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Sailing The Seas Of Time: What If We Took Alternative History Seriously?
Fact & Opinion
by Jim Clarke
Let's sail back in time for a moment, to the first century AD. Here we find Livy at work on his one great historical text, Ab Urbe Condita, which he intended as a history of Rome from its foundation to his time of writing, when it had become an empire under Augustus. Primarily it is a history of the Roman Republican era therefore, but as with historians then and now, Livy was prone to the occasional digression.
In Book IX, despite insisting that he wished "to digress no more than is necessary from the order of the narrative", he spends a considerable time considering the question, "What would have been the results for Rome if she had been engaged in war with Alexander?" Livy, being a good patriotic Roman, and having spent his entire life during one of its peaks in power, assures us that Rome would have resisted the man known as Conqueror of the World.
Let's then follow Livy back to the fourth century BC. Early in the century we find Rome under siege from the Gauls, who sacked the city and besieged the inner capitol for seven months, before being bribed to leave. By the time Alexander was born, in 356 BC, the Gauls were still raiding Latium, modern Lazio, the province in which Rome is located.
It's worth remembering, too, that Alexander didn't hang about. He was 20 years old when he assumed the throne of Macedonia. By that time Rome was slowly rebuilding from the Celtic Gaul invasions and beginning to retake towns in Latium and Etruria it had previously held. As Alexander embarked on his extraordinary 12-year career of conquest, Rome was embroiled in its own backyard, fighting the Samnites in a series of wars in Campania.
When Alexander died, aged 32, in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon, having routed the Persians, sacked Persepolis, conquered Egypt, founded the biggest city in the world, crossed the Hindu Kush and taken Samarkand, Rome was still battling the Samnites. It was even humiliated by them in 321 BC at the Battle of the Claudine Forks. This is the force Livy would have us believe would have defeated the Philosopher King. It is not an especially plausible claim, and one wonders what might have happened in reality had Alexander turned West from his Persian campaign rather than continuing into Asia.
It is, in short, one of those apparent hinges of history, a moment in time around which the entirety of the subsequent timeline appears to be contingent. What would our world look like had Alexander taken Rome 23 centuries ago, and had he lived long enough to consolidate a Macedonian empire of the Mediterranean? Livy, by inviting such speculation, bears the honour of inventing alternative history.
Alt-history today has an uneasy relationship with science fiction more generally, though is generally lazily subsumed within its capacious borders. Nevertheless, alt-history has some characteristics which set it apart, not least of which is its interdisciplinary relationship with history, wherein it is known primarily as counterfactual history, or economics, wherein it becomes cliometrics.
Counterfactual history functions as a historiographic approach, restricting itself to hypothetical alternatives to real events, and aims to measure or examine the importance of those events by speculating on the effect of removing or changing them. Cliometrics similarly examines such hypotheticals, but from the perspective of measuring economic, industrial or fiscal impact, as in Robert Fogel's seminal Railroads and America's Economic Growth (1964), which speculated that improved canals and roads would have filled the gap economically had there been no railroads.
It may be that the relationship with SF stemmed from the sheer volume of alt-histories written by SF writers in the early to mid-twentieth century, but in fact it has always appealed as a mode of writing to the literati, too. SF historian and novelist Adam Roberts has identified Louis-Napoléon Geoffroy's 1841 Apocryphal Napoleon as a seminal text in the genre, and is right to do so for a number of reasons, not the least of which is to underline the fact that uchronic speculation extends far beyond the Anglophone world. Among English-speaking writers alone, however, we can trace the tradition back to Nathaniel Hawthorne, and forward to notables like George Steiner, Kingsley Amis, Gore Vidal, Ian McEwan, Peter Ackroyd, and Jonathan Lethem.
As a speculative mode it is not restricted to genre any more than it is to language. It has attracted playwrights such as Noel Coward, Tom Stoppard and Michael Frayn, generated TV and cinema productions, and inspired a whole constellation of journalists, myself included. Intriguingly, one can trace an upswing in counterfactual reportage to the disputed election of George W. Bush in the US Presidential election in 2000, which literally and figuratively hinged on the validity of chads on votes cast in Florida. As a result, journalists rushed to hypothesise what an Al Gore presidency might have looked like, especially in light of the 9/11 attacks soon afterwards, as well as Gore's noted involvement in environmental causes.
In fact, the 21st century to date might well be considered a high point for uchronia. Journalistic what-if articles proliferated vastly, to the extent that they now appear in publications like Guitar World. And such is the splintering of political perspectives globally that the concept of alternative facts, as accidentally introduced by US Presidential Counsellor Kellyanne Conway in 2017, seems almost to have superseded the concept of alternative histories.
Uchronic conditionality is now seeping into our present. It manifests as the secret histories and conspiracy theories to which so many are beholden, and is deconstructing and decentring any coherent understanding of world events. Perhaps the best example of this is Vladislav Surkov, advisor to Russia's President Putin, whose background as an absurdist theatre director has enabled him to reconstruct Russia's political and public sphere as one large absurdist theatrical performance.
We can see this trend in current alt-histories. William Gibson's Agency (2020)is an allohistorical sequel to The Peripheral in which Hilary is President and Brexit never happened. There is a certain element of wish fulfilment in such narratives of course, but it also expresses what Jacques Derrida (and later Mark Fisher) referred to as hauntology, the experience of being haunted by futures which did not occur.
Hauntology now saturates our present, as a result of pervasive alternate histories warring over the past. Like time travellers seeking to change the course of events, today's political class seek to impose their narratives, myths and ideologies upon previous events, up to and including overt lying. As a result, journals like The Atlantic openly speculate whether Americans in particular are now living in an "alternative" history, while physicists at CERN have been forced to issue denials of the widely believed rumour that their experiments with the Large Hadron Collider projected us into an alternative reality. (Speaking personally, I feel that if we are in an alternative timeline, the first evidence of it was Leicester City winning the EPL soccer title in 2016.)
If counterfactual history and journalism seeks to review the present in light of past contingencies, thereby exploring roads not taken in order to re-examine the significance of events which did occur, SF is not so constrained. Murray Leinster's seminal story "Sidewise in Time" (1934) introduced to a popular audience the concept of the multiverse, an ontology in which all possible timelines in some sense co-exist and could hypothetically influence one another. This idea had been depicted earlier, not least in HG Wells's A Modern Utopia (1903), but not to the extent that Leinster mined the idea, with Roman soldiers appearing in Missouri, or ships containing Vikings or Tsarist Russians approaching the US coastline.
Multiversality and parallel universes have remained a popular SF trope, though in the vast majority of instances, authors prefer to present a single variant, a narrative set in a world with a Jonbar point, or moment of deviation from our own recorded history. Like historians, SF authors have tended to gravitate to deviations which explore political or military alternatives to recorded events, though they are also more prone than historians to what we might call the Carlylean 'big man' theory of history, given fiction's need for protagonists.
A spectrum exists in alt-histories, ranging from the great man narratives, such as those which pivot around the existence or otherwise of Jesus Christ or Hitler, and its opposite, which posits a history predicated on huge social and historical movements and trends. Counterfactual historians gravitate much more commonly towards the latter. SF has the additional freedom to collide timelines as in Leinster's story, and even introduce fantastic elements, such as the ongoing existence of dinosaurs, or alien visitations, or have time travellers seek to interfere with timelines.
In examining alt-histories, certain themes come up again and again, exposing a range of cultural anxieties. Probably by far the most common hypothetical is a Nazi victory in WW2, with very mainstream novels such as Fatherland or Dominion sitting comfortably alongside much more science-fictional treatments like The Man in the High Castle. This theme has not only crossed into factual TV (the BBC have addressed it at least twice) but also can be found in fiction from nations such as Spain, Russia, France, Norway, Israel, and further afield.
Other major streams of alt-history seek to undo or sustain predominant cultural forces in global history. There is a whole sub-genre of uchronia in which Christianity, for some reason, fails to take root, or Christ does not exist. Another fantasises about the persistence of the Roman empire, complete with slavery and crucifixion, into the modern era. A latent fear of Islam has perhaps inspired some of the many narratives in which Charles Martel or Charlemagne are not victorious, or in which the Moors retain Spain or the Ottomans take Vienna.
Some concerns are more local and specific. American alt-histories heavily feature Confederate victory in the Civil War. One of the earliest such speculations was a counterfactual written by Winston Churchill. Indeed, prolific uchronist Harry Turtledove must have written at least a dozen, and an entire volume on Alternative Battles of Gettysburg exists. American alt-history also features concerns over its own existence, featuring timelines in which the USA does not exist, either because it became Amerindian, or Aztec, or Chinese or Viking instead, or because the American Revolution never occurred. Another common trope of a more utopian bent is John F. Kennedy surviving assassination and the subsequent extension of his presidency, a form which expresses very similar aspirations as later journalistic treatments of an Al Gore presidency.
Cultural specificity extends further. In addition to Nazi domination fears, English alt-histories feature communist regimes or isolation in the face of a unified Europe. French alt-histories dream of Napoleonic victories, global domination or German invasion, Nazi or otherwise. Russian ones fantasise about Tsarist or White Russian defeat of the Bolsheviks. Israeli ones imagine defeating Rome at Masada, alternatively located homelands or defeat in the Six Day War. Polish ones have nightmares of Soviet takeover (as do the Swedes and Finns), and Brazilian ones dream of alternative World Cup soccer results.
Perhaps due to its linguistic isolation, Hungarian alt-history is intriguingly diverse, iterating a wide range of common uchronic tropes including the earliest known Nazi victory uchronia in global literature, as well as examples of Catholic hegemony and national success in revolutions, but also features uniquely Magyar visions, such as the existence of a Hungarian fascist African colony in a Nazi-dominated world. Ádám Gerencsér's authoritative article delineates this particular national progression through alternative timelines.
The historical fantasies of different cultures thus express both latent societal anxieties and utopian aspirations left unfulfilled. Only by taking such a macro-view are the real secret histories unveiled. The prevalence of alt-histories which unwrite the Reformation, depicting theocratic global oppression by the Vatican, identify Anglophone SF's generic anxiety about Catholicism in particular, and revelatory forms of knowledge in general, as I've written previously.
What is interesting in relation to this vast welter of alternative histories is the relative lack of identity politics or marginalised identities in uchronic fiction. Almost none deal with, for example, the idea of decriminalisation of homosexuality in earlier decades or centuries. And while African-American concerns, often manifested in terms of earlier slavery emancipation or civil rights, can often be found, Africa itself as a geographic region and collection of cultures remains as politically marginalised and economically depressed in alternative timelines as it is in our own. Afrofuturism may be one of the most vibrant of recent SF sub-genres, but its ideas of a black imaginary do not appear to have yet manifested significantly in terms of alt-histories relating to African success.
Within SF, which has historically been a significantly male-dominated enterprise, alt-history seems to be an exceptionally male interest, with few female creators operating in the mode. Nevertheless, feminist concerns have fared marginally better. One intriguing phenomenon is the significance of Hilary Rodham Clinton in such narratives. The protagonist of Rodham, last year's alt-history by Curtis Sittenfeld, in which she forges her own legal and political career without Bill, is simultaneously the repository of other aspirations, such as Pamela Sargent's vision of Hilary as astronaut, or David Bean's more prosaic imagining of her as presidential candidate in 2008 instead of Barack Obama.
Mike Resnick's excellent collection Alternative Presidents envisages not one but two separate female presidents in the 19th century, ushering in a much earlier era of universal suffrage and female emancipation. And back in 1983, Neil Ferguson imagined an alt-history which features Marilyn Monroe as president.
Beyond US politics, feminist alt-histories tend towards the darker end of uchronic possibilities. Michael Grant's Soldier Girl series imagines a universal draft during the Second World War, for example. Joanna Russ's highly influential The Female Man (1975) goes further again, including a world in which a plague wiped out men, thus leading to female hegemony and autonomy. This likely influenced the creation of Fumi Yoshinaga's Ōoku, a long-running manga series in which Japanese women lead politics and industry following the death of most men from a plague during the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century.
Russ's novel, of course, is on the cusp of alt-history and slipstream, as it features both alternative timelines (Jeanine comes from a world where the Great Depression never ended) and other worlds. Its multiversal hybridity is what permits Russ to explore a multiplicity of gender-related encounters, and by extension identify potential directions in our own world.
The lack of gay or African alt-histories may in fact be because, like Russ, authors have found it preferable to explore hypotheticals in a slipstream rather than strictly uchronic mode. Certainly, Grace Dillon has written about Native American slipstream narratives which date back to Gerald Vizenor's reconstruction of George Custer from hero to imperialist in a narrative featuring literal rebirths.
William Faulkner is believed to have once said that "the stupidest words in the language are 'What if?'", but it is worth recalling that all fiction is, in a sense, an exploration of hypotheticals, including his own. The inherent appeal of alt-history is in part the guilty pleasure of exploring the roads not taken, but it is also, as historians and economists have found, a useful mode of inquiry as well as creativity.
In imagining the nightmare of living in a victorious global Reich, we become better equipped to understand both the contingencies which led to its rise to power, and the contingencies which defeated it. We are also reminded of the dystopian potential in our own past which was averted. Similarly, the utopian potential of alt-history, the reminder that we could have brought ourselves to a better present, refocuses us on the fact that the future starts today, and as Hemingway once wrote, "what will happen in all the other days that ever come can depend on what you do today."
Samantha Mills once wrote a wonderful short story, entitled "Strange Waters", which was not an alt-history but rather was set on a planet where the ocean is temporal and keeps washing the protagonist's fishing boat up in the same port but in different years. Alt-history is our own version of her boat in strange waters, allowing us to sail the seas of time back to Livy, to Alexander, back even to timelines in which Neanderthals rather than we Homo Sapiens inherited the earth.
Alt-history reinforces the miraculous contingency of our existences, perhaps best expressed by Doctor Manhattan in Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' Watchmen (1986),when the godlike superhero realises that the likelihood of his former lover Laurie's very existence is so preposterous that it counts as a "thermodynamic miracle", and if her existence is so miraculously contingent, then so is that of all humanity.
There is of course a frisson in envisaging our own destruction, especially if it extends to our entire society or culture or way of being. This is the warning of alt-history, that latent in our present are the dark pasts we have averted. But equally latent are the glorious utopian presents we failed to realise. From those we can take comfort and inspiration. And there is always the possibility, expressed in fictions like The Man in the High Castle or R.A. Lafferty's clever short story "The Three Armageddons of Enniscorthy Sweeny" (1977), that the alternative histories we can imagine may in some way ultimately affect our own present and futures.
In such reflexive alt-histories, multiversal timelines intersect and clash. This offers us a way of thinking ourselves out of our own contemporary impasse, where alternate timelines seem to exist in the realities described by opposing politicians, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as "one screen, two movies". Often, as in Stephen Baxter's Time's Tapestry series or Keith William Andrews's Freedom's Rangers novels, it seems as if warring factions are trying to delete one another, and their perspectives, from history itself. And, as in Joanna Russ's novel or The Man in the High Castle, SF alt-histories suggest that what we might consider to be psychosis may actually transpire to be a mode of enlightenment.
By considering the contingency of our own history, and questioning consensus narratives, especially echo chamber consensuses, we need not plunge into the morass of fake secret histories or conspiracy theories. Instead, alt-history teaches us how to question our own assumptions about our centrality in our own histories, and attain the critical distance to examine our timeline objectively. What we find offensive or anxious about alt-histories can help reveal what people from another timeline might find appalling about our own. This is a route to a better future, though we will have to navigate choppy and strange waters to get there.
Stephen Baxter, Time's Tapestry series, 2006 onwards.
Philip K. Dick, The Man in the High Castle, 1962.
Grace Dillon, ed., Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science Fiction, 2012.
Robert Fogel, Railroads and America's Economic Growth,1964.
William Gibson, Agency, 2020.
Louis-Napoléon Geoffroy, Apocryphal Napoleon, 1841.
Michael Grant's Soldier Girl series, 2016 onwards.
Robert Harris, Fatherland, 1992.
Karen Hellekson, The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time, 2001.
R.A. Lafferty, "The Three Armageddons of Enniscorthy Sweeny", 1977.
Murray Leinster,"Sidewise in Time", 1934.
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita.
Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, Watchmen, 1986-7.
Glyn Morgan and Charul Palmer Patel, eds., Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction, 2019.
Salvador Murguia, ed., Trumping Truth: Essays on the Destructive Power of "Alternative Facts", 2019.
Mike Resnick, ed., Alternative Presidents, 1992.
Joanna Russ, The Female Man, 1975.
C.J. Sansom, Dominion, 2012.
Curtis Sittenfeld, Rodham, 2020.
J.C. Squire, ed., If It Had Happened Otherwise, 1931 (Contains Churchill's alt-Gettysburg, as well as uchronias by G.K. Chesterton, Hillaire Belloc and Andre Maurois).
Brian M. Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg, eds., Alternate Gettysburgs, 2002.
Gerald Vizenor, "Custer on the Slipstream", 1978.
H.G. Wells, A Modern Utopia, 1903.
Fumi Yoshinaga, Ōoku, 2005 onwards.
Jim Clarke has taught literature at universities in Ireland, the UK and Belarus. He is the author of The Aesthetics of Anthony Burgess (2017) and Science Fiction and Catholicism (2019), and blogs at www.jimclarke.net. He has written on Anthony Burgess, JG Ballard, Iain M. Banks and many other SF authors, and is also co-investigator of the Ponying the Slovos project, which explores how invented literary languages function in translation and adaptation: https://ponyingtheslovos.coventry.domains
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Eyewitness testimony: How much alcohol is too much?
It is widely believed that alcohol-intoxicated witnesses, victims, and suspects are not credible, and therefore should not be trusted in legal investigations. However, the research by Dr Angelica Hagsand and colleagues has shown that this may not be the whole story. Their research findings could have important implications for the police and other legal organisations to understand when witnesses can be considered reliable.
Alcohol consumption in western countries is comparably high. In Sweden, the average consumption of pure alcohol is 9.2 litres per year, and the level of alcohol consumption is even higher in the US, UK, Germany and other European countries.
Alcohol is widely considered to be the most harmful drug. This is because alcohol consumption can often lead to psychological or physical harm to the user and those around them. There is also a strong association between alcohol consumption and crime – approximately half of violent crimes in the UK were committed by an intoxicated person. The reason for the link between alcohol consumption and crime is thought to be because alcohol negatively affects important brain functions which help us to control our impulses and remind us of the consequences of our actions.
With such a high rate of alcohol intoxication in witnesses, suspects, and even victims of crime, it is important to understand how police officers perceive and interact with intoxicated individuals. Dr Angelica Hagsand of the University of Gothenburg and her colleagues in Sweden and the US set out to investigate this through several large research studies.
Reliability of intoxicated eyewitness memory
It is widely believed among members of the public and legal officers (eg, police, prosecutors, judges) that alcohol-intoxicated witnesses, victims, and suspects are not reliable and therefore should not be trusted in legal investigations.
Photo Credit: Angelica Hagsand
However, deeper investigation of this link between alcohol consumption and recall has revealed that intoxicated eyewitnesses may perform better than their reputation, under certain circumstances. In some of their ground-breaking laboratory and field experiments, Dr Hagsand and colleagues demonstrated that the reliability of an intoxicated eyewitness's memory seems to depend on the amount of alcohol the person has consumed and how quickly after the event they are interviewed – the higher the amount of alcohol and the later after the event, the less reliable their testimony.
Their laboratory research showed that low-to-moderate alcohol consumption (breath alcohol concentration below approximately 0.10%) did not have any overall effect on the accuracy or quantity of the information being recalled. In some cases, low-to-moderately intoxicated witnesses recalled slightly fewer details about the crimes, but most importantly, they were just as accurate in their recall as the sober witnesses. Therefore, eyewitnesses with a low-to-moderate intoxication can reliably aid police investigations.
Individuals who are low-to-moderately intoxicated can be a reliable source of information in criminal investigations.
The research team has also carried out field experiments in real bars which involved much higher intoxication levels than in the lab experiments. Interestingly, high intoxication levels (breath alcohol concentrations above approximately 0.10%) lead to a lower number of recalled details but also to a less accurate recall from witnesses. When alcohol intoxication increased, witness memory decreased. Hence, highly intoxicated witnesses' recall is not to be considered as complete or reliable, and caution should be taken when these witnesses are part of a criminal investigation.
Surprisingly, when it comes to witnesses' face recognition memory (eg, the ability to identify a perpetrator in a line-up), alcohol does not seem to have a negative effect. Even at high intoxication levels, witnesses are able to accurately identify perpetrators in a line-up at the same level as sober witnesses. Therefore, both low-to-moderate and highly intoxicated witnesses can be reliable in a line-up identification task. The researchers conclude that face recognition may be a separate memory system in the brain, distinguishable from recall memory.
Alcohol can impair brain activity in relation to self-regulation – this can cause impulsive and rash behaviour. Photo Credit: Angelica Hagsand
While these findings were highly novel, this alcohol research had only focused on the recall and face recognition memory of witnesses, which may be different to the recall of suspects. After all, suspects have a first-hand perspective of the event so they may have better recall, even when intoxicated. There is also a risk that suspects might not want to cooperate with the police during interrogations, as this can lead to oversharing information while intoxicated and potentially incriminating themselves.
Suggestibility and self-incrimination
The American research team along with Dr Hagsand conducted a US lab experiment to examine the suggestibility of intoxicated compared to sober individuals. Surprisingly, they did not find that moderately intoxicated interviewees were more suggestible than sober interviewees. However, before jumping to too many conclusions, the research team recommended that further research be conducted in situations that better reflected legal contexts, particularly looking at higher intoxication levels and the risk of suggestibility.
There have also been concerns that alcohol consumption could lead to oversharing of information, including self-incriminating information. In basic cognitive science, it has been found that alcohol can impair brain activity in relation to self-regulation, causing impulsive behaviour and reducing thoughts about future consequences. So, from the basic science, there seems to be some truth to the saying 'alcohol loosens the tongue'.
However, very little applied research in legal psychology has directly investigated whether alcohol increases the risk of oversharing sensitive information. To address this, Dr Hagsand and colleagues conducted a laboratory experiment to test whether alcohol increased social drinkers' risk of disclosing transgressions they had committed. Surprisingly, their study showed that low-to-moderate- consumption of alcohol did not increase the risk of disclosing information about transgressions. So, this research suggests that (low-to-moderate levels of) alcohol does not loosen the tongue, although further investigations of higher intoxication levels are needed.
Police perceptions
Potential jurors perceive that being under the influence of alcohol is linked to the suspect having given a false confession. These biases highlight the importance of understanding the perceptions and beliefs that people within the legal system have about intoxicated suspects. Dr Hagsand and colleagues conducted a police study to investigate the prevalence of sober, alcohol- and illicit drug-intoxicated suspects and witnesses, and Swedish police officers' experiences with these people.
Can intoxicted individuals be reliable witnesses? Source material: Robert Adrian Hillman/Shutterstock
The research team distributed a survey to thousands of police officers in Sweden over the course of ten months. 133 police officers, who had an average of 12 years' experience in the Swedish police, completed the whole survey. The vast majority of the police officers reported that it is common for a suspect, witness, or victim to have been intoxicated during the crime and interviews.
40–60% of police officers reported using different interrogation techniques with intoxicated suspects, witnesses, and victims, compared to sober individuals, but that there were no formal policy guidelines to follow. For witnesses and victims specifically, around 70% of police officers stated that their decision of whether to interview an intoxicated subject is situation-dependent. Clearly, a lack of policy guidelines on how and when to conduct interviews with intoxicated persons is leading to an ambiguous situation where police officers use their own judgement and personal experience in deciding what to do.
New guidelines
Swedish police have recently begun to develop guidelines for their employees on how to interview sober witnesses, victims, and suspects. Also, a new collaboration between researchers and the police has initiated the development of guidelines for investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses.
In their newest police study, Dr Hagsand and colleagues investigate police perceptions of intoxicated witnesses and how new guidelines may change the way police behave towards intoxicated witnesses. The Swedish research team found that police officers were less likely to interview highly intoxicated witnesses because they did not believe they would provide a reliable account. They also found that many police officers could not distinguish between moderately intoxicated and sober individuals, and so interviewed moderately intoxicated individuals just as often as sober individuals.
A new collaboration between researchers and the police has initiated the development of guidelines for investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses.
The research also showed that providing police officers with a brief science-based informative message (similar to abbreviated guidelines) about the reliability of low-to-moderately intoxicated interviewees' recall did influence whether they would interview the witness or not. This suggests that providing police officers with information about interviewing intoxicated witnesses could improve the rate of interviews conducted with low-to-moderately intoxicated witnesses. The study by Dr Hagsand and colleagues concluded that a short informative message may be an avenue for dissemination of future national policy guidelines.
Across several ground-breaking studies, Dr Angelica Hagsand and colleagues have shown that not all intoxicated individuals are unreliable witnesses. They highlight how individuals of low-to-moderate-alcohol consumption are often not impaired in their recall of events and are no more likely to disclose transgressions than sober individuals. This suggests that individuals who are low-to-moderately intoxicated can be a reliable source of information in criminal investigations.
Dr Hagsand's research showed that not all intoxicated individuals are unreliable witnesses.
These findings are particularly important given that memories deteriorate over time, so waiting for a witness to sober up may cost valuable information. However, legal officers should be cautious with highly intoxicated witnesses as their memory might be compromised by alcohol. The research team also emphasise that no one's memory is perfect, and both sober and intoxicated witnesses can misremember events, so eyewitness testimony should always be supported by other evidence.
The research conducted by Dr Hagsand and colleagues has real-world implications for policing. Their research showed that police often alter their methods of investigative interviewing when an individual is intoxicated, but that they do not have any formal policy guidelines to follow for this. The rule of law should ensure fair and equal treatment of all criminal suspects, otherwise the justice system is compromised.
The research team have also shown that giving police formal information on when to interview intoxicated witnesses has a positive impact on police decisions concerning when to conduct interviews. This emphasises the importance of the development of formal guidelines for investigative interviewing of intoxicated individuals. These are now underway in Sweden, at least for intoxicated witnesses. In the future, policy guidelines for intoxicated suspects would also be important to develop, but first more scientific studies need to be carried out concerning how alcohol affects the cognitive abilities of criminal suspects.
Dr Hagsand and colleagues suggest that more research is needed in this new and important field, and close collaboration between researchers and legal officers is required in order to disseminate scientific findings to organisations such as the police.
Are there any other police authorities around the world that have introduced guidelines for interviewing intoxicated witnesses, or is Sweden leading the way?
Great question, thanks! As we see that the volume of studies on intoxicated witnesses increases every year, more countries will probably become aware of this new field of research and learn more about investigative interviews with this witness group. To my knowledge, UK is the only country that, in 2019, adapted brief guidelines for first responders on interviews with intoxicated witnesses. Then we have Sweden, which is currently developing guidelines. In the future, I think more countries will adopt similar guidelines. We will hopefully also see more studies on suspects of crimes, and then guidelines for this group as well.
Eyewitness testimony: How much alcohol is too much? was last modified: November 26th, 2021
Angelica Hagsand
legal investigations
police guidelines
police studies
recall memory
self-incrimination
suggestibility
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Mindthoff, A, Evans, JR, Schreiber Compo, N, Polanco, K, Hagsand, AV, (2021) No evidence that low levels of intoxication at both encoding and retrieval impact scores on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Psychopharmacology, 238(6), 1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05797-9
Mindthoff, A, Hagsand, AV, Schreiber Compo, N, Evans, JR, (2019) Does alcohol loosen the tongue? Intoxicated individuals' willingness to report transgressions or criminal behavior carried out by themselves or others. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(3), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3480
Pettersson, D, Bergquist, M, Hagsand, AV, (under review). Police decision-making in the absence of evidence-based guidelines: Research-based message but not social norms influenced assessment on intoxicated eyewitnesses.
Dr Angelica Hagsand
Dr Angelica Hagsand (BA, MA, PhD) is a researcher at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden and chair of the research unit Addiction Psychology: Experimental and Clinical Research (APEC). Her research interests include the psychology of eyewitness memory, alcohol research, and police studies concerning investigative interviewing with suspects, witnesses and victims.
Dr Angelica V Hagsand
Haraldsgatan 1
405 30 Gothenburg
E: angelica.hagsand@psy.gu.se
W: https://www.gu.se/en/about/find-staff/angelicahagsand
Dr Angelica Hagsand of the University of Gothenburg (Sweden) conducts research to understand how alcohol influences the reliability of eyewitness testimonies.
Adlerbertska Foundation
Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation
The Swedish Research Council
Professor Nadja Schreiber Compo, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, USA
Associate Professor Jacqueline R. Evans, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, USA
Dr Amelia Mindthoff, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, USA
Dr Magnus Bergquist, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Daniel Pettersson (MA), Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Hagsand, A, (2021) Eyewitness testimony: How much alcohol is too much? Research Outreach, 126. Available at: https://researchoutreach.org/articles/eyewitness-testimony-how-much-alcohol-is-too-much/ (Accessed YYYY/MM/DD)
Electrical eye activity reveals early sight damage in alcohol addicts
When control is lost: Studying the interactions of ATP and acetylcholine in the urinary bladder
Testing the waters in Italy: Identifying co-seismic groundwater changesThe biodegrading functions of microbial communities in polluted freshwaters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Continue reading"Harald Kindseth – Ocean Brie [Beat Tape] "
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text:
Madras High Court on Regulating Online Gaming
[Prakshal Jain is a 2018 graduate of National Law School of India University, Bangalore and is working with the dispute resolution practice group of a law firm in Mumbai]
The Madurai bench of the Madras High Court in D Siluvai Venance v. State noted that the increasing popularity of online gaming has created an alarming situation in the state of Tamil Nadu, especially among the youth. The Court has placed trust on the state government to take note of the situation and pass a suitable legislation regulating and controlling online gaming.
The Madras High Court was dealing with a case under section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code for quashing a first information report ("FIR") filed against the petitioner who was alleged to have participated in gambling by playing cards in a public place. The Court went on to quash the FIR on the grounds that the petitioner was playing in a private area, and that the same could not be termed as playing in a 'common gaming house' to fall within the purview of the offence under the Tamil Nadu Gaming Act, 1930 (the "TN Act").
On a separate note, the Court questioned the police as to why they were so particular in implementing the TN Act even though the petitioner was merely playing cards in a secluded area, when online rummy was being freely played in the State. The Court noted that several online games are mushrooming throughout the country, and are inducing unemployed youth on the pretext of earning money. In response to the query, the police submitted a report where it admitted that Tamil Nadu has no law to regulate and license online games such as rummy, fantasy sports and the like.
Having quashed the FIR, the Court went on to discuss the issue of regulation of online gaming. The Court analysed in detail the legal framework governing gambling in India and the developments in relation to online gaming and gambling.
Law applicable to gambling in India
In India, 'betting/gambling' is a state subject and each state has its own legislation to regulate the same. While some states like have adopted the central legislation, i.e., the Public Gaming Act, 1967, other states have enacted their own legislation.
One of the common features across these legislation is the differentiation between 'game of chance' and 'game of mere skill'.The restrictions provided by the legislation do not apply to the latter. The Supreme Court has held that a competition that depends to a substantial degree on the exercise of skill would not fall within the category of gambling. Accordingly, the game of rummy involves preponderance of skill rather than chance and the game of horse racing also involves substantial degree of preponderance of skill and, hence, both do not amount to gambling.
Legal developments surrounding online gaming
Judicial developments
The Supreme Court was presented with an opportunity to decide on the legality of online rummy in Mahalakshmi Cultural Association v. Dir. Inspector Gen. of Police.[1] The Madras High Court had held that playing rummy with stakes amounts to gambling. The matter went to the Supreme Court and certain online gaming websites filed intervention applications citing hindrances in business and apprehension of criminal prosecution as a result of the Madras High Court judgment. However, the Supreme Court, by way of its order dated 13 August 2015, refrained from discussing whether online gaming such as rummy amounts to gambling. Instead, the Court observed that neither the impugned Madras High Court judgment deals with online gaming and nor have the states taken a view on legality the same. Hence, the Court did not deem it necessary to entertain the issue of legality of online gaming at that point. Notably, the Supreme Court has not yet conclusively dealt with the legality of online gaming.
However, in 2017, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the online fantasy sport Dream 11 is skill based and playing the sport does not amount to gambling. The High Court observed that playing fantasy sports required considerable skill, judgment and discretion and, since there was a preponderance of element of skill affecting the outcome, it could not amount to gambling.
Subsequently, a division bench of the Bombay High Court has also concurred with the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. While doing so, the Bombay High Court also noted that the Supreme Court had also dismissed a special leave petition ("SLP") filed against the judgment of Punjab and Haryana High Court in Varun Gumber v Union Territory.
Thereafter, the Rajasthan High Court in Chandresh Sankhla v State of Rajasthanhas upheld the Gurdeep Singh decision and the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Varun Gumber. While concurring with the judgment of the Bombay High Court, the Rajasthan High Court also noted that the Supreme Court has already dismissed an SLP filed against the Gurdeep Singh judgment.[2]
Notably, the Union of India[3] and Gurdeep Singh Sachar[4] had also filed SLPs against the Gurdeep Singh judgment, both of which were dismissed by a common order dated 13 December 2019. However, most recently, the State of Maharashtra filed another SLP against the Gurdeep Singh judgment.[5] Interestingly, by way of order dated 6 March 2020 in the said SLP, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court led by the Chief Justice stayed the operation of the Gurdeep Singh judgment. While the order does not discuss the reasons behind the stay and the scope of its operation, it certainly opens up the possibility of the Supreme Court deciding on the legality of online gaming, specifically fantasy sports.
Legislative Developments
Most of the gambling legislation in India were enacted before the advent of internet and popularity of online gaming. Thus, it is no surprise that most of these legislations do not deal with online gaming. Nonetheless, the states of Sikkim and Nagaland have enacted legislation permitting and regulating online gaming. For instance, The Nagaland Prohibition of Gambling and Promotion and Regulation of Online Games of Skill Act, 2015 ("Nagaland Act") contemplates the issuance of online gaming licenses for a game of skill, which includes all games where there is preponderance of skill over chance. The Nagaland Act also contains a schedule of games and sports have been designated as game of skill such as chess, fantasy sports and card games like bridge, poker rummy, and the like. The schedule is flexible and can be updated by the Government at any time.
On the other hand, the state of Telangana amended the definition of gaming in its gaming legislation to provide that games (including online games) when played with stakes would amount to gaming and fall within the purview of offence under the Telangana Gaming Act, 1974. Thus, the Telangana Gaming Act prohibits all kinds of gaming for stakes, including game of skill or game of chance, whether online of offline.
Except for the above-mentioned legislation, none of the other states have any legislation governing the different forms of online gaming that have become prevalent these days. With the increased popularity of online games, the Madras High Court has rightly stressed on the urgent need of filling this void and introducing a comprehensive regulatory framework by a regulatory body to govern online gaming. Such a framework would not only streamline the sector and reduce illegal activities but also make it more conducive to investment, thereby bringing in more employment and revenue generation opportunities.
– Prakshal Jain
[1] Special Leave Petition (C) No. 15371 of 2012.
[2] Varun Gumber v. Union of India, SLP (Crl) No. 9295 of 2019/ Diary No. 35191 of 2019.
[3] Union of India v Dream 11 Fantasy Pvt. Ltd., SLP (Crl) No. 11445/2019/ Diary No. 41632 of 2019.
[4] Gurdeep Singh Sachar v. Union of India, SLP (Crl) No. 11444/2019/Diary No 43346 of 2019.
[5] State of Maharashtra v. Gurdeep Singh Sachar, SLP (Crl) No. 2213 of 2020/Diary No. 42282 of 2019.
SEBI's Takeover Amendment: Hit-and-Miss on Delisting


text:
Black Mirror Season 3 : Release Date, Spoiler Alert and Speculations
The British television anthology series Black Mirror developed by Charlie Brooker premiered its first two seasons on Channel 4. And ended its second season with a lot of unanswered questions. However, the viewers are now eagerly waiting to witness the Black Mirror Season 3 which will be premiered on October 21 on Netflix. The series has delivered only seven episodes till date and Black Mirror Season 3 will be coming up with six new episodes.
Charlie Brooker quite successfully gained a lot of acknowledgement through his creation Black Mirror. And the most unconventional thing about the series has been the portrayal of different characters in each and every episode along with a different set up of scenario. This was a huge factor which made the television series immensely popular among people. And every time the viewers got to witness something totally different from the previous episodes.
Black Mirror Season 1 created quite a buzz among the viewers with the episodes 'The National Anthem', 'Fifteen Million Merits' and 'The Entire History of You' which was directed by Otto Bathurst, Euros Lyn and Brian Welsh. All the three episodes were extremely intriguing for the viewers and due to which the second season was introduced.
Black Mirror Season 2 was also successful enough to keep up with the expectations of the viewers with the episodes 'Be Right Back', 'White Bear' and The Waldo Moment' directed by Owen Harris, Carl Tibbetts and Bryn Higgins. And a special episode was introduced in 2014 titled as 'White Christmas' which was also directed by Carl Tibbets. After delivering two successful seasons the makers of Black Mirror is finally coming up with a third instalment and the viewers are expecting it to be as good as the previous two seasons.
However, Black Mirror Season 3 is coming up with six new episodes which are titled as 'San Junipero' directed by Owen Harris, 'Shut up and Dance' directed by James Watkins, 'Nosedive' directed by Joe Wright, 'Men Against Fire' directed by Jakob Verbruggen, 'Hated in the Nation' directed by James Hawes and 'Playtest' directed by Dan Trachtenberg.
After almost two years the British television anthology series is coming back with its third season and the viewers are eagerly waiting to release their curiosity buds to witness all the new happenings in Black Mirror season 3. The fans are expecting the third season of Black Mirror to come up with some new aspects and make the season more intriguing than the previous two seasons.
TagsBlack MirrorCharlie BrookerNetflix
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Smells of fresh citrus and is pale gold in color. Cannot be shipped via air or ocean.
Smells of floral and herbaceous and is pale yellowish green in color. Can be shipped via air or ocean.
Smells of sweet floral and herbaceous and is light yellow in color. Can be shipped via air or ocean.
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text:
Food and Agriculture – Public health benefits of reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions.
80% of agricultural emissions arise from Livestock – methane and nitrous oxide.
Agriculturally-induced change in land use – deforestation, overgrazing, and conversion of pasture to arable land – accounts for a further 6 – 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions. 50% of food-related greenhouse-gas emissions are generated during farming. These include nitrous oxide and methane from livestock, carbon dioxide from deforestation especially; Nitrous oxide comes from pasture land and arable land used to grow feed crops and methane from the gut of ruminant animals such as cattle and sheep. Pork chicken and eggs produce less CO2 and are more efficient at feed conversion.
Livestock provides a large amount of saturated fats which are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
For the UK, the government agreed target reduction in emissions is that the baseline levels recorded in 1990 are lowered by 80% by 2050. This requires a 50% reduction by 2030. To achieve this in the UK will require technology improvements and a 30% reduction in livestock population. If this target is achieved, it will reduce coronary heart disease by 15% in the UK alone. This is quantifiable as 2850 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per million in 1 year. This strategy will meet cultural nutritional and commercial resistance. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, achieving targets will result a 16% reduction in coronary rate and a positive gain of 2180 DALYs per million in 1 year.
By 2030, rising demand for meat will drive up livestock production by 85% from 2000 levels. Processed farm foods also use fossil fuels for production. Animals are currently an important source of protein, energy, and nutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and zinc. Cattle and sheep can use marginal land unsuitable for growing cereals and soy crops and are best used in that manner. Soy and cereals should best be consumed directly by humans and not via poultry production.
The bottom line must be to change to affordable, healthy, low-emission diets for all societies. Pricing, regulation, taxation and labelling are parts of the strategy. That is some challenge. In world terms, China and India will be huge problems.
There is a series in the Lancet on Health and Climate Change which is well written , detailed and referenced – December 2009.


text:
Q: PyTelegramBotApi. Как принимать несколько сообщений от пользователя хотелось бы понять как мне можно реализовать: Человек пишет число(5) и бот спрашивает человека 5 раз сохраняя все ответы, через register_next_step_handler() не понял как это можно нормально реализовать, Бот нужен для того что бы репостить записи в vk.com. Пример кода:
import telebot
from telebot import types

from Project import main
from Project import open_repost
from Project import window_post

bot = telebot.TeleBot(token)

def subscrite_public(message):
    ->     <---- Код

def solution(message):
    if message.text == 'Да':
        msg = bot.send_message(message.chat.id, 'Введите кол-во ссылок')
        bot.register_next_step_handler(msg, subscrite_public)

    else:
        pass

@bot.message_handler(content_types=["text"])

def start(message):
    global text_user
    text_user = message.text
    markup = types.ReplyKeyboardMarkup(resize_keyboard=True, row_width=2)
    button1 = types.KeyboardButton('Да')
    button2 = types.KeyboardButton('Нет')
    markup.add(button1, button2)
    msg = bot.send_message(message.chat.id, 'Ты хочешь продолжить?', reply_markup=markup)
    bot.register_next_step_handler(msg, solution)

bot.infinity_polling()

A: Я отредактировал ваш код, бот записывает сообщение по ключу в словаре, который выводится в консоли программы. После каждого записанного сообщения боту, пользователю снова даём выбрать записать ли ещё одно сообщение, пока пользователь не нажмёт кнопку Нет, при которой мы выводим словарь полученных сообщений
import telebot
from telebot import types

all_messages = {}
count_urls = [0]

bot = telebot.TeleBot("token")

@bot.message_handler(commands=["start"])
def start(message):
    global text_user
    text_user = message.text
    keyboard = types.ReplyKeyboardMarkup(resize_keyboard=True, row_width=2)
    button1 = types.KeyboardButton('Да')
    button2 = types.KeyboardButton('Нет')
    keyboard.add(button1, button2)
    if count_urls[0] > 0:
        all_messages[len(all_messages) + 1] = message.text
        msg = bot.send_message(message.chat.id, 'Сообщение записано\nТы хочешь продолжить?', reply_markup=keyboard)
        bot.register_next_step_handler(msg, solution)
    else:
        msg = bot.send_message(message.chat.id, 'Ты хочешь продолжить?', reply_markup=keyboard)
        bot.register_next_step_handler(msg, solution)

def solution(message):
    if message.text == 'Да':
        count_urls[0] += 1
        msg = bot.send_message(message.chat.id, 'Введите сообщение')
        bot.register_next_step_handler(msg, start)
    else:
        bot.send_message(message.chat.id, ':(')
        print(all_messages)

bot.polling(none_stop=True, interval=0)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Familjen had its premiere on Atalante, Gothenburg, september 2016.
NewOpera CO is an independent opera company founded in 2006 on the stage Atalante in Gothenburg. NewOpera CO try new paths for contemporary music drama. The works are written for a singer with a connotation close to speaking, unlike traditional operatic technique. The music draws inspiration from both classical and modern music, also cabaret and popular music. The Family is presented in three acts.
Kim Johansson, animation and projection, Karin Jatta, costume, Viktor Wendin, light, Pär Bengtson, sound Possibilitas, production.
The ensemble: Eric Rush and Sofia My Fryklund, singing, Lisen Rylander, vocals, saxophone, Magnus Boqvist, percussion, electronics, vocals, Karin Wiberg, violin, singing, Emma Augustsson, cello, singing and Niklas Rydén, piano and vocals.
NewOpera CO is supported by the Swedish Arts Council, Region Västra Götaland, Göteborg Stad Kultur, Writers Guild of Sweden and the The Swedish Arts Grants Committee.


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They are there for you and really do go the extra mile for you!
When Meridian asked if I would allow them to give me a quote, I said I would not move my farm business unless it amounted to a significant advantage. She worked very hard to provide just that while bringing some items to my attention that needed further consideration. And now as her customer, she works just as hard when I have a question or a need.
We have had our FARMS insured with Meridian for MANY MANY years. We receive top notch service AND great rates - You should call them for YOUR insurance needs!


text:
The countries of Central Europe are ascending together
| source: MTI
"Hungary isn't an island of success, but part of Central Europe, the countries of which are ascending together", Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said at the official inauguration of Japanese tyre manufacturer Bridgestone's 85 billion forint (EUR 274 million) capacity-expanding investment project in Tatabánya on Thursday.
"The economic growth of the four Visegrád Group (V4) countries is outstanding", the Prime Minister added.
"If we do not count the performance capabilities of our four countries, there is practically no economic growth within the European Union. Central Europe is Europe's safest and most rapidly developing region", he said.
Potó: Károly Árvai
"Next to the original plant, the Japanese have constructed an 85 billion forint new plant, which is twice as large, and which will result in the creation of over 500 new jobs", Mr. Orbán told reporters.
"The Government contributed almost 2.4 billion forints (EUR 7.7 million) in funding towards the investment", the Prime Minister said.
"Although Japan is 8000 kilometres from Hungary, it is the second largest investor in the country from outside the EU, and the 151 Japanese companies currently operating in Hungary provide jobs for 30,000 people", the Prime Minister explained.
Mr. Orbán reminded those present that in 2013 there were still major disputes regarding Hungary's economic development model, and despite several unresolved issues Bridgestone gave the Government its vote of confidence, which "was an encouragement for Hungary", he said.
"Over a period of six to seven years we have successfully reached a stage where anyone who wants to work can find employment; in September, the rate of unemployment in Tatabánya was 2.7 percent, which according to the logic of economics means full employment", the Prime Minister pointed out.
Vice President & General Manager of Bridgestone Tatabanya Melinda Topolcsik told reporters that the newly inaugurated plant will mean the company will be able to double its current production capacity of 1.8 million tyres-a-year to 3.6 million, and to redouble that again by 2020.
During the course of the investment project a new, 97,200 square metre production hall was constructed behind the company's existing, 47,200 square metre plant, as a result of which the facility's production area has more than doubled.
The number of people employed at the plant is increasing from 361 to 1100, making the company one of the most significant employers in Komárom-Esztergom County.
This will be the first Bridgestone plant in Europe and outside Japan to apply the company's ground-breaking production technology based on artificial intelligence, which measures and analyses the quality of tyres at 480 points along the manufacturing process.
Also unique is the plant's fully automated warehouse for the transport and storage of tyres that are awaiting vulcanisation, and which has a maximum capacity of 70,000 tyres, as well as its final quality assessment and packaging systems.
Bridgestone Tatabánya Limited began production of premium quality tyres for cars and SUVs in 2008. In 2013, the company signed a strategic partnership agreement with the Hungarian Government, after which it decided on realising the 274 million euro expansion of its existing plant in Tatabánya.
Ms. Topolcsik pointed out that Bridgestone Tatabánya's supplier network is made up of 750, predominantly Hungarian small and medium-sized enterprises from which the company purchased goods and services at a total value of 4.6 billion forints (EUR 14.8 million) last year. In 2016, the company realised 36 billion forints (EUR 116 million) in turnover.
Senior Vice President of Bridgestone Manufacturing Adolfo Llorens told reporters that according to sales figures for 2016, the Bridgestone Corporation is the world's largest manufacturer of tyres and rubber products. The concern and its subsidiaries operate 180 factories in 25 countries and employ over 144,000 people, while the company's products are marketed in over 150 countries.
Brussels-based Bridgestone Europe (BSEU) is a subsidiary of the Bridgestone Corporation, which has its headquarters in Tokyo. The company employs more than 18,200 people in over 60 countries, in addition to operating 14 tyre and rubber products factories, a major research & development centre and a testing centre.
Today Europe is being built in Central Europe
Address by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the Moldovan-Hungarian business forum
Press conference given by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at an event held to mark the 30th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution
Bridgestone Central Europe Tatabánya Visegrád Group
© All right reserved, 2021. | archive | impressum


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text:
Terrifying mummified crocodiles uncovered in ancient tomb at rubbish dump
Shocked archaeologists have uncovered 10 extremely well preserved mummified crocodiles in an undisturbed ancient Egyptian tomb.
The tomb was found at a Byzantine-era rubbish dump at Qubbat al-Hawa on the west bank of the River Nile in Egypt, in 2019, by archaeologists from the University of Jaen, in Spain.
The New York Times reported that the crocs, found recently, look like "living crocodiles moving stealthily through mud".
READ MORE:Brit terrified by 'conjoined fox' and accidentally interrupts animals' bonking session
Crocodiles are known to have played an important role in Egyptian culture and were sacrificed as a way of trying to appease Sobek, an Egyptian fertility god.
Sobek was often depicted as either a crocodile or as a human with a crocodile's head, The Mirror reports.
Aside from the religious rituals, crocodiles were a food source and the animal fat was used as a medicine including to treat pain.
Bea De Cupere, one of the archaeologists from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, who has examined the discovery said it was "extraordinary because the tomb was intact and the mummies well preserved," reported RTBF.
She added: "Of most mummies collected by museums in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often hatchlings, we don't know exactly where they come from."
These specimens were in a small tomb near several other burial sites for local dignitaries and date back to a period before 2,100BC.
Dr De Cupere specialises in animal remains and that was why she was contacted by the scientists at the University of Jaen to look at the mummies.
"You have archaeologists doing an excavation and, if they find animal remains that they think are worth looking at, that's when we come into the picture," Dr. De Cupere said.
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She said that discoveries made at the start of the last century contained bitumen which made it impossible to dissect them but this is not the case with the latest crocodile mummies found.
She continued: "Here this discovered tomb is unique because it is intact and the 10 specimens are well preserved. Moreover, unlike those discovered previously, they were not impregnated with bitumen and the strips of fabric that covered them were eaten by insects.
"We were therefore able to study the bones in detail and even in one particular case the skin of one of the crocodiles was entirely preserved. "
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Under the law known as Proposition 103, the California Department of Insurance is required to approve automobile insurance rates to ensure both that insurance companies are able to pay their claims and that consumers are not exploited. The law allows consumer advocacy groups to oppose insurance rate increases, to obtain hearings, and to examine insurance companies' records.
Proposition 103, according to the agency, has saved consumers billions of dollars since it was approved in 1988. One issue which is currently of great importance to the insurance industry concerning the law, though, is whether rate reviews may be retroactive. In other words, may the Department of Insurance force insurance companies to pay fines and refunds for rates it approved in previous years?
Farmers is currently engaged in a dispute with the Department of Insurance in which it is opposing the agency's attempt to review auto insurance rates from 2008. According to Farmers, the attempted review is illegal, since Proposition 103 doesn't allow for retroactive review of approved rates. Farmers is arguing that rate review is only forward looking under the law, while the Department of Insurance is standing its ground that it has the right to review previously approved rates.
We'll say more about this dispute in our next post, and the importance of insurance companies working with experienced legal counsel to ensure compliance with the law and to protect their rights when legal disputes arise.


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wanted to see it because it's the only time I've paid for a tree to be removed where it it's location allowed it to be dropped pretty much in one piece.
Basically, they climbed and used ropes to remove the branch that protruded out of the garage. After that they were in the clear. Tree guy knows what he's doing, so he was able to make the entire thing fall exactly where he wanted it to fall.


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SAN urges NJC to tackle delays through court digitalisation
A SENIOR Advocate of Nigeria (SAN), Prof. Yemi Akinseye-George, has urged the National Judicial Council (NJC) to prioritise the digitalisation of courts to reduce delays.
On his expectation of the judiciary in the new year, the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies President said the issue of judicial independence and judges' welfare also deserve priority attention.
"Court digitalisation must be a matter of priority. Locally developed software for e-recording of courts should be deployed. This will enhance speedy dispensation of justice as judges can have access to e-recorded proceedings both audio and video.
"It will also help to address the problem associated with de-novo (repeat) trials following transfer of judges, death, promotion or retirement," Akinseye-George said.
The SAN urged the NJC to sustain its focus on judicial discipline, integrity, accountability and productivity in 2019, and to keep disclosing steps taken to maintain zero-tolerance for judicial corruption.
On judges' welfare, Akinseye-George said: "The NJC needs to take more seriously, the issue of welfare of judges. Salary should be reviewed upwards. Lump sum payments should be made to cushion the effect of inflation and plummeting value of the naira.
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"Actualising financial autonomy for the judiciary at the state level should be a matter of priority. The NJC should enlist the support of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) to blacklist any state that fails to implement the financial autonomy for the judiciary at the state level.
"2019 should be a year when the judiciary should not allow the politicians to mess it up. All hands must be on deck to protect the judiciary at all levels from the corrosive influence of politicians and money bags.
"The CJN has made history for his valiant efforts to protect and strengthen the independence of the judiciary. The NBA and the Body of Senior Advocates must support the efforts of the CJN."
On his assessment of the Judiciary's performance last year, the professor of law, whose centre is equipping two pilot courts with Q-soft Denovo e-recording system said its image is gradually being restored.
"The judgment of the Court of Appeal in Nganjiwa is a gigantic step in the right direction. So also is Olisa Metuh v. FRN.
"The Federal High Court has also rightly issued new practice directions for implementing the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA). Lagos State and others should follow the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) High Court and the Federal High Court in this respect.
"The judiciary remains the hope of democracy in this country. The executive and legislative arms are so messed up that unless the judiciary stands firm, we can as well say 'bye bye' to democracy and human rights. Let's make 2019 the year of the judiciary," he added.
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Share this Story: Spaced desks, one-way halls, voice technology — your post-COVID-19 office will look much different
Spaced desks, one-way halls, voice technology — your post-COVID-19 office will look much different
Canadians returning to the office could see a host of changes in design, layout and office policy. Others may never see their office again
Devika Desai
May 29, 2020 • May 29, 2020 • 7 minute read • 50 Comments
A woman crosses the street during morning commuting hours in the Financial District as Toronto copes with a shutdown due to the Coronavirus, on April 1, 2020 in Toronto, Canada. Photo by Cole Burston/Getty Images
The Office is Over is a collection of Post stories looking at the how the pandemic has changed the view of the office.
As Canadians gear up to return to work, employers are putting into place a wide range of safety protocols to protect their workplaces from the threat of COVID-19.
Spaced desks, one-way halls, voice technology — your post-COVID-19 office will look much different Back to video
As a result, offices in a post-pandemic world could look very different from before, experts say. And they might stay that way.
"There's going to be a forced evolution at the office," said Evan Hardie, a d irector of research at IDC Canada, who researches the future of work at Canadian workplaces.
Returning employees could see a host of changes, including spaced desks, personal lockers, voice-automated technology, staged areas for elevators and one-way hallways, Hardie said. They may also have to follow new protocols such as varying shifts, cleaning surfaces after usage, and wearing PPE to the office.
Some employees may never return to the office again, Hardie said, as companies who have been forced to develop technology for remote work during the pandemic may not be able to afford the new cost of renovating their spaces.
Yet all this doesn't necessarily mean the end of the traditional office tower, according to Lisa Fulford-Roy, vice president with Toronto commercial real estate giant CBRE. "I think this is going to shine a lens on how can we be smarter about the spaces we're creating for people to occupy safely and healthily and productively," she said.
PHYSICAL LAYOUT
According to experts, the biggest challenge for firms will be having to redesign spaces that have been in place for decades, to allow for physical and social distancing rules.
Since the last economic downturn, companies have been following an open office trend, where "essentially everybody's sitting really close to each other," Hardie said, to allow for more communication. "I think we're going to see a change there, where you're going to have employees spaced out, they won't maybe be facing each other in the office too."
To maintain physical distancing rules, companies are considering spaced desks, one-way hallways, and the reconfiguration of common areas like kitchens, utility rooms and staging areas for elevators. Gensler, an American architecture firm, has released 'ReRun,' a tool which reconfigures your office's existing floor plan to optimize physical distancing conditions, using computer algorithms.
American architecture firm Gensler produced a graphic explaining how floor maps could be colour-coded to show the stages of re-entry. Photo by Gensler
Under new set-ups, workers may also be asked to come into the office at different times and bring their own equipment.
"Keyboards, mice, headsets, those things are going to be personal accessories now," said Hardie. "So you'll have either a locker at the office that you can lock yourself or you're hauling it back and forth every day."
Many workplaces could follow in the path of major tech companies and restructure their work environments from headquarters to hubs. "Rather than having a head office where the majority of their workforce is in one central location, firms may opt for regional hubs," Hardie said.
Christian Paquette, a labour employment lawyer, said he's gotten many questions from companies. These range from how to implement policies on shared rooms, to the nitty gritty details around personal garbage bins, ventilation systems, eating utensils, and desired cubicle heights.
"I think, ironically, one challenge for employers might be that some may not have sufficient space anymore because of social distancing," he said. "They may need to find more space in some cases, or put an emphasis on some parts of their workspaces and less on others."
WORK POLICY
At the beginning of May, Paquette and a colleague released a list of key guidelines for employers looking to incorporate COVID-19 requirements into their work policies.
"There needs to be clear lines of communication," said Paquette. The article recommended that employers form a "dedicated, multi-disciplinary team" to monitor the workplace reopening and conduct risk assessments; create a contingency plan in case of a shutdown; and open a communication channel keeping employees informed of the measures being put in place and any changes thereafter.
Employers also need to develop a procedure to address attendance issues and work refusals, such as those for "employees who are afraid to return or may face special circumstances" such as compromised immunity or child or elder care obligations.
Mohammad Abdoli-Eramaki, who teaches occupation health and safety at Ryerson University, emphasized the need for a system that monitors individuals, to identify those at risk of spreading the virus.
"The issue with COVID-19 is that it's not identifiable," he said, which in turn makes it difficult to determine certain hot spots in a workplace where exposure to the virus is increased. Ergo, "there should be a system in place where (the individual) monitors (themselves) … and if (they) don't follow the policy, someone else does (monitor them)."
Paquette said it ultimately comes down to the level of risk each employer faces.
"For instance, (if) you have a proven outbreak in a work environment, that may justify different measures than an office space where people are not in close quarters (and) where other types of measures can really be put in place that are much less intrusive, like social distancing and self-reporting," he said.
The pandemic has forced several workplaces to hastily upgrade and/or invest in technology to allow for people working remotely. On one hand, for those coming back to the office, employers might continue to make investments to keep the office accessible and safe, such as voice and automation technology.
"The ability to not have to touch everything in the office, to have technology that steps in, either through automation or through your voice, allows you to take your hands off a lot of things that you would have been touching in the past," said Hardie. Companies looking to track employee movements could do so via keycard access, or by using technology that produces heat maps and monitors social distancing.
Canadian returning to work might use voice and automation technology to be able to access areas in the office without having to touch anything. Photo by Gettsy Image
On the other hand, companies who have already invested in technology that supports remote work may find the additional investments too costly. "They may well say, okay we've made this major investment on ramping everybody up for home office, so maybe we'll wait until we figure out a good plan of attack for the actual office itself'," explained Hardie.
ALTERNATIVES TO THE OFFICE
For employers who have successfully adapted to working from home during the pandemic, there may no longer be a need for an office anymore, said Allison Cowan, director of capital of the Conference Board of Canada.
"They are seeing advantages in the long term, such as real estate savings, benefits from commuting, benefits for employee heath," she said. Several large companies such as Twitter and Open Text have already asked staff to continue working remotely indefinitely, while others like BMO have confirmed they are looking into hybrid schemes that would combine the office with remote work opportunities.
For some companies, that might mean rethinking their current spaces, for others it might mean letting go of their leases entirely and opting for flexible alternatives, i.e., rentable co-working spaces.
Kevin Penstock is the CEO of The Profile, a Vancouver company that offers rental co-working spaces. He said he's been receiving a lot of calls. "There's no question (that demand for these spaces will go up)," he said. "People are going to try and figure out how to get all their staff in their offices downtown, half the people will be stuck at home, these companies are going to need this type of select space."
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Penstock has rolled out a multi-phased plan for the reopening of his spaces, which includes modified shared spaces (two-person tables instead of five), the phased return of members, physical distancing signage, health screenings and a new cleaning regimen.
The challenge, he said, will be catering to demand despite the limits on the number of people per shared space, as well as monitoring those who flout the rules. "We can ask people to start doing some shift work," he said. "Then we're going to have to start sharing the space in a way that's a bit different than we're used to."
However, while the demand for traditional offices may go down, it won't entirely disappear, according to Fulford-Roy of CBRE. That's because people miss the social element that comes with working at an office.
"There may be subsets of employees or departments where (working remotely) might be suitable", she said. "But I think, for the most part, we're missing our colleagues, we're missing the interaction."
"It's going to be less about changing the landscape of engagement and productivity. (Instead) it's going to be a lens of how do we do that safely?"


26-year-old, L.A.-based jazz guitarist and composer Alex Sill, celebrates his debut album, Experiences: Real and Imaginary (available May 10). A masterfully wrought, panoramic nine-track collection, the album includes compositions that evoke internal cinema, highlighting the connection between music and imagery. Featuring musical luminaries such as Oscar and Grammy winning composer/pianist, Dave Grusin, the music on Sill's album also reflects his signature meld of influences- for starters, think the orchestral compositional ambition (and deft acoustic-guitar touch) of Pat Metheny; the fluidly virtuosic approach to meter and harmony that marks 21st-century postbop; and the fiery, lyrical technique of guitar wizards like Kurt Rosenwinkel and the late Allan Holdsworth, to whom the album is dedicated. The album was mixed and engineered mostly by Bill Schnee, who mixed (and won a GRAMMY® for it), Steely Dan's Aja, a record Sill has cited as being of paramount influence to him.
On stage at Gold-Diggers, Sill will be accompanied by a peerless assemblage of primarily L.A.-based musicians, including saxophonist Jacob Scesney and Danny Janklow, trumpeter Mike Cottone, pianist Vardan Ovsepian, bassist Benjamin J. Shepherd, and drummer Gene Coye.
In addition to being a guitarist for the official tribute concerts to guitar legend Allan Holdsworth, Alex has received praise from other big names in the guitar world, including Cal Arts mentor, Larry Koonse, L.A. jazz legend, Lee Ritenour, and icon, Steve Vai, who expressed: "Alex Sill is one of those rare, talented individuals that has all the elements in place…He is one of the vital players with the potential to raise the Jazz bar."


Mixed and compiled by Blue Marlin resident DJ's Vidal Rodriguez, Valentin Huedo and Bruce Hill, this album spans two discs, of quality house and disco music.
Disc one is more suited to the day, expertly capturing the exclusive atmosphere of Blue Marlin Ibiza and perfect for lounging beside the pool.
Disc two ramps up the pace and is packed full of the tunes that are set to set the island alight this summer.