text:
'No, Really, How ARE You?'
July 4, 2018 November 21, 2018 ~ justin
Here's to your health!
Toasting, selective focus, canon 1Ds mark III
Around the world, conventional greetings and farewells normally include wishes for good health, and often imply that health and all good things come from above. Today, few people know that the word "goodbye" is a shortened form of "God be with ye", from Elizabethan times. This connection is more easy to see in countries whose language is based on Latin – Adio, Adios, Adeus, Adieu ('to God") in Italy, Spain, Portugal and France, respectively – because Roman Catholicism greatly influenced those languages. That's not to suggest that leave-taking in those places expresses any more conscious religious feelings today than Goodbye does for English speakers; these expressions are all conventional formalities.
"Hello. How are you?" has no obvious connection to a loving thought, let alone anything spiritual, but it does help maintain the conventions of polite society – something that's getting rarer. The expected answer to "How are you?" is "Fine, thank you" – implying that the question is a kindness. Maybe it was at some time. But a serious or honest answer is not expected. And changing the usual pattern would be the mark of someone who is either a stranger to the language, or is trying to be rude. Suppose you greeted a casual acquaintance, "Hello. How are you?" and she answered, "Why do you ask! Do you really want to know?" That's not an appropriate response. Your reaction would be negative – discomfort, embarrassment, or annoyance. Asking seriously after a person's well-being assumes some intimacy, and the right setting.
Openly religious societies do still name God directly in their greetings and farewells. In Islam, "I'll see you later" is answered with "If God wills it", and "How are you?" brings "Thanks be to God!" Fundamentalist Christians may insert a '"God bless you" into any greeting or conversation. But in mainstream America, "Thank God" seldom has any religious meaning.
It isn't only greetings and farewells that involve wishes for health, and often references to the spirit world too. From the beginning of civilization, speech in all kind of ceremonies, celebrations and social get-togethers has included thanks to the gods for their good gifts, and invoked their blessings on the group's activities, be they hunting or crop growing, seeking fertility and health, or fighting enemies. Considering how serious and vital these rituals of gratitude are, it seems strange that most of them also include strong drinks, and mind-altering substances. The drinks – libations – are not only offered to the gods; they are imbibed by the participants too. This has continued from the dawn of civilization into modern times, perhaps with gradually less attention to the libations and more to the imbibing.
"Libation" means 'pouring out'. Being a gift to (and from) the gods, something considered particularly vital or pleasing must be chosen, including blood or milk or even water; but in most of the world libations have been alcoholic, and still are. This is surely because alcohol can bring so much enjoyment, and has been highly valued in all civilizations. The earliest evidence of its use is the production of rice wine in China, 9000 years ago! (See the recent National Geographic article by Andrew Curry, "Our 9,000-Year Love Affair with Booze".)
Raising a glass to honor, celebrate, thank, or wish good health to someone – what we today call "toasting" – has a fascinating history, some of which dealt with dark, and sinister events. Today there are even toastmasters' associations to help do it right. Those of us used to the casual bar scene suppose there's no need for that, but such is a low class view, historically speaking. The traditions come from upper class manners, especially rulers. But for my purposes – i.e., looking for the spirit of the tradition – a few points stand out.
Here is Zeus holding a drinking bowl (crater) being filled by his cup-bearer Ganymede from a pitcher of wine. Zeus will take a drink, and pass the crater for his Olympic guests to share.
To raise a glass originally drew attention to the fact that the one making the toast drank from the same source offered to all those present. It's a group drink, not an individual serving. This gesture increases the spirit of sociability, but that's not the only reason for it in earthly cultures. Persian, Greek, Roman and other royal societies (but presumably not the immortal Olympians), knew there was always a risk that some sinister agent had poisoned the cup – an unexpected accompaniment to the joy of drinking. (Shakespeare's Hamlet presents this dark fact in dramatic form, while Danny Kaye's film The Court Jester has a comic scene about it.) Even in today's non-noble democratic society, we're all aware that there are risks inherent in that first drink, but relating to the poisonous effects of excess.
By the time of Plato, Greeks were expected to 'pour out' the first taste of a bowl as a 'toast', in remembrance of those in the underworld (Hades) who had fallen, and to honor the gods. The word toast in this situation derives from Roman times, when a few crumbs of toasted bread were added to wine, to lessen its acidity and enhance its flavor. So from being an improvement of the drink, the toast came to mean the drink itself, and all the cheer and ceremony that goes with it, up to the present.
Drinking parties were common among Plato's contemporaries too, as illustrated in his dialogue Symposium, which literally means "together-drinking". If the guests controlled their drinking properly, and took it slowly (helped by diluting with water the large pottery jar – amphora – holding the evening's supply), it could open their hearts, encourage trust and bring fellowship. Moreover, Socrates, being a most spirit-oriented man, discussed the deeper blessings of Dionysos – the demi-god of wine (being born of Zeus by a mortal mother) – namely, the ways he could inspire men and women to rise above their selfish desires and seek what is eternal and truly good.
It seems ironic that Socrates, at the moment of death, asked the executioner who handed him the poison hemlock cup, if he might 'pour out' a little. But his wish to make that traditional gesture signaled both his gratitude to the gods for this painless death, and his confidence for a future in "a better place". Here is Jacques-Louis David's famous 1787 painting of the scene.
'Pouring out', and celebrating with wine also belong to the Abrahamic religions of the Middle East. Jewish Passover and Christian Easter services are celebrated with a communal cup. At the Last Supper, Jesus says the wine is his blood – a new covenant – which is 'poured out' for many, to put away their sins (Matt 26:28).
It's true that orthodox Muslim societies, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran forbid making or consuming alcohol, which they claim proves their cultural superiority. I would note that the rule is widely ignored. More significant, though, is that the early Qu'ur-anic verses originally permitted drinking in moderation, but the Hadith (reported sayings of Prophet) later forbade all alcohol, perhaps because people were unwilling to control their drinking. (See Surahs 2:219, 4:43 and 5:90-91)
The Latin-based countries mentioned earlier toast with wishes for health – what English speakers call 'salutations' – 'Salute!', 'Salud!', 'Saude!' and 'Sante!' Interestingly, the same health meaning attaches to a military salute, which is about as formal as most Americans ever get. It may at first seem strange to connect military activity with wishes for health, because war is inherently unhealthy. But a nation's ultimate existence sometimes depends on being protected from conquering enemies, which is primary to any people's health. Wishing good health to those charged with carrying out this mission is perfectly appropriate, even though many may die or be injured.
I believe most of the formalities spoken of here, which we observe and partake of, are in some way linked to wishes for health, whether in greetings and leave-taking, or salutations, or celebrations of personal or group advancement, or life stages. This is expecially true when the formalities include drinking. I also believe the majority of such formalities are quite empty of thought about what true health means, how to achieve it, and where it ultimately comes from.
I'd like to believe these habitual formalities had a beginning, in some long-gone culture, when social relations were heartfelt and taken seriously, with good will and understanding – a culture to which we might one day return. This idealistic feeling comes from a personal belief that real health – i.e. spiritual health – is the ultimate purpose of the Creator's divine providence, for every human being, including those who are made ill by their own foolish choices.
In John's apocalyptic vision, the holy city, a "new Jerusalem" was seen coming down from heaven.
In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. (Revelation 22:2)
Health and wellness are primary goods, in all nations, in every society, however poor or allegedly well developed. But in the latter – especially in our country today – they are no longer considered a right for everyone. Increasingly those in the lower classes, whose health is already at risk for many reasons, receive less and less health care. Apparently forgotten are the rights with which, as the Founders claimed, God has endowed all humans. "Life" is the first named of those rights, without which the rest become meaningless. By extension, anything that sickens, poisons or shortens life is also a violation of this right.
Granted, these rights don't guarantee that the state will keep every citizen alive and healthy. Rather, life and health are not to be taken away intentionally by the state, without due process of law, and certainly not by the few financiers who have turned all aspects of healthcare into debt creation, in their steady and successful efforts, over the past 50 years, to redistribute wealth upward to the few who own the debt. This "financial engineering" harms the economic health of the real economy, and puts the most creative minds to the service of the FIRE sector (Finance, Insurance and Real Estate), which turns what should be service industries into forces that control every aspect of the economy in unhealthy ways.
In healthcare as business, financialization brings the greatest loss of life and health to those already disadvantaged. This is not just, nor is it some unfortunate accident of the 'natural laws of economics', as alleged by those benefitting the most. There are no such natural laws; these outcomes result from intentional policies on the part of politicians and the financiers they support. A scholarly and readable recent book on these issues is Elisabeth Rosenthal, An American Sickness – How Healthcare Became Big Business and How You Can Take It Back (2017). A lengthy sampling, including 10 "Economic Rules of the Dysfunctional Medical Market" can be seen here.
Understanding these economic and political facts is discouraging, but needed, to find pragmatic cures. However, let me reemphasize the point of this blogpost. It's not primarily to consider and learn what is pragmatic, but rather to reconsider and possibly relearn the spirit and spirituality of health. The next time we're toasting with friends, let's ask someone we care about, "No, Really; How ARE you?" It might change both of us for the better.
Posted in Faith, geopolitics, health, inequity, macroeconomics, Mind states, morality, religion "Goodbye" or "Adieu"?"How ARE you?""Let's raise a glass to ...""Mean What We Say"blogosphereBooze and camaraderieDrinking Festsempty formalitiesFinancial engineeringgreetings & leave-takingHealth Care as BusinessHealth v HealthcareHealthcare as Big BusinessPlato SymposiumPoisoned CupPour out libationsReligion and wellnessRight to LifeSocrates death toastspeech conventionsThe Declarationtoastmaster skillsTree of Life
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I think, it's the time to finish the VoF series. In my previous post, we were sleeping in Badrinath, at the end of Day 5 of our journey. Badrinath was a 'Rivendell' for us, a place to relax and rejuvenate. The dawn of Day 6 (Thursday Aug 28, 2008) brought us a pleasant morning. Though we got up early, we started the day at a slow pace. Only thing on agenda that day was a 3 km walk to Mana, a border village. In earlier days, when Tibet was not taken by China, Mana village was a much used gateway to Tibet. Now it is a closed border.
Later we went to the Vyas Gufa, the cave where Ved Vyas is said to have written Mahabharat. As per an inscription there, that gufa is more than 5111 years old. Just beside Vyas Gufa, there is another attraction of Mana (probably the biggest attraction) - the last tea shop of India. It's very popular. You can find pictures of many people in front of this tea shop over internet. We had a good time there. There were only Pankaj, I, tea shop owner, and an old man who had seen the times when there was no border in Mana and people from each side were free to go to the other side. We spent quite some time there. Leisurely drinking the Van Tulsi tea of last tea shop of India and talking to that old man. He told us lot of stories including the story of how Badrinath came to be. Interesting stories.
In the evening we came back to Badrinath and visited the temple again. We went to the same prasad shop that we had gone to earlier, kept our shoes there, bought some prasad and went to the temple. As there was still time for the aarti, we decided to do the circumambulation of the main temple in the middle. A man, of the sage kind, was singing bhajan 'Sri Man Narayan' in the satsang hall there. Others were singing with him in chorus. There was something in the air there. We just stopped in our tracks and started listening to it. We didn't go inside the hall, but we could not leave either. We just stood there, outside, without a word to each other, watching and listening to the group lost in some state of joy. It was amazing feeling.
When satsang got over we realized that aarti had already started. One interesting incident happened when we were coming back. As the temple was closing, Panditji (priest in-charge of the temple) was asking people to leave and shouting 'subah char baje (morning 4 o'clock), subah char baje'. He obviously meant to say that the temple will open again in the morning at 4 o'clock. But, someone from the crowd, a youngish guy, very innocently asked him - "what will happen at 4 o'clock?". Obviously Panditji hadn't realized that somebody might ask that question. So, it was funny and all of us laughed. But that's not it. Our prasadwala guy, from whom we had taken the prasad, was also there and I was amazed to see how much joy he derived out of this incident. While coming down he was shouting and telling everyone - 'subah 4 baje, subah 4 baje' and then he even told his neighbor shopkeepers about the incident. It was good to see how much joy someone can derive out of small incidents.
That day we again came back to the temple after it was closed. This time, to take photographs. We took few, not many of them came nicely though. After that we had our dinner, in the hotel I think, and hit the sack after a walk in the town. Next day we were to start our journey back to city life. A journey that will take 3 days to complete with overnight halts in Joshimath and Rishikesh.
I know I thought I'll finish this series with this post. But again this post has run longer than I expected and I don't want to make it even longer. Now the only part left is our journey back, which was made a bit interesting by the landslides that we met on the way.
Manu / www.manugarg.com / Journey is the destination of life.
An 'explorer' who likes traveling to mountains. Strong believer of KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) principle and an ardent admirer of Feynman. I know a few things about 'computers'. I am a Site Reliability Engineer at Google.
Surely, You're Joking Mr Feynman!
Authored by Manu Garg. Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger.


Drink driving fatalities have consistently shown high numbers, especially for the past five years. Today, we discuss more on the drink driving statistics Australia 2017 reports.
Years before 1987, there are over 100 fatalities each year who had a BAC greater than the legal limit of 0.05. Fast forward to 2011-2015, that rate significantly dropped to an average of 28 fatalities killed in accidents with BAC greater than 0.05. And in 2016, we've seen an increase to 34 fatalities with the same level of BAC.
According to the Transport Accident Commission, 99.7% of drivers who were tested did not go over the legal BAC limits. However, the last five years saw 1 out of 5 drivers killed with a BAC level over .05.
What most people forget is that alcohol is a drug and once consumed, affects the nervous system responsible for overall body control. This is why alcohol and driving do not go well together because it directly affects one's motor and decision-making skills. The more an individual consumes alcohol the greater their BAC level is. The less control one has with their body.
It's important for people to note, especially now that the holiday season is near, that alcohol affects individuals differently. It's not advisable to compare yourself with your friend's alcohol tolerance because they might drink more but still be under the legal limit. This is why it's always best to carry a breathalyser with you during a night out. However, being under the legal limit doesn't also mean you have 100% control of your reflexes. You may even have drunk the night before but can still be an ineffective driver.


Mere days after the surrender of Nazi Germany an incredible discovery is made. Deep inside the Altaussee salt mine in the Austrian Alps, allied troops uncover one of the greatest art collections ever found: thousands of masterpieces by Rembrandt, Rubens, Michelangelo and many more see the light of day again after years of being hidden away. The discovery exposes the largest art heist in history. Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazis had stolen literally millions of antiquities and works of art. On direct orders from Hitler, specially trained troops were even deployed, sent across all of Europe with the explicit aim to plunder the continent of its art.
After the war, much of the stolen art was recovered in Altaussee and other sites, but more than 100 000 works remained missing. These works have begun resurfacing in the last decade, and many are found on display in the world's premier art institutions and museums in Paris, New York and Berlin.
In The Looters Anders Rydell seeks the roots of the Nazis' obsession with culture, and how art was at the very heart of politics in the Third Reich. Rydell traces the roots back to the 1800s, when the aesthetic ideals of Romanticism where fused with the concepts of race that had sprung up in Darwin's wake. Ideas that would form the foundation of National Socialism.
Rydell also follows the dramatic and embittered restitution processes in Europe, Russia and the US. Restitutions that have caused heated debate and diplomatic crises. The Looters is a novel about the descendants' moral right to their past, art valued at hundreds of millions of dollars, and the American lawyers that hunt down looted art with the aim of making big money.


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Book 2: Meg Daniels Spends a Winter Weekend in Cape May, New Jersey.
In Cape Mayhem, Meg Daniels arrives in Cape May, New Jersey, for what should have been a romantic off-season weekend for two -- alone. Though unattached, Meg's courtship with trouble is in high gear.
It seems that, overnight, a guest at the Parsonage Bed & Breakfast has undergone an impossible transformation. Suspecting foul play, Meg enlists a lively cast of characters to help her solve the problem that only she sees.


Original Westfalia part for Westfalia trailers with gross capacity of 600 or 800kg for a single axle, and 1600kg for a tandem axle trailer.
We strongly recommend to replace the dampers per pair, to keep the trailer stable under all conditions. On tandem axle trailers we recommend to change the dampers per 4, because when just changed on 1 axle, this axle with the new dampers will hold more weight (because the new dampers are longer) and therefor be subjected to more wear.


OLMSTED FALLS, Ohio -- It has been a long time. Ask any Bulldog high school student or recent grad.
The newly constructed renovations at Olmsted Falls High School are complete. Students were reunited under one roof in November, after many had attended classes in trailers in the parking lot for far too long.
Now it is your turn to see the upgrades and hear about what is happening in the Olmsted Falls School District.
Superintendent Jim Lloyd and the district's leadership team will present the State of the School address at 6:30 p.m. April 2 at the high school.
Parents of students know what is occurring in the schools. The majority of residents, however, do not have children attending local schools. Why not stop by the high school next Tuesday and hear about the education that is occurring in the classrooms. After the address, you will have the opportunity to tour the school.
The additions include nine science classrooms, four new business classrooms -- with the added "Fab Lab" -- four new art classrooms and an expanded music wing for band and choir programs.
According to district news, school officials are grateful to those who supported the November 2016 combined bond and permanent improvement levy that made the "much-needed expansion and renovations" to the high school possible without an increase to taxpayers. Just the latter is incredible -- the additions were made without a tax increase.
Why not stop by the night of April 2 and see the new changes in the high school? You will be surprised with the results.
Area performances: Enjoy the bilingual "Compassion the Musical" this weekend at St. Bernard Catholic Church in Akron.
St. Mary of the Falls' Music Director Christina Dupre directed the updated version and added songs to the play that brings to life the Passion -- and compassion -- of Jesus Christ. It has more than 120 performers, many from our community.
Christina worked with the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland to bring this play to a wider area this year. The diocesan's Office of Hispanic Ministry and the Secretariat for Parish Life support this endeavor.
Inspired by the Fifth National Encuentro for Hispanic/Latino Ministry, the play blends the English- and Spanish-speaking communities in video, song, drama and dance through each performance.
Locally, the John and Andrea Gonzalez family of Olmsted Township, again are participating in "Compassion the Musical." John, Andrea and their seven children are part of the technical and performance parts of the play. They are just some of the local residents involved in the production.
All performances are at 7:30 p.m. St. Bernard is located at 44 University Ave., Akron. The play will also be staged on April 5 and 6 at Our Lady of Lourdes Church, 3395 E. 53rd St., Cleveland, and April 11 and 13 at the Church on the Rise, 3550 Crocker Road, Westlake.
Deadline nears: Friday is the deadline to register to become an ambassador for the National Wildlife Federations' Wildlife Habitat Program, with training from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. April 6 at the Olmsted Falls branch library. Attendance is free.
Habitat Ambassadors are volunteers that the National Wildlife Federation trains to educate their communities about the importance of wildlife habitat, according to a news release. Ambassadors show homeowners and others small changes they can make to benefit local wildlife, and interact with the community at various events. Those who enjoy gardening, talking with folks and helping others learn how to make a difference are perfect for this endeavor.
To register, contact Amy Roskilly at 216-524-6580, extension 1005, or at aroskilly@cuyahogaswed.org.
Health info: The Senior Health and Wellness Fair is Friday (March 29) at the Jenkins Place Senior Center.
This event brings 30 companies and organizations in the healthcare service from noon to 2 p.m. to Olmsted Falls City Hall. Southwest General Health Center will offer various health screenings. The event also includes food and raffles. The first 100 people who attend will receive a complimentary tote bag.
Reminder: The military Veterans' Meet and Greet is at 11 a.m. Friday at St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Berea. It is open -- and free -- to area military veterans to gather together, share a meal and meet other veterans.
The program features Olmsted Falls' own Jan Smith, who is subbing for the Red Door Four Barbershop group due to the latter having a work schedule conflict.
If you know of a veteran, let him or her know about this event that is available right next door.
An update: An earlier column mentioned Lenten offerings and that I would share the direction in which mine may be heading. We are now halfway through the 40 days, which seems amazingly fast.
For the first time, I joined the 40 Days for Life campaign, which asks participants for prayers, fasting, vigil and community outreach to end abortion. Yes, it's a controversial subject, especially the direction in which some states and legislators have moved. It was time for me to put myself forward. I am not boasting here about my actions. I want to show that no matter how fearful you may feel, you can overcome a perceived obstacle.
I went way outside my comfort zone. I have spent some time in front of Planned Parenthood praying for those who work there and enter its doors. I didn't think I could do it -- until I tried.
If you ever have the same feeling -- that something is outside your comfort zone -- give it a try. You will be surprised how easy it really is -- and the good that may come of it.
This subject brings me to a plug for the movie "Unplanned" that opens this week in some theaters. The movie tells the true story of Abby Johnson, a highly acclaimed Planned Parenthood clinic director, who was involved in more than 22,000 abortions. One day, she literally walked off her job after helping in an ultrasound during an abortion at her clinic.
Continued success to those who are working on their Lenten strives. It's never too late to start one, or to just do something you have always wanted to do, but didn't think you could. You are stronger than you think. These 40 days can be a life changer, whether or not you are religious.
Information, please: To include news, tidbits, honors or activities in Olmsted Falls and Olmsted Township, contact Joanne DuMound at jdumound@yahoo.com. She also is on Twitter, @JoanneDuMound. The column's online version at cleveland.com/olmsted has direct links for many news items.


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Interface IModelDimension

Defines a model dimension.

Inherited Members

      IModelElement.Members

      IModelElement.GetMember(String, Boolean)

      INamedElement.QualifiedFullName

      INamedElement.FullName

      INamedElement.Annotations

      INamedElement.DeclaringContainer

      INamedElement.ModelSpace

      INamedElement.IsInherited

      IAggregatedElementInfo.Parts

      IElementInfo.Name

      IExpando.HasDynamicMember(String)

      IExpando.ToDictionary(Func<String, String>, Func<Object, Object>)

      System.Dynamic.IDynamicMetaObjectProvider.GetMetaObject(System.Linq.Expressions.Expression)

      IIndexable.Item[String]

      IAttributeProvider.GetAttributes<TAttribute>()

Namespace: Kephas.Model

Assembly: Kephas.Model.dll

Syntax

[MemberNameDiscriminator("^")]
public interface IModelDimension : IModelElement, INamedElement, IAggregatedElementInfo, IElementInfo, IExpando, IDynamicMetaObjectProvider, IIndexable, IAttributeProvider

Properties

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Elements

Gets the dimension elements.

Declaration

IEnumerable<IModelDimensionElement> Elements { get; }

Property Value

        Type
        Description

        System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<IModelDimensionElement>

The dimension elements.

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Index

Gets the dimension index.

Declaration

int Index { get; }

Property Value

        Type
        Description

        System.Int32

The dimension index.

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IsAggregatable

Gets a value indicating whether this dimension is aggregatable.

Declaration

bool IsAggregatable { get; }

Property Value

        Type
        Description

        System.Boolean

true if this dimension is aggregatable; otherwise, false.

Remarks

A dimension is aggregatable if its members contains parts of an element which at runtime will be
aggregated into one integral element. For example, this helps modeling application layers or aspects
which provide different logical views on the same element.

Extension Methods

      DynamicObjectExtensions.SetPropertyValue(Object, String, Object)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.TrySetPropertyValue(Object, String, Object)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.GetPropertyValue(Object, String)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.TryGetPropertyValue(Object, String, out Object)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.GetRuntimeTypeInfo(Object)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.ToDynamic(Object)

      DynamicObjectExtensions.ToExpando(Object)

      BehaviorValue.ToBehaviorValue<TValue>(TValue)

      CollectionExtensions.AddRange<T, TItem>(T, IEnumerable<TItem>)

      LoggingExtensions.GetLogger(Object, IContext)

      TypeExtensions.GetAbstractType(Object)

      TypeExtensions.GetAbstractTypeInfo(Object)

      ReflectionHelper.GetTypeInfo(Object)

      ModelElementExtensions.GetDeclaredMembers(IModelElement)

      RuntimeTypeInfoExtensions.IsExcludedFromModel(IAttributeProvider)

      EntityEntryExtensions.TryGetAttachedEntityEntry(Object)

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Beginning in early spring, wineries contact growers for grapes. Closer to harvest time, winemakers will go to the vineyards to check the quality of the fruit. Near harvest, winemakers ask for certain specifications on the grapes, such as sugar level, or brix, and Ph level. The winemakers will also do a visual inspection.
When the fruit is ready, which is when the brix and Ph levels are in the ranges wineries and buyers have requested, a harvester will pick the fruit. Harvesting typically takes place in the early morning hours when it is still cool.
The grapes are then transported to wineries, where they are crushed and the juice is pressed out.
The juice is then moved into storage tanks.
Wineries will either pick up the juice and transport via tanker trucks, or the wines will be fermented to specification and the wines are picked up or bottled later.


The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors related to smoking during pregnancy. The sample included 267 puerperae hospitalized in the maternity unit of a university hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. The data were collected through a self-applied instrument and statistically analyzed. The majority of the puerperae (51.3%) were between 18 and 25 years old, 55.4% were nonsmokers, 25.5% were smokers, 19.1% had recently ceased smoking (in abstinence). The nonsmokers had more consultations than the smokers and the abstinent smokers (p=0.025). The number of women who had more than one child was higher among smokers than among nonsmokers and abstinent smokers (p=0.002). Women were more likely to stop smoking before pregnancy when they had a partner who was a nonsmoker (p=0.007). Several factors influence smoking and smoking cessation and these are important in prenatal interventions aimed at pregnant women and their partners.
Descriptors: Smoking; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Tobacco Use Cessation.
Smoking is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the leading cause of preventable death in the world. It is estimated that approximately 1,300 million people, including 200 million women, are smokers and that the cigarette is responsible for approximately 5 million deaths per year. Around the year 2030, unless urgent measures are taken, annual deaths from tobacco will be more than 8 million(1-2).
The proportion of male smokers has always been higher than that of women. However, it has seen a slight decline in prevalence, especially in developed countries. As for females, some developed countries already show a slight tendency of reduction in the proportion of smokers, which has not been observed in developing countries, where the increase of commencement among women and the consequent increase in the prevalence among them is evident(3). Studies on prevalence of smoking among schoolchildren of the Federal District have already shown a greater number of young female smokers (11%) compared to males (9.9%)(4).
In Brazil, according to recent research by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), approximately 24.6 million Brazilians aged 15 or older smoke tobacco products, which corresponds to 17.2% of the population in this age group. Considering gender, 21.6% of Brazilian men and 13.1% of women are smokers(5).
An estimated 200,000 deaths related to smoking occur annually(1) and, in the more economically developed cities, the prevalence of smoking among women is now close to that observed among men. This indicates an increasing trend of tobacco exposure in females, probably the result of strong advertising aimed specifically at this population group(3).
Tobacco increases the risk of premature death and physical limitations for many morbidities such as coronary disease, arterial hypertension, stroke, emphysema and cancer(3). Previously, it was believed that the effects of smoking were more intense in men, but current studies have shown that women are equally, or even more, susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking. Women smokers have an increased risk of infertility, cervical and colon cancer, early menopause and dysmenorrhea in relation to nonsmokers(6).
Women who smoke during pregnancy have a higher risk of complications such as placenta previa, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption, antepartum hemorrhage, premature delivery, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, sudden death of the newborn, and impaired physical development of the child(1,3).
Considering the harmful effects of tobacco to the binomal mother-baby, pregnancy is a special moment for smoking cessation, because of the concern of pregnant women in generating a healthy child and frequent contact with health professionals in prenatal consultations.
Thus, knowing the process of smoking and/or what is conducive to its cessation in pregnancy can help health professionals to implement interventions to improve the health of mother and baby. In this context, this study aims to identify factors associated with smoking during pregnancy.
This was a cross-sectional study(7), held in the Inpatient Obstetric Unit of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. The sample was calculated based on the number of births in the institution and consisted of 267 women who had prenatal monitoring and were admitted to the referred unit after delivery (normal or cesarean), from February 29 to May 1, 2008.
Inclusion criteria were being older or equal to 18 years, being admitted to the inpatient unit Obstetric HCPA between 24 and 48 hours after the birth, having attended at least four prenatal consultations and possessing health conditions to respond to the questionnaire. Women who presented puerperal complications were excluded.
Data collection occurred through three self-administered questionnaires, developed by the researchers specifically to meet the objectives of the research: one for nonsmokers, one for smokers and one for abstinent smokers. A smoker was considered to be a person who regularly smokes one or more cigarettes per day; a smoker in abstinence an individual who has smoked regularly and now does not smoke anymore, and a nonsmoker a person who has never smoked or has only experimented with smoking. The questionnaires contained questions that contemplated socioeconomic and demographic variables, characteristics of prenatal monitoring and of tobacco use by pregnant women and/or family, knowledge about smoking and the influence of smoking on the mother and baby.
Data were organized and analyzed using the statistical software Statistical Package for Social Science version 13. For the categorical variables, the Chi-square test was applied and for continuous variables, the Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA)(7). Every association where the p-value difference was ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The percentages presented are based on valid responses, since some questions from the instruments were not completed.
The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCPA under number 07-659 and all participants signed a Free Prior Informed Consent form.
Study participants were 267 puerperae, of whom 148 (55.4%) were nonsmokers, 68 (25.5%) abstinent smokers and 51 (19.1%) smokers. The mean age was 26.5 years, with the greater concentration in the age group 18-25 years (51.3%).
Regarding education, 130 (48.7%) puerperae attended high school, 114 (42.7%) elementary school and 23 (8.6%) higher education. Among smokers, 52.9% had only completed elementary school. It was observed that 55.9% of abstinent smokers and 47.3% of nonsmokers had completed high school, The highest percentage of nonsmokers was among women who were enrolled in higher education (11.5%), but this association was not statistically significant (p = 0.195).
Concerning prenatal visits, 140 (52.4%) women consulted between 7 and 10 times, 81 (30.3%) between 4 and 6 times and 46 (17.2%) more than 11 times. The nonsmokers had more prenatal visits (21.6%) than smokers and abstinent smokers (p=0.025). The percentage of abstinent smokers that made between 7 and 10 prenatal visits was greater (58.8%) than those who made between 4 and 6 consultations (27.9%). Prenatal care was conducted in health clinics (76%) at another hospital (12.2%) and at HCPA (11.8%).
Among the women, 115 (43.6%) already had a child, 76 (28.8%) two children, 43 (16.3%) three children and 30 (11.3%) four or more children. The average number of children was higher among smokers (2.75 children) than among nonsmokers (1.99 children) and abstinent smokers (1.88 children). A statistically significant difference was observed between the percentage of women smokers with more than one child (78.4%) when compared with abstinent smokers (50%) and nonsmokers (51.7%) (p=0.002). There was no difference between women with only one child and those with two or more in relation to smoking cessation, as both presented a 50% cessation rate (Table 1).
The commencement of smoking occurred more often between 10 and 18 years of age (91 - 77.8%) and between 19 and 25 years of age (23 - 19.7%).
Regarding the age of smoking commencement, 82.4% of smokers and 77.3% of abstinent smokers started smoking before 18, revealing that the age of smoking commencement did not influence the fact of continuing to smoke or having stopped smoking (p=0.657).
Among pregnant smokers, 45.1% had stopped smoking at some point in the pregnancy, but returned while still pregnant. Between smokers and abstinent smokers, 51.4% had smoked in another pregnancy.
In early pregnancy, the consumption of cigarettes per day among the smokers was 1 to 5 (38.8%), 6 to 10 cigarettes (22.4%) and ³16 cigarettes (24.5%). At the end of pregnancy, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was 1 to 5 (39.5%), 6 to 10 (47.4%) and ³16 (7.9%). There was a decline in cigarette consumption in late pregnancy in women who smoked between 11 and 15 and ³16 cigarettes per day.
It was observed that pregnant women who had stopped smoking consumed 5.73 cigarettes/day in early pregnancy, while those who continued smoking cigarettes consumed 10.42 per day.
The majority of puerperae (229 - 86.1%) lived with a partner, who was a smoker in 29.6% of cases. Women more likely to stop smoking before pregnancy were those whose partner was not smoking (78.1%). Among those who stopped during pregnancy, 58.1% had partners who smoked (p=0.007) (Table 2).
The highest percentage of nonsmoker partners was also among nonsmoker women (76.4%), and the lowest percentage of male smokers is associated with nonsmoker women (23.6%). Regarding the smokers, the percentage of partners also smoking was 36.7%, and of abstinent smokers this percentage was 37.3% (p=0.061).
The abstinent smokers and those who stopped smoking for some time during pregnancy reported that the main reasons for smoking cessation were will and determination to stop (25.6%), pregnancy (22.4%), request from close people (18.4%), and family, social and professional support (8%).
Only 176 (66%) of puerperae reported having received information about smoking during prenatal care. In 91.9% of cases, this information occurred at the beginning of pregnancy, 5.8% in late pregnancy and 2.3% in both periods. Information was provided by the physician (67.8% of cases), family (28.2%), nurses (24.7%), other health care professionals (13.8%) and others (8.6%); several puerperae reported having received information from more than one person. In relation to the different groups, 78.4% of smokers, 67.2% of abstinent smokers and 61.9% of nonsmokers reported having received some type of information in the prenatal period, which was not statistically significant ( p=0.097).
Of the 60 puerperae who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy, 49 (81.7%) responded that the information received in the prenatal period mobilized them to think about stopping smoking or influenced their decision.
Regarding the type of information received, 117 puerperae (74%) were informed that smoking damages the health of the baby and/or of the mother, 12 (7.6%) mentioned courses, lectures, documentaries, newsletters and advertisements on the subject, 11 (7%) were advised to reduce the consumption of cigarettes or to not smoke, four (2.6%) were warned that smoking is bad, three (1.9%) were only asked whether they smoked, another three (1.9%) were advised to stay away from smokers and eight (5%) mentioned other types of information.
Regarding the harm that smoking can cause to health, 260 puerperae (97.7%) believed that respiratory problems could occur, 253 (95.1%) lung cancer, 230 (86.5%) premature birth, 195 (73.3%) heart problems, 192 (72.2%) baby with low birth weight, 121 (45.5%), decreased fertility, 104 (39.1%) sudden death of the newborn, 99 (37.2%) stroke, 87 (32.7%) cervical cancer, 55 (20.7%) early menopause and pre-partum hemorrhage and 49 (18.4%) placenta previa. Among the other health problems of smoking (6%), abortion, fetal malformation, anemia, esophageal cancer, throat cancer and impotence were mentioned.
For the puerperae, the best ways to address, in the prenatal period, the issue of smoking were warnings about the problems of smoking in pregnancy (169 - 65.5%), assistance and offers of help to stop smoking (149 to 57.8%), to talk about the benefits of stopping (107 - 41.5%) and referral to specialist professionals (100 - 38.8%).
For the puerperae smokers and abstinent smokers, the factors that hinder smoking cessation are the emotional state (66 - 57.4%), addiction to cigarettes (56 - 48.7%), the influence of other people (18 - 15.7%), the pleasure that smoking brings (16 - 13.9%) and others (8 - 6.1%) such as lack of determination/desire, lack of awareness of the smoker and weight gain from smoking cessation.
The sample population consisted of mostly young and nonsmokers, with a mean age of 26.5 years, with the greater concentration in the age group 18-25. Another study also found similar results, with a mean age of the pregnant women of 25.6 years, with the greater concentration in the age group 20-24(8). The percentage of 19.1% of puerpera smokers is higher than that found in the adult female population of southern Brazil according to the IBGE study (15.9%)(5) and greater than that found in Porto Alegre by the Brazilian Vigitel survey in 2008 (17.5%)(9). This finding is worrisome because one would expect a lower prevalence in pregnant women than in women in general, since the harm of smoking to both mother and baby are known.
In 77.8% of the puerperae, smoking started between 10 and 18 years of age, confirming a global trend of early commencement of smoking. Although there was no association between age of smoking commencement and cessation or continuity of smoking, other studies suggest that the later women start smoking, the more likely they are to stop during pregnancy(8,10).
Concerning the association between education and smoking, only a tendency for women with less schooling to be smokers was observed. It is possible that this finding was not statistically significant due to sample size and the numerical differences between the groups, since other studies show an association between a low education level of pregnant women and smoking, along with less likelihood to smoke at the time of conception among women with higher education(8,11).
The smokers had less prenatal consultations in relation to the other groups. Similar data were found in a study that showed an association between low frequency of consultations and the prevalence of smoking(12). This result may be related to the greater concern with health in the group of nonsmokers and to the denial of the necessity of stopping smoking for smokers.
Most of the smokers had more than one child. Research shows that women with only one child stop smoking more frequently than women with two or more. This fact may be associated with lower health concerns among women who smoked in a previous pregnancy and gave birth to an apparently healthy baby(10-11). Special attention is therefore necessary to women with two or more pregnancies, as these have a tendency to continue smoking during pregnancy.
A greater proportion of the women stopped smoking before pregnancy when the partner was not a smoker, which shows its negative influence on smoking cessation of the wife. Several studies show that to have a partner that is a smoker is a major predictor of smoking at the time of conception(8,11). This highlights the importance of including the partner in the prenatal care orientation.
Among pregnant smokers, 45.1% had stopped smoking at some time in the gestation and more than half of the puerpera smokers and abstinent smokers (51.4%) had smoked in another pregnancy, higher percentages than those found in the literature(13-14).
There was a decline in cigarette consumption in late pregnancy in puerperae who smoked more than 11 cigarettes per day, similar to other studies which showed that the majority of women that continue smoking in pregnancy reduce consumption to between a half and one third of cigarettes/day(10,15).
The pregnant women who stopped smoking cigarettes consumed a mean of 5.73 cigarettes/day, while those who continued to smoke consumed a mean of 10.42 cigarettes/day. Smoking cessation occurred more easily among moderate or light smokers than among heavy smokers, which shows that when the nicotine dependence is greater the difficulty to cease smoking is increased.
Among the main reasons leading to the cessation of smoking are the desire/determination to stop smoking and the pregnancy itself. This is consistent with the literature, which describes motivation/determination as a key success factor for smoking cessation(16), followed by reasons related to the baby's health or to the pregnancy(11,17). It is understood that the starting point for smoking cessation is the determination of the person, the belief in their ability to resist the urge to smoke. Smoking cessation takes place as a result of a process, sometimes long and difficult, with successes and setbacks, for which individuals should be prepared.
Only 66% of puerperae received information about smoking during prenatal care, and the majority of these occurred early in gestation. This is corroborated by the literature(18), which shows that only 68% of pregnant smokers were asked about smoking by their gynecologist, and that information on the impact of smoking on their baby was insufficient. Information about the hazardous effects of smoking are disseminated everywhere, and yet, people continue to smoke, from which it may be inferred that information alone does not lead to smoking cessation, however, it is an important contributing factor, especially when there is no occurrence of clinical manifestations and/or a notable event in life such as pregnancy.
It is recommended that information about smoking, as well as counseling and treatment for smoking cessation, are included in the health care of pregnant women throughout the prenatal period and strengthened in the puerperium, a time when the woman and the people around her are more sensitive about the care of the mother and baby.
The health hazards of smoking most often cited by the puerperae were respiratory problems, lung cancer, premature baby, heart problems and the baby having low birth weight. Similar results are presented in the literature that highlight that the majority know that smoking causes health problems, but few are aware of specific risks to women's health, such as infertility, osteoporosis, early menopause, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and cervical cancer(14).
For the puerperae, one way to approach pregnant smokers in prenatal care is to warn about the risks of smoking in pregnancy. It is believed that this approach can start with an individual consultation or with the formation of a group, with a view to providing information and encouraging self-control so that the pregnant woman can escape the vicious cycle of dependency and become an agent of change for their own behavior.
It is recommended that all pregnant and breastfeeding women have access to a cognitive-behavioral approach, which consists of the combination of interventions aimed at preparing the smoker to solve their problems and develop behavioral skills to resist the temptation to smoke. It is one of the effective methods for smoking cessation, being widely used for the treatment of dependents and recommended for pregnant women smokers, in which the use of medications is restricted(1).
The emotional state was mentioned as the major factor of failure in smoking cessation, which shows the role of the cigarette as soothing and a companion in times of stress. Another factor cited was the influence of other smokers making it difficult to stop smoking, especially the partner. Thus, it is believed to facilitate smoking cessation it is important to include the family/partner in the consultations with the pregnant woman, so they can be shown how to assist in this process.
Psychological/hormonal factors are mentioned as factors that make smoking cessation among women difficult(19), but the chemical and psychological dependency is also strongly linked to individual, social and environmental issues, which should be considered in approaching the pregnant woman. Thus, the multidisciplinary attendance may facilitate smoking cessation.
The results show that there are various factors that influence smoking and its cessation among pregnant women. There was a positive association between smoking and carrying out a smaller number of prenatal consultations, smoking and having a partner that smoked and smoking and having more than one child. Smoking showed a higher tendency among women with less schooling and those who started smoking early.
This study had the limitation of not performing the measurement of biomarkers such as nicotine in the blood or saliva and cotinine in the urine to confirm the use of tobacco. However, care was taken to ask each of the puerperae about their condition in relation to tobacco use before delivery of the data collection instrument. In future studies, it is thought to be important to use these markers.
Finally, it is understood that pregnancy should be seen as the ideal time to stop smoking because it increases the contact with health professionals, which can stimulate the termination, considering the harm to the mother and baby. It is believed that a strategy to help health professionals in effective interventions in the prenatal period is the development of programs specifically targeted at pregnant women, since this population is living a unique moment, which requires a differentiated approach that meets their needs. Another important factor in the process of smoking cessation is the inclusion of family in support groups, especially the partner, in an effort to make them aware of the need to support cessation among pregnant smokers, as well as to protect nonsmokers from passive exposure to tobacco. Health professionals are in a strategic position since, during the prenatal consultations, they can identify the willingness to cease, advise, assist and refer to other professionals that will strengthen support for smoking cessation.
It is hoped that the study contributes to the visualization of the importance of the approach of pregnant women in prenatal care in terms of smoking and to health professionals using the knowledge about factors related to tobacco in treating their patients. Further to this investigation, it is considered important to identify from the prenatal specialists how they are working on the issue of smoking in their consultations, information that would improve the adequacy of methods for prevention and treatment of smoking in pregnancy.


text:
Double Agent's D-Day Victory
National Archives UK
David C. Isby
The Allied accomplishment on D-Day was made possible by years of intelligence success that would continue until ultimate victory in Normandy. During the campaign for France, the Allies had success in a number of key intelligence efforts. These included Ultra, the interception and decryption of high-level German radio communications. Deception efforts, most notably Operation Fortitude, misled German intelligence as to the time and place of Allied invasions of the Continent. But perhaps the most cloak-and-dagger of those operations was the Allied effort to mislead German human intelligence (HUMINT) through the use of double agents. These were spies in Britain that the Germans valued, trusted and relied upon for strategic warning. The problem from the German standpoint was that they were all, without exception, working for British intelligence. Of all the stories surrounding those agents, none was as dramatic — or as funny — as that of 'Garbo,' the code name of Juan Pujol Garcia, double agent.
Left and right: Double agent Juan Pujol Garcia, code-named 'Garbo,' impressed his German intelligence superiors with the accuracy of his reports on Britain, which he often researched at the Lisbon public library. The Allies used Garbo to pass the misinformation directly to Adolf Hitler that Normandy was just a diversion. (National Archives UK)
Pujol, from Barcelona, was a Nationalist veteran of the Spanish Civil War. Anti-Communist and anti-Nazi, in January 1941 he decided to volunteer as a British spy, but failed to make contact with an appropriate official in the Madrid embassy. Pujol then decided that he would be more useful to British intelligence if he were already a German agent. Following a trip to Portugal, he persuaded Gustave Knittel, a Madrid-based agent of Germany's Abwehr intelligence service, code-named 'Frederico,' that he had a visa for England and would be able to spy there for Germany. Pujol became Abwehr agent Arabel, with invisible ink, secret codes and 600 pounds for expenses.
The catch was that the visa was a forgery. Pujol could travel no closer to Britain than Lisbon. So, starting in October 1941, he started supplying the Abwehr with in-depth reports on Britain that he researched at the Lisbon public library. He invented a network of three sub-agents and made up cloak-and-dagger escapes for himself and them for his Abwehr superiors. Some of his reports from Lisbon were hilarious. He made imaginary trips throughout Britain and warned that 'there are in Glasgow men who will do anything for a liter of wine.' But the Abwehr was impressed with the 'accuracy' of the material he supplied. Indeed, some of his imaginary reports — such as that of convoys' sailings — were so close to the mark that when the British learned of them through Ultra decrypts, their counterintelligence service MI6 launched a full-scale spy hunt in Britain.
In February 1942, Pujol tried again to contact the Allies. This time, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Patrick Demorest in the naval attach's office in Lisbon recognized Pujol's potential value. He called in his British counterparts, and within a few months Pujol was actually in England, undergoing a thorough MI5 debriefing to make sure he was genuine. He was accepted by British MI5 as agent Garbo, one of many German spies being operated by the British under what came to be known as the double-cross system.
By 1944 Garbo was part of the cover plan for Operation Overlord. Prepared by Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) and implemented by the London Controlling Section, the plan included Operation Fortitude and diversionary operations. By this time, Garbo — as Arabel — had told his controllers that he ran a network of 24 spies in Britain. The regular reports of Garbo's subagents and their sources were all written by British intelligence to aid the Overlord cover plan. They were sent by radio, or deposited in a bank safe-deposit box in Lisbon by Garbo's trusted courier, in reality a British agent. When one of the fictitious spies 'died of natural causes,' British intelligence arranged for an obituary to appear in the press, where the Abwehr was sure to notice it.
Garbo's agents provided the Abwehr with lots of information about Allied preparations for an invasion of Norway. These found a receptive audience. Word of the bogus Norwegian invasion was timed to coincide with increased British naval activity against Norway. Consequently, German forces in Norway increased from nine to 12 divisions by mid-May. As with D-Day itself, the reasons for this cannot be easily broken down and credited, but the double agents certainly contributed to the overall German strategic myopia.
Immediately before D-Day, Garbo had his German contacts stand by for an urgent radio message, which kept them from being available for other tasks. This was followed, in the early hours of D-Day, with the news that the invasion was taking place in Normandy — confirming what the Germans were already starting to learn from their own service land-line reports. Garbo followed this, later on June 6, with information that Overlord was only the first of several invasions to be launched against occupied Europe and that the invasion was a diversionary effort.
This increased his credibility with the Abwehr, and a longer message from Garbo on June 9, when decrypted, was rushed directly to Adolf Hitler. With reports that Normandy was a diversion, Hitler delayed the movement of German reserve divisions to the invasion battlefront. It was, in retrospect, Garbo's biggest hit.
Garbo provided reports on bogus Allied invasion plans and the results of German V-1 and V-2 attacks on London throughout the summer. On July 29 he was awarded — via radio — the Iron Cross First Class, normally reserved for frontline fighting men. It showed the importance the Germans put on the information Garbo had supplied as part of the D-Day deception. The Germans still believed there would be another Allied invasion of France up until the invasion of southern France in mid-August.
Garbo continued to supply the Germans with misleading information until the end of the war. He survived to publish his memoirs in the 1980s, one of history's most successful players of the most dangerous intelligence game ever.
Garbo was not the only D-Day double agent. Others, code-named 'Brutus,' 'Mutt,' 'Freak,' 'Tricycle,' 'Treasure' and 'Tate,' were also part of the deception campaign, though none achieved the same stature in German eyes as Garbo. Fortunately, the Allies had the time, resources and planning to make sure that their reports were part of an integrated deception plan. The limitations placed on both the double-cross system and Ultra intelligence meant that specific reports could not be evaluated through the decrypts. When the Germans were able to obtain independent confirmation of the double agents' reports, they usually checked out, because the Allies had moved troops or positioned dummy units or sailed a decoy convoy where the report disclosed. At great personal risk, Garbo and the other double agents made a significant contribution to the Allied D-Day success.
This article was written by David C. Isby and originally appeared in the June 2004 issue of World War II. For more great articles be sure to pick up your copy of World War II.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Protesters should gather at Caledonian House, Greenmarket, Dundee, from 12.30 on Thursday 14th April for a peaceful but lively protest against the abysmal role of private company Atos Healthcare in administering unfair tests which force sick and disabled clients off benefits.
From 4 April, the Con-Dem government has started a three year project to reassess all 1.5 million incapacity benefit claimants. The brutal Work Capability Assessment (WCA) is feared by many disabled people. About one and a quarter million people, now on incapacity benefit, will lose £25 a week. Because of sanctions and compulsion, many will lose all their benefits.
We will be inviting the press to attend from 1pm so please bring placards, and as many friends as you can!
These cutbacks will cost lives, and plunge many individuals and their families into misery. It is the responsibility of us all to oppose these cuts, and support all those workers and others fighting to stop all the cuts. The magnificent demo of at least 500,000 in London has shown the determination across the country to resist! Many workers are now rightly planning strikes in order to save jobs, services and benefits which are threatened.
This office where we will be protesting is where medicals are carried out so we need to be sensitive to the feelings of claimants going in and out. Also, the building houses other departments and workers who have nothing to do with Atos. A strong protest at the building where we can put our point across will show to all who face these attacks that there is a fightback, and we are determined to make Cameron, Clegg and IDS back off!
This protest is supported by Black Triangle (disabled rights group), Dundee Unemployed Support Centre, Defend Dundee Services, and trade unionists. It is part of a national day of action including protests in London, Leeds, Poole, Brighton and Bristol.


text:
Q: How to associate each point (of a large data set) contained in a number of sub-circles to the smallest enclosing circle? On a 2d plane, there is a large circle centered at (0, 0) with a radius of Ro. It encloses 100 or so smaller circles distributed randomly across the parent circle with unique properties (e.g. radii and positions) each one associated with a unique integer ID. (It is possible that some smaller sub-circles are partially or entirely inside some larger sub-circles.)
The entire plane is gridded uniformly into pixels with sides being horizontal and vertical (along coordinate axes). The size of the pixels is fixed and known a priori but otherwise much smaller than the size of parent circle; there are on the order of few times 10^5  all over the parent circle.
1% of the area of the parent circle is colored in the form of a few clumps across the parent circle covering 10^3 pixels.  These colored pixels are mostly inside sub-circles; all are entirely inside the parent circle. We are given the 2D Cartesian coordinates for (the centers of) all colored grids.
Each colored grid is associated with the smallest sub-circle that contains it.  If the pixel falls within multiple sub-circles, only the smallest of the circles should be chosen.
Finally, I would like to calculate the total number of colored grids associated with each sub-circle subject to the above condition. To write this in python, one should store all of the colored pixels in a 2d array. Then, for each sub-circle, one should query the array to find all grids contained within that sub-circle. For each such grid, one should test whether it is inside the sub-circle. If it is, one should mark that grid as associated with that sub-circle, unless it is already associated with a smaller sub-circle.
Here is my try:
totals = {}
sub_circle_catalog = []
for x, y in zip(vals1, vals2):
    enclosing_circles = {}
    for id, position, radius in zip(ids_data, positions_data, radiuss_data):

        if (np.sqrt(pow(x-position[0], 2)+pow(y-position[1], 2)) < radius):
            enclosing_circles[id] = float('{:.3f}'.format(radius))

            # choose the corresponding ID with the smallest radius here
            smallest_enclosing_circle = min(enclosing_circles, key=enclosing_circles.get)
            sub_circle_catalog.append((enclosing_circles[smallest_enclosing_circle], 1))

            # add up all special grids in each sub-circle when looping over all grids
for key, value in sub_circle_catalog:
    totals[key] = totals.get(key, 0) + value

I want to know if I am doing the association correctly. I don't know how to implement the constraint that each grid is assigned only once to a sub-circle. In particular, how to loop over all special grids in order to calculate total budget of each sub-circle?

A: After finding all sub-circles containing the special colorful grids, one needs to choose the smallest sub-circle. I was doing this incorrectly in the sense that it was done before all sub-circles are looped over. However, my correction here was that I made sure that all sub-circles are looped over for any single special grid and just before moving to the next special grid in the row, I need to assert a line that takes care of the smallest local sub-circle and store it into some list. As each special grid is taken care of this way, all the smallest sub-circles are added to the empty list (initialized at the beginning). Once all special grids are investigated this way, we can add the sum of the individual contributions to the empty dictionary (initialized at the beginning). All this is being done in the same scope as that of the first for statement. Here is the correct code:
totals = {}
sub_circle_catalog = []

for x, y in zip(vals1, vals2):
    enclosing_circles = {}

    for id, position, radius in zip(ids_data, positions_data, radiuss_data):

        if (np.sqrt(pow(x-position[0], 2)+pow(y-position[1], 2)) < radius):
            enclosing_circles[id] = float('{:.4f}'.format(radius))

    # choose the corresponding ID with the smallest radius here
    if enclosing_circles != {}:
        smallest_enclosing_circle = min(enclosing_circles, key=enclosing_circles.get)
        sub_circle_catalog.append((enclosing_circles[smallest_enclosing_circle], 1))

# add up all special grids in each sub-circle when looping over all grids
for key, value in sub_circle_catalog:
    totals[key] = totals.get(key, 0) + value

    totals = collections.OrderedDict(sorted(totals.items()))
    totals = list(totals.items())
    with open('/the/path/to/the/file.txt', "a") as my_file:
        print('{}'.format(totals), file=my_file)
        my_file.close()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
using System;

namespace dBosque.Stub.Editor.Interfaces
{
	public interface IStubEditorDockablePlugin : IStubEditorlugin
	{
		bool Dockable
		{
			get;
		}

		bool Start(MarshalByRefObject window, int dockstate);
	}
}


A Frisco web designer and internet marketing specialist, who also happens to be a recovering addict, says YouTube has the wrong idea about the message inherent in his popular YouTube channel and is threatening to shut it down.
Philip Markoff, 28, says his addictions began at the age of 17. But now clean and sober for several years, he's channeled his newfound energy into an online presence where he offers his journey and his advice to other addicts struggling with the same problems.
Online he calls himself CG Kid, aka Crazy Ginger Kid, and in more than 100 vlogs has talked about alcoholism, specific drugs, and his path to sobriety.
"And I hope that gives you guys hope that sobriety is possible," he often says in the videos.
"And spreading that awareness I think is critical," Markoff told WFAA.
He has more than 42,000 subscribers and in three years his videos have been viewed more than 3.5 million times.
"To let them know that you've been there and then offer a hand to help or give them some kind of hope that it is possible to stay sober," he said.
But a week ago he says YouTube, trying to limit the rampant dangerous content on its site, determined that one of his videos was a violation of their policy on harmful or dangerous content. Software for searching for keys words like meth, cocaine, or DMT flagged one of CG Kid's videos, then a second. And if he gets a third strike, YouTube could shut his channel down.
"So the algorithm is attacking a ton of videos," Markoff said. "And it just doesn't seem fair when there's a lot of videos with far more stuff that violates the guidelines."
In case YouTube does shut him down Markoff is putting all of his videos on his own website, ShamelessProtocol.com. And, as a rapper and musician, tries to reach recovering addicts through his music as well.
YouTube policy does say that a video about something harmful like drug use will be allowed if it is considered educational in nature.
"Videos that we consider to encourage dangerous or illegal activities include instructional bomb making, choking games, hard drugs use, or other acts where serious injury may result," YouTube says in its online policy. "A video that depicts dangerous acts may be allowed if the primary purpose is educating, documentary, scientific, or artistic and isn't gratuitously graphic."
That's what Markoff is hoping they will eventually decide.
"But I think that the censorship algorithm is having a bug or it's broken and its taking out channels that are actually benefitting the world."
YouTube or not, that's something he plans to keep doing.
WFAA reached out to YouTube via email on Monday afternoon but has not yet heard back.