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Home > Graduate School > Electronic Theses and Dissertations > 192
Bacterial and Sediment Transport in an Artificial Sand Bed Stream During Unsteady Flow
Mary Alexandra Mccaskill
M.S. in Engineering Science
Cristiane Q. Surbeck
Chung Song
Douglas F. Shields
Storms cause a substantial increase in the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in stream water. Causes for this concentration increase include FIB-laden stormwater runoff and the release of bacteria from stream-bottom sediments. Studies were carried out to quantify this second cause of water quality impairment. Coliform bacteria are a group of FIB, indicate the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, and have been shown to be transported in streams far from their source areas, especially during storms. FIB transport is dependent on several factors including water velocity, size and transport rates of bed sediments, and the FIB concentration in bed sediment. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of varying flow rates on the transport of bed-dwelling coliforms in sand bed streams. Artificial stream experiments were run with field-induced storm hydrographs to determine resuspension rates of coliforms and their association with the movement of bed material. Six artificial storm events were created by varying discharge in a 0.63-m wide stainless steel flume with 2.5 m of the 8-m-long channel bed covered with 0.26 to 0.375-mm sand. Peak flow rates varied from 0.04 to 0.074 m3/s, peak velocities were 0.3 to 0.65 m/s, and event durations were either 60 min or 90 min. Water samples were collected upstream and downstream of the sand bed at selected intervals throughout each event, and bed sediment samples were collected before and after each event. Average FIB concentrations in water up- and downstream of the sand bed were statistically similar for events with peak velocities less than 0.58 m/s. Peak concentrations of total coliform and suspended sediments occurred in the downstream samples during the rising limb of hydrographs, due to resuspension of coliforms and sand from the bed. However, after the initial surge, there was no noticeable effect of the water flows on resuspension. To simulate downstream concentrations due to resuspension, we modeled the system using a 1-D advection-dispersion equation with added source/sink terms to account for sediment settling and resuspension. This experiment and its analysis may provide a methodology for determining coliform and suspended sediment inputs into total maximum daily load (TMDL) calculations.
Mccaskill, Mary Alexandra, "Bacterial and Sediment Transport in an Artificial Sand Bed Stream During Unsteady Flow" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 192.
https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/192
Concentration/Emphasis
Environmental Engineering Commons
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Ahmad Bilal remains true to his reputation of offering delicate feminine clothing. The label delivers what women want. Global influences along with traditional embellishments go to make the options he has created for women with an individualistic style.


We love new members. Each member is important and allows our club to do more. New members bring unique insights and perspectives that we value greatly. Join us for lunch, and let us introduce you to our club, which connects concerned individuals to local needs right here in our community.
Our members include the Rosemount Mayor, the Rosemount High School Assistant Principal, business owners, managers, real estate professionals, bankers, doctors, attorneys and retirees who care passionately about serving in the community. But our members are not concerned with professional titles. What matters to our members is service, and we serve together in a spirit of humility, joining together to meet real needs that exist right here in the Rosemount community.
Rosemount Rotary is also part of Rotary International, a worldwide network comprised of more than 1.2 million business, professional, and community leaders in more than 32,000 Rotary Clubs in 200+ countries and geographical areas.
If you would like to learn more, please call Matt Schaap at 952-953-8816 or 612-500-1186 (cell). He'd be happy to share our club's vision with you and answer any questions you may have about the club.


No matter how many crypto coins and tokens you own, they all have one problem – volatility. This about it – you have bought a pack of alpaca socks with your Bitcoins, but then the price rose 30%. What will you end up with? That's right, a loss. If you are a merchant, you can sell goods and services for crypto. However, it just may happen that the coin you are accepting drastically declined in price. Not good for business at all. Generally, crypto payments are a 50/50 chance – you either end up with a bigger sum of money you had, or you lose a bunch. There are many talks around the future of cryptocurrencies' mass adoption, let's get into the details.
The profit got out of changing rates might seem like a great thing, but the process itself is so unpredictable that the crypto payment game seems like a flop.
This is sure an issue, and in the ever-developing world of cryptocurrencies, every issue gets solved. There was a need for something stable and here you go – people invented stable coins.
Stablecoins are types of cryptocurrency linked/pegged to the real-world assets – it can be fiat, gold or even oil. The connection makes the price of a taken currency stable, which is a definite benefit if stable coins.
Let's discuss the technology a little bit. Stablecoins, just like other cryptocurrencies, exist on a blockchain. A crypto coin being stable and linked does not lead to the idea that they are supported by some kind of central authority. Stablecoins are decentralized, they just function in a slightly different way. The stability relies on the constant audits of the linked real-world asset.
Why are stable coins important?
First of all, stable cryptocurrencies give us a chance to pay for goods. As already mentioned above, both the customers and the merchants have hard times processing crypto payments due to the high volatility. Stablecoins solve this issue and give the businesses an opportunity to thrive and the customers a chance to pay without thinking about the possible drawbacks.
Popular cryptocurrencies, take Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum or others, are not exactly meant to pay for goods. Trade, yes. Daily purchases – not exactly.
Also, stable coins are easy to liquidate in case of a market crash.
As you can see, everybody wins in the situation.
The idea of the three kinds is easily derived from their names.
Slight confusion may occur on the last part – how can a stable coin be not backed by an asset? Well, these cryptos rely on the supply, governed by smart contracts. The price is kept stable by constantly changing the volume accordingly.
There are some known stable crypto projects that we are doing to discuss in greater details.
Tether is a stable coin cryptocurrency that works through the Omni Protocol – an open-source software, allowing issuing and managing crypto tokens. Tether USDT is backed by the fiat currency, stored in the company's reserve account. Tether supports Us Dollars and Euros (Japanese Yen on the go). The currencies are denoted with a symbol corresponding to a currency.
TrueUSD is a US Dollar backed cryptocurrency. The token is ERC20 standard – all legally protected and verified. TUSD works with multiple trust companies and all the users of this token have to undergo the KYC procedure to purchase the tokens. TrueUSD is the first token to be built on the TrustToken platform.
MakerDAO is the company that created the DAI stable coin. DAI is equal to 1 US Dollar and is unmineable. This stable coin is usually utilized for payments and savings. Also, DAI stable is crypto-collateralized. This means, that to use DAI you will need to leverage some of your Ethereum and have it as a collateral.
PAX is a stable coin crypto equal to 1 US Dollar, just like some of the other coins mentioned above. As the official website of the currency states, the aim of Paxos is combining the stability of the Dollar and the efficiency of the blockchain technology. There are no fees for transactions and conversion in PAX, as well as no minimum for the purchases. The company Paxos is regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services.
One more token on a dollar list, USDC is stable coin crypto launched by Circle. USDC is mostly known for being heavily supported by Coinbase, as the coin is available for buying, selling and trading on Coinbase.com as well as the company's applications. Supporting a stable coin for the first time was quite a step for Coinbase generally, as they usually focus on more traditional currencies. Despite this, USDC is available and can be used for quick online purchases and DApps.
As you can see now, there are many stable cryptocurrency coins out there. In most cases, stability grants more security and protection to users. The experts of ChangeNOW, a leading non-custodial cryptocurrency exchange, see quite a potential in stable coin implementation and the future development of the notion.


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Q: Does google index my index.* page and my folder structure? I am doing some research on Canonical pages in our site.
Does Google create two indexes in this case:
http://www.foo.com/folder/index.html

http://www.foo.com/folder/

Or does it only index one of the above?
I am curious if I need to add a rel="canonical" or if I am just overthinking this simple idea.

A: After research it depends on the web server.
In our case it was a Sun One web server that you could hit both foo.com/ and foo.com/index.jsp
Even though these pulled up the same content, they are two different URLs and Google saw them as two sperate pages with duplicate content. This was bumping down our SEO.
The fix was to modify the web server to auotmatically redirect /index.jsp pages to the /.
So yes, google will index any page that you can browse to in your browser, unless its on you robots.txt or you are manually telling google not to index in some fashion.

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This old and well-known example has since been copied by many businesses. In the nineties, we already made a database of such examples in a Product Service Systems project for the Dutch Government (download link at the bottom of this page). This database was later developed further in an EU-funded research project called Methodology For Product Service System Assessment or MEPSS (www.mepss.nl). This included the development of a comprehensive toolset.
In the first two cases, LCA can assess the benefits. In the third case, some more thinking is needed. If we compare the impact per kilometre of driving, LCA will tell you there is no difference. Like any car, shared cars will most likely not be used beyond about 150.000 km, and their fuel consumption and emissions are the same. What you need to do here is to look at the broader scope. The key question is: will people indeed end up driving less? In the Product Service System main report that we wrote for the Dutch government in the nineties, we elaborated on an approach how to assess this category of products sold as a service (download link at the bottom of this page).
The environmental impacts of these activities can easily outweigh the benefit of reducing the use of materials in the product they provide as a service. Keep the concept of the circular economy in mind - selling a product as a service is a way to reduce material use, not a goal in itself.
If you want to learn more about the topic, please contact Mark Goedkoop. Or download the report and annex of the Product System Services project mentioned in this article.


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El Observatorio del Parque Provincial Killarney es un microobservatorio, en el Parque Provincial Killarney, cerca del George Lake Campground (Killarney, Ontario, Canadá). Fue abierto el 17 de julio de  2010 siendo el primer observatorio público operando en algún Parque Provincial de Ontario (ya que el Radio Observatorio Algonquin, estacionado en el Parque Provincial Algonquin es operado privadamente).

El Observatorio del Parque Provincial Killarney utiliza un SkyShed GPOD XL3 con dos puertas, y aloja un telescopio Meade 10" LX5. El domo es completamente realizado con material plástico reciclado (Re-HDPE) y el telescopio apoya sobre un pie acerado. El observatorio y el telescopio fueron donados por la Familia Waters, para celebrar 25 años consecutivos de observaciones astronómicas de Bruce Waters, a más de 5.000 visitantes del parque. El telescopio y observatorio se sitúan en una terraza con dos rampas (para facilitar el movimiento de personas) donadas por los Amigos del Parque Killarney.  El 29 de enero de 2011, Bill y la familia Gardner, donaron e instalaron un calificado montaje Losmandy G11 con Gemini GoTo. Esa generosa donación aumentó, en gran medida, la capacidad del sistema, especialmente porque es más fácil para los observadores novatos, de utilizar la instalación.

Si bien el Observatorio puede usarse para presentaciones especiales de grandes audiencias (con más de 200 personas), y por agentes del parque del "Patrimonio Natural de Educación" (Natural Heritage Education: NHE), la verdadera belleza de la instalación es que se ha optimizado para el uso en autoservicio. Esto permite que cualquier persona que visite este parque de acceso gratuito, a un Observatorio de alta calidad para aficionados y, a este respecto, el Observatorio Provincial Killarney  puede ser el primero libre, de instalaciones públicas, con autouso de América del Norte.  En este momento, debe llamarse al parque con anticipación para solicitar información sobre su uso.

Actividades del Observatorio
Este Observatorio tiene la mayoría del equipamiento que un astrónomo amateur necesita usar. La lista, a continuación, será de utilidad en la planificación de un viaje a las instalaciones. Tenga en cuenta que, mientras que el principal instrumento es el telescopio Meade LX 5 series, el montaje Losmandy G11 con Géminis GoTo se ha añadido en lugar del montaje original como teodolito.

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Observatorios astronómicos de Canadá
Parques de Canadá

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It has been estimated that 90 per cent of the world's data has been generated over the last two years; illustrating the explosive growth of big data in both the public and private sectors. The Australian government, recognising the need for technology neutral protections introduced a number of changes to the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), via the Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Act 2012, that addresses how the personal information of individuals is collected, used and protected in the form of the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs).
The new Privacy Principles
Although the 13 new Australian Privacy Principles mirrors the former Principles in a number of ways, perhaps the biggest change can be found within APP 11, requiring entities to take reasonable steps to protect the personal information of individuals from 'interference', misuse, loss, unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. The impetus for the inclusion of 'interference' in APP 11 is recognition that attacks on computer systems is a modern reality, and that information interference is not limited to misuse or loss.
What are the Principles that are most relevant for legal practitioners?
APP 1 – open and transparent management of personal information
When dealing with the personal information of an individual, it is essential that entities are transparent in how they are going to use that information. Additionally, it is also important that the implementation of practices, policies and procedures comply with the APPs.
APP 3 – collection of solicited personal information
Entities must only collect and store information that they reasonably need. Additionally, the individual must also consent to the collection of the personal information that is reasonably necessary for one, or more of the entity's functions or activities.
APP 5 – notification of the collection of personal information
Upon the collecting of personal information, it is essential that the entity clearly identifies who they are, and are also clear about what is to be done with the personal information collected.
APP 6 – use or disclosure of personal information
The personal information of individuals cannot be used or disclosed beyond the primary purposes for which the information was collected. In the event that the personal information is used for secondary purposes, it must be related to the primary purpose.
APP 7 – direct marketing
Personal information cannot be used for direct marketing except under the following circumstances:
the information collected was directly from the individual; and
the individual would hold the reasonable expectation that the use or disclosure of that information was for marketing purposes; and
the individual has a simple means to opt out, and they have not already opted out
the personal information was received indirectly;
the individual had provided consent to have the personal information; or
it's not practicable to obtain consent; however, the individual still has the choice to still opt out from receiving direct marketing correspondence.
It is crucial to keep in mind that the Spam Act is still applicable, prohibiting entities from sending unsolicited emails.
Any personal information collected must be securely kept, and any unauthorised disclosure is prohibited. Furthermore, once the personal information of the individual is no longer required, the entity must delete or de-identify the data.
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The Margot European Day Spa has named Wendy McFalda, M.D. as its medical director. McFalda is a board-certified dermatologist, and her training in cosmetic dermatology and reputation for taking the long-term approach in caring for her patients attracted Margot European Day Spa.
McFalda specializes in creating natural age-appropriate beauty and is also a naturally certified trainer for Allergan, the maker of Botox and Juvederm. She is also in a small group of people that is trained and certified to perform the YLift, a non-surgical 30-minute face-lift.
"Soon after joining our team, we knew we had a world-class physician who cares about enhancing one's natural beauty and understands how wellness in general contributes to inner and outer beauty," said Margot Kohler, the spa's founder and namesake.
To celebrate her hire, she will be hosting a summer medspa event that will focus on body shaping and the GentleMaxPro laser hair removal system. Prizes, including laser and body shaping medical treatments, will be raffled off, and the client will leave with VIP gift bags. Staff will also be available during the event to answer questions and all spa and medical-spa treatments.


text:
Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Methodius/Concerning Free-Will
< Ante-Nicene Fathers | Volume VI | Methodius
←Elucidations
Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. VI by Methodius, translated by William R. Clark
Concerning Free-Will
From the Discourse on the Resurrection→
158624Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. VI — Concerning Free-WillMethodiusWilliam R. Clark
Concerning Free-Will.[1]
Orthodoxus. The old man of Ithaca, according to the legend of the Greeks, when he wished to hear the song of the Sirens, on account of the charm of their voluptuous voice, sailed to Sicily in bonds, and stopped up the ears of his companions; not that he grudged them the hearing, or desired to load himself with bonds, but because the consequence of those singers' music to those who heard it was death. For such, in the opinion of the Greeks, are the charms of the Sirens. Now I am not within hearing of any such song as this; nor have I any desire to hear the Sirens who chant men's dirges, and whose silence is more profitable to men than their voice; but I pray to enjoy the pleasure of a divine voice, which, though it be often beard, I long to hear again; not that I am overcome with the charm of a voluptuous voice, but I am being taught divine mysteries, and expect as the result, not death but eternal salvation. For the singers are not the deadly Sirens of the Greeks, but a divine choir of prophets, with whom there is no need to stop the ears of one's companions, nor to load one's-self with bonds, in fear of the penalty of hearing. For, in the one case, the hearer, with the entrance of the voice, ceases to live; in the other, the more he hears, the better life will he enjoy, being led onwards by a divine Spirit. Let every one come, then, and hear the divine song without any fear. There are not with us the Sirens from the shore of Sicily, nor the bonds of Ulysses, nor the wax poured melting into men's ears; but a loosening of all bonds, and liberty to listen to every one that approaches. For it is worthy of us to hear such a song as this; and to hear such singers as these, seems to me to be a thing to be prayed for. But if one wishes to hear the choir of the apostles as well, he will find the same harmony of song. For the others sang beforehand the divine plan in a mystical manner; but these sing an interpretation of what has been mystically announced by the former. Oh, concordant harmony, composed by the Divine Spirit! Oh, the comeliness of those who sing of the mysteries of God! Oh, that I also may join in these songs in my prayer. Let us then also sing the like song, and raise the hymn to the Holy Father, glorifying in the Spirit Jesus, who is in His bosom.[2]
Shun not, man, a spiritual hymn, nor be ill-disposed to listen to it. Death belongs not to it; a story of salvation is our song. Already I seem to taste better enjoyments, as I discourse on such subjects as these; and especially when there is before me such a flowering meadow, that is to say, our assembly of those who unite in singing and hearing the divine mysteries. Wherefore I dare to ask you to listen to me with ears free from all envy, without imitating the jealousy of Cain,[3] or persecuting your brother, like Esau,[4] or approving the brethren of Joseph,[5] because they hated their brother on account of his words; but differing far from all these, insomuch that each of you is used to speak the mind of his neighbour. And, on this account, there is no evil jealousy among you, as ye have undertaken to supply your brother's deficiencies. O noble audience, and venerable company, and spiritual food! That I may ever have a right to share in such pleasures, be this my prayer!
Valentinian. As I was walking yesterday evening, my friend, along the shore of the sea, and was gazing on it somewhat intently, I saw an extraordinary instance of divine power, and a work of art produced by wise science, if at least such a thing may be called a work of art. For as that verse of Homer[6] says,—
"As when two adverse winds blowing from Thrace,
Boreas and Zephyrus, the fishy deep
Vex sudden, all around, the sable flood
High curled, flings forth the salt weed on the shore;"—
So it seemed to me to have happened yesterday. For I saw waves very like mountain-tops, and, so to speak, reaching up to heaven itself. Whence I expected nothing else but that the whole land would be deluged, and I began to form in my mind a place of escape, and a Noah's ark. But it was not as I thought; for, just as the sea rose to a crest, it broke up again into itself, without overstepping its own limits, having, so to speak, a feeling of awe for a divine decree.[7] And as oftentimes a servant, compelled by his master to do something against his will, obeys the command through fear, while he dares not say a word of what he suffers in his unwillingness to do it, but, full of rage, mutters to himself,—somewhat so it appeared to me that the sea, as if enraged and confining its awe within itself, kept itself under, as not willing to let its Master perceive its anger.
On these occurrences I began to gaze in silence, and wished to measure in my mind the heaven and its sphere. I began to inquire whence it rises and where it sets; also what sort of motion it had—whether a progressive one, that is to say, one from place to place, or a revolving one; and, besides, how its movement is continued. And, of a truth, it seemed worth while to inquire also about the sun,—what is the manner of his being set in the heaven; also what is the orbit he traverses; also whither it is that, after a short time, he retires; and why it is that even he does not go out of his proper course: but he, too, as one may say, is observing a commandment of a higher power, and appears with us just when he is allowed to do so, and departs as if he were called away.
So, as I was investigating these things, I saw that the sunshine was departing, and the daylight failing, and that immediately darkness came on; and the sun was succeeded by the moon, who, at her first rising, was not of full size, but after advancing in her course presented a larger appearance. And I did not cease inquiring about her also, but examined the cause of her waning and waxing, and why it is that she, too, observes the revolution of days; and it seemed to me from all this that there is a divine government and power controlling the whole, which we may justly call God.
And thereupon I began to praise the Creator, as I saw the earth fast fixed, and living creatures in such variety, and the blossoms of plants with their many hues. But my mind did not rest upon these things alone; but thereupon I began to inquire whence they have their origin—whether from some source eternally co-existent with God, or from Himself alone, none co-existing with Him; for that He has made nothing out of that which has no existence appeared to me the right view to take, unless my reason were altogether untrustworthy. For it is the nature of things which come into being to derive their origin from what is already existing. And it seemed to me that it might be said with equal truth, that nothing is eternally co-existent with God distinct from Himself, but that whatever exists has its origin from Him, and I was persuaded of this also by the undeniable disposition of the elements, and by the orderly arrangement of nature about them.
So, with some such thoughts of the fair order of things, I returned home. But on the day following, that is today, as I came I saw two beings of the same race—I mean men—striking and abusing one another; and another, again, wishing to strip his neighbour. And now some began to venture upon a more terrible deed; for one stripped a corpse, and exposed again to the light of day a body that had been once hidden in the earth, and treated a form like his own with such insult as to leave the corpse to be food for dogs; while another bared his sword, and attacked a man like himself. And he wanted to procure safety by flight; but the other ceased not from pursuing, nor would control his anger. And why should I say more? It is enough that he attacked him, and at once smote him with his sword. So the wounded man became a suppliant to his fellow, and spread out his hands in supplication, and was willing to give up his clothing, and only made a claim for life. But the other did not subdue his anger, nor pity his fellowman, nor would he see his own image in the being before him; but, like a wild beast, made preparations with his sword for feeding upon him. And now he was even putting his mouth to the body so like his own, such was the extent of his rage. And there was to be seen one man suffering injurious treatment, and another forthwith stripping him, and not even covering with earth the body which he denuded of clothing. But, in addition to these, there was another who, robbing others of their marriage rights, wanted to insult his neighbour's wife, and urged her to turn to unlawful embraces, not wishing her husband to be father to a child of his own.
After that I began to believe the tragedies, and thought that the dinner of Thyestes had really taken place; and believed in the unlawful lust of Oinomaos, nor doubted of the strife in which brother drew the sword on brother.
So, after beholding such things as these, I began to inquire whence they arise, and what is their origin, and who is the author of such devices against men, whence came their discovery, and who is the teacher of them. Now to dare to say that God was the author of these things was impossible; for surely it could not even be said that they have from Him their substance, or their existence. For how were it possible to entertain these thoughts of God? For He is good, and the Creator of what is excellent, and to Him belongs nothing bad. Nay, it is His nature to take no pleasure in such things; but He forbids their production, and rejects those who delight in them, but admits into His presence those who avoid them. And how could it be anything but absurd to call God the maker of these things of which He disapproves? For He would not wish them not to be, if He had first been their creator; and He wishes those who approach Him to be imitators of Him.
Wherefore it seemed to me unreasonable to attribute these things to God, or to speak of them as having sprung from Him; though it must certainly be granted that it is possible for something to come into existence out of what has no existence, in case He made what is evil. For He who brought them into existence out of non-existence would not reduce them to the loss of it. And again, it must be said that there was once a time when God took pleasure in evil things, which now is not the case. Wherefore it seems to me impossible to say this of God. For it is unsuitable to His nature to attach this to Him. Wherefore it seemed to me that there is co-existent with Him somewhat which has the name of matter, from which He formed existing things, distinguishing between them with wise art, and arranging them in a fair order, from which also evil things seem to have come into being. For as this matter was without quality or form, and, besides this, was borne about without order, and was untouched by divine art, God bore no grudge against it, nor left it to be continually thus borne about, but began to work upon it, and wished to separate its best parts from its worst, and thus made all that it was fitting for God to make out of it; but so much of it as was like lees, so to speak, this being unfitted for being made into anything, He left as it was, since it was of no use to Him; and from this it seems to me that what is evil has now streamed down among men. This seemed to me the right view to take of these things. But, my friend, if you think that anything I have said is wrong, mention it, for I exceedingly desire to hear about these things.
Orthodoxus. I appreciate your readiness, my friend, and applaud your zeal about the subject; and as for the opinion which you have expressed respecting existing things, to the effect that God made them out of some underlying substance, I do not altogether find fault with it. For, truly, the origin of evil is a subject that has called out opinions from many men.[8] Before you and me, no doubt, there have been many able men who have made the most searching inquiry into the matter. And some of them expressed the same opinion as you did, but others again represented God as the creator of these things, fearing to allow the existence of substance as coeval with Him; while the former, from fear of saying that God was the author of evil, thought fit to represent matter as coeval with Him.[9] And it was the fate of both of these to fail to speak rightly on the subject, in consequence of their fear of God not being in agreement with an accurate knowledge of the truth.
But others declined to inquire about such a question at all, on the ground that such an inquiry is endless. As for me, however, my connection with you in friendship does not allow me to decline the subject of inquiry, especially when you announce your own purpose, that you are not swayed by prejudice,—although you had your opinion about the condition of things derived from your conjectures,—but say that you are confirmed in a desire of knowing the truth.
Wherefore I will willingly turn to the discussion of the question. But I wish this companion of mine here to listen to our conversation.[10] For, indeed, he seems to have much the same opinions about these things as you have, wherefore I wish that you should both have a share in the discussion. For whatever I should say to you, situated as you are, I shall say just as much to him. If, then, you are indulgent enough to think I speak truly on this great subject, give an answer to each question I ask; for the result of this will be that you will gain a knowledge of the truth, and I shall not carry on my discussion with you at random.
Valentinian. I am ready to do as you say; and therefore be quite ready to ask those questions from which you think I may be able to gain an accurate knowledge of this important subject. For the object which I have set before myself is not the base one of gaining a victory, but that of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the truth. Wherefore apply yourself to the rest of the discussion.
Orthodoxus. Well, then, I do not suppose you are ignorant that it is impossible for two uncreated things to exist together, although you seem to have expressed nearly as much as this in an earlier part of the conversation. Assuredly we must of necessity say one of two things: either that God is separate from matter, or, on the other hand, that He is inseparable from it. If, then, one would say that they are united, he will say that that which is uncreated is one only, for each of the things spoken of will be a part of the other; and as they are parts of each other, there will not be two uncreated things, but one composed of different elements. For we do not, because a man has different members, break him up into many beings. But, as the demands of reason require, we say that a single being, man, of many parts, has been created by God. So it is necessary, if God be not separate from matter, to say that that which is uncreated is one only; but if one shall say that He is separate, there must necessarily be something intermediate between the two, which makes their separation evident. For it is impossible to estimate the distance of one thing from another, unless there be something else with which the distance between them may be compared. And this holds good, not only as far as the instance before us, but also to any number of others. For the argument which we advanced in the case of two uncreated things would of necessity be of equal force, were the uncreated things granted to be three in number. For I should ask also respecting them, whether they are separate from each other, or, on the other hand, are united each to its neighbour. For if any one resolve to say that they are united, he will be told the same as before; if, again, that they are separate, he will not escape the necessary existence of that which separates them.
If, then, any one were to say that there is a third account which might fitly be given of uncreated things, namely, that neither is God separate from matter, nor, again, are they united as part of a whole; but that God is locally situate in matter, and matter in God, he must be told as the consequence,[11] that if we say that God is placed in matter, we must of necessity say that He is contained within limits, and circumscribed by matter. But then He must, equally with matter, be carried about without order. And that He rests not, nor remains by Himself, is a necessary result of that in which He is being carried, now this way, and now that. And besides this, we must say that God was in worse case still.
For if matter were once without order, and He, determining to change it for the better, put it into order, there was a time when God was in that which had no order. And I might fairly ask this question also, whether God filled matter completely, or existed in some part of it. For if one resolve to say that God was in some part of matter, how far smaller than matter does he make Him; that is, if a part of it contained God altogether. But if he were to say that He is in all of it, and is extended through the whole of matter, he must tell us how He wrought upon it. For we must say that there was a sort of contraction of God, which being effected, He wrought upon that from which He was withdrawn, or else that He wrought in union with matter, without having a place of withdrawal. But if any one say that matter is in God, there is equal need of inquiry, namely, whether it is by His being separated from Himself, and as creatures exist in the air, by His being divided and parted for the reception of the beings that are in Him; or whether it is locally situated, that is to say, as water in land; for if we were to say, as in the air, we must say that God is divisible; but if, as water in earth,—since matter was without order and arrangement, and besides, contained what was evil,—we must say, that in God were to be found the disorderly and the evil. Now this seems to me an unbecoming conclusion, nay, more a dangerous one. For you wish for the existence of matter, that you may avoid saying that God is the author of evil; and, determining to avoid this, you say that He is the receptacle of evil.
If, then, under the supposition that matter is separate from created substances, you had said that it is uncreated, I should have said much about it, to prove that it is impossible for it to be uncreated; but since you say that the question of the origin of evil is the cause of this supposition, it therefore seems to me right to proceed to inquire into this. For when it is clearly stated how evil exists, and that it is not possible to say that God is the cause of evil, because of matter being subject to Him, it seems to me to destroy such a supposition, to remark, that if God created the qualities which did not exist, He equally created the substances.[12]
Do you say then, that there co-exists with God matter without qualities out of which He formed the beginning of this world?
Valentinian. So I think.
Orthodoxus. If, then, matter had no qualities, and the world were produced by God, and qualities exist in the world, then God is the maker of qualities?
Valentinian. It is so.
Orthodoxus. Now, as I heard you say some time ago that it is impossible for anything to come into being out of that which has no existence, answer my question: Do you think that the qualities of the world were not produced out of any existing qualities?
Valentinian. I do.
Orthodoxus. And that they are something distinct from substances?
Valentinian. Yes.
Orthodoxus. If, then, qualities were neither made by God out of any ready at hand, nor derive their existence from substances, because they are not substances, we must say that they were produced by God out of what had no existence. Wherefore I thought you spoke extravagantly in saying that it was impossible to suppose that anything was produced by God out of what did not exist.
But let our discussion of this matter stand thus. For truly we see among ourselves men making things out of what does not exist, although they seem for the most part to be making them with something. As, for instance, we may have an example in the case of architects; for they truly do not make cities out of cities, nor in like manner temples out of temples.[13]
But if, because substances underlie these things, you think that the builders make them out of what does exist, you are mistaken in your calculation. For it is not the substance which makes the city or the temples, but art applied to substance. And this art is not produced out of some art which lies in the substances themselves, but from that which is not in them.
But you seem likely to meet me with this argument: that the artificer makes the art which is connected with the substance out of the art which he has. Now I think it is a good reply to this to say, that in man it is not produced from any art lying beneath; for it is not to be granted that substance by itself is art. For art is in the class of accidents, and is one of the things that have an existence only when they are employed about some substance. For man will exist even without the art of building, but it will have no existence unless man be previously in being. Whence we must say that it is in the nature of things for arts to be produced in men out of what has no existence. If, then, we have shown that this is so in the case of men, why was it improper to say that God is able to make not only qualities, but also substances, out of that which has no existence? For as it appears possible for something to be produced out of what exists not, it is evident that this is the case with substances. To return to the question of evil. Do you think evil comes under the head of substances, or of qualities of substances?
Valentinian. Of qualities.
Orthodoxus. But matter was found to be without quality or form?
Valentinian. It was.
Orthodoxus. Well, then, the connection of these names with substance is owing to its accidents. For murder is not a substance, nor is any other evil; but the substance receives a cognate name from putting it into practice. For a man is not (spoken of as) murder, but by committing it he receives the derived name of murderer, without being himself murder; and, to speak concisely, no other evil is a substance; but by practising any evil, it can be called evil. Similarly consider, if you imagine anything else to be the cause of evil to men, that it too is evil by reason of its acting by them, and suggesting the committal of evil. For a man is evil in consequence of his actions. For he is said to be evil, because he is the doer of evil. Now what a man does, is not the man himself, but his activity, and it is from his actions that he receives the title of evil. For if we were to say that he is that which he does, and he commits murders, adulteries, and such-like, he will be all these. Now if he is these, then when they are produced he has an existence, but when they are not, he too ceases to be. Now these things are produced by men. Men then will be the authors of them, and the causes of their existing or not existing. But if each man is evil in consequence of what he practises, and what he practises has an origin, he also made a beginning in evil, and evil too had a beginning. Now if this is the case, no one is without a beginning in evil, nor are evil things without an origin.
Valentinian. Well, my friend, you seem to me to have argued sufficiently against the other side. For you appeared to draw right conclusions from the premises which we granted to the discussion. For truly if matter is without qualities, then God is the maker of qualities; and if evils are qualities, God will be the author of evils. But it seems to me false to say that matter is without qualities; for it cannot be said respecting any substance that it is without qualities. But indeed, in the very act of saying that it is without qualities, you declare that it has a quality, by describing the character of matter, which is a kind of quality. Therefore, if you please, begin the discussion from the beginning; for it seems to me that matter never began to have qualities. For such being the case, I assert, my friend, that evil arises from its emanation.
Orthodoxus. If matter were possessed of qualities from eternity, of what will God be the creator? For if we say substances, we speak of them as pre-existing; if, again, we say qualities, these too are declared to have an existence. Since, then, both substances and qualities exist, it seems to me superfluous to call God a creator. But answer me a question. In what way do you say that God was a creator? Was it by changing the existence of those substances into non-existence, or by changing the qualities while He preserved the substances?
Valentinian. I think that there was no change of the substances, but only of the qualities; and in respect to these we call God a creator. And just as if one might chance to say that a house was made of stones, it cannot be said of them that they do not still continue stones in substance, because they are called a house; for I affirm that the house is made by the quality of construction. So I think that God, while substance remained, produced a change of its qualities, by reason of which I say that this world was made by God.
Orthodoxus. Do you think, too, that evil is among the qualities of substances?
Orthodoxus. And were these qualities in matter from the first, or had they a beginning?
Valentinian. I say that these qualities were eternally co-existent with matter.
Orthodoxus. But do you not say that God has made a change in the qualities?
Valentinian. I do say this.
Orthodoxus. For the better?
Valentinian. I think so.
Orthodoxus. If, then, evil is among the qualities of matter, and its qualities were changed by God for the better, the inquiry must be made whence evil arose. For either all of them, being evil, underwent a change for the better, or some of them being evil, and some not, the evil ones were not changed for the better; but the rest, as far as they were found superior, were changed by God for the sake of order.
Valentinian. That is the opinion I held from the beginning.
Orthodoxus. How, then, do you say it was that He left the qualities of evil as they were? Was it that He was able to do away with them, or that, though He wished to do so, He was unable? For if you say that He was able, but disinclined to do so, He must be the author of these things; because, while He had power to bring evil to an end, He allowed it to remain as it was, especially when He had begun to work upon matter. For if He had had nothing at all to do with matter, He would not have been the author of what He allowed to remain. But since He works upon a part of it, and leaves a part of it to itself, while He has power to change it for the better, I think He is the author of evil, since He left part of matter in its vileness. He wrought then for the ruin of a part; and, in this respect, it seems to me that this part was chiefly injured by His arranging it in matter, so that it became partaker of evil. For before matter was put in order, it was without the perception of evil; but now each of its parts has the capacity of perceiving evil. Now, take an example in the case of man. Previously to becoming a living creature, he was insensible to evil; but from the time when he is fashioned by God into the form of man, he gains the perception of approaching evil. So this act of God, which you say was done for the benefit of matter, is found to have happened to it rather for the worse. But if you say that God was not able to stop evil, does the impossibility result from His being naturally weak, or from His being overcome by fear, and in subjection to some more powerful being? See which of these you would like to attribute to the almighty and good God. But, again, answer me about matter. Is matter simple or compound? For if matter be simple and uniform, and the universe compound, and composed of different substances, it is impossible to say that it is made of matter, because compound things cannot be composed of one pure and simple ingredient. For composition indicates the mixture of several simple things. But if, on the other hand, you say that matter is compound, it has been entirely composed of simple elements, and they were once each separately simple, and by their composition matter was produced; for compound things derive their composition from simple things. So there was once a time when matter did not exist—that is to say, before the combination of the simple elements. But if there was once a time when matter did not exist, and there was never a time when what is uncreated did not exist, then matter is not uncreated. And from this it follows that there are many things which are uncreated. For if God were uncreated, and the simple elements of which matter was composed were uncreated, the number of the uncreated would be more than two. But to omit inquiring what are the simple elements, matter or form—for this would be followed by many absurdities—let me ask, do you think that nothing that exists is contrary to itself?
Orthodoxus. Yet water is contrary to fire, and darkness to light, and heat to cold, and moisture to dryness.
Valentinian. I think it is.
Orthodoxus. If, then, nothing that exists is contrary to itself, and these are contrary to one another, they will not be one and the same matter—no, nor formed from one and the same matter. But, again, I wish to ask, do you think that the parts of a thing are not destructive of one another?
Orthodoxus. And that fire and water, and the rest likewise, are parts of matter?
Valentinian. I hold them to be so.
Orthodoxus. Why, then, do you not think that water is destructive of fire, and light of darkness, and so on with the rest?
Orthodoxus. Then, if parts of a thing are not destructive of one another, and these are found to be so, they will not be parts of the same thing. But if they are not parts of the same thing, they will not be parts of one and the same matter. And, indeed, they will not be matter either, because nothing that exists is destructive of itself. And this being the case with the contraries, it is shown that they are not matter. This is enough on the subject of matter.
Now we must come to the examination of evils, and must necessarily inquire into the evils among men. As to these, are they forms of the principle of evil, or parts of it? If forms, evil will not have a separate existence distinct from them, because the species are to be sought for in the forms, and underlie them. But if this is the case, evil has an origin. For its forms are shown to have an origin—such as murder, and adultery, and the like. But if you will have them to be parts of some principle of evil, and they have an origin, it also must have an origin. For those things whose parts have an origin, are of necessity originated likewise. For the whole consists of parts. And the whole will not exist if the parts do not, though there may be some parts, even if the whole be not there.
Now there is nothing existing of which one part is originated, and another part not. But if I were even to grant this, then there was a time when evil was not complete, namely, before matter was wrought by God. And it attains completeness when man is produced by God; for man is the maker of the parts of evil. And from this it follows that the cause of evil being complete, is God the Creator, which it is impious to say. But if you say that evil is neither of the things supposed, but is the doing of something evil, you declare that it has an origin. For the doing of a thing makes the beginning of its existence. And besides this, you have nothing further to pronounce evil. For what other action have you to point out as such, except what happens among men? Now, it has been already shown that he who acts is not evil according to his being, but in accordance with his evil doing.
Because there is nothing evil by nature, but it is by use that evil things become such. So I say, says he, that man was made with a free-will, not as if there were already evil in existence, which he had the power of choosing if he wished, but on account of his capacity of obeying or disobeying God.
For this was the meaning of the gift of Free Will. And man after his creation receives a commandment from God; and from this at once rises evil, for he does not obey the divine command; and this alone is evil, namely, disobedience, which had a beginning.
For man[14] received power, and enslaved himself, not because he was overpowered by the irresistible tendencies of his nature, nor because the capacity with which he was gifted deprived him of what was better for him; for it was for the sake of this that I say he was endowed with it (but he received the power above mentioned), in order that he may obtain an addition to what he already possesses, which accrues to him from the Superior Being in consequence of his obedience, and is demanded as a debt from his Maker. For I say that man was made not for destruction, but for better things. For if he were made as any of the elements, or those things which render a similar service to God, he would cease to receive a reward befitting deliberate choice, and would be like an instrument of the maker; and it would be unreasonable for him to suffer blame for his wrong-doings, for the real author of them is the one by whom he is used. But man did not understand better things, since he did not know the author (of his existence), but only the object for which he was made. I say therefore that God, purposing thus to honour man, and to grant him an understanding of better things, has given him the power of being able to do what he wishes, and commends the employment of his power for better things; not that He deprives him again of free-will, but wishes to point out the better way. For the power is present with him, and he receives the commandment; but God exhorts him to turn his power of choice to better things. For as a father exhorts his son, who has power to learn his lessons, to give more attention to them inasmuch as, while he points out this as the better course, he does not deprive his son of the power which he possessed, even if he be not inclined to learn willingly; so I do not think that God, while He urges on man to obey His commands, deprives him of the power of purposing and withholding obedience. For He points out the cause of His giving this advice, in that He does not deprive him of the power. But He gives commands, in order that man may be able to enjoy better things. For this is the consequence of obeying the commands of God. So that He does not give commands in order to take away the power which He has given, but in order that a better gift may be bestowed, as to one worthy of attaining greater things, in return for his having rendered obedience to God, while he had power to withhold it. I say that man was made with free-will, not as if there were already existing some evil, which he had the power of choosing if he wished,…but that the power of obeying and disobeying God is the only cause.[15]
For this was the object to be obtained by free-will. And man after his creation receives a commandment from God, and from this at once rises evil; for he does not obey the divine command, and this alone is evil, namely, disobedience, which had a beginning. For no one has it in his power to say that it is without an origin, when its author had an origin. But you will be sure to ask whence arose this disobedience. It is clearly recorded in Holy Scripture, by which I am enabled to say that man was not made by God in this condition, but that he has come to it by some teaching. For man did not receive such a nature as this. For if it were the case that his nature was such, this would not have come upon him by teaching. Now one says in Holy Writ, that "man has learnt (evil)."[16] I say, then, that disobedience to God is taught. For this alone is evil which is produced in opposition to the purpose of God, for man would not learn evil by itself. He, then, who teaches evil is the Serpent.
For my part, I said that the beginning of evil was envy, and that it arose from man's being distinguished by God with higher honour. Now evil is disobedience to the commandment of God.
↑ [This debate between Orthodoxus and a Valentinian reminds us of the Octavius of Minucius Felix, vol. iv.]
↑ John i. 18.
↑ Gen. iv. 5.
↑ Gen. xxvii. 41.
↑ Gen. xxxvii. 4.
↑ Iliad, ix. 4, H. (Cowper's Tr.).
↑ Job xxxviii. 11.
↑ [See the essay of Archbishop King On the Origin of Evil, ed. Cambridge, 1739. Law's annotations in this edition are valuable. See also Dr. Bledsoe, Theodicy, and Elucidation VIII. p. 522, vol. ii, this series. Of Leibnitz (refuting Bayle), no need to speak here. Comp. Addison, Spectator, Nos. 237 and 519; also Parnell's Hermit; also Jer. xii. 1.]
↑ The reader will here naturally think of the great and long-continued Manichæan controversy.—Tr.
↑ [See Routh, R. S., tom. ii. p. 98, and note p. 115, and all Routh's notes on Maximus, the original of Methodius, of whom see Eusebius, H. E., book v. cap. 27.]
↑ Jahn's reading is here followed.
↑ The text is here in an uncertain state. Cf. Migne and Jahn.
↑ Imperfect. The rest from the Bibliotheca of Photius.
↑ The whole of this work, as preserved, is in a very fragmentary state. We have followed Migne in general, as his edition is most widely known, and but little is gained by adopting Jahn's, which is somewhat more complete.—Tr.
↑ Of the bestowal of free-will.
↑ Jer. xiii. 23.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VI/Methodius/Concerning_Free-Will&oldid=1051267"


I've been blessed with good health, a wonderful family and amazing friends. Yet I have watched too many dear friends and family members face cancer, including my mother, aunt, sister and cousins, close friends, acquaintances and co-workers.
Research Saves Lives…Since 1949, the LLS has invested more than $1.2 billion in groundbreaking research, $46 million in 2018 alone. And the breakthroughs that are made with LLS funding often find applications for other forms of cancer and even other diseases.
Progress Means Hope…The overall survival rate for leukemia has quadrupled since 1960, and more than doubled for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Progress has been especially significant for children. Today, the five-year survival rate for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma for children is 88.7 percent; in the 1970s most children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma did not survive five years.
These Children Inspire Me…12-year-old Jesse Pallas of Mt. Sinai, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 2011 and cancer of the central nervous system in 2014, and 5-year-old Morgan Sim of Port Washington, who finished treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in time to start kindergarten this year, are two brave, spunky kids who have been named "Boy & Girl of the Year" by the LSS Long Island Chapter. I'm running this campaign in their honor, so they know they're not alone in this fight.
Please include "Theresa Jacobellis" on the memo line of the check.


text:
Velo-City 2023
Railtex
Join Velo-city, the world cycling summit where advocates, cities, decision- and policy makers, researchers and industry leaders meet to shape the future of cycling on May 9-12 2023 in Leipzig.
As the annual flagship event of the European Cyclists' Federation, Velo-city plays a valuable part in promoting cycling as a sustainable and healthy means of transport for all. Like no other event, the conference offers a knowledge-exchange and policy-transfer platform to the growing number of more than 1400 Velo-citizens from over 60 countries involved in the policy, promotion and provision for cycling, active mobility and sustainable urban development.
Moreover, the conference exhibition showcases the latest innovations for a better cycling experience in cities and beyond!
Learn more: https://velo-city2023.com/


text:
var some = function () {
  let count = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : "30";
  console.log("count", count);
};

var collect = function () {
  let since = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : 0;
  let userid = arguments[1];
  console.log(userid);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What's the difference between Data Modelling and Domain Modelling? By the way - with reference to data modelling I'm referring to logical or conceptual data models - not physical ones.
The question came up during a discussion at work; naturally I leapt to Wikipedia to get some basic definitions in place - hoping that they might clarify the difference - but they didn't...

A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their
  relationships.

Logical Data Modles seem very similar (from this definition):

A logical data model (LDM) in systems
  engineering is a representation of an
  organization's data, organized in
  terms entities and relationships and
  is independent of any particular data
  management technology.

Where-as...

A domain model, or Domain Object Model
  (DOM) in problem solving and software
  engineering can be thought of as a
  conceptual model of a system which
  describes the various entities
  involved in that system and their
  relationships.

The differences between domain model vs conceptual data model seems particularly murky.
One of the things which adds to this confusion is that (from what I've seen) a domain model is usually modelled using a UML class diagram - the class entity in a UML class diagram supports methods - our colleague maintains that a domain model must not contain "operations".  I can understand domain modellers using a sub-set of a UML class diagram - but isn't it dangerous to assume people will refrain from including "operations" if the tooling they are using supports it?

A: This is an old thread, but here's a slightly improved answer to clarify some of the others posted here.
The concept of 'domain' (and other kinds of models such as conceptual, logical and physical) is orthogonal to the technique used to represent the model (eg. ERD, UML etc).  A domain model is essentially the same as a conceptual model, but different design methodologies might have slightly different terms and definitions.  While it's common to draw domain models using UML or ERD to describe entities and their relationships (or classes/methods in UML), this only applies to modelling the information to be managed by a system - logically, the concept of domain modelling (or conceptual modelling, logical modelling or physical modelling, etc) can apply to any problem situation and a solution.  Depending on the nature of the problem and the problem solving approach, other modelling techniques could be used to achieve the same goal.
In short, domain modelling and conceptual modelling are essentially the same thing, hair-splitting definitions aside.  The concept applies to what the modeller is trying to communicate.  The concept of data modelling (ie. ERD) or object-oriented modelling (ie. UML) refers to how the modeller communicates it.

A: I would say that a domain model describes the problems (what we want to manage/solve) on a given domain. The data model would describe the solution (how we're going to solve it) to the problem described on the domain model.
However, we are indeed in murky waters...

A: Good question, the problem is that it depends on the definion of the terms, I think they differ slightly based on the sources.
I would agree with previous answer - domain models are for describing the problem domain, at least the part you need to develop a solution. You describe all the various entities, their relations and their behaviour. I think that this is also the view from the Domain Driven design perspective.
Data models on the other hand are used for describing the data in your system and relations or associations between them. This is useful for describing what needs to be stored in the system and might also give hints how. I think data models would apply for your "no operations" rule, because they are not important in this respect.

A: Domain Modeling (in the sense of Domain Driven Design) is all about modelling the behavior of the domain concepts, while Data Modeling focuses mainly on... data.
It doesn't mean that Domain Modeling ignores data structures. It just puts more emphasis on operations and how they can be uses to solve problems.
I don't know much about other than Domain Driven Design domain modelling techniques, but DDD involves (apart from modeling data and behavior) also explicit modelling of consistency boundaries (aggregates).


text:
import React from 'react';
import {Route, IndexRoute} from 'react-router';
import App from './containers/app';

export default (
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    <Route path="/stage"  >
    </Route>

</Route>
);


text:
SOSF Projects
Since 2003, the Save Our Seas Foundation has supported and funded over 300 research, conservation and education Projects worldwide
The Save Our Seas Foundation supports people who develop the original ideas and act as drivers of the projects in the field and in the lab
The Save Our Seas Foundation supports some key longterm Projects that tackle ecosystem based issues or problematics that cannot be resolved within a few years
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Read the news about our Projects written by our Project Leaders often from the field, and discover their incredible lives and stories through their own words and images
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Frequently Asked Questions - Here you will find the answers to most questions you may have
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The Save Our Seas Foundation team reports on the latest ocean stories from around the world
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Eva Meyers
When I was a kid my greatest nightmare was being the only survivor of a plane crash in the ocean and being eaten by a shark. What a crazy fear to have. I did not grow up near the ocean and I did not have much to do with marine life. In fact, I was born in Germany and grew up in Bolivia, in the middle of the Andes, far away from the sea. I never thought I would work as a marine scientist. I was more of an artist, a creative person, but I always loved nature. When we moved to Ecuador, I became even more fascinated by nature, especially marine life. There I was confronted by the most beautiful and sad things I had ever seen. The Amazon, the Andes, the Pacific and the Galapagos. I ended up studying marine ecology and swimming with sharks, the creatures I had feared for so long. I got involved in conservation projects, I studied their behaviour and I understood the importance of preserving them.
Today, my biggest nightmare is being the only survivor of a plane crash in the ocean and not seeing any sharks while I'm waiting to be rescued.
Our project is based in the Canary Islands, a beautiful archipelago of seven volcanic islands in the Atlantic and a popular destination of German and English tourists who come to escape the winter or to go diving. The diving community here is very large, with hundreds of divers visiting the same spots regularly throughout the year. One of the biggest attractions for them is seeing an angel shark. Many dive clubs use this shark as their logo and to promote adventure dives.
Angel sharks are easily spotted by a trained eye and can be found very close to shore at popular dive sites. Once one has been seen, the dive guide often removes its covering of sand or makes it swim away so that the divers can take better photographs and observe the shark while it is swimming. Angel sharks also appeal to recreational, artisanal and sport fishers, as they seem to be quite tasty and look good in a photograph when they have been caught from a charter boat.
I was surprised to find out that even though this shark is so popular and quite common in the Canary Islands, hardly anything is known about its biology and ecology. It has been extirpated from the rest of Europe and is locally extinct in many areas. Considering the species' Critically Endangered status, the Canary Island population may be its last stronghold worldwide. For the local people, however, the angel shark appears to be abundant and everywhere.
One of the main problems we have identified is the lack of awareness of its conservation status and vulnerability. Fishing activity and increased disturbance to this shark may cause damage to the apparently healthy population. So before any management decisions can be made, we need to gather enough information about its current status.
The Angel Shark Project is trying to gather all the information necessary to secure the future of the angel shark in the Canary Islands and the rest of Europe. To do so, we have developed different strategies that involve the recreational-diving and sport-fishing communities. We have engaged members of the diving community to register their encounters with angel sharks on our online database, ePOSEIDON, where they can give us information about the exact locality of the shark, the environmental conditions at this locality, and the individual's size, sex and behaviour. Now citizen scientists are constantly helping us to gather information across the entire archipelago and we are getting an idea about the current distribution patterns and the structure of the population. At the same time, we are raising awareness of the critical status of this shark and educating divers to avoid disturbing it.
Taking advantage of this participation, our next step in the project is a tagging element. We want to find out how many angel sharks are left in the Canary Islands and to understand their movements. At the moment we are unsure whether they move between islands or even away from the Canary Islands. With funding from the Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF), we will be able to tag angel sharks in the three main islands where divers are spotting them regularly, marking them with different colours depending on the island. Divers will be encouraged to submit encounters of tagged angel sharks into our database and report the colour and number of the tag. This will let us know which individual was seen at a specific locality and the island where it came from. We are very excited that so many people from different backgrounds are involved in our project and to have the SOSF helping us to achieve our goals.
Angel of the Canary Islands
Although they grow to be 2.5 metres long, angel sharks are notoriously difficult to spot. They are flat, perfectly camouflaged – and also rare. Eva aims to learn about one of the few remaining populations of these enigmatic creatures.
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Save Our Seas Foundation
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In the effort to protect our oceans, the Save Our Seas Foundation funds and supports research, conservation and education projects worldwide, focusing primarily on charismatic threatened wildlife and their habitats.
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Note: This tutorial has been written and tested on Ubuntu 14.04 with ROS Indigo.
Description: This tutorial shows how to perform the extrinsic calibration of a David SLS-2 3D sensor on an industrial Fanuc robot.
This tutorial is a step by step guide on how to calibrate a David SLS-2 sensor mounted on a Fanuc robot. It aims beginners willing to perform the extrinsic calibration of 3D sensors; everything you will learn applies to other sensors/robots.
Performing the extrinsic calibration allows you to know precisely where the sensor is in regards to the robot, in other words with a calibrated sensor the point clouds fetched are aligned in the robot frame. In practice this means that if you scan a cube, extract the corner coordinates of one edge of the box and feed the robot these poses, the robot will move along the edge.
This procedure is called "extrinsic calibration" "hand-eye" calibration; you should not call it "calibration" as it is confusing with the intrinsic calibration.
The hardware requirements varies depending on which sensor you use, with the David SLS-2 you will need an extra computer running Windows that you may not need using other sensors!
Before going on the robot and actually performing the extrinsic calibration you need to prepare a catkin work-space with the necessary packages.
This tutorial has been written for Fanuc robots and a David SLS-2 sensor but most of it will apply to other robots brands supported in ROS Industrial and other sensors as long as you have a driver.
A ressource package containing the extrinsic calibration trajectory, target definition etc.
institut_maupertuis_robots_descriptions contains a definition of the M-900iB/700 with the mutable joint state publisher. It also contains the definition of the SLS-2 sensor and an image publisher.
You need to create the sensor definition and also a node that will publish the sensor images on a ROS topic.
SLS-2 description contains URDF and launch files to define the SLS-2.
Note that the distance/angle between the projector and the camera can be modified when tweaking the red ruler. You must use values close the reality when including the sls_2.xacro file in your robot definition (see next chapter).
fanuc_m900ib_sls_2_vision_resources contains a simple program to test the extrinsic calibration, launch files that are necessary for the extrinsic calibration and yaml files that defines the extrinsic calibration target geometry etc.
fanuc_m900ib_sls_2_vision_support contains a description of the M-900iB/700 robot with the vision_effector_description and vision_workcell_description attached to it.
The robot description includes de SLS-2 sensor with the right camera to projector distance/angle: m900ib_vision_macro.xacro.
You will notice that the robot has more than 6 axis, this is the mutable joint state publisher; it adds a series of transformation between the tool0 of the robot and the sls_2_frame. It also adds a series of transformation between the robot base and the target_frame; which represents the target the camera will observe to perform the extrinsic calibration.
A macro in the industrial_extrinsic_cal creates 6 transforms (3 translations, 3 rotations) between the two frames. These 6 transformations allows to move the child link.
These values are loaded from the mutable_joint_states.yaml files in the fanuc_m900ib_sls_2_vision_resources package.
In each of the launch files using this robot you must launch the mutable_joint_state_publisher and provide the YAML file path as argument like in the test_m900ib_vision.launch file.
When the extrinsic calibration is complete these values are updated to the real/computed values.
A chain between base_link and sls_2_camera, this one will facilitate your work if you want to automate the trajectory generation for the extrinsic calibration.
This maximize the chances of the optimization algorithm of the industrial_extrinsic_cal to find correct values. If you do not set these values correctly the optimization algorithm might fail or worse, give a wrong answer.
Adjust the values of each of the 12 joints (6 for the camera, 6 for the target).
When you have found all 12 values that matches reality, copy them in the mutable_joint_states.yaml file.
launch files to check is the target can be located, start the calibration and store the results, test the extrinsic calibration, create a calibration trajectory.
The sls_2_camera_def.yaml defines the camera, focal length etc. Some of these values must be copied after performing the calibration of the sensor via the David SDK.
Then export the camera.cal and projector.cal from the David software and copy the values accordingly, in the sls_2_calibration.yaml. This is necessary because the David SLS-2 uses an specific frame when capturing point clouds. Copying these values makes sure we can reverse the transformation to get the point cloud in the camera frame (which we are going to calibrate).
To capture a pose you need to set the ROS parameter /caljob_creator/capture_scene to true; rosparam set /caljob_creator/capture_scene true.
To quit creating the job and write the job file on the disk use rosparam set /caljob_creator/quit true.
At the end the job should be written in caljob.yaml. Of course, when creating the job you must put a calibration target in front of your robot and make sure that the camera is able to locate the pattern for each pose (more info in the next item).
You can use target_locator.launch to test on each pose of the trajectory if the target can be located. If it is not, make sure that the image exposure is correct and that you are not too far/close from the target.
In the yaml directory you will find the calibration target definition and a corresponding SVG file ready for printing.
Make sure the trajectory is collision free and each pose allows to locate the target. You should have at least 10 poses.
Before launching the calibration, start the robot and the driver, put the robot in auto mode and make sure ROS is able to communicate both with the robot and the sensor.
rosservice call /calibration_service "allowable_cost_per_observation: 2.0"
The robot will start moving around the target and the terminal display information about each pose capture.
At the end of the job, the mutable joint state publisher values are updated and you will see the sensor moving in RViz. If the orientation or translation of the sensor dramatically changed then something is wrong either with your initial mutable joint states values or with the extrinsic calibration results.
The new mutable joint states values are copied in the terminal and a new file is created in the yaml directory. However it is your job to update the values with the new one (if they are satisfying.


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The Eyes Offer a Window Into Alzheimer's Disease
FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscienceVisual Neuroscience
· May 14, 2021
Summary: Retinal scans can help researchers detect Alzheimer's disease and track its progression in those with the APOE4 genetic risk factor for the neurodegenerative disorder. The scans can detect blood vessel deterioration linked to the genetic biomarker.
Source: UCSF
While it has been said that the eyes are a window to the soul, a new study shows they could be a means for understanding diseases of the brain.
According to new research by scientists at the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, retinal scans can detect key changes in blood vessels that may provide an early sign of Alzheimer's, while offering important insights into how one of the most common Alzheimer's risk genes contributes to the disease.
"The most prevalent genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease is a variant of the APOE gene, known as APOE4," said lead author Fanny Elahi, MD, PhD. "We still don't fully understand how this variant increases risk of brain degeneration, we just know that it does, and that this risk is modified by sex, race, and lifestyle.
"Our research provides new insights into how APOE4 impacts blood vessels and may provide a path forward for early detection of neurodegenerative disease."
Studies in mice have explored the effect of APOE4 on capillaries in the brain. Elahi, an assistant professor of neurology and member of the UCSF Memory and Aging Center (MAC), has long suspected these tiny blood vessels may play a significant role in Alzheimer's disease, since they deliver nutrients and oxygen, carry away waste, and police immune system responses through the protective shield known as the blood-brain barrier.
Damage to these blood vessels could cause a host of problems, she says, including the protein buildup and cognitive decline seen in individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease.
Because the technology does not exist to visualize individual capillaries in living people's brains, Elahi and colleagues turned to the eye. In the new study, which published May 11, 2021, in the journal Alzheimer's and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, Elahi and her team have shown that APOE4-associated capillary changes can be detected in humans through an easy, comfortable eye scan.
As a light-penetrating tissue that shares biology with the brain, the retina, researchers believe, may help determine what APOE4 variants may be doing to similar capillaries inside the brain, even in those without dementia.
The team – which includes Ari Green, MD, a neuro-ophthalmologist, professor, and director of the UCSF Neurodiagnostics Center, and Amir Kashani, MD, PhD, associate professor of ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute – used an advanced retinal imaging technique known as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to peer into the eyes of aging people with and without APOE4 mutations to evaluate the smallest blood vessels at the back of the eye.
The team leveraged the well-characterized cohorts of people enrolled in ongoing studies of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease at the MAC. By adding OCTA scans to existing MRI and PET scan data, they gain comparative insights without putting volunteer participants through additional discomfort. "That's the beauty of this technique," Elahi said. "It's very easy, noninvasive and participant-friendly."
Analyzing the retinal scans, the researchers found reduced capillary density in APOE4 carriers, an effect that increased with participant age.
To test whether those scans accurately reflected what was happening in the brain, the team then compared the abnormalities seen in OCTA scans of retinal capillaries to measurements of brain perfusion, or the flow of blood through the brain, as measured via MRI. They found that people with higher retinal capillary density also had greater blood flow in the brain.
Finally, the team looked to participants with prior PET scans of beta-amyloid, the protein associated with Alzheimer's disease, to see how their retinal capillary measurements related to the burden of amyloid plaques in the brain, which is the major focus of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, research and treatment to date.
They found that capillary density did not differ between groups with and without amyloid plaques, nor did it vary along with amyloid burden. According to Elahi, that independence suggests that capillary abnormalities are unlikely to be driven by amyloid pathology, or that their relation may at most be indirect.
Because the technology does not exist to visualize individual capillaries in living people's brains, Elahi and colleagues turned to the eye. Image is in the public domain
"This is the first time that we have demonstrated in living, asymptomatic humans that the smallest blood vessels are affected in APOE4 gene carriers," said Elahi. That's important, she added, because it suggests that the increased risk of brain degeneration and Alzheimer's disease in APOE4 carriers may be through its effect on blood vessels.
Elahi and her colleagues plan to follow their study participants to better understand blood vessel dysfunction at a molecular level. That work could help detect the onset of Alzheimer's disease before significant damage occurs to the brain and identify new vascular targets for early treatment.
"This is just the beginning," Elahi said. "But the implications for early detection and possible intervention can be significant in combatting Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. It's much harder to regenerate neurons than to stop their degeneration from happening in the first place. Similar to cancer, early detection can save lives,"
FeaturedNeuroscienceOpen Neuroscience Articles
· September 2, 2021 ·3 min read
A Connection Between Brain's Opioid System and Eating Behavior
Additional co-authors on the paper include Daniel Bennett, Samantha Walters, Renaud La Joie, PhD, Amy Wolf, Yann Cobigo, Adam Stafferoni, Howie Rosen, MD, Bruce Miller, MD, Gil Rabinovici, MD, Joel Kramer, PsyD, and Ari Green, MD, from UCSF. For additional authors and funding information, please see the paper.
About this Alzheimer's disease research news
Contact: Robin Marks – UCSF
"Retinal imaging demonstrates reduced capillary density in clinically unimpaired APOE ε4 gene carriers" by Fanny Elahi, et al. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring
Retinal imaging demonstrates reduced capillary density in clinically unimpaired APOE ε4 gene carriers
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, the strongest non‐Mendelian genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been shown to affect brain capillaries in mice, with potential implications for AD‐related neurodegenerative disease. However, human brain capillaries cannot be directly visualized in vivo. We therefore used retinal imaging to test APOE ε4 effects on human central nervous system capillaries.
We collected retinal optical coherence tomography angiography, cognitive testing, and brain imaging in research participants and built statistical models to test genotype–phenotype associations.
Our analyses demonstrate lower retinal capillary densities in early disease, in cognitively normal APOE ε4 gene carriers. Furthermore, through regression modeling with a measure of brain perfusion (arterial spin labeling), we provide support for the relevance of these findings to cerebral vasculature.
These results suggest that APOE ε4 affects capillary health in humans and that retinal capillary measures could serve as surrogates for brain capillaries, providing an opportunity to study microangiopathic contributions to neurodegenerative disorders directly in humans.
Alzheimer's diseaseApoE4brain researcheyesGeneticsneurobiologyNeurologyNeuroscienceretinal scansUCSFvisual neuroscience


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1 ) With the 3 way split of the original Max India verticals , in to Max Financial, Max India and Max Ventures the resultant companies' shareholders' combined worth has doubled.
3) Gratitude of shareholders of Investment / Holding Companies of the Max Group like Cheminvest Limited, Maxopp Investments , others , for giving Non Promoter shareholders of these Holding companies a fair value.
2 ) Other Holding / Investment Companies like NBI Industrial Finance , Digvijay Finlease , Macrofil Investments should follow the example set by Max India Chairman , Mr. Analjit Singh is giving a Fair Value to the Non Promoter / Public Shareholders of Max Group Investment Companies like Cheminvest Limited, Maxopp Investments , others .


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2MATCH URL: https://assets.rappler.com/BBFFDECC6D9A419C9A9FD98294939E02/img/6C24097B75134DB6AC8B3BB22A0394DC/20160807-marcos-burial-libingan-bayani.jpg
Gov't now preparing for Marcos burial at Libingan
The Palace confirms preparations for the burial of late dictator Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani are underway
Published 9:53 PM, August 07, 2016
Updated 10:04 PM, August 07, 2016
File photos from Wikimedia Commons
MANILA, Philippines – Malacañang confirmed late Sunday, August 7, that preparations for the burial of former president Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani are underway.
In a press release, the Palace said the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), the government office that supervises the Libingan ng mga Bayani, will be the main office in charge of preparations for the burial.
Preparations include "close coordination with the Marcos family."
Malacañang also released a memorandum from Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, addressed to Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Chief of Staff Ricardo Visaya.
In the memo, Lorenzana instructed Visaya to "undertake the necessary planning and preparations to facilitate the coordination of all agencies concerned."
The defense chief added, "Submit your Implementing Plan to my office as soon as possible."
Earlier on Sunday, President Rodrigo Duterte reiterated that the late dictator deserves to be buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.
"As a former soldier and former president of the Philippines, I see nothing wrong in having Marcos buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani," Duterte said.
There were reports that Marcos' remains would be transferred from Ilocos Norte to the cemetery in Taguig City on September 18.
Since the campaign period, Duterte has said he would allow Marcos to be buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.
The late strongman's son and namesake, former senator Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr, also said his father deserves the honor for serving as a soldier during World War II (WWII).
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), however, recently circulated an online pamphlet that said Marcos' record as a WWII soldier is "fraught with myths, factual inconsistencies, and lies."
The NHCP pointed out that Marcos' service as a WWII soldier was "officially called into question" by the United States military.
His supposed guerrilla unit Ang Mga Maharlika and promotion from major to lieutenant in the 1940s were also unrecognized. – Rappler.com
Filed under:AFP•Armed Forces of the Philippines•DND•Delfin Lorenzana•Department of National Defense•Libingan ng mga Bayani•Marcos•Marcos Libingan ng mga Bayani•Marcos burial•PVAO•Philippine Veterans Affairs Office•Ricardo Visaya•Ferdinand Marcos