liquid nitrogen cold-trap that was repurposed from a retired vacuum thermal evaporator. The cold trap is a standard feature on commercial parylene coaters also, and is designed to scavenge all remaining monomers to prevent polymerization from contaminating the vacuum pump. The vacuum pump is an {\it Edwards} RV8 rotary vacuum pump. Presently, the only vacuum gauge on the system is the {\it Edwards} APG100-XLC just behind the deposition chamber, although we have the option to add a gauge at the blanked KF16 port on the sublimation chamber (see Section~\ref{sub:lessons}), and the modular nature of the system would make it relatively easy to add pressure gauges at other points if required.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics{F5_deposition_data}
\caption{\label{fig:F5_deposition_data} Plot of (a) parylene C deposition rate and (b) total film thickness vs time as measured by the QCM during a typical parylene deposition. The dashed vertical lines indicate the start and end of deposition upon opening and closing Valve VA. (c) AFM image of a $10$~nm thick parylene C layer on an InAs substrate. (d) Plot of the increase in film thickness measured using ellipsometry post-deposition vs thickness measured with a reused QCM crystal {\it in situ} during deposition. Pristine Si/SiO$_{2}$ substrates are shown as blue upright triangles and substrates that were pre-coated with a parylene C layer prior to this deposition are shown as red inverted triangles.}
\end{figure*}

\section{\label{sub:Rout} Typical deposition process}

The following discussion is entirely referenced to Figure~\ref{fig:F1_CVD_complete}(a) and describes a typical operating sequence. Initially, all heating elements are off and the system vented {\it via} Valve VC. The dimer boat is cleaned of any residue from previous deposition and approximately $100$~mg of {\it Curtiss Wright} parylene-C dimer or {\it SCS Coatings} DPX-N parylene-N dimer is added. The sample is mounted on the sample holder using double-sided tape. A piece of Si/SiO$_{2}$ substrate is typically mounted beside the sample for post-deposition thickness measurement using ellipsometry or AFM (see Section~\ref{sub:thickness}). The boat and sample holder are replaced in the system, which is then sealed by closing Valve VC, before evacuating to a pressure $P~=~5~\times~10^{-3}$~mbar with Valves VA and VC closed and Valves VB, VD, and VE open. The cold trap is filled with liquid nitrogen before switching on the furnace, and topped up as required. The furnace is set to 680$^{\circ}$C for parylene C and 700$^{\circ}$C for parylene N and heating cord HC2 is heated to 40$^{\circ}$C. At this point, we wait for all temperature readings to stabilize which typically takes $60-90$~min. At this point the deposition chamber pressure has typically improved to below $5~\times~10^{-4}$~mbar.

To initiate sublimation we increase the dimer boat and HC1 temperatures at approx. $\sim$10$^{\circ}$C/min to $110-120^{\circ}$C. Valve VA remains closed until the boat reaches 110$^{\circ}$C, with any dimer flow diverted along the alternate path (orange arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:F1_CVD_complete}) so that any volatile contaminants in the dimer do not end up in the deposition chamber. Deposition is commenced by opening Valve VA and closing Valve VB. Figure~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}(a) and (b) shows the deposition rate and accumulated film thickness measured by the QCM during a typical deposition. Deposition starts at time $t~\approx~4$~min. The deposition rate increases to $\sim0.7$~\AA/s as the boat temperature increases from 110$^{\circ}$C to $115^{\circ}$C. Deposition stabilises at $t~\approx$~8~min as the boat temperature settles. At fixed boat temperature, we generally observe a gradual deposition rate decrease as the dimer is consumed for longer depositions than shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}(a). The measured pressure follows roughly the same profile as in Fig.~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}(a) with a peak at $P~\approx~2~\times~10^{-3}$~mbar. Deposition is terminated by closing Valve VA and opening Valve VB to divert dimer flow onto the alternate path. This termination of the deposition occurs at $t~\approx~13$~min in Fig.~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}(a) marked by the abrupt drop in deposition rate. The heaters and furnace are all switched off and the system is left to cool under vacuum after use. Valve VC can be used to vent the deposition chamber to recover the sample without needing to vent the rest of the system with Valves VD and VA closed. Multiple sequential depositions can, in principle, be performed with this system if required.

\section{\label{sub:thickness} Thickness measurements}

The parylene film thickness after the deposition was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) or ellipsometry. Both methods provided reliable and consistent thickness measurements. The ellipsometer measurement proved to be more time-efficient. A $10~\times~10$~$\mu$m$^{2}$ piece of Si/SiO$_{2}$ was prepared as a reference sample by accurately determining the SiO$_{2}$ thickness using ellipsometry. The chip was placed in the deposition chamber and measured again after the deposition. The wavelengths $\lambda$ were restricted to an interval were parylene is transparent ($>$400~nm). This allows the data to be fitted as a bilayer of SiO$_{2}$ and parylene where parylene is modelled as a Cauchy material\cite{Tompkins_Ellipsometry_1993} with the refractive index $n(\lambda) = A_{n} + B_{n} \cdot \lambda ^{-2} + C_{n} \cdot \lambda ^{-4}$.\cite{Herzinger_JAP_1998} We found typical Cauchy coefficients for parylene C of $A_{n} = 1.58$, $B_{n} = 0.018$~$\mu$m$^2$ with a weak dependence on film thickness, with $C_{n}$ being negligible, in good agreement with literature \cite{Flesch_PSS_2009, Machorro_AO_1991, Callahan_JVS_2003} For thickness measurements by AFM, a reference substrate was partially masked with {\it 3M} sellotape. The tape was peeled off after the deposition leaving a sharp edge between parylene film and substrate. Figure~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}c shows an AFM image of a $10$~nm thick parylene film on an InAs substrate. The AFM data also shows that the film is closed with no pinholes in the imaged area. A more detailed characterization of our ultrathin parylene films and comparison to known electrical properties of thicker films is provided in Gluschke \textit{et al.}\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018} To briefly summarize, we found a breakdown electric field of 240-300~V/$\mu$m and a dielectric constant of 3.1 $\pm$ 0.7 at 120~Hz for parylene C, consistent with values obtained for bulk films.\cite{Kahouli_APL_2009,Heid_DG_2016}

An important aspect of parylene deposition is that nucleation is affected by the substrate.\cite{Vaeth_Lang_2000} Parylene readily grows on existing parylene films or surfaces treated with adhesion promoter, but can be delayed by nucleation effects on other surfaces.\cite{Vaeth_Lang_2000} The place where this has an important impact is on the QCM measurements. If the QCM sensor crystal has been used for an earlier deposition, it can accumulate parylene rapidly while deposition on the sample is delayed by nucleation, giving considerable reading errors. Figure~\ref{fig:F5_deposition_data}(d) shows the final film thickness obtained by the reused QCM vs the thickness measured by ellipsometry. We found that the QCM thickness was generally $20-30\%$ higher than actual for $\sim 30~nm$ films grown on clean untreated SiO$_{2}$ for a reused sensor crystal. Even larger discrapencies were occasionaly observed for thicker films. In contrast, for a sample with an existing parylene layer, the measured QCM thickness for a reused crystal is accurate. We recommend choosing new or used QCM crystals based on the sample, and note that crystals can be `reset' rather than replaced because parylene is readily etched in oxygen plasma. More specialised end-point sensor systems might also be useful.\cite{Sutomo_JMS_2003}

\section{\label{sub:lessons} Lessons learned}

There are several useful lessons learned in designing, building and testing this system that are useful to be aware of in either following this design or considering variations for different purposes.

Firstly, a design based on off-the-shelf vacuum fittings was a significant advantage as it can be quickly modified to improve performance or tailor it for slightly different projects. Our original intention with the small deposition chamber was to enable rapid removal of reactive monomers at the end of deposition, but we can see an additional advantage to this design. By incorporating a second butterfly or gate valve at the deposition chamber outlet, the system would enable parylene coatings onto device surfaces with high atmospheric sensitivity, e.g., graphene or transition metal dichalcogenides, without them needing to see ambient atmosphere in processing. For example, the deposition chamber can be isolated by closing both valves, removed from the system and transferred to a glovebox. A sample could be loaded under oxygen/water-free conditions, the chamber resealed, and then transferred for connection back into the parylene system. The rest of the system can be evacuated prior to opening the inlet/outlet valves for the deposition chamber, ensuring the sample surface sees only glovebox atmosphere and vacuum. This makes the design presented here potentially more useful for air-sensitive samples than commercial systems with much larger deposition chambers.

In earlier versions of our system, we used a quartz furnace tube rather than stainless steel. The strain exerted by thermal expansion and the weight of the sublimation and deposition chambers led to relatively frequent tube fracture. We find the stainless steel is far more robust with little detrimental effects from the higher thermal conductivity of stainless steel relative to quartz.

An early design concept for our system included the possibility of having a metering valve between the sublimation chamber and furnace to restrict dimer flow down the system. This is the main reason for the KF16 port on the sublimation chamber, as we intended for a second pressure gauge here to monitor sublimation chamber pressure relative to downstream deposition chamber pressure. We found this feature to be entirely unnecessary in the system as designed here, but for a system with substantive modifications, it may be necessary for constraining the parylene deposition rate to maintain adequate control for nanometer thickness parylene films.

\section{Conclusion}

We designed and built a parylene chemical vapor deposition system for controlled deposition of ultra-thin parylene films. The system features a small deposition chamber that can be isolated and purged for process termination, a quartz crystal microbalance for monitoring deposition, and a rotating angled stage to increase coating conformity. The system was mostly built from off-the-shelf vacuum fittings allowing for easy modification and reduced cost compared to commercial parylene coating systems. We recently demonstrated the capabilities of the system by fabricating functional gate-all-around nanowire field-effect transistors featuring a $20$~nm parylene C gate dielectric.\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018} The system is designed with a focus on ultra-thin films for nanoscale device applications, a niche that is not well catered to by commercial coating systems, which are traditionally designed to give thicker coatings (microns) over much larger areas with high uniformity. An added advantage of our design for nanoscale device applications is that the small deposition chamber is readily removable for transfer to a glovebox to enable parylene deposition onto pristine surfaces prepared in oxygen/water-free environments with minimal contamination.

This system was designed specifically for nanoscale devices on small $<1$~cm$^{2}$ substrates, where we can ensure that the device active area to pinhole density ratio plays in our favour. However, there are some lessons that could translate well to wafer-scale coating systems for thin parylene films. Firstly, the combination of in-situ thickness monitoring with a mechanism to rapidly isolate and purge the deposition chamber of monomer is effective in controlling the final film thickness. This would incentivise smaller deposition chambers and/or higher pumping speeds than otherwise are typical on current commercial coating systems. The key factor in scale-up with ultra-thin films will inevitably be pinholes, which are most problematic for applications requiring films with high quality over very large areas. Surface treatments prior to deposition, such as plasma etching, in combination with post-deposition annealing can help mitigate these problems.\cite{Kondo_APEX_2016} For scale-up in our application, namely nanoscale devices, pinholes become a yield issue where the yield is governed by the ratio of device active area to pinhole density. This can in principle be relatively high, as we found for our nanowire transistors, where yields of order 80\% can be obtained readily.\cite{Gluschke_NL_2018}

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was funded by the UNSW Goldstar Scheme and the Australian Research Council (ARC) under DP170102552 and DP170104024. The work was performed in part using the NSW node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). We thank Jack Cochrane for contributing to designing and assembling parts of the CVD system. APM acknowledges Vitaly~Podzorov and Michael~Gershenson at Rutgers University for initial inspiration on this design. Their very simple glass tube design from ca.~2003\cite{PodzorovWeb} made us realise that building our own parylene coater rather than fighting to modify a commercial coating system was not total folly. APM and JGG also thank Colin Hall at the University of South Australia for allowing us to look inside his commercial coating system while drafting this paper to better understand the key design differences between our design and what is typically available to customers of parylene coating systems.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Now, Cassandra owns two locations of Glistening Goddesses - the other is in Richmond Square in Providence - with her sister Alexandra Capraro. Both women do hundreds of spray tans a week, and Alexandra offers eyelash extensions as well. The original location in Johnston just underwent a major expansion and opened in early March.
Clients range from people getting ready to go on vacation or who want to add some natural color to their complexion all the way to professionals in beauty pageants and fitness competitions. For them, Cassandra says, they can do contouring, for when it's important that someone look their very best. Glistening Goddesses counts many of the Patriots Cheerleaders among their clients, as well as Miss Universe-turned-actress Olivia Culpo.


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