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Research ArticleCONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Giant enhancement of exciton diffusivity in two-dimensional semiconductors
View ORCID ProfileYiling Yu1,
Yifei Yu1,
Guoqing Li1,
View ORCID ProfileAlexander A. Puretzky2,
View ORCID ProfileDavid B. Geohegan2 and
View ORCID ProfileLinyou Cao1,3,4,*
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
2Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
3Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
↵*Corresponding author. Email: linyoucao{at}gmail.com
Vol. 6, no. 51, eabb4823
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4823
Yiling Yu
ORCID record for Yiling Yu
Yifei Yu
Alexander A. Puretzky
ORCID record for Alexander A. Puretzky
David B. Geohegan
ORCID record for David B. Geohegan
Linyou Cao
ORCID record for Linyou Cao
For correspondence: linyoucao@gmail.com
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors bear great promise for application in optoelectronic devices, but the low diffusivity of excitons stands as a notable challenge for device development. Here, we demonstrate that the diffusivity of excitons in monolayer MoS2 can be improved from 1.5 ± 0.5 to 22.5 ± 2.5 square centimeters per second with the presence of trapped charges. This is manifested by a spatial expansion of photoluminescence when the incident power reaches a threshold value to enable the onset of exciton Mott transition. The trapped charges are estimated to be in a scale of 1010 per square centimeter and do not affect the emission features and recombination dynamics of the excitons. The result indicates that trapped charges provide an attractive strategy to screen exciton scattering with phonons and impurities/defects. Pointing towards a new pathway to control exciton transport and many-body interactions in 2D semiconductors.
The transport of charge carriers such as electrons, holes, and excitons consists of the foundation of semiconductor electronic and photonic devices. Therefore, improving the transport of charge carriers in semiconductors is of paramount importance for device development. This is particularly compelling for atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2. These materials provide an attractive platform for the development of next-generation electronic and photonic devices (1, 2). For instance, they present a remarkable exciton system, as manifested by exotic excitonic properties, including electrically tunable optical response (3, 4), exciton phase transition and condensation (5, 6), strong valley-spin coupling (7, 8), room-temperature exciton transistors (9), and quantum emission (10). However, the atomically thin dimension tends to give rise to inefficient exciton transport, such as low exciton diffusivity, and this represents a significant challenge for the development of novel optoelectronic devices by leveraging on the unique excitonic properties of 2D semiconductors.
Fundamentally, the diffusivity of excitons is dictated by the scattering of excitons with scattering sources including acoustic phonons (via piezoelectric interaction and deformation potential), optical phonons, impurities/defects, and surface roughness (11–13). Previous studies have extensively demonstrated that the diffusivity of excitons in 2D semiconductors can be improved by reducing the scattering of excitons with substrate-borne scattering sources, for instance, using 2D materials with atomically smooth surfaces such as hexagonal boron nitride as substrates (12–15). In contrast, the studies to mitigate the exciton scattering with the intrinsic scattering sources in semiconductor materials remained much more limited (16). Here, we demonstrate a giant improvement in the diffusivity of excitons at monolayer MoS2 by one order of magnitude due to the screening of exciton scattering with intrinsic scattering sources. To eliminate the effect of substrates, we performed this study using suspended monolayer MoS2. The improvement of exciton diffusivity is realized with the presence of trapped charges. This is evidenced by a substantial spatial expansion of photoluminescence (PL) when the incident laser power is comparable to or higher than the threshold power, enabling the onset of exciton Mott transition (EMT). We also demonstrate that the emission features and dynamics of the excitons are preserved with the presence of the trapped charges. The results indicate that trapped charges can screen the scattering of excitons with phonons and impurities/defects. We also roughly estimate that the density of the trapped charges is in scale of 1010 cm−2.
Spatial expansion of PL at the onset of EMT
We examine the PL of suspended single-crystalline monolayer MoS2 as a function of incident laser power. The flakes were grown on SiO2/Si substrates using a well-established chemical vapor deposition process (17) and then transferred to quartz substrates prepatterned with micrometer-scale holes for PL measurement in an Ar environment (see fig. S1 for optical image of the suspended monolayers) (18). Figure 1 (A and B) shows typical 2D PL spatial images and 1D PL spatial profiles collected from the monolayer under the incidence of a focused 532-nm laser with different powers. Significantly, whereas the size of the focused laser spot was kept unchanged during the measurement (the gray curve in Fig. 1B), the luminescence area shows a threshold-like expansion at the incident power around 8.0 kW/cm2. The luminescence area does not change much with variation of the incident power when the power is way lower than 8.0 kW/cm2, but it substantially expands when the power is increased to be close to 8.0 kW/cm2 or higher (Fig. 1, A to C). This threshold-like spatial expansion of PL is very reproducible and was observed for every sample studied (more results can be found in fig. S2). Similar threshold-like spatial expansion of PL was also observed at the monolayer MoS2 supported on substrates, although the threshold power required to enable the expansion is much higher (~30 kW/cm2; see fig. S3).
Fig. 1 Threshold-like spatial luminescence expansion of monolayer MoS2.
(A) PL images collected from a typical suspended monolayer MoS2 under the incidence of different laser powers, as indicated by the white numbers (kilowatts per square centimeter in units). The time interval between each measurement is around 1 min. (B) Normalized spatial profiles of PL intensity across the monolayer MoS2. The spatial profiles of the focused laser beam (gray solid curve) and related fitting (dashed black curve) are also plotted. The right panel shows the as-measured spatial profiles of PL intensity without normalization. a.u., arbitrary units. (C) The size of the luminescence area (full width at half magnitude of the spatial profile) as a function of the incident power. The vertical dashed lines indicate the sudden spatial expansion. Error bars are not given in (C) for visual convenience because the error bars are comparable to the size of the dots.
The incident power can enable a temperature increase and also induce possible defect generation at the monolayer. However, our experimental results indicate that neither the temperature increase nor the generation of defects is responsible for the observed spatial expansion of PL. First, we placed the suspended monolayer in a Linkam heating/cooling stage and monitored the PL of the monolayer as a function of well-controlled temperature increase. The luminescence area tends to slightly shrink with the temperature increasing (Fig. 2, A and B), which indicates that the increase in temperature is not responsible for the observed PL expansion. In addition, the spatial expansion of PL was found to be reversible, as the expanded luminescence area shrinks back to the original dimension upon mild annealing at 100°C or after being held for several hours at room temperature, as will be discussed later. This reversibility indicates that the luminescence expansion is not due to defect generation, where such effect would be long lived. This matches our intuitive expectation since the threshold power (~8.0 kW/cm2) is not high enough to induce defect generation. It is also supported by the similar Raman spectra from the monolayer before and after the PL measurement (fig. S4), which confirms no major damage in the composition/structure of the monolayer during the measurement.
Fig. 2 Effect of temperature increase and nonlinear exciton recombination on PL profile.
(A) Typical spectral-spatial PL images collected from monolayer MoS2 at different environment temperatures (25° and 200°C) under the incidence of 1.0 kW/cm2, in which the vertical axis is the distance and the horizontal axis is the energy. The spectra at 200°C are broader than those 25°C, but the spatial distribution at 200°C is slightly smaller than that at 25°C. (B) Normalized spatial profiles of PL intensity at 25° and 200°C that are extracted from (A). (C) Schematically illustrates the PL spatial profile under linear and nonlinear exciton recombination. q1 and q2 indicate space-variant PL efficiencies. (D) Overlap of the measured PL profile (at 1.0 kW/cm2) with the PL profile expected for EEA-dominated exciton recombination and negligible diffusion, which is square root of the laser profile, as exp(−r2/w2). The Gaussian laser profile exp(−2r2/w2) is also plotted as reference.
A possible mechanism that could enable a spatial expansion of PL with the increase in incident power is the presence of strong nonlinear exciton recombination, such as exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) (19). However, we can exclude the nonlinear exciton recombination as the mechanism for the observed PL expansion as well. We schematically illustrate the effect of EEA on the spatial profile of PL in Fig. 2C, in which the exciton diffusion is ignored for simplicity. The PL spatial profile would be identical to the incident laser spatial profile under linear exciton recombination, but broader than the incident laser profile with the presence of strong EEA, because EEA enables lower PL efficiencies at higher incident powers. EEA increases with exciton density faster than linear exciton recombination. Therefore, the increase in incident power could enable the exciton recombination to evolve from being linear to EEA dominated, which would result in a spatial expansion of PL. However, the spatial expansion of PL enabled by the effect of EEA is continuous with the increase in incident power (19), different from the threshold-like expansion at ~8.0 kW/cm2 observed in our experiments. In addition, our analysis indicates that EEA dominates the exciton recombination in monolayer MoS2 even at the lowest incident power (1.0 kW/cm2) used in the experiment (see section S1 for detailed analysis). We find that the PL spatial profiles measured at low incident powers match the PL spatial profile predicted for EEA-dominated recombination (Fig. 2D) (see section S1 for detailed analysis), which supports the dominance of EEA in the exciton recombination at even the lowest incident power. Therefore, further increasing the incident power cannot induce the change of exciton recombination from being linear to EEA dominated. The presence of strong EEA in monolayer MoS2 cannot cause the observed spatial expansion of PL.
Instead, we can correlate the threshold-like spatial expansion of PL to the onset of EMT, at which excitons are ionized into a stable plasma of free electrons and holes [referred as electron-hole plasma (EHP)]. This is evidenced by the changes in the PL spectral features accompanying the spatial expansion, which matches the characteristic PL spectral features associated with the onset of EMT (5, 20). Figure 3A shows the PL spectra collected from the monolayer MoS2 at different laser powers. The spectral features of the PL, including spectral width (Fig. 3B), peak position (Fig. 3C), and intensity (Fig. 3D) are plotted as a function of the incident power. Similar to the spatial expansion, the spectral features also show threshold-like changes at the incident power of around 8.0 kW/cm2. More specifically, the broadening and red shift at the incident power of <8.0 kW/cm2 can be ascribed to the temperature increase induced by the photothermal effect of the incident laser (dashed lines in Fig. 3, B and C, and see temperature analysis in section S2), but the photothermal effect cannot account for the broadening and red shift at the incident power of >8.0 kW/cm2. In addition, the PL intensity increases with the incident power when the power is <8.0 kW/cm2, but it turns to be pretty much power independent at the power of >8.0 kW/cm2 (Fig. 3E). These changes are consistent with the characteristic PL spectral features associated with the onset of EMT, as reported previously (5, 20). Briefly, the broadening increase is due to the emergence of emission from EHP, the smaller red shift is related to the screening effect of the free charges in EHP on both bandgap and exciton binding energy that offsets the thermally induced red shift, and the negligible power dependence of the PL intensity results from the opposite changes in the emission of excitons (decrease) and EHP (increase) with increase in the incident power. Intuitively, excitons consist of pairwise electrons and holes bound by electrostatic forces, and pairwise electrostatic force can be screened with the presence of a high density of charges. EMT can be enabled when the charge density is higher than certain threshold value, which is on the order of 1012 cm2 in monolayer MoS2, to enable screening length comparable to exciton Bohr radius (5, 20). This is consistent with the threshold-like nature in the observed changes of the PL's spatial and spectral features.
Fig. 3 Threshold-like evolution of PL spectral features with the incident power.
(A) As-measured (top) and normalized (bottom) PL spectra collected from monolayer MoS2 under different incident powers. (B) The PL's spectral full width at half magnitude, (C) the PL's peak position, and (D) the PL intensity (black circles) as a function of the incident power. The vertical dashed line in (B) to (D) indicates the threshold power for sudden spectra features change and PL intensity change. The spectral broadening and red shift caused by the laser-induced temperature increase are also plotted in (B) and (C), respectively. The inset in (D) schematically illustrates the ionization of excitons. Error bars are not given in (C) and (D) because the error bars are comparable to the size of the dots.
Role of trapped charges in the spatial expansion of PL
The coincidence of the PL spatial expansion with the onset of EMT strongly suggests that the free charges resulting from exciton ionization play a critical role in the expansion. More specifically, experimental results indicate that the charges trapped in the monolayer enable the spatial expansion. We examined the PL at the same spot of monolayer MoS2 by alternating the incident power back and forth. As shown in Fig. 4A, we first collected PL with 1.1 kW/cm2 (first measurement) and then increased the power to 8.0 kW/cm2 for PL measurement (second measurement). After that, we lowered the power to 1.1 kW/cm2 and measured the PL again (third measurement). The luminescence area expanded when the incident power was increased from 1.1 to 8.0 kW/cm2 (Fig. 4, A and B). However, the expanded luminescence area did not shrink when the incident power was lowered back to 1.1 kW/cm2. Compared to the low-power PL collected at the first measurement, the low-power PL measured at the third measurement shows obviously lower intensity at the center but higher intensity at the peripheral region, as shown in Fig. 4C. We annealed the monolayer at 100°C for 30 min in an Ar environment (which is mild and does not cause any damage to the monolayer), cooled it to room temperature, and then measured the PL with the incident power of 1.1 kW/cm2 (fourth measurement). The PL recovers to be similar to that of the first measurement, including shrinking of the luminescence area (Fig. 4C) and an increase in the intensity (Fig. 4D). The expanded luminescence area enabled by high-power laser incidence can also shrink back and recover the original dimension by simply keeping the monolayer at room temperature for hours (fig. S5).
Fig. 4 Effect of trapped charges on the PL spatial expansion.
(A) PL images collected from the same monolayer with different incident powers in sequence: 1.1 kW/cm2 (first measurement), 8.0 kW/cm2 (second measurement), 1.1 kW/cm2 (third measurement), and 1.1 kW/cm2 again (fourth measurement) after raising temperature to 100°C then cooling back to room temperature 25°C (RT). The time interval between each of the first three measurements is around 1 min. The heating process takes time of 10 min, and cooling takes 30 min. (B) Normalized spatial profiles of PL intensity collected at the different measurements using 1.1 kW/cm2 (first, third, and fourth measurement). (C) Spatial profiles of PL intensity collected at the first and third measurements. The orange arrows point to the peripheral region. (D) PL spectra collected at the first, third, and fourth measurements. (E) Schematic illustration for free charges and trapped charges resulting from exciton ionization.
These experimental observations indicate that the PL spatial expansion is driven by the charges trapped in the monolayer. Upon the onset of the EMT, excitons are ionized into a stable plasma of free electrons and holes. Some of the resulting charges are trapped in the monolayer, and the trapped charges can persist even after the photoexcitation is turned off. This accounts for the observation that the expanded luminescence area enabled at high photoexcitation does not shrink back immediately after the incident power is lowered. The correlation to trapped charges is also supported by the recovery of the low-power PL spatial and spectral features after the annealing treatment or holding for hours at room temperatures. It is well known that trapped charges can slowly be released under room temperature, and thermal annealing can facilitate the release.
To get more insight into the effect of trapped charges, we examine the spatial distribution of photogenerated charge carriers. Intuitively, the photogenerated charge carriers simultaneously experience recombination and diffusion. In a steady state, the spatial distribution of the photogenerated charge carriers n(r) in the monolayer under the incidence of a focused Gaussian laser can be written as−n(r)/τ+k[n(r)]2+D∇2n(r)+αP0exp(−2r2/w2)=0(1)where τ is the linear recombination time, k is the EEA rate, α is the absorption efficiency of the monolayer for the incident laser, P0 is the incident power density at the center, w is the radius of the focused laser beam, and D is the diffusion coefficient of excitons. We have confirmed that the absorption efficiency does not change with the incident power (fig. S6). Therefore, the diffusion coefficient D and the exciton recombination (τ and k) are the only parameters that could give rise to the observed threshold-like spatial expansion of PL with increase in the incident power. As we have identified trapped charges to be the major driving force for the spatial expansion, the key issue is to find out how the trapped charges could affect the diffusion (D) and recombination (τ and k) and how the effects could enable the spatial expansion.
We can conclude that the effect of trapped charge on the exciton recombination cannot enable the spatial expansion of the PL based on intuitive analysis of Eq. 1. EEA dominates the exciton recombination in our experiment (see section S1 for detailed analysis). According to Eq. 1, the spatial profile of PL with EEA-dominated recombination would maintain a constant shape as exp(−r2/w2) regardless of the incident power if the diffusivity is low (D ≈ 0). All the PL spatial profiles measured at low incident powers (<8.0 kW/cm2) are reasonably close to the profile described by exp(−r2/w2), as shown in Fig. 2D. With low diffusivity (D ≈ 0) and EEA-dominated recombination, the effect of trapped charges on τ and k would only be able to cause the spatial profile of PL shrinking from the EEA-dominating profile [exp(−r2/w2)] to the linear recombination–dominating profile [exp(−2r2/w2)]. There is no way that the effect of trapped charges on τ and k can enable expansion of the PL profile.
This conclusion is also supported by the negligible effect of the trapped charges on exciton recombination. We studied the exciton dynamics at suspended MoS2 monolayers with pump-probe techniques in previous studies (21) and found no obvious change in exciton dynamics when repeatedly measuring the same spot with alternating pump fluences back and forth (21). A typical result is plotted in Fig. 5A. We first measured the dynamics with a low pumping energy fluence of 1.9 μJ/cm2 per pulse, then measured it with a high pumping fluence of 12.8 μJ/cm2 per pulse, and lastly lowered the fluence back to 1.9 μJ/cm2 per pulse for measurement again (see section S3 for more details). The time interval between each of these measurements was less than 10 min. The low pumping fluence of 1.9 μJ/cm2 per pulse is designed to generate less charge carriers much less than the incident power of 8.0 kW/cm2, and the high pumping fluence of 12.8 μJ/cm2 per pulse is to generate more charge carriers than 8.0 kW/cm2. There is no observable difference in the dynamics at low pumping fluences before and after the incidence of the high pumping fluence, indicating a negligible effect of trapped charges on the charge dynamics.
Fig. 5 Effect of trapped charges on exciton recombination.
(A) Pump-probe measurement results in suspended monolayer MoS2 under different pumping fluences. The inset is the result after being normalized to the value at 0 s. The measurements were performed with a pumping fluence of 1.9 μJ/cm2 per pulse (red), 12.8 μJ/cm2 per pulse (cyan), and 1.9 μJ/cm2 per pulse (black) in a sequence on the same spot. More experimental details can be found at our previous studies (21). The time interval between each of the measurement is around 10 min. (B) Normalized spatial-spectral PL images collected from monolayer MoS2 with low incident powers (1.1 kW/cm2) before (without trapped charges) and after (with trapped charges) the incidence of high photoexcitation (8.0 kW/cm2). They are collected at the first and third measurements in Fig. 4. The spectra at each location are normalized with respect to its own peak intensity, and the unnormalized results are plotted in fig. S7. The right panel shows typical spectra extracted from the spatial-spectra images, as indicated by dashed white lines.
The negligible effect of the trapped charges on exciton dynamics is corroborated by the preservation of emission features of the excitons with the presence of the trapped charges, which indicates a weak capability of the trapped charges to facilitate the conversion of neutral excitons to charged excitons. It has been well documented that free charges can combine with neutral excitons to form charged excitons, and charged excitons have different dynamics from neutral excitons (3, 4, 22). However, trapped charges do not combine with neutral excitons in the same way as free charges do. Figure 5B shows the normalized 2D spatial-spectra PL images (the spectra at each location are normalized with respect to its own peak intensity, and the unnormalized results are plotted in fig. S7) collected from a monolayer with and without the presence of trapped charges (collected at the first and third measurements in Fig. 4). We find no difference in the PL spectra peak positions and spectral widths with or without trapped charges, both featuring a peak at ~1.89 eV and with a width of ~60 meV that is characteristic emission of the neutral A exciton of monolayer MoS2. According to previous studies (3, 4, 22–24), we would expect a red shift and broadening in PL emission if the trapped charges induce the conversion of neutral excitons to charged excitons. The spectral-spatial image also shows no difference in the PL spectral feature across the luminescence area, and this indicates that trions, if any, diffuse together with excitons.
Enhancement of exciton diffusion with the presence of trapped charges
On basis of all the above-mentioned discussion, we can conclude that the only viable mechanism to enable the observed PL spatial expansion is enhancement of the diffusivity D by trapped charges. We can quantitatively evaluate the increase in D enabled by the trapped charges through fitting the measured spatial profile of PL intensity using Eq. 1. All the parameters except D in Eq. 1 can be obtained from experimental measurement. α is found to be 0.065 based on the analysis with the refractive index of monolayer MoS2 (fig. S8) (25). w is measured to be 1.10 μm (Fig. 1B). τ and k can be found to be around 1.0 ns and 0.04 cm2/s, respectively, from our ultrafast spectroscopic and power-dependent PL measurement, which is consistent with our previous result and the result in references (19, 21, 26–28). Typical fitting result for the low-power PL with and without trapped charges is plotted in Fig. 6 (A and B). The fitting reasonably reproduces the major features associated with the spatial expansion. These include a broader spatial profile of PL intensity (Fig. 6A) and an intensity decrease by around 25 to 30% at the luminescence center (Fig. 6B). The fitting indicates that the diffusion coefficient of excitons is ~1.5 ± 0.5 cm2/s with no trapped charge, consistent with the results of many previous reports (13, 14, 27, 29, 30). The fitting also indicates that the diffusion coefficient sharply increases by more than one order of magnitude to 22.5 ± 2.5 cm2/s with the presence of trapped charges.
Fig. 6 Enhancement of exciton diffusion coefficient.
(A) Fitting and measured spatial profiles of PL intensity collected with low incident powers (1.0 kW/cm2) before (without trapped charges) and after (with trapped charges) the incidence of high photoexcitation (8.0 kW/cm2). The experimental results were collected at the first and third measurements in Fig. 4. The fitting results for the diffusion coefficient are given, as shown. (B) Comparison illustrating the consistence of the fitted PL intensity with the experimental result. (C) Schematic illustration for the screening of trapped charges for exciton scattering.
Fundamentally, the diffusivity of excitons is governed by the scattering of excitons with scattering sources such as acoustic phonons (via piezoelectric interaction and deformation potential), optical phonons, impurities/defects, and surface roughness, which changes the excitons' momentum and energy (11–13, 31). The improvement of diffusivity with the presence of trapped charges indicates that the scattering of excitons can be substantially screened by trapped charges. As illustrated in Fig. 6C, the presence of trapped charges could screen the scattering potential to make the transport of excitons more smoothly. This conclusion is supported by similar observations in the literature for substantial enhancements in the diffusivity of charge carriers in the presence of a large density of charge carriers (32–37). In addition, a recent study explicitly demonstrated that exciton-phonon scattering in 2D semiconductors may be suppressed with the injection of charges (16).
We can roughly estimate the density of the trapped charges. The density of free charges in monolayer MoS2 upon the onset of EMT is around 1.0 × 1012 cm−2 (20). We also estimate from experimental results that the energy barrier ΔE for charge trapping in monolayer MoS2 is in the range of 160 to 190 meV (see analysis of defect energy level in section S4). The average temperature T of the monolayer under the incidence of 8.0 kW/cm2 is around 410 K, as shown in Fig. 3C. Following the well-established equation for charge trapping efficiency, exp(−ΔE/kBT), where kB is the Boltzmann constant, we can estimate that the trapping efficiency is around 1% and the density of the trapped charge is ~1010 cm−2. The dominant defects in single-crystalline monolayer MoS2 are sulfur vacancies due to the nonstoichiometric nature of the materials (38), and these defects might serve as a trapping center for charges.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated a giant improvement in the diffusivity of excitons at monolayer MoS2 from ~1.5 ± 0.5 to ~22.5 ± 2.5 cm2/s with the presence of trapped charges and estimated that the density of the trapped charges is in scale of 1010 cm−2. The result indicates that the trapped charges can effectively screen the scattering of excitons with scattering sources such as impurities/defects and phonons. We also demonstrate that unlike free charges, these trapped charges do not combine with excitons to form charged excitons nor do they change the recombination dynamics of the excitons. This indicates that the presence of trapped charges can preserve the dynamics of excitons, which is very useful from the standpoint of applications. Our studies are mainly focused on suspended MoS2 monolayers, but the conclusion holds for substrate-supported MoS2 (fig. S3) and other 2D semiconductors such as WS2 (fig. S9), MoSe2, and WSe2. In this work, the trapped charges are injected by photoexcitation, but the giant improvement in exciton diffusivity may hold true for the trapped charges injected by other ways, for instance, electrical injection. This study opens up a new avenue to control exciton transport for the development of high-performance excitonic devices, such as exciton transistors, solar energy conversion devices, and photodetectors. The result also points out a new versatile way to control other many body interactions in 2D semiconductors, for instance, improving the mobility of electrons and holes by suppressing electron-phonon scattering via trapped charges.
Synthesis and transfer and monolayer MoS2
The monolayer was grown on SiO2/Si substrates using a well-established chemical vapor deposition process (26) and then was transferred onto the quartz substrates with prepatterned blind holes with a depth of around 2 μm using a surface energy–assisted transfer approach (27). The holes were fabricated using standard photolithography and dry etching processes. In a typical transfer process, 9 g of polystyrene [PS; molecular weight, 280 kg/mol] was dissolved in 100 ml of toluene. The PS solution was spin-coated (3000 rpm for 60 s) on the as-grown monolayer, followed by baking at 85°C for 1 hour. A water droplet was then dropped to assist the lift off of the PS-monolayer assembly. The polymer-monolayer assembly was transferred to the quartz substrate and baked at 150°C for 30 min. The transfer sample was rinsed with toluene to remove PS and annealed at 80°C for 30 min.
Optical characterization
PL measurements were performed at a home-built setup consisted of a 532-nm laser (Coherent Verdi), a spectrometer (Acton SP2300), and a charge-coupled device camera (PIXIS100). The incident laser was focused onto the monolayer through a long-distance 50× objective, and PL was collected through the same objective. The spatial PL images were collected using zeroth-order grating of the spectrometer, and the spatial-spectral PL image was collected using first-order grating of the spectrometer. All the PL and reflection measurements were conducted with the monolayers located in a Linkam heating/cooling stage with Ar gas flowing. Unless explicitly specified, all the PL measurements were conducted at room temperature (298 K).
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/51/eabb4823/DC1
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, Equally efficient interlayer exciton relaxation and improved absorption in epitaxial and nonepitaxial MoS2/WS2 heterostructures. Nano Lett. 15, 486–491 (2014).
A. Gurarslan,
Y. F. Yu,
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Y. L. Yu,
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, Surface-energy-assisted perfect transfer of centimeter-scale monolayer and few-layer MoS2 films onto arbitrary substrates. ACS Nano 8, 11522–11528 (2014).
P. Nagler,
S. Blanter,
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, Exciton diffusion and halo effects in monolayer semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 207401 (2018).
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A. Barrette,
, Fundamental limits of exciton-exciton annihilation for light emission in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Phys. Rev. B 93, 201111 (2016).
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, Engineering substrate interactions for high luminescence efficiency of transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 4733–4739 (2016).
Y.-Q. Cai,
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, Enhancing multifunctionalities of transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers via cation intercalation. ACS Nano 11, 9390–9396 (2017).
Y. Lin,
X. Ling,
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, Dielectric screening of excitons and trions in single-layer MoS2. Nano Lett. 14, 5569–5576 (2014).
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, Exciton-dominated dielectric function of atomically thin MoS2 films. Sci. Rep. 5, 16996 (2015).
D. Sun,
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, Observation of rapid exjciton–exciton annihilation in monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Nano Lett. 14, 5625–5629 (2014).
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, Nonlinear photoluminescence in atomically thin layered WSe2 arising from diffusion-assisted exciton-exciton annihilation. Phys. Rev. B 90, 155449 (2014).
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, Exciton dynamics and annihilation in WS2 2D semiconductors. Nanoscale 7, 7402–7408 (2015).
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, Exciton dynamics, transport, and annihilation in atomically thin two-dimensional semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 3371–3379 (2017).
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, Highly mobile charge-transfer excitons in two-dimensional WS2/tetracene heterostructures. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao3104 (2018).
M. Lundstrom, Fundamentals of Carrier Transport (Cambridge Univ., 2000).
M. M. Perera,
M.-W. Lin,
H.-J. Chuang,
B. P. Chamlagain,
X. Tan,
M. M.-C. Cheng,
D. Tomanek,
Z. X. Zhou
, Improved carrier mobility in few-layer MoS2 field-effect transistors with ionic-liquid gating. ACS Nano 7, 4449–4458 (2013).
T. L. Atallah,
M. Bosch,
D. Seo,
R. A. Burke,
O. Moneer,
J. Zhu,
M. Theibault,
L. E. Brus,
X.-Y. Zhu
, Electrostatic Screening of charged defects in monolayer MoS2. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 2148–2152 (2017).
B. W. H. Baugher,
H. O. H. Churchill,
Y. F. Yang,
P. Jarillo-Herrero
, Intrinsic electronic transport properties of high-quality monolayer and bilayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 13, 4212–4216 (2013).
L. Chu,
H. Schmidt,
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B. Ozyilmaz,
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G. Eda
, Charge transport in ion-gated mono-, bi-, and trilayer MoS2 field effect transistors. Sci. Rep. 4, 7293 (2014).
B. Radisavljevic,
, Mobility engineering and a metal-insulator transition in monolayer MoS2. Nat. Mater. 12, 815–820 (2013).
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C. D. English,
S. V. Suryavanshi,
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, High-field transport and velocity saturation in synthetic monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 18, 4516–4522 (2018).
W. Zhou,
X. Zou,
S. Najmaei,
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J. Lou,
P. M. Ajayan,
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J.-C. Idrobo
, Intrinsic structural defects in monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Nano Lett. 13, 2615–2622 (2013).
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the use of the Analytical Instrumentation Facility (AIF) at North Carolina State University, which is supported by the State of North Carolina and the NSF. Part of the Raman and PL measurements was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility. We also acknowledge C. Xu and K. Gundogdu for help with the pump-probe measurement. Funding: This work was supported by the NSF under a grant of EFMA 1741693 and DMR 1709934. Author contributions: Yiling Yu and L.C. conceived the idea. Yiling Yu performed the measurement. Yiling Yu and L.C. designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Yifei Yu and G.L. helped with the synthesis and transfer of the samples. D.B.G. and A.A.P. performed some of PL and Raman measurements and assisted in writing the manuscript. All the authors were involved in reviewing the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
You are going to email the following Giant enhancement of exciton diffusivity in two-dimensional semiconductors
By Yiling Yu, Yifei Yu, Guoqing Li, Alexander A. Puretzky, David B. Geohegan, Linyou Cao
Science Advances 18 Dec 2020 : eabb4823
The exciton diffusivity of 2D semiconductors can be improved by 15-fold with trapped charges that can screen exciton scattering.


text:
package org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.java;

import java.text.BreakIterator;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import com.google.common.base.CharMatcher;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.AnnotatableSentence;
import org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.AnnotationType;
import org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.SentenceAnnotator;
import org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.Tokenizer;
import org.bierner.matchbook.analyzer.UnitAnnotations;

/**
 * A wrapper around Java's BreakIterator for tokenization.  Any locale supported
 * by the Java API is therefore supported here.
 * @author gann
 */
@AllArgsConstructor
public class BreakIteratorTokenizer implements SentenceAnnotator, Tokenizer {
    static {
        AnnotationType.registerAnnotator(BreakIteratorTokenizer.class, AnnotationType.TOKEN);
    }

    private Locale locale;

    @Override
    public List<String> tokenize(String text) {
        List<String> tokens = new ArrayList<>();

        BreakIterator iterator = BreakIterator.getWordInstance(locale);
        iterator.setText(text);
        int start = iterator.first();
        for (int end = iterator.next(); end != BreakIterator.DONE; start = end, end = iterator.next()) {
            String token = text.substring(start,end);
            if (! CharMatcher.whitespace().matchesAllOf(token))
                tokens.add(token.trim());
        }

        return tokens;

    }

    @Override
    public void annotate(AnnotatableSentence sentence) {
        List<String> tokens = tokenize(sentence.getText());
        sentence.setAnnotations(AnnotationType.TOKEN, new UnitAnnotations<>(tokens));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Picks and Pans Review: Chris Knight
There are hints of John Mellencamp in this debut album by a folk-rocker from Slaughters, Ky. There's also a little of Bob Dylan—Knight's nasal voice makes him a lot more yarn-spinner than vocal stylist—and a hint of Steve Earle (Knight seems more comfortable with the hard-charging "The Hammer Going Down" than with the deliberate waltz, "The Band Is Playing Too Slow.")
Knight wrote or cowrote all the tunes on this album, and he overreaches a couple of times, notably with "Love and a .45," an ill-conceived story tune about a cop, a hooker and an automatic that Knight admits was inspired by a movie title (lucky he didn't see The Incredible Two-Headed Transplant). But for the most part, Knight's tunes ring true—he is, after all, an authentic small-town boy—and we can always use another skilled troubadour. (Decca)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Android firebase authentication error in .java file I am trying to authenticate login and signup with Firebase. I was following this article on android hive
but there was lot of errors, one was this,
import com.google.firebase.auth.FirebaseAuth;
for complete detail version of the code you can follow the above "android hive" link.

A: You can use the Firebase Assistant for adding Firebase Authenitcation.
To open the Firebase Assistant in Android Studio:

*

*Click Tools > Firebase to open the Assistant window.

*Click to expand one of the listed features (for example,
Authentication), Click the Connect to Firebase button to connect to
Firebase Project.

*Select your project from Firebase console.

It'll automatically add the correct dependencies for your project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Way You Make Me Feel By Maurene Goo: Book Review
Posted by AshleyAnne | Dec 27, 2020 | Contemporary | 0
The Way You Make Me Feel by Maurene Goo is a Young Adult Contemporary novel that follows sixteen-year-old Clara Shin as she is forced to spend her summer working alongside her Dad in his stuffy Korean-Brazilian food truck, the KoBra. As if her punishment for setting the school cafeteria on fire wasn't enough, Clara also has to endure the company of her arch-enemy, Rose Carver, who was equally responsible for the prank gone wrong.
On the other hand, Clara doesn't believe her Dad is serious about his punishment. After all, she is supposed to spend her break with her social media influencer mom in Tulum, Mexico. But it doesn't take Clara long to realize her Dad is dead set on sticking out her sentence.
What Clara thought was going to be the worst summer possible, however, shifts in unexpected ways. As a result, friendships form, and relationships grow as she learns things about herself that she never knew possible. Most importantly, what will happen to her old life once summer is over?
"I've known you since middle school. You are a classic narcissist. Inflated sense of self-importance? Check. Need for attention based on some issue with your absent mother, clearly? Check."
Has someone ever called you out on your bad behavior? Check! Family members and close friends have reprimanded me, but the sting wasn't any less severe! Being forced to endure the verbal onslaught of a girl she detests, Clara tries to convince herself that it certainly doesn't matter. However, is it worse to disappoint someone close to you or be embarrassed and disrespected by a relative stranger?
Maurene Goo takes us on a regular high school girl's journey with regular teenage problems and spins this Young Adult Contemporary into an enjoyable and memorable story. Throw in some humor, self-reflection, and likeability of her characters, and you have a recommended read for all ages.
This brings me to the first location of importance: The KoBra Food Truck.
"You're going to pay back the damages for the cafeteria. And you're going to do it by working the Kobra. All summer."
Ever have an idea that looks great on paper, but once executed, blows up in your face? Clara had it all planned out. If she happened to win Prom Queen, her prank would be epic and one the school would not soon forget. However, Clara didn't think about what Rose would do once the prank was complete. As a result, she couldn't have imagined Rose would go psycho and tackle her on stage.
In Clara's eyes, being grounded for the entire summer is Rose's fault. It's embarrassing being forced into manual labor, and she hopes her friends don't see her. The KoBra creates a change within Clara and becomes one of the most important locations in her self-reflection journey in this Young Adult Contemporary.
This brings me to the Second location of importance: Los Angeles
"You do something wrong, and then you freaking blame it on me! You have some real issues with misplacing blame. HINT: LOOK IN THE MIRROR."
Clara isn't used to confrontation. Her dad normally leaves her alone, the cool young parent who doesn't ground her ever. Her mom is absent most of the time, and Clara's closest friends are a bunch of screw-ups like her. However, having Rose in her face is annoying, but Clara starts to wonder if she is right.
The more time Clara is forced to spend with Rose as they travel around LA, the more she begins to question her actions and beliefs. They are two opposite people when it comes to their chill level, but that doesn't necessarily have to be a bad thing.
This brings me to the third location of importance: Tulum, Mexico
'Nobody ever asked me what I did at school. I was the class clown. Good for a laugh, and leader of my own merrymen, Patrick and Felix. But in the truck, all of that felt little. Not important.'
Being the class clown has its perks. Nobody expects much and a person can hide their emotions behind practical jokes and humor. But often, comedy is a front for something deeper. Have you ever used humor to cover up how you are really feeling?
Clara thinks her mom is perfect. She never questions her reasons for leaving, just that she had been young and didn't want to be tied down. With her mom in Tulum, all Clara can think about is getting to see her at all costs. However, the real question should be, why is her mom not coming to LA instead?
If you're interested in learning more about The Young Adult Contemporary Novel, The Way You Make Me Feel, and author Maurene Goo or would like to purchase the book, please check out the links below.
If you liked this post, please follow the link to my other YA Contemporary book reviews.
PreviousThe Afterlife of Holly Chase: Book Review
NextA Study in Charlotte By Brittany Cavallaro: Book Review
You've Reached Sam: By Dustin Thao-YA Contemporary
Fame, Fate and the First Kiss by Kasie West: Book Review
American Panda By Gloria Chao: Book Review


text:
The 2019 Florida Tech Panthers football team represented the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) during the 2019 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by seventh-year head coach Steve Englehart. The Panthers played their home games at Florida Tech Panther Stadium, approximately one mile from the Florida Tech campus, and were members of the Gulf South Conference. In May 2020, Florida Tech shut down its football program due to budget cuts that followed the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preseason

Gulf South Conference coaches poll
On August 1, 2019, the Gulf South Conference released their preseason coaches poll with the Panthers predicted to finish in 5th place in the conference.

Preseason All-Gulf South Conference Team
The Panthers had four players at four positions selected to the preseason all-Gulf South Conference team.

Offense

No players were selected

Defense

John McClure – DB

Special teams

No players were selected

Schedule
Florida Tech 2019 football schedule consists of five home and six away games in the regular season. The Panthers will host GSC foes Shorter, West Alabama, West Florida, and West Georgia, and will travel to Delta State, Mississippi College, North Greenville, and Valdosta State.

The Panthers will host one of the three non-conference games against Fort Valley State from the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) and will travel to Newberry from the South Atlantic Conference (SAC) and Savannah State also from the SIAC.

Two of the eleven games will be broadcast on ESPN3 and ESPN+, as part of the Gulf South Conference Game of the Week.

The Week One game at Savannah State, originally scheduled for September 7, was moved back a day due to Hurricane Dorian.

The Week Seven game at Valdosta State, originally scheduled for a 3 P.M. kickoff on October 19, was moved back to a 7 P.M. start due to the forecast approach of Tropical Storm Nestor earlier in the day.

Schedule Source:

Rankings

Game summaries

at Savannah State

at Newberry

at Delta State

West Georgia

Fort Valley State

at Mississippi College

at Valdosta State

West Florida

West Alabama

at North Greenville

Shorter

Awards and milestones

Gulf South Conference honors

Five players from Florida Tech were honored as All-GSC selections by the league's coaches.

Gulf South Conference All-Conference First Team

Evan Thompson, LB

Gulf South Conference All-Conference Second Team

Miles Kelly, WR
Kenny Hiteman, TE
Tyrone Cromwell, DB
John McClure, DB

Gulf South Conference Offensive Player of the Week
September 30: Mike Diliello, QB

Gulf South Conference Freshman of the Week
September 23: Mike Diliello, QB
September 30: Mike Diliello, QB

References

Florida Tech
Florida Tech Panthers football seasons
Florida Tech Panthers football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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text:
Pair of Robert Welch Campden Designs/"Hobart" Medium Size Candlesticks
H: 14cm (5.5")Di: 9.7cm (3.8")
Robert Radford Welch, M.B.E., R.D.I., R.C.A., F.S.I.A. (1929–2000)
A pair of "Campden Designs"/"Hobart" Candlesticks
Black Patinated Cast Iron
Circa 1960's
Measuring:- 14 cm (tall); 9.7 cm (diameter at base)
Cast iron with foundry mark "R WELCH / ENGLAND" (within the sockets). One retains original stickers to the base.
Robert Welch was one of the leading British designers of the twentieth century. He first produced these disk formed cast iron candlesticks (the design for which is now considered iconic) in the early 1960's. The range was originally called "Campden Designs" but is now known as "Hobart".
The pair here date from the early period of production. One retains its original silver paper label reading "Designed and produced by Robert Welch, Chipping Campden England" and the black and white kitemark label "As Selected For / Design Centre London".
In 1964 a pair of giant "Campden Designs" cast iron candlesticks were accepted to the Design Index and included in a Christmas themed room in the Design Centre, London.
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I thought I lucked out this year by being assigned lunch detention as my duty. This would be a great opportunity to sit in a room by myself and grade papers. Sure, once in a while some student would get detention, but that shouldn't happen that often.
Well, except for the first 2 days of school, there has been someone in there every day with me. Still, not so bad and can still get a lot done. Then the rules came out.
I had been struggling with some of these rules as I see the fact that the students are being pulled away from their friends and put into a room with no windows for 52 minutes as punishment enough. But the last comment is what was really bugging me. If you are a reader of my blog you know that I encourage collaboration, cell phone use, iPods every single day. My students are encouraged to make the classroom as comfortable a learning environment as possible.
If detention is designed to be so miserable that no one wants to come back, why is this student back for the 7th time?
This student is going to sit in a room for 52 minutes and fume over the fact that he is there. Now he is going to be released to a classroom for 80 minutes where he is likely to lash out at another student, or worse the teacher, and get suspended for some new infraction.
If a student was found to be on drugs during school, the school would find ways to help the student get over the addiction and rehabilitate his/her life. Why don't we do the same thing with lunch detention? If a student is being assigned to multiple detentions, shouldn't we be taking steps to stop the bad behavior in the first place?
Here's my idea: develop a character building program within lunch detention. We have different punishments for different offenses so we will develop a tiered system depending on what the students have done. If a student is 1st time offender and is only given 1 day, they may get nothing. A student who has received several days or is returning for a different offense might have to watch a TED talk and complete some critical thinking questions. A student like I mentioned above might have to read a thought provoking book, again with guiding questions, and discuss what his thoughts were with the lunch detention proctor. In all of these, the students would report back to the administrator who assigned the detention to build that relationship, measure growth and understanding, and have meaningful conversations about the behavior.
Doesn't this approach make a lot more sense?
If your school is using something like this, I would love to hear about it. All thoughts/comments are welcomed.
This entry was posted in conversations, detention, relationships, students on September 29, 2012 by DaretoChem.
Look at the causes of the detention: is it for the same superfluous reason (cellphone use in class, dress code, breaking "the rules" etc) or is the same teacher writing up the same student repeatedly? Is there some unidentified learning issue & the student is lashing out out of frustration? Is there something in the personal life and the student is transferring home issues to school?
What did Franklin say, "an ounce of prevention…"? Conflict resolution & management skills are key. Get a therapy dog program or peer mentoring….
I wouldn't say we are using something like this, but I find it very interesting. We are using PBIS, with the focus on positive interventions. We have pretty much gotten rid of detentions all together at the high school level. We have had our issues, but we are experimenting with these other types of interventions instead of the sit and be punished form you are dealing with. We all know that just doesn't help. Love your thoughts. I was never a big PBIS guy when we were starting to talk about it as a high school, but using some of your techniques mentioned above, I could see a great blend!
The hope is the assignment will spark some sort of interest and give them something to think about. And it is so easy to customize to what the student wants to learn. So, if the student is getting in trouble because they don't see the point in school and are acting out, then maybe we tailor it to allow him/her to learn about something they are interested in.
And I would love to get a therapy dog, but there is no way that is going to fly in my school. People already think I'm crazy, bringing a dog every day would just prove them correct.
what is PBIS? I am not familiar with that acronym and would like to see if it is something that we could modify to fit our needs.


How To Own Your Success: How Does Rental Cleaner Work?
How Does Rental Cleaner Work?
Regular cleaning to your hardwoods is much easier than you may think. Our house cleaning is the simplest service to book today. Cleaning Service will provide a residential house cleaning service for the upper end of the market. Our end of tenancy cleaning is the move in, move out clean you might have heard of. Our Lease cleaning is intended to prepare you house for another guest. A cleaning service can be hired to come in and manage all the not-so-fun cleaning, so your family can enjoy a calm day decorating the tree and hanging the stockings.
Clean kitchens may also have accumulation of mould, bacteria and microbes. There are an assortment of reasons why keeping a clean kitchen is absolutely essential, but it is totally understandable if you do not have time to keep your kitchen tidy, clean and germ-free. A fresh oven will make the whole kitchen more attractive and may even make you a more happy baker. The benefit of oven cleaning is the prevention of grime and buildup, which can be a fire hazard. A clean kitchen is likely to make cooking less stressful and more fun and kitchen towels are essential to this.
The need to have perfectly clean kitchens is robbing us of enjoying ourselves. Carpet cleaning can help to remove the dullness by removing all the oils and soils that are on and from the carpet fibers, allowing the carpet to look better and brighter. Carpet Cleaning is done. Recently there have been rumblings in the carpet world that a new, revolutionary self-cleaning carpet will be introduced to the marketplace.
Rug cleaning has come a long way over the centuries, and we have further perfected the practice. For allergy sufferers, its a little-known fact that different kinds of carpet cleaning can affect them. Carpet stain removal is often only necessary for tough stains and may be time consuming, but when you consider the cost to replace your carpet you can appreciate that successful stain removal is an investment. Because regular carpet cleaning is not a statutorily-imposed obligation of a landlord, assigning this responsibility to a tenant through a contractual provision does not leave a rental agreement void.
Carpet cleaning is good if the carpet needs to be used immediately or only a light (maintenance) clean is required. Carpet Cleaning will implement a custom commercial carpet cleaning program for all your commercial flooring and maintenance needs. Our carpet cleaning is not a statutorily-imposed responsibility of a landlord, assigning this responsibility to a tenant through a contractual provision does not render a leasing agreement void.
Most individuals think that cleaning rugs can simply mean a fast wash and dry out in the sun. Most importantly, carpet cleaning is here for the bravest cleaning company owners who know how to manage a business. Bathroom cleaning will be completely facilitated without ever having water marring the toilet walls either. Wiping down the exterior of your fan unit when you do your regular bathroom cleaning will keep the casing looking great but occasionally deeper cleaning is necessary.
Luckily, bathroom cleaning can be quick and easy and it does not need to take two hours a day to keep it clean and shiny. Interior glass cleaning may take longer than the outside. Glass cleaning is very important to use the right cleaners. Glass Cleaning is one of the main glass cleaning firms in area, with a positive reputation built on superior professionalism and customer service and a commitment to the best service in the most effective and eco-friendly manner possible.
Our Glass Cleaning is one of the most inexpensive and efficient window cleaning in the area. Routine glass cleaning will lower the odds of possible issues occurring in the future. We deliver bathroom cleaning which covers sanitizing from top to bottom. Commercial window cleaning and glass cleaning is usually time consuming and frequently difficult or dangerous. Glass cleaning is important to use the correct cleaners. Although this is a pain at times shower cleaning is never a big task as soap scum is never permitted to build up.
As it pertains building cleaning we have the most reliable office cooker cleaners you're able to hire and when it comes to domestic leaning we give you cooker cleaners that have been fully vetted and checked before going through an extensive training programmed so that they understand not how to professionally clean, but to give a house clean that is up to the exceptional high standards we give at this cleaning agency. Oven Cleaning can be a small chore. We know that oven cleaning can be a messy and stressful endeavor.
Our cleaning service provides clients with comprehensive services that meet customer's needs and demonstrate proven results of a fresh kitchen that will pass any health inspections and provide clients with safe restaurant experience.
Where Is The Best Security Installers InPerth?
How To Get A End Of Lease Cleaner?
Do You Need A Bond Back Cleaner?


text:
info@humboldttoursberlin.com
Humboldt Tours Berlin
Private Tours & Events
Berlin Highlights
Berlin Jewish History Tour (half day)
Berlin Jewish History Tour (full day)
Berlin Wall and Cold War
Potsdam – Royal Palaces and Gardens
Potsdam – WW2 and Cold War Era
Architecture in Berlin
Memorial Concentration camp Sachsenhausen (full day)
Slider with alias none not found.
With the help of our experienced guides, we can provide a wide variety of experiences. In particular, we have experience with the needs of people with health problems and wheelchair users. We can carry out every tour in barrier-free mode and adapt it to any desired medical needs.
Whether on foot, on a bike, in a limo or van, whether family-friendly, as holiday fun, or as a follow-up to a historical doctoral thesis – on our private tours you determine topics, pace and the level of depth offered.
We have developed exemplary tours in line with various areas of interest. Our private tours start and end wherever you want. They can be adapted to any special interest and time budget. Feel free to talk to us whenever you want, our guides are knowledgeable and flexible professionals.
Berlin Jewish History Tour (half day/4hrs)
This tour takes you to the Spandau suburb, one of the oldest neighborhoods in Berlin and once the epicenter of Jewish life. City history condenses here in a confined space, at the same time it is wonderful to stroll.
Berlin Jewish History Tour (full day/8hrs)
This full day tour provides an opportunity to explore the extensive topography of Berlin's Jewish history. The immense influence of Jewish protagonists on the cultural history of Berlin and Germany becomes clear.
Berlin Wall & Cold War (half day/4hrs)
For decades, the Cold War kept the world in suspense. No city suffered more than Berlin, which the Iron Curtain cut brutally in half. A tour to locations of 'Berlin's world history' and the confrontation of global power blocks. Berlin and Germany clearly.
Berlin in a nutshell! This half-day tour leads through the historic city center of the German capital and to the most important locations in its eventful history.
Potsdam: WWII and Cold War era (full day/8hrs)
In Potsdam the victorious powers negotiated Europe's post-war order, had Soviet military and KGB headquarters, and exchanged agents for the German states. The Prussian residence in the light of the end of the World War and the Cold War.
Potsdam: Royal Palaces and Gardens (full day/8hrs)
Potsdam offers lordly splendor and countless architectural gems in the midst of magnificent park landscapes. Discover the residence city of the Prussian kings and its unforgettable world cultural heritage.
Buildings by the architect Schinkel, prefabricated buildings and current new buildings shape the cityscape of today's Berlin. This tour includes all the major architectural masterpieces of the past 100 years.
Concentration Camp Sachsenhausen
"It had only one goal, it had only one purpose: death." Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Publicist & Literary Critic (1920-2013).
In 1936 Heinrich Himmler commissioned SS-Obersturmführer and architect Bernhard Kuiper to build the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
© Humboldt Tours Berlin GmbH. All Rights Reserved.


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New and repeat firearm applicants are being directed to logon to the following website: www.njportal.com/NJSP/fars to apply for an initial Firearms Identification Card (FID), amend their current FID Card or to apply for a Permit to Purchase a Handgun. Applicants must utilize the Morris Township Police Department's ORI Code: NJ0142200 when logging onto the FARS system.
Inquiries may be directed to the Morris Township Police Department Firearms Unit at (973) 326-7477 or the Detective Bureau at (973) 326-7480.


We are best known for our illustrations, murals and branding.
We generally take on 1 or 2 commissions every month.
We are also available for graphic recording – a real-time translation of conversations or presentations into text and pictures, that helps lead groups and individuals towards a goal. We have done this work at international conferences in Nairobi, Kenya and Abuja, Nigeria. Let us know if you'd like to see what we created!


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Home > Entertainment > Monica Bellucci to visit India for MAMI Fest
Monica Bellucci to visit India for MAMI Fest
Agencies15 Sep 2017 4:30 AM GMT
Mumbai: Globally known Italian actress Monica Bellucci will head to Mumbai in October to be a part of the 'Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival with Star'. She is very excited to make her first visit to the country.
Known for movies like "The Matrix Reloaded", "The Matrix Revolutions", "The Passion of the Christ" and for being the oldest Bond girl at 50 in "Spectre", Bellucci will also be honoured with a special award at the gala.
"I am very touched and honoured to receive an award by the Mumbai Film Festival as well as presenting some of my films there. It is very exciting to come to India for the first time," Bellucci said in a statement.
She also thanked the organisers for extending the invitation to her.
Anupama Chopra, the festival director, told IANS: "Monica Bellucci is an incredible actor, and to my mind, the most beautiful woman in the world. I'm so thrilled that she can come and be with us at the festival."
Among Bellucci's films that will be screened are "On The Milky Road" and "Irreversible".
According to a source in the know of developments, filmmaker Anurag Kashyap will be in conversation with Bellucci at a session during the gala.
Also, Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan is likely to host a party for the actress.
The 19th edition of the movie jamboree, run by Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI) will get underway here on October 12 and will run till October 18 across seven venues here.
Over 220 films from 49 countries and filmed in 51 languages are part of the line-up, which will begin with Kashyap's "Mukkabaaz (The Brawler)".
Popular director John Madden, whose "Shakespeare In Love" had won an Oscar, and who helmed "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" series -- widely shot in India -- will serve as head of the international jury at the festival.


Read more about Calais Volleyball DAC Champions!
Raye's Mustard Mill Museum of Eastport received significant boosts in recent days with notification that it has been awarded federal tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code.
Voters will be presented with determining their approval for five separate questions in this referendum election. Most of the questions are bond issues; the first is a citizen initiative.
Read more about CDRC's Scarecrow Fest!
John (Jake) and Rhonda Chambers are the owners of Adult Family Care Homes of Maine, which started in Calais in 1999 and has expanded into Robbinston, Eastport, Bucksport, Frankfort and Pittsfield, bringing the current total to nine homes in four counties in Eastern and Central Maine.
On Tuesday September 18 the annual Calais High School cross country meet was again hosted at the Moosehorn Refuge but this race took on a new special significance. Addison Coty was lost in a tragic accident this summer. Addison graduated from CHS in June completing an exceptional career in academics and athletics at the school.


Acadia Center identifies critical issues and opportunities to make a real difference. Strategies include enhancing existing policies, pioneering new approaches, and scaling solutions and best practices for all jurisdictions.
Acadia Center develops effective policy reforms that are directly informed by years of experience in on-the-ground implementation. Acadia Center's staff members are capable and respected experts in economics, policy, and law, and they combine the passion for public service with professional ability.
Climate change is a problem that doesn't obey party lines, borders or divisions among sectors and classes, so solutions have to transcend those boundaries, too. Acadia Center's outcome-oriented approach seeks to maximize the long-term benefits for all involved. Partnerships and cooperation with allies from all sectors— including business, community, consumer and health—are part of this successful strategy. Acadia Center also advocates policy models that institutionalize stakeholder participation in key processes like energy planning.
By focusing our efforts on the state/provincial and regional levels, Acadia Center has been able to circumvent national gridlock on climate and energy issues and apply our efforts where they may generate the greatest traction. The pioneering models are relevant and viable elsewhere, and these best practices have been exported to other jurisdictions as well as exploring ways to scale them to the national or cross-border levels.


I got these charm-detailed hair ties from MARC BY MARC JACOBS.
Gold, mint and grey elastics with gold-toned logo and disc charms.
The charms will add a polished look to a ponytail.
This is a navy blue shirt with white rabbit print from Paul & Joe Sister. Yes! I love rabbits.
I needed to get this shirt with lovely rabbit motifs to be in a good state of mind. It looks perfect for a everyday look.
I got a 100% cow leather bag, Core Classic Q Fran from MARC BY MARC JACOBS.
I really love the beautiful leather grain, and I am going to use it as my everyday bag.
This bag must be very easy-to-use, and it has a detachable cross-body strap, providing many convenient carrying options.
I got a trio of Marc by Marc Jacobs hair ties. I love these contrasting colours.
The embossed charms adds a polished look to a ponytail.
I got a purple shirt with a button-down collar from Milk Fed.
I'm so comfortable in this shirt.
This embroidered logo shirt looks classic and chic with skinny jeans or pleated skirt.
I got another heart motif cardigan from Milk Fed.
The cardigan has purple heart applique on the elbow.
I love the way that the looks with jeggings, and this cardigan is easy for every day.
The perfect top layer to any summer outfit.
I got this cotton shirt from Paul & Joe Sister.
White cotton, classic shirt collar and snap button front closure with cat image… I'm going to wear it with skinny jeans for a relaxed look.
I got this heart motif cardigan from Milk Fed.
The cardigan has red heart applique on the elbow.
Happy with the fit and quality.
This dressy cardigan looks great with skirt, skinny jeans and others.


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Goodreads Blog - RSS Feed
Goodreads Blog
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39 Doorstopper Books to Spend Some Time With
It's a good time of year for big plans. You've got most of 2023 ahead of you. Why not dream big? In this spirit, we've collected below our semi-annual listing of "doorstopper" books – massive tomes with big page counts for the truly intrepid reader. In fact, this year we went really big. All the books below have official counts of more than 500 pages....
Uncanny (Silicon) Valley! New Fiction about Technology, Startups, and Social Media
Many years in the future, when the history of our era is written—by robots, probably—we will be remembered as a people seriously conflicted about our relationship to technology. You can find examples of this throughout the culture—in movies, music, TV shows, and especially in our books. We've collected below a grouping of recent novels about this fraught...
2023 Heats Up with These Highly Anticipated Romance Novels
Falling in love, as a human endeavor, may be the single most popular story template in the history of books. As well it should be. Falling in love is both fun and terrifying—like surfing, but without the sharks. Usually. Below is our month-by-month breakdown of the most anticipated romance novels of the new year, as determined by an alchemy of the titles...
2023's Most Anticipated New Fantasy and Science Fiction
As usual, the new year means we're neck-deep in the data about upcoming books here at Goodreads World Headquarters. The upside is that certain things are becoming clear. For instance: This year is shaping up to be a seriously good one for those of us who savor thoughtful and ambitious speculative fiction. We've gathered below the year's most anticipated...
2023's Most Anticipated Young Adult Books
As always, the new year brings new books, new authors, and new young adults with interesting problems. Navigating a summer fling, say. Or turning into a feral ghoul. Sorting through the upcoming YA novels for the new year, we've noticed a definite trend developing. Readers are demonstrating an interest in the dark side, with a decided uptick of interest...
The Most Anticipated Horror Novels of 2023
Here at Goodreads World Headquarters, we have noticed, of late, a decided uptick in the number of readers interested in horror novels. Is it a symptom of the pandemic? Of the general vibe on the planet right now? Is the world just a scarier place? Maybe. It may also be much simpler: This particular genre has seen an influx of very good new writers in...
Girls Who Bite! Holly Black Recommends Monstrously Good YA Reads
Holly Black is the author of more than 30 fantasy novels, including Tithe, The Coldest Girl in Coldtown, and her 2022 adult debut, Book of Night. She won the 2019 and 2020 Goodreads Choice Award for Best Young Adult Fantasy and Science Fiction for The Wicked King and The Queen of Nothing, the second and third books in her The Folk of the Air series.This...
72 Books for Career and Financial Success in 2023
If you're feeling like you could do with some inspiration on how to be successful at your current job, find a new role, and advance your career, this list of books highly rated by Goodreads members is packed with expert guidance.We're pretty confident you don't need our help to discover classics like What Color is Your Parachute and What Got You Here...
2022's Young Adult Authors Reflect on an Excellent Year in YA Reading
When it comes to finding a great young adult reading recommendation, who better to ask for a suggestion (or four) than the people who write the books for a living?We asked a handful of authors who released YA books in 2022 to reflect back on their year in reading and to select and sum up a few of their favorite young adult titles. You'll see...
Looking for a Winning Read? Check Out These 2022 Literary Prize Recipients
While reader tastes are far too varied for us to ever call a book a "sure thing" for everyone, literary awards can offer useful signposts when it comes to that pesky what-should-I-read-next problem. To make things even easier, we've gathered up the books that won major prizes in the book world this year, along with some information and trivia...


Godzilla is an epic monster in its own right, but how much more epic would it be if famed Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu made a film with that giant, misunderstood lizard? Introducing Ozuzilla.
Keyframe's Jonathan Kiefer melds the two together in this entertaining mashup of Ozu's Floating Weeds and Hideaki Anno and Shinji Higuchi's Godzilla: Resurgence. He also included music from Star Trek Beyond and Independence Day: Resurgence to help make this video as legendary as possible.
But the one thing they may have in common is that they're both a little misunderstood and even under-appreciated for what they are.
...typo in the title? "If" not "in" - right?
Isn't that typo in the title just a little embarrassing? Took me a moment to realize it should be "if."


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Grassy Park has a memorial service for slain cop
Africa-Press – South-Africa. The memorial service for slain Constable Ashwin Pedro was held in Grassy Park, Cape Town, on Wednesday.
The memorial service at the Civic Centre in Grassy Park was preceded by a parade in Belhar and a wreath-laying ceremony at the Grassy Park police station.
The provincial police commissioner, Lieutenant-General Thembisile Patekile, along with the Community Safety and Police Oversight MEC, Reagan Allen, were in attendance.
Pedro was shot and killed in the line of duty last Thursday.
He and his partner were following up on a tip-off relating to an armed man in Blackbird Avenue in Grassy Park at around 17:45.
During an altercation, Pedro was shot in the chest and died. His partner, who had tried to help, escaped unharmed.
A 42-year-old man was arrested in connection with the shooting.
Allen said Pedro lost his life while "diligently performing his duties to serve the community".
"I encourage all communities across the province to work with the police and all other law enforcement agencies. All crimes should be reported, so that criminals can be arrested and convicted. Gangsters and criminals should know that they are not welcome in our communities and they will have no place to hide."
The chairperson of the Grassy Park Community Policing Forum, Melvyn Jonkers, previously told News24 that Pedro was a "kind-hearted person", who was well-liked by the community.
Jonkers said the memorial service was well-attended by both the community and the police.
"The civic centre where the memorial was held was packed. From what we can see, the family is coping, but they are naturally very sad, especially the siblings and the mother," he said.
"Police and emergency services are often victims of attacks in our precinct, not just by criminals, but by some community members as well. We launched a campaign at the beginning of the year aimed towards creating awareness around this increasing issue," said Jonkers.
According to Jonkers, Pedro was killed by a known gangster in the area, which was unfortunate, given that the community needed protection from these very criminals who kill police.
For More News And Analysis About South-Africa Follow Africa-Press
Africa Press-South-Africa
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Checkers runs ads in UK, Australia – to remind expats of 'better lifestyle' in SA
Two City Law Enforcement officers die after accident on road outside Joostenbergvlakte
Eskom to borrow R4bn for diesel as Treasury dishes out tough love
Get tough on transformation in multibillion-rand events industry, says Gauteng Tourism CEO
Silky Stormers switch tact after selecting changed side: 'We're here to compete, not entertain'


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U.S. Ambassador (Wikileaks): Norwegian Government Sympathetic to Hamas
You might remember the attack on me by the Norwegian foreign minister, deputy foreign minister, and ambassador after I pointed out the fact that the country's government and especially its Labor party showed sympathy for terrorist groups, especially Hamas.
Norway's media and government were angry that someone might dare criticize their policies. Criticism, as they define it, is what they get to do to other countries, especially Israel.
But guess what? A new Wikileaks release shows us that the U.S. ambassador to Norway reported precisely what I said. According to Ambassador Benson K. Whitney in 2009:
"Although the Government of Norway would deny it, there are clear signs that contacts with Hamas go beyond a tactical desire for dialogue to a level of sympathy for Hamas positions. "
He added that, for example, the foreign minister explained that Hamas couldn't be expected to recognize Israel since it didn't know what borders Israel was claiming, and concluded, "While the Foreign Minister expresses some sympathy for the Hamas position only in unguarded moments other prominent Norwegians go further."
Note: This material cannot be written in the Jerusalem Post because the newspaper has forbidden my writing about Norway, lest that government complains about my revealing the truth regarding its policies.
To see all of my PajamasMedia (PJ Media) articles in full, go to:
http://pajamasmedia.com/barryrubin/


Rather than opting for extraction of an infected tooth, modern root canal treatment can help save your smile and relieve a painful toothache.
Perhaps one of the most misunderstood dental treatments is root canal therapy. Often associated with pain, root canal therapy actually relieves the pain associated with an infected tooth. Root canal therapy becomes necessary when decay or trauma causes inflammation in the pulp of the tooth, or near the root apex (tip). Root canals remove infected tissue and bacteria to promote healing and are often the only way to save a troubled tooth.
Occasionally, we may detect the need for root canal treatment on routine digital x-rays. Infection appears as a dark shadow on images. Most often, however, the first signs that a root canal is necessary is pain or toothache. Discomfort may begin as a nagging sensitivity to heat or pressure and can quickly progress into pain that makes it difficult to sleep or concentrate, which is why we recommend that you contact us at the first sign of a change to your oral health.
You may have one or multiple symptoms. Our team will provide guidance regarding the necessity of immediate treatment when you contact the surgery.
To determine if you need root canal treatment, our team will take digital x-rays of the affected teeth for Dr Paul Rollason to review. He may also perform simple vitality tests if the x-rays are not conclusive. Dr Rollason will then discuss his findings, and if root canal treatment is recommended, he will numb the tooth completely before getting started.
Once the anaesthetic takes effect, a small access point in the tooth will allow Dr Rollason to clean the tooth canals using precision rotary instruments. Unlike old-fashioned manual files, rotary instruments quickly and thoroughly remove diseased tissue and bacteria. Once the canals are polished, Dr Rollason will place medication and fill the canals before sealing the tooth with a temporary filling to prevent reinfection.
Patients report immediate relief following root canal treatment, although it is normal for some sensitivity to remain for several days to a week. You can take an anti-inflammatory medication approved by your doctor to eliminate discomfort.
Because the nerve fibres and blood supply have been removed from the tooth, your root canal-treated tooth can become brittle. We usually recommend a dental crown to add stability and to protect the natural tooth from the force of chewing.
Absolute Dental Care utilises the most modern endodontic instruments available for your health and comfort. If you live in the Taringa area and have tooth pain or an emergency, contact our surgery to book an appointment. We often provide same-day emergency dentistry.
Are Swelling and Sensitivity Keeping You Awake?


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Riemannův (Riemannův-Christoffelův) tenzor křivosti je geometrický objekt, který umožní odlišit plochý prostoročas od zakřiveného prostoročasu. Jeho odvození spočívá v myšlence paralelního přenosu vektoru. Riemannův tenzor křivosti lze použít k vyjádření křivosti libovolné variety s afinní konexí. Riemannův tenzor křivosti lze považovat z míru nekomutativnosti kovariantních derivací. Zakřivením prostoru se rozumí odchylka jeho metriky od metriky eukleidovského prostoru.

Riemannův tenzor lze vyjádřit pomocí afinních konexí a kovariantních derivací jako:

Algebraické vlastnosti Rienmannova tenzoru

Geometrie
Riemannova geometrie


Shimane Prefecture Travel Logs of "大自然"
This is a summary of all the Travel Logs related to 大自然 that we have available for the Shimane Prefecture(Japan) area. Please go ahead and click on them if you want to read their contents. Does reading about 大自然 in Shimane Prefecture(Japan) make you want to go there too? In that case let's start planning your next trip!
Back to Top of Shimane Prefecture Travel Logs of "大自然"


One of recent trends in the process of digitalization within local governments infrastructure such as city councils, governmental agencies and departments is a growing use of cloud-based software solutions which are improving their functionality in many segments.
Since most of the paperwork, statistic and public data is now digitized and more easily accessible by both governmental staff and citizens, the next logical step in this process is the adoption of cloud computing in regular governmental workflows.
So, why do local governments often choose cloud-based GIS solutions over desktop GIS?
1. Cloud GIS significantly improves collaboration between different people who share and update the mapping data. Collecting, adding, editing and publishing location data can be done simultaneously, enabling field crews and office staff to collaborate in real time.
2. Improved collaboration brings more efficiency to department's workflows and therefore reduces time, costs and energy for various departments. With cloud-based software, you can do more in less time, utilizing smartphones, tablets and office computers as an extension for improved flow of information. You no longer have to collect data in the field, go to the office, wait for it to upload, and then start with the analysis or further planning. Now governments can execute their projects and make decisions based on real time data.
3. Cost-effectiveness: cloud solutions are usually more cost effective than desktop GIS solutions for at least two reasons. One is that using cloud GIS doesn't require investing in "in-house" servers, therefore reducing the costs of technology together with costs of hiring extra IT staff for server maintenance. The other is connected with improving staff's workflow which reduces the cost of working hours.
4. Citizen Engagement – Last but not the least, Cloud GIS solutions are the perfect tools for driving citizen engagement by opening your data to public use and interaction. The data is already in the cloud which also means that it is just a few clicks away from publishing.
Want to know more about GIS Cloud solutions for governments? Contact us here.
Also – watch out for our webinar announcements this on our social sites (Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin) or check out GIS Solutions for Smart Cities webinar recording.


Protect yourself when skating, boarding or scootering with the Elektra Pad Set Green, which includes cool looking knee and elbow pads, allowing you to really enjoy trying out new moves and tricks knowing you will be safe from minor impacts and abrasions.
The Elektra Pad Set Green will fit your _VEHICLEYEAR_ _VEHICLEMAKE_ _VEHICLEMODEL_ Click here to Change vehicle and no additional parts are required for fitting.
Once you've added the Elektra Pad Set Green to your basket, the items you've selected above will also be added to your order.
£9.99 Protect yourself from bumps and scrapes with the Elektra Pad Set Green.


PRITHWE....EARTH & US is the brainchild of Architect Mayank Barjatya & Priti Bhandari, Prithwe is an autonomous organization dedicated to bringing together the technical, biological understanding and ecological sensitivity to create healthy homes and workplaces.
Prithwe is the center for rediscovering Architecture & building Science with a different perspective.
The Prithwe Philosophy includes Research, Education & Consultancy with an underlining holistic approach for healthy living.
Prithwe's main objective is to educate, the non-practiced part of building science, which involves genres concerning nature, agriculture, healing of the human body and its habitat.
• Organic Food growing techniques.
• Bamboo in structural architecture.
The institute promotes interaction and participation of students from all over the world, involving exchange programs to various international locations.
Special sponsorships for students from rural backgrounds are offered to help develop and upgrade local communities.


Stefana McClure's sequence of eight drawings were inspired by the two-line subtitles of the 2001 BBC documentary ›The Blue Planet‹, an eight-part series exploring the world's oceans and their importance for the Earth. All the subtitles relating to each episode are summarized in a drawing: on top of a sheet of carbon paper whose carbon side was uppermost during the creative phase, the artist placed another sheet of paper onto which she wrote the entire text of the subtitles by hand – always at exactly the position on the two-line template where the text would be faded in during the programme. This caused the blue particles of ink to rub off from the carbon paper, which was almost entirely the case whenever a particularly large number of letters were written down, in other words in the middle of the lines of text. Here there was almost nothing left of the blue pigment and the whiteness of the paper became visible. By contrast, on the left and right-hand edges individual letters could be made out.
Accordingly, each drawing contains an enormous density of information, without the viewer being able to access the relevant information. The series can be seen as a metaphor for our media society flooded by a wave of overlapping information in such a way that the individual items cancel one another out and can no longer serve as an aid to making the right kinds of decisions – even in the case of matters of global proportions.


"We decided to give homestay a try and haven't looked back.
"Study Tour Australia, facilitates the visits in a professional, efficient manner.
Study Tour Australia provide quality homestay for visiting students and their Homestay Coordinator, Ivan You, is very connected to the homestays.