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Published April 26, 2019 at 06:15PM
Tuolumne County's longest serving supervisor will not seek re-election
John Gray (Maggie Beck / Union Democrat) - union democrat
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The Union Democrat
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Tuolumne County Supervisor John Gray announced on Friday that he will not run for a fourth consecutive term in 2020.
Gray, 70, said he's decided to retire from political life when his current term ends at the start of 2021. He's the longest serving member on the county Board of Supervisors and represents District 4, which covers most of the southern part of the county.
"When I ran for this office back in 2008, I said that three terms was enough," he told The Union Democrat in a telephone interview while visiting his children and grandchildren in Oregon. "I'll be 72, and I think it'll be time to retire, spend more time with family and kick back a little bit."
Whoever succeeds Gray will be only the third person elected to the office in 24 years. Former County Supervisor Mark Thornton served for three consecutive four-year terms before he was defeated by Gray in the 2008 election.
Gray said he drives 300-plus miles each week between his home in Groveland and the County Administration Center in Sonora. As a Tuolumne County native, whose family arrived here in 1850, he described being an elected supervisor as one of the best jobs of his life.
"There's a lot of pressure in this job and a lot of work that's complex and demanding," Gray said. "It's 24-7 and takes its toll, but it's not that I haven't enjoyed. It's been a pleasure to serve, and it's humbling."
Some accomplishments that Gray cited were the master stewardship agreement that the county signed with the U.S. Forest Service in late 2017, the construction of a long-needed new county jail, and working with the National Park Service to establish a YARTS route between downtown Sonora and Yosemite National Park.
Gray said he's also gained a deep admiration and respect for the employees who work for the county since becoming a supervisor, especially in how they've handled a string of emergencies starting with the 2013 Rim Fire.
"We have so many caring and hardworking individuals in county government," he said. "It's lights on late at night and there early in the morning. It's one of those types of businesses that doesn't shut down."
If he had any regrets, Gray said it would be not being able to prevent the Tuolumne County Economic Development Authority from falling apart. He's served on the agency's board since January 2010 and as its chairman since March 2014.
County supervisors and the Sonora City Council decided to shut down the TCEDA in February following an investigation by the Tuolumne County Civil Grand Jury that led to months of debate about the way the agency was being managed and spending public funds.
"You hear people say that the economy has just flatlined, but that's just not a true statement," he said. "Everybody else went down, but we stayed stable. Had it not been for that program, I'm confident we would be in a lot worse shape than we are today."
Gray said he believes it will have a detrimental effect on the economy if the board can't put something together to replace the TCEDA and continue promoting the county as a good place to do business.
However, the demise of the authority was not a factor in Gray's decision to not seek re-election next year.
"If I was going to quit, I would have quit after the Rim Fire," he said. "That was much more taxing. This is one of those unpleasant things that you take care of and do your best to resolve, then you've got to move on and not dwell on it."
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Annual is a collection of interviews, dialogues and images. A vision of the profession seen through the eyes of its protagonists.
Awards is the collection of the award-winning projects of the Laus Prize.
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Plague, an often-fatal zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized by epizootic and quiescent periods. How Y. pestis is maintained during inter-epizootic periods is poorly understood, but soil has been implicated as a potential reservoir. Although previous studies have suggested that Y. pestis is able to survive in soil for weeks or months, it is unclear whether or not it is infectious to susceptible hosts. Here we investigate the potential for Y. pestis to infect mice through close contact with contaminated soil under laboratory conditions. In an attempt to approximate the natural conditions under which animals would be exposed to Y. pestis-contaminated soil, mouse cages filled with soil from a plague-endemic region were held at temperature and humidity ranges observed in ground squirrel burrows. These laboratory "burrows" were contaminated with highly bacteremic blood (>10(8) cfu/mL) to simulate the introduction of infectious material from a dying animal during an epizootic. Outbred Swiss-Webster mice with scarified skin patches were held on contaminated soil for 10 days and monitored for signs of illness. Following exposure to contaminated soil, one animal of 104 became infected with Y. pestis. None of the remaining animals seroconverted following a 21-day holding period. Under our experimental conditions, which maximized the likelihood of contact between susceptible mice and contaminated soil, transmission efficiency from soil to mice was 0.96% (95% CI 0.17, 5.25%). This suggests that although transmission of Y. pestis from contaminated soils is possible, it is not likely a major transmission route under natural conditions.


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Home > Policy and the People
Monday, January 1, 1968 - 12:00am
Policy and the People
Nelson A. Rockefeller
Amidst the rapid and often bewildering change that characterizes our age, advocates of extreme solutions seem to be gaining ground everywhere. Lawlessness in the cities, the restlessness of a good part of the younger generation—especially those in college—and an inconclusive war cause a growing disquiet.
We live in an age of revolutionary transformation. We can seek to shape it or we can doom ourselves to irrelevance. We can accept the challenge to our creativity or we can resign ourselves to ineffectual bitterness. We can lose ourselves in passionate and paralyzing controversy over technical aspects of individual problems, or we can, as I deeply believe we must, develop a more creative perspective—one which enables us to see the inner relationship of great issues and the larger framework within which they can be solved.
A characteristic of a revolutionary period is that it appears to its contemporaries as a series of unrelated crises. What has seemed an obvious course of action in one decade becomes problematic in another. Familiar concepts for dealing with our problems become detached from present reality. This is a particular difficulty in a society like ours which historically has dealt with its challenges "pragmatically"—hat is, on the basis of values and concepts accepted as too obvious to require explicit formulation. Such an attitude is effective in dealing with technical problems, but increases the difficulty where human considerations are involved—whether in changes of social structure or in our foreign relations. In the absence of a guiding philosophy, the tendency is to await developments. This attitude can make it difficult even to agree on the nature of a problem, much less on its solution. Thus the analysis of a technical issue takes precedence over purpose, which alone can make remedies relevant. More energy is expended on deciding where we are than where we should be going. While a crisis may remove any doubt about the existence of a problem, it also curtails the scope for productive
Copyright © 2019 by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.
All rights reserved. To request permission to distribute or reprint this article, please visit ForeignAffairs.com/Permissions.
Source URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1968-01-01/policy-and-people

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Geopolitical maneuvering, political disunity, endemic corruption, rudderless security apparatus and, most importantly, a confident Taliban movement supported by the Pakistani "deep state" make Afghanistan the most persistent trouble spot. Recent events in the country are dominated by increasing terrorist attacks against security forces and hapless citizens.
Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi visited Kabul and Islamabad June 24-25, in a bid to reduce tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan, one of the toughest regional diplomatic challenges. While regional stability is a main prerequisite for realizing the "China dream" of grand international connectivity projects, restoring peace in Afghanistan is equally critical for China's own security.
China's current strategic interests in Afghanistan are tied to the negative outcomes the country wants to avoid. For Beijing, these undesirable outcomes include Afghanistan becoming a safe haven for Uighur radical groups, Islamic forces exerting ideological influence in Xinjiang, and insecurity in Afghanistan further destabilizing Pakistan and other Central Asian republics. These outcomes could diminish the prospects of international projects like "One Belt, One Road" (OBOR) and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Beijing is also wary that proxy battles in Afghanistan between India and Pakistan could escalate tensions in South Asia.
Yet Chinese moves have not occurred in a vacuum. Until recently, the Chinese role in Afghanistan has not been as visible and assertive as one would expect from an aspiring global power. It has avoided being sucked into the Afghan political quagmire, despite Beijing's security interests being seriously affected by it. However, circumstances now seem more favorable for Chinese action. Despite multiple measures and several reconciliation efforts, including the U.S.-led Quadrilateral Coordination Group and Russian-led Moscow talks, peace in Afghanistan remains as elusive as ever. After a long and fruitless wait, China has taken a bold diplomatic step.
With active Chinese involvement, a bilateral Kabul-Islamabad "crisis management mechanism" has been devised, along with the establishment of a trilateral "dialogue mechanism" at the foreign minister level in order to " on issues of mutual interest, beginning with economic cooperation." China has one vital advantage that other mediators, including the United States and Russia, lack. The nation enjoys a rock solid partnership with Pakistan, which holds the key to the Afghan riddle. Beyond acting as the conflict's catalyst, the Pakistani side enjoys considerable links to Afghan actors, particularly through extensive support to the Haqqani Network and the Afghan Taliban. Due to obvious strategic advantages, Pakistan has openly and aggressively promoted the perception that the path to peace in Afghanistan passes through Islamabad.
Politically, the Ghani government needs an entente with Islamabad as a means of bringing the Taliban to the negotiating table—an objective it has not been able to achieve despite much effort. It is undoubtedly a commendable achievement that Pakistan and Afghanistan have agreed to resume a bilateral normalization process under Chinese prodding, but they are trapped in a vicious cycle of mutual distrust. Failing to achieve bilateral cooperation on border security, Pakistan is trying to invest a lot in border management. However, without Afghan cooperation, Pakistan cannot secure its border with Afghanistan. The prospects of instigating a peace process will not improve with Beijing's entry alone. The biggest challenge to Chinese efforts springs from the diametrically opposite positions of the United States and the Taliban. The Trump administration is contemplating a surge in troop levels, intensifying the battle against the Taliban, who continue to insist upon their precondition for joining peace talks: the departure of all Western troops from Afghanistan.
Even as China and Russia press Kabul to begin peace talks with the Taliban, Beijing cannot ignore the policy being adopted by President Donald Trump. The plans for a troop surge signify that the United States is thinking along the lines of defeating the Taliban militarily. Anything that enables the Trump administration to withdraw from the Afghan theater without any catastrophic damage to American credibility will be welcome in Washington, and Trump is unlikely to abandon the United States' Afghan allies at the mercy of a marauding Taliban and an opportunistic Pakistan.
Particularly when seen from the perspective of the India-obsessed Pakistani military, removing the deep-rooted mistrust between Afghanistan and Pakistan is going to pose a huge challenge for China. Afghanistan has maintained a close relationship with India, which has refused to be part of OBOR, citing serious objections about the CPEC passing through Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Another critical issue is the emerging strategic consensus between the United States and India on regional security issues, which will encourage Delhi to step up its footprint in Afghanistan.
China is well-positioned to facilitate intelligence sharing and border security mechanisms between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Going further, the prospects of launching joint military operations against terrorists in the restive border regions could be explored by the three countries. However, the end state in Afghanistan is going to be determined as much by the dynamics of Afghanistan-Pakistan-India trilateral relations as by U.S.-China relations.
Afghanistan is in disarray largely because of the continuing support, sustenance, and sanctuary to the terrorist network in Pakistan. Clearly, the Afghan conflict is largely a reflection of destabilizing interplay between internal divisions and external interventions. Ever since the 19th century, Afghanistan has been a graveyard of grand diplomatic strategies by outside actors, who have ignored the country's inherent complexities. Recent U.S. policy has been no exception, and its architects seem to be learning that lesson the hard way. Beijing must take note of this, or it too could find itself drawn into a complex conflict with no easy exit.


Samsung has started rolling out the official Android 7.0 Nougat OTA update for both Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge (SM-G930F/G935F). This OTA update is finally released by Samsung after several beta builds. The latest 7.0 Nougat update comes with build ID G930FXXU1DPLT and G935FXXU1DPLT that brings many features along with the new security patch. The Nougat firmware is now available to flash on Galaxy S6 (G930F) and Galaxy S6 Edge (SM-G935F) which gives you an instant upgrade to Android 7.0 build of Samsung. As you know that OTA updates are rolling out in a phase wise manner so currently the firmware is available for two regions: UK (BTU) and the Czech Republic. If the OTA update has not yet reached in your region and you can't wait more for the OTA update then; still you can install it manually using Odin app.
Odin is an official firmware flashing tool that allows you to flash any official firmware on Samsung devices. By following this step by step guide, you can install the latest official Android OS version on your Galaxy S6 (G930F) and Galaxy S6 Edge (SM-G935F). We always recommend updating your Android devices with the recent official firmware. This new firmware comes with bugs fixes and will improve the performance of your Galaxy S6 (G930F) and Galaxy S6 Edge (SM-G935F). If you are interested in installing Android 7.0 Nougat on Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge then go ahead and follow the given steps.
This guide containing the Official Android 7.0 Nougat firmware and instructions can be used only with the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F. Do not try to install this firmware on any other device or incorrect variant. Verify the model number of your device by navigating to Settings > About Phone, the model number of your device must be SM-G930F/G935F.
AndroidBlog.gs will not be held responsible for any damage occurred to your Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F during or after the installation of Android 7.0 Nougat Proceed at your risk.
Make a proper backup of all the existing data and settings of your Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F, in case anything goes wrong then you'll be able to restore your data back.
Verify that you've correctly installed the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F USB Drivers on the PC.
Enable USB Debugging Mode on your Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge by navigating to Settings > Developer Options > check the USB Debugging option.
If the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F will no longer belong to a rooted version, once the stock firmware installed.
Check the battery level of your Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F, and it should be charged at least about 80% before proceeding to the installation guide.
Step No 1: – First, download Android 7.0 Nougat and Odin v3.10.7 for Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F on the desktop of your PC.
Step No 3: – Turn OFF your Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F to boot into Download Mode.
Step No 10: – Once the installation process is successfully finished, the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F will restart. Unplug the phone after you see the home screen.
Done! You have successfully updated Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge SM-G930F/G935F to Android 7.0 Nougat official firmware update.


What started as a Norwegian family business with one vessel, is now a publicly listed company and a world-leading logistics service provider for chemicals and other specialty bulk liquids. The chemicals and liquids Odfjell ships carry and our terminals store are vital building blocks for a multitude of everyday products. Since 1914, we have unfolded our story in every corner of the world.
Shipping as we know it today, an independent industry in its own right, really commenced in the second part of the 19th century.
Norwegian shipping faced extreme challenges during the war. Fredrik Odfjell made his mark in these tough years for the company and for the country.
The immediate prime task for Odfjell during the first post-war years was to rebuild the fleet, but this was also a natural time to draw plans for the future.


I Believe in Miracles…Do You?
What do I do when mom and dad are fighting?
Moms Magazine is a community of parenting experts and moms just like you providing advice and sharing real-life experiences to help you along the journey of parenthood.
Parenting Without Punishment – What's the Hitch?


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by Candid Orange 8th September 202012:00 pm 8th September 2020
Gestures, signs and symbols: the quest for meaning in British politics
By Peter Kardynal
A man who rose to power through showmanship, playacting and fabrications declares 'I don't believe in gestures'; let's explore Boris' relationship with gestures and their relevance in British politics.
"Meaningless! Meaningless! Says the teacher. Everything is meaningless!" [Ecclesiastes 1:2]. The book of Ecclesiastes opens with a rather pessimistic understanding as to what the essence of life consists of. King Solomon, the presumed voice of the book, had sought to understand all there is to life. In his philosophical pursuit, he concluded that, "I have seen all the things that are done under the sun; all of them are meaningless, a chasing after the wind". For Solomon, all actions in this earth-bound existence were inherently useless vapour and thus meaningless.
"I don't believe in gestures," declared our very own chief, Boris Johnson. A man well acquainted with useless deeds and a vaporous tongue evoked similar conclusions to Solomon regarding the futility of certain realities. Speaking on LBC radio on the 3rd of July, the PM was asked if he would take the knee as a sign of solidary with the BLM movement. In dissimilar prose to Solomon, Boris blurted: "I…I…I… I don't believe in gestures; I believe in substance. I believe in doing things that make a practical difference."
The emphasis here is on the term 'gesture' that Boris so assertively claims to disbelieve. The reality is that gestures, and signs and symbols are constantly used in political discourse. They act as a tool to sway public opinion, highlight social injustices or nationalistic opinions, to seduce voters and consumers, and so on and so forth. In the modern world, signs and symbols are profuse and often propagated by politicians and the media.
The significance of 'gestures in politics'
For right or wrong, manipulation or inspiration, 'gestures', interchangeable with 'signs and symbols', play a powerful role in politics. Ever since the inception of Demokratia in Ancient Greece, politics has had a very public and symbolic significance. Politics meant entering the public space, where citizens can speak and be heard.
In the public realm it is the words, rhetoric and deeds of citizens that are judged by their peers; one's political life is identical to how they appear to others. Thus, the realm of politics is the realm of appearance. Political theorist Hannah Arendt sums this up nicely: "appearance, something that is being seen and heard by others as well as by ourselves, constitutes reality," [Hannah Arendt – The Human Condition].
The political slogans we hear, the countless media sources we digest, the images of politicians revealing how they choose to present themselves, all these are 'gestures'. It is something which humans find easiest to relate to; how we interpret these symbols and how they are used to appeal to the public is a complex process.
Though, appearances can be deceptive and unreliable. The word hypocrite comes from the Greek hypokrisis meaning 'acting-out', consequently, the actors of the political stage must embrace its aesthetic nature to thrive.
"The search for motives, the demand that everybody display in public his innermost motivation, since it actually demands the impossible, transforms all actors into hypocrites," [Hannah Arendt, On Revolution].
Play acting can diminish politics into a form of entertainment with catchphrases and slogans replacing real political arguments. The examples are countless. The Brexit line 'take back control' and the more recent 'Get Brexit Done' are gestures of little substance, attempting to reduce complex narratives to appeal to emotional receptors.
Our political debate is losing the founding democratic principle of free public discussion. It is becoming a polarised shouting match reduced to buzz words where people yel, without saying anything of value, instead labelling each other as 'snowflakes', 'boomers', or the recent fan favourite of 'Karen'.
For philosopher Jean Baudrillard, there is no truth behind the lies of politicians and media. Information for Baudrillard takes on a life of its own circulating societies like commodities on the stock market, people barter and sell information, slogans, etc. "Where we think that information produces meaning, the opposite occurs. Information devours its own content," [Baudrillard, Simulacra et Simulation].
Boris the play-actor
When assessing Boris's term 'gesture' from this perspective, his words turn to ash in his mouth. 'Gestures' are a powerful tool of an incompetent government. The false realities which Boris and his cabinet generate mask the lack of action that has been undertaken in facing recent crises. But it is something which Boris has utilised throughout his climb of the political ladder.
Boris is a performer, he ziplined into prominence as Mayor of London off the back of stunts, gestures and TV appearances.
The power of gestures is what Boris calls upon in present times of crisis, as a tool to boost morale, divert public scrutiny and cling onto support. Yet, whatever the government's policy may have been regarding the handling of COVID and the economic fallout, it has had the worst of both worlds, no one can afford the cake or they're too ill to eat it.
The government has failed hugely on a social-medical basis. The UK has the worst coronavirus death toll out of any European nation. While this has not been balanced out by any sort of economic gain, the chaos and mismanagement which rules in the cabinet have meant that the UK economy suffers the worst slump in Europe; officially entering recession with a 20.4 per cent contraction in the second quarter.
The government has been incompetent in its approach and response, instead making itself busy employing gestures in diverting public opinion; replacing shambles with spectacles, with countless U-turns along the way.
Claps didn't 'protect' the NHS
While Boris got stuck into 'clap for carers' during the peak of the pandemic. His claps did not give NHS staff the necessary PPE, equipment, or funding to deal with the crisis. This is all part of generating a hollow 'NHS hero' gesture which credits the idea without supporting the people behind the message. We cannot clap away destructive NHS cuts, no matter how much we profess our supposed love.
When NHS workers marched on Downing Street in July demanding increased pay there was no broad support from the public as there existed during 'clap for carers'. Boris would rather clap for his mates in finance, "our wealth creators, our capitalists" and propagate ideas of British exceptionalism in appealing to his support base.
It is these ideas of British exceptionalism that are at the helm in handling the economic and social fallout. Britain has acted out of step in dealing with the crises on the international stage, rainbows outside of household windows and spitfires honouring the NHS will do little to ease this tragedy.
Gratitude for the NHS must go hand-in-hand with direct action. Aneurin Bevan, who led the establishment of the NHS, wrote in 1952 that, "warm gushes of self-indulgent emotion are an unreliable source of driving power in the field of health organization". Yet Boris in attempting to provide a tough show in his management resorts to self-indulgent gestures.
In a late June press conference, Boris equated strength with masculinity and in a Putinesque display of virility and power. Boris gestures again to the British public, seeking to remove any anxieties that he was not fit for public office, he explained he was "as fit as a butcher's dog".
Pantomime at Dover
Priti Patel, recently made a trip down to the white cliffs of Dover to look 'tough on immigration'. Just now 'illegal immigrants' are being held as potent symbols of national sovereignty in the form of hard borders. The nationalistic 'take back our borders' rhetoric which this government is so fond of is another ploy to direct the British public away from government failures through exploiting xenophobic fears. It is convenient that the British government and media had pivoted to hysterically reporting on refugees in side-lining government criticism. The reporting is disproportionate to the actual volume of migrants entering the country; yet media rather film people on boats than help them.
Amidst such circumstances, one cannot blame people who feel disheartened and disenfranchised with the state of modern politics. There is a loss of genuine political organisation and operation. Through the power of gestures, politics can be reduced to a political game presented by the media in which public opinion is constantly manipulated, lines are blurred.
Yet simultaneously, people who feel that they are neglected and forgotten by politics yearn for a narrative, even an invented fiction that will make sense of the anxiety they are experiencing, one which promises some sort of redemption.
Our ideologies and views are constructed under the social and political circumstances within which we live. Gestures have a powerful shaping force in this, but it is up to us to decipher the meaningful from the meaningless.


Once high school students get a taste of life at Rice, why would they apply anywhere else?
That's how a host of young scholars felt after participating in Rice's Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering (IBB) Summer Academy, a program that introduces high school juniors to the college experience at a tier-one research institution.
Charles Walper stands by his poster on "Tissue Engineering an Artificial Bone Marrow Environment" during his time at the IBB Summer Academy in 2009. Walper, who worked in the lab of Rice professor and academy director Jennifer West, is now a student at Rice.
As the program prepares to mark its 20th anniversary next year, it has something else to celebrate: the number of former participants who have matriculated at Rice. The academy is not intended to be a recruiting tool, but of the 80 or so students to pass through the summer program in 2008 and 2009, 10 of them are now freshmen or sophomores at Rice.
"The summer academy is what made me choose Rice," confirmed Charlie Walper, who plans to study mechanical engineering. "I didn't bother applying anywhere else — despite many friends trying to convince me otherwise.
Participants get to work with Rice researchers and members of their laboratories, who guide them through the planning and practice of research experiments and activities. The two-week sessions includes lectures, lab tours and hands-on project demonstrations in physiology, chemistry, microscopy, physics, robotics, molecular biology and plant ecology. A communications workshop helps participants prepare their college application essays and learn about the application process.
Having academy participants return to Rice for college is the best possible outcome, said IBB Director Yousif Shamoo, associate professor of biochemistry and cell biology, who hopes to bring successful alumni of the program back to Rice for a celebration of the anniversary next summer. "It's always in the back of your mind when you have these programs that if you do right by the students, they'll come to Rice and do really well.
"And that has happened, but this is the first year I can say it was wholesale," Shamoo said.
Rice interns assist high schoolers with a hands-on chromatography t-shirt project during 2009's Summer Academy.
The academy runs two sessions. The first, administered by Jennifer West, the Isabel C. Cameron Professor and professor in chemical and biomolecular engineering, is for students at the Science Academy of South Texas (SAST), which has been sending its best and brightest to Rice every summer since 1992. These students not only study here but also live on campus and get a taste of what life is like for college students. The program draws support from the Hamill Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Shamoo attributes the program's recent success to the passion West brings to it. "IBB is the principal organizing force behind the academy, but Jennifer is the spirit of the SAST program in particular. She's the one who really reinvigorated it," he said.
The second session, run by Shamoo, is open to all Greater Houston high schoolers. Between the two programs, about 40 students participate every year.
Shamoo understands. As a high schooler in Connecticut, he found himself in a summer program in the lab of Thomas Steitz, Yale University's Sterling professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry and professor of chemistry. Some years later, Shamoo worked in the professor's lab as a postdoctoral researcher. Steitz, who shared last year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry, wrote letters of recommendation for Shamoo to Rice.