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What is the full form of UPSC? | What is UPSC full form? | What does UPSC stand for? | What is the full form UPSC? | What is the meaning of UPSC? | UPSC Full Form | What is meaning of UPSC?
UPSC stands for Union Public Service Commission.
What is UPSC? | History of UPSC
UPSC, From the historical writings and official documents of the East India Company(EIC), we came to know that Civil Servants for the EIC were nominated by the Directors of the Company and thereafter trained at Haileybury College in London and then sent to India.
Initially, the examinations for the Indian Civil Service were conducted only in London and the maximum age was 23 years and the minimum age was 18 years. In 1864, the first Indian, Shri Satyendranath Tagore brother of Shri Rabindranath Tagore succeeded and became the first ICS officer of Indian origin.
From 1922 onwards the Indian Civil Service Examination began to be held in India also, first in Allahabad and later in Delhi with the setting up of the Federal PSC(Public Service Commission).Entry into Imperial Police opened to Indians only after 1920 and the following year examinations for the service were conducted both in England and India. Till 1931, Indians were appointed against 20% of the total posts of Superintendents of Police. However, more Indians were appointed to the Indian Police from the year 1939 onwards.
Regarding Forest Service, British Indian Government started the Imperial Forest Department in 1864. After independence, the Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 under the All India Service Act 1951. With the passing of the Indian Act 1919, the Imperial Services headed by the Secretary of State for India was split into two-All India Services and Central Services.
UPSC is a Constitutional Body under Article 315-323 Part XIV Chapter II of the Constitution of India to discharge their duties, functions, and obligations assigned under Article 320. The UPSC conducts various examinations in accordance with the Rules of examination as notified by the Government of India in a just, fair, and impartial manner for making a merit-based selection and recommendation of candidates for various Group A and Group B Services of the Govt. of India.
When was UPSC established? | When UPSC established?
The origin of the PSC in India was found in the Indian Constitutional Reforms of 5th March 1919 which referred to the need for setting up some permanent office charged with the regulation of service matters. It was on October 1, 1926, that the PSC was set up in India for the first time, consisting of four members in addition to the Chairman. Sir Ross Barker, a member of the Home Civil Service of the United Kingdom was the first Chairman of the Commission.
The functions of the PSC were regulated by the PSC (Functions) Rules, 1926 framed under sub-section (2) of Section 96(C) of the Government of India Act, 1919. Further, the Government of India Act, 1935 envisaged a PSC for the Federation and a Provincial PSC for each Province or group of Provinces. Therefore, on 1st April 1937, the PSC became the Federal PSC.
With the inauguration of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, the FPSC came to be known as the UPSC or Union Public Service Commission, and the Chairman and Members of the FPSC became Chairman and Members of the UPSC by Clause (1) of Article 378 of the Constitution. The Union Public Service Commission has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India.
Who is the chairman of UPSC? | How many members in UPSC? | What does the UPSC? | Who appoints the chairman of UPSC?
The current chairman of UPSC is Dr. Manoj Soni (till 27/06/2023), The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President in UPSC and by the Governor of the concerned state in State PSC, Provided that as nearly as may be one-half of the members of every PSC shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least 10 years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State.
If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant then his duties will be performed by such other members of the Commission as the President(in UPSC) and the Governor of the State(in SPSC) may appoint for the purpose. A member of a PSC shall hold office for a term of 6 years or until he attains the age of 65 years(for UPSC) or the age of 62 years, whichever is earlier. A person who holds office as a member of a PSC shall be ineligible for reappointment to that office.
The Commission consists of a Chairman and ten Members.
The terms and conditions of service of the Chairman and Members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969. The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with two Additional Secretaries, several Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, and other supporting staff.
The Union Public Service Commission has been entrusted with the following duties and roles under the Constitution:
Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through the conduct of competitive examinations.
Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by Selection through Interviews.
Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-deputation.
Advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts.
Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services.
Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses, etc.
The major role played by the Commission is to select persons to man the various Central Civil Services and Posts and the Services common to the Union and States (viz. All-India Services).
What is UPSC exam? | What is UPSC CSE? | What is UPSC CSE exam? | What is CSE in UPSC? | Who conduct UPSC exam?
UPSC Examination Notices encapsulate the Rules of Examinations notified by the Government. Examination Notices of all the 13 Structured Examinations are uploaded on the Commission's website around 3 months before the date of Examination.
Examination Notices (indicative) are also published in the Employment News/Rozgar Samachar.
The Civil Services Examination (CSE) comprises two successive stages: the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (CSP) and the Civil Services (Main) Examination (Written and Interview).
UPSC conducts Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and other Central Services and posts by the Rules published by the Government (Department of Personnel & Training) in the Gazette of India Extraordinary.
This Examination is meant to serve as a screening test only; the marks obtained in the Preliminary Examination by the candidates, who are declared qualified for admission to the Main Examination, are not counted for determining their final order of merit. Only those candidates, who are reported by the Commission to have qualified in the Preliminary Examination in the year, will be eligible to appear at the Main Examination of that year provided they are otherwise eligible for admission to the Main Examination.
UPSC's Annual Programme (Calendar) of Examinations/RTs (Recruitment Tests) publishes all the Structured Examinations / RTs conducted by it at least 6 months in advance (i.e. in June) for the Examinations / RTs to be conducted during the next calendar year. The Programme is uploaded on the UPSC's website and also published in the leading newspapers of the country. The date of issue of Examination Notice for each Examination is also mentioned in this Annual Programme.
What is LBSNAA in UPSC?
The Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), at Mussoorie, is a premier training institution for civil services in India. It is headed by a Director (an officer of the level of Secretary to the Government of India). It is an attached office of the Department of Personnel & Training, Government of India.
It conducts a common Foundation Course for entrants to the All India Services; Indian Foreign Service; Group 'A' services of the Union and the Royal Bhutan Service followed by professional training for the regular recruits of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and members of the Royal Bhutan Service.
The Academy also conducts in-service and Mid-Career Training Programmes (MCTPs) for members of the IAS and an Induction Training Programme for officers promoted to the IAS from State Civil Services. In addition, workshops and seminars on policy and governance-related issues are held from time to time.
The Rules/ Regulations that pertain to the work of the Academy are as follows:
The IAS (Probation) Rules, 1954
The IAS (Probation) Rules specify the period of probation of a person recruited into the IAS. A person is confirmed on successful completion of probation. While under training at the Academy, Officer Trainees (OTs) are under the disciplinary control of the Director & the salaries/advances paid during the training are covered under these Rules.
The Rules list the circumstances under which an Officer Trainee may be discharged from Service or reverted to the permanent post on which he holds a lien, or would hold a lien, had s/he not been suspended prior to her/his appointment to the Service, if-
If she/he fails the re-examination under rule 9.
If the Central Government is satisfied that the probationer was ineligible for recruitment to the Service or is unsuitable for being a member of the Service.
In the opinion of the Central Government s/he has wilful neglected his probationary studies or duties.
Found lacking in qualities of mind and character needed for the Service; or
Fails to comply with any of the provisions of these Rules.
Except in a case falling under clause (a) above, the Central Government shall hold a summary enquiry before passing an order under these rules.
2. The IAS Probationer's Final Examination Regulations, 1955
These Regulations deal with the examinations to be conducted in the Academy during the Induction training. It has been laid down that the Director has the authority to decide the dates, timing, and venue of the exams.
Provisions of the Constitution of India concerning the Civil Services:
Article 311 of the Constitution of India deals with the Civil Services and provides for dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
The Article provides as under:
No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed.
No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges Provided that where it is proposed after such inquiry, to impose upon him any such penalty, such penalty may be imposed based on the evidence adduced during such inquiry and it shall not be necessary to give such person any opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed: Provided further that this clause shall not apply.
Where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge; or
Where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry.
Where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is satisfied that in the interest of the security of the State, it is not expedient to hold such inquiry
If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question arises whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry as is referred to in clause (2), the decision of the authority to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be final.
Training Needs Assessment: Training programs at the Academy are designed and developed on basis of the training needs and assessments done from time to time. Various Study Groups and Committees have been constituted from time to time to review, evaluate and recommend measures for improvement of the training curricula – from entry-level to the highest level of seniority.
LBSNAA Building Premises
How can I apply for UPSC exam? | How to apply for UPSC exam?
Candidates can apply online for the UPSC Examinations by accessing the online portal hosted on the UPSC's website (https://upsconline.nic.in). The Time for applying online is clearly mentioned in the Examination Notice.
A candidate gets about 3 weeks to apply online and can fill up the online application by following the instructions provided on the website Page 2 of 19 for filling up the online application.
How many post in UPSC? | What are the posts in UPSC?
Although, the number of vacancies opened through UPSC-CSE every year is tentative. It varies as per the requirement for the fresh IAS officers created by the Government in various departments. The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) contains the following posts under various departments:
UPSC conducts various exams given below:
S. No. Name of Examinations
1 India Engineering Services
2 Combined Geo-Scientist
3 CBI (DSP) LDCE
4 CISF AC(EXE) LDCE
5 N.D.A. & N.A. Examination
6 C.D.S. Examination
7 Civil Services Examination
8 Indian Forest Service through CSE Examination
9 I.E.S./I.S.S. Examination
10 Combined Medical Services Examination
11 Central Armed Police Forces (ACs) Examination
12 S.O./Steno (GD-B/GD-I) LDCE
UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) contains following posts:
Indian Administrative Service
Indian Foreign Service
Indian Police Service
Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group 'A'
Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group 'A'
Indian Corporate Law Service, Group 'A'
Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group 'A'
Indian Defence Estates Service, Group 'A'
Indian Information Service, Junior Grade Group 'A'
Indian Postal Service, Group 'A'
Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service, Group 'A'
Indian Railway Protection Force Service, Group 'A'
Indian Revenue Service (Customs & Indirect Taxes) Group 'A'
Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax) Group 'A'
Indian Trade Service, Group 'A' (Grade III)
Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group 'B' (Section Officer's Grade)
Delhi, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service (DANICS), Group 'B'
Delhi, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service (DANIPS), Group 'B'
Pondicherry Civil Service (PONDICS), Group 'B'
What is UPSC syllabus? | How to download UPSC syllabus? | Syllabus of UPSC | Syllabus for UPSC Prelims
To download the syllabus of the UPSC CSE Exam, kindly read it online / download it from the following link:
Download UPSC Syllabus
How many attempts for UPSC exam? | How many attempts in UPSC? | How many UPSC attempts?
Every candidate appearing at the examination, who is otherwise eligible, shall be permitted six (6) attempts at the CSE. However, relaxation in the number of attempts will be available to the SC/ST/OBC and PwBD category candidates who are otherwise eligible. The number of attempts available to such candidates as per relaxation is as under:
For SC/ST: unlimited attempts
For OBC: 9 attempts
For PwBD: 9 attempts for GL/EWS/OBS and unlimited attempts for SC/ST
NOTE: For more information, kindly refer to pages number 12,13 from the PDF downloaded through the above link.
What is UPSC CDS? | UPSC-CDS
Combined Defence Services Examination is conducted by the Union Public Service for admission to the under-mentioned courses:—
Indian Military Academy, Dehradun
Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala
Air Force Academy, Hyderabad
Officers' Training Academy, Chennai
What is the reserve list in UPSC? | Reservation Quota in UPSC
Several reserved seats depend upon the number of vacancies provided by the UPSC from time to time through its notification. For further information kindly refer to pages number 18-20 from the PDF downloaded from the above link.
Is UPSC tough to crack? | Is UPSC exam tough to crack? | How difficult is UPSC? | Is UPSC tough?
UPSC Civil Services Exam(CSE) is considered one of the top 10 toughest exams on Earth for the recruitment of IAS, IPS, IFS, etc. The list of the top 10 toughest exams in the world is given below:
UPSC Civil Services Exam (UPSC CSE): INDIA
IIT Joint Entrance Examination (JEE): INDIA
Graduate Aptitude Test In Engineering (GATE): INDIA
Gaokao: CHINA
Master Sommelier Diploma Exam: UK
All Souls Prize Fellowship Exam: UK
Law National Aptitude Test (LNAT): UK
Mensa IQ Test
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA): US
Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert (CCIE): Cisco Systems Company
If UPSC CSE is impossible to crack then, how aspirants are able to crack the exam every year and fill all the vacancies notified by the commission. A person who wishes to crack the UPSC Exam can't do the same only by his/her wish, as it takes a lot of time in understanding and memorizes the whole syllabus word-by-word, and more importantly, it needs well-disciplined hard work.
Aspirants must understand that a smart preparation strategy is the call of the hour. One should use their leisure time on social media to watch interviews of those who cracked the exam, mistakes in their strategy, lack of motivation, extra socialization, and online tests provided for free by many coaching institutes, which can help them in preparation and motivation, unless the aspirant him/herself may not be caught in watching and spending time on social media only.
About 12-14 lakhs candidates fill the UPSC CSE application form every year, out of which half or more appear for the Preliminary exam i.e. only about 6-7 lakhs, the candidates who took the exam seriously are only 1% of the total, i.e. only 1-1.2 lakh serious aspirants, among the serious candidates 99% of them are preparing for the exam from the last 3-5 years.
Out of which less than 15% of aspirants succeed for the mains exam i.e, 12000-15000 and less than 7-9% of them qualify the interview process according to the total vacancies 700-1000 (unspecified). From the data, one can easily find that his/her competition is from 12000-15000 very serious aspirants in the Preliminary exam only.
UPSC exam is considered to be tough because of its wide syllabus and serious understanding of the current affairs topics. The preliminary exam has a very wide syllabus but deep understanding is not much required whereas the Mains exam needs a deep understanding of the topics and your answer writing speed should be fast with readable handwriting, diagram, and no spelling mistakes.
Common reasons due to which UPSC exam seems complicated:
Lack of self-believe, believing only in coaching institutes and other's notes in the market
Lack of self-discipline, self-motivation, time management
No proper understanding and memorization of the syllabus
No proper daily, weekly, or monthly strategy
No proper reading of NCERTs books, just reading for the sake of reading without understanding
Making notes by reading a book only once
Making notes but not memorizing them daily
No answer writing practice
Focus on only the main exam, neglecting prelims preparation
Focus on only Prelims exam, neglecting mains preparation
No tests, whether online, offline, or self-made tests
Lack of sleep, which decreases memorizing and focusing power
Keep busy in motivating yourself and day-dreaming without hard work
No proper reason for cracking the exam, just copying others or wanting to take revenge after selection
Busy in gossip during group study, with non-serious candidates
No free time for yourself to keep your brain calm
How to crack UPSC? | How to start preparing for UPSC? | How to start UPSC preparation from zero level at home? | How can I prepare for UPSC? | Can I crack UPSC without coaching? | How to prepare UPSC without coaching? | Interview of UPSC
Anyone can crack the UPSC exam even without coaching but the candidate should have the guts to face and solve the problems during preparation by him/herself. Keep in mind that mock tests are very useful for both preliminary and main examinations, so the candidate(if possible) must join the test series of coaching institutes whether online test series or offline whichever is comfortable and economically viable for the candidate.
Probably all aspirants have the fear that they will not be able to crack the UPSC exam, even without taking even a single step forward and those who lack the courage to face this fear which is created or induced by society, friends, colleagues, and largely by yourself, will never make their mind to step forward.
First, believe in yourself and have a small circle of supportive friends or brother-sister, etc., and give yourself a strong reason why you want to reach that goal. Have a daily routine that makes you healthy and fit, like yoga, meditation, and exercise, be sure to not do things that will make you sleepy, like heavy exercise or running, etc.
After that, you must go through the UPSC CSE full syllabus thoroughly and try to solve at least 3-4 previous years' preliminary exam question papers and just read the CSE Mains question paper, which will provide some understanding about the pattern of the exam. You must opt for the optional subject seriously because it helps very much in determining the rank in UPSC, so don't choose a subject that makes you feel bored.
Don't be so fast in choosing the same subject as the optional one from which you have done graduation. You can do a survey by yourself of about 3-4 optional subjects after reading their syllabus and some books (if available), then after choosing the most comfortable one. Reading and memorizing the syllabus is a must.
You must have to read and understand the relevant NCERT books daily with a target of reading them about 3-4 times in 3-4 months and make your strategy or daily schedule of reading the newspaper and NCERT books with a monthly schedule of reading the two magazines (YOJANA/KURUKSHETRA) and make notes from them.
Select only one newspaper (The Hindu, The Indian Express) to read daily whichever is comfortable for you, and don't read the outdated newspaper to cover the news as it will only waste your time because a piece of single news is published several times within a year. Remember to keep the syllabus handy at starting of preparation, this will let you know which news and editorials are relevant for UPSC exam preparation. With a dedicated and disciplined strategy of reading the newspaper for 1-1.5 months, you will be able to recognize the relevant topics for UPSC without the need for the syllabus in hand.
NOTE: One must read the newspaper early in the morning so that your daily plan of reading/understanding NCERTs should not be disturbed.
During the initial period (1-1.5 months) of preparation, after reading the newspaper, rest your mind for a while and after that according to your daily schedule, study any of the two NCERT books for 1 hour each, whichever books you want to start with. Be sure, to have the syllabus handy at starting.
Keep this hardworking pace for about 3-4 months and give the last reading of NCERTs books and make notes from them, so that you must not be forced to open the book again. Once the note-making of NCERTs will be done, you must develop the habit of revising the NCERTs & Magazines notes daily as per your plan. These 3-4 months will develop the quality of sitting at a place for hours and fast reading and understanding of the topics, articles, editorials, etc., within you. Try to solve at least 5 previous years' CSAT question papers weekly on Sundays or as per your plan.
These qualities will help you further in studying the reference bulky books on several subjects which will take about another 3-4 months to fully cover the topics and after that, you should start working on your optional subject. Again, go through the syllabus of the optional subject thoroughly and add this to your daily schedule. Never forget to make notes of your optional subject as well after 2-3 times reading and understanding. Also, give about 1 hour daily exclusively to CSAT preparation in these months.
Aspirants should keep in mind that they must start their preparation at least 18 months earlier for the upcoming UPSC CSE Prelims exam to be held next year. Usually, the preliminary exam is held in the last week of May or the first week of June every year, so the aspirant should start preparing for the exam in January to be held next year in May/June.
After these steps, approximately 8-9 months will get over with all the general studies, NCERTs, and reference books get covered by you. Regarding the Optional subject, it'll take more time to cover but don't panic, as it would require generally 10 months to cover the whole syllabus of optional, it means that it'll take about 6 more months after the above-said step of 3-4 months.
In total, your complete syllabus for UPSC with the optional subject will be covered in about 14-15 months. The rest 3-4 months left out of the said 18 months duration would be exclusively used by the aspirants for UPSC CSE Preliminary exam.
The aspirants should solve mock prelims question papers in 2 hours, provided by many of the coaching institutes or freely available on the internet, or join any online/offline test series. Don't take the help of the internet during solving the paper otherwise, it will become a habit, be honest with yourself and just solve it in 2 hours and after that, check both the correct and incorrect answers thoroughly, it'll take about 3-4 hours, in total 6 hours.
So, mock paper solving must be weekly (on Sundays or as per your schedule) after covering the whole syllabus but during the last 3 months of preparation, one must solve mock tests as more as possible, this will help in developing the speed of solving and understanding the questions and give more time for revision of question paper within the specified 2 hours duration.
After covering the whole syllabus of GS (about 8-9 months), the aspirants must start answer writing and essay writing practice of both GS and the optional subject as well, either weekly or as per their daily plan. Go for the language paper of the UPSC CSE mains exam as well weekly.
Here, one must follow that notes-making from newspapers and magazines would remain to be continued during the preparation. The Notes-making strategy should be like that, every note related to a specific topic should be categorized accordingly. For each topic, the aspirant should make notes and club them together under each topic provided in the UPSC syllabus. This will make it easy for the aspirants to search and read any topics rapidly at any time.
The whole discussion above, if practiced honestly and routinely, one can easily crack the UPSC CSE preliminary exam. If failed, don't panic, as mostly all the selected candidates who cracked the whole UPSC CSE exam not succeeded in their first attempt, rather most of them got success after 3-4 attempts, one big thing that a failed aspirant should learn from the successful candidates is to continue the journey honestly without wasting time in other societal issues.
However, If the aspirant cracked the preliminary exam, then he/she must continue the preparation for answer writing, essay writing, and daily revision of topics in addition to newspapers and magazines. One can also join the online/offline mains test series which helps them in writing the answer more beautifully and speedily with no spelling mistakes. The answer should not be only in paragraph format as it seems boring for the examiner who checks the answer sheets of the aspirants.
However, it came into notice that the aspirants who point-wise answered the questions with diagrams and flow charts got more marks and cracked the UPSC CSE mains exam more easily. Remember to keep the handwriting neat & clean with no spelling mistakes. Follow the above recommendations in writing the answers to the questions in the optional subject as well.
If all goes well then the aspirant will crack the UPSC CSE mains exam as well, if not in the first attempt. After the main exams get over, take a pause for about 10 days and again start the journey, as no one knows whether she/he cracks the exam or not. Continue the daily routine of current affairs, newspaper, and revision of the topics.
If failed, don't feel sad, just keep moving. If passed, then also don't discontinue your daily schedule, but just add the new course of DAF to your schedule regarding the interview. Take the help of your mentors and other serious candidates who passed the main exam, to prepare for the DAF. On the day of your already scheduled interview, don't forget to read the newspaper of that day.
During the interview, don't do any unusual acting or way of talking in front of the interview panel. At the time of taking permission to come in, be sure that the suit you wear is buttoned or closed. After the permission is granted by them, you should open the buttons of the suit during walking (not after sitting or standing in front of the panel) to your seat, so that you must be comfortable during sitting, this is the formal manner & etiquette of entering and sitting.
During the interview just stay calm, and neutral, with no shaking legs, straight back, with palms on your laps, and be natural as who you are, and have a little natural smile on your face during answering them. Don't stare at the walls or anything on the table in front of the panel during the answer. Make respectful and disciplined eye contact during answering their questions.
If you don't know the answer to anything, just say "sorry mam/sir, I will see it today" or either they give you the answer then you must listen carefully to them, but don't ask them to answer by yourself, as you are the one whose interview is going on, not them. Just give the interview without tension, and again start the preparation journey. If failed then no issue, just go on preparing but if passed, then mainly 3 conditions will occur:
Cracked the UPSC CSE but with a lower rank with attempts left: one must try to improve the rank next year, and one must also go after State PSCs Exams
Cracked the UPSC CSE again with lower rank and no attempts left: one must compromise or else go for State PSCs exams or can do both simultaneously
Cracked The UPSC CSE with top rank and got the dream service: Welcome to the All India Services
What is CSAT in UPSC? | What is CSAT UPSC? | About CSAT
Civil Services Aptitude Test/CSAT is paper-2nd of the UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination. The paper is qualifying in nature and only 33% marks are required to qualify this paper but the paper is mandatory. It is of 200 marks with 2 hours duration For every incorrect answer, the candidate is penalized with 1/3rd of the total marks allotted to the question, i.e. 0.83 marks will be cut. The questions will be of multiple-choice, objective type.
It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the Papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination for the purpose of evaluation. Therefore a candidate will be disqualified in case he/she does not appear in both the papers of the Civil Services (Prelim) Examination.
This exam contains questions related to the following topics viz.-
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
Logical reasoning and analytical ability
Decision-making and problem solving
General mental ability
Basic numeracy which contains: numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. of 10th standard level
Data interpretation which contains: charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc. of 10th standard level
English Language Comprehension skills of 10th standard level
How to prepare for CSAT UPSC?
Many aspirants do not prepare for the CSAT paper and give only a month or less for its preparation, and get fail in the preliminary exam even if their marks in paper-1 are sufficient/above the cut-off marks to pass. Candidates failing in the CSAT paper are increasing because the UPSC is making the CSAT paper typical year on year since 2013.
So, the aspirants who want to clear the prelims exam must prepare for the CSAT as well thoroughly, with a dedicated day weekly towards it preparation from the beginning of preparation.
Firstly, try to solve at least 5 previous years' CSAT question papers and afterward start the preparation (according to the syllabus) weekly on Sundays or as per your plan for up to 3-4 months in the starting of your preparation and after that, give up to 1-hour daily till 4-5 months, exclusively to CSAT preparation.
During the last 3 months before the preliminary exam is going to be held, the candidate must solve mock tests of both paper-1 and 2, as more as possible, this will help in developing the speed of solving and understanding the questions and give more time for revision of the question paper within the specified 2 hours duration.
How many candidates are selected in UPSC every year?
The number of selected candidates depends upon the number of vacancies created by the commission. The number of vacancies changes every year, so there is no specific minimum or maximum limit of vacancies, but one can infer that the number must be within 700-1100.
Can I crack UPSC without coaching? | How to prepare UPSC without coaching?
Refer Here
Which online coaching is best for UPSC?
There are several coaching institutes that are now providing both classroom/offline and online classes as well, for the preparation of UPSC CSE. Names of some of these coachings are given below:
Vajiram and Ravi Institute for IAS
Editorials in Hindi
Vision IAS Institute
Next IAS Institute
Drishti IAS Institute
Clear IAS
Shankar IAS Academy
Vajirao Institute
Unacademy
StudyIQ
Byjus online classes for UPSC
Which coaching is best for UPSC?
The top-most and renowned coaching institutes for UPSC are:
What all subjects are there in UPSC? | How many optional subjects for UPSC? | How many subjects to study for UPSC? | What are the optional subjects in UPSC exam?
Though, there are several subjects whose knowledge is required to crack the UPSC CSE. The candidate is required to have command over the English language as well as one of the following recognized regional Indian languages:
Other subjects to study for UPSC CSE preparation are given below:
History and Geography of the World and Society
Bio-diversity
Security and Disaster Management
Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude
As there are a total of 26 optional subjects provided in which the literature subject contains many languages from which a candidate can opt for one of them. The List of optional subjects for the Main Examination is given below:
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
Commerce and Accountancy
Literature of any one of the following languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English.
Which newspaper is best for UPSC? | How to read newspaper for UPSC? | What to read in newspaper for UPSC? | Reading Newspaper for UPSC
The best newspapers for the UPSC CSE preparation are:
The Hindu: English newspaper
The Indian Express: English newspaper
Dainik Jagaran: Hindi newspaper
Dainik Bhaskar: Hindi newspaper
At the start of the UPSC exam preparation, the candidate must try to memorize the syllabus or just keep it open aside during the newspaper reading to recognize the relevant articles according to the syllabus. The recognition of relevant articles without the syllabus will take about a month or more but afterward, the candidate will be able to do the same without a syllabus.
For example, the candidate should remember to read those articles which have the following topics, issues, etc.,
An article related to Indian government institutions like Parliament, RBI, CBI, SEBI, Supreme Court, High Courts, Tribunals, etc.
An article having any issues relating to any Act of parliament
Articles that contain any schemes of either central or state government(if important)
Articles related to the Constitution of India, social issues, governance, polity, etc.
Articles related to science & technology, medicines, space, geology, etc.
Articles related to ancient findings & structures, geography-related articles like rivers, dams, NDRF, climate change, COP summits, earth, forests, population, etc.
Articles related to economic issues and international institutions like- IMF, WB, WTO, BRICS, G7, G20, SAARC, SCO, UN and its different bodies, CITES, ICJ, etc.
Articles having issues like International relations of India with other countries, economic agreements, bilateral-trilateral partnerships, etc.
Once a candidate is able to find the relevant topics in the newspaper, he/she must make handwritten notes out of them. The notes should be categorized according to the topics given in the syllabus so that any addition in the future can easily be done within the same notes of that topic, and for each category, make a separate envelop or file that will make it easy for the candidate to revise the notes.
Which NCERT books to read for UPSC? | Which books are best for UPSC? | Which subject NCERT books to read for UPSC? | Must Read books for UPSC | Which class NCERT books to read for UPSC?
Suggested reading list for general studies – both for the preliminary and main examination. These books are to be used mandatorily by the students.
The List of NCERT books and other important books to read carefully for the preparation of UPSC CSE are given below:
Best Polity Books for UPSC
Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Indian Constitution at Work for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Best Geography Books for UPSC
India Physical Environment for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Fundamentals of Physical Geography for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
India-People and Economy for Class 12 by NCERT Publication
Fundamentals of Human Geography for Class 12 by NCERT Publication
Atlas by Orient Black Swan
Certificate Physical And Human Geography by Goh Cheng Leong – Second Half of the Book
Apart from above-referred books for Indian Polity, You must read these resources on regular basis:
The Hindu or Indian Express Newspaper
Yojana Magazine
While almost all useful articles from The Hindu / Indian Express newspapers are published on this website in the Hindi language, you must read these articles published on daily basis.
Best Social Issues Books for UPSC
Understanding Society for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Indian Society for Class 12 by NCERT Publication
Ancient India for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Medieval India for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Modern India for Class 12 by NCERT Publication
Medieval India for Class 11 by NCERT Publication – Hindi Edition
India and the Contemporary World 2 for Class 10 by NCERT Publication
Indian Culture and Heritage for Class 10 by NIOS
India's Ancient Past – R.S. Sharma Published by Oxford University Press
The Wonder That Was India by A.L. Basham (only chapters VI and VII dealing with Art & Culture)
History of Medieval India – Satish Chandra Published by Orient Black Swan
History of Modern India – Bipin Chandra
Buy from Amazon (English)
Buy from Amazon (Hindi)
A Brief History of Modern India by Rajeev Ahir Published by Spectrum
India's Struggle for Independence: 1857-1947 by Bipin Chandra
India Since Independence by Bipin Chandra
Raj to Swaraj Ram Chandra Pradhan Published by MacMillan India
Plassey to Partition by Sekhar Bandhopadhyaya
Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
Best World History Books for UPSC
The Story of Civilization – Volume 1 for Class 9 by Arjun Dev – NCERT Publication
The Story of Civilization – Volume 2 for Class 10 by Arjun Dev – NCERT Publication
Contemporary World History – NCERT Publication
Mastering World History by Norman Lowe
History of Modern World – by Jain and Mathur
Best Governance Issues Books for UPSC
Governance in India by M. Laxmikanth
From Government to Governance by Kuldeep Mathur
Additional Resources to Read:
Ethics in Governance, ARC Reports
Citizen Centric Administration (Chapters 2,5,6,7 and 8 only and box items)
Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha discussions
Best Developmental Issues Books for UPSC
Panchayati Raj by Kuldeep Mathur
Human Development Report and World Development Report
Editorials in Hindi Website, The Hindu, or Indian Express newspaper
Kurukshetra and Yojana Magazines
Best International Relations Books for UPSC
India's Foreign Policy Since Independence by V. P. Dutt
International Relations by Pavneet Singh – Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication
Editorials in Hindi Website
The Hindu Editorial or Indian Express newspaper
Best Economics Books for UPSC
Indian Economic Development for Class 11 by NCERT Publication
Introductory Macroeconomics for Class 12 by NCERT Publication
Economics Dictionary by The Penguin Publication
Economics Dictionary by Collins
Economics Dictionary by Collins or Penguin
Relevant Chapters from Economic Survey published by the government for the current year
Best Ecology and Environment Books for UPSC
Biology Book for Class 12 by NCERT Publication – Read Chapters on 'Ecology'
Indian Year Book (Refer Chapters on Environment)
Read Down to Earth Magazine Regularly
Chapters on Climate Change from Economic Survey
Best Security Issues Books for UPSC
India's Security in a Turbulent World by Jasjit Singh
अशांत विश्व में भारत की सुरक्षा by Jasjit Singh (Hindi)
Best Science Books for UPSC
Science Textbook for Class 8 by NCERT Publication – Read Biology Chapters
Science Textbook for Class 10 by NCERT Publication – Read Biology Chapters
Manorama Yearbook for General Science – Read Science Chapters
Monthly magazine 'Science Reporter' for Science & Technology
Best Ethics and Integrity and Aptitude Books for UPSC
Lexicon by Chronicle Publications
Ethics in Governance, ARC Report
Case Studies from newspapers
How to make Current Affairs notes for UPSC? | How to make notes for UPSC?
The candidate must follow a well-recognized newspaper (like The Hindu, The Indian Express, Dainik Jagaran) and the magazines like Yojana, Kurukshetra, and Down to Earth for making the notes on current affairs.
Before making notes on any topic, the candidate must follow the UPSC syllabus, so that wasting time reading irrelevant articles can be prevented.
The candidate should club the important articles, news, or any important information relevant to CSE according to the subjects and further under each of the topics given in the syllabus.
For a lengthy article, the note-making should be done as:
first write the main topic of the article
Note down the important points which can be asked in the exam
Note down the pros and cons related to the article/news
Write the given conclusion and add your viewpoints to the conclusion
The note-making should be in bullets or pointwise form
Relate the article/news with the subjects, and the constitution of India (if it is possible), and also relate them with previous news/articles (if possible) to club them together under one head.
The categorical differentiation of the notes will help the candidate in revising the syllabus in the last month of the exam at ease.
For note-making of the General studies subjects and reference books, the candidate must not make the notes by reading any book only once, it took about 3-4 readings of any book to make short and crisp notes. Do not copy other candidates, make strategy by yourself. One must remember that the idea and reasons behind making notes are, that the candidate must not require to open the book further and again.
If this is happening, it means your notes are nothing but just a copy of the book and you didn't understand the topic, you just made the notes out of it, just for the sake of making notes. Don't do these ridiculous things. Keep patience, and start making notes on these subjects after you understand the topic fully, and at the same time, try to relate them with the current affairs and club them accordingly.
Who can apply for UPSC exam?
For a candidate who wants to apply for the UPSC CSE Exam, the following conditions must be fulfilled by him/her:
Nationality of the candidate:
For the IAS, IFoS, and the IPS, a candidate must be a citizen of India.
For other services, a candidate must be either:—
a citizen of India
a subject of Nepal
a subject of Bhutan
A Tibetan refugee who came over to India before 1st January 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India
A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia, and Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.
Age Limits of a candidate: 21-32 years
Minimum Educational Qualification: a Graduate degree of any of the Universities incorporated by an Act of the central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University by the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.
Number of attempts: Six (6) attempts permitted at the CSE. As per relaxation:
For SC/STs: unlimited attempts
For OBCs: 09 attempts
For PwBD:
For GL/EWS/OBS: 09 attempts
5. Restrictions on applying for the examination:
A candidate who is appointed to the IAS, IFoS.
A candidate who is appointed to the IPS and continues to be a member of that
6. Medical and Physical Standards: Candidates must be physically fit according to physical standard, as per guidelines given in Appendix-III of Rules for Examination published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary.


Hotel rimini directly on the sea with heated swimming pool and parking.
Mediterranean colors, natural materials and fabrics, elegant furniture, an atmosphere of warmth and hospitable, the Hotel Club House located directly on the beach of Rimini.
You will immediately feel at home, in a relaxed and welcoming environment.


As part of VELOCITY-531, r686428 introduced frequent calls to toString() just to check if toString() != null. If toString() implementations are slightly complex, and very frequently executed, these calls will degrade the site performance. Are they at all necessary? What kind of object would use null as a return value for toString()? Is it possible to remove these toString() calls from the velocity code again?


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Amanda Seyfried and Evan Rachel Wood to Reportedly Lead Thelma & Louise Musical
Seyfried recently missed her Golden Globe win because she was "deep in the process of creating a new musical."
By Savannah Walsh
Thelma & Louise's ride of a lifetime is reportedly getting the musical treatment. Amanda Seyfried is involved with a workshop for the musical version of the Oscar-winning film, with Evan Rachel Wood reportedly joining her, according to Variety.
Adding song and dance to the tale of two fiercely loyal friends whose road trip turns criminal has been in the works since at least 2021. Callie Khouri, who won an Academy Award for penning the 1991 screenplay, is attached to the project in some capacity. Singer-songwriter Neko Case and Halley Feiffer are also on board for the score and the book, respectively. Back in 2021, Trip Cullman was tapped to direct.
This seemingly solves the mystery of Seyfried's unnamed musical project, which was cited as the reason she couldn't accept her award at the 2023 Golden Globes, where she won best actress in a limited series, anthology series, or television motion picture for her performance as disgraced Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes in Hulu's The Dropout. "Amanda Seyfried is deep in the process of creating a new musical this week and could not be here tonight," presenters told the audience. Seyfried later accepted her honor on Instagram. "I had to miss it because I am working on something that is magic, and it's musical," she began, "so I'm finally getting to do something that I've never really done."
The original film starred Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, and while it's not clear which actor will play which role in the musical, neither one is a stranger to the musical genre. Seyfried starred in both Mamma Mia! films, 2012's adaptation of Les Misérables, and even campaigned for the role of Glinda in Wicked—a part that ultimately went to Ariana Grande. As for Wood, she starred in 2007's Beatles-centered musical, Across the Universe, and later voiced Anna and Elsa's mom in Frozen II. Vanity Fair has reached out to reps for Seyfried and Wood for comment.
This article was originally published in Vanity Fair.
Topicsamanda seyfriedevan rachel wood
Michelle Yeoh, Angela Bassett Make History With Their 2023 Oscar Nominations
Amanda Seyfried's Archival Dior Gown Kept 'Ripping and Breaking' at the Critics Choice Awards
Oscars 2023: The Biggest Snubs and Oversights From This Year's Nominations
By Hanna Lustig

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My most important goal in patient care is to advance the overall well-being of each patient. Patients who are undergoing open heart surgery are often scared and quite concerned. While my role is performing a perfect operation and I am confident, I would like to sit down and spend time with each one of these nervous patients and their families so that we develop trustworthy relationship before surgery, during surgery, and after surgery.
Dr. Hiroo Takayama has more than 20 years of experience in treating patients with heart and vascular problems. As the Director of the Aortic Surgery Program and co-Director of the Aortic Center, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, and the Marfan Clinic at New York Presbyterian/Columbia, Dr. Takayama has contributed to the care of over 2,000 patients (as of 2017) by performing a variety of aortic and cardiac surgical procedures, approximately 300-350 operations every year.
Dr. Takayama is internationally recognized for his work on complex aortic surgery (minimally invasive aortic surgery, valve-sparing aortic root replacement, aortic valve repair, aortic arch and thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair), hybrid aortic surgery (thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair), myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure surgery.
He is a leader in outcome research in aortic diseases and heart failure. He has published more than 150 manuscripts in prestigious, peer-reviewed journals and has authored numerous book chapters about heart disease.
Dr. Takayama attended University of Tokyo for Medical School, did his internship at University of Tokyo, general surgery residency in University of Washington Medical Center, and cardio-thoracic surgery fellowship in New-York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center.


text:
Home | Company | Upper Catchment Issues | Organic | Education
Upper Catchment Issues Articles
You are welcome to read and use our articles
provided they are unchanged and the Author information remains the same.
Where did we come from
What is out job
Overview of Auditor's Training Course
Referencing Style used in the Journal
Launceston Environment Centre
Environment Tasmania
Upper Catchment Issues
Article Snippets
Upper Catchment Issues Vol 1 No 1
Author: Tasmanian Community Resource Auditors Incorporated
The area shown in Fig 1 (Forest Coupe SF156B) has been selected by Forestry Tasmania for logging and subsequent tree plantation. The area is adjacent to a certified organic farm and is thought to be a significant contributor to water recharge for the Brid and perhaps other rivers. In conventional forest management regimes clearfelling is extensively used, as are chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) during the establishment phase of plantations. Accordingly, the potential for adverse impacts on the nearby organic farm (certified A Grade to the National Standard by the Tasmanian Organic-Dynamic Producers) was thought to be real and worthy of further risk assessment. When dialogue with the logging proponents failed to reveal concrete risk assessment data it was proposed that an enquiry be initiated. As water quality and quantity appeared to be at risk Dorset WaterWatch (DWW) also took an interest and became a member of the research team. DWW was also concerned about impacts in the general area as well (a total area of 180ha, which included the area of the coupe).
An Action Research approach was used to guide a year long study into the risk aspects of a proposal to log the area located at Mt. Scott (grid reference 542300E/5427500N), known as State Forest Coupe SF156B. Action research was seen as capable of bringing together local community knowledge of the site and other "scientific knowledge" generated by experts from perhaps a number of fields. Harding (1998) argues that 'knowledge' is a result of an ongoing interaction between those holding 'local knowledge' and those holding the so-called expert 'objective knowledge'. In short, Harding argues that there are many forms of knowledge and that the local knowledge's within a community cannot be ignored. Along similar lines Tattersall (1991) argued for strong community participation in the auditing of the environment, stating that
"Community Based Sampling is designed to provide that community with a powerful resource, that when used properly will bring about changes in the way we as a society behave toward our environment and each other."
Context for the study
The North Eastern Highlands are situated on the northern side of Mt. Barrow at an elevation of approximately 800m. Yearly rainfall averages around 1700mm. Land use includes cattle and sheep grazing, forestry, tourism and fishing. There continues to be a growing interest in the establishment of organic farming in the catchment.
Key river systems rising in the catchment include the Greater Forester, Brid, St Patricks and Ringarooma rivers.
Biophysical Capability
Soils, developed principally from granite-diorite, are found at elevations between 600m to 800m. These soils are prone to erosion and are thin and friable. Soils are held in place by a diversity of shrub and tree species.
In the higher rainfall periods the existing forest systems help to moderate runoff and recharge into riverine systems.
The catchment contains an abundance of flora and fauna, including Eucalyptus .spp, sections of pure rain forest, rare land snail Anoglypta Launcestonensis, goshawks, wedge tail eagles, native cat, tiger cat, platypus, Bennett's and Rufous Wallaby and wombat and a range of other species.
Case Study Area
The case study area (Forestry Coupe) of area 56ha bears many of the aforesaid properties, being rich in fauna and flora and exhibiting complex hydrogeological conditions. The organic farm is situated 50m down slope from the coupe. Dorset WaterWatch is also concerned about an area of 180ha that includes the coupe itself.
About Action Research
A participatory approach was preferred as it was thought to empower participants to contribute towards shared understanding.
In this way the community members as experts within the local settings and the researcher as an outside expert each share their expertise to improve collective understanding of the situation. Consideration was given to the choice of a methodology that would, as far as possible, accommodate the above requirements and at the same time display responsiveness and flexibility.
The approach selected was one of action research involving the community (Dorset WaterWatch, Ann Gschwendtner, and other community members), and experts (Forestry Tasmania reports, letters and face to face dialogue, Philip Tattersall [Tasmanian Organic-Dynamic Producers Co-operative], Duncan Mills [Social Ecologist], Assoc. Prof Brian Finalyson [Centre for Environmental Applied Hydrology, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne], Pat O'Shaughnessy [O'Shaughnessy and Associates] and Dr Owen Ingles [Soil Engineering & Risk Management Consultant]). Action research was chosen on the basis that it meets the requirements of dialectical enquiry and participation, touched on in the previous paragraph, on the following bases:
* An action research methodology involves an iterative process of planning, action and reflection (Dick 1992/93, pp. 3-18) to improve the understanding of both those in the research setting and the co-researchers in relation to the research hypotheses. The methodology utilises multiple methods for the collection, analysis and interpretation of human, biophysical and financial data in a similar way to the approaches used by other researchers (Stringer, 1996; Rossman and Wilson, 1985).
* Action research accommodates participation in a number of senses. Firstly, it allows for research to be conducted on-site. Secondly, it encourages a range of levels, or degrees of co-operation. Involvement can vary from the more traditional roles of community and researcher-as-expert to a fully co-operative community-researcher partnership. Thirdly, the methodology is able to utilise a broad range of data (qualitative and quantitative) as it is capable of embracing a whole range of expressive forms (Reason, 1994, p.334). In short, data derived from lived, everyday experience (experiential) and that derived from scientific or technical measurement are each seen as equally valid samples of reality. Finally, participation enables the building of strategies for ensuring trustworthiness (mentioned earlier) as it enables the researcher to check findings with other co-researchers in the research setting.
The choice of action research and the overall approach came out of considerations about the complexity of the way in which humans conceptualise systems, and the nature of the relationship between a community and its environment. This led, in turn, to considerations about the importance of studying situations in their context. The study in context would tend to be more holistic, interactive and relevant. It was considered that this would be best accomplished through a participative approach. Action research also allows for the modification and adaptation of research process in order to respond to new areas of enquiry and in so doing accommodates a process of growing understanding, such that there is increasing clarity as the enquiry continues. The approach is therefore, potentially emergent and responsive (Dick, 1992/93).
The methodology can also accommodate an iterative and cyclical process, drawing upon localized experience and theory to construct understanding. For the purposes of this research this was considered to be an important strength when working with community groups in the context of their environmental issues.
There are several approaches to action research. The one employed in the present project used a cyclic process of Planning-Action-Reflection. Planning involves developing ideas and hypotheses about ways to approach enquiry based upon previous experiences in a given context. This gave rise to actions, which were then reflected upon. The reflection usually involved critical appraisal of both findings and methods used to generate them and, sometimes, the methodology itself. This reflection then gave way to informed planning which, in turn, led to further action and so on (Dick, 1992/93). Fig.2 shows an example of enquiry cycles, visualized as a spiral of deepening understanding.
Methods Used to Gather Data
Data was sourced from reports, field excursions, community experience, and expert reports. Reports from Forestry Tasmania (FT) were examined in detail by the research team and questions were generated on the basis perceived mismatches between community experiences and FT assertion/findings. Experts were asked to examine literature on the proposed logging site, including reports from FT. In one case a recognised expert was asked by the research team to visit the site and provide a report as well as advise other experts. Finally, all reports were supplied to Assoc. Prof Brian Finlayson (The University of Melbourne) for the purpose of an overall report.
At each stage the research team critically examined the key findings of each expert and formulated questions back to FT for response. In this way issues were constantly refined and refocused so as to ensure that any hypotheses were rigorously tested, and at the same time there was opportunity to raise other lines of enquiry.
Outcomes from the Action Research Process
Phase 1:
The main task was to identify key environmental aspects and their significant impacts, including how possible impacts would be manifest. The method used was based upon a similar approach used in ISO 14000 auditing (SGS, 2000)
Rationale for Identifying Environmental Aspects and Significant Impacts
1. Environmental aspects
Key environmental aspects identified included:
• High rainfall in the proposed coupe area;
• Fragile soils in the coupe area;
• The coupe is an important element of river recharge;
• Forest management practices adopted on the site, including clearfell, chemical use and burn off operations;
2. Identification of potential negative environmental impacts
Potential negative impacts were classified on the basis of 'within catchment element' and 'external to the catchment element'. 'Within catchment element' is defined here as in the immediate area around, and including the coupe (i.e. the l80ha site) and external to the catchment element' includes areas remote from the coupe that may suffer negative impacts as a result of logging and plantation activities occurring within the coupe (including future impacts).
The classifications were as follows:
Impacts within catchment element
• Extinction of flora and fauna;
• Water Quality: Movement of Chemicals and soil into water;
• Water Quantity: Interference with water yield from site;
• Mass landslip and possible slumping;
• Soil Erosion in the form tunnel and sheet erosion.
• Noise pollution due to long working hours.
Impacts external to catchment element
• Negative impact on water quality for down stream users;
• Negative impact on water quantity for down stream users (short high peak flows leading to flooding and riverbank erosion and possibility of reduced flow in dryer months, with some minor streams drying up);
• Log truck damage to municipal roads and bridges. The significant impacts identified above formed the key hypotheses that required exploration during the next phase of the enquiry.
Gathered data from FT (See Appendix 1 for report), conducted site visits, interpretation and reflection sessions with members of research team, entered process of cycle of questions to FT, LCC, Dorset Council. Generated a specific list of impacts. Initial consultants reports re potential risks (based on probable impacts) were generated. (See Appendix 2 for reports from Dr Owen Ingles). Dr Ingles confirmed that water quality would be an issue and at the same time raised concerns over the erodibility of the soils in the area as well as water yield.
Commissioned other experts to look at various aspects of the impact of the proposal. From this we generated further questions for FT,LCC and Dorset Council. Pat O'Shaugnessy visited the site over a number of hours and essentially confirmed, on an independent basis, the findings of Dr Ingles. All information was then pulled together in final report after on-site visit. (See Appendix 3 for reports from Pat O'Shaughnessy and Dr Brian Finlayson).
The significant potential impacts identified by the expert consultants included, impacts on water quality/quantity, possible movement of chemicals onto the certified organic farm, and soil erosion. The research team is still engaged in an assessment of potential damage to Community infrastructure (roads, bridges and costs to clean up drinking water and Biodiversity).
In his report, Pat O'Shaughnessy raised concerns about water yield and expressed reservations as to the suitability of certain areas of the coupe for tree plantation. Dr Finlayson expressed a number of concerns related to water yield, quality and dismissed each of the three FT options put to Mrs Gschwendtner in their letter of March 14, 2000. (see appendix 4).
This left the research team with the growing concern that FT may have not adequately addressed the risks relating to their proposed operation on the coupe. It was clear that three independent experts agreed on many of the environmental impacts identified by the research team. FT was informed of key findings throughout the research process. Despite this FT did not appear able to come to grips with the situation in which they found themselves, i.e. that the proposed coupe may not be suitable as a logging site.
Key Findings and Recommendations
1. The expert reports and field studies by the research team indicated that FT has, to date, failed to conduct a complete risk assessment;
2. FT did not appear to be able to factor in community concerns, particularly in respect of the special nature of industry sector concerns and broader issues relating to community water use issues;
3. One emergent finding, although not discussed, was the way in which local government appeared to be frustrated, despite their best efforts to participate in the direction and management of their upper catchment systems;
4. If the issues at the centre of the present case study are typical of what is happening in the rest of the state then the case study team recommends the establishment of community based audit teams to audit forestry practices against the Forest Practices Code and ISO 14000;
5. We would argue that the present impasse is resolvable. Rather than look upon the current stalemate between FT and local Community as unresolvable, our team proposes that the proposed logging area be set aside and managed by the community under a ProSilva (see appendix 5) model. For its part the Tasmanian Organic-Dynamic Producers would be interested in certifying the area under its new Ecological Certification Classification. Also, with the changes in policy regarding the use of the residue from forestry operations as a source of energy, ProSilva has become, more than ever, a viable option for low impact forest management.


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Q: Triac dimming using MOC3021 but light is flickering I m using BTA12/BTA136/BTA139 for dimming using MOC3021 with zero cross detector circuit using interrupt pin of the controller, but after some time light is flickering or triac is damaged.
I m sharing the schematic. If any changes required than tell me.

A: R10 is probably too high at 470 ohms. Usually it is shown as being 220 when driven from 5V because you need to exceed the LED trigger current of 15mA. Since it has about 1.2V across it when on, R10 has to be less than (5-1.2)/0.015 = 253 ohms. But your micro might not drive all the way up to 5V even on a 5V supply or it might be 3V, you need to calculate based on what V output high minimum is. Even so, the micro might not be able to source 15mA.
(I've seen flickering on dimmers due to underdriven opto triac before, when the driving opamp was run from a 5V rail instead of a 12V one without changing the resistor).

It's easy to misinterpret the fact that the 15mA LED trigger current is shown as a maximum. It's clearly nowhere near the maximum that is allowed, that is 60mA continuously, in the Maximum Ratings section. In this case it means that across component variations you will not find one that needs more than 15mA to guarantee that it turns on. Which means that is your minimum drive current.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Do Damaged Ear Drums in Dogs Ever Repair Themselves?
Long-earred breeds are more suspectible to inner and middle ear infections.
Canine ear issues are relatively common, especially in floppy eared breeds. Eardrums are fragile and easily damaged. A damaged eardrum can heal by itself, but it takes a month or more and causes pain and misery for your dog during that period. Take him to the vet at once if you suspect eardrum damage.
Your dog's eardrum, formally known as the tympanic membrane, separates the middle and inner ear from the outer ear canal. Inside the middle ear are the Eustachian tubes, connecting the dog's nose to the ear. The middle ear also contains three little bones commonly called the anvil, hammer and strirrup. Any damage to the eardrum can result in bacteria from the outer ear entering middle ear and causing infection. Eardrums can rupture. Infection, trauma, strange objects in the ear, atmospheric pressure changes and even extremely loud noises can result in rupture.
Symptoms of a damaged eardrum include sudden deafness, head tilting, pus or blood coming from the ear, uncoordination and obvious pain. Some dogs might experience nystagmus, a condition in which the eyes dart back and forth, seemingly uncontrollably. One side of the face might droop, or the dog might not be able to close one eye. He could have problems eating and drinking. If your dog experiences such symptoms, take him to the emergency vet immediately for diagnosis and treatment.
To diagnosis your dog, the vet must sedate him to thoroughly examine his ears. She'll also take X-rays or conduct ultrasounds of his head, to get a good look at the eardrum. Your vet takes a sample of the ear fluid for culturing and identifying specific bacteria and fungus. She might inject a dye into the ear canal. If this dye starts coming out of the dog's nose, that indicates the eardrum has ruptured.
While your dog is still sedated, your vet flushes out the ear, choosing a solution based on her diagnosis. She might prescribe antibiotics and topical anti-fungal medications, the latter requiring regular administration into the ear. Most ruptured eardrums don't require surgery, but there are exceptions if the membrane is badly torn. Without surgery, the eardrum should heal in about a month to six weeks.
Always take care when cleaning your dog's ears. It's easy to inadvertently damage the eardrum. If your dog isn't cooperative, have a vet clean his ears. Don't stick Q-tips or similar cleaning objects into the ears. It's not hard to tear the eardrum with such an item.


text:
What is iPad?
Creating a new category can be hard. People know what a phone is so the fact that actually making calls from a smart phone is now a secondary function for many people doesn't stop it being marketed as a phone.
The iPad is different though.
It's not a phone, but is has 3G.
It's not a laptop, but it has a web browser.
It's not a TV but it plays and streams videos.
It's not a games machine, but it has thousands of games.
It's something new.
People will buy it because it looks beautiful, is intriguing and has an Apple badge. People will use it because it fills a need.
So as the owner of a new shiny iPad I was intrigued as to how I would use it.
What I've noticed is I use it differently to a laptop. Sure I web browse on it, check my email on it, access Facebook on it - even read my work email on it and review attached documents on it.
But I don't use it in the same way.
Whereas previously I'd have spent longer in my social networks on a laptop, I find the apps get a greater share of use on the iPad.
On the laptop, the browser was the centre of the entertainment, on the iPad though the machine itself is the entertainment. If my usage is in any way indicative of how others use it then I think this is important for brands and how information and access is provided for customers.
Brands are used to providing websites and micro sites for consumers and increasingly have been integrating into social networks like Facebook because, frankly, this is where consumers actually spend their time. However with the iPad, I think consumers will expect more interaction through the applications - providing quick, easy access to information.
When they want to track the status of an order, the number of points they've accumulated or even browse a product or reward catalogue, increasingly I think consumers will want these as applications. It's likely that as with all things, consumers will have limited space for individual brands in a given category, so those providing a great application experience will probably get increased loyalty and that front of page position.
One great example of this is Pizza Hut. They saw online orders increase exponentially when they introduced an iPhone app for ordering pizza. As with all pizza brands, they already had an online website, but the introduction of a specific application increased engagement within their key 18-34 demographic. Its popularity was confirmed with over 1m downloads and a number-two free app position.
Like the Pizza hut app though, applications available today tend to have been designed for the iPhone. It's about information on the move or in the moment. Accessing my loyalty card, reviewing my friends statuses, ordering pizza or searching for a new contact in LinkedIn.
The iPad though is different. It's a more sit back and browse experience - time is available and users will want experiences. They will want entertaining. Brands providing a compelling innovative experience will be rewarded with increased dwell time leading to greater engagement. The Financial Times application for example is a much more engaging experience on the iPad than the website version - it's tactile and draws you in.
In the end though what the iPad "is" may take a little more time to define and Apple is certainly hedging its bets with it's latest advert saying :-
iPad is thin,
iPad is beautiful,
iPad goes anywhere,
and lasts all day,
there's no right way,
or wrong way,
it's crazy powerful,
it's magical,
you already know how to use it,
it's 200,000 apps and counting,
all the world's websites in your hands,
it's video, photos,
more books than you could read in a lifetime,
it's already a revolution,
and it's only just begun.
I think the last two lines sum it up perfectly - the iPad is a revolution that has only just begun and ultimately, what brands choose to do with it will be as interesting as the consumers.
Labels: brands, experience, iPad, loyalty, rewards
Gordon Mullan said...
I think the challenge with an apps-driven environment is, rather like loyalty cards for retailers, not ending up with dozens and dozens of apps to keep track of the various loyalty schemes you're a member of.
If someone could design a meta-app that centralised all my loyalty memberships information, and perhaps even monitored where I was browsing and prompted me which loyalty programme could offer me a reward or discount when I'm shopping online, I think that could be powerful.
It's all about the data...
I agree Gordon, that could be an issue. However, most people have a very small number of brands which they are actually loyal to - the challenge is to get into this inner circle. As for the promo-tarts who will collect anything which is free - whilst an app may provide convenience for them, it's very unlikely to provide profitable, loyal customers for any brand taking part.
Maybe it's just me, but I can't shut my wallet as I carry the following loyalty cards, and use all them of frequently enough to want to:
- Boots Advantage
- Nectar
- Co-op
- Tesco
- Staples Business
- Costco (granted it's a membership card)
- Subway
- Costa Coffee
- Blockbuster (again, membership)
- Ikea Family
- Toys R Us
- Waterstones
- Johnsons Cleaners
I can't believe I'm *that* unusual. I would expect most people to have half a dozen.
And let's not forget that's not counting all the online only sites like Cokezone, etc.
I think any meta-app would probably have to be an independent provider, but if, based on usage/browsing patterns, that provider could recommend additional loyalty schemes to a user, that might be a proposition brands would be interested in?
At the very least, as a paid app, there might be a revenue stream there. It would however require brands to open up a view into their data via an authenticated web service or similar. I can see they wouldn't want to expose purchase patterns.
However, exposing current account points balance, plus things the points could be used to purchase (for matching when a user is browsing) would increase consumption of the scheme. Certainly, with all the different schemes, I know there have been times when I've bought stuff on or offline that I could have used points for but just didn't realise because it would need me to refer to the scheme website or (worse) hardcopy booklet.
If I could scan the barcode of the item, and the app tells me which of the schemes has points I could use to buy that item (quite possible from a different retailer), and the effective price, that would be cool.
There are already 'scan and comparison shop' apps - perhaps this could be an extension to one of those e.g. Pricerunner, Kelkoo, etc.?
Aligning shareholders and customers - is it possib...
Is Google about to pull a Kansas City Shuffle on M...


text:
ISIS/ISIL
US-backed forces expect 'decisive battle' against ISIL on Sunday
Capturing Baghouz, an eastern Syrian village, would cap four years of efforts to roll back the ISIL group.
A woman holds a baby as she stands next to female fighters from Syrian Democratic Forces near Baghouz [Rodi Said/Reuters]
A US-backed Syrian force closing in on ISIL's last territorial bastion near the Iraqi border expects a "decisive battle" on Sunday after advancing slowly, a spokesperson for the group said.
Capturing Baghouz, an eastern Syrian village on the bank of the Euphrates River, would cap four years of international efforts to roll back the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS) group.
Thousands of fighters, followers and civilians had retreated to Baghouz, a tiny cluster of hamlets and farmland in Deir Az Zor province, as ISIL's territory shrunk, and over the last few weeks, they have poured out in greater numbers than expected, holding up the final assault.
After removing the remaining civilians on Friday, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) resumed their assault on the village and clashed with ISIL fighters for nearly 18 hours inside Baghouz, according to Marvan Qamishlo, an SDF media official.
"Our forces are advancing at a slow pace to avoid any problems since ISIL mined the area extensively. Thousands of mines are present along the roads in that small patch," he said.
"We expect a decisive battle in the morning," he told Reuters news agency on a hill overlooking Baghouz.
The remaining fighters are mostly foreigners who are using tunnels to hide and launch surprise attacks against the SDF fighters, added Qamishlo.
But once Banghouz falls, and ISIL suffers what some are calling a "final" territorial defeat, the group and its members will remain a serious threat.
"This isn't the end of ISIL at all," Sami Nader, an analyst for al-Monitor's Lebanon Pulse told Al Jazeera. "We've seen how ISIL and similar groups are thriving in Africa, and I won't be surprised if these same groups will target civilians, or they will have military operations inside Europe and the US."
"All the grudges that led to the emergence of this group are still there," he added.
SDF says assault on last ISIL-held area in Syria to be over soon (1:59)
The evacuees on Friday were mostly women and children, but included some wounded men. There were Russians, Indonesians, Bosnians, Daghestani, Kazakhs, Egyptians, Syrians and Iraqis.
Umm Mohammed, a 38-year-old Syrian, left Baghouz with her three children on Friday but her husband stayed behind in support of ISIL
"There are many fighters and families inside," she told the Associated Press news agency. "ISIL is weak only in Baghouz but elsewhere it is expanding and growing."
The military campaign to uproot the fighters from the eastern banks of the Euphrates River began in September, pushing them down towards this last corner in the village of Baghouz, near the Iraqi border.
ISIL had used civilians as human shields against air strikes in Baghouz, holding thousands of civilians all huddled in a makeshift camp on the edge of the village, according to evacuated families.
The SDF has said that those who did not use last week's humanitarian window to be evacuated were essentially choosing to die in Baghouz.
Syria's War


text:
Q: resizing facebook like box http://themuv.com/tester123/bombay3/index.html
i am building this site and have used a facebook like box at bottom left . But the trouble is that i cant limit the width the text fits in . As a result it goes beyond the size of the box. how can a fix the problem??
i want that the names of people who liked the box is displayed correctly and visible and within the width of the box?
any suggestions would be of great help

A: Editing your plugin from the Facebook site itself, there's a field where you put a width
http://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/plugins/like/
You can also un-check the faces if it's bugging your design.


text:
Sept. 22, 2021, 4:38 p.m. EDT
Early Warning News Release Issued Pursuant to NI 62-103 Acquisition of Units of Volatus Capital Corp.
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Sep 22, 2021 (TheNewswire.ca via COMTEX) -- (via TheNewswire)
Vancouver, B.C. - TheNewswire - September 22, 2021 - This news release is being disseminated by Crest Resources Inc. (the "Acquiror") /zigman2/quotes/206246966/delayed CA:CRES -4.55% /zigman2/quotes/220572046/composite CRSTF +0.04% pursuant to National Instrument 62-103, The Early Warning System and Related Take-Over Bid and Insider Reporting Issues, in connection with the acquisition of certain common shares (the "Common Shares") of Volatus Capital Corp. (the "Issuer"), a British Columbia corporation whose common shares are listed for trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the symbol "VC".
On September 22, 2021, the Acquiror acquired 3,400,000 units at a price of $0.10 per unit for total investment of $340,000 by way of a private placement.
This transaction represents an increase of 6.23% in the Acquiror's security holding percentage in the issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Issuer, or an increase of 11.72% in the Acquiror's security holding percentage of the deemed outstanding shares of the Issuer assuming exercise of the warrants held by the Acquiror.
Prior to the transaction, the Acquiror owned and controlled 16,965,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 33.50% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Issuer based on a total of 50,644,407 Common Shares outstanding as of August 25, 2021; or 17,465,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 34.15% of the outstanding shares assuming exercise of the 500,000 warrants held by the Acquiror.
Subsequent to the transaction, the Acquiror owned and controlled 20,365,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 37.27% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares based on a total of 54,644,407 Common Shares outstanding as of September 22, 2021; or 24,265,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 41.45% of the outstanding shares assuming exercise of the 3,900,000 warrants held by the Acquiror.
Emma Fairhurst ("Fairhurst"), Chairperson, interim Chief Executive Officer, Director and 10% holder of the Acquiror, is a joint actor of the Acquiror.
Prior to the transaction, the Acquiror together with Fairhurst owned or controlled 24,960,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 49.29% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Issuer based on a total of 50,644,407 Common Shares outstanding as of August 25, 2021; or 25,460,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 49.79% of the outstanding shares assuming exercise of the 500,000 warrants held by the Acquiror.
Subsequent to the transaction, the Acquiror together with Fairhurst owned or controlled 28,360,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 51.90% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Issuer based on a total of 54,644,407 Common Shares outstanding as of September 22, 2021; or 32,260,667 Common Shares of the Issuer representing 55.11% of the outstanding shares assuming exercise of the 3,900,000 warrants held by the Acquiror.
The Acquiror acquired 3,400,000 units at a price of $0.10 per unit for a total purchase price of $340,000 in connection with a private placement subscription agreement.
The Acquiror has acquired the units for investment purposes and in accordance with applicable securities laws. The Acquiror may, from time to time, acquire additional common shares and/or other equity, debt or other securities or instruments (collectively, "Securities") of the Issuer in the open market or otherwise, and reserves the right, subject to applicable securities law, to dispose of any or all of its Securities in the open market or otherwise at any time and from time to time, and to engage in similar transactions with respect to the Securities, the whole depending on market conditions, the business and prospects of the Issuer and other relevant factors.
A copy of the early warning report dated September 22, 2021 to be filed by the Acquiror in connection with the acquisition of the units of the Issuer will be available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com under the Issuer's profile. Copies of such reports will also be available from the Acquiror upon written request to Crest Resources Inc. at #3043, 595 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V7X 1J1.
For additional information, contact:
Christopher Huggins
President and COO
Crest Resources Inc.
Copyright (c) 2021 TheNewswire - All rights reserved.
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Taco SR501 Single zone switching relay is a standard equipment for every installer. It can easily replace any brand made by any manufacturer, and will even fit into the existing metal enclosure without rewiring incoming connections. The SR501 single zone switching relay is UL and CSA listed, uses a standard "ice cube" replaceable relay and is compatible with conventional and programmable thermostats. External indicator lights provide instant diagnostic feedback, making a snap of service calls or new installation start-ups.
Dimensions: 4.25" wide x 5.25" high x 2.75" deep.


text:
Q: Casting when using dlsym() I'm using dlsym() in C and I have a question whether the return value of dlsym() should be explicitly cast or if it is implicitly cast correctly. Here is the function:
double (*(compile)(void))(double x, double y)
{
    if (system("scan-build clang -fPIC -shared -g -Wall -Werror -pedantic "
           "-std=c11 -O0 -lm foo.c -o foo.so") != 0) {
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    void *handle;
    handle = dlopen("./foo.so", RTLD_LAZY);
    if (!handle) {
        printf("Failed to load foo.so: %s\n", dlerror());
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    foo f;
    f = (foo)dlsym(handle, "foo");
    if (!f) {
        printf("Failed to find symbol foo in foo.so: %s\n", dlerror());
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    return f;
}

The function compile() does not take a value and returns a pointer to a function that takes two doubles as input and which returns a double. I then set a system call which compiles a shared object foo.so. I then open foo.so with dlopen(). Then dlsym() finds foo in foo.so and returns an object of type foo which I defined in a header as:
typedef double (*foo)(double, double);

Do I have to cast dlsym()?

A: The C standard is written to assume that pointers to different object types, and especially pointers to function as opposed to object types, might have different representations.  That's why, in general, you don't want to intermix pointers, or if you do a modern compiler will warn you, and if you want to silence the warnings you typically use an explicit cast.
dlsym, on the other hand, by its very existence assumes that all pointers are pretty much the same, because it's supposed to be able to return you any pointer to any datatype -- object or function -- in your object file.
In other words, code that uses dlsym is inherently nonportable, in the sense that it's not widely portable, in the sense that it's portable "only" to those machines where all pointers are safely interconvertible.  (Which is of course virtually all of the popular machines today.)
So, yes, you'll need to cast the pointers to silence the warnings, and in doing so you may be making your code less portable to machines where all pointers aren't the same (and where the warnings, if unsilenced, would correctly inform you that your code won't work), but dlsym is never going to work (or even exist in its current form) on those machines, anyway.
(And if gcc -pedantic warns you about even an explicit cast from void * to a function pointer type, there's not much you can do except switch to a different version of gcc, or of course not use -pedantic.)

Addendum: My answer made it sound like converting between pointers to different types of data might be an issue, but that's generally no problem.  Type void * is well defined to be the generic data pointer: it's what malloc returns, and it's defined to be quietly convertible to any object pointer type -- that is, you're not supposed to even need a cast.  So it's almost a fine choice for the return type of dlsym, except for the wee problem of function pointers.  malloc never has this problem (you'd hardly ever try to malloc a pointer to a function), while dlsym always has this problem (the symbols you're generally trying to access in dynamically-loaded object files are code at least as often as they're data).  But function pointers are what void * isn't guaranteed to convert to, so you're very likely to get warnings, which is why you need the casts, and you might get warnings under -pedantic even with the casts.

A: dlsym() returns a void* value. This pointer value can refer either to an object or to a function.
If it points to an object, then no cast is necessary, since C defines an implicit conversion from void* to any pointer-to-object type:
int *ptr = dlsym(handle, "name");

If it points to a function (which is probably much more common), there is no implicit conversion from void* to any pointer-to-function type, so a cast is necessary.
In standard C, there's no guarantee that a void* value can meaningfully be converted to a function pointer. POSIX, which defines dlsym(), implicitly guarantees that the void* value returned by dlsym() can be meaningfully converted to a pointer-to-function type -- as long as the target is of the correct type for the corresponding function.
Assuming we're dealing with a void function with no parameters:
typedef void (*func_ptr_t)(void);
func_ptr_t fptr = (func_ptr_t)dlsym(handle, "name");

As it happens, gcc (with -pedantic) warns about this:
warning: ISO C forbids conversion of object pointer to function pointer type

This warning is not strictly correct. ISO C does not actually forbid converting an object pointer to a function pointer type. The standard lists several constraints that may not be violated by a cast operator; converting void* to a function pointer type is not one of them. The C standard doesn't define the behavior of such a conversion, but since POSIX does in this particular case that's not a problem.
A comment on Steve Summit's answer suggests that this:
*(void **) (&f) = dlsym(handle, "foo");

will silence gcc's warning. It will, but it makes assumptions that are not guaranteed by either C or POSIX. POSIX guarantees that the result of dlsym may be converted to a function pointer; it doesn't guarantee that it has the same representation or alignment. It's likely to work, but I don't recommend it.


Was just watching some NFL videos on falcons. Ryan said his favourite uni is the All Black strip.
Lets see if he can bring it back .
Would not be surprised if the Falcons have 3 sets of uniforms when or if they change their look in 2017.
They would more than likely have all red, all white, and all black uniforms and probably mismatch the different combinations of jerseys and pants however they feel.
I'd love it. It would lend to that aura of mystique to a new DQ defense. A dirty bird sort of nastiness and intrigue.
Sort of like a band of roving marauders ready to hijack rival team trains. Like the bad-guy, cowboys in those westerns.
Oakland Raiderish with that bad intention mentality once we get the right guys put in place.
I like that look. I'm not sure if they'll go for the throwback look; maybe they'll want the new unis to be totally 2017 style. Whatever they decide to go with, it's going to be way different from what they've been wearing over the last few seasons. Another interesting thing to look forward to seeing when they open the new barn.
I still prefer red helmets and grey pants with the black jersey.
We must do this now!!!! We deserve this as faithful falcon fans MR. Blank! Please do this right now!!!!!! We soo deserve this after the last few seasons!!!
We came in the Ga. dome with black..................let us leave with it!!!!!
I'd go with that in a heartbeat also Sponge. Give us anything black!!!
Would love those, but our logo could change too.
heck other teams been changing logo/unis for a while now.
Throwbacks with the red helmets or bust.
We've been saying that for years.
While he is at it , can Matt Ryan bring back the 08 version of himself ?
Or at least make new uniforms that are inspired by that look.
Its just time for something new....right.
That would be very exciting and I hope it happens.
We can go black on black with some red helmets or even incorporate some edgy silver/red seams or flashing in key spots for dynamics. But not enough color to take away from the overall tough black statement.
The logo is lost in all-black...especially if the red streaks are taken out of the logo.
Nobody cared about The Hawks uniforms this time last year--because they won 19 game sin a row... They changed the uniforms...Over-thought the success and marketing...Keep the logo and the uniform the same.


text:
Lilly Alzheimer's drug shows some promise
A possible Alzheimer's disease treatment from drugmaker Eli Lilly showed some promise in late-stage research, even though the drug failed to slow a form of mental decline in two separate studies of patients with the mind-robbing condition.
By TOM MURPHY, AP Business Writer | August 24, 2012 at 07:22 AM
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — A possible Alzheimer's disease treatment from drugmaker Eli Lilly showed some promise in late-stage research, even though the drug failed to slow a form of mental decline in two separate studies of patients with the mind-robbing condition.
What does HR look like in 2021?
Brian Hamilton | January 20, 2021
This year presents a golden opportunity for businesses to do something that moves the needle for employees.
A watershed moment for brokers and the benefits industry
Paul Wilson | January 20, 2021
The many lessons we've learned about resilience and sacrifice in the last year will remain key as we push forward into a new normal.


text:
Q: Choosing a jQuery Tooltip Plugin - main considerations? What are the key considerations I should take if I need a tooltip plugin that will allow me the most basic use (simple pop box with a little "triangle" pointing towards the hovered element)?
I saw Qtip2 is supposed to support IE6+ while Jquery UI supports IE8+ so that's one consideration I guess, but what else?
I saw this comparison, the author talks about setting the title "from code" vs "static". Not sure I understand the terminology and the actual consequences that this difference will lead to?
Also, Are any of the 4 tools mentioned in that comparison are especially light or heavy? and shall I simply take the least code I need and run if from my own server, or use the full code, on the creator's CDN?

A: Try using css :hover , :after

div:hover:after {
  content: attr(data-tooltip);
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  background: blue;
  color: gold;
  left: 60px;
  padding:4px;
  position: absolute;
}

div:hover #triangle-left {
  display:block;
}

#triangle-left {
  top: 15px;
  left:50px;
  position:absolute;
  display:none;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-top: 5px solid transparent;
  border-right: 10px solid blue;
  border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;
}

hover


CHICAGO (CBS)–A video on Facebook shows a long line of disheveled cows that were inside a trailer truck that crashed in downstate Illinois being herded into a waiting trailer.
A Facebook post shared by Illinois State Police says 39 cows were in the trailer when the truck rolled over on Interstate 70 in Effingham. Volunteers joined fire fighters to help move the animals into the other truck.