Sure. Chicago online dating could be like internet dating in each other large metro region but what comes later is something unique. After all, there's not anything quite like the flavor of the Chicago region. After dating in Chicago, you may understand that it may not be the standard U.S. relationship arena.
Does jazz come into mind when you think about Chicago? The Chicago Cultural Center is here. Apparently, Chicago was the first big metro area to use the phrase"jazz," and it appears the"Chicagoites" never got tired of stating it. Better still, the Chicago Jazz Festival is completely FREE and most likely one of those memorable dates you'll ever have. Obviously, you may want to take part in Chicago online relationship , and find someone to go for!
Your Chicago online dating ventures (determined by the Chicago dating agency which you choose ) can lead one to locate somebody who you actually would like to impress. No more"dime-a-dozen" restaurant will suffice to your new man or woman, right? Thus, take her or him to Tallgrass at which the menu illustrates culinary and sophistication intelligence. Treat your special someone into the Grilled Organic Beef Tederloin, Garlic Potato Puree Tapenade and Extra Virgin Olive Oil, the Grilled King Salmon, Braised Fennel, Herb Salad and Cucumber-Chive Crème Fraiche, or the vegetarian Sauteed Artichokes Hearts, Morels, Pinenuts along with also a Brown Butter Vinaigrette. Should you want, dessert can be served.
So today, with the assistance of Chicago online dating you may have discovered the girl or man of your dreams. Thus, take them out to supper and later enjoy a romantic getaway the tallest skyscraper in the U.S.A.. This tall beast reaches 110 stories high and will take you on a fast elevator ride to the 103rd floor in which you and your special someone can see Chicago and other regions out of a bird's eye perspective. As soon as you find a particular someone with a Chicago online dating agency, allow Chicago's attractions amuse you!
What happens after Chicago dating? Beaumont!?
Imagine if you meet somebody with a Chicago online dating agency and decide you wish to take her or him into a Chicago dance bar? If you do not have a favorite club haunt or you also need to provide a new team a go, head to the Beaumont. This trendy place (trendy apparel is demanded ) is high power and young-in-spirit with Hip-Hop, 80's, R&B, along with New Wave sounds. Enjoy a game of pool once you take a rest from dance!
Were you aware that among the best American architects was out of Illinois? Frank Lloyd Wright literally altered the perspectives, architectural forms and possibly even the goals of American structure. The Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio not just showcases the possible creativity of architecture but remind one that buildings and houses should supply more than simply shelter.
In the event the special someone that you fulfilled via Chicago online relationship has an artistic head (or want to create you ) then the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio may be precisely the kind of date he or she's trying to find.
What happens after Chicago dating? Baha'i House of Worship!?
If you meet somebody by means of a Chicago online dating agency and wish to impress them with a exceptional experience, consider going to the Baha'i House of Worship. The house of worship could really be more appropriately termed the Baha'i dome or even the Baha'i temple of worship as it's by no means that the humble size the word"home" might insinuate. Guided tours of this House of Worship can be found.


It's pretty clear that there is no open space for the CR-Z hybrid in the future. Instead of the impotent sports hybrid, Honda offers the new amazing Accord Hybrid and Clarity, which are more than enough for the EV segment at the moment. On the other hand, the all-new 2018 Honda CR-Z will become the exact vehicle we wanted all the time. It will arrive as the handsome two-seater with a quite potent engine.
Of course, the 2018 CR-Z will undergo a complete redesign. Both exterior and interior will sport a lot sportier styling with some amazing cues. As we have heard, the future sports car will be a mixture of the new Civic Type R and NSX supercar. If you ask us, we are convinced that the front end comes from the Acura's backyard, while the tail and everything else in the back could resemble the Type R. Of course, since it will be notably smaller from both cars, the 2018 Honda CR-Z will feature more dynamic lines along with the aggressive hood.
In contrast to various reports that claim the 2018 Honda CR-Z could have a hybrid drivetrain that combines a turbocharged 1.5-liter and an electric motor, we know it will arrive with a detuned version of the Type R's turbocharged mill. According to our source, the 2.0-liter VTEC four-cylinder engine will deliver between 280 and 300 horsepower. Quite impressive, isn't it? The unit will be paired with an eight-speed automatic transmission only.
According to the latest information we have, Honda's small high-performance car should be introduced at the upcoming 2017 Detroit Auto Show. However, this could be the concept model, while the production-ready 2018 CR-Z might arrive a bit later, with the starting price of around $30K.


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Hyperion Therapeutics Announces Phase 2 Results for their Hepatic Encephalopathy in Hepatology treatment
In Press Release by Cameron February 26, 2014
Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc. today announced that results of the Phase 2 trial of glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB) for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) were published in the March 2014 issue of Hepatology. The study met its primary endpoint with significantly fewer patients treated with GPB experiencing HE events as compared to patients receiving placebo.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial enrolled 178 patients with cirrhosis, including 59 already taking rifaximin, who had experienced two or more HE events in the prior six months. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive 6 mL GPB or placebo, orally, twice daily for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HE events. GPB significantly reduced the proportion of patients who experienced a HE event (21% compared to 36%, p=0.02), as well as the time to first HE event (hazard ratio = 0.56, p < 0.05) and total HE events (35 versus 57, p=0.04) and was associated with fewer HE hospitalizations (13 versus 25, p=0.06). Among the subgroup of patients not taking rifaximin at baseline, there was a highly statistically significant reduction among patients randomized to GPB both in the percentage of patients with events (10% versus 32%; p < 0.01) and the total number of HE events (7 versus 31; p < 0.001). Among patients taking rifaximin at baseline, there was no difference in the proportion of patients with events or total events, although a non-significant trend was observed with respect to fewer hospitalizations in patients randomized to GPB. A similar proportion of patients in the GPB (79%) and placebo group (76%) experienced adverse events.
"We and our investigators are gratified by the results and new information the trial has yielded regarding the importance of ammonia in the pathogenesis of HE. We look forward to initiating enrollment in our pivotal Phase 3 trial late this year or early 2015 with the ultimate goal of providing HE patients with a new therapeutic alternative," said Bruce Scharschmidt, M.D., chief medical officer at Hyperion.
About Hepatic Encephalopathy
HE is a serious but potentially reversible neurological disorder that can occur in patients with cirrhosis of any etiology or acute liver failure. HE comprises a spectrum of neurological signs and symptoms ranging from mild (e.g. minimal disorientation) to severe (e.g. coma, death) and is believed to occur when the brain is exposed to gut-derived toxins such as ammonia that are normally removed from the blood by a healthy liver. Based on the current epidemiological data, Hyperion estimates that approximately 140,000 cirrhosis patients have overt HE.
About Glycerol Phenylbutyrate
Glycerol phenylbutyrate, is a pre-pro-drug of phenylacetic acid, the active moiety of RAVICTI® and BUPHENYL®, branded therapies currently FDA-approved as adjunctive therapy for the chronic management of patients with the most prevalent urea cycle disorders. Glycerol phenylbutyrate holds orphan product exclusivity in the United States and orphan designation in Europefor the maintenance treatment of patients with urea cycle disorders (UCD) and in the United States for the intermittent or chronic treatment of patients with cirrhosis and any grade of hepatic encephalopathy.
RAVICTI is indicated for use as a nitrogen binding agent for chronic management of adult and pediatric patients ≥2 years of age with UCDs who cannot be managed by dietary protein restriction and/or amino acid supplementation alone. RAVICTI must be used with dietary protein restriction and, in some cases, dietary supplements (e.g., essential amino acids, arginine, citrulline, protein-free calorie supplements). RAVICTI is not indicated for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia in patients with UCDs because more rapidly acting interventions are essential to reduce plasma ammonia levels. The safety and efficacy of RAVICTI for the treatment of N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency has not been established. The use of RAVICTI in patients < 2 months of age is contraindicated.
See the full press release here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Board Establishes Drawing Permit Hunt for Some Nonresident Black Bear Hunters
Denby S. Lloyd, Commissioner
Nancy Long, Public Communications Section P.O. Box 115526
Press Release: No. 10-30, November 9, 2010
Contact: Cathie Harm, 907-459-7231
(Juneau) - Citing concerns about black bear numbers in some parts of Southeast Alaska, the Board of Game adopted a drawing permit hunt for nonresident black bear hunters who do not hunt with guides.
Resident hunters and nonresident hunters who employ a guide are not affected by the new regulation.
Department of Fish and Game staff provided data that showed a significant increase in black bear harvest over the past decade was attributed to nonresident hunters. In a few parts of Southeast, harvests, and sightings of black bears have declined, possibly indicating local declines in populations.
Although the drawing permit hunt applies to all of Southeast, except Units 4 and 5, the Board's action allows the Department to restrict harvest only in those areas where conservation concerns exist.
The drawing permit hunt will go into effect in 2012 – 2013 hunting season.
In other actions, the Board voted to close an area within ¼ mile of Margaret Creek to bear hunting.
Acting Board Chairman Ted Spraker said the Board was not in favor of uniformly restricting hunting to enhance viewing, but that each situation needed to be considered on its own merits.
"Although this action will affect some hunters, I think it helps preserve hunting in the long run because the hunting taking place there worked against hunting and the image of hunters," Spraker said. "In light of the facility and numbers of viewers at Margaret Creek, it makes sense to use that area for viewing."
The Board of Game met in Ketchikan beginning on Friday to consider proposals about hunting and trapping in Southeast Alaska and will adjourn today.


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30-31 May 2015 - Nafplio - a city to swim, to cycle, to run! to live !
Children's race - 4th to 6th grade of Elementary School
Children's race - 1st to 3rd grade of Junior High School
Relay Race
Race Schedule - Events
Race Statements & Forms
Sights - Points of Interest
Cafe | Bars
HomeNafplioSights - Points of Interest
Palamidi
The fort of the Palamidi, which has been preserved in excellent condition, is one of the greatest achievements of Venetian fortification architecture.
The construction of the fort was basically carried out during the time of Venetian General Superintendent of the Fleet, Agostino Sagredo, from 1711 to 1714. The total of eight bastions are self contained so that if one of them was breached, the rest could continue their defence. It should be noted that during the time of the Turkish occupation, Christians were not allowed to enter the fort. It was from the Palamidi that the liberation of the city from the Turks began, after a long siege.
Today, the fort can be accessed either by the road which terminates at the eastern gate or by the famous steps which are located on the western side to the east of the Grimani bastion. These steps are traditionally supposed to number 999, the thousandth having been destroyed by Kolokotronis' horse. However, in reality there are less and they were constructed during Otto's reign by prisoners who were held in the Palamidi.
For more information visit Nafplion Municipality website at (www.napflio.gr) or click here
Bourtzi
The fort on the sea, which has remained known by its Turkish name 'Bourtzi', meaning tower, has become Nauplion's trademark. The Venetians, having understood the strategic importance of this site for the protection of the port, built a tower on the rock in 1473. The Italian architect, Antonio Gambello, who had undertaken the building of the Castello di Toro, designed the fort, which was then completed by the engineer Brancaleone.
The Turks surrounded the fort with the so-called 'porporella', in other words an undersea barricade of stones to make it impossible for large ships to approach.
In the 18th century the Venetians proceeded with additions to the Bourtzi. They raised the height of the central tower and almost the entire island was covered with defensive positions.
In 1935 it was turned into a hotel after alterations by the German architect Wulf Schaeffer. Today one can visit the Bourtzi by boat from the seafront.
The Acronauplia
The rocky peninsular of the Acronauplia comprised the walled settlement of Nauplion from ancient times until the end of the 15th century.
The Acronauplia walls bear witness to its rich history, which it must be confessed, is a little difficult to follow, due to its long uninterrupted inhabitation. The current form of the castle, although quite changed by modern intervention, basically crystallised during the Frankish and first Venetian occupations from the 13th to 16th centuries.
The Castello di Toro is still in good condition today and, after climbing the steps from the Catholic church, one can admire the imposing round tower with its crenellations, which protects the city gate; an excellent example of late renaissance style.
Today, one can visit The Acronauplia climbing east from Staikopoulos Park through Arvanitias Square, or climb the steps from the Catholic church through the Castello di Toro.
The Arvanitia Promenade
The Arvanitia Promenade, as it is characteristically known by local residents, is one of the most popular walks in Nauplion. It starts at the end of the shore and leads to Arvanitia Square, a total distance of about 1 kilometre.
The whole of the route is dominated by the rock of the Acronauplia with its impressive walls. About half way through the walk one comes across a small church perched on the rocks; a favourite place to visit for residents and visitors alike.
It is known locally as Panagitsa, Panaghia tis Spilias, or Santa Maria della Grotta to the Venetians. The view of the Gulf of Argolis from this spot is unique.
Syndagma Square
Syndagma Square, the most important and historic square in Nauplion, comprises the centre of the city. Today, one can see many important historic buildings in the square, such as the Venetian Warehouse of the Fleet, which today houses the Archaeological Museum; the parliament, former mosque of Aga-Pasha and finally the Allilodidaktiko School, which came to be known as the 'Trianon'.
The square was also once home to the residences of many of the great fighters of the Greek revolution, such as Nikitaras and Theodoros Kolokotronis. The episode known to modern Greek history as 'Psorokostaina' took place here. In 1826, when the rebellious Greek nation was in dire financial need, the man who became known as the teacher of the nation, Georgios Gennadios,delivered a moving speech from under the plane tree, encouraging the people of Nauplion to contribute to the appeal for the nation. His speech was so moving that the poorest woman in the city, known mockingly as 'Psorokostaina', gave all her possessions, which were nothing more than a silver ring and a gross.
The Parliament Building
The Parliament building, which is located in the south-west sector of Syntagma Square, holds a special place in Greek history, as it was here that the parliament of the rebellious Greeks met.
It dates from 1730, the time of the second Turkish occupation of the city, and was originally built as a mosque.
After the liberation of the city from the Turkish yoke the mosque was used to house the Greek Parliament, from the autumn of 1825 to the spring of 1826, after suitable remodelling by the architect Vallianos. This was its most important use, and the name of 'Vouleftiko' or 'Parliament' has remained in use to the present day.
The Bastion of "Pende Adelphia"
O προμαχώνας των «Πέντε Aδελφών» αποτελεί τον μοναδικό σωζόμενο προμαχώνα της κάτω πόλης που διέφυγε της κατεδάφισης. Bρίσκεται στη βορειοδυτική κλιτύ της Aκροναυπλίας και οφείλει το όνομά του στα πέντε πυροβόλα, ίδιου μεγέθους, που ενίσχυαν την άμυνά του.
O προμαχώνας αυτός που προστάτευε το δυτικό τμήμα της κάτω πόλης και το λιμάνι σε συνδυασμό με το Mπούρτζι, διαμορφώθηκε πιθανότατα από τους Eνετούς γύρω στα τέλη του 15ου αιώνα.
The Bastion of "Pende Adelphia", or Five Brothers, is the only bastion to escape demolition and survive to the present day. It is on the North West slope of the Acronauplia and owes its name to the five cannons, all the same size, that reinforced its defences.
This bastion protected the western section of the lower city and the harbour, in combination with the Bourtzi. It was probably constructed by the Venetians at around the end of the 15th century
The "Old" Town
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hello chocolate it's invaded my house, and I am powerless to resist. It's easy to sneak an egg here or there, because a lot of the kids eggs go into a share-bowl, but I always try to get myself something so I don't eat all of theirs.
hello one less child Douglas is away this week, visiting his big brothers in Melbourne. The power of one child in the house is quite noticeable, in his absence, and in his presence. It's something I try to stay aware of, but enjoy as well.
hello April I can't decide if this year has moved quickly or slowly. Some parts have dragged, especially those moments relating to stress or worry; but some moments have moved quickly, the ones where the stress and worry has been let go of for a period of time. I think I might have to be more mindful about letting those worries go more often.
hello new-to-us car My car died about 6 weeks ago now. It's an 8-seater van that I've driven for 8 years. With car seats and tow bars and packing space needed, we've really missed it. It's also a really expensive model vehicle to buy spare parts for, and we're not 100% certain that buying the parts will fix the problem. When you're broke, it's a hard decision to make. But early last week, Steve stumbled on someone selling the same model car for a ridiculously cheap price. It runs, is registered, and has a small-but-easily-fixed problem. So we borrowed some money, and bought it. The hope is that from two cars we can make one whole one, by taking the parts from my car to fix the new one. And we'll be back to being able to go places with everyone in one car.
hello planning I try and try and try again to make planning work for me, but I fail regularly. I have, however, worked out that the best way to make it work is to actually write things down. Who would have thought, right? I keep forgetting things, and want to get more productive about using my Sophie-free days, so I need to plan those moments and write things down.
hello scrapbooking Sophie is still having a bit of a struggle adjusting to daycare. Not that she isn't loving spending time there, she has made a friend, and loves the activities; but she doesn't want mum to leave her. So her teacher put together a few pages of photos of things they do at daycare, and we talk about it at home, but after a few weeks of being dragged around, the pages are looking crumpled and worn. It's the perfect excuse for me to exercise my scrapbooking muscle, though. So I took some photos last week, and this week I'm going to print them out, and put together a small album she can drag around and look through regularly.
Gosh can you believe it is almost April. I'll be glad to see the last of the chocolate in this house. Doing my best to avoid it but it looks and smells so good.
Good new on the car front. I hope it all comes together, that's one less stress. I am hopeless if I don't write a list of things to do. I am a sieve head these days, and need it to stay on track. I ended up buying my own chocolate so I didn't scoff all theirs. My hubby has been the worst offender!
What a lovely idea the scrapbook is!
I am not a big car person but I do love a new car smell and feel.
Glad the car situation is sorted, I can imagine how difficult it must have been. I have not done any scrap booking for about 3 years... Just can't find the motivation anymore, but it's such a special way to share photos.
So glad to hear your car is all sorted out now.


text:
Q: In Ireport 4.7.1 , socket creation error is coming while connecting to database I am trying to connect to SQL server management studio from ireport 4.7.1 . But I am getting 'socket creation error' . I tried to connect with hsqldb driver .
Do I need to download and import the jars related to MS-SQL , as I am using SSMS ?
Or is there any other way to solve socket creation error.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Shopping with my girl has always been one of the most enjoyable bonding activities we have together. I'm so thankful that she also appreciates fashion like I do, and shows excitement whenever we choose an outfit or footwear for her.
PBK clothes are made from cool cotton fabric and other top quality materials at reasonable prices. Here are some 'fancy clothes', as my girl calls them, from their latest collection that caught our eye.
She would have wanted that tiered blouse above if it were in rainbow colors! I like to get that classic polka-dot dress with pink sash, and this white eyelet dress below, but the girl has other items in mind.
Aside from girly dresses, frilly tutu skirts and embellished tops, Great Kids also have basic printed cotton shirts, shorts, capris, and leggings that are a staple in my girl's wardrobe.
She chose this tailored, button-down printed dress...she's a size 6.
The mini doll on this one 'spoke' to me, so I got this embellished tank top for her, the last piece in size 12. I planned to match this with the khakis. Since it's long, she wore it to school over leggings instead.
This set is my favorite -- extended-sleeved blouse with patches and beadwork. And look at the knotted fabric strips on the shoulder and sides. Love the cool and quirky details on this blush-colored top!
Her typical school day attire. This ensemble is perfect! Again, the poses are all self-directed.


National Boss's Day is around the corner! Wish your boss a happy Boss's Day with a festive bouquet of flowers instead of just a Boss's Day card! North Star Florist offers same day and next day flower delivery to Garland, TX and nationwide!


WH Williams is one of Australia's leading sheetmetal engineering organisations, providing a range of conventional and unique services including lasering, punching, welding, rolling, guillotining, bending and CAD/CAM production to customers throughout Australia.
Over fifty years of traditional experience at WH Williams is combined with the very latest in technology to provide the finest sheetmetal engineering services available.
From material selection to process specification, the most effective methods of production are evaluated and recommended. This yields greater efficiency, higher quality and faster lead-times in manufacture of one-off prototypes, small runs or higher volume production.
We strive to be the leading sheetmetal engineering organisation in Australia. Through sustainable growth and efficient use of technology, we aim to set world-class standards in everything we do, ensuring that the expectations of our customers are always exceeded.


Quick Gyoza Kreplach (Dumpling Soup) for Sukkot. Serves: 8 (2 gyoza/person) Total Prep Time: 30 minutes (not including broth, if you like to make your own) how to make indian soup at home I still have fond memories of learning to make these with my mum in our kitchen. Gyoza are very versatile�you can pan-fry, steam, boil or deep-fry them, or simply add a couple to your noodle soup.
gyoza kreplach soup Nourish Co.
Your Vegetable Gyoza Dumplings are good� then I read the ingredients. They contain yeast extract which is another name for MSG. I had to research on the internet to make sure.
At that point it stops being a gyoza, and turns into a soup dumpling. What you have there is basically a soup dumpling with an alkaline dumpling wrapper that is folded like gyoza but is not gyoza itself.


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EP71: Viola Edward on Leadership, Beauty and Breathing Your Way to Success
Viola Edward's childhood wasn't easy. Her father died when Viola was just three and her mother, who was living in Lebanon at the time, was pregnant with her sister. That country's turmoil prompted Viola's mother to leave their home and move to Venezuela, where despite not knowing the language, Viola was working full-time by age 13.
Despite all of that, Viola pursued an education and transformed herself into a psychotherapist, author and international speaker. In this podcast she discusses her upbringing and also talks about beauty, leadership and overcoming challenges.
Multi Award Winner Viola Edward is Venezuelan born in Kirkuk Iraq, her father was Iraqi-Assyrian and her mother was Lebanese. After her father death family moved to Lebanon Viola was 5, and then emigrated to Venezuela at the age of 13. Love moved her to Cyprus in 2003.
She is Transpersonal Psychotherapist-Coach specializing in Relationships, Addiction prevention and Breathwork-Coaching Training, Business Clarity and Colour-Image consultancy.
International speaker and author, who has published two books: "Breathing the Rhythm of Success" 1999 and "Who Makes the Bed? 7 steps into nurturing intimacy beyond the myth" 2017
Viola has worked with thousands of people, using her practical methods to help them unlock the infinite possibilities hidden in each of them and find the courage to start their own journey to achieve their full potential.
Viola is the Creator of Feminine Capital Rhythm which has two pillars. The first, a programme, designed for women to re-discover themselves, their rhythm and power in order to balance the light and the shadow of their feminine and masculine energies and bring this equilibrium to their families, colleagues and communities.
The second, an international forum presenting speakers & panels on different areas of life to empower women to embrace their femininity and men their masculinity and break free to create a more sustainable society. The forum gives inspirational awards to outstanding people, and the first successful event was in Kyrenia Cyprus last May and next coming soon in Limassol and then Brussels.
The Feminine Capital Forum also migrates successfully to different cities around the world.
"I have been a migrant many times in my life recreating myself every time. Creating, working, exploring and expanding in a sustainable way has been my passion since I had to interrupt formal schooling at the age of 13 and started working. Non-formal education has been my best companion and I am delighted to create spaces to learn and grow individually and in group."
Viola's alternative educational pathway has enabled her to learn from a wide range of acclaimed teachers in the many subjects that interest her. Customising her own process of self-development, she has been able to adapt and improve her acquired skills, creating a truly personalised support framework, specific to her clients' needs, within the environment of holistic well-being. Viola has worked with thousands of people, using her practical methods to help them unlock the infinite possibilities hidden in each of them and find the courage to start their own journey to achieve their full potential.
Now, at almost 59, she works in her studio located in Kyrenia on the north shore of the island, looking down over the rustling olive trees to the sparkling, sapphire blue Mediterranean and enjoys taking the time to travel abroad and teach her creation of the Feminine Capital Rhythm, the Alchemy of Emotion and Relational Capital among others.
Viola works in English, Spanish & Arabic
Visit Viola's Website
Feminine Capital Forum


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Wolfgang Lert dies, leaves TSV, national legacy
By Virginia L. Clark
Wolfgang Lert — "Wolfie" to all who knew him — died peacefully at his home in San Francisco on Friday (Feb. 13), three weeks short of his 92nd birthday.
"Wolfgang Lert was very important in the ski industry, being the original importer …
Posted Friday, February 20, 2009 7:00 pm
"Wolfgang Lert was very important in the ski industry, being the original importer of Bogner and Meggi," Wendy Stagg said in an e-mail about Lert's impact on her parents, Taos Ski Valley founders Ernie and Rhoda Blake. "He founded Hagemeister-Lert, designed all the Meister sweaters initially, but even more important for us, was a very close friend of Ernie and Rhoda as long as I can remember. His 1961 article for Ski Magazine remains the classic Taos article."
Born in 1917 in Kiel, Germany, to symphony conductor Richard Lert and novelist Vicki Baum, the Lerts came to the U.S. in 1931, to Hollywood so Baum could work on the film version of her novel, "Grand Hotel," which won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Captain of UCLA's first ski team, upon graduation, Lert became Ski Coach. He enlisted in the U.S. Army at the beginning of World War II, where a medical discharge prevented him from joining the 10th Mountain Division, the ski corps that had so much influence on the d e v e l o p - ment of to - day's U.S. ski industry.
He spent the rest of the war in the Office of War Information. He married fellow OWI staffer Ruth Clark in 1944; they re mained together until her death in 1997. While editor of Western Skiing, forerunner to presentday Ski Magazine, Lert formed a close and lasting friendship with the Blakes. "He later joined with Hans Hagemeister to form Hagemeister-Lert, Inc., a skiwear importer and distributor that played a major role in shaping ski fashion in the United States," Peter S. Lert, his son, said in an e-mail about his father's pioneering accomplishments, which included the introduction of buckle ski boots and stretch fabrics for ski clothing.
"Wolfie skied at Taos Ski Valley — where he chose the name for the "Snakedance" ski run — from TSV's first season onward and continued to ski until late old age," his son continued, "realizing a lifelong dream when he spent his 90th birthday on skis in Chamonix, France."
After retirement from Hagemeister- Lert, "Wolfie" remained active in the skiing history field, and was a founding member of the International Skiing History Association. He is survived by his brother, Peter J. Lert of Los Gatos, Calif.; daughter, Dr. Valentina Lert, of Telluride, Colo.; and son Peter S. Lert (Dianne Timberlake), of Graton, Calif. Memorial do na tions may be made to Doctors Without Borders, International Heifer Project or the International Skiing History Association.


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If you want to invest in high-quality alarm systems to protect your family and property from fire, our team of experts can help.
The most important of our systems is the Fire Alarm, protecting life first, property and assets, MAC Security supply, install and commission single small installations through to fully integrated addressable systems. Our surveyor will make a site visit to establish your requirements and then design a system tailored to suit your needs.
All of our Fire Alarm systems meet necessary standards/requirements for both non-domestic and domestic premise. These alarm systems will provide peace of mind from both a practical and legal perspective. Also you have the option to be linked to our Alarm Receiving Centre (ARC) for fire service and/or key holder response.
Our staff are qualified and have a wealth of experience. They are able to provide you with all the advice you need to choose the right system and equipment that caters for your needs. We can also service and maintain existing Fire Alarm Systems.
Self-contained emergency lighting units for small to medium applications and central battery units for larger applications.
It doesn't matter if you have an existing Fire Alarm installed we can takeover, maintain and monitor most alarms.


text:
@protocol UICollectionViewDataSource_CellSwapSupport <UICollectionViewDataSource>
- (BOOL)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)sourceCollectionView canMoveItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)sourceIndexPath
      toCollectionView:(UICollectionView *)destinationCollectionView toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)destinationIndexPath;
@required
- (void)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView moveItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)sourceIndexPath
      toCollectionView:(UICollectionView *)destinationCollectionView toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)destinationIndexPath;
@end

@interface UICollectionView (CellSwapSupport)
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSIndexPath *cellSwapOrigin;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSIndexPath *cellSwapDestination;

- (BOOL)shouldAcceptCellSwapFrom:(UICollectionView *)collectionView;

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                  inCollectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView
                        toLocation:(CGPoint)location;
- (void)continueCellSwap:(CGPoint)location;
- (void)reverseCellSwapFromIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)fromIndexPath
                    inCollectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView;

- (void)insertCellAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath;
- (void)deleteCellAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath;
- (void)layoutCollectionViewAnimated:(BOOL)animated completion:(dispatch_block_t)completion;
@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Written by Dr. Joe Folkman
I have been gathering data about the level of satisfaction people have while working at home. So far I have gathered reactions from a diverse sample of 312 people. In the data set, I have 32% male and 68% female respondents. People come from various functions, and 15% are top management, 22% senior leaders, 19% middle managers, 10% supervisors, and 32% individual contributors. The data comes from across the globe, but the majority is from the U.S. Here are a few observations from my initial data.
1. The majority of respondents like working from home.
When asked if they enjoyed working from home, 82% agreed or strongly agreed. 60% said they feel less stressed working from home, and 66% thought that they were more productive working from home. The initial research on working from home done prior to the Pandemic found that productivity increased. But there have been concerns from some that productivity in the Pandemic may decline. Nicholas Bloom, a Stanford Economist, said in an interview, "The global work-from-home movement intended to maintain output and efficiency during the COVID-19 Pandemic could generate a worldwide productivity slump and threaten economic growth for many years."
However, it is clear that many organizations are not in a big hurry to return to the office. A variety of different companies have announced that they will be working remotely well into 2021. If there is a productivity slump, many organizations have not recognized the decrease.
2. The engagement of those working from home has not significantly declined.
In pre-pandemic data, we have collected from 537,591 employees on a five-item employee engagement index, 79% of the responses to the index were positive. From the 312 samples of respondents working from home in the Pandemic, the results were 77% positive. That is not a significant difference. Given all the stress and worries with the Pandemic, a slight reduction in engagement is expected.
3. The most significant factor that impacts both satisfaction in working from home and engagement, is the extent to which people feel they have a secure positive connection with their supervisor.
The graph below shows the results of the 312 people in our study. Each person was asked if they "felt a strong positive connection to their supervisor while working at home." Note that those who strongly disagreed—(e.g., their supervisor was not supportive—responded positively to only 42% of the engagement items. Those who strongly agreed responded positively to 90% of the items.
We also measured the impact of a supportive supervisor with satisfaction from working at home. The satisfaction in working from home is composed of the following three items.
I enjoy working from home.
I feel less stressed and anxious while working from home.
I feel I am more productive working from home.
Note the impact of having a supportive supervisor, with 91% of the responses being positive when a person marked "strongly agree."
4. Working from home makes males feel more overwhelmed than females.
We asked respondents to respond to the item, "I feel overwhelmed with too many priorities from both work and family." 60% of males agreed or strongly agreed with that statement. Only 47% of females agreed or strongly agreed. For comparison, we examined a similar item assessing how overwhelmed respondents felt on data gathered from over 2,700 respondents (968 males and 1,744 females) in a pre-pandemic period. On that assessment, only 27% of males agreed or strongly agreed, and 33% of females agreed or strongly agreed that they were overwhelmed. That data indicated that before the Pandemic, women felt more overwhelmed. It has been widely known that women typically do most of the household tasks. In a 2019 Gallup assessment, Megan Brenan indicated only 9% of males were more likely to clean the house, 17% more likely to prepare meals, 7% more likely to care for children. Both males and females feel more overwhelmed in the Pandemic, but males are feeling it much more. I am personally skeptical that males are doing more household work than females, but rather they are doing more than they typically do.
After looking over this data, I am optimistic that most people are satisfied while working from home. The key to high satisfaction is closely tied to having a very supportive manager. The self-reports on productivity are positive, but some people may be more optimistic than real productivity measures reveal. In my case, the Pandemic has canceled all my travel and shifted much of my work from classrooms to Zoom, and Microsoft Team calls. A typical trip would cost me a day of travel before an engagement and another day of travel after the engagement. Having only a Zoom call on the engagement day has doubled my productivity, but video calls are not always as high impact as an in-person meeting.
To learn more and sharpen your leadership skills take our 8-minute strengths assessment.
https://zengerfolkman.com/articles/survey-shows-how-employees-really-feel-about-working-from-home/


text:
Q: Node js server and c++ client socket io connection , not able to emit or read the data I cannot get this simple test work. I wrote to the client in C++ and the server in NodeJS, both running on my computer. When I execute the client application, the console outputs this text...but the event 'key' is never fired on the server!
Client console output:
Error: No active session
[2019-11-21 17:30:11] [connect] Successful connection
[2019-11-21 17:30:11] [connect] WebSocket Connection 127.0.0.1:8081 v-2 "WebSocket++/0.8.1" /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=websocket&t=1574353811 101

C++ client
#include "pch.h"
#include <iostream>

#include <sio_client.h>

using namespace sio;
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    sio::client io;
    io.connect("http://127.0.0.1:8081");

    string command = "w";

    io.socket()->emit("key", command );

}

NodeJS server
'use strict';

const express     = require('express');
const app         = express();
const serverHttp  = require('http').Server(app);
const io = require('socket.io')(serverHttp);

const port = 8081;

io.on('connection', function (socket) {
    // Never fired :(
    socket.on('key', function (data) {
        console.log("key received!!!");
    });
});

serverHttp.listen(port, function() {
    console.log("init!!!");
});

could you please fix this, I saw someone asking the same question in the GitHub issues section for socket io c++ client, no one has answered yet. please help out

A: From a brief look through the code it seems that io.connect starts a separate thread to do the networking. When it returns the socket is very likely still in a connecting state.
The code for .emit ends up here, which pushes a packet onto the queue and simply returns if the socket is not connected yet.
So I think the root cause of your problem is that the application exits before the network thread has had a chance to finish connecting.
The stupidest way to fix this is to simply add a sleep statement at the end of your main function, to give the network thread a chance to connect and get its message through. A slightly better way is to use socket.set_open_listener to get notified when the connection has been opened, and then send the message, because that should go through immediately:
sio::client io;
io.set_open_listener([&]() {
    io.socket()->emit("key", command);
});
io.connect("http://127.0.0.1:8081");

This constructs and passes a lambda to set_open_listener, where it is stored as a std::function<void(void)> internally.


text:
Animal Crossing: New Horizons Provides Comfort for Millions During Pandemic
Arts & EntertainmentTop Story April 28, 2020 / 6:00 AM April 28, 2020
By Frances Clause
As global efforts continue to focus on lessening the spread of COVID-19, digital entertainment has become a main way for people to relax and connect while social distancing.
Although traveling to an island to escape the pandemic isn't an option, millions of people are creating their own in Animal Crossing: New Horizons, a life simulation video game released by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch.
Within the first three days of the game's release March 20, 1.8 million copies were sold in Japan. It has become a hit among gamers in the U.K. and U.S. – including students at Youngstown State University who say it is helping them through drastic changes due to COVID-19.
Brandon Maffitt, a senior sports broadcasting major, had never played an Animal Crossing game until the release of New Horizons and said it is helping him stay in touch with friends.
"The game just came out when I got the Switch, so everyone and their brother was playing it," he said. "The game allowed me to connect with friends and even make new ones by visiting each other's islands and helping each other out in growing our islands."
Photo By Frances Clause
Aside from users cultivating their island by building tools, bridges and homes for anthropomorphic animals, known as "villagers," that inhabit it, the game delivers a sense of routine that many people have lost due to the pandemic.
"I also like that you can customize almost anything [in the game,]" Maffitt said. "No two islands are alike and [it] allows the user to show off their creative side."
Maffitt also enjoys the QR code feature that enables users to create their own in-game clothing and share the design with anyone who plays New Horizons.
"Since the game develops over time, you can have something to look forward to every time you start it," he said.
Julie Johnson, a junior linguistics major, looks forward to playing every day and believes it's a therapeutic experience.
"Work, homework and other forms of time consumption are reminding us of how bad the world is right now, and [it] takes a high amount of mental presence to complete," she said. "Animal Crossing is offering an experience where we have control over what happens and allows for low-stress activity."
Johnson's favorite in-game activities include fishing, planting flowers and redecorating her island.
"[These tasks] may not seem all that revolutionary, but it is exactly what me and I think many others needed during this time," she said. "Being able to find the cutest clothes on [Animal Crossing] forums and finally perfecting a garden are such normal, calm things that have just made my brain feel so much happier."
But the gameplay of New Horizons isn't the only aspect making people happy. Some Instagram users have made accounts with large followings dedicated to the game.
One of these accounts is animal.cursing and is run by Conner Goldberg of Glasgow, Scotland. He posts New Horizons memes and has reached over 29,000 followers.
Although Goldberg hasn't gotten the new release because of a Switch shortage due to the pandemic, he is looking forward to playing when his console arrives.
"[The routine] aspect of the game has been helping people for a long time, especially individuals with mental health issues such as depression who struggle to get into daily routines," Goldberg said.
He is passing time waiting for New Horizons by playing the previous game in the series, which is made for mobile devices, Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp.
"This is a perfect game for both nongamers and casual gamers, and if someone has the means of trying out the franchise, I would absolutely recommend it," he said. "The game is a relaxed, stress-free sanctuary for anyone who needs it, and in times like these, that is a thing that everybody needs right now."
To find out what the Animal Crossing hype is all about, a list of retailers selling Nintendo Switch consoles is updated frequently here.
Tagged: ACNH Animal Crossing: New Horizons coronavirus COVID-19 Nintendo Nintendo Switch Share
YSU Reports Most COVID-19 Cases in One Week
Weekly COVID-19 Update: YSU Holds Steady With One Case
Andrews Wellness and Recreation Center Open with Restrictions Amid Pandemic
Board of Trustees Passes Restructuring, Budget & More
Student's Mask Straps Help Hundreds
May 7, 2020 October 7, 2020
Local Music Industry Adapts During Pandemic


text:
Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science
A Proposed Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency on 04/30/2018
Comments must be received on or before May 30, 2018.
EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259
FRL-9977-40-ORD
2080-AA14
Memorandum: Omitted Hyperlinks for Footnotes in the Proposed Rule
The Promise of Evidence-Based Policymaking: Report of the...
Memorandum: Issuance of OMB's "Final Information Quality...
Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality,...
Memorandum: Open Data Policy - Managing Information as an Asset
Plan to Increase Access to Results of EPA-Funded Scientific...
EO 12866 Proposal 2080-AA14 OIRA Review Start Document
EO 12866 Proposal 2080-AA14 OIRA Conclusion Document
Executive Order 13563, Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
B. What action is the Agency taking?
C. What is the Agency's authority for taking this action?
III. Request for Comment
IV. Statutory and Executive Orders Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling Regulatory Costs
C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments
H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution or Use
J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)
K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations
PART 30—TRANSPARENCY IN REGULATORY DECISIONMAKING
Read the 2618 public comments on this document
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
This document proposes a regulation intended to strengthen the transparency of EPA regulatory science. The proposed regulation provides that when EPA develops regulations, including regulations for which the public is likely to bear the cost of compliance, with regard to those scientific studies that are pivotal to the action being taken, EPA should ensure that the data underlying those are publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation. In this notice, EPA solicits comment on this proposal and how it can best be promulgated and implemented in light of existing law and prior Federal policies that already require increasing public access to data and influential scientific information used to inform federal regulation.
Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259, at https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
Tom Sinks, Office of the Science Advisor, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460; (202) 564-0221; email address: staff_osa@epa.gov.
Submitting CBI. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI electronically through https://www.regulations.gov or email. Send or deliver information identified as CBI to only the following address using U.S. Postal Service: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Docket Center, EPA-HQ-OA-2018-0259, Mail Code 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460. For other methods of delivery, see https://www.epa.gov/dockets/where-send-comments-epa-dockets.
Clearly mark the part or all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or CD-ROM that you mail to EPA, mark the Start Printed Page 18769outside of the disk or CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD-ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. If you submit a CD-ROM or disk that does not contain CBI, mark the outside of the disk or CD-ROM clearly that it does not contain CBI. Information marked as CBI will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 2.
Organization of This Document. The following outline is provided to aid in locating information in this preamble.
IV. Statutory and Executive Orders
This proposed regulation does not directly regulate any entity outside the federal government. However, any entity interested in EPA's regulations may be interested in this proposal. This proposal may be of particular interest to entities that conduct research and other scientific activity that is likely to be relevant to EPA's regulatory activity.
This notice solicits information and comment from the public on a proposed regulation intended to strengthen the transparency of EPA regulatory science. The proposed regulation provides that, for the science pivotal to its significant regulatory actions, EPA will ensure that the data and models underlying the science is publicly available in a manner sufficient for validation and analysis. In this notice, EPA solicits comment on this proposal and how it can best be implemented in light of existing law and prior statements of policy that have called for increasing public access to data and influential scientific information used to inform federal regulation. EPA has not previously implemented these policies and guidance in a robust and consistent manner. This proposal will help ensure that EPA is pursuing its mission of protecting public health and the environment in a manner that the public can trust and understand.
The Agency proposes to take this action under authority of the statutes it administers, including provisions providing general authority to promulgate regulations necessary to carry out the Agency's functions under these statutes and provisions specifically addressing the Agency's conducting of and reliance on scientific activity to inform those functions, including Clean Air Act sections 103, 301(a), 42 U.S.C. 7403, 7601(a); Clean Water Act sections 104, 501, 33 U.S.C. 1254, 1361; Safe Drinking Water Act sections 1442, 1450(a)(1), 42 U.S.C. 300j-1, 300j-9(a)(1); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act sections 2002(a)(1), 7009, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a)(1), 6979; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (as delegated to the Administrator via Executive Order 12580) sections 115, 311, 42 U.S.C. 9616, 9660; Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act section 328, 42 U.S.C. 11048; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act sections 25(a)(1), 136r(a), 7 U.S.C. 136r(a), 136w; and Toxic Substances Control Act, as amended, section 10, 15 U.S.C. 2609. This action is also consistent with requirements in the Administrative Procedure Act to ensure public participation in the rulemaking process. As noted in Section III below, EPA solicits comment on whether additional or alternative sources of authority are appropriate bases for this proposed regulation.
The best available science must serve as the foundation of EPA's regulatory actions.[1] Enhancing the transparency and validity of the scientific information relied upon by EPA strengthens the integrity of EPA's regulatory actions and its obligation to ensure the Agency is not arbitrary in its conclusions. By better informing the public, the Agency in enhancing the public's ability to understand and meaningfully participate in the regulatory process.[2] In applying the best available science to its regulatory decision-making, EPA must comply with federal transparency and data integrity laws, and must also ensure that its decision-making is marked by independence, objectivity, transparency, clarity, and reproducibility. Although these standards are important in all scientific endeavors, they are of paramount importance when the government relies on science to inform its significant regulatory decisions that will affect the public. When EPA develops significant regulations using public resources, including regulations for which the public is likely to bear the cost of compliance, EPA should ensure that the data and models underlying scientific studies that are pivotal to the regulatory action are available to the public. This proposed rule is designed to increase transparency in the preparation, identification, and use of science in policymaking.
This proposed rule is consistent with the principles underlying the Administrative Procedure Act and programmatic statutes that EPA administers to disclose to the public the bases for agency rules and to rationally execute and adequately explain agency actions.[3] This proposed rule is also consistent with Executive Orders 13777 [4] and 13783,[5] and the focus on transparency in OMB's Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies [6] (the Guidelines) and OMB Start Printed Page 18770 Memorandum 13-13: Open Data Policy—Managing Information as an Asset.[7] It builds upon prior EPA actions [8] in response to government-wide data access and sharing policies, as well as the experience of other federal agencies in this space.[9] In particular, this proposal applies concepts and lessons learned from its ongoing implementation of the 2016 Plan to Increase Access to Results of EPA-Funded Scientific Research to significant regulatory decisions. The proposed rule takes into consideration the policies or recommendations of third party organizations who advocated for open science.[10] These policies are informed by the policies recently adopted by some major scientific journals,[11] spurred in some part by the "replication crisis." [12]
Today, EPA is proposing to establish a clear policy for the transparency of the scientific information used for significant regulations: Specifically, the dose response data and models that underlie what we are calling "pivotal regulatory science." "Pivotal regulatory science" is the studies, models, and analyses that drive the magnitude of the benefit-cost calculation, the level of a standard, or point-of-departure from which a reference value is calculated. In other words, they are critical to the calculation of a final regulatory standard or level, or to the quantified costs, benefits, risks and other impacts on which a final regulation is based.
With this notice, EPA is soliciting public comment on a proposed regulation designed to provide a mechanism to increase access to dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science in a manner consistent with statutory requirements for protection of privacy and confidentiality of research participants, protection of proprietary data and confidential business information, and other compelling interests. The proposal takes comment on how to ensure that, over time, more of the data and models underlying the science that informs regulatory decisions (over and above the dose response data and models underlying "pivotal regulatory science") is available to the public for validation [13] in a manner that honors legal and ethical obligations to reduce the risks of unauthorized disclosure and re-identification. As such this proposed regulation is designed to change agency culture and practices regarding data access so that the scientific justification for regulatory actions is truly available for validation and analysis.
Regulatory determinations based on science should describe and document any assumptions and methods used, and should address variability and uncertainty. Where available and appropriate, EPA will use peer-reviewed information, standardized test methods, consistent data evaluation procedures, and good laboratory practices to ensure transparent, understandable, and reproducible scientific assessments. EPA's regulatory science should be consistent with the Office of Management and Budget's Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review.[14] Robust peer review plays a critical role in independently validating key findings and ensuring that the quality of published information meets the standards of the scientific and technical community.
In addition, this proposed regulation is designed to increase transparency of the assumptions underlying dose response models. As a case in point, there is growing empirical evidence of non-linearity in the concentration-response function for specific pollutants and health effects. The use of default models, without consideration of alternatives or model uncertainty, can obscure the scientific justification for EPA actions. To be even more transparent about these complex relationships, EPA should give appropriate consideration to high quality studies that explore: A broad class of parametric concentration-response models with a robust set of potential confounding variables; nonparametric models that incorporate fewer assumptions; various threshold models across the exposure range; and spatial heterogeneity. EPA should also incorporate the concept of model uncertainty when needed as a default to optimize low dose risk estimation based on major competing models, including linear, threshold, and U-shaped, J-shaped, and bell-shaped models.
Across EPA programs, much of the science that informs regulatory actions is developed outside the Agency. It is the charge of regulators to ensure that key findings are valid and credible, as required by OMB's Guidelines [15] (which apply to "third party" information—e.g., non-government scientific research—if the agency use of that information provides the appearance of representing agency views). Using scientific information that can be independently validated will lead to better outcomes, and strengthen public confidence in the health and environmental protections underpinning EPA's regulatory actions.
EPA believes that concerns about access to confidential or private information can, in many cases, be addressed through the application of solutions commonly in use across some parts of the Federal government.[16] Nothing in the proposed rule compels Start Printed Page 18771the disclosure of any confidential or private information in a manner that violates applicable legal and ethical protections. Other federal agencies have developed tools and methods to de-identify private information for a variety of disciplines.[17] The National Academies have noted that simple data masking, coding, and de-identification techniques have been developed over the last half century and that "Nothing in the past suggests that increasing access to research data without damage to privacy and confidentiality rights is beyond scientific reach." [18] More recently, both the National Academies and the Bipartisan Commission on Evidence Based Policy [19] have discussed the challenges and opportunities for facilitating to secure access to confidential data for non-government analysts.
Considering the breadth of dose response data and models used in the development of significant EPA regulations, the requirements for availability may differ. These mechanisms may range from deposition in public data repositories, consistent with requirements for many scientific journals,[20] to, for certain types of information, controlled access in federal research data centers that facilitate secondary research use by the public.[21] EPA should collaborate with other federal agencies to identify strategies to protect confidential and private information in any circumstance in which it is making information publicly available. These strategies should be cost-effective and may also include: Requiring applications for access; restricting access to data for the purposes of replication, validation, and sensitivity evaluation; establishing physical controls on data storage; online training for researchers; and nondisclosure agreements.[22]
Implementation of this proposed rule will be consistent with the definition of "research data" in Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards, exemptions in Public Law 89-487, and other applicable federal laws.
This proposed regulation is intended to apply prospectively to final regulations that are determined to be "significant regulatory actions" pursuant to E.O. 12866. The Agency's offices should be guided by this policy to the maximum extent practicable during ongoing regulatory action, even where such research has already been generated, solicited, or obtained.
EPA solicits comment on all aspects of the proposed regulation and the bases articulated for it above. Specifically, EPA believes that it has identified appropriate sources of statutory authority for this proposed regulation in Section I(c) above, and solicits public comment on whether additional or alternative sources of authority are appropriate bases for this proposed regulation. EPA further believes that a generally applicable regulatory provision of the type proposed here is the appropriate vehicle to establish and implement the policies articulated in Section II above, in the interests of consistency, predictability, and transparency across the functions that EPA performs.
EPA solicits comment on whether alternative or additional regulatory or other policy vehicles are appropriate to establish and implement these policies, and whether further regulatory or other policy vehicles at the programmatic or statutory level would be appropriate as alternative or additional steps the agency may take to further the policies articulated in Section II above.
EPA solicits comment on the effects of this proposed rule on individual EPA programs, including whether certain activities are appropriate to be excepted or if other requirements would affect implementation. EPA also seeks comments on which criteria the Agency should use to base any exceptions, including whether case-by-case exceptions may be appropriate.
Although the proposed regulatory text would impose requirements specifically on final regulations determined to be "significant regulatory actions" under E.O. 12866, EPA solicits comment on whether and to what extent these requirements, or other provisions and policies, should apply to other stages of the rulemaking process, including proposed rules, as well as to other types of agency actions and promulgations, such as guidance. EPA also solicits comment on whether a narrower scope of coverage would be appropriate, such as only final regulations that are determined to be "major" under the Congressional Review Act, or "economically significant" under E.O. 12866. EPA also requests comment on whether certain categories of regulations should be excluded from coverage, such as those that merely reaffirm an existing standard, or some other category. For instance, we request comment on whether the provisions of the proposed rule should apply to individual party adjudications, enforcement activities, or permit proceedings when EPA determines that these provisions are practical and appropriate and that the actions are scientifically or technically novel or likely to have precedent-setting influence on future actions. EPA seeks comment on whether the Agency should apply the provisions of the proposed rule to these actions or to specific types of actions within these categories. The Agency also seeks comment on whether other agency actions, beyond significant final regulatory actions under E.O. 12866, should be included, such as site-specific permitting actions or non-binding regulatory determinations.
EPA solicits comment on the definitions of "pivotal regulatory science," and "dose response data and models" and how to implement such definitions.
EPA also solicits comment on how to incorporate stronger data and model access requirements into the terms and conditions of cooperative agreements and grants. EPA solicits comments on how it can build upon other federal agencies' policies regarding grantee and cooperator requirements for data access and data sharing. EPA also solicits suggestions for a platform that would enable the Agency to implement the provisions of this proposal related to increasing public access to EPA-funded data. EPA also seeks comment on methodologies and technologies designed to provide protected access to identifiable and sensitive data, such as individual health data, and on commenters experience with the use of such methodologies and technologies and their strengths and limitations. Similarly, EPA seeks comment on how to balance appropriate protection for copyrighted or confidential business information, including where protected by law, with requirements for increased transparency of pivotal regulatory science. EPA also requests comment on whether there are other compelling interests besides privacy, confidentiality, national and homeland Start Printed Page 18772security that may require special consideration when data is being released.
EPA solicits comment on implementation of the proposed regulation, including which parts of the Agency should be responsible for carrying out these requirements. EPA seeks comment on the effective date of a rule as well as on whether the Agency should seek to phase-in the requirements for certain significant regulatory actions or seek to prioritize specific actions. For regulatory programs, like the National Ambient Air Quality Standards program, in which future significant regulatory actions may be based on the administrative record from previous reviews—particularly where the governing statute requires repeated review on a fixed, date-certain cycle—EPA seeks comment on the manner in which this proposed rule should apply to that previous record. EPA also solicits comments on whether and how the proposed rule should apply to dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science if those data and models were developed prior to the effective date. In addition, EPA seeks comment on how the prospective or retrospective application of the provisions for dose response data and models or pivotal regulatory science could inadvertently introduce bias regarding the timeliness and quality of the scientific information available. EPA seeks comment on how to address a circumstance in which EPA has a statutory requirement to make a determination for which scientific information publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation does not exist. EPA also seeks comment on any additional implementation challenges not discussed in this notice that commenters may be aware of as well as suggestions for addressing them.
The proposed rule includes a provision allowing the Administrator to exempt significant regulatory decisions on a case-by-case basis if he or she determines that compliance is impracticable because it is not feasible to ensure that all dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science are publicly available in a fashion that is consistent with law, protects privacy and confidentiality, and is sensitive to national and homeland security, or in instances where OMB's Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review provides for an exemption (Section IX). The agency requests comment on whether these exemptions are appropriate, and on whether there are other situations in which specific significant regulatory actions, or specific categories of significant regulatory actions should be exempted.
EPA also requests comment on whether the disclosure requirements applicable to dose response data and models in the proposed rule should be expanded to cover other types of data and information, such as for example economic and environmental impact data and models that are designed to predict the costs, benefits, market impacts and/or environmental effects of specific regulatory interventions on complex economic or environmental systems.
This action is a significant regulatory action that was submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review. Any changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the docket.
EPA believes the benefits of this proposed rule justify the costs. The benefits of EPA ensuring that dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science are publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation are that it will improve the data and scientific quality of the Agency's actions and facilitate expanded data sharing and exploration of key data sets; this is consistent with the conclusions of the National Academies [23] This action should be implemented in a cost-effective way and is consistent with recent activities of the scientific community and other federal agencies, which will help to lower costs of implementation. The proposed rule directs EPA to make all reasonable efforts to explore methodologies, technologies, and institutional arrangements for making dose response models and data underlying pivotal regulatory science used in significant regulatory decisions available to the public in a manner sufficient for independent validation, consistent with law and protection of privacy, confidentiality, and national and homeland security. However, it does not compel the Agency to make that information available where it concludes after all such reasonable efforts that doing so in way that complies with the law and appropriate protections is not possible.
By limiting the proposed rule to pivotal regulatory science for final significant regulatory actions pursuant to E.O. 12866, the proposed rule ensures that this standard for transparency affects a smaller subset of regulations which are economically significant, create inconsistency for other federal agencies, alter budgetary impacts, or raise novel legal or policy issues. One recent analysis found that: "Improvements in reproducibility can be thought of as increasing the net benefits of regulation because they would avoid situations in which costs or benefits are wrongly estimated to occur or in which regulatory costs are imposed without corresponding benefits. . . ." They concluded that "an increase in existing net benefits from greater reproducibility, which, if it occurred, would cover the costs of obtaining the data and making the data available." [24]
This action is not expected to be an Executive Order 13771 regulatory action because it relates to "agency organization, management or personnel."
This action does not contain any information collection activities and therefore does not impose an information collection burden under the PRA.
I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This action will not impose any requirements on small entities.
This action does not contain any unfunded mandate as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The action imposes no enforceable duty on any state, local or tribal governments or the private sector.
This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national Start Printed Page 18773government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
This action does not have tribal implications as specified in Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.
The EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 as applying only to those regulatory actions that concern environmental health or safety risks that the EPA has reason to believe may disproportionately affect children, per the definition of "covered regulatory action" in section 2-202 of the Executive Order. This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it does not concern an environmental health risk or safety risk.
This action is not a "significant energy action" because it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution or use of energy.
This rulemaking does not involve technical standards.
The EPA believes that this action is not subject to Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) because it does not establish an environmental health or safety standard.
E. Scott Pruitt,
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, EPA proposes to add 40 CFR part 30 as follows:
1. Add part 30 to read as follows:
End Amendment Part Start Part
What is the purpose of this subpart?
What definitions apply to this subpart?
How do the provisions of this subpart apply?
What requirements apply to EPA's use of studies in taking final action?
What requirements apply to EPA's use of dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science?
What additional requirements pertain to the use of dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science?
What role does independent peer review play in this section?
How is EPA to account for cost under this subpart?
May the EPA Administrator grant exemptions to this subpart?
What other requirements apply under this subpart?
Start Authority
Authority: Clean Air Act sections 103, 301(a), 42 U.S.C. 7403, 7601(a); Clean Water Act sections 104, 501, 33 U.S.C. 1254, 1361; Safe Drinking Water Act sections 1442, 1450(a)(1), 42 U.S.C. 300j-1, 300j-9(a)(1); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act sections 2002(a)(1), 7009, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a)(1), 6979; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (as delegated to the Administrator via Executive Order 12580) sections 115, 311, 42 U.S.C. 9616, 9660; Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act section 328, 42 U.S.C. 11048; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act sections 25(a)(1), 136r(a), 7 U.S.C. 136r(a), 136w; and Toxic Substances Control Act, as amended, section 10, 15 U.S.C. 2609.
End Authority
§ 30.1
This subpart directs EPA to ensure that the regulatory science underlying its actions is publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation.
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act or in subpart A; and the following terms shall have the specific meanings given them.
Dose response data and models means the data and models used to characterize the quantitative relationship between the amount of dose or exposure to a pollutant, contaminant, or substance and the magnitude of a predicted health or environmental impact. Such functions typically underlie pivotal regulatory science that drives the size of benefit-cost calculations, the level of a standard, and/or the points of departure from which reference values (reference doses or reference concentrations) are calculated.
Pivotal regulatory science means the specific scientific studies or analyses that drive the requirements and/or quantitative analysis of EPA final significant regulatory decisions.
Regulatory decisions mean final regulations determined to be "significant regulatory actions" by the Office of Management and Budget pursuant to Executive Order 12866.
Regulatory science means scientific information, including assessments, models, criteria documents, and regulatory impact analyses, that provide the basis for EPA final significant regulatory decisions.
Research data means "research data" as that term is defined in Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards.
The provisions of this subpart apply to dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science that are used to justify significant regulatory decisions regardless of the source of funding or identity of the party conducting the regulatory science. The provisions of this section do not apply to physical objects (like laboratory samples), drafts, and preliminary analyses. Except where explicitly stated otherwise, the provisions of this subpart do not apply to any other type of agency action, including individual party adjudications, enforcement activities, or permit proceedings.
EPA shall clearly identify all studies (or other regulatory science) relied upon when it takes any final agency action. EPA should make all such studies available to the public to the extent practicable.
When promulgating significant regulatory actions, the Agency shall ensure that dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science are publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation. Where the Agency is making data or models publicly available, it shall do so in a fashion that is consistent with law, protects privacy, confidentiality, confidential business information, and is sensitive to national and homeland security. Information is considered "publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent Start Printed Page 18774validation" when it includes the information necessary for the public to understand, assess, and replicate findings. This may include, for example:
(a) Data (where necessary, data would be made available subject to access and use restrictions).
(b) Associated protocols necessary to understand, assess, and extend conclusions;
(c) Computer codes and models involved in the creation and analysis of such information;
(d) Recorded factual materials; and
(e) Detailed descriptions of how to access and use such information.
The provisions of this section apply to dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science regardless of who funded or conducted the underlying data, models, or other regulatory science. The agency shall make all reasonable efforts to explore methodologies, technologies, and institutional arrangements for making such data available before it concludes that doing so in a manner consistent with law and protection of privacy, confidentiality, national and homeland security is not possible. Where data is controlled by third parties, EPA shall work with those parties to endeavor to make the data available in a manner that complies with this section.
EPA shall describe and document any assumptions and methods used, and should describe variability and uncertainty. EPA shall evaluate the appropriateness of using default assumptions, including assumptions of a linear, no-threshold dose response, on a case-by-case basis. EPA shall clearly explain the scientific basis for each model assumption used and present analyses showing the sensitivity of the modeled results to alternative assumptions. When available, EPA shall give explicit consideration to high quality studies that explore: A broad class of parametric dose-response or concentration-response models; a robust set of potential confounding variables; nonparametric models that incorporate fewer assumptions; various threshold models across the dose or exposure range; and models that investigate factors that might account for spatial heterogeneity.
What role does independent peer review in this section?
EPA shall conduct independent peer review on all pivotal regulatory science used to justify regulatory decisions, consistent with the requirements of the OMB Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (70 FR 2664) and the exemptions described therein.
Because transparency in regulatory science includes addressing issues associated with assumptions used in models, EPA shall ask peer reviewers to articulate the strengths and weaknesses of EPA's justification for the assumptions applied and the implications of those assumptions for the results.
EPA shall implement the provisions of this subpart in a manner that minimizes costs.
Yes. The Administrator may grant an exemption to this subpart on a case-by-case basis if he or she determines that compliance is impracticable because:
(a) It is not feasible to ensure that all dose response data and models underlying pivotal regulatory science is publicly available in a manner sufficient for independent validation, in a fashion that is consistent with law, protects privacy, confidentiality, confidential business information, and is sensitive to national and homeland security; or
(b) It is not feasible to conduct independent peer review on all pivotal regulatory science used to justify regulatory decisions for reasons outlined in OMB Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (70 FR 2664), Section IX.
EPA shall implement the provisions of this section consistent with the definition of "research data" in Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards, exemptions in Public Law 89-487, and other applicable federal laws. Where appropriate, data sharing agreements and state-of-the-art data-masking techniques may be employed to facilitate access to information.
End Part End Supplemental Information
1. See Exec. Order No. 13563, 76 FR 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011). "Our regulatory system must protect public health, welfare, safety, and our environment while promoting economic growth, innovation, competitiveness, and job creation. It must be based on the best available science."
2. See Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Department and Agencies on Scientific Integrity (Mar. 9, 2009). "If scientific and technological information is developed and used by the Federal Government, it should ordinarily be made available to the public. To the extent permitted by law, there should be transparency in the preparation, identification, and use of scientific and technological information in policymaking."
3. EPA has the authority to establish policies governing its reliance on science in the administration of its regulatory functions. Historically, EPA has not consistently observed the policies underlying this proposal, and courts have at times upheld EPA's use non-public data in support of its regulatory actions. See Coalition of Battery Recyclers Ass'n v. EPA, 604 F.3d 613, 623 (D.C. Cir. 2010); American Trucking Ass'ns v. EPA, 283 F.3d 355, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2002). EPA is proposing to exercise its discretionary authority to establish a policy that would preclude it from using such data in future regulatory actions.
4. Exec. Order No. 13777, 82 FR 12285 (Mar. 1, 2017). Regulatory reform efforts shall attempt to identify "those regulations that rely in whole or in part on data, information, or methods that are not publicly available or that are insufficiently transparent to meet the standard for reproducibility."
5. Exec. Order No. 13783, 82 FR 16093 (Mar. 31, 2017). "It is also the policy of the United States that necessary and appropriate environmental regulations comply with the law, are of greater benefit than cost, when permissible, achieve environmental improvements for the American people, and are developed through transparent processes that employ the best available peer-reviewed science and economics."
6. February 22, 2002 (67 FR 8453) OMB's Guidelines Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information (2002) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2002/02/22/R2-59/guidelines-for-ensuring-and-maximizing-the-quality-objectivity-utility-and-integrity-of-information.
7. Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Open Data Policy—Managing Information as an Asset (https://project-open-data.cio.gov/policy-memo/). "Specifically, this Memorandum requires agencies to collect or create information in a way that supports downstream information processing and dissemination activities. This includes using machine-readable and open formats, data standards, and common core and extensible metadata for all new information creation and collection efforts. It also includes agencies ensuring information stewardship through the use of open licenses and review of information for privacy, confidentiality, security, or other restrictions to release."
8. Plan to Increase Access to Results of EPA-Funded Scientific Research; EPA Open Government Plan 4.0; Open Data Implementation Plan; EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy; Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by the Environmental Protection Agency.
9. For example, see related policies from the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Science and Technology, the National Institutes of Health; and the U.S. Census Bureau, which provides secure access to data from several agencies in an environment that protects against unauthorized disclosure (https://www.census.gov/fsrdc).
10. These include policies and recommendations from: The Administrative Conference of the United States' Science in the Administrative Process Project; National Academies' reports on Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data, Expanding Access to Research Data, and Access to Research Data in the 21st Century; the Health Effects Institute; Center for Open Science; members of the Risk Assessment Specialty Section of the Society of Toxicology, the Dose Response Section of the Society for Risk Analysis, and the International Society for Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology; and the Bipartisan Policy Center's Science for Policy Project.
11. For example, see related policies from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PLOS ONE, Science, and Nature.
12. See: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-016-0021; http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124; http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6168/229.long; https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific-research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong.; http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/341/341ps12.full.
13. EPA has not consistently followed previous EPA policy (e.g, EPA's Scientific Integrity Guidance, referenced above) that encouraged the use of non-proprietary data and models.
14. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2005-M-05-03-Issuance-of-OMBs-Final-Information-Quality-Bulletin-for-Peer-Review-December-16-2004.pdf.
15. February 22, 2002 (67 FR 8453) OMB's Guidelines Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information (2002) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2002/02/22/R2-59/guidelines-for-ensuring-and-maximizing-the-quality-objectivity-utility-and-integrity-of-information.
16. See examples from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Education, and the U.S. Census Bureau.
17. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html.
18. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11434/expanding-access-to-research-data-reconciling-risks-and-opportunities.
19. https://www.cep.gov/content/dam/cep/report/cep-final-report.pdf; https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24652/innovations-in-federal-statistics-combining-data-sources-while-protecting-privacy; https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24893/federal-statistics-multiple-data-sources-and-privacy-protection-next-steps.
20. For example, see policies or recommendations of publishers Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, PLOS, and Springer Nature.
21. For example: https://osp.od.nih.gov/scientific-sharing/requesting-access-to-controlled-access-data-maintained-in-nih-designated-data-repositories-e-g-dbgap/; https://www.census.gov/fsrdc.
22. These recommendations are consistent with those of Lutter and Zorn (2016). https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/Mercatus-Lutter-Public-Access-Data-v3.pdf.we re.
24. https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/Mercatus-Lutter-Public-Access-Data-v3.pdf.


text:
Science, Tech, Math › Social Sciences
Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Dysfunction in Sociology
Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images
Major Sociologists
Research, Samples, and Statistics
Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.
Sociology Expert
Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara
M.A., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara
B.A., Sociology, Pomona College
Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. She has taught and researched at institutions including the University of California-Santa Barbara, Pomona College, and University of York.
Manifest function refers to the intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society. Meanwhile, a latent function is one that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society. Contrasting with both manifest and latent functions are dysfunctions, a type of unintended outcome that is harmful in nature.
Robert Merton's Theory of Manifest Function
American sociologist Robert K. Merton laid out his theory of manifest function (and latent function and dysfunction too) in his 1949 book Social Theory and Social Structure. The text—ranked the third most important sociological book of the 20th century by the International Sociological Association—also contains other theories by Merton that made him famous within the discipline, including the concepts of reference groups and self-fulfilling prophecy.
As part of his functionalist perspective on society, Merton took a close look at social actions and their effects and found that manifest functions could be defined very specifically as the beneficial effects of conscious and deliberate actions. Manifest functions stem from all manner of social actions but are most commonly discussed as outcomes of the work of social institutions like family, religion, education, and the media, and as the product of social policies, laws, rules, and norms.
Take, for example, the social institution of education. The conscious and deliberate intention of the institution is to produce educated young people who understand their world and its history and who have the knowledge and practical skills to be productive members of society. Similarly, the conscious and deliberate intention of the institution of media is to inform the public of important news and events so that they can play an active role in democracy.
Manifest Versus Latent Function
While manifest functions are consciously and deliberately intended to produce beneficial outcomes, latent functions are neither conscious nor deliberate but also produce benefits. They are, in effect, unintended positive consequences.
Continuing with the examples given above, sociologists recognize that social institutions produce latent functions in addition to manifest functions. Latent functions of the institution of education include the formation of friendships among students who matriculate at the same school; the provision of entertainment and socializing opportunities via school dances, sporting events, and talent shows; and feeding poor students lunch (and breakfast, in some cases) when they would otherwise go hungry.
The first two in this list perform the latent function of fostering and reinforcing social ties, group identity, and a sense of belonging, which are very important aspects of a healthy and functional society. The third performs the latent function of redistributing resources in society to help alleviate the poverty experienced by many.
Dysfunction: When a Latent Function Does Harm
The thing about latent functions is that they often go unnoticed or uncredited, that is unless they produce negative outcomes. Merton classified harmful latent functions as dysfunctions because they cause disorder and conflict within society. However, he also recognized that dysfunctions can be manifest in nature. These occur when the negative consequences are known in advance and include, for example, the disruption of traffic and daily life by a large event like a street festival or a protest.
It's the former, though, that primarily concern sociologists. In fact, one could say that a significant portion of sociological research is focused on just that—how harmful social problems are unintentionally created by laws, policies, rules, and norms that are intended to do something else.
New York City's controversial Stop-and-Frisk policy is a classic example of a policy that is designed to do good but actually does harm. This policy allows police officers to stop, question, and search any person who they deem suspicious in any way. Following the terrorist attack on New York City in September 2001, police began to do the practice more and more, so much that from 2002 to 2011, the NYPD increased their stopping and frisking by seven-fold.
Yet the research data on the stops show that they did not achieve the manifest function of making the city safer because the vast majority of those stopped were found to be innocent of any wrongdoing. Rather, the policy resulted in the latent dysfunction of racist harassment, as the majority of those subjected to the practice were Black, Latino, and Hispanic boys. Stop-and-frisk also led to racial minorities feeling unwelcome in their own community and neighborhood, feeling unsafe and at-risk of harassment while going about their daily lives and fostered distrust in the police in general.
So far from producing a positive impact, stop-and-frisk resulted over the years in many latent dysfunctions. Fortunately, New York City has significantly scaled back its use of this practice because researchers and activists have brought these latent dysfunctions to light.
View Article Sources
"Stop-and-Frisk Data." NYCLU - ACLU of New York. New York Civil Liberties Union, 23 May 2017.
Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Dysfunction in Sociology." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/manifest-function-definition-4144979. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 26). Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Dysfunction in Sociology. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/manifest-function-definition-4144979 Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Dysfunction in Sociology." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/manifest-function-definition-4144979 (accessed January 31, 2023).
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