This healthier peanut butter pie is made better for you with natural peanut butter, just a little honey and a grain-free chocolate crust! For a more traditional crust, use this chocolate cookie pie crust.
I'm super excited to be sharing this with you today! Like, ridiculously, almost-peeing-in-my-pants excited. Peanut butter pie has always been my favorite pie but I didn't think it could be made healthier and still actually be tasty. I'm not a fan of natural peanut butter in baked goods and for some reason, I didn't think it'd be good in pie but I was very happy to be proven wrong! I also had major doubts about naturally sweetening a peanut butter pie but only three tablespoons of honey was enough to nicely sweeten the entire filling. And there wasn't any honey aftertaste!
The crust is also naturally sweetened with dates and honey. There are three tablespoons of chocolate chips in the dough but we needn't even think about them. ;) If you really want to, you can omit them.
Instead of regular whipped cream, I used whipped coconut cream. You refrigerate a can of coconut milk overnight, scoop out the cream that forms on top, and whip it. That's all it is! Super easy but requires a little planning. You can also use regular whipped cream if you prefer.
This is the perfect dessert for when you need some peanut butter and chocolate goodness but don't want to turn on the oven! You normally have to bake the crust of a peanut butter pie, but this one is totally no-bake and raw. The grain-free crust is adapted from my chocolate hazelnut fudge bites. I subbed almonds for the hazelnuts but you could definitely use peanuts if you prefer! I just went almonds because they're supposed to be more healthy than peanuts.
The crust isn't crisp like a regular crust, and with a day in the refrigerator, it's quite soft. If that bothers you, spread a layer of ganache over the crust. I'd make about half of this recipe. I'm kicking myself that I didn't do that myself! If you have any leftover, you can always drizzle it on top.
I used cream cheese in this because peanut butter pie just isn't peanut butter pie without cream cheese. So sorry to my vegan and dairy-free friends! Though I suppose this homemade vegan and paleo cream cheese work work just fine. I'm not promising anything, though. ;) Make sure to use agave instead of honey for a vegan version of the pie filling. For a peanut free version of this pie, replace the peanut butter in the topping with almond butter!
The only annoying thing is that this recipe doesn't use the entire can of coconut milk. It just uses the cream part, and not even all of it (though it would if you want to use cream as a garnish!) I didn't add as much whipped cream as a regular peanut butter pie because I didn't want to taste the coconut at all. A coconut peanut butter pie sounds amazing, but that's not what I was going for here.
With the store brand coconut cream I used, I didn't detect the slightest bit of coconut flavor and I'm hoping that this will be true for all brands. But I still wouldn't bother making this pie if you hate coconut just because there's a chance your pie could taste a little coconut-y. As for the leftover coconut milk, I used it in this raspberry coconut smoothie.
Every brand of coconut milk I've tried has separated without problem, but I've read that some people have issues with certain brands. I haven't tried it myself, but the Whole Foods brand of coconut milk is highly recommended. Thai Kitchen is, too, if you don't mind BPA. See this post for brand comparisons and for step-by-step photos on how to whip coconut cream!
For the chocolate curls, I just used a block of milk chocolate and a potato peeler. Super simple! Though it took quite a while – about 10 minutes. Here's a video that shows you how to make them.
In the bowl of a food processor fitted with an S-blade, pulse the almonds until finely ground, almost like almond meal. Be careful not to process too long as it'll start to turn into almond butter.
Remove the almonds from the food processor and set aside.
Add the dates to the food processor and process until a paste-like mass forms. It won't break down into a liquid paste, but should be spreadable.
Add the remaining ingredients (except the ground almonds) and pulse until fully combined.
Add the ground almonds and process until it comes together. It might be necessary to scrape the sides of the bowl to get the date paste fully combined.
Press the mixture onto the bottom and up the sides of an ungreased 9" tart pan.
Place this in the refrigerator while preparing the filling.
Carefully scoop out 1/3 cup of coconut cream from the chilled can of coconut milk. If you want to use whipped coconut cream as garnish, go ahead and whip the entire layer of coconut cream.
Using an electric hand mixer, beat the coconut cream for 1-2 minutes or until light and creamy. If you just used the 1/3 cup of cream, you should now have about 1/2 cup whipped coconut cream (a little bit more or less won't hurt). Set this bowl aside.
In a medium mixing bowl, beat together the peanut butter, salt if using, vanilla, honey and cream cheese until well combined and no lumps remain. Taste and add more honey or salt, if necessary.
Gently fold in the whipped coconut cream.
Remove the crust from the refrigerator and scoop and spread the filling over the crust.
For the chocolate curls, use a potato peeler and a block of chocolate. See the post for a link to a video tutorial.
Cover and refrigerate the pie for 3 hours before serving.
Can be refrigerated for up to 4 days. It can also be frozen. Let it thaw for 5-10 minutes before serving.
If you don't live in North America, you probably don't have bricks of cream cheese. You probably have the kind which is spreadable and meant for toast. For this recipe, take 300 grams of cream cheese and put it on the center of a cheesecloth or a thin kitchen towel which won't leave behind a bunch of fibers. Squeeze out enough of the liquid so that it resembles brick cream cheese. You should now have 225 grams of cream cheese.
53 comments on "Healthier No-bake Peanut Butter Pie (grain-free)" — Add one!
This filling was really good! The only thing I did differently for the filling was that I didn't whip the coconut cream but I just added all of the cream from one can of coconut milk once all the other ingredients were mixed together. This seemed to work well for me. I also like it better with the crust from your chocolate cream pie recipe!! So good thank you!!
I'm happy that you enjoyed it! And I'll have to try this with the chocolate cream pie crust, too. I much prefer that one over no-bake crusts. :) Thanks a bunch for sharing your tips and for your comment!
Um yes, I am peeing my pants excited over this one too Erin!!
Hi- Do you think the crust might be crispy if it were baked first before adding the filling?
I haven't tried it but I'm pretty sure that wouldn't work. I think it'd come out rubbery. Sorry about that!
This looks amazing.I do have a question though,can I replace honey for maple syrup?My little guy is allergic to honey.Thanks.
This looks so delicious – would love to try it for a family bbq coming up but one of the guests are allergic to nuts – do you think this would work with almond butter?
Can you suggest a healthy ganache to put over the crust?
I love the fact that you add dates to this crust! I love peanut butter and chocolate, but I try not to keep too much in the house since I have little (read no) self control :P I'm going to have to get some coconut cream and make this soon!!
Haha. I have the same self control issue. ;) This is a nice recipe because you can easily halve it. And if you're worried about buying peanut butter, you could always make your own and just make enough for the recipe. Then you can't overeat. :D I hope you'll enjoy the recipe if you try it and thanks for your comment!
I just wanted to let you know that I did make this and loved it! I actually didn't have any chocolate chips laying around, but I substituted them with M&Ms and it turned out amazing! I think it was actually better the next day. I'll definitely be making this again!
What a great recipe for those who need gluten free! I have a niece who does, and she would love this recipe…thanks for sharing!
I know you will be appalled but I don't like cream cheese, could you recommend a substitute?
Giiiiiirl! This looks insanely amazing! And you say it's healthier, eh? Slice please!!!
You are a GENIUS! I could just hug you. This looks incredible!
A crust that is made from natural sweeteners and nuts is always the cherry (or in this case the Peanut Butter) on top!
This looks fantastic! I love the addition of the whipped coconut cream, so clever!
Sounds rich and looks yummy! I already developed several variants of the recipe in my head. Will try.
Peanut butter pie is a staple in our family, and I love these ideas of making it healthier!
"I used cream cheese in this because peanut butter pie just isn't peanut butter pie without cream cheese." SO TRUE!
I am in love with all things chocolate and pb (my hubby isn't – SO WEIRD. but he also ate 13 waffles so…) so I need this. I just discovered the amazing-ness that is coconut cream and now I am putting it on ALL THE THINGS.
What a gorgeous piece of MMmm!!!
Oooh, I totally want this for breakfast!
I'm definitely looking to expand my range of no-bake desserts this summer (I may be a little optimistic based on how much it's raining at the moment…) and this sounds perfect!
GIMMMEEEE. I've been waiting fot this since I saw it on Instagram! It's cute that you say not to leave it out at room temp for more than 15 minutes, do you really think it would last that long?? I tihnk I'd inhale this in like 4 minutes, tops.


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Tags Economy
KSE-100 Index gains 187 points, closes at 42,983.75
News Desk - November 16, 2022 0
It was a good day for traders at the Pakistan Stock Exchange as the KSE-100 Index closed in the green zone on Wednesday, gaining...
Manufacturing sector experiences recovery after July 2022 dip
The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics says the Large-Scale Manufacturing Index (LSMI) increased by slightly 0.01 percent for September, 2022 when compared with September, 2021...
Strengthening of rupee Ishaq Dar's top priority, says won't allow fiddling with exchange rate
Finance Minister Ishaq Dar on Wednesday said that strengthening of rupee would be his top priority, followed by reducing the inflation and interest rates...
Pakistan will 'absolutely not' default on debt obligations, says Miftah
Agencies - September 19, 2022 0
Pakistan will "absolutely not" default on debt obligations despite catastrophic floods, Finance Minister Miftah Ismail said on Sunday, signalling there would be no major...
Miftah to be made scapegoat? Hints at his early exit
News Desk - September 3, 2022 0
With the country's economy teetering amid record-high inflation, Minister for Finance Miftah Ismail has hinted at his early exit, saying that although the coalition...
Hammad hopes inflation will fall this year
Energy Minister Hammad Azhar has reassured that the economic situation of Pakistan, though serious at present, is "somewhat better" than other countries of the...
Economy on right path, says Tarin
News Desk - December 4, 2021 0
Adviser to the Prime Minister on Finance and Revenue Shaukat Tarin on Friday admitted that the recent economic uncertainties were caused by external factors,...
Is Afghan economy on verge of collapse?
News Desk - October 5, 2021 0
Afghanistan is encountering a cash crisis that has crippled the country's frail economy, only a few weeks after the US troops left, Border restrictions,...
Food import bill up 22pc in fiscal year's first month
Pakistan's food import bill grew by 22.24 per cent to $647.036 million in July compared to $529.311m of the first month of last financial...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What Is an Element Group?
Wingmen Elements are small groups that meet locally and are the conduit for men to form transparent, Christ-centered masculine relationships.
Element groups are the core of Wingmen Ministries and is the best way to connect with other men in your local area.


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Chris Cuomo's extremely bad birther-coddling tweet
Update: Cuomo deleted the tweet
Written by Simon Maloy
Published 01/22/19 3:34 PM EST
Early this morning a famously thick-witted right-wing troll authored an inflammatory and ignorant tweet arguing that Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA) is not a natural-born citizen and is thus ineligible to run for the presidency. Harris was born in Oakland in 1961, which means she's been a citizen since birth, which means she's a natural-born citizen of the United States as defined by legal and historical precedent, which means she doesn't have to call off her just-announced candidacy for president. There is no credible argument to the contrary, and there is no evidence to the contrary -- there's just a deceitful tweet from a known fraudster.
But the accusation was provocative enough for CNN anchor Chris Cuomo to (in a since-deleted tweet) exhort both parties of this nonexistent argument -- the idiot troll and the California senator -- to get all the facts out there and resolve the issue:
"The longer there is no proof either way, the deeper the effect." There is proof! Harris was born in California. She's a citizen. That's the proof. The way a nonsense allegation like this builds "effect" is if it's treated with any degree of seriousness by the press.
After the prolonged and ridiculous farce that was the Obama birther movement, only the most credulous and determinedly obtuse media figures would see the same exact allegations inflicted on another politician of color and extend any presumption of good faith to the malicious cretins behind it. Cuomo has done exactly that, and he went a step further by nudging Harris to lay out her "proof" to the contrary, wrongly suggesting that there's anything that needs disproving.
Cuomo's tweet got slammed by Twitter users, so he backpedaled and angrily insisted that he was only demanding that Harris' accusers back up their allegation. Even if you were to grant Cuomo this explanation, he still presumed that there could be anything more to this story than a famously disreputable troll hurling racist nonsense at a Democratic presidential candidate. After absorbing enough criticism, Cuomo deleted the tweet, explaining: "The tweet was meant to put onus on accuser. Not Harris. That is the lesson of birtherism."
That is not the lesson of birtherism. The Obama-era birthers never came anywhere close to proving their accusation, and it didn't matter one bit. The only thing they cared about was getting people to treat their obvious bullshit with a modicum of seriousness. The country's most famous birther was challenged repeatedly to back up his outlandish allegations about President Barack Obama; he never did, but flogging the racist conspiracy theory made him a hero to the political movement that eventually elected him president.
The larger problem here is that there are influential figures in the press who bafflingly, incomprehensibly still don't understand that there is a right-wing propaganda machine that exists solely to extrude disinformation in the hope that it will filter up through the media. Cuomo likely believes his treatment of this new-wave birtherism is high-minded and fair; it never occurs to him that he's giving the trolls exactly what they want.
This post has been updated for clarity.
Birther Conspiracy Theory
Fox News guest accuses the media of "baiting" Trump by asking about racist "birther" smear
Video & Audio 08/16/20 2:33 PM EDT
The birthers are back for Kamala Harris
Conservative Media's Spurious Thomas Jefferson Gun Quote Becomes Ben Carson Talking Point


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Men's Brief Underwear
Archive by Category "Men's Brief Underwear"
What are the hidden agendas of Mens briefs?
By Gerald Guevarra In men's brief, men's lingerie, Men's Underwear April 14, 2020
Not every man is made for G-strings and not every man is made for Brief underwear, everything depends on the comfort level. Similarily A few people like to wear the simple and traditional style of lingerie whereas some men like to stay...
What makes Male Brief the best?
By JOHN MICHAEL In designer underwear, fashion underwear, male brief, men's sexy underwear, Men's Underwear March 22, 2019
Have you ever felt the constant urge of adjusting the pouch below the belt? It is definitely not a very happy feeling to be sure about. The male brief has been the ideal choice of men's underwear since the beginning of the...
Comfort counts with Intymen Serenity Briefs
By JOHN MICHAEL In Intymen, men's brief, mens underwear November 29, 2017
So, do you like how men's briefs make you feel? It is understood how breathability can make or break the feeling that you have for the men's underwear style but choosing the right brand and products diminishes the factors. When you look...
Keep your manhood in focus with Otzi Briefs
By JOHN MICHAEL In men's briefs, men's underwear October 23, 2017
Have you ever slipped into a pair of men's brief underwear and felt that your manhood has finally gained some visibility? Have you ever tried a men's underwear brand that brings together conventional designs with the modern twists? If you haven't, Otzi...
Add the pop down there with 2xist Yellow Briefs
By JOHN MICHAEL In 2xist, men's brief, Men's Underwear September 25, 2017
What is the first thing that you notice when it comes to your men's underwear? Will it be the color or the cut? Will it be the pouch or the waistband? I would certainly go with the color and then move onto...
Have you seen the magic done by men's briefs to your personality? December 10, 2020
What I wish everyone knew about Men's Bikini Brief Underwear August 19, 2020
What are the hidden agendas of Mens briefs? April 14, 2020
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What makes Male Brief the best? March 22, 2019
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Long Term Visit Pass rejection, what to do next?
My family including 2 siblings, father and mother are in Singapore. My father is a PR. Me and my brother are in EP. My mother recently moved to Singapore on 2nd Dec 2012. Then applied for LTVP, along with the extension till 1st Feb. Then ICA gave her stay till 28th Feb during the LTVP processing. Now the LTVP is unsuccessful.
1. Is there any way I can appeal it? if so how?
2. The stay given till 28Feb, can I apply for STVP extension as we did not apply for extension through e-Xtend before?
3. If she needs to leave Singapore, when Can she visit Singapore again within this year? Is there any limit to visit Singapore in a year?
Re: Long Term Visit Pass rejection, what to do next?
vinothkanna wrote: My father is a PR. Me and my brother are in EP.
I'm wondering whether this might have something to do with it. The question might have occurred as to why the EPs - especially your brother; was this done to avoid NS? If that were the conclusion then possibly the decision would be made not to allow any further family members to stay.
Mi Amigo, I'm sorry that me and my brother are already 27 and 29 years old. I do not think this got anything to do with NS.
Additional info that my fathers PR is expiring in July and he needs to renew his re entry permit. Could that be the reason why my mothers the long term visa was rejected?
Does your father actually live and work in Singapore?
Yes my father has been working in Singapore for 15+ years in Singapore and still working.
I'd say it's pretty obvious, depending on when your father received his PR.
You mother stayed in the home country to raise the children (you and your brother) even though the father had come here and assuming he got his PR 14 years ago (while you and your brother were 15 & 13 years old). After he received PR, why did he not bring you mother and you two boys to Singapore?
The answer is probably, well, if I had brought them to Singapore and gotten them PR then they would have had to do NS. You must think the Gahment here is stupid, yeah? They see right through this. You and your brother can work here, but the three of you are probably never going to see PR and you mother will probably not be given an LTVP either if she was complicit in the ruse to keep you and your brother out of NS.
The Gahmen have a long memory here.
Sorry, my father is a pr for 5 years only. He didn't get pr before our NS age. This is his first 5 years PR.
Well, in that case, it's probably race related would be my guess. But the most logical explanation you just blew out of the water. I really don't have a clue now. sorry.
What is your father income ?
Is there any salary limit of the sponsor? I think his salary is $2000 per month. If its a concern, how much is the limit?
vinothkanna wrote: Is there any salary limit of the sponsor? I think his salary is $2000 per month. If its a concern, how much is the limit?
To be able to sponsor for LTSVP,the income of the sponsor must be 2500+, some time ago. Not sure if it has been increased now.
It is safe to assume that salary requirements for PR's to sponsor parents would be the similar to EP holders salary requirements for the same.
Now in case of EP holders the salary requirement to apply for LTSVP for parents is a P1 pass i.e. 12K per month.
We have PRs who have reported in the recent past that with 5k income they havent been able to get approval for LTSVP for their parents.
My best guess is as PRs you need to make atleast 8k to be able to sponsor parents if not more.
Hi, I wanted to apply for a LTVP for my parents.
Were you able to manage this? Any issues faced?
I'm a guy and she's a girl. Does that make it easier?


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Picture This: Life On Tour With Lo Moon
By Katie Anastas
Phoenix's stage design is absolutely incredible. If you haven't seen "the mirror" in person it's something you need to see. I took this photo in Columbus, Ohio during our soundcheck. It's me on the stage looking into the 7-ton mirror. --Matt Lowell
Though every band aims to eventually become a headliner, touring as an opening act is an important step. It allows a group to reach new fans, visit different places and gain inspiration from the act it's supporting. It can offer visions of successes and challenges to come, both on and off the stage.
Indie pop trio Lo Moon, which started to make waves in Los Angeles after the release of their debut song "Loveless," is in the midst of such a period. Matt Lowell, Crisanta Baker and Samuel Stewart will play their very first headline show in L.A. this Thursday, Nov. 16, at The Troubadour.
The songs that the band has released — which include "This Is It" and, most recently, "Thorns" — hint at a debut album which will be well-received. It's likely to please fans of the bands they've toured with, such as London Grammar, Glass Animals and Phoenix.
From Oct. 10-15, Lo Moon opened for Phoenix in cities like Columbus, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; New Haven, Conn.; and Montreal, Quebec. In this photo journal, the trio offers a glimpse into their lives on tour, including stops at record stores, watching Phoenix from side stage and tracking vocals in hotel rooms.
All captions were written by lead singer Matt Lowell.
/ Lo Moon
Santa puts on her jacket before she heads out into the cold of Montreal.
The boys from Phoenix taken from the side stage in Columbus, Ohio. What a treat to share the stage with this amazing band. Thanks for having us guys!
Before every gig on this tour we passed around peppermint oil. We run it in our hands and take a deep breath. It's becoming somewhat of a pre-show ritual. This one was right before we hit the stage in Montreal!
We had to visit Third Man Records when we were in Detroit. What an amazing place!
Sam near the Buffalo, N.Y. waterfront. We played next to a pretty amazing old brewery.
The Fillmore in Detroit: "PHOENIX WSG LO MOON."
Phoenix's lighting director Pierre Claude and their front-of-house engineer Matt West, tuning the P.A. and testing the lights. Love their tour jackets.
Tracking some vocals on a demo in Montreal, Quebec. We love setting up mobile studios in our hotel rooms.
This photo was taken in the parking lot of our first gig with Phoenix in Columbus, Ohio. We turned the parking lot into a soccer field and our ball got stuck under the band's bus. Sterling and Sam fetched it out with a long broom.
Having a quick laugh before load-in. I don't remember exactly what we were laughing about here, but we seem to be on one.
We saw this bar called The Ideal Bar in Madison, Wis., on our drive to the first show with Phoenix in Columbus. Had to stop because of the name.
Katie Anastas
See stories by Katie Anastas


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Without consciousness, we would have no pain, but also no joy. No excess of hate, but also no excess of love and creation. So it seem that consciousness is a sticky spot to find ourselves in. It can either create an amazing life or one of pain and suffering.
So what needs to be understood about it? What help can come from knowing what it is, and where it comes from.
Well as we know knowledge is power and even further, awareness will always set you FREE!
According to Antonio Damasio, while we have an individual self when we are conscious, the experience of consciousness is something share by everyone.
This means that the individual mind is just represented as a neurological gride of electronic connections. And the collective consciousness exists in the substate of those connections, we're all just an interconnected web!


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Paid parking. Enter from 22nd street.


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PPolitics
Confronting budget cuts and a hostile state legislature, schools face an uncertain future: News. Politics. Media
byFlorida Independent
As school board members were sworn in this week, Broward County Public Schools, the sixth largest public school system in the United States, face another year of funding cuts. And with expectations that state legislators do not intend to help schools stay afloat, they are worried.
(Pic by Max Wolfe)
As school board members were sworn in this week, Broward County Public Schools, the sixth largest public school system in the United States, face another year of funding cuts. And with expectations that state legislators do not intend to help schools stay afloat, they are worried. #
The school system's 2010-2011 budget, released in September, indicates that the district will face a "funding cliff" in 2011-2012 and have to lay off more employees in order to balance the budget. #
The Florida Independent reported earlier this week that Gov.-elect Rick Scott is committed to using public funds for charter and private schools, as well as enacting more property tax cuts and merit pay rules. #
New Senate President Mike Haridopolos, R-Merritt Island, reiterated this week that the legislature will not raise taxes, despite facing a $2.5 billion shortfall. #
According to the St. Petersburg Times, Haridopolis said, "We have two options: Raise taxes or spend less. … We will do more with less; we will tighten our belt and we will not raise taxes a single dime." #
Info from the Broward school system's Chief Financial Officer shows that Broward County saw a $260 million drop in school taxes between 2008 and 2010, which forced Broward County Public Schools to reduce its workforce — including teachers, school support personnel and other district employees — to balance the budget. (See the full document below.) #
The school system's 2010-2011 budget runs to about $1.98 billion, with 59 percent used for classroom services and 41 percent for school-level administration and other school-level services. The 2009-10 budget was $1.93 billion — a $256 million reduction compared to the 2008-2009 budget. State funds account for over half of the Broward school system's budget. #
Broward employees laid off at the end of the 2009-2010 school year were put back to work in August through the federal Education Jobs bill, while the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (the stimulus bill) provided stabilization funds to "save and create jobs" and "improve student achievement through school improvement and reform." #
The '10-'11 budget released in September explains that "because Florida chose to apply [stimulus] funds to its budget shortfall, the State supplanted education funding instead of enhancing it. Therefore, Broward County Public Schools are now 'saving' as many jobs as possible with these funds as opposed to enhancing education through school improvement and reform." #
The budget document adds that in 2011-2012, the district will again have to reduce its number of employees to balance its budget. In 2010-2011, out of almost 20,000 school employees, about 12,500 were teachers. #
"Public education is a constitutional responsibility of the legislature," Karen Aronowitz, president of the United Teachers of Dade and a Miami native, tells The Florida Independent. "Education reform starts with adequate funding. If you want to go beyond public education, be my guest, once you have upheld the constitution of this state." #
Aronowitz considers public education a cornerstone of democracy, and points out that 90 percent of children in the U.S. go to public institutions for their education. But she insists this state has chosen not to fund public education. #
"I don't know if people will accept this robbery of our public education when they see what it means," she says. #
"We were at the bottom of spending on children and over the last four or five years there have been budget cuts to public schools for vouchers, corporate charter schools, virtual schools," says Mark Pudlow, spokesman for the Florida Education Association, which calls itself "the single largest organized force supporting public education in Florida." #
Pudlow says there are good private schools that take voucher students and charter schools that do well, but there are also those that do not perform better than public schools. #
"We are abrogating our constitutional duty by setting up parallel schools," he says. #
Senate Bill 6, approved in the last legislative session, would have tied teacher pay to student success in standardized testing, and implemented end-of-course testing. It was vetoed by Gov. Charlie Crist, but Gov.-elect Scott and Senate President Haridpolos are committed to moving forward with a similar measure.
"With merit pay, you are measuring one thing, a test that happens usually once a year," Pudlow says. "We grade our schools, we declare victory or failure by standardized test scores — that is a narrow vision of education. And now you say you're going to measure the value of teachers through standardized tests." #
Pudlow says students learn about issues that are not tested: socialization, respect for authority, critical thinking. He also says the standards to measure have not yet been set and may vary from one year to the next. #
"Last time, S.B. 6 had no input from anyone except leadership in the legislation and that didn't go over very well with the public," Pudlow says. "This time there needs to be participation of teachers, parents, but if it [is] done without education experts, if political leaders ignore administrators, districts, PTA, teachers and parents you'll see opposition. But what form it will take, we don't know." #
For United Teachers of Dade's Aronowitz, another Senate Bill 6-type law would lead her to question whether legislators are interested in doing their duty, saying it would come across as a way to punish teachers. #
Aronowitz highlights the need for diagnostic and achievement tests, but cautions against a misuse of tests, saying the public education system is "under-educating our children" by relying heavily on standardized testing. #
"Do you support your soldiers or shoot at them?" Aronowitz says. "Do legislators want to have a war with teachers and parents?" #
The Chief Financial Officer's report: #
Office of Chief Financial Officer #
Florida Independent
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Greedy algorithms play a central role in combinatorial problems related to information theory. The classical example for this is the code distance problem asking for the maximum cardinality of a set of binary sequences of length $n$ any two of which differ in at least $\alpha n$ coordinates  where $\alpha$ is a fixed constant. Gilbert \cite{Gi} and Varshamov \cite{V} showed independently that for $\alpha \in [0, 1/2)$ the maximum cardinality is at least $\exp_2{n(1-h(\alpha))}$ where $h$ is the binary entropy function
$h(t)=-t \log_2-(1-t) \log_2(1-t).$ This result, called the Gilbert--Varshamov bound, is proved by a greedy algorithm. Considerable effort went into trying to strengthen this bound,
and although it was recently improved by a linear factor \cite{Var}, \cite{Vu}, it is believed by many to be exponentially tight.

In an attempt to generalise Shannon's zero--error capacity problem \cite{Sh} from fixed--length sequences of elements of a finite alphabet to permutations and then to
subgraphs of a fixed complete graph, cf. \cite{KM}, \cite{sev} and \cite{KMM}, one of the main construction techniques is again based on greedy algorithms. It is crucial to understand the true role of greedy algorithms in our context. We will study two different combinatorial problems of information--theoretic flavour and discuss the constructions
obtained by the greedy algorithm in both cases.
 For the general framework and especially for Shannon's zero--error capacity problem we refer the reader to
the monograph \cite{CK}.
\section{Hamilton paths}
The first problem we are to deal with is about Hamilton paths in the fixed complete graph $K_n$ with vertex set $[n]=\{1,2,\dots, n\}.$ We will say that two such paths are
{\em} crossing if their union has degree 4. Let us denote by $Q(n)$ the maximum cardinality of a family of Hamilton paths from $K_n$ in which any pair of paths is
crossing. It was proved in \cite{KMM} (in Theorem 3) that
$$ \frac{(n-2)!}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor ! (1+\sqrt{2})^n}\leq Q(n)\leq \frac{n!}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor!  2^{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}}.$$
The lower bound was achieved by a greedy algorithm. The core of this proof was an upper bound on the number of Hamilton paths not crossing a fixed path.
Here we give an explicit construction resulting in a larger lower bound. The main message of this result is that for the present problem the greedy algorithm is not tight. The improvement is in the second term of the asymptotics of $Q(n)$ and it could not be otherwise for the leading terms in the lower and upper bounds for $Q(n)$ in \cite{KMM}
coincide. In fact, both of the bounds in the above theorem are of the form
$2^{cn} (dn)!$
where $c$ and $d$ are constants. The leading term is the factorial and the constant $d$ in it is the same in both of the bounds. The difference is in the constant in the exponential factor. Our new result increases the constant in the exponential factor in the lower bound in Theorem 3 in \cite{KMM}.

More precisely, we have

\begin{thm} \label{thm:sina}
$$\frac{(\lfloor n/2 \rfloor -1)!}{2^{\lfloor n/4 \rfloor }}\leq Q(n).$$

\end{thm}

Before proving our result we observe that
$$ \frac{(n-2)!}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor ! (1+\sqrt{2})^n}  < \Big(\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{2}}\Big)^n\cdot \lceil n/2 \rceil ! \leq\frac{(\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1) !}{2^{\lfloor n/4 \rfloor }}$$
where the first inequality follows since
$$\frac{(n-2)!}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor !}\leq \frac{n!}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor !}={n \choose {\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }}( \lceil n/2 \rceil)!<2^n( \lceil n/2 \rceil)!$$
while the last inequality is obvious as $\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{2}} <  2^{-1/4}.$
Thus the new lower bound of this theorem improves on the one in \cite{KMM} quoted above.

\medskip

{\noindent \bf Proof. }

We consider the complete bipartite graph $K_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor , \lceil n/2 \rceil}.$ For  the ease of notation let us suppose that this graph is defined by the bipartition
of $[n]$ into the sets $A$ and $B$ where $A=[\lfloor n/2 \rfloor]$ is the set of the first  $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ natural numbers while $B=[n]-A.$ Let us fix a permutation of the elements of $B.$ Then any permutation of $A$ defines a Hamilton path in $K_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor , \lceil n/2 \rceil}$ where the first element of the path is the first element of the permutation of $B$. The path alternates the elements of $A$ and $B$ in such a way that the elements of $B$ are in the odd positions along the path and in the order defined by the
permutation of $B$ we have fixed. Likewise, the relative order of the elements of $A$ following the path is the one given by the permutation of $A.$ Every
Hamilton path in this family can thus be identified with some permutation of the set $A.$ We represent each permutation as a linear order of $A.$

Notice now that if there is an element $a \in A$ such that in two different linear orders its position differs by at least 2 while none of these positions is the last one, then the
vertex $a$ has disjoint pairs of adjacent vertices in the two Hamilton paths. In other words, the vertex $a$ has degree 4 in the union of these paths. We will say that such a pair of permutations is 2-different. We will now construct a sufficiently large family of pairwise 2--different permutations. To this end, we first observe that if two permutations are
2--different, then in their respective inverses there is some natural number whose images differ by at least two. K\"orner, Simonyi and Sinaimeri have shown
(cf. Theorem 1 in \cite{KSS}) that for any natural number $m$ the set $[m]$ has a family of exactly $\frac{m!}{2^{\lfloor m/2 \rfloor}}$ permutations such that for any two of them there is at least one element of $[m]$ that has images differing by at least two. Hence the inverses of these permutations form a family satisfying our original condition, except for the fact that the $a$ whose positions in a pair of permutations differ by at most two positions might be in the last position in one of them.  To exclude this event, we choose a subfamily of our permutations in which the last element in all the permutations is the same.  Choosing $m=|A|$ we complete the proof.

\hfill$\Box$

The construction in the last proof seems sufficiently natural for us to believe that it might be asymptotically optimal at least for Hamilton paths in a balanced complete
bipartite graph. In other words, let $B(n)$ denote the largest cardinality of a family of Hamilton paths in $K_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor , \lceil n/2 \rceil}$ any two members of
which are crossing. If the answer is positive, one might go even further and ask whether the lower bound in Theorem \ref{thm:sina} is asymptotically tight.

\section{Intersecting vs. separated families}

In \cite{KMM} where the previous problem was introduced, it was presented alongside with a fairly general framework for extremal combinatorics with an information-theoretic flavour. This framework is in terms of  two (mostly but not necessarily disjoint) families of graphs on the same vertex set $[n]=\{1,2,\dots, n\}$. If we denote these families by
${\cal F}$ and ${\cal D},$ respectively, then
$M({\cal F},{\cal D}, n)$ stands for the largest cardinality of
a subfamily ${\cal G}\subseteq {\cal F}$ with the property that the union of any two of its different members belongs to ${\cal D}$. Here the union of two graphs on the same vertex set is the graph whose edge set is the union of those of the two graphs. This framework is the fruit of an attempt to describe a consistent part of extremal combinatorics where information theoretic methods seem to
be relevant. In \cite{KMM} it was emphasised that when the families ${\cal F}$ and ${\cal D}$ are disjoint, the question about $M({\cal F},{\cal D}, n)$ is fairly information--theoretic in nature and there never is a natural candidate for an optimal construction; much as it happens for the graph capacity problem of Shannon's. As a matter of fact, in each of these cases
one is interested in the largest cardinality of a family of mathematical objects (graphs or strings) any pair of which are different in some specific way. Intuitively, the objects in these families are not only different, but also distinguishable in some well--defined sense inherent to the problem. In other words, the optimal constructions are, in a vague and broad sense, similar to the channel codes in information theory.

If, however, ${\cal F}={\cal D},$ the solution of our problems seems to be of a completely different nature, and, in particular, any analogy with codes disappears. Rather, the optimal solutions
often are so--called kernel structures, and even when this is not the case, kernel structures give good constructions for the problem. Kernel structures are families of objects having
in common a fixed projection, called the kernel. This means that in a vague and broad sense, these objects are similar.
We are trying to build up a dichotomy distinguishing those problems for which kernel structures can be defined (and often are even optimal) and those where the optimal structures are like "codes" in information theory.  It would be highly interesting to get a better understanding of this dichotomy.

At the surface, the dichotomy for the problems of determining $M({\cal F},{\cal D}, n)$ is based on whether or not ${\cal F}={\cal D}.$
However, this view is too simplistic. As a matter of fact,
our next problem will illustrate the lack of an easy way to distinguish between the two cases. More precisely, we will give an example where the families ${\cal F}$ and ${\cal D}$ are disjoint, and the  solution of the problem still has a kernel structure. To explain our example,
let ${\cal F}_{\rm cy}$ be the family of Hamilton cycles in the complete graph $K_n.$ However, let ${\cal D}_3$ be the family of graphs having at least one vertex of
degree 3. The relation of having a vertex of degree 3 in the union of two graphs is clearly irreflexive when restricted to cycles. In fact, the problem of determining
$M({\cal F}_{\rm cy}, {\cal D}_3,n)$ is, on the surface, no different from the one which is the subject of Theorem \ref{thm:sina}. However, this impression is wrong and the present problem is completely different from the previous one.
To understand why, it suffices to realise that the union of two Hamilton cycles in $K_n$ has a vertex of degree 3 if and only if they share a common edge.
This makes it possible to invoke kernel structures. Moreover, not surprisingly, a quasi--optimal solution for this problem has a kernel structure.  In fact, we have

\begin{prop}\label{prop:cy}

$$M({\cal F}_{\rm cy}, {\cal D}_3,n)\geq(n-2)!$$
and this bound is tight for odd $n.$ For even $n$ we have
$$M({\cal F}_{\rm cy}, {\cal D}_3,n)\leq (n-1)[(n-3)!]$$
\end{prop}

{\noindent \bf Proof. }

To prove the lower bound, consider the family of all Hamilton cycles in $K_n$ containing a fixed edge. To establish the upper bound, let first $n$ be odd. By a classical construction of Walecki (1890), cited in \cite{Ak}, for every odd $n$, the family of the Hamilton cycles of $K_n$ can be partitioned into $(n-2)!$ classes where the cycles belonging to the same class are disjoint. (Each class is a partition of the edges of $K_n$ into $\frac{n-1}{2}$ Hamilton cycles). This gives our upper bound for odd $n$. For even $n$ we can only have families of $\frac{n-2}{2}$ pairwise disjoint Hamilton cycles which gives the weaker bound for this case.

\hfill$\Box$

\section{Permutations}

A permutation of $[n]$ is nothing but a (consecutively oriented) Hamilton path in the symmetrically complete directed graph $K_n.$ (With a slight abuse of notation we denote by $K_n$ also the directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by two edges going in opposite direction.) In the previous part of the paper we were dealing with problems about Hamilton paths in (the undirected complete graph) $K_n$ such that for any pair of them, for at least one vertex in $K_n$ the union of its 1-neighbourhoods in the two paths satisfied some disjointness condition. We now turn to an analogous problem about directed paths.

In a directed graph, the (open) 2--out--neighbourhood of a vertex $a \in [n]$ consists of the vertices reachable from $a$ by a (consecutively oriented) path of at most two edges.  We will say that two directed Hamilton paths in $K_n$ are two--separated if for at least one vertex of $K_n$ the union of its  2--out--neighbourhoods in the two paths contains exactly 4 vertices. Formulating this condition in terms of permutations means that for some $a\in [n]$ its two immediate successors in the two linear orders defining the two respective
permutations are $axy$ and $avw$ where $x,y,v,w$ are four different elements of $[n].$ This relation is seemingly very similar to the one underlying Theorem \ref{thm:sina}. As a matter of fact, in the permutation language, to two crossing Hamilton paths there correspond two permutations such that for some $a \in [n]$
its neighbours are completely different, meaning that we have $xay$ and $vaw$ in the two permutations and $x,y,v,w$ are all different. If all pairs of paths in a Hamilton path family are
crossing then for any one of the paths only one of the corresponding two permutations can be in the family, and it can be either one of the two that correspond to the same path. Somewhat surprisingly, the cardinality of the  largest family of pairwise two--separated Hamilton paths is of a different order of magnitude from the one in
Theorem \ref{thm:sina}. In fact, we have the following almost tight result.

\begin{thm}\label{thm:bin}

Let $R(n)$ stand for the maximum cardinality of a family of pairwise two--separated Hamilton paths in $K_n.$ Then

$$\frac{n!}{n^{13}5^{n-10}}\leq R(n) \leq \frac{n!}{2^{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}}.$$
\end{thm}

{\noindent \bf Proof. }

In this proof we will represent our Hamilton paths as permutations. We will say that two permutations are two--separated if they correspond to two--separated Hamilton paths.
We associate with any permutation a sequence of unordered couples of elements of $[n].$ The permutation  $\pi=\pi_1\ldots \pi_n$ is associated with the sequence of unordered and disjoint couples
$\{\pi_1,\pi_2\}\dots \{\pi_{2i-1}, \pi_{2i}\}\dots \{\pi_{2\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1}, \pi_{2\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}\}.$ We will call this sequence of couples the couple order of $\pi.$
We then partition the set of all permutations of $[n]$ according to their couple order. In each class the permutations it contains have the same couple order and all the permutations with the same couple order belong to this class. We claim that no two permutations in the same class are two--separated. Considering that the number of classes is
$\frac{n!}{2^{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}}$, we will thus obtain our upper bound.

In fact, let the permutations $\pi'$ and $\pi''$ have the same couple order and let $xy$ and $vw$ be the two immediate successors of  $a$ in $\pi'$ and $\pi''$, respectively. We will distinguish two cases. In the first case $a$ and $x$ appear in the same couple $\{a, x\}$  of the couple order, while in the second case $a$ is in a different couple from $x$ and $y$, which then
have to appear together in the subsequent couple. In the first case either $a$ and $x$ appear in the same order $(a,x)$ in both permutations and we are done, or their order is different, but then $y$ must appear in one of the two positions subsequent to $a$ in $\pi'',$ contradicting our hypothesis that  $\pi'$ and $\pi''$ are two--separated. It remains to see what happens if in the couple order of $\pi'$ the number $a$ is in the couple preceding $\{x, y\}.$ This means that in the couple order $a$ is in the same couple with some
$z \in [n]$
different from both $x$ and $y.$ Since our two permutations have the same couple order, we conclude that at least one of $x$ and $y$ is in one of  the two positions immediately
following $a$ in $\pi''.$

Let us now turn to lower bounding $R(n)$. To this end we will use a greedy algorithm to exhibit a large enough family of permutations with the required property. At each step in the algorithm we choose an arbitrary permutation and eliminate from the choice space all those incompatible with the chosen one. This procedure goes on until the choice space becomes empty.\\
To analyze this algorithm, we need an upper bound on the number of the permutations incompatible with a fixed permutation $\iota$ of $[n]$. Without loss of generality we assume that $\iota$ is the identical permutation mapping each number in itself. Let $\pi$ be a permutation incompatible with $\iota$. We have that
\begin{equation}\label{uno}
\mbox{for each  $j$, $1\leq j\leq n-2$, if  $\pi_j\not\in \{n,n-1\}$ then $\left\{ \pi_{j+1}\pi_{j+2}\right\} \cap \left\{ \pi_j+1,\pi_j+2\right\}\neq \emptyset$}
\end{equation}
otherwise the two immediate successors of $\pi_j$ in the two permutations $\iota$ and $\pi$ are four different elements of $[n],$ contradicting that $\iota$ and $\pi$ are incompatible.\\
If $\pi_{j+1}\in\left\{ \pi_j+1,\pi_j+2\right\}$ or respectively $\pi_{j+2}\in\left\{ \pi_j+1,\pi_j+2\right\}$ then we say that $\pi_{j+1}$ or respectively $\pi_{j+2}$ is a close enough follower of $\pi_{j}$. In this terminology property (\ref{uno}) means that at least one of $\pi_{j+1}$ and  $\pi_{j+2}$ must be a close enough follower of $\pi_j$.\\
In the following we call {\em run of big jumps} in $\pi$ any maximal (not extendable) sequence $\pi_j\pi_{j+1}\ldots \pi_{j+t} $, $1\leq j\leq n-t$ such that
$\pi_{j+1}-\pi_j \not \in \{-2, -1, 1,2,3\}$ and $\pi_{k+1}-\pi_k \not \in \{-1,1,2\}$, $j<k<j+t$. We will refer to the position $j$ as  the head of the run and to the positions $k$ of the run with $k\geq j+2$ as tail positions of the run. We call {\em  free positions } of $\pi$ the first position of the entire permutation,  the second position in  any run and the two positions immediately following those of either $n$ or $n-1$. All the other positions will be called constrained. (We will soon explain the meaning of this terminology.)
For any constrained position $j$ not belonging to any run we have $|\pi_j-\pi_{j-1}|\leq 3,$  implying that
$$\pi_j\in \left\{\pi_{j-1}-2,\pi_{j-1}-1,   \pi_{j-1}+1,\pi_{j-1}+2,\pi_{j-1}+3\right\}$$
and the  same is true if $j$ is the head of a run since in this case either $\pi_j-\pi_{j-1}>3$ or $\pi_j-\pi_{j-1}< -2$ would contradict the maximality of the run.\\
Consider now a constrained position $j$ in the tail of a run. By definition, position $j-2$ also belongs to the run. Thus either $\pi_{j-1}-\pi_{j-2}\geq 3$ or
$\pi_{j-1}-\pi_{j-2}\leq -2.$
This implies that $\pi_{j-1}\not\in\left\{\pi_{j-2}+1,\pi_{j-2}+2\right\}$  and from property (\ref{uno}) we obtain   $\pi_{j}\in\left\{\pi_{j-2}+1,\pi_{j-2}+2\right\}$.
We have just proved that for any constrained position $j$ of $\pi$ the value $\pi_j$ is close to at least one of  the values $\pi_{j-1}$ and  $\pi_{j-2}$. \\

Let us now consider the permutations incompatible with $\iota$ having exactly $r$ runs of big jumps. In these permutations there are  at most $r+5$ free positions and at most ${n-1 \choose {r+2}}$ possibilities for these free positions (remember that, by definition,  the first position is always a free position and that  the two  free positions depending on $n$ are adjacent to it and the same is true for the two free positions depending on $n-1$). Thus the number of these incompatible permutations is upper bounded by
\begin{equation}\label{due}
{n-1 \choose {r+2}}n^{r+5}5^{n-(r+5)}.
\end{equation}
We will prove that in any incompatible permutation there can be at most three runs of big jumps. This in turn implies that  any incompatible permutation can have at most eight free positions and from bound (\ref{due}) we have that the number of permutation incompatible with permutation $\iota$  is bounded above by
$$4{n-1 \choose {5}}n^85^{n-8}.$$
This means that the greedy algorithm will eliminate at most $n^{13}5^{n-10}$ permutations at each step, yielding a family  with the desired property and containing at least
$$\frac{n!}{n^{13}5^{n-10}}$$
permutations, as claimed for the lower bound.\\
To conclude the proof it remains to show that in a permutation $\pi$ incompatible with $\iota$  there are at most three runs of big jumps.
To this aim we now prove that any run of big jumps of $\pi$ that does not contain neither $n$ nor $n-1$ is a suffix of $\pi$.
The proof is by contradiction. Let us assume that in  $\pi$ there is a run that does not contain neither $n$ nor $n-1$ and yet it is not a suffix. Let $t$ be the last position of such a run.

We distinguish two cases. In the first case, we suppose
$$\pi_{t-1}>\pi_t.$$
By assumption, $\pi_t$ is the last position in the run of big jumps. Hence the last inequality can be satisfied only if
$$\pi_t\leq \pi_{t-1}-2.$$
Thus $\pi_t$ is not close enough to $\pi_{t-1}$ whence, by property (\ref{uno}), we must have $\pi_{t+1}\in \{\pi_{t-1}+1, \pi_{t-1}+2\}$. (Note that, by our assumption,  $\pi-{t}$ is not the last element in $\pi$).
But then
$$\pi_{t+1}-\pi_t\geq 3,$$
contradicting the assumption that $\pi_t$ is in the last position of the run of big jumps.

In the second case we suppose
$$\pi_{t-1} < \pi_t.$$
This implies
\begin{equation}\label{con}
\pi_t \geq \pi_{t-1}+3.
\end{equation}
Thus $\pi_t$ is not a close enough follower of  $\pi_{t-1}$ so that once again, by property (\ref{uno}), we must have $\pi_{t+1}\in \{\pi_{t-1}+1, \pi_{t-1}+2\}$.
In particular, we see that $\pi_{t+1}<\pi_t.$ However, since $\pi_{t+1}$ is not part of the run of big jumps, the only possibility left is
\begin{equation}\label{cine}
\pi_{t+1}=\pi_t -1.
\end{equation}
Moreover since  $\pi_t$ is not a close enough follower of  $\pi_{t-1}$ this role must be taken by $\pi_{t+1}$. Hence from (\ref{cine}) and from (\ref{con}) it follows that
\begin{equation}\label{qua}
\pi_t=\pi_{t-1}+3
\end{equation}
Thus, by
 (\ref{cine}) and (\ref{qua}), we have
\begin{equation}\label{tre}
\pi_{t+1}=\pi_{t-1}+2.
\end{equation}
Let us see what we can say at the light of this about $\pi_{t-2}.$ Note that $\pi_t-\pi_{t-1}=3$ which  implies that position $t-1$ is not  the head of the run of big jumps. This in turn implies that   position $t-2$ is in the run and $\pi_{t-1}-\pi_{t-2}\not\in \{-1,1,2\}$. Hence we  must have $\pi_{t-2}\leq \pi_{t-1}-3$ or $\pi_{t-2}\geq \pi_{t-1}+2$. Moreover,  property (\ref{uno}) implies
$$\{\pi_{t-2}+1, \pi_{t-2}+2\} \cap \{\pi_{t-1}, \pi_t\} \not =\emptyset,$$
whence the only choice left is $\pi_{t-2}=\pi_{t-1}+2$ (remember that $\pi_t=\pi_{t-1}+3$), and  this is impossible by equality (\ref{tre}).

\hfill$\Box$

\section{Problem classes}

We have already mentioned the need for a meta--conjecture to describe for which problems within our framework does the optimal solution have a kernel structure. It seems to us
that this can happen only in case of one--family problems and it will never be the case if the family ${\cal D}$ in a two--family problem is not monotone. (A class ${\cal F}$ of graphs is monotone if $G \in {\cal F}$ and $G\subseteq H$ imply $H \in {\cal F}.$ Note, in particular, that the family ${\cal D}_3$ of graphs having a vertex of degree 3 is not monotone.)
Our problems belong to a class of combinatorial problems introduced in \cite{Siso} where they are referred to as intersection problems.
In the eyes of the authors of \cite{Siso} an intersection problem is in terms of  the maximum cardinality of a family of objects such that the pairwise intersections of these objects have some prescribed property. (Even if, in this paper,  we are considering pairwise unions, we might have considered, equivalently, the intersections of  the complementary objects.) We feel that it is more appropriate to reserve the term intersection problem to the case
${\cal F}={\cal D}$ when in fact we end up with an intersection problem in disguise, in the sense of \cite{Siso}. In our opinion, an intersection problem is a one--family problem. In such problems one asks for the largest cardinality of a family of objects, typically subgraphs of $K_n$ with a given property such that the intersection of any two members of the family is still in the family. One often considers as intersection problems only those about the maximum cardinality of a family of graphs such that the intersection of any two of them is non--empty.

A more delicate question is to understand when exactly can the optimal solution of a problem of our kind be obtained through a greedy algorithm. Our two main results can hopefully contribute to a better understanding of this issue. At a first glance one is tempted to believe that for an information--theoretic (genuinely two--family) problem the greedy
algorithm often gives close-to-optimal constructions. Our question is not precise enough and we do not expect a precise answer at this stage.

\section{Acknowledgement}

We are grateful to Miki Simonovits for stimulating discussions about the true nature of intersection problems.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Puppitsch (im 19. Jahrhundert auch Püppitsch) ist eine Ortschaft in der Gemeinde Liebenfels im Bezirk Sankt Veit an der Glan in Kärnten. Die Ortschaft hat  Einwohner (Stand ). Sie liegt zur Gänze auf dem Gebiet der Katastralgemeinde Rosenbichl.

Lage

Die Ortschaft liegt etwa 4 Kilometer westsüdwestlich der Bezirkshauptstadt Sankt Veit an der Glan, zwischen den Orten Beißendorf und Rosenbichl.

Geschichte
979 wird Pueppitsch (von slowenisch Podpechach, = unter den Weiden) erwähnt. Eine Filialkirche St. Urban wurde 1655 profaniert.

Die Ortschaft Puppitsch gehörte als Teil der Steuergemeinde Rosenbichl in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Steuerbezirk Rosenbichl. Bei der Schaffung der politischen Gemeinden Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts kam der Ort zur Gemeinde Feistritz, die 1875 in Gemeinde Pulst umbenannt wurde. Seit einer Gemeindefusion 1958 gehört die Ortschaft zur Gemeinde Liebenfels.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung
Für die Ortschaft zählte man folgende Einwohnerzahlen:
 1869: 4 Häuser, 39 Einwohner
 1880: 4 Häuser, 28 Einwohner
 1890: 4 Häuser, 24 Einwohner
 1900: 2 Häuser, 24 Einwohner
 1910: 2 Häuser, 17 Einwohner
 1923: 2 Häuser, 24 Einwohner
 1934: 23 Einwohner
 1961: 3 Häuser, 16 Einwohner
 2001: 2 Gebäude (davon 2 mit Hauptwohnsitz) mit 3 Wohnungen und 3 Haushalten; 10 Einwohner und 0 Nebenwohnsitzfälle
 2011: 2 Gebäude, 7 Einwohner

In der Ortschaft gibt es 0 Arbeitsstätten (Stand 2011; 2001: 0) und 2 land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebe (Stand 2001).

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Liebenfels)
Ort im Bezirk Sankt Veit an der Glan
Ersterwähnung 979

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Der M-95 Degman ist der Prototyp eines kroatischen Kampfpanzers auf der Grundlage des M-84, dem in jugoslawischer Lizenz gefertigten sowjetischen Kampfpanzer T-72A. Der M-95 Degman erhielt durch einen neuen Turm, verbesserter Bewaffnung und der Verwendung moderner Militärtechnik eine erhebliche Kampfwertsteigerung.

Geschichte
Die Kampfwertsteigerung des M-84 wurde in jugoslawischer Zeit unter dem Namen Vihor begonnen. Im Kroatienkrieg verblieb der Prototyp in der Maschinenbaufabrik Đuro Đaković in Slavonski Brod (Kroatien). 1993 wurde beschlossen, das Projekt unter dem Namen "Degman" wiederaufzunehmen und zu Ende zu führen. Während des Krieges wurden sehr viele Erfahrungen bezüglich der Schwachpunkte des M-84 gesammelt, vor allem bei der Lagerung der Munition im Panzer.

2003 wurde der erste Prototyp des Degman II vorgestellt. Bis 2006 wurden zwei weitere Prototypen fertiggestellt, die bis Ende 2006 bis zur Serienreife entwickelt und getestet werden sollten. Eine wesentliche Verbesserung gegenüber dem M-84 stellt der neue Turm des M-95 Degman dar, der eine Mehrschichtpanzerung mit Silikateinlagen aufweist, die das Panzerungsniveau deutlich verbessert. Zusätzlich wurde Reaktivpanzerung angebracht, die das Schutzniveau gegen Raketen und Hohlladungsgeschosse deutlich erhöht. Weitere Verbesserungen sind die Nachtkampffähigkeit, der Einbau moderner Feuerleit- und Kommunikationssysteme, eine Verstärkung der Bodenplatten gegen Panzerminen und Sprengsätze sowie die Möglichkeit des Einbaus eines 1.000 PS starken Vielstoffmotors, der dem 44,5 Tonnen schweren M-95 Degman in Bezug auf Beschleunigung, Agilität und Geschwindigkeit eine sehr gute Leistungsfähigkeit verleiht.

Der M-95 Degman besitzt eine modulare Konfiguration, die es ermöglicht, ihn je nach Bedarf auszustatten.

Das "Projekt Degman" hat eine ungewisse Zukunft, da trotz dessen bemerkenswerter Leistungsmerkmale und sehr guter Eigenschaften bisher keine Entscheidung des kroatischen Verteidigungsministeriums zu dessen Beschaffung gefallen ist. Den Vorrang haben nunmehr die Beschaffung von 126 modernen Radpanzern des Typs Patria AMV, sowie modernen, leichteren und beweglicheren Waffensystemen.

Weitere technische Daten
 Schuss/min: max. 8 (22 im automatischen Lader)
 Feuerleitsystem: OMEGA-D
 Kletterfähigkeit: max. 58 Prozent
 Querneigung: max. 47 Prozent
 Preis: etwa 2,1 Mio. Euro

Weblinks

 Website des Herstellers

Kampfpanzer
Militär (Kroatien)
Industrie (Kroatien)


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Look up inmates in prison (FDOC) or in any of the County Jails. Some sites offer a good search function while others the bare minimum. There are a lot of private websites set up to allegedly search for inmates which are really ad campaigns. I have tried to avoid these. If I have mistakenly linked to one of these that does not actually provide the information let me know. If you find any errors (e.g., right county name, wrong state) let me know.


text:
Чаро́к () — обычай, существующий среди мадурцев, одного из народов Индонезии: поединок либо, реже, бой с участием нескольких человек, служащий средством мести за оскорбление или решения бытового конфликта. Представляет собой подобие европейской дуэли, однако имеет ряд существенных отличительных черт.

Орудием мщения традиционно служит челурит — национальный мадурский серп. Несмотря на многолетние усилия индонезийских властей, правоохранительных органов и мусульманского духовенства по искоренению чарока, эта традиция сохраняется в современном мадурском обществе.

Исторические корни обычая

История возникновения чарока изучена достаточно слабо. Предполагается, что данный обычай не является древним — первые известные его случаи относятся к XVIII веку. Большинство исследователей связывает возникновение чарока с нидерландской колонизацией Мадуры. На основании народных преданий делается вывод о том, что голландцы, стремясь закрепить свою власть над островом, целенаправленно провоцировали вражду между различными местными общинами — это и привело к тому, что представители последних стали часто выяснять отношения с оружием в руках. Со временем чарок перестал носить межобщинный характер: вызывать друг друга на бой по той или иной причине стали жители одной и той же деревни и даже близкие родственники. Воспрепятствовать столь широкому распространению этого обычая не смогло даже однозначное осуждение его местным исламским духовенством — при том, что мадурцы, в отличие от многих других народов Индонезии, являются в своей массе весьма ревностными мусульманами. Считается, что популяризации чарока в большой степени благоприятствовали особенности национального мадурского характера — обострённое чувство собственного достоинства, обидчивость и вспыльчивость.

Примечательно, что обычай чарока сложился и укоренился именно в среде общинного крестьянства и никак не проявился среди мадурской знати. В этом его важное отличие от европейской дуэли, практика которой, напротив, была ограничена высшими кругами общества. Другой его отличительной чертой является то, что поводом для столкновения может служить не только оскорбление достоинства человека или его близких, но и обстоятельства весьма меркантильного характера, категорически неприемлемые в качестве повода для дуэли: спор при дележе урожая, рыбного улова или наследства, использовании земельных участков или водных источников, задержка с выплатой долга и тому подобное.

Основные правила чарока

Постепенно среди мадурского простонародья сложились определённые правила чарока, носящие, впрочем, достаточно общий характер и никогда не фиксировавшиеся в письменном виде — в отличие от весьма детальных писаных европейских дуэльных кодексов. В соответствии с ними уклонение от вызова считается крайне постыдным: отказавшийся от чарока становится изгоем общества, за ним до конца  дней закрепляется репутация «не мужчины» и «не мадурца». Время и место чарока противники согласовывают между собой, однако в прошлом за соответствующими указаниями они нередко обращались к руководству крестьянской общины или представителям феодальной аристократии — в подобных публично анонсированных случаях поединок часто проводился при большом стечении зрителей. Бой обычно продолжается до гибели или ранения одного из противников. Если раненым оказывается ответчик, то инцидент, ставший причиной чарока, обычно считается исчерпанным. Если же ранение получает истец, то продолжение мщения после выздоровления остается на его усмотрение — в любом случае он сохраняет своё достоинство в глазах местного общества.

Чаще всего чарок проводится в форме поединка. Однако если с одной из сторон в конфликт оказалось вовлечено более одного человека, в бой на стороне того, кто оказался в меньшинстве, могут вступить его друзья или родственники — даже в том случае, если никто из них не имеет отношения к поводу, спровоцировавшему чарок. Однако подобное уравновешивание сил не является обязательным: известны многочисленные случаи, когда истцу или ответчику приходилось сражаться сразу с несколькими противниками — возможность подобного численного неравенства является ещё одним отличием чарока от европейской дуэли.

Иногда гибель человека в результате чарока становилась поводом для вызова убийцы на бой кем-то из родственников погибшего — в этом случае чарок фактически превращался в кровную месть и мог продолжаться на протяжении многих лет. Известны случаи, когда родня хоронила жертву чарока не на кладбище, а в непосредственной близости от дома, чтобы могила служила постоянным напоминанием о необходимости отомстить убийце.

С самого начала в качестве орудия чарока утвердился челурит — национальный мадурский серп. Это обстоятельство связывается с тем, что в период становления данного обычая на Мадуре действовал введённый колониальной администрацией запрет на ношение холодного оружия. Являющийся основным орудием труда местных земледельцев, челурит часто носится на поясе в ножнах подобно ножу или кинжалу. От серпов, принятых у большинства других народов, он отличается относительно прямым лезвием, что облегчает его использование в качестве оружия.

Важной составляющей традиции чарока является заблаговременная подготовка челурита к кровопролитию: для этого хозяин произносит над своим серпом особые заклинания. Челурит, принесший победу в поединке, в старое время было принято хранить как реликвию: победители чарока обычно даже не стирали с клинка серпа кровь соперника, чтобы она служила напоминанием об одержанной победе. Столь значимая, практически сакральная роль челурита в чароке привела к тому, что это орудие прочно утвердилось в качестве символа данного обычая.

Чарок в современности
К моменту вхождения Мадуры в 1950 году в состав независимой Республики Индонезии чарок практиковался среди местного населения весьма широко. Республиканские власти повели активную борьбу с этим обычаем. При этом какой-то специализированной статьи на этот счёт в уголовном кодексе Индонезии заведено не было: соответствующие случаи квалифицируются как умышленное убийство или покушение на убийство, что предусматривает наказание в виде лишения свободы сроком до пожизненного, а при убийстве нескольких человек или иных особо отягчающих обстоятельствах — смертную казнь.

Карательные меры сочетаются с информационно-пропагандистской работой. Особенно мощная кампания против чарока была развёрнута правоохранительными органами в 1980-е годы. Одной из её средств было широкое распространение среди населения острова листовок, сообщающих о суровом уголовном наказании за подобное выяснение отношений, а также о возможности решать спорные вопросы в судебном порядке.

Усилия индонезийских властей и правоохранительных органов имели ограниченный эффект: к началу XXI века практика чарока заметно сократилась, однако этот обычай по-прежнему сохраняется среди части крестьянского населения Мадуры. Так, в 1990-е годы в каждом из четырех округов Мадуры ежегодно регистрировалось по несколько десятков случаев «боёв чести». В результате по статистике умышленных убийств Мадура стабильно остаётся на одном из первых мест среди регионов Индонезии: соответствующий показатель здесь вдвое выше, чем в целом по провинции Восточная Ява, к которой относится остров, и в полтора раза выше общенационального.

Как и прежде, поводом для вызова на бой служат как оскорбления, так и бытовые конфликты. Так, по криминальной статистике, зафиксированной в начале 1990-х годов в Банкалане, самом густонаселённом из четырёх мадурских округов, более 60 % случаев чарока происходило из-за приставания к чужой жене, 17 % — из-за различных «недопониманий», 9 % — из-за долгов, 7 % — из-за земельных споров или споров о наследстве.

По-прежнему случаются коллективные чароки, которые иногда принимают масштабы массовых побоищ. Наиболее кровопролитное из подобных столкновений произошло 13 июля 2006 года в деревне Буджур-Тенгах () на севере острова: в поножовщине погибло семь и было тяжело ранено по крайней мере девять человек.

При этом в современных условиях сама практика чарока претерпевает определённые изменения. Подобное выяснение отношений происходит скрытно, без привлечения зрителей и уведомления сельских старейшин. Следы крови с «победных» челуритов тщательно стирают, сами серпы, ставшие орудием убийства, тщательно прячут. Публичное одобрение чарока стало редкостью, хотя многие островитяне по-прежнему считают постыдным доносить на «дуэлянтов» в полицию. Кроме того, старинные «благородные» правила чарока соблюдаются далеко не всегда: мадурская полиция отмечает возрастающее число случаев, когда чароком объявляется нападение без заблаговременной договорённости на безоружного противника, что фактически стирает грань между обрядовым поединком и обычным убийством.

Примечания

Литература

Мадура
Преступность в Индонезии
История Индонезии
Культура Индонезии
Дуэль


ARLINGTON, VA – April 11, 2017 – Hobsons® is pleased to announce that three K-12 schools and districts and six higher education institutions have been selected as finalists for the 2017 Hobsons Education Advances Awards, recognizing innovative approaches to helping students succeed.
The finalists, selected by an independent panel of judges, are leaders in combining people, process, and technology to make a difference in the lives of students.
Finalists for the K-12 Naviance College and Career Readiness Award are: Aptos High School, Aptos, Calif.; Edmonds School District, Lynnwood, Wash.; and Naaman Forest High School, Garland, Texas.
In the higher education Admissions and Enrollment category, the finalists are: California University of Pennsylvania, California, Pa.; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.; and Montana State University, Havre, Mont.
In the Student Success category, the finalists are: Guttman Community College, New York, N.Y.; Morgan State University, Baltimore, Md.; and Northeast Wisconsin Technical College, Greenbay, Wis.
The award-winning institutions in each category will receive $2,500. Two finalists in each category will receive $1,000 each. Winners will be announced in July at the company's annual users conferences, the Naviance Summer Institute in Orlando, Fla., and Hobsons University in Indianapolis.
Aptos High School, Aptos, Calif. – In 2015, this public high school successfully lobbied its Booster Club to provide funding for Naviance® by Hobsons for five years, achieving quick success that convinced district leaders to adopt Naviance to support students at all three of its comprehensive high schools.
Edmonds School District, Lynnwood, Wash. – Beginning in middle school, this district identifies students from low-income, non-native English speaking families – many of whom are the first in their family to go to college – and provides them with additional support to reach their educational goals. The district uses Naviance to create a "one-stop shop" for college and career readiness, with lessons, activities, and resources to this targeted group of students, tracking their progress through high school graduation.
Naaman Forest High School, Garland, Texas – This public high school in suburban Dallas, with 51 percent of its students qualifying for free or reduced-price lunch, initiated the use of Naviance in the 2015-16 school year to increase college research and college applications, and enhance communication between the school's counseling office, students, and families. Since implementing Naviance, FAFSA completions and college applications have increased significantly, increasing students' chances of enrolling in college.
California University of Pennsylvania, California, Pa. – Cal U implemented Hobsons' suite of services, including Radius® by Hobsons, to create a single-source CRM solution for enrollment management, retention/persistency, at-risk advisement, technology integration, and data management. This has allowed the university, which is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, to increase efficiencies in the recruitment lifecycle funnel and to improve conversions.
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. -- The graduate office at Colorado School of Mines converted its time-consuming paper application process to an electronic process to decrease the time between decision to acceptance. Using Hobsons' ApplyYourself and AppReview, the graduate office reduced application processing time from several days to several hours.
Montana State University Northern, Havre, Mont. -- In 2015, the entire Montana State University system, referred to as One MSU, collaboratively pursued a partnership with Hobsons to implement the Radius CRM to solve data and communication challenges that were hindering recruitment. Radius has since helped the Office of Admissions and Recruiting at this small, rural university streamline its workflows and to be more strategic in its recruitment efforts.
Morgan State University, Baltimore, Md. – The university's Office of Student Success and Retention uses Starfish to help increase student retention rates and persistence to graduation through early intervention and systematic tracking of undergraduate students. Starfish has allowed the university to provide higher-quality advising, introduce a more transparent and efficient method of early risk targeting and intervention, and improve student accountability.
Northeast Wisconsin Technical College, Greenbay, Wis. – At this two-year technical college, every employee is responsible for finding ways to help students master their courses, remain in college, and achieve a college credential. NWTC implemented Starfish to help weave the concept of student success into every facet of the student experience, improving course pass rates, student grades, and persistence toward graduation.


So you've bought the house of your dreams, but not everything is perfect. The lawn could use a bit of a pick-me-up (or maybe more). The kids are asking for a pool. You envisioned a place where you can barbecue, New Orleans-style, and hang out with friends over the summer, but you don't have a deck or even a patio.
While you stare out at the dull and brown patch of land marring your beautiful home's appearance, you don't have any idea of how to begin. Here's where you call our New Orleans landscape architects at Big Easy Landscaping to help you come up with a plan.
We have 14 years of experience in the industry at Big Easy Landscaping, so we know how to get the job done, and how to get it done right. We'll meet with you to discuss your project, problem or vision and get you the estimated cost. Once we've settled on a design and a budget you're happy with, our construction team can get to work to make it a reality.
We incorporate various aspects of horticulture, botany, the fine arts, industrial design, soil sciences, ecology, and so much more to our work.
Our team will help you generate ideas combined with our technical knowledge to come up with the most ideal landscaping solution that will deliver a functional and beautiful outdoor living space that you can enjoy with your loved ones.
We pride ourselves with our team of landscape architects who work tirelessly with our clients to transform their yards into beautiful works of art. Here at Big Easy Landscaping, we aim to provide beautiful landscaping that will match well with the rich culture and the beautiful weather of the city.
Contact us today to see how our landscape architects can help you design the great outdoor space of your dreams. Our range of services includes drainage installation, regular maintenance, construction of irrigation systems and enhancements like serene ponds or special garden areas so we can handle all of your landscaping needs and simplify the process.
If you're thinking of revamping your outdoor space, you may already have some ideas. Maybe you're an avid gardener or DIY-er and you're wondering why an "architect" is needed just to get a handle on your yard.
A good landscape architect can analyze your space and see how your project – large or small – will affect other parts of the space. This is especially important for tighter spaces or flood-prone areas like New Orleans. And while you may have ideas, it's likely that the architect will have even more.
Landscape architects also know how to plan construction, and how to plan it around a given budget. They might also know of ways to save you money without sacrificing the design or functionality of your vision.
In your research, you may have come across the term "landscape designers." While the two job titles may seem similar, there is one large difference.
Legally, those who call themselves landscape architects must have a degree in landscape architecture and a state license to work. The American Society of Landscape Architects has accredited a number of colleges to teach the profession.
This means that a landscape architect is trained to handle irrigation systems, steep slopes, elevation problems and designing outdoor structures, among other challenges.
In contrast, designers aren't required to get a state license. While some may have a degree in landscape architecture, they aren't held to the same licensing standards and thus aren't required to know how to handle the more difficult aspects of landscape architecture. They can be certified by the Association of Professional Landscape Designers.
Here at Big Easy Landscaping, we are prepared to handle whatever dreams you may have for your outdoor space in New Orleans. Our local team not only offers great landscape architects who can help you design the outdoor area of your dreams, but also skilled professionals who can make that vision come to life.
We've been talking a lot about ourselves. Why don't we let some of our local customers tell you about Big Easy Landscaping in New Orleans?
Big Easy Landscaping was started by a local husband and wife team who wanted to do what they love every day. We have more than 14 years of experience in the industry between us, and we use to pursue our passion for landscape design and improve the yards — and lives — of our customers. We're driven by passion, so you wouldn't catch us glancing at our watches while we try to turn your vision into reality.
While Big Easy Landscaping is ready to help you design your dream outdoor area in New Orleans, we offer more than planning and meeting with landscape architects. We also provide services for everyday needs so you can spend time doing what matters, without worrying about how tall the grass on your lawn is growing.


The "Grand Union" Special Edition takes inspiration from the Royal wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle and celebrates the establishment of a new union. Like most Moultons, the two halves of the bicycle come together to form one unified product of exceptional performance, versatility and durability.
Rear Carrier Supplied with 'Day Carrier'. 'Luggage' carrier also available.
The table below gives an overview of the Moulton GRAND UNION build specificationavailable. To place an order, please contact your nearest Moulton dealer.
Gear Range (inches) T= Touring, S= Sport 32-94"