1 Paul, apostle of Christ Jesus by God's will, to the saints that are in Ephesus and faithful in Christ Jesus. 2 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and [the] Lord Jesus Christ. 3 Blessed [be] the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ that blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly [places] in Christ, 4 even as he chose us in him before [the] world's foundation, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love; 5 having predestinated us for adoption through Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, 6 unto [the] praise of [the] glory of his grace, wherein he made us objects of grace in the beloved; 7 in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of offences, according to the riches of his grace, 8 which he caused to abound toward us in all wisdom and intelligence, 9 having made known to us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he purposed in himself 10 for [the] administration of the fulness of the times, to sum up all things in the Christ, the things in the heavens and the things on the earth, in him 11 in whom we have also obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to [the] purpose of him that worketh all things according to the counsel of his will, 12 in order that we should be unto [the] praise of his glory, that have fore-trusted in the Christ; 13 in whom ye also, having heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, in whom having also believed, ye were sealed by the Holy Spirit of promise, 14 who is earnest of our inheritance, for [the] redemption of the purchased possession unto [the] praise of his glory.
15 On this account I also, having heard of the faith that [is] among you in the Lord Jesus and the love that [ye have] toward all the saints, 16 do not cease giving thanks for you, making mention of you in my prayers, 17 that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, would give you [the] spirit of wisdom and revelation in full knowledge of him, 18 having the eyes of your heart enlightened, that ye may know what is the hope of his calling; and what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints; 19 and what the surpassing greatness of his power toward us that believe, according to the working of the might of his strength, 20 which he wrought in the Christ in having raised him out of the dead, and seated [him] at his right hand in the heavenly [places], 21 far above every principality and authority and power and lordship and every name named not only in this age but also in that to come; 22 and put all things under his feet, and gave him as head over all things to the assembly, 23 which* is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all. II. And you, being dead in your offences and your sins, 2 in which ye once walked according to the age of this world, according to the ruler of the authority of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the sons of disobedience; 3 among whom we all also had our conversation once in the lusts of our flesh, doing the wishes of the flesh and of the thoughts, and were children, by nature, of wrath even as the rest; 4 but God, being rich in mercy, on account of his great love wherewith he loved us, 5 even us being dead in our offences he quickened with the Christ (by grace are ye saved), 6 and raised together and seated together in the heavenly [places] in Christ Jesus, 7 that he might show forth in the coming ages the surpassing riches of his grace in kindness toward us in Christ Jesus. 8 For by grace ye are saved through faith; and this not of yourselves - God's is the gift: 9 not of works, that no one might boast. 10 For his workmanship we are, created in Christ Jesus for good works which God before prepared that we should walk in them.
11 Wherefore remember that once ye, the nations in [the] flesh, that are called uncircumcision by that called circumcision in [the] flesh made by hand, 12 that ye were at that time without Christ, aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: 13 but now in Christ Jesus ye that were once far off have become nigh by the blood of the Christ. 14 For he is our peace that made both one, and broke down the middle wall of the fence, 15 having annulled the enmity in his flesh, the law of the commandments in ordinances, that he might create the two in himself into one new man, making peace, 16 and might reconcile both in one body to God through the cross, having slain the enmity in it. 17 And having come he preached peace to you that were afar off and peace to those that were nigh. 18 For through him we both have * access by one Spirit to the Father. 19 So then ye are no longer strangers and foreigners, but ye are fellow-citizens of the saints and of the household of God, 20 being built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being chief corner-stone, 21 in whom all the building fitted together increaseth unto a holy temple in [the] Lord, 22 in whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God in [the] Spirit.
* I had hesitated whether I should not, with several translators, say 'our' access (and so bis in Eph_3:12, and in Eph_3:17). But it appears to me that our possessive is too strong an expression of the Greek article here; and that the force, in one case at least, is rather technical.
III. For this cause I Paul, the prisoner of the Christ Jesus for you nations, 2 if indeed ye heard of the administration of the grace of God that was given me toward you; 3 how that by revelation was made known to me the mystery, even as I have before written briefly, 4 in accordance with which ye can, in reading, perceive my understanding in the mystery of the Christ, 5 which in other generations was not made known to the sons of men, as it hath been now revealed to his holy apostles and prophets in [the] Spirit, 6 that the nations are fellow-heirs, and of the same body, and fellow-partakers of the promises in Christ Jesus by the gospel, 7 of which I was made minister according to the gift of the grace of God that was given me according to the working of his power. 8 To me who am less than the least of all saints was this grace given to preach to the nations the unsearchable riches of the Christ, 9 and to enlighten all as to what [is] the administration of the mystery which hath been hidden from the ages in God that created all things; 10 in order that there might be known now to the principalities and the authorities in the heavenly [places] by the assembly the manifold wisdom of God, 11 according to [the] purpose of the ages which he made in Christ Jesus our Lord; 12 in whom we have* boldness and* access in confidence by the faith of him. 13 Wherefore I entreat [you] not to faint at my tribulations for you which is your glory. 14 For this cause I bow my knees to the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, 15 from whom every family in [the] heavens and on earth is named, 16 that he would give you according to the riches of his glory to be strengthened with power by his Spirit into the inner man, l7 that the Christ may dwell through *faith in your hearts, 18 being in love rooted and grounded that ye may be fully able to comprehend with all the saints what [is] the breadth and length and depth and height; 19 and to know the love of the Christ that surpasseth knowledge, that ye may be filled to all the fulness of God. 20 Now to him that is able to do above all things far exceedingly above what we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us, 21 to him [be] glory in the assembly in Christ Jesus unto all the generations of the age of the ages. Amen.
IV. I exhort you therefore, I the prisoner in [the] Lord, that ye walk worthily of the calling wherewith ye were called, 2 with all lowliness and meekness, with long-suffering, forbearing one another in love, 3 using diligence to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace: 4 one body and one Spirit, even as ye were also called in one hope of your calling; 5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism; 6 one God and Father of all, that [is] over all, and through all, and in [us, or, you] all.
7 But to each one of us was given grace according to the measure of the gift of the Christ. 8 Wherefore he saith, Having ascended on high, he led captivity captive and gave gifts to men. 9 Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended into the lower [parts] of the earth? 10 He that descended, he it is also that ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things. 11 And he gave some apostles, and some prophets, and some evangelists, and some pastors and teachers, 12 for the perfecting of the saints, unto work of ministry, unto edifying of the body of the Christ, 13 until we all arrive at the unity of the faith and of the full knowledge of the Son of God, at a fullgrown man, at [the] measure of [the] stature of the fulness of the Christ; 14 that we may no longer be babes, tossed and carried about by every wind of doctrine in the sleight of men, in craftiness for the scheming of error, 15 but, holding the truth in love, let us grow up unto him in all things, who is the head, Christ, 16 from whom all the body, being fitted together and compacted by every joint of supply, according to [the] working in [the] measure of each one part, worketh the increase of the body for edifying of itself in love.
17 This then I say and testify in [the] Lord that ye should no longer walk even as also the rest of the nations walk in vanity of their mind, 18 being darkened in the understanding, estranged from the life of God on account of the ignorance that is in them, on account of the hardening of their heart, 19 who, as being past remorse, have given themselves up to lasciviousness unto [the] working of every uncleanness with greediness. 20 But ye have not thus learnt the Christ, 21 if indeed ye have heard him and been taught in him even as [the] truth is in Jesus,* 22 that ye should put off, according to your former conversation, the old man that is corrupt according to the lusts of deceit, 23 and be renewed in the spirit of your mind, 24 and put on the new man, that according to God was created in righteousness and holiness of truth. 25 Wherefore having put off falsehood, speak truth each with his neighbour, for we are members one of another. 26 Be angry and sin not: let not the sun set upon your wrath, 27 nor yet give room for the devil. 28 Let him that stealeth steal no longer but rather labour, working what is good with his own hands, that he may have to distribute to him that hath need. 29 Let no corrupt word proceed out of your mouth, but if [there be] any one good for edification of the need, that it may give grace to those that hear. 30 And grieve not the holy Spirit of God by whom ye were sealed for redemption-day. 31 Let all bitterness and passion and wrath and clamour and evil-speaking be removed from you with all malice; 32 and be to one another kind, compassionate, forgiving each other, even as God also in Christ hath forgiven you.
* Or, 'in Jesus - your having put off.......and being renewed and having put on,' etc.
V. Be therefore imitators of God, as beloved children, and walk in love, 2 even as the Christ also loved us and gave himself up for us, an offering and sacrifice to God for an odour of sweet smell. 3 But fornication and all uncleanness or covetousness, let it not be even named among you, even as becometh saints; 4 and filthiness and foolish talking or jesting, which are not becoming, but rather thanksgiving. 5 For this ye are aware of, knowing that no fornicator nor unclean nor covetous [person], who is an idolater, hath inheritance in the kingdom of the Christ and God. 6 Let no one deceive you by vain words; for on account of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of disobedience. 7 Be not therefore fellow-partakers with them; 8 for ye were once darkness but now [are] light in the Lord: walk as children of light (9 for the fruit of the light [is] in all goodness and righteousness and truth), 10 proving what is agreeable to the Lord; 11 and have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness but rather also reprove; 12 for the things in secret done by them it is shameful even to speak of, 13 but all of them,* when reproved by the light, are made manifest; for everything that maketh manifest is light. 14 Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise out of [the] dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee. 15 See therefore how carefully ye walk, not as unwise but as wise, 16 buying up the time, because the days are evil. 17 On this account be not foolish, but understanding what the will of the Lord [is]. 18 And be not drunk with wine, in which is dissoluteness, but be filled with [the] Spirit, 19 speaking to each other in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and chanting in your heart to the Lord; 20 giving thanks always for all things in [the] name of our Lord Jesus Christ to him that is God and Father, 21 submitting yourselves one to another in fear of Christ.
* Here the Auth. Version is doubly wrong. To justify it, there should be no article with πάντα, and there ought to be one with ἐλεγχόμενα. I have done the best I could (though the result is poor) to represent the text.
22 Wives, [submit yourselves] to your† own husbands as to the Lord; 23 for a husband is head of the wife, as also the Christ [is] head of the assembly: he [is] the saviour of the body. 24 But as the assembly is subject to the Christ, so also the wives to their own husbands in everything. 25 Husbands, love your own wives, even as the Christ also loved the assembly and gave himself up for it, 26 that he might sanctify it, having cleansed [it] by the washing of water in [the] word, 27 that he might himself present to himself the assembly glorious, not having spot or wrinkle, or any of such things; but that it should be holy and blameless. 28 Thus ought husbands to love their own wives as their own bodies: he that loveth his own wife loveth himself, 29 for no one ever hated his own flesh but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Christ also the assembly: 30 for we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones. 31 Because of this shall a man leave father and mother and shall be closely joined to his wife, and they two shall be one flesh. 32 This mystery is great; but I speak as to Christ and as to the assembly. 33 Nevertheless, ye also every one, let each so love his own wife as himself, and let the wife fear the husband.
† Some excellent authorities read, "Let the wives be subject to their" etc. Others do not express the verb.
VI. Children, obey your parents in [the] Lord; for this is just. 2 Honour thy father and thy mother, which is a commandment first in promise, 3 that it may be well for thee, and thou shalt be long-lived on the earth. 4 And, fathers, provoke not your children to wrath, but bring them up in [the] Lord's discipline and admonition.
5 Bondmen, obey your masters according to flesh with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as to the Christ; 6 not with eye-service as men-pleasers but as bondmen of Christ, doing the will of God from the soul, 7 with good-will doing service as to the Lord and not to men; 8 knowing that whatever good each shall do, this he shall receive of [the] Lord, whether bond or free. 9 And, masters, do the same things toward them, giving up threatening, knowing that the master both of them and of you is in [the] heavens; and there is no respect of persons with him.
10 For the rest, my brethren, be strengthened in [the] Lord and in the strength of his might. 11 Put on the panoply of God, that ye may be able to stand against the stratagems of the devil; 12 for our wrestling is not against blood and flesh, but against the principalities, against the authorities, against the world-rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual [hosts] of wickedness in the heavenly [places]. 13 On this account take up the panoply of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having fully done all, to stand.
14 Stand therefore, having girt about your loins with truth, and having put on the breastplate of righteousness, 15 and having shod your feet with [the] preparation of the gospel of peace; 16 besides all, having taken up the shield of faith with which ye will be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked one; 17 and receive the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is God's word; 18 with all, prayer and supplication praying in every season in [the] Spirit, and "hereunto watching with all perseverance and supplication for all the saints, 19 and for me that utterance may be given me in [the] opening of my mouth with boldness to make known the mystery of the gospel, 20 for which I am an ambassador in chain[s], that in it I may be bold as I ought to speak.
21 But that ye also may know my affairs, what I do,* Tychicus shall make known all to you, the beloved brother and faithful servant in [the] Lord, 22 whom I sent to you for this very thing, that ye may know our matters, and [that] he may comfort your hearts.
23 Peace to the brethren and love with faith from God [the] Father and [the] Lord Jesus Christ; 24 grace with all that love our Lord Jesus Christ in incorruption.
It must be manifest to the most casual reader of the epistle that we are upon very high and holy ground here. Let none suppose that this is to impeach other portions of the inspired scriptures. But who can deny that in revealing His mind, God has been pleased to employ different instruments and with various measures? He could, if He pleased, have written all by one. He could have revealed Himself by all according to the full height of His own glory and nothing else. But we may be quite sure that the ways of God are as admirable in the forms which His revelation takes, as in all other things which He has made for His praise. These diverse manners of developing His nature and character, His counsels and ways, display His glory in an infinitely more blessed light than if there had been one unvarying blaze of brightness. And the same wisdom which works best for His majesty and praise, is precisely that which is suited to the wants, and efficacious for the blessing of His children. Need I say, that a revelation, while it is from God is for His people? No doubt, it does glorify Him; but God, when He speaks, has an object in view, and provides graciously for those to whom He addresses Himself. The revelations of God, therefore, while they flow from God, and are worthy of God, necessarily pre-suppose, and are adapted to, the condition of man. Now this, far from, in the smallest degree, lessening the divine glory which manifests itself in the successive parts of God's word, on the contrary, enhances it infinitely, and proves that it is His, by nothing more than its wonderful suitability to poor sinners, brought out of their low estate, in His rich mercy, and adopted into His family by faith in Christ Jesus.
Now, of all the epistles of St. Paul, I am not aware of any one which rises so high as this to the Ephesians; and one cannot doubt that there was a harmony between the condition of these saints themselves, and the manner and measure of the Spirit's communications to them. We find it so elsewhere. In addressing the saints at Rome, they were not called a church; they were, indeed, in an infantine state. There were blessed saints of God there, but the assembly was not founded by an apostle. Years passed before ever an apostle went to Rome. God saw well that this very city of Rome would arrogate to itself enormous claims of a spiritual character. Therefore He took care that more inconsiderable places, such as Corinth, etc., should have an apostle to found churches and labour there for a considerable time; while the great centre of the world's glory was unvisited by an apostle till there were many assembled there, through persons going thither from one cause and another. When we consider the circumstances of the Roman saints, we can understand the propriety of addressing an epistle to them which strongly resembles a comprehensive scheme of christian doctrine from the very alphabet of truth. And, hence, the very first thing that we have proved there, after the introduction, is the total ruin of man, and of man looked at in every point of view - man examined, and weighed in the balances of God, from the flood downwards. After man had possessed a knowledge of God of an outward sort, when they knew God, they glorified Him not as God. In fact we have the origin of idolatry shown; and also the time after the flood before idolatry came in. The verses I have referred to in Romans 1, bear upon the time when there was simply the race possessing the knowledge of God. But man departed from it, corrupting himself; and we have the awful picture of human depravity traced in the early chapters. Next, we have philosophic man; and then man under the law - man in every point of view - before the subject of redemption is treated of, or anything is said of the way to be justified. The reason is this: the apostle never having been there, the saints at Rome were comparatively ignorant, and required to be instructed in the nature and fatal issues of the fall. They needed to learn what the history of man is, as God looks at and thinks of it. Therefore, we have him seen as ruined in every way, and no help for him in the creature, the law, or anything else. Hence the result is, that all are gone out of the way: "there is none righteous, no, not one." In a word, every mouth is stopped, and the whole world become guilty before God. Then, and not till then, we have the provision God has made in His righteous mercy for man, in Romans 3 and Romans 4; and from Romans 5, consequences shown and difficulties met, winding up with the triumphant conclusion of Romans 7.
What a weighty summary of christian doctrine, beginning with the actual condition of man, Jew or Gentile, and leading up to the firm footing God has given in Christ, dead and risen, to him that believes! But in all this you have, most important as it is; only the individual. It may be man lost, or man saved; but you have nothing about the Church. It is what pertains to those who are members of the Church, but no such thing appears as the assembly of God treated as such. Man's ruin and redemption is the theme, with the effects of redemption, and the order of the dispensations, and the practical duties flowing from all. But in Ephesians how totally different! Here, comparatively speaking, man disappears, and God is viewed as acting from Himself.
Hence there is no preface nor proof of what man's state is. This was not necessary, nor is it the starting-point of the teaching there: in Romans it is; and nothing can be more simple. But in Ephesians, instead of our being raised up from the pit of corruption, in which man lay buried, the very first thing the apostle does is to speak of God in heaven. It is God showering blessing upon man, and not man brought up to God. It is God shown in the ways of His grace and the thoughts of His heart, before even there was a world at all, entirely apart from all questions of Jews or Gentiles. It is God forming a scheme of glory and blessedness for His own praise; God delighting in the display of His goodness, and this for the purpose of blessing, and the very highest, fullest character of blessing. Hence you will find that it is not simply God as God acting towards man, but He has Christ before Him, and hence there is no limit to the blessing. He would have some channel of grace toward us to the full content of His own heart. Now there is no object that could draw out and sustain the delight of God, none that could be in itself an adequate object to look upon with complacency but one, even Christ. As for the angels, He charges them with folly, and yet were they holy. If He scanned lower than the angels, what is there but a world lost in sin? Thus there is but one capable of satisfying the heart and affections of God - Christ Himself.
Having therefore this great truth in hand - God blessing, and Christ the object before God, through whom God is going to bless, according to all that is in His heart, we also find that He is named as a Blesser in a twofold manner. "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ." These two titles are really the key to the epistle. And I must be permitted to press strongly the importance of weighing words in Scripture. When we have to do with mankind, we must not make a person an offender for a word. But God needs no excuses for His word. Whatever allowance we might make for the slips of one another, with Scripture the occasion can never arise. When we draw near and listen to Him, the only proper attitude is to bow and worship. And, therefore, in this epistle, which is so full an expression of His love, the apostle opens it thus, "Blessed be the God and Father," etc. He could not write to the Ephesians without breaking out into the praise and worship of God. Elsewhere you will find him blessing God, but where he does so, as in 2Co_2:14, there were special circumstances that called it out. But not so here. At Corinth there was a blessed intervention of God's grace, breaking down the proud hearts of wayward disciples there, making them ashamed of themselves. But in Ephesians it was apart from passing circumstances, save that he saw them in such a condition of soul that they were capable of going on with God, entering into His thoughts and counsels. "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" was not because of some peculiar mercy, or comfort; but it flows from what He always is to us. For this very reason many saints may be unable to enter in. Some are apt to be particularly alive to, and touched by, sensible tokens, from day to day, and now and then extraordinary providential interventions of God. Perhaps they are in great trial, and God brings them a fresh blessing too out of it. But here the Ephesians were so simple and willing to go on with God that the apostle, instead of being detained by their state, could but speak in praise and thanksgiving. It is very blessed when there is such happy communion given in having to do with one another.
It is true, again, that before he enters upon what I shall endeavour to develop, he introduces himself as an apostle. He does not say "servant" here; in writing to the Romans he does. "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ." He was indeed Christ's bondman. Why should Paul be writing to them? He was His servant. Did not they belong to Jesus? There was no such thought as "independency" sanctioned in those days - no such practice as little districts or assemblies belonging to this man or that; but the Church everywhere the loved object of the Lord's servants. He is a true servant who is able to realize that he is the bondsman of Jesus Christ; and he will serve souls best who most realizes what it is to serve the Lord. "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called [to be] an apostle." He was an apostle by the calling of God. At this time there was no such thing as a congregation giving a candidate "a call." Paul was an apostle called of God, and they were saints called of God, and they knew it. It was very sweet for them to think they had been thus called. They were in their measure treading the path of Christ, and the apostle was His servant and an apostle also. His object was to bring his apostleship into relief. But they at Corinth were in danger of beginning to stand in doubt of him and of thinking that to Jerusalem they ought to look. He thoroughly owns the common place of a brother; but if persons like the Corinthians were raising their heads too high, he says, "an apostle" simply, without adding "servant." If a dispute arose about the point, he proves the reality of his call. In addressing the Galatians I have shown elsewhere what peculiar force there is in his introduction of himself. "Paul, an apostle (not of men, neither by man)," etc. Here you have controversy at once, but of divine temper and strength. There were false principles in Galatia, and therefore he uses energetic, urgent language in writing to the saints They were adopting Jewish notions about earthly succession. The apostle, therefore, takes the very highest ground, and shows that while he fully acknowledged the twelve in their place, he would not, in what touched the truth of the gospel, give place by subjection, no, not for an hour; so that the whole epistle bears the stamp of the unqualified re-assertion of the call of grace and its heavenly character, founded upon the death and resurrection of Christ.
In Ephesians he has no object of a controversial kind, nor of laying down the christian foundations of truth, as in the case of the Roman saints. But he does put forward his apostolic function - "Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ." He shows fully out of what it sprang; that same "will of God," out of which flowed their own blessing. He is about to trace, first the individual blessing, and then the corporate. It is quite a mistake to suppose that the former is a deeper thing than the latter. On the contrary, our highest blessings are connected with what we have as individuals. Fully acknowledging the blessedness of what is corporate, what we have individually is higher still; and it is the way of God's Spirit to begin with this before entering upon what is common. Hence I think he here addresses "the saints which were at Ephesus, and the faithful in Christ Jesus," as such. They were the, Church there, not only gathered formally, but intelligently so. They had had the Apostle Paul there, who had been God's instrument in that work. There were twelve men who believed before Paul went there; but they never received the Holy Ghost after the Pentecost sort till Paul's visit. It is the personal presence of the Holy Ghost, founded upon our faith in Christ dead and risen, that brings us into this church character. But the Holy Ghost, besides making us members of Christ's body, the Church, also gives us the consciousness of our relationship as sons with His God and Father. He addresses "the Church of God at Corinth" as such, when he is speaking of points that concern order and discipline. Here he is going to look at the Church in a far higher point of view; yet he begins with what is individual: "To the saints which are at Ephesus, and to the faithful in Christ Jesus. Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ." Then he introduces the twofold title of God already referred to - the same that our Lord announced when He rose from the dead, and sent the first message given to His disciples, by Mary Magdalene: "Go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God" - not "to the Almighty God," or "to Jehovah."
Our Lord stood in a twofold relation to God; He was Son of God, not only as a divine person, but as man in the world (Luke 1); besides His highest personal glory which shines through John's Gospel, etc. "That holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God." This last title refers to Christ, viewed in humanity in this world; and it is therefore stated only in the Gospel of Luke, which is pre-eminently the human biography, if I may so speak, of Christ. But it might not have been known, unless God has told us, that He carried that same relationship as man into His resurrection. He teaches us that death and resurrection gave Him title in God's righteousness to put us in His position. So that He could for the first time say, in the fulness of meaning which those words convey, "I ascend to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God." He is now not merely "my Father" and "my God," but "your Father" and "your God."
The death of Christ had completely obliterated all that was against the children of God: the resurrection of Christ, after redemption was effected, enabled Him to give them His place of resurrection and sonship before God. And what a wonderful place is this! To think that now, even while we are in this world, our Lord would have us to know that we are sons, in and through Him, before our God, and that we are instinct with resurrection-life - "alive unto God, through Jesus Christ our Lord;" that we stand before God without a single charge or condemnation, and this, because He had taken by grace the "same condemnation" with the guilty on the cross. He was the "holy thing" - we unholy, altogether undone. But on the cross He was made sin for us, and entered the same condemnation - made it His own on the cross; and now there is none for me. I am brought into the same place that He had as the risen one before God. Of course I am not speaking now of His divine glory. The notion of the creature, no matter how blest, being in any other position than that of looking up to God and worshipping Him, could not enter a renewed mind. The Lord Jesus was Son in His divine nature from all eternity; but as man, too, He was Son; and also as risen from the dead. And by His death and resurrection, He brings us in before God and His Father, having the same position as Himself, so far as to be sons, absolutely without sin in our new nature, and freed from condemnation before God because the old nature is already judged. The new nature requires none to die for it, but the old did; and all is done. In Christ crucified, God condemned sin in the flesh, and to faith all the evil is gone: The blessedness of Christ is now made ours, and we can look up and say, "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ." One great mischief that is done to the practical power of Christianity is the putting off the blessing, which the Holy Ghost attaches to us now, till we leave this world and get to heaven.
Suppose you were to tell the great mass of God's children on the earth, You are "blessed with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ," they would think it rank enthusiasm or mysticism. They are not prepared for such truth, and in general either do not enquire what the verse means, or attenuate it into some mere emotional sentiment. They have no notion that it is a present fact true of all Christians. Though we are not displayed in it yet, it is no question of feeling. May we believe it! Feelings may deceive me, but faith never can. If I see a thing, it is merely my eye that sees. If I believe a truth on God's word, I am looking at it, in a measure, so to speak, with God's eyes. The world has a notion that faith only implies confidence as to a thing which is not sure. This is not the meaning of "I believe" in the things of God. My own vision is a poor range of sight; but what of God's eye? The believer stands upon the highest ground; he rests upon the certainty of what God says. Happiness, too, is the result; for when you believe, you soon begin to feel. If you believe that God has blotted out your sins, you ere long, if not at once, begin to enjoy it. If I look at myself, I shall always see something wrong. How is this? My sins all gone; and yet, if looking within, I see so much that is painful, loathsome, humiliating. The putting away of sin is not a thing that goes on in my heart, but a mighty work that God wrought in the cross of His beloved Son, on which He calls me to rest, because on it He rests. Am I looking for a sign and token in myself? If so, I shall never have an assurance of it on the right ground. If I think that my sins must be forgiven because I am a changed character (as men speak), can I ever have an hour's real peace? The result must be, that the more one judges himself, the less happy he will be. What God puts before His children is this - that they should be thoroughly happy in the certainty that their sins are gone, through the blood-shedding of Christ, and yet that they should spare nothing they find within them; judging themselves day by day, because Christ has been judged for them, and God has blotted out their sins, and they cannot endure trifling with that which cost the blood of His Son.
Here, however, the first great thought is that "The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ." It is not redemption, though of course based upon it. I am here upon the earth, and yet I know that I am blest there where Christ is at the right hand of God. Not only have I blessings there, but I am blessed "with all spiritual blessings." The highest blessing God can confer is that which He gives every child of His in heavenly places in Christ. In these few words we gaze at the height of God's wonderful counsel about us and love for us. He has thus blessed us according to the fulness of His value for Christ.
The expression "heavenly places" is in contrast with the portion of the Jews, who were blessed in earthly places. If we look at Ezekiel 36, it may bring out more distinctly the character of our blessing in contradistinction to theirs. "Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you and ye shall be clean . . . . And ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; and ye shall be my people, and I will be your God." Thus, there are spiritual mercies mingled with their blessings; but they will be in the land of their fathers, which God is to make good to the generation to come. It is chiefly learned but unspiritual men who make confusion about these matters. If readers were only simple about Scripture, they would not fall into such mistakes. The prophets says, "Ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers." Nothing can be plainer than this. He is to bless Israel on the earth - in their soul too, no doubt: but the sphere of this blessing is the holy land. It is His earthly people, not the Church, as we shall see lower down. "I will multiply the fruit of the tree and the increase of the field, that ye shall receive no more reproach of famine among the heathen." Evidently the blessing is in earthly places. I should not find fault with good men trying to give this a spiritual turn and to preach the gospel from it, provided they did not blot out from it the hopes of Israel by and by. Primarily the people there are Israel, and they are to be blessed in this manner. We see the land of Palestine now desolate like a wilderness; but "the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose" in that day. There are certain blessings that apply to the believer now, it is true. To the "water" and "Spirit," in a wonderfully enlarged and deepened scope, our Lord alludes thus in John 3. But I object to the inference that God has abandoned His people, and that this prophecy about the earthly places should be confounded with our heavenly title. The earth and earthly blessings are here dwelt upon by the Spirit of God. Why should we be jealous about the Jews or the earth either? God has shown us such overflowing and surpassing favour that we may well delight and thank Him that the earth is reserved for His ancient nation.
Now if we turn from this - the predicted blessing of Israel upon the earth - to our own proper blessing in Ephesians, how totally different it is! "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ." It is God revealing Himself in the fullest manner conceivable. Who was it that knew God pre-eminently? who was the object of God's love as none had ever been before? If ever there was one who fathomed the full meaning of the words, "My Father," it was the Lord Jesus. And who but He sounded the depths of "My God?" Yet now, that Blessed One, by redemption and the gift of the Spirit, has capacitated the believer in Him to enjoy the same privilege with Himself. Just in proportion as we receive it with simplicity and judge the old nature (which never enters into it, but only comes as a thick cloud over our blessing), shall we enter into the realization of our blessing.
Israel's hope is not inward only but outward, in earthly places to be made the most exalted people here below. The scene of our blessing, on the contrary, is in heavenly places, and we are blessed there now in Christ. In a word, a Christian is as one who belongs to the family of the sovereign. There might be reasons of state to make it desirable for the Queen's heir to pass as a stranger through a foreign land, unknown and unregarded. So with the Christian. He is not of the world nor of the age. His body is of the earth, but that which makes him to be what he is, as a son of God, has nothing to do with the present scene or circumstances. He belongs altogether to a glorified Christ. When God begins to deal with Israel, it will be another thing. The attention of the whole world will be directed towards them. There was a time when, even in the midst of all their sin, the people of Israel exercised an enormous influence in the world, spite of their being a small nation and having only a narrow slip of land to dwell on. Their priests and kings gave up the true God, who thereon made them to be the sad evidence of His judgments. But the day is fast coming when they that smote will acknowledge their rejected Messiah, and then will shine the full splendour to which Israel is destined of God. He will crown them with blessing of every kind here below. All the nations of the earth will bow down to Israel; kings and queens will be their nursing fathers and mothers. Christendom, despised as a proud and effete political engine, and more and more degenerating into apostacy, will be set aside like Vashti; God will bless His people of Israel, the Esther of the great King, with all outward blessings in earthly places, not revealing Himself as the God and Father of the Lord Jesus Christ, but as the Lord God, Jehovah, Most High, identified at length with the lowly Jesus of Nazareth.
Is this the way in which we are spoken of here? Not at all. The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ. A Jew has nowhere in the Old Testament the hope of being blessed in their Messiah. To be joint-heirs with Christ, not only blessed by Christ, but in Christ, is an idea that could not possibly enter the most intelligent Israelite's mind. In a word, their portion will always be under their Messiah, to be ruled by Him as an earthly people. But ours, who believe in Christ now, will be to have the same blessing which God the Father confers upon Christ risen from the dead. What has He done for Christ? He has raised Him up, and put all things under His feet. This glory He will not take alone. He is waiting for His bride - for those who are now being called out of Jews and Gentiles to the knowledge of His name. So that our Lord, while personally exalted, holds it in abeyance because He is waiting for His companions to share it with Him; heirs by His grace, not merely of the fathers, but of God, and joint-heirs with Christ.
Nothing can be larger or higher than the blessing spoken of here. Christ will have His heavenly ones above, and His earthly ones below; each fully blest though in different spheres. May I commend the truth brought out in Ephesians 1 to the serious study of God's children? While it becomes us to hear the word of God, it claims from us earnestness of purpose and searching into it as for hidden treasure. We must not expect to be really and fully blessed through the word of God, unless there be diligence of soul.
We have already seen the twofold title in which God blesses His saints now; in both the form of the blessing being found only in Christ. Had God merely revealed Himself as the God of Abraham or Isaac for instance, He would not ensure a blessing beyond that promised to the fathers. Now He does. Instead of having merely the Jewish blessing before Him, He has Christ in His eye, whom He raised from the dead and set at His own right hand, where He never put David nor any one else. It is a place that belongs to Him in virtue of His personal glory and His suffering unto death. We may sit with Christ on His throne, but this is a very different thing from Christ's sitting at God's right hand. Now it is as the God of the Lord Jesus Christ that He blesses - it is the full blessing that would be suitable to Christ Himself as the object of blessing. Grace puts us as common objects with Christ in order to be blessed by God who blesses after this manner and measure. Nor this only. He is the Father of the Lord Jesus, and as such also He blesses us. So that these two characters, the very highest possible in which to look at God, are those according to which we are blessed. The characters of God, both as God and as Father, as they deal with Christ, issue in a blessing, a commensurate blessing, which He gives to us. Hence there is no limit. He has blessed us "with all spiritual blessings," and moreover too, as we saw, not on the earth, the comparatively lower part of the universe, but in the highest scene of God's power, "in the heavenly places;" and in order to crown and complete all, it is "in Christ;" all is secured in His person.
Verse 4 particularly belongs to the first of these characters in which God has revealed Himself, as verse 5 belongs rather to the second. "According as he hath chosen us in him (that is, in Christ) before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love." Now it is as the God of Christ that He thus blesses us; not as Father, but as God. In verse 5 it is as Father, because we there read, "Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself." The style and character clearly answer to the character of the Father. Special relationship to Him is brought in. "Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children" - not merely chosen, but - "predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of His will." Now that language was not used in verse 4. He does not say that He has predestinated us to be holy and without blame before Him in love. Neither does He say that He has called us into this wonderful place according to the good pleasure of His will. And the reason is most manifest. When we hear of the good pleasure of His will, we have language suitable to sovereign special love - that which He displays in order to manifest His own favour. But when we hear of "holy and without blame," it is God who has chosen us for it: it could not be otherwise. If God would have any brought near Him, and so near as to be in His presence in heaven, if chosen in Christ at all, somehow they must be holy and without blame before Him in love. And all is really of His grace.
The one blessing is from the necessary character of God as God; the other flows from the special relationship into which He enters towards us through our Lord Jesus. Choosing us is a necessary part, because it is evident there was no one but God to choose. It was before the foundation of the world, when God alone was. Man had no voice nor choice in the matter. It was purely God acting from Himself. It was a matter of God's own choice, that He would have others to be in heaven besides Himself. But if they were to be near Him and before Him, how could they be so with sin upon them? Impossible. How could God sanction souls, even in the most distant part of His dominion, with sin upon them? Still less could it be in heaven, the throne of His Majesty. The day is coming when all evil must be banished into the lake of fire. How then could He tolerate sin in those who are to be brought into the nearest circle of His presence? It was the positive necessity of His character and nature, that if He chooses to have any with Himself in heaven, they must be there "holy and without blame before him." But that is far from being all: it must be "in love," because nothing could be more miserable than that they should not be able to enter into His own affections. Merely to be in the most blessed place of creatures without taint, without anything that could sully the presence of God, would not be enough. Man was made to have a heart, to have affections; and there could not be happiness in creatures, who know what affection is, unless there were that on which affection could rest. If God had such beings brought into His presence, and necessarily without sin in any form, it must be in love also. He will give them a nature not only capable of being before Him without reproach and fear, but also answering to His own love. "We love him because he first loved us." In Christ alone that love is known; but St. John so speaks of God and Christ, that there is great difficulty in deciding which is meant. He uses "Him" thus, not indiscriminately, but sliding from one into the other. This flows from their oneness: "I and my Father are one," which is said by John only.
Here we have God's choice of us personally. For it is not merely to have a people, as if it were some vague thing, a certain number of niches in heaven to be filled up with so many souls. There is no such notion in the Bible. It is persons He chooses. There cannot be such love without a person distinctly before it. And if it is true even among men, that love is not an uncertain feeling - which is rather a fancy, much more is it true with God. He loves us individually. Hence He has chosen us in Christ before the foundation of the world, to show how entirely it is a choice independent of our character and ways; and if so, it must always flow back to God in a way according to Him. And so it does. If there is this choice of God in Christ before the foundation of the world, He will have saints before Him in such a way as God alone could. He will never have what is unworthy of His love and presence. Hence then it is said, "that we should be holy and without blame before him in love." This is not merely holiness, or blamelessness, or love - any or all in part. Hence it does not refer to what we have been. If we examine any person we may find grievous faults in him. Even as a Christian, he is very far indeed from being what is due to God. He is ashamed of himself, grieving over the little his heart responds to the favour God has shown him. And would this suit His presence? Will God be satisfied with that which even a Christian finds fault with? Impossible. The verse looks not at the complex man here, but at what He makes us in Christ, His Son.
In the saint now there is that which is very unsaintly indeed, unlike God and His beloved Son: pride, vanity, foolishness, all kinds of evil ways and thoughts that never flow from Christ, and have no kind of resemblance to Him. But for all this, are they not saints? God forbid they should not be. And yet this is the steady thought of God. He has chosen us in Christ that we should be holy and without blame before Him in love. How can that be? The answer is, because God looks at us here according to that which He gives us in Christ, and nothing less. All is ignored in this verse, save that new nature which flows from His grace to the objects of His choice. He has chosen us to be so, and He will have us so perfectly, and nothing else, when the time comes for us to be in His presence. But even now it is true in the essence of the thing, inasmuch as we are in Christ and have His life in us. Can I find any fault in Christ? If Christ is without blame in love, in the very nature of God Himself, He is precisely the life of every Christian, let a man be called by what name he may among men.
But even this is not all. Blessed as it is to answer to the holy character and nature of God - and that is what every saint will do by and by in the glory, and what every saint really possesses as a new creature in Christ now - yet this is not enough. We might be there holy and without blame before Him in love, yet simply as servants. Her Majesty the Queen may surround herself with servants to do her will; she may bring one and another into her presence, and they ought to think themselves greatly honoured by being thus made the ministers of her pleasure, though no family relationship, of course, exists between them. But nothing less than this will do in heavenly things. Such is the wonder of God's grace. In the very next verse we have the fact that God is not alone acting from Himself to call us into this wonderful place - to be the reproduction of His own moral nature and character. God is holy and without blame, and He is love in His own nature. This belongs to our life now, and will belong to us altogether when we are brought into heaven, by the power and grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, shortly. But it is not as mere servants, but as sons, we shall be there - consciously as sons; not even standing there, like angels, as ministers of His pleasure, but as those who take an interest in all that He is interested in. We shall feel not merely for Him, but with Him. We shall have a common interest with Him - the same kind of feeling, if I may use the same illustration, that members of the royal family have with the crown.
This is what the Holy Ghost brings before us in verse 5. The Christian is planted in Christ before God, and has a holy and a loving nature. But besides this, there is a positive relationship formed; and that relationship, in which we are brought to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, is nothing less than being sons according to the pattern of the risen Son of God. As the eternal Son of the Father, none could have such a place with Him. The very thought would be repulsive to a renewed mind; But Christ was pleased to call us His brethren when He rose from the dead and not before. And it is on earth, the place of our sins, where we have been servants of Satan - it is here that through the faith of Christ, we leave behind us all that we were, and enter into this blessed and glorious and most intimate relationship with God. "He hath predestinated us unto the adoption of children." The word predestinated is a more special one than "chosen," which signifies God electing us out of the world. None but an unbeliever could fancy that every one is to be in such a place as this, or that men who have lived in blasphemy against God all their days are to be holy and without blame when they die. God has a choice, and our business is to bless God for His great love - not to judge or find fault with His ways. "Who art thou that replies" against God?" That is the answer of God to all vain thoughts and: reasonings. But then if He chooses according to His nature and holiness, He has predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ unto Himself. So that now we find the special privilege and glorious relationship of sons before God in His presence by Jesus Christ. He might not have done it, but it was "according to the good pleasure of his will."
Not merely He would have, and therefore chose persons; but here is a peculiar display of His pleasure, and therefore He puts them in this blessed place, "to the praise of the glory of his grace wherein he hath made us accepted in the Beloved." Verse 6 shows us that which answers to both the verses before it. The clause, "to the praise of the glory of his grace," etc., takes in both the choice of verse 4 and the predestination of verse 5 - the character of the choice of God, and the special favour of the predestination of the Father. "To the praise of the glory of his grace wherein he hath made us accepted in the Beloved." "Accepted" is rather a cold word to express what is meant here. It is not what persons doctrinally call acceptance, which is rather more of the nature of reconciliation. But here it seems to me there is the fulness of divine favour, which goes far beyond bare acceptance. In short, God makes us objects of favour according to all that is in His heart, and, in order that this should be most fully brought out, He says "in the Beloved," not merely "in Christ." There was one object that satisfied God, that met every thought, every desire of His heart; and this was Christ, the One beloved, of course, in a sense in which no creature could be so in itself. In order to bless us fully, God has made us the objects of His favour in this Beloved One, and all is "to the praise of the glory of his grace." This takes in all the heights and depths of His grace who is the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, blessing us in Christ. In fact, He could not go farther. Could He show favour to any one so much as to Christ? Just so He loves and blesses us. He could not do more, and He will not do less. He has risen up to the fullest character of love and blessing in the grace wherewith He regards us in the Beloved.
But, then, what was our previous state? Verse 7 says, "In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace." It is only alluded to passingly, but it supposes that we were wretched slaves of Satan. In the same person, in whom we become the objects of such favour, we have redemption. God does not in the least degree forget what our condition was when He thus blessed us. He is aware that we had to be brought out of all we were, for indeed we had nothing but sins. With only the previous verses, there might have been the idea that such blessedness and glory could not have been mixed with such as we were. But we have redemption, we are told, in Christ. Still, he never touches on redemption and forgiveness of sins till he has brought us into the height and depth of all privilege flowing from God Himself: so entirely is all question here of what man is out of sight, that we only, as it were, incidentally get hold of the sad truth of his condition. It might not have been known from the first few verses, that persons so blessed had ever been guilty of a single sin. But here we find that they needed to be redeemed, to have their sins forgiven; and the same Christ, in and through whom we have all our other blessings, is He in whom also we have "redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace."
It may be noticed here, that there is a difference between "the glory" and "the riches" of His grace. "The glory of his grace" takes in all these privileges referred to before. The Holy Ghost has brought out in the seventh verse the riches of His grace - the means and provisions for us as poor sinners. But this would not suffice for God, if He is acting so as to show, not merely His rich resources in dealing with the most wretched individuals, but the glory of His grace. He would display His own character - what He is, and not merely provide for what we were. The praise of the glory of His grace flows from what God feels, and in consequence will do, in order to manifest Himself for us.
Observe, moreover, before we have done with this, that later on we have another redemption, that "of the purchased possession," and a very different thing. We have redemption as far as the forgiveness of sins is concerned: we are waiting for redemption as concerns the inheritance, which depends on the coming of Christ in order to take it actually under His government. The purchased possession has to do with the inheritance, not merely with what affects our souls. As for the soul, we have redemption now as completely as we ever can have it; which we do well to bear in mind. The believer cannot be more forgiven than now, nor could God do more to put away sin than He has done already. He has given His Son, and the blood of His Son is shed, and it is impossible that God Himself could do more to blot out sin from before His face. What a comfort for our souls! If we think of our sins, we may also enter into the comfortable assurance that all our guilt is gone from before God. We may fall into sin, for it does exist; but it remains a source of self-judgment, instead of a fearful looking for of judgment by and by.
There is just the real difference. As a matter of divine judgment, sin is gone in Christ; as a matter of self-judgment, it is always to be confessed if we slip into it. Nor is self-judgment ever thorough until we know that God's judgment of sin is ended for us on the cross. Under the Old Testament there was no such self-judgment because of sin, as there ought to be under the New. We find, accordingly, that although God never did or could treat any sin with indifference, yet is it often left without a word of comment. But this is not light dealing: God lets the thing speak for itself. He exercises so much the more the hearts of His children. If they are in a wilful state, they may use the record of sin to make light of their own evil ways; otherwise conscience is brought into exercise. It is not until the full condition of man comes out in the cross of Christ, that we see what God's judgment of sin is. Since then we first hear of "the flesh" in the sense in which the New Testament speaks of it. You may find the expression in the Old Testament, but it never wears the same strong, determined, full character of wickedness as it does in the New. It had not yet proved itself, and God always waits till a person or thing proves its real character, before He pronounces judgment. And we ought to learn from God as to this. The patience of God in judgment is one of the most marvellous of His ways; and we ought to be as to this imitators of God. He awaited the cross of His Son before the true character of man's iniquity was fully brought out. Under the Old Testament we read of things borne with because of the hardness of men's hearts; but in the New Testament there is a different measure, and no evil tolerated for a moment. The mind of God is pronounced upon evil: the darkness is passing, the true light now shines. There is no hiding either of God or man. All is out. Man is lost. God is known not merely as a lawgiver, but as a Saviour-God; and if I do not know Him thus, I do not know Him at all. "This is life eternal: to know thee, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent."


text:
university of north carolina at greensboro (143)
university of north carolina at greensboro. school of music, theatre and dance (107)
college student newspapers and periodicals -- north carolina -- greensboro (39)
greensboro massacre, 1979 (33)
greensboro massacre, greensboro, n.c., 1979 (33)
food -- periodicals (31)
general perspectives on race relations (31)
greensboro (n.c.) -- race relations (29)
protest movements -- united states (29)
student activities -- north carolina -- history (28)
cards and portraits (14)
ua9.2 school of music performances -- programs and recordings, 1917-2007 (107)
government documents collection (uncg university libraries) (87)
oh001 greensboro voices collection (50)
the carolinian (28)
mss084 robert w. watson papers, 1948-1980 (13)
rl.00207 william henry chafe oral history collection (13)
oh003 uncg centennial oral history project (11)
mss091 edward f. burrows papers, 1948-1982 (9)
mss497 gary palmer collection (8)
oh002 uncg institutional memory collection (8)
coy, kacie (28)
united states food and nutrition service. (8)
palmer, gary (8)
concerned citizens of the november third incident (7)
gasfe (6)
fisher park neighborhood association (5)
uncg department of interior architecture (5)
jackson, william h. (3)
: Media
Team Nutrition in action phase I, case study reports on the pilot implementation communities
Government Documents Collection (UNCG University Libraries)
Oral History Interview with Rachel Ann Brune, 2015
WV0580 Rachel Ann Brune Papers, 2002-2010
Primarily documents the life of Rachel Ann Brune and her service with the United States Army and U.S. Army Reserve.
Brune recalls the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City, and the impact it had on her decision to join the...
2005-04-06 New Music Festival [recital program]
UA9.2 School of Music Performances -- Programs and Recordings, 1917-2007
Spring 2005 programs for recitals by students in the UNCG School of Music.
The Carolinian [April 17, 1984]
The Carolinian
The April 17, 1984, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
The story of Team Nutrition case studies of the pilot implementation communities : final report
The Carolinian [September 22, 1975]
The September 22, 1975, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Empowering youth with nutrition and physical activity
The Carolinian [March 28, 1985]
The March 28, 1985, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
2007-11-23 New Music [recital program]
Fall 2007 programs for recitals by students in the UNCG School of Music.
2004-02-03 Faculty Composers [recital program]
The Carolinian [August 21, 2012]
The August 21, 2012, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Summer and Fall 2010 programs for recitals by students in the UNCG School of Music.
The Carolinian [November 14, 2012]
The November 14, 2012, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Family Economics and Nutrition Review [Volume 13, Number 1]
Oral history interview with Owen Lewis by William Link
OH001 Greensboro Voices Collection
In this transcript of a November 21, 1988, oral history interview conducted by William Link with Owen Lewis, Lewis compares the differences in segregation, race relations, response to the Brown decision, and civil rights activities between...
The Carolinian [February 11, 1974]
The February 11, 1974, issue of The Carolinian, the student newspaper of The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Posteholz ist ein Rittergut und Ortsteil von Aerzen. Der kleine Ort Posteholz liegt oberhalb des Rittergutes.

Geschichte
Bauherr des Gutes war der lippische Geheime Rat Arnold Ludwig von Post, der nach dem Verzicht des Obristen Hermann Lothar von Post 1661 damit belehnt wurde. Infolge Holzraubbaues hatte Hannover 1678 die Anordnung erlassen, auf Holzzäune zu verzichten, so dass ein aufwändiger Steinplattenzaun errichtet wurde. Nach dem Aussterben des Familienzweiges auf Posteholz (Ludwig Dietrich von Post, 1762–1764) wechselte das Anwesen mehrfach den Besitzer. 1776 ließ Jobst Gabriel von Wülfingen das heutige Herrenhaus errichten und den Garten anlegen.

Für zwei Generationen bewohnten es die Münchhausen (Karl von Münchhausen, † 21. November 1841 in Hameln), von denen es 1888 der Reeder und Kapitän Julius von Alten (⚭ 1860 Auguste Caroline Reischauer aus Hannover (1830–1883); ⚭ 1885 Jenny Wilhelmine Frieda von Göben aus Stade) erwarb. Er ließ die Grachten zuschütten. Sein Sohn Siegfried, der es 1906 übernahm, ließ eine Landstraße anlegen. 1943 erbte Baron Siegfried Hanach von Alten († 2004) das Rittergut.

Literatur
 Siegfried Hanach von Alten: Chronik des Rittergutes Posteholz. Mit den Bauernschaften Posteholz, Rodenbeck, Egge, Flakenholz, Boldenkoven, Knepelberg, Scheffelstein, Herkendorf, Dehmkerbrok. Selbstverlag, Aerzen – Rittergut Posteholz 1984.
 Siegfried Hanach von Alten, Marianne Vogt-Werling, Michael Werling: Steinplattenzäune im Flecken Aerzen. s. n., Hannover-Posteholz 1986.
 Friedel Rekate: Die alte Gemeinde Dehmkerbrock. Mit Wördeholz, Pessinghausen, Rodenbeck, Posteholz. Niedersächsischer Landesverein für Familienkunde, Hannover 1986. (= Deutsche Ortssippenbücher. Reihe B, Bd. 37,  = Niedersächsischer Landesverein für Familienkunde. Sonderveröffentlichung 16)
 August Seidensticker: Rechts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Norddeutscher Forsten besonders im Lande Hannover actenmässig dargestellt. Band 2. Dieterichische Universitäts-Buchhandlung (L. Horstmann), Göttingen 1896, S. 483f.
 Manfred Willeke: Die Geschichte der Ritter- und Freiherrenfamilie von Post auf Lügde, Hessisch Oldendorf, Rinteln und Posteholz. Willeke, Lügde 2001. (= Beiträge zur Lügder Geschichte. Sonderveröffentlichung 2001, )

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Posteholz
Posteholz
Posteholz
Ort im Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont
Unternehmen (Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont)
Baudenkmal in Aerzen

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The Foreign Secretary is visiting Pakistan on 23-24 June.
Foreign Secretary William Hague, arrived in Islamabad today on a three-day visit to Pakistan. This is Mr Hague's first visit to Pakistan as Foreign Secretary.
He met with Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani, Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi, Minister of Interior Abdul Rehman Malik, and Chief of PML-N Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif. He will also answer questions on Pakistan and the region via Twitter.
"I am delighted to be in Pakistan again and on an extended visit, my longest overseas visit so far since my appointment as Foreign Secretary. The new British Government is committed to a long-term, productive and friendly partnership with Pakistan. We want to maintain and strengthen the relationship that our countries enjoy, making the most of all the opportunities in the very broad relationship between our countries.
Follow the Foreign Secretary's visit on the British High Commission's Twitter feed @ukinpakistan or on Facebook.
**If you would like to ask the Foreign Secretary a question about UK/Pakistan post your questions to @WilliamJHague using the hashtag #fsinpak. You can see his answers by either following his twitter feed or coming back to this page later.


text:
Guest Author: Donal Ryan on Strange Flowers
In FictionTags Donal Ryan 20th August 2020
I sat for a while at the cross at Finnoe
Where young lovers would meet when the flowers were in bloom
Heard the men coming home from the fair at Shinrone
Their hearts in Tipperary wherever they go
– 'The Broad Majestic Shannon'
'The Broad Majestic Shannon', Shane MacGowan's beautiful paean to his native place was in my head constantly as I wrote Strange Flowers. I claim the great man's company humbly, only because we both found our voices in the same green and sparkling place.
Sometimes, when my energy is high, I run the six miles to the Tipperary border from my home in lovely Limerick city, into the broad valley between the Silvermines and the Arra mountains. Some evenings around midsummer, when the sky is clear and the sun is at a particular point, Tountinna ignites into the truth of its name: waves of fire. My father spent his childhood summers on his grandparents' farm on the Ballina side of that hill and I feel the light and warmth of his gentle spirit in the white-orange flame that glows from its summit.
I finished the first draft of Strange Flowers in the months following his death in 2017 and I have only the vaguest memory of doing so. The strongest impression I have of the whole process is of writing the closing scene. It felt as though he was whispering the words to me, showing me exactly how it had to be. That ending survived all subsequent drafts because it felt so right, and because I knew I'd done what I'd set out to do. I knew if my father had lived to see the book written that he'd have read it as a pile of loose pages like he always did. He'd have sighed at the end, and he'd have been proud.
Donal Ryan is from Nenagh in County Tipperary. His novels The Spinning Heart, The Thing About December, All We Shall Know and From a Low and Quiet Sea and his short story collection A Slanting of the Sun have all been published to major acclaim. The Spinning Heart won the Guardian First Book Award, the EU Prize for Literature (Ireland), and Book of the Year at the Irish Book Awards; it was shortlisted for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, longlisted for the Man Booker Prize and the Desmond Elliott Prize, and was voted 'Irish Book of the Decade'. His fourth novel, From a Low and Quiet Sea, was longlisted for Man Booker Prize and shortlisted for the Costa Novel Award 2018. A former civil servant, Donal lectures in Creative Writing at the University of Limerick. He lives with his wife Anne Marie and their two children just outside Limerick City.
Guest Author: Caroline O'Donoghue on writing Scenes of a Graphic Nature
Guest Author: Elaine Feeney on As You Were
Niall Williams: That Electric Moment
The Stories That Make Us Who We Are by Billy O'Callaghan


This programme covers practical aspects of information systems development, modern management topics and professionalism in IT. If you already have experience of working in the IT industry, the programme aims to provide opportunities for broadening and deepening your knowledge and skills. If you do not have previous experience, the programme aims to provide a platform for a career in the IT industry.
You will gain an advanced level of understanding of computers, computing, software development, and how to design and implement software systems. The programme also covers the use of information systems in organisations, and the management of IT and information systems.
Provides graduates who have a first degree in a subject other than computing with knowledge of information systems, computing and management of IT.
You will gain an in-depth knowledge of problem analysis, evaluation of technology options, systems development, technology-driven organisational change and technology-based innovation.
Provides a foundation for continuing on to an MPhil/PhD programme in information systems or technology management.
Visit the Information Technology (MSc) page on the Birkbeck, University of London website for more details!


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text:
Official Journal of the European Communities, L 298, 17 October 1989
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3099/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing the import levies on cereals and on wheat or rye flour, groats and meal
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3100/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing the premiums to be added to the import levies on cereals, flour and malt
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3101/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing the maximum buying-in price and the quantities of beef bought in for the ninth partial invitation to tender under Regulation (EEC) No 1627/89
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3102/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing for the 1989/90 marketing year the reference prices for artichokes
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3103/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing for the 1989/1990 marketing year the reference prices for cabbage lettuce
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3104/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing for the 1989/90 marketing year the reference price for sweet oranges
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3105/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing for the 1989/90 marketing year the reference price for clementines
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3106/89 of 16 October 1989 fixing for the 1989/90 marketing year the reference prices for broad-leaved (Batavian) endives
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3107/89 of 16 October 1989 amending the Spanish version of Regulation (EEC) No 548/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of accession compensatory amounts
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3108/89 of 16 October 1989 modifying Regulation (EEC) No 4208/88 fixing, for the 1989 fishing year, the annual import quotas for the products subject to the rules for the application by Spain and Portugal of quantitative restrictions on fishery products
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3109/89 of 16 October 1989 amending Regulation (EEC) No 4209/88 fixing, for the 1989 fishing year, the overall foreseeable level of imports for the products subject to the supplementary trade mechanism in the fisheries sector
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3110/89 of 16 October 1989 altering the import levies on products processed from cereals and rice
Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3111/89 of 16 October 1989 introducing a countervailing charge on apples originating in New Zealand
Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities
Corrigendum to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2503/88 of 25 July 1988 on customs warehouses (OJ No L 225 of 15.8.1988)
Corrigendum to Council Directive 89/438/EEC of 21 June 1989 amending Directive 74/561/EEC on admission to the occupation of road haulage operator in national and international transport operations, Directive 74/562/EEC on admission to the occupation of road passenger transport operator in national and international transport operations and Directive 77/796/EEC aiming at the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications for goods haulage operators and road passenger transport operators, including measures intended to encourage these operators effectively to exercise their right to freedom of establishment (OJ No L 212 of 22.7.1989)


ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- Washington Bullets forward Chris Webber, who is recovering from a separated left shoulder, will begin his rehabilitation tomorrow.
Webber is scheduled to be examined by team doctors this afternoon. He is expected to miss four to five weeks of the season during a rehabilitation process with a Washington-area therapist.
A week ago yesterday, Webber complained of soreness in the shoulder, which he originally separated last December in a game against the Golden State Warriors. After an examination by team doctors, Webber participated in practice and a team scrimmage the next day.
He expressed his unhappiness with team doctors after he reinjured the shoulder Saturday night in a preseason game against the Indiana Pacers. On Tuesday, he was treated by an independent shoulder specialist, Dr. Richard Caspari, in Richmond, Va.
"He was told if he had sat out a week he would have been much stronger," said Webber's agent, Fallasha Erwin. "When he felt a tingle, he should have taken a week off."
Meanwhile, Bullets point guard Mark Price returned to Washington and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging on his injured left heel yesterday. Results will be available today.
Price was supposed to accompany the team on its entire road trip, which concludes Sunday in Mexico City, and was expected to return for the season opener Nov. 3. But now it's unlikely he will be back at the start of the season.
Price is expected to fly to Cleveland today to be examined by Dr. John Burgfeld, who treated the player last season when he suffered the same injury and missed three games with the Cavaliers.


This entry was posted in Healing, Journaling Techniques & Prompts, Living Authentically and tagged anger, authenticity, Clarissa Pinkola Estes, Healing, intuition, journaling, potential, self-love, unsent letters, writing. Bookmark the permalink.
Another profound piece to start my day, Joanna! Thank you for your words, your reminder that it's okay to be human; in fact, it is divine. Wishing you a wonder-filled day and a thankful heart, my friend!
Some excellent insights, Joanna. Thanks for sharing your thoughts.
Well done. I've been studying the human condition most of my life. This essay really makes me think about how powerful an act it is to seek integrated our pieces of self. Yes I believe deeply in journaling. I am working with others to help them find their place using what I call joyful introspection. That is to say, I don't believe we have to write about only what makes us happy but that we should be mindful that introspection sheds light helping us lead more productive and joyful lives.


Lumines, a puzzle video game, was released on Nintendo Switch today, and fans have discovered something terrible about the game's controls.
According to a Redditor, the left control stick is disabled in Lumines, forcing players to use the up/down/left/right buttons on the left Joy-Con.
This is a very uncomfortable experience for gamers playing Lumines for long periods of time in Handheld Mode. However the situation might be alleviated for gamers who own a Nintendo Switch Pro Controller, which comes with a traditional D-Pad much more suitable for Lumines.
Will you still buy Lumines after hearing about this? Let us know in the comments below.


text:
Category: CMS
Cautionary optimism for 2022 Emerging Europe M&A activity as volumes increase but deal values fall
JURIDICE.ro | 30/01/2023 30/01/2023
Findings from the latest CMS Emerging Europe M&A, published today in cooperation with EMIS, show that M&A activity across Emerging Europe rose by 5.6% in volume to 1,229 deals compared to 2021. In contrast, the total deal value fell by 20% to EUR 32.93bn. Horea Popescu,… Read moreCautionary optimism for 2022 Emerging Europe M&A activity as volumes increase but deal values fall
Romania clarifies scope of exclusion of bidders for anti-competitive conduct in public procurement
Cristina Popescu and Laura Capata | 27/01/2023 27/01/2023
The Romanian Competition Council (RCC) and the National Authority on Public Procurement (ANAP) issued a joint "opinion" on the scope and limitations of public procurement laws requiring exclusion of bidders from public procurement award procedures based on previous infringements of… Read moreRomania clarifies scope of exclusion of bidders for anti-competitive conduct in public procurement
Romanian regulation brings greater clarity to the AML legal framework in the financial sector
Cristina Popescu and Florentin Giurgea | 27/01/2023 27/01/2023
On 10 January 2023, Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) Regulation no. 18/2022 amending and supplementing FSA Regulation no. 13/2019 on prevention and combating of money laundering (ML) and terrorism financing (TF) was published in the Official Gazette. The new Regulation will… Read moreRomanian regulation brings greater clarity to the AML legal framework in the financial sector
Romanian trade marks can be cancelled by the OSIM
Cristina Popescu and Carmen Turcu | 19/01/2023 19/01/2023
As of 14 January 2023, requests can be made with the Romanian State Office for Inventions and Trade Marks (OSIM) to cancel trade marks by using an administrative-jurisdictional procedure. According to Romania's recently updated Trade Marks Law (Law no. 84/1998… Read moreRomanian trade marks can be cancelled by the OSIM
CMS advises a syndicate of banks on granting EUR 60m green loan to Ploiesti Shopping City
International law firm CMS has advised a banking syndicate, led by BRD SG, on a EUR 60m green loan arrangement for Ploiesti Shopping City S.R.L., a company from the NEPI Rockcastle group. BRD acted as the mandated lead arranger, green… Read moreCMS advises a syndicate of banks on granting EUR 60m green loan to Ploiesti Shopping City
Romania enacts new whistleblowing law
Cristina Popescu and Laura Grigore | 12/01/2023 12/01/2023
On 22 December 2022, Law No. 361/2022 on the protection of whistleblowers in the public interest entered into force in Romania. This act transposes Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on… Read moreRomania enacts new whistleblowing law
Romania amends the tax law in 2023
Roxana Popel and Andrei Tercu | 09/01/2023 09/01/2023
At the end of last year, Romania introduced numerous tax amendments that entered into force on 1 January 2023. The following is a summary of the most important amendments. Government Ordinance 16/2022 approved through Law 370/2022 Government Ordinance 16/2022, published… Read moreRomania amends the tax law in 2023
Romania imposes temporary windfall tax for the oil, gas, coal industries and the refining sector
Varinia Radu, Ramona Dulamea and Madalina Constantinescu | 09/01/2023
On 28 December 2022, the Romanian Government passed Government Ordinance no.186/2022 (GEO), which introduces taxation of excessive profits generated by companies and permanent establishments operating in the oil, natural gas, coal, and refining sectors. This GEO was mandated by EU… Read moreRomania imposes temporary windfall tax for the oil, gas, coal industries and the refining sector
Romanian gambling regulator clarifies advertising rules
Cristina Popescu | 05/01/2023 05/01/2023
The Romanian National Office for Gambling (NOG) has clarified the interpretation of Art. 7 para. (4) of Emergency Government Ordinance no. 77/2009, which expressly prohibits publicity/advertising, outside of gaming locations, pertaining to any money or goods granted as bonuses, promotions… Read moreRomanian gambling regulator clarifies advertising rules
EU issues new measures against Russia
Horia Draghici and Florentin Giurgea | 30/12/2022
In the context of the continuing conflict in Ukraine, on 16 December the EU Council adopted a new package of sanctions covering bans and restrictions on certain activities, and sanctions against certain natural and legal persons. This ninth package of… Read moreEU issues new measures against Russia


text:
Walter Samuel Burke (1861 – ?) was a British writer, editor, sport and outdoor enthusiast apart from being a pioneer audio recordist in India. He was a founding editor of the magazine The Indian Field.

Life and work

Burke was born in London and was educated around Europe and at St. Paul's School. He joined the Bengal Railways in 1877 and left service after a year to join the Royal Indian Marine. He left it after three years to work in a Calcutta business from 1881 although he continued to be a Calcutta Naval Volunteer from 1876. He moved to journalism in 1885 at the Indian Daily News. In 1895 he became a subeditor for the Indian Planters' Gazette and the following year worked as editor for the Asian (an Indian sporting journal). In 1902 he founded a journal of his own, The Indian Field which he edited for many years along with his son Walter Charles Burke. Burke took an interest in outdoor sports including shooting, fishing, rowing and cycling. He founded the Naval Volunteers' Athletic Club in Calcutta where he held a cycling record of 1 hour and 25 minutes for a 25-mile race. He also founded the Bengal Cyclists' Association and was a member of the Calcutta Rowing Club. He founded the Calcutta Pigeon Club, was a referee for boxing matches, known for his cross country running and sprinting. He authored several books including "Athletic Sports and How to Run them", "Naval Volunteers' Drill Book", "The Indian Field Shikar Book", and "Cycling in Bengal". He was also known for his entertaining imitations of Bengali babus and stand up performances several of which were recorded as Gramophone records, some of the oldest ever made in India. These were recitations by W.S. Burke recorded by Fred Gaisberg and George Dillnutt of the Gramophone  and  Typewriter Company in 1902 in Calcutta titled "Villikens and his Dinah" and "Ram Chandra's Reminiscences".

Burke married Evelina Agnes, daughter of Captain W. Pritchard, Bengal Army and they had three children. He later married Ethel, daughter of Goswin Swanseger, and they had a son. He was a grandfather of Sydney Fairbrother.

References

External links
 Cycling In Bengal (1898)
 The Indian field shikar book (1908, 4th edition)

1861 births
Writers from London
Date of death unknown


text:
Q: Inferential Testing I am currently working on my dissertation, which is investigating the relationship between working memory capacity and problem-solving ability.  I have two independent controls task 1 and task 2, both measuring the same dependant controls (response time and accuracy).
i'm having troubles working out which kind inferential task to run. Either a correlation test, such as Pearson's product moment correlation or partial correlation.  Or if i should be running a multiple regression test.
Any ideas?
Thank you

A: OK, maybe that's enough information for a useful partial answer. It seems each of 128 subjects will have a performance score for Task 1 and Task 2, and you want to know if scores for one of the tasks run significantly higher than for the other.
Answering that requires a paired test. If the Task 1 minus Task 2 performance differences $D_i$ are roughly normally distributed, it would be a paired-t test, which is the same thing as a one-sample t test on the differences. [If data are nowhere near normally distributed, then there are other kinds of paired tests that can be used.]
For differences in performance on Tasks, I'd anticipate nearly normally data. For differences in response times (reaction times), I would not expect normal data. But one would have to look at the data to decide. I have done some work in testing reaction times to various stimuli and I have never seen reaction times anywhere near normal. [Medians of moderately large numbers (20 or 30) of reaction times can be nearly normal.]
Two general observations on paired data:

*

*If the two tasks are at all similar, then of course, you'd expect a positive correlation between Task 1 and Task 2 scores over the 128 subjects. That is characteristic of most paired data.

*I hope not everyone does Task 1 before Task 2. Otherwise, 'practice' or 'familiarization' with the equipment or evaluation mechanism will be 'confounded' with the difference between Tasks. It would be best to have half the subjects do Task 1 first and the other half do Task 2 first. That way you could test whether there is an order effect and, separately, test whether there is a difference between Tasks.
Illustrations with fake normally-distributed, paired data: The first $6$ of $n=128$ values of $T_1, T_2,$ and $D = T_2 - T_1$ are shown below; for these, we see that $T_2$ tends to be greater than $T_1.$
head(cbind(t1, t2, d))
        t1    t2     d
[1,]  86.3  79.4  -6.9
[2,] 102.6 107.7   5.1
[3,] 109.2 125.4  16.2
[4,]  63.0  68.6   5.6
[5,] 114.6 100.2 -14.4
[6,] 102.9 114.3  11.4

A stripchart of the 128 differences $D_i$ with $\bar D = 3.80$ marked
with a vertical bar.
stripchart(d, pch="|");  abline(v=mean(d), col="red", lwd=2)

A scatterplot of $T_{2i}$ (vertical) against $T_{1i},$ correlation $r_{12} = 0.601:$
plot(t1, t2, pch=20);  cor(t1, t2)
[1] 0.6011453

Results of a paired t test, show that the Task 2 scores are significantly
larger than Task 1 scores (P-value $0.4\%):$
t.test(t1, t2, pair=T)

        Paired t-test

data:  t1 and t2
t = -2.9465, df = 127, p-value = 0.003825
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -6.349400 -1.247475
sample estimates:
mean of the differences
              -3.798437             # Mean diff is negative...
                                    # ... because t1 listed first.

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