text:
namespace net {

GameNetworkWorker::GameNetworkWorker(quint16 port, std::shared_ptr<GameTimer> game_timer, std::weak_ptr<World> world, std::vector<Client> clients)
  : port_(port),
    game_timer_(game_timer),
    last_packet_id_(1),
    world_ptr_(world),
    send_entities_timer_(),
    detect_disconnect_timer_() {
  QObject::connect(&socket_, SIGNAL(readyRead()), this, SLOT(ReadPendingDatagrams()));
  QObject::connect(&socket_, SIGNAL(error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)), this, SLOT(SocketError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)));
  socket_.bind( port_);
  for(Client client : clients) {
    clients_.insert(std::pair<int, Client>(client.GetId(), client));
    last_event_ids_[client.GetId()] = 0; // not event has been ACKed yet for this client (the first event ID will be 1)
    last_received_pings_[client.GetId()] = game_timer_->GetTimestamp();
  }
  QObject::connect(&send_entities_timer_, &QTimer::timeout, this, &GameNetworkWorker::BroadcastWorld);
  send_entities_timer_.start(100);
  QObject::connect(&detect_disconnect_timer_, &QTimer::timeout, this, &GameNetworkWorker::DetectConnectionLost);
  detect_disconnect_timer_.start(kDisconnectTimeout / 3);
  LOG(DEBUG) << "In game network worker initialized and ready on port " << port_;
}

void GameNetworkWorker::ReadPendingDatagrams() {
  VLOG(9) << "Reading pending datagrams...";
  while(socket_.hasPendingDatagrams()) {
    QByteArray datagram;
    datagram.resize(socket_.pendingDatagramSize());
    QHostAddress sender;
    quint16 sender_port;
    socket_.readDatagram(datagram.data(), datagram.size(), &sender, &sender_port);
    ProcessDatagram(datagram);
  }
}

void GameNetworkWorker::SocketError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError error) {
  LOG(ERROR) << "Error on socket: " << socket_.errorString().toStdWString();
  (void) error;
}

void GameNetworkWorker::ProcessDatagram(const QByteArray& datagram) {
  QDataStream stream(datagram);
  if(!CheckProtocolAndVersion(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Protocol or version ID mismatch, dropping datagram.";
    return;
  }
  quint8 client_id = GetClientId(stream);
  if(!CheckStreamStatus(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the client id.";
    return;
  }
  auto it = clients_.find(client_id);
  if(it == clients_.end()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Got a datagram with client id " << (int) client_id << " that does not match a registered client, dropping it.";
    return;
  }
  Client client = it->second;
  if(!client.IsConnected()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Received a datagram from a previously disconnected client. This server does not support client reconnection ; dropping the datagram";
  }
  VLOG(5) << "Datagram comes from client " << client.GetId();
  quint32 packet_id = GetPacketId(stream);
  if(!CheckStreamStatus(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the packet id.";
    return;
  }
  VLOG(5) << "Received datagram packet id: " << packet_id;
  quint8 packet_type = GetPacketType(stream);
  if(!CheckStreamStatus(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the packet type.";
    return;
  }
  switch(packet_type) {
    case kPingPacketId:
      VLOG(5) << "The datagram is a ping packet.";
      ProcessPingPacket(stream, client, packet_id);
      break;
    case kEventPacketId:
      VLOG(5) << "The datagram is an event packet.";
      ProcessEventPacket(stream, client, packet_id);
      break;
    default:
      LOG(WARNING) << "Received unknown packet type " << packet_type << ", dropping datagram.";
      break;
  }
}

bool GameNetworkWorker::CheckProtocolAndVersion(QDataStream &stream) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  quint8 protocol_id;
  quint8 server_version;
  stream >> protocol_id;
  stream >> server_version;

  if(!CheckStreamStatus(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the protocol and version.";
    return false;
  }

  quint8 accepted_version = GameNetworkWorker::kServerVersion;
  quint8 accepted_protocol_id = GameNetworkWorker::kProtocolId;
  if(protocol_id != accepted_protocol_id) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Received unexpected protocol ID: got " << protocol_id << ", expected " << accepted_protocol_id;
    return false;
  }
  if(server_version != accepted_version) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Received unsupported server version: got " << server_version << ", but only version " << accepted_version << " is supported by this client";
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

quint8 GameNetworkWorker::GetPacketType(QDataStream& stream) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  quint8 packet_id;
  stream >> packet_id;
  return packet_id;
}

quint32 GameNetworkWorker::GetPacketId(QDataStream& stream) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  quint32 packet_id;
  stream >> packet_id;
  return packet_id;
}

quint8 GameNetworkWorker::GetClientId(QDataStream& stream) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  quint8 client_id;
  stream >> client_id;
  return client_id;
}

void GameNetworkWorker::ProcessPingPacket(QDataStream& stream, const Client& client, quint32 packet_id) {
  (void) stream; // unused for now, the ping content does not matter
  last_received_pings_[client.GetId()] = game_timer_->GetTimestamp();
  SendPongPacket(client, packet_id);
}

void GameNetworkWorker::ProcessEventPacket(QDataStream& stream, const Client& client, quint32 packet_id) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  (void) packet_id;
  quint8 events_size;
  stream >> events_size;

  if(!CheckStreamStatus(stream)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the number of events.";
    return;
  }

  for(int i = 0; i < events_size; i++) {
    std::unique_ptr<InGameEvent> event = Deserializer::DeserializeInGameEvent(stream);
    if(stream.status() != QDataStream::Ok) {
      LOG(WARNING) << "Stream is in an invalid state after having deserialized the event. Continuing anyway.";
    }
    if(event.get() == nullptr) {
      LOG(WARNING) << "Could not deserialize the received event. Dropping remaining data.";
      return;
    }
    VLOG(9) << "Deserialized event has ID " << event->GetId();
    if(event->GetId() <= last_event_ids_[client.GetId()]) {
      VLOG(8) << "The client has sent an event that has already been processed (according to its ID).";
      continue;
    }
    auto client_event = std::unique_ptr<BaseClientEvent>(new BaseClientEvent(std::move(event), client, game_timer_->GetTimestamp()));
    HandlePendingEvent(std::move(client_event));
  }
  EmitReadyEvents(client);
}

// TODO: defends against a client attacking the server by sending bad events id
void GameNetworkWorker::HandlePendingEvent(std::unique_ptr<BaseClientEvent> event) {
  Client client = event->GetClient();
  auto pair = std::pair<const quint32, std::unique_ptr<BaseClientEvent>>(event->GetEvent()->GetId(), std::move(event));
  event_cache_[client.GetId()].insert(std::move(pair));
}

void GameNetworkWorker::EmitReadyEvents(Client client) {
  quint8 client_id = client.GetId();
  // look if the next event from this client (ordered by id) has been received
  auto it = event_cache_[client_id].find(last_event_ids_[client_id] + 1);
  bool send_ack = false;
  while(it != event_cache_[client_id].end()) {
    // if yes, send it to the application
    EmitterVisitor visitor(this, it->second.get());
    it->second->GetEvent()->Accept(visitor);
    event_cache_[client_id].erase(it);
    // this event will be ACKed
    last_event_ids_[client_id]++;
    send_ack = true;
    // update iterator
    it = event_cache_[client_id].find(last_event_ids_[client_id] + 1);
  }
  if(send_ack) {
    SendAckPacket(client, last_event_ids_[client_id]);
  }
}

void GameNetworkWorker::SendAckPacket(const Client& client, quint32 event_id) {
  QByteArray buffer;
  QDataStream stream(&buffer, QIODevice::OpenModeFlag::WriteOnly);
  PrepareHeader(stream, kEventAckPacketId);
  stream << event_id;
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  socket_.writeDatagram(buffer, client.GetAddress(), client.GetPort());
  VLOG(9) << "Sent ACK packet for ids <= " << (int) event_id << " to client ID " << (int) client.GetId();
}

void GameNetworkWorker::SendPongPacket(const Client& client, quint32 packet_id) {
  QByteArray buffer;
  QDataStream stream(&buffer, QIODevice::OpenModeFlag::WriteOnly);
  PrepareHeader(stream, kPingPacketId);
  stream << packet_id;
  quint32 timestamp = game_timer_->GetTimestamp();
  stream << timestamp;
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  socket_.writeDatagram(buffer, client.GetAddress(), client.GetPort());
  VLOG(9) << "Answered pong with timestamp " << timestamp << " to the ping with id " << packet_id;
  VLOG(9) << "Client was at address " << client.GetAddress().toString().toStdWString() << ":" << client.GetPort();
}

quint32 GameNetworkWorker::PrepareHeader(QDataStream& stream, quint8 packet_type) {
  assert(stream.status() == QDataStream::Ok);
  quint32 packet_id = GetNextPacketId();
  stream << kProtocolId;
  stream << kServerVersion;
  stream << packet_id;
  stream << packet_type;
  return packet_id;
}

quint32 GameNetworkWorker::GetNextPacketId() {
  last_packet_id_ += 1;
  return last_packet_id_;
}

void GameNetworkWorker::EmitEvent(ClientEvent<BombEvent> event) {
  VLOG(EVENT_READY_LOG_LEVEL) << "Network worker: bomb event ready / client id: " << (int) event.GetClientId() << " / id: " << event.GetEventData().GetId();
  emit BombEventReceived(event);
}

void GameNetworkWorker::EmitEvent(ClientEvent<MoveEvent> event) {
  VLOG(EVENT_READY_LOG_LEVEL) << "Network worker: move event ready / client id: " << (int) event.GetClientId() << " / id: " << event.GetEventData().GetId();
  emit MoveEventReceived(event);
}

void GameNetworkWorker::EmitEvent(ClientEvent<PlayerLeftEvent> event) {
  VLOG(EVENT_READY_LOG_LEVEL) << "Network worker: player left event ready / client id: " << (int) event.GetClientId() << " / id: " << event.GetEventData().GetId();
  emit PlayerLeftEventReceived(event);
}

void GameNetworkWorker::BroadcastWorld() {
  quint32 timestamp = game_timer_->GetTimestamp();
  VLOG(9) << "Broadcasting the world state to clients, timestamp is " << timestamp;
  auto world = world_ptr_.lock();
  if(world.get() == nullptr) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "The World has gone out of scope, can not send it to clients!";
    return;
  }
  std::vector<Entity*> to_send;
  // do not put to many entites in the same packet to prevent the packet from
  // being cut by the network layer
  for(int i = 0; i < world->GetWidth(); i++)  {
    for(int j = 0; j < world->GetHeight(); j++) {
      QPoint point(i, j);// TODO check indices
      for(auto it = world->IteratorAtBegin(point); it != world->IteratorAtEnd(point); ++it) {
        to_send.push_back(it->get());
      }
    }
  }
  for(auto it = world->CharacterIteratorBegin(); it != world->CharacterIteratorEnd(); ++it) {
    to_send.push_back(it->get());
  }
  auto it = to_send.begin();
  while(it != to_send.end()) {
    QByteArray buffer;
    QDataStream stream(&buffer, QIODevice::OpenModeFlag::WriteOnly);
    quint32 packet_id = PrepareHeader(stream, kEntitiesPacketId);
    stream << timestamp;
    std::vector<Entity*> packet;
    for(int i = 0; i < 10 && it != to_send.end(); ++i) {
      packet.push_back(*it);
      ++it;
    }
    stream << (quint8) packet.size();
    for(Entity* entity: packet) {
      stream << *entity;
    }
    for(auto p: clients_) {
      socket_.writeDatagram(buffer, buffer.size(), p.second.GetAddress(), p.second.GetPort());
    }
    VLOG(9) << "Sent the entities packet with ID: " << packet_id << " to all the clients";
  }
}

void GameNetworkWorker::DetectConnectionLost() {
  for(auto it = last_received_pings_.begin(); it != last_received_pings_.end(); ++it) {
    if(game_timer_->GetTimestamp() > it->second + kDisconnectTimeout) {
      auto itt = clients_.find(it->first);
      assert(itt != clients_.end());
      Client client = itt->second;
      client.SetConnected(false);
      LOG(INFO) << "The client " << (int) client.GetId() << " did not send a ping for at least " << (int) kDisconnectTimeout << " seconds ; marking it as disconnected.";
      emit ConnectionLost(client);
      last_received_pings_.erase(it);
    }
  }
}

bool GameNetworkWorker::CheckStreamStatus(const QDataStream& stream) const {
  if(stream.status() != QDataStream::Ok) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Deserialization stream status is not OK (code is: " << (int) stream.status() << "), the current message will be lost.";
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

}


Our wool felt is made of 100% merino wool. It is a high quality felt for all your crafting needs. Once you have worked with it you won't want to go back to other felts! We offer it in lots of color choices. It is 1mm thick and the squares are 9"X 9".


EB at the northern end of Robert Moses State Parkway, which gets this elongated interpretation of the state route shield and the New York Dept. of Parks and Recreation maple leaf. NY 18 and the Parkway are both on the Seaway Trail, although the official route appears to be 18 only. The length of 18 was supposed to be paralleled by a combination of the Robert Moses (north-south to Fort Niagara State Park) and the Lake Ontario State Parkway (east-west, currently ends at Lakeside Beach State Park). Instead of being the end of Robert Moses State Pkwy., this location in Four Mile State Park would have been just another exit on Lake Ontario State Pkwy., which would have connected other county and state parks between here and Rochester.
NB and SB on opposite sides of the same intersection, but only one is NY 18. In the first photo, NY 18 turns left on Latta Rd. The second photo is on Dewey Ave. The Lake Ontario State Pkwy. overpass of Dewey Ave. was under reconstruction at the time, which led to dozens of non-cutout shields scattered around greater Rochester and Greece, all with the wrong color scheme (the outer ring should be green letters on white).
One more shield, NB (Latta Rd. WB).
Onto Robert Moses State Pkwy.
Onto Lake Ontario State Pkwy.


Providing the most comprehensive and up-to-date information and analysis of the Soft Drinks Review market, and the behaviours, preferences and habits of the consumer.
Data for each of these types of soft drink includes sales through retail outlets where the drink is purchased for the purpose of in-home consumption or for drinking on the go, and on-premise sales where the product is bought to consume on-site. Milk/flavoured milk and tap water are only included in the consumer research to help provide context.
Written by Kiti Soininen, a leading analyst in the Food & Drink sector, her extensive knowledge delivers in-depth commentary and analysis to highlight current trends and add expert context to the numbers.
What consumer needs does the range meet?


text:
Q: Remove row with spesific value in pandas dataframe I have a dataframe like this:
value1       value2
aa7bbc       aaaa
ss           ss0
qqq          wwww
nn77         qqee

I want to remove the row that :

*

*has digit in value

*begin with nn

*has less than two characters

I've tried this:
df[~df.value1.str.contains(r'\d')]

but that doesn't cover everything I need. what is the most efficient way to solve this?
Thank you so much

A: you just need to refine your regex with OR to match any of the conditions.
r'(\d)|(^nn)|(^.?$)'
this is:
\d for a contained digit
OR
^nn for begin with nn
OR
^.?$ for 0-1 chars (less than two characters).
try this:
import pandas as pd
from io import StringIO

df = pd.read_csv(StringIO("""
value1       value2
aa7bbc       aaaa
ss           ss0
qqq          wwww
nn77         qqee"""), sep=r"\s+")

df = df[~df.value1.str.contains(r'(\d)|(^nn)|(^.?$)')]

print(df)

Output:
  value1 value2
1     ss    ss0
2    qqq   wwww

A: Use operators to filter based on the conditions
    df[ (~df.value1.str.contains(r'\d')) & (df.value1.str.len() < 2) & (df.value1.str.startswith('nn') ]

A: def has_digit(str):
     return any(char.isdigit() for char in str)

new_df=df[len(df['value1'])>=2 and not df['value1'].startswith("nn") and not has_digit(df['value1'])]

A: Here is a way to do it :
mask_no_digit =( ~df.value1.str.contains(r'\d')) & (~df.value2.str.contains(r'\d'))
mask_no_nn = (~df['value1'].str.startswith('nn')) & (~df['value2'].str.startswith('nn'))
mask_no_2_characters = (~df['value1'].str.len()<=2 ) & (~df['value2'].str.len()<=2)

df[mask_no_digit & mask_no_nn & mask_no_2_characters]

Output :
  value1 value2
2    qqq   wwww

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text:
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Magnesium is essential for our health. It is a key cofactor for our energy regulation, and in plants it is the center of the chlorphyll molecule. Low magnesium in people is associated with depression. Among the treatments we provide at the IV Medical Center is Ketamine infusions. In the process of our treatments, we assess patients for toher medical conditions that may lead to refractory depression and low magnesium is one of them.
Ketamine, an anesthetic and street drug known as "Special K" has garnered a lot of attention for it's ability, in some, to relieve the symptoms of very severe depression in a matter of minutes. A recent study has demonstrated how it might work, but before you go signing up for a clinical trial (and there are currently many going on in the US), it's important to understand the downsides to the drug. One major problem is that the effects wear off, usually within 10 days, leaving you just as depressed as before. It can cause urinary incontinence, bladder problems, addiction, and, with chronic use, it can worsen mental health problems, causing more depression, anxiety, and panic attacks.
Ketamine seems to have a remarkable, short term ability to heal the synapses injured by chronic stress. However, anything that acts that quickly and successfully usually has a long-term cost. All powerfully addictive drugs work on our own natural receptors and neurons. Cocaine, for example, causes immediate racing euphoria by inhibiting the natural neurotransmitter dopamine from being recycled, leaving bunches of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. In the very short term, you feel great. In the long term, you tax the system by driving the neurotransmitter system far out of balance in an aggressive way.
Nicotine has a similar effect on the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor. It activates it in a pleasing way, but unfortunately desensitizes the receptor so much that only nicotine will keep it firing. A nutrient found in foods such as egg yolks called choline activates the same receptor, but without desensitizing it. Long term, regular ingestion of choline keeps the receptor functional and happy, helping with certain brain tasks. Long term, regular use of nicotine activates the receptor but forces you to take more nicotine to keep the receptor working, leaving you foggy-headed and less sharp if you go without cigarettes.
So is there a less dramatic, "natural" version of ketamine, something we can safely ingest every day, but might be a little depleted in our modern diets? Nothing taken in physiologic amounts would reverse a depression in half an hour like ketamine, but could another chemical we find in food and mineral water help with resilience to stress, synaptic repair, and make us more resistant to depression and anxiety symptoms? Sure—that chemical is the mineral magnesium. Magnesium, like ketamine, acts as an antagonist to the NMDA receptor, which means it is a counter to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The exact mechanisms are complex, but both ketamine and magnesium seem to help glutamate do its job, activating the receptor, without damaging the receptor with too much activation, which, chronically, leads to excitotoxicity, synaptic degradation, inflammation, and even cell death.
One of the exciting things about ketamine is that it works in some people with severe treatment resistant depression who have failed the traditional therapies. Treatment-resistant individuals tend to have lower intracellular magnesium levels than normal (1). Ketamine and magnesium may also work synergistically, complementing each other. Ketamine leads to an increase of intracellular magnesium, and ketamine will reverse the normally seen magnesium decreases after brain trauma (2). There is some evidence also that more standard antidepressant medications, such as imipramine, work in part by reversing the magnesium-depleting effects of chronic stress, suggesting that adding magnesium supplementation to standard antidepressant regimens might help the medications work better (at least in rodents) (3).
It's great to see an interesting compound like ketamine be taken seriously and thoroughly studied for its action in serious, resistant depression. Ultimately its usefulness may be limited to hospitalized patients who can be closely monitored for the side effects, and who also may benefit the most from the quick mechanism of action, while the longer term risks may be outweighed by the short term benefit in such a critical, serious situation. I would love to see a much safer compound, the mineral magnesium, be studied as an adjunct treatment.
In the mean time, magnesium supplementation is generally safe for most folks with normal kidney function. Many folks eating a normal Western Diethave a low intake of the mineral (4). Those with bowel obstructions, very slow heart rate, or dangerously low blood pressure should not take it. Magnesium can interfere with the absorption of certain medicines (digoxin, nitrofurantoin, bisphosphanates, and some anti malaria drugs). Here are some excellent food sources of magnesium (though remember that both nuts and grains have phytates, which bind minerals, so the magnesium you absorb may not be quite as much as the magnesium you ingest.) Magnesium is also available in many mineral waters.
Recently in the American Journal of Psychiatry, a new paper was published tying nutrient supplementation in pregnant women to positive changes in the brains of their offspring. One of the nutrients that may be less predominant in our modern diets than in traditional diets is the phospholipid known as choline. Phospholipids are exceedingly important for brain development and neuron signaling.
In the current study, 100 pregnant women were randomized to receiving a daily choline supplement (equivalent to the amount of choline found in 3 large eggs) or placebo. After the babies were born, the choline babies continued to get a supplement equal to 100mg of choline daily (the institutes of medicine recommend total daily choline in infants to be 125mg daily), and at measurements of "cerebral inhibition" were taken at about one month and three months of age. Cerebral inhibition is a term used to describe the ability of the brain to tune out a stimulus that happens over and over. For example, if you are trying to work, and someone is running a jackhammer on the street outside, if you have intact cerebral inhibition, your brain will respond less and less to the sound of the jackhammer as it continues. Presumably this change would allow you to focus on more important things, such as the work at hand.
In some brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, cerebral inhibition is impaired. For someone with schizophrenia, the signal from the jackhammer would be just as strong the second and the third and the seventh and the eighth times. You can imagine how you might be affected if you couldn't tune anything out, if your brain was constantly taking in more stimulation and unable to sort through what was necessarily important or not. It could be this lack of cerebral inhibition (which begins with brain development in utero and early infancy) is one of the central causes of developing schizophrenia later on. The brain, so overwhelmed with stimuli, stops making sense of it, leading to psychosis and eventually the degeneration of neurons.
Cerebral inhibition is typically measured by a test called the p50 evoked potential. Electrodes are placed on the scalp, and then the subject is exposed to a sensory stimulus, in this case, paired sounds. With intact cerebral inhibition, the second time the brain processes the sound, the wave amplitude of the auditory evoked potential 50 milliseconds after the sound will be much less than the first time. (Go to this image from the American Journal of Psychiatry to see what the waveforms look like in healthy controls and subjects with schizophrenia.
P50 evoked potential abnormalities can be seen in infants, and genes that are associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia are also associated with these abnormal evoked potential tests. Choline is known to cross the placenta and help with the brain development of certain receptors that normalize cerebral inhibition. In the study of pregnant women receiving choline supplements, 76% of the infants whose mothers got choline had normal p50 evoked potential tests at age one month. Only 43% of the infants of the mothers who received placebo had tests consistent with intact cerebral inhibition. In addition, a gene known as CHRNA7 correlated with diminished cerebral inhibition in the placebo group of infants, but not in the choline group. That means that it is possible (though there is way too little data to know) the choline supplementation could reduce the risk of schizophrenia in these infants. The ScienceDaily write up of the study can be found here.
Schizophrenia risk is higher in the offspring of malnourished mothers. There is also a known gene that reduces choline levels that is associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia. Choline is also sequestered in the mother's liver during trauma, anxiety, or depression, depriving the fetus. Measures of developmental delay and other developmental problems are also associated with later risk of schizophrenia.
Nicotine activates but also profoundly desensitizes the same receptor that choline seems to protect and activate (the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor). 90% of people with schizophrenia smoke, and smoking normalizes p50 evoked potential tests is schizophrenia. Smoking in mothers has been associated with poorer infant cerebral inhibition and later childhood behavioral problems, whereas choline has only been shown to be beneficial for brain development. One difference between the two compounds (among many!) is that choline does not desensitize the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor at all, leaving it active so it can play its presumed role in helping with intact cerebral inhibition.
While choline supplementation is the interest of researchers, I'm more interested in having pregnant women eat their meat and egg yolks, the best sources of choline in the diet. Egg yolks are jam packed with great nutrients for the brain, not only choline, but also B vitamins and other fatty acids important for nerve growth. Bananas also have more choline than you would expect for a fruit. Choline levels in the diet have fallen recently with folks restricting their egg and organ meat consumption. These traditional foods have some important nutrients that we don't want to skimp on in our diets.
Choline, an essential nutrient similar to the B vitamin and found in foods such as liver, muscle meats, fish, nuts and eggs, when given as a dietary supplement in the last two trimesters of pregnancy and in early infancy, is showing a lower rate of physiological schizophrenic risk factors in infants 33 days old. The study breaks new ground both in its potentially therapeutic findings and in its strategy to target markers of schizophrenia long before the illness itself actually appears. Choline is also being studied for potential benefits in liver disease, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, depression, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and certain types of seizures.
Normally, the brain responds fully to an initial clicking sound but inhibits its response to a second click that follows immediately. In schizophrenia patients, deficient inhibition is common and is related to poor sensory filtering and familial transmission of schizophrenia risk. Since schizophrenia does not usually appear until adolescence, this trait — measurable in infancy — was chosen to represent the illness.
Ketamine, magnesium and major depression–from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back.
The glutamatergic mechanism of antidepressant treatments is now in the center of research to overcome the limitations of monoamine-based approaches. There are several unresolved issues. For the action of the model compound, ketamine, NMDA-receptor block, AMPA-receptor activation and BDNF release appear to be involved in a mechanism, which leads to synaptic sprouting and strengthened synaptic connections. The link to the pathophysiology of depression is not clear. An overlooked connection is the role of magnesium, which acts as physiological NMDA-receptor antagonist: 1. There is overlap between the actions of ketamine with that of high doses of magnesium in animal models, finally leading to synaptic sprouting. 2. Magnesium and ketamine lead to synaptic strengthening, as measured by an increase in slow wave sleep in humans. 3. Pathophysiological mechanisms, which have been identified as risk factors for depression, lead to a reduction of (intracellular) magnesium. These are neuroendocrine changes (increased cortisol and aldosterone) and diabetes mellitus as well as Mg(2+) deficiency. 4. Patients with therapy refractory depression appear to have lower CNS Mg(2+) levels in comparison to health controls. 5. Experimental Mg(2+) depletion leads to depression- and anxiety like behavior in animal models. 6. Ketamine, directly or indirectly via non-NMDA glutamate receptor activation, acts to increase brain Mg(2+) levels. Similar effects have been observed with other classes of antidepressants. 7. Depressed patients with low Mg(2+) levels tend to be therapy refractory. Accordingly, administration of Mg(2+) either alone or in combination with standard antidepressants acts synergistically on depression like behavior in animal models.
So back to the magnesium and Ketamine issue: As above, Low magnesium seems to be present in individuals who are depressed and have sleeping disorders. The magnesium is not the type measured by standard blood tests as most magnesium is intracellular. Magnesium may play an important role by antagomizing the NMDA receptors as does Ketamine. Our deficient diets in Magnesium may be increasing our rates of depression!
That doesn't mean that magnesium is unimportant in the brain. Au contraire!In fact, there is an intriguing article entitled Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment, published in Medical Hypothesis in 2006. Medical Hypothesis seems like a great way to get rampant (but referenced) speculation into the PubMed database. Fortunately, I don't need to publish in Medical Hypothesis, as I can engage in such speculation in my blog, readily accessible to Google. Anyway, this article was written by George and Karen Eby, who seem to run a nutrition research facility out of an office warehouse in Austin, Texas – and it has a lot of interesting information about our essential mineral magnesium.
Magnesium is an old home remedy for all that ails you, including "anxiety, apathy, depression, headaches, insecurity, irritability, restlessness, talkativeness, and sulkiness." In 1968, Wacker and Parisi reported that magnesium deficiency could cause depression, behavioral disturbances, headaches, muscle cramps, seizures, ataxia, psychosis, and irritability – all reversible with magnesium repletion.
Stress is the bad guy here, in addition to our woeful magnesium deficient diets. As is the case with other minerals such as zinc, stress causes us to waste our magnesium like crazy – I'll explain a bit more about why we do that in a minute.
A 23 year-old woman with a previous traumatic brain injury became depressed after extreme stress with work, a diet of fast food, "constant noise," and poor academic performance. After one week of magnesium treatment, she became free of depression, and her short term memory and IQ returned.
Eby has the same question about the history of depression that I do – why is depression increasing? His answer is magnesium deficiency. Prior to the development of widespread grain refining capability, whole grains were a decent source of magnesium (though phytic acid in grains will bind minerals such as magnesium, so the amount you eat in whole grains will generally be more than the amount you absorb). Average American intake in 1905 was 400mg daily, and only 1% of Americans had depression prior to the age of 75. In 1955, white bread (nearly devoid of magnesium) was the norm, and 6% of Americans had depression before the age of 24. In addition, eating too much calcium interferes with the absorption of magnesium, setting the stage for magnesium deficiency.
Beyond Eby's interesting set of case studies are a number of other studies linking the effects of this mineral to mental health and the stress response system. When you start to untangle the effects of magnesium in the nervous system, you touch upon nearly every single biological mechanism for depression. The epidemiological studies (1) and some controlled trials (2)(3) seem to confirm that most of us are at least moderately deficient in magnesium. The animal models are promising (4). If you have healthy kidneys, magnesium supplementation is safe and generally well-tolerated (up to a point)(5), and many of the formulations are quite inexpensive. Yet there is a woeful lack of well-designed, decent-sized randomized controlled trials for using magnesium supplementation as a treatment or even adjunctive treatment for various psychiatric disorders.
Let's look at the mechanisms first. Magnesium hangs out in the synapse between two neurons along with calcium and glutamate. If you recall, calcium and glutamate are excitatory, and in excess, toxic. They activate the NMDA receptor. Magnesium can sit on the NMDA receptor without activating it, like a guard at the gate. Therefore, if we are deficient in magnesium, there's no guard. Calcium and glutamate can activate the receptor like there is no tomorrow. In the long term, this damages the neurons, eventually leading to cell death. In the brain, that is not an easy situation to reverse or remedy.
If the above links aren't enough to pique your interest, depression is associated with systemic inflammation and a cell-mediated immune response. Turns out, so is magnesium deficiency. In addition, animal models show that sufficient magnesium seems to protect the brain from depression and anxiety after traumatic brain injury (6), and that the antidepressants desipramine and St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum) seem to protect the mice from the toxic effects of magnesium deficiency and its relationship to anxious and depressed behaviors (4).
The overall levels of magnesium in the body are hard to measure. Most of our body's magnesium is stored in the bones, the rest in the cells, and a very small amount is roaming free in the blood. One would speculate that various mechanisms would allow us to recover some needed magnesium from the intracellular space or the bones if we had plenty on hand, which most of us probably don't. Serum levels may be nearly useless in telling us about our full-body magnesium availability, and studies of levels and depression, schizophrenia, PMS, and anxiety have been all over the place (7). There is some observational evidence that the Mg to Ca ratio may be a better clue. Secondly, the best sources of magnesium in the normal Western diet are whole grains (though again, phytates in grains will interfere with absorption), beans, leafy green veggies, and nuts. These happen to be some of the same sources as folate, and folate depletion is linked with depression, so it may be a confounding factor in the epidemiological studies.
Finally, magnesium is sequestered and wasted via the urine in times of stress. I'm speculating here, but in a hunter-gatherer immediate stress sort of situation, maybe we needed our neurons to fire on all cylinders and our stress hormones to rock and roll through the body in order for us to survive. Presumably we survived or didn't, and then the stressor was removed, and our paleolithic diets had plenty of magnesium to replace that which went missing. However, it may not be overall magnesium deficiency causing depression and exaggerated stress response – it may just be all that chronic stress, and magnesium deficiency is a biomarker for chronic stress. But it doesn't hurt to replete one's magnesium to face the modern world, and at least the relationships should be studied thoroughly. Depression is hugely expensive and debilitating. If we could alleviate some of that burden with enough mineral water… we should know whether that is a reasonable proposition.
As I mentioned before, there are only a few controlled trials of magnesium supplementation and psychiatric disorders. A couple covered premenstrual dysphoria, cravings, and other symptoms (8)(9). Another small study showed some improvement with magnesium supplementation in chronic fatigue syndrome (10). Two open-label studies showed some benefit in mania (11)(12). There is another paper that postulates that magnesium deficiency could exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, there is nothing definitive. Which is, of course, quite troubling. How many billions of dollars have we spent on drug research for depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, when here is a cheap and plausibly helpful natural remedy that hasn't been properly studied?
Magnesium oxide is the cheapest readily available formulation, as well as magnesium citrate, which is more likely to cause diarrhea in excess. (In fact, magnesium is a great remedy for constipation). The oxide is not particularly bioavailable, but the studies I've referenced above suggest that you can top yourself off after about a month of daily supplementation. Those with short bowels (typically due to surgery that removes a large section of bowel) may want to supplement instead with magnesium oil. You can also put some Epsom salts in your bath. In addition to diarrhea, magnesium can cause sedation, and symptoms of magnesium toxicity (again, quite unlikely if your kidneys are in good shape) are low blood pressure, confusion, arrythmia, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Magnesium is taken up by the same transporter as calcium and zinc, so they can fight with each other for absorption. Jaminet and Jaminet recommend total daily levels (between food and supplements) of 400-800mg. Most people can safely supplement with 200-350mg daily without any problems (again, don't proceed without a doctor's supervision if you have known kidney disease or if you are elderly).
People looking for good (but not all paleo) food sources can go here (also a good link for more information on the other formulations of magnesium – there are many!), here, and here.
Magnesium plays important roles in the structure and the function of the human body. The adult human body contains about 25 grams of magnesium. Over 60% of all the magnesium in the body is found in the skeleton, about 27% is found in muscle, 6% to 7% is found in other cells, and less than 1% is found outside of cells (1).
The metabolism of carbohydrates and fats to produce energy requires numerous magnesium-dependent chemical reactions. Magnesium is required by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-synthesizing protein in mitochondria. ATP, the molecule that provides energy for almost all metabolic processes, exists primarily as a complex with magnesium (MgATP)(3).
Cell signaling requires MgATP for the phosphorylation of proteins and the formation of the cell-signaling molecule, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP is involved in many processes, including the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands (see the articles on Vitamin D and Calcium for additional discussions regarding the role of PTH) (3).
Calcium and magnesium levels in the fluid surrounding cells affect the migration of a number of different cell types. Such effects on cell migration may be important in wound healing (3).
High doses of zinc in supplemental form apparently interfere with the absorption of magnesium. One study reported that zinc supplements of 142 mg/day in healthy adult males significantly decreased magnesium absorption and disrupted magnesium balance (the difference between magnesium intake and magnesium loss) (4).
Dietary protein may affect magnesium absorption. One study in adolescent boys found that magnesium absorption was lower when protein intake was less than 30 grams/day, and higher protein intakes (93 grams/day vs. 43 grams/day) were associated with improved magnesium absorption in adolescents (5).
The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) may slightly increase intestinal absorption of magnesium (6). However, it is not clear whether magnesium absorption is calcitriol-dependent as is the absorption of calcium and phosphate. High calcium intake has not been found to affect magnesium balance in most studies. Inadequate blood magnesium levels are known to result in low blood calcium levels, resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) action, and resistance to some of the effects of vitamin D (2, 3).
Age: Several studies have found that elderly people have relatively low dietary intakes of magnesium (7, 8). Intestinal magnesium absorption tends to decrease with age and urinary magnesium excretion tends to increase with age; thus, suboptimal dietary magnesium intake may increase the risk of magnesium depletion in the elderly (2).
Although severe magnesium deficiency is uncommon, it has been induced experimentally. When magnesium deficiency was induced in humans, the earliest sign was decreased serum magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia). Over time, serum calcium levels also began to decrease (hypocalcemia) despite adequate dietary calcium. Hypocalcemia persisted despite increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium homeostasis. Usually, increased PTH secretion quickly results in the mobilization of calcium from bone and normalization of blood calcium levels. As the magnesium depletion progressed, PTH secretion diminished to low levels. Along with hypomagnesemia, signs of severe magnesium deficiency included hypocalcemia, low serum potassium levels (hypokalemia), retention of sodium, low circulating levels of PTH, neurological and muscular symptoms (tremor, muscle spasms, tetany), loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and personality changes (3).
In 1997, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine increased the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for magnesium, based on the results of recent, tightly controlled balance studies that utilized more accurate methods of measuring magnesium (2; Table 1). Balance studies are useful for determining the amount of a nutrient that will prevent deficiency; however, such studies provide little information regarding the amount of a nutrient required for chronic disease prevention or optimum health.
Low magnesium intakes have been associated with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The concomitant presentation of several metabolic disorders in an individual, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity, increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of metabolic disorders, has been inversely correlated with magnesium intakes in a cross-sectional study of 11,686 middle-aged women; the lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found in the group of women with the highest quintile of magnesium intakes (median intake, 422 mg/day) (9).
Large epidemiological study studies suggest a relationship between magnesium and blood pressure. However, the fact that foods high in magnesium (fruit, vegetables, whole grains) are frequently high in potassium and dietary fiber has made it difficult to evaluate the independent effects of magnesium on blood pressure. A prospective cohort study of more than 30,000 male health professionals found an inverse association between dietary fiber, potassium, and magnesium and the development of hypertension over a four-year period (10). In a similar study of more than 40,000 female registered nurses, dietary fiber and dietary magnesium were each inversely associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures in those who did not develop hypertension over the four-year study period, but neither dietary fiber nor magnesium was related to the risk of developing hypertension (11). The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study examined dietary magnesium intake, magnesium blood levels, and risk of developing hypertension in 7,731 men and women over a six-year period (12). The risk of developing hypertension in both men and women decreased as serummagnesium levels increased, but the trend was statistically significant only in women.
However, circulating magnesium represents only 1% of total body stores and is tightly regulated; thus, serum magnesium levels might not best reflect magnesium status. A recent prospective study that followed 5,511 men and women for a median period of 7.6 years found that the highest levels of urinary magnesium excretion corresponded to a 25% reduction in risk of hypertension, but plasma magnesium levels were not correlated with risk of hypertension (13). In cohort of 28,349 women followed for 9.3 years, the risk of hypertension was 7% lower for those with the highest magnesium intakes (434 mg/day vs. 256 mg/day) (14). The relationship between magnesium intake and risk of hypertension suggests that magnesium supplementation might play a role in preventing hypertension; however, randomized controlled trials are needed to assess whether supplemental magnesium might help prevent hypertension in high-risk individuals.
Public health concerns regarding the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the prominent role of magnesium in glucose metabolism have led scientists to investigate the relationship between magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A prospective study that followed more than 25,000 individuals, 35 to 65 years of age, for seven years found no difference in incidence of diabetes mellitus when comparing the highest (377 mg/day) quintile of magnesium intake to the lowest (268 mg/day) (15). However, inclusion of this study in a meta-analysis of eight cohort studies showed that risk of type 2 diabetes was inversely correlated with magnesium intake (15). A second meta-analysis found that an increase of 100 mg/day in magnesium intake was associated with a 15% decrease in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (16). The most recent meta-analysis of 13 observational studies, published in the last 15 years and including almost 540,000 individuals and 24,500 new cases of diabetes, found higher magnesium intakes were associated with a lower risk of diabetes (17).
Insulin resistance, which is characterized by alterations in both insulin secretion by the pancreas and insulin action on target tissues, has been linked to magnesium deficiency. An inverse association between magnesium intakes and fasting insulin levels was evidenced in a meta-analysis of 11 cohort studies that followed more than 36,000 participants without diabetes (18). It is thought that pancreatic β-cells, which regulate insulin secretion and glucose tolerance, could become less responsive to changes in insulin sensitivity in magnesium-deficient subjects (19). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which enrolled 97 individuals (without diabetes and with normal blood pressure) with significant hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium level ≤0.70 mmoles/L), showed that daily consumption of 638 mg of magnesium (from a solution of magnesium chloride) for three months improved the function of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in lower fasting glucose and insulin levels (20). Increased insulin sensitivity also accompanied the correction of magnesium deficiency in patients diagnosed with insulin resistance but not diabetes (21). Another study found that supplementation with 365 mg/day of magnesium (from magnesium aspartate hydrochloride) for six months reduced insulin resistance in 47 overweight individuals even though they displayed normal values of serum and intracellular magnesium (22). This suggests that magnesium might have additive effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity that go beyond the normalization of physiologic serum concentrations in deficient individuals.
A number of studies have found decreased mortality from cardiovascular disease in populations who routinely consume "hard" water. Hard (alkaline) water is generally high in magnesium but may also contain more calcium and fluoride than "soft" water, making the cardioprotective effects of hard water difficult to attribute to magnesium alone (23). One large prospective study (almost 14,000 men and women) found a significant trend for increasing serum magnesium levels to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women but not in men (24). However, the risk of CHD in the lowest quartile of dietary magnesium intake was not significantly higher than the risk in the highest quartile in men or women. This prospective study was included in a meta-analysis of 14 studies that found a 22% lower risk of CHD (but not fatal CHD) per 200 mg/day incremental intake in dietary magnesium (25). In another prospective study, which followed nearly 90,000 female nurses for 28 years, women in the highest quintile of magnesium intake had a 39% lower risk of fatal myocardial infarction (but not nonfatal myocardial infarction) compared to those in the lowest quintile (>342 mg/day versus <246 mg/day) (26). Higher magnesium intakes were associated with an 8%-11% reduction in stroke risk in two meta-analyses of prospective studies, each including over 240,000 participants (27, 28). Additionally, a meta-analysis of 13 prospective studies in over 475,000 participants reported that the risk of total cardiovascular events, including stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and CHD, was 15% lower in individuals with higher intakes of magnesium (29). Finally, a meta-analysis of six prospective studies found no association between magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality risk (30). However, a recent prospective study that followed 3,910 subjects for 10 years found significant correlations between hypomagnesemia and all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular-related mortality (31). Presently, well-controlled intervention trials are required to assess the benefit of magnesium supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Occurrence of hypomagnesemia has been reported in patients who suffered from a subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm (32). Poor neurologic outcomes following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have been linked to inappropriate calcium-dependent contraction of arteries (known as cerebral arterial vasospasm), leading to delayed cerebral ischemia (33). Magnesium sulfate is a calcium antagonist and potent vasodilator that has been considered in the prevention of vasospasm after aSAH. Several randomized controlled trials have assessed the effect of intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate infusions. A meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials found that magnesium therapy after aSAH significantly reduced vasospasm but failed to prevent neurologic deterioration or decrease the risk of death (34). The most recent meta-analysis of 13 trials in 2,413 aSAH patients concluded that the infusion of magnesium sulfate had no benefits in terms of neurologic outcome and mortality, despite a reduction in the incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (35). At present, the data advise against the use of intravenous magnesium in clinical practice for aSAH patients after normalization of their magnesium status.
Atrial arrhythmia is a condition defined as the occurrence of persistent heart rate abnormalities that often complicate the recovery of patients after cardiac surgery. The use of magnesium in the prophylaxis of postoperative atrial arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting has been evaluated as a sole or adjunctive agent to classical antiarrhythmic molecules (namely, β-blockers and amiodarone) in several prospective, randomized controlled trials. A meta-analysis of 21 intervention studies showed that intravenous magnesium infusions could significantly reduce postoperative atrial arrhythmia in treated compared to untreated patients (36). However, a meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials concerned with rhythm-control prophylaxis showed that intravenous magnesium added to β-blocker treatment did not decrease the risk of atrial arrhythmia compared to β-blocker alone and was associated with more adverse effects (bradycardia and hypotension) (37). Presently, the findings support the use of β-blockers and amiodarone, but not magnesium, in patients with contraindications to first-line antiarrhythmics.
Although decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is the primary feature of osteoporosis, other osteoporotic changes in the collagenous matrix and mineral components of bone may result in bones that are brittle and more susceptible to fracture. Magnesium comprises about 1% of bone mineral and is known to influence both bone matrix and bone mineral metabolism. As the magnesium content of bone mineral decreases, apatite crystals of bone become larger and more brittle. Some studies have found lower magnesium content and larger apatite crystals in bones of women with osteoporosis compared to women without the disease (38). Inadequate serum magnesium levels are known to result in low serum calcium levels, resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) action, and resistance to some of the effects of vitamin D (calcitriol), all of which can lead to increased bone loss (see the articles on Vitamin D and Calcium). A study of over 900 elderly men and women found that higher dietary magnesium intakes were associated with increased BMD at the hip in both men and women. However, because magnesium and potassium are present in many of the same foods, the effect of dietary magnesium could not be isolated (39). A cross-sectional study in over 2,000 elderly individuals reported that magnesium intake was positively associated with total-body BMD in white men and women but not in black men and women (40). More recently, a large cohort study conducted in almost two-thirds of the Norwegian population found the level of magnesium in drinking water was inversely correlated with risk of hip fracture (41).
Few studies have addressed the effect of magnesium supplementation on BMD or osteoporosis in humans. In a small group of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, magnesium supplementation of 750 mg/day for the first six months followed by 250 mg/day for 18 more months resulted in increased BMD at the wrist after one year, with no further increase after two years of supplementation (42). A study in postmenopausal women who were taking estrogen replacement therapy and also a multivitamin found that supplementation with an additional 500 mg/day of magnesium and 600 mg/day of calcium resulted in increased BMD at the heel compared to postmenopausal women receiving only estrogen replacement therapy (43). Evidence is not yet sufficient to suggest that supplemental magnesium could be recommended in the prevention of osteoporosis unless normalization of serum magnesium levels is required. Moreover, it appears that high magnesium levels could be harmful to skeletal health by interfering with the action of the calciotropic hormones, PTH and calcitriol (44). Presently, the potential for increased magnesium intake to influence calcium and bone metabolism warrants more research with particular attention to its role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
The use of pharmacologic doses of magnesium to treat specific diseases is discussed below. Although many of the cited studies utilized supplemental magnesium at doses considerably higher than the tolerable upper intake level (UL), which is 350 mg/day set by the Food and Nutrition Board (see Safety), it is important to note that these studies were all conducted under medical supervision. Because of the potential risks of high doses of supplemental magnesium, especially in the presence of impaired kidney function, any disease treatment trial using magnesium doses higher than the UL should be conducted under medical supervision.
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are pregnancy-specific conditions that may occur anytime after 20 weeks of pregnancy through six weeks following birth. Approximately 7% of pregnant women in the US develop preeclampsia-eclampsia. Preeclampsia (sometimes called toxemia of pregnancy) is defined as the presence of elevated blood pressure (hypertension), protein in the urine, and severe swelling (edema) during pregnancy. Eclampsia occurs with the addition of seizures to the triad of symptoms and is a significant cause of perinatal and maternal death (45). Although cases of preeclampsia are at high risk of developing eclampsia, one-quarter of eclamptic women do not initially exhibit preeclamptic symptoms (46). For many years, high-dose intravenous magnesium sulfate has been the treatment of choice for preventing eclamptic seizures that may occur in association with preeclampsia-eclampsia late in pregnancy or during labor (47, 48). A systematic review of seven randomized trials compared the administration of magnesium sulfate with diazepam (a known anticonvulsant) treatment on perinatal outcomes in 1,396 women with eclampsia. Risks of recurrent seizures and maternal death were significantly reduced by the magnesium regimen compared to diazepam. Moreover, the use of magnesium for the care of eclamptic women resulted in newborns with higher Apgar scores; there was no significant difference in the risk of preterm birth and perinatal mortality (46). Additional research has confirmed that infusion of magnesium sulfate should always be considered in the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia to prevent initial and recurrent seizures (49).
While intravenous magnesium sulfate is included in the medical care of preeclampsia and eclampsia, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine support its use in two additional situations: specific conditions of short-term prolongation of pregnancy and neuroprotection of the fetus in anticipated premature delivery (50). The relationship between magnesium sulfate and risk of cerebral damage in premature infants has been assessed in observational studies. A meta-analysis of six case-control and five prospective cohort studies showed that the use of magnesium significantly reduced the risk of cerebral palsy, as well as mortality (51). However, the high degree of heterogeneity among the cohort studies and the fact that corticosteroid exposure (which is known to decrease antenatal mortality) was higher in the cases of children exposed to magnesium compared to controls imply a cautious interpretation of the results. However, a meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials, which included a total of 6,145 babies, found that magnesium therapy given to mothers delivering before term decreased the risk of cerebral palsy and gross motor dysfunction, without modifying the risk of other neurologic impairments or mortality in early childhood (52). Another meta-analysis conducted on five randomized controlled trials found that intravenous magnesium administration to newborns who suffered from perinatal asphyxia could be beneficial in terms of short-term neurologic outcomes, although there was no effect on mortality (53). Nevertheless, additional trials are needed to evaluate the long-term benefits of magnesium in pediatric care.
While results from intervention studies have not been entirely consistent (2), the latest review of the data highlighted a therapeutic benefit of magnesium supplements in treating hypertension. A recent meta-analysis examined 22 randomized, placebo-controlled trials of magnesium supplementation conducted in 1,173 individuals with either a normal blood pressure (normotensive) or hypertension, both treated or untreated with medications. Oral supplementation with magnesium (mean dose of 410 mg/day; range of 120 to 973 mg/day) for a median period of 11.3 months significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 2-3 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 3-4 mm Hg (54); a greater effect was seen at higher doses (≥370 mg/day). The results of 19 of the 22 trials included in the meta-analysis were previously reviewed together with another 25 intervention studies (55). The systematic examination of these 44 trials suggested a blood pressure-lowering effect associated with supplemental magnesium in hypertensive but not in normotensive individuals. Magnesium doses required to achieve a decrease in blood pressure appeared to depend on whether subjects with high blood pressure were treated with antihypertensive medications, including diuretics. Intervention trials on treated subjects showed a reduction in hypertension with magnesium doses from 243 mg/day to 486 mg/day, whereas untreated patients required doses above 486 mg/day to achieve a significant decrease in blood pressure. While oral magnesium supplementation may be helpful in hypertensive individuals who are depleted of magnesium due to chronic diuretic use and/or inadequate dietary intake (56), several dietary factors play a role in hypertension. For example, adherence to the DASH diet — a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy and low in saturated and total fats — has been linked to significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (57). See the article in the Spring/Summer 2009 Research Newsletter, Dietary and Lifestyle Strategies to Control Blood Pressure.
Results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials indicated that an intravenous (IV) magnesium infusion given early after suspected myocardial infarction(MI) could decrease the risk of death. The most influential study included in the meta-analysis was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 2,316 patients that found a significant reduction in mortality (7.8% all-cause mortality in the experimental group vs. 10.3% all-cause mortality in the placebo group) in the group of patients given intravenous magnesium sulfate within 24 hours of suspected myocardial infarction (58). Follow-up from one to five years after treatment revealed that the mortality from cardiovascular disease was 21% lower in the magnesium treated group (59). However, a larger placebo-controlled trial that included more than 58,000 patients found no significant reduction in five-week mortality in patients treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate within 24 hours of suspected myocardial infarction, resulting in controversy regarding the efficacy of the treatment (60). A US survey of the treatment of more than 173,000 patients with acute MI found that only 5% were given IV magnesium in the first 24 hours after MI, and that mortality was higher in patients treated with IV magnesium compared to those not treated with magnesium (61). The most recent systematic review of 26 clinical trials, including 73,363 patients, concluded that IV magnesium likely does not reduce mortality following MI and thus should not be utilized as a treatment (62). Thus, the use of IV magnesium sulfate in the therapy of acute MI remains controversial.
Vascular endothelial cells line arterial walls where they are in contact with the blood that flows through the circulatory system. Normally functioning vascular endothelium promotes vasodilation when needed, for example, during exercise, and inhibits the formation of blood clots. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. In cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation is associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries. Atherosclerosis impairs normal endothelial function, increasing the risk of vasoconstriction and clot formation, which may lead to heart attack or stroke (reviewed in 63). Research studies have indicated that pharmacologic doses of oral magnesium may improve endothelial function in individuals with cardiovascular disease. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 50 men and women with stable coronary artery disease found that six months of oral magnesium supplementation (730 mg/day) resulted in a 12% improvement in flow-mediated vasodilation compared to placebo (64). In other words, the normal dilation response of the brachial (arm) artery to increased blood flow was improved. Magnesium supplementation also resulted in increased exercise tolerance during an exercise stress test compared to placebo. In another study of 42 patients with coronary artery disease who were already taking low-dose aspirin (an inhibitor of platelet aggregation), three months of oral magnesium supplementation (800 to 1,200 mg/day) resulted in an average 35% reduction in platelet-dependent thrombosis, a measure of the propensity of blood to clot (65). Additionally, a study in 657 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study reported that dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with E-selectin, a marker of endothelial dysfunction (66). In vitro studies using human endothelial cells have provided mechanistic insights into the association of low magnesium concentrations, chronic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction (67). Finally, since magnesium can function as a calcium antagonist, it has been suggested that it could be utilized to slow down or reverse the calcification of vessels observed in patients with chronic kidney disease. The atherosclerotic process is often accelerated in these subjects, and patients with chronic kidney disease have higher rates of cardiovascular-related mortality compared to the general population (68). Additional studies are needed to assess whether magnesium may be of benefit in improving endothelial function in individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
Magnesium depletion is commonly associated with both insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. Reduced serum levels of magnesium (hypomagnesemia) have been reported in 13.5% to 47.7% of individuals with type 2 diabetes (69). One cause of the depletion may be increased urinary loss of magnesium, which results from increased urinary excretion of glucose that accompanies poorly controlled diabetes. Magnesium depletion has been shown to increase insulin resistance in a few studies and may adversely affect blood glucose control in diabetes (70). One study reported that dietary magnesium supplements (390 mg/day of elemental magnesium for four weeks) improved glucose tolerance in elderly individuals (71). Another small study in nine patients with type 2 diabetes reported that supplemental magnesium (300 mg/day for 30 days), in the form of a liquid, magnesium-containing salt solution, improved fasting insulin levels but did not affect fasting glucose levels (72). Yet, the most recent meta-analysis of nine randomized, double-blind, controlled trials concluded that oral supplemental magnesium may lower fasting plasma glucose levels in individuals with diabetes (73). One randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 63 individuals with type 2 diabetes and hypomagnesemia found that those taking an oral magnesium chloride solution (638 mg/day of elemental magnesium) for 16 weeks had improved measures of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control compared to those taking a placebo (74). Large-scale, well-controlled studies are needed to determine whether magnesium supplementation has any long-term therapeutic benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, correcting existing magnesium deficiencies may improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in those with diabetes.
Individuals who suffer from recurrent migraine headaches have lower intracellular magnesium levels (demonstrated in both red blood cells and white blood cells) than individuals who do not experience migraines (75). Additionally, the incidence of ionized magnesium deficiency has been found to be higher in women with menstrualmigraine compared to women who don't experience migraines with menstruation (76). Oral magnesium supplementation has been shown to increase intracellular magnesium levels in individuals with migraines, leading to the hypothesis that magnesium supplementation might be helpful in decreasing the frequency and severity of migraine headaches. Two early placebo-controlled trials demonstrated modest decreases in the frequency of migraine headaches after supplementation with 600 mg/day of magnesium (75, 77). Another placebo-controlled trial in 86 children with frequent migraine headaches found that oral magnesium oxide (9 mg/kg body weight/day) reduced headache frequency over the 16-week intervention (78). However, there was no reduction in the frequency of migraine headaches with 485 mg/day of magnesium in another placebo-controlled study conducted in 69 adults suffering migraine attacks (79). The efficiency of magnesium absorption varies with the type of oral magnesium complex, and this might explain the conflicting results. Although no serious adverse effects were noted during these migraine headache trials, 19% to 40% of individuals taking the magnesium supplements have reported diarrhea and gastric (stomach) irritation.
The efficacy of magnesium infusions was also investigated in a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of 30 patients with migraine headaches (80). The administration of 1 gram of intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate ended the attacks, abolished associated symptoms, and prevented recurrence within 24 hours in nearly 90% of the subjects. While this promising result was confirmed in another trial (81), two additional randomized, placebo-controlled studies found that magnesium sulfate was less effective than other molecules (e.g., metoclopramide) in treating migraines (82, 83). The most recent meta-analysis of five randomized, double-blind, controlled trials reported no beneficial effect of IV magnesium for migraine in adults (84). However, the effect of magnesium should be examined in larger studies targeting primarily migraine sufferers with hypomagnesemia (85).
The occurrence of hypomagnesemia may be greater in patients with asthma than in individuals without asthma (86). Several clinical trials have examined the effect of intravenous (IV) magnesium infusions on acute asthmatic attacks. One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 38 adults with acute asthma, who did not respond to initial treatment in the emergency room, found improved lung function and decreased likelihood of hospitalization when IV magnesium sulfate was infused compared to a placebo (87). However, another placebo-controlled, double-blind study in 48 adults reported that IV infusion of magnesium sulfate did not improve lung function in patients experiencing an acute asthma attack (88). A systematic review of seven randomized controlled trials (five adult and two pediatric) concluded that IV magnesium sulfate is beneficial in patients with severe, acute asthma (89). In addition, a meta-analysis of five randomized placebo-controlled trials, involving 182 children with severe asthma, found that IV infusion of magnesium sulfate was associated with a 71% reduction in the need for hospitalization (90). In the most recent meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials (11 adult and 5 pediatric), IV magnesium sulfate treatment was associated with a significant improvement of respiratory function in both adults and children with acute asthma treated with β2-agonists and systemic steroids (91). At present, available evidence indicates that IV magnesium infusion is an efficacious treatment for severe, acute asthma; however, oral magnesium supplementation is of no known value in the management of chronic asthma (92-94). Nebulized, inhaled magnesium for treating asthma requires further investigation. A meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials in asthmatic adults showed that nebulized, inhaled magnesium sulfate had benefits with respect to improved lung function and decreased hospital admissions (91). However, a recent systematic review of 16 randomized controlled trials, including adults, children, or both, found little evidence that inhaled magnesium sulfate, along with a β2-agonist, improved pulmonary function in patients with acute asthma (95).
A large US national survey indicated that average magnesium intake is about 350 mg/day for men and about 260 mg/day for women — significantly below the current recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Magnesium intakes were even lower in men and women over 50 years of age (8). Such findings suggest that marginal magnesium deficiency may be relatively common in the US.
Since magnesium is part of chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, green leafy vegetables are rich in magnesium. Unrefined grains (whole grains) and nuts also have high magnesium content. Meats and milk have an intermediate content of magnesium, while refined foods generally have the lowest. Water is a variable source of intake; harder water usually has a higher concentration of magnesium salts (2). Some foods that are relatively rich in magnesium are listed in Table 2, along with their magnesium content in milligrams (mg). For more information on the nutrient content of foods, search the USDA food composition database.
Magnesium supplements are available as magnesium oxide, magnesium gluconate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium citrate salts, as well as a number of amino acidchelates, including magnesium aspartate. Magnesium hydroxide is used as an ingredient in several antacids (96).
Adverse effects have not been identified from magnesium occurring naturally in food. However, adverse effects from excess magnesium have been observed with intakes of various magnesium salts (i.e., supplemental magnesium) (6). The initial symptom of excess magnesium supplementation is diarrhea — a well-known side effect of magnesium that is used therapeutically as a laxative. Individuals with impaired kidney function are at higher risk for adverse effects of magnesium supplementation, and symptoms of magnesium toxicity have occurred in people with impaired kidney function taking moderate doses of magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids. Elevated serum levels of magnesium (hypermagnesemia) may result in a fall in blood pressure (hypotension). Some of the later effects of magnesium toxicity, such as lethargy, confusion, disturbances in normal cardiac rhythm, and deterioration of kidney function, are related to severe hypotension. As hypermagnesemia progresses, muscle weakness and difficulty breathing may occur. Severe hypermagnesemia may result in cardiac arrest (2, 3). The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine set the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for magnesium at 350 mg/day (Table 3); this UL represents the highest level of daily supplemental magnesium intake likely to pose no risk of diarrhea or gastrointestinal disturbance in almost all individuals. The FNB cautions that individuals with renal impairment are at higher risk for adverse effects from excess supplemental magnesium intake. However, the FNB also notes that there are some conditions that may warrant higher doses of magnesium under medical supervision (2).
Magnesium interferes with the absorption of digoxin (a heart medication), nitrofurantoin (an antibiotic), and certain anti-malarial drugs, which could potentially reduce drug efficacy. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate and etidronate), which are drugs used to treat osteoporosis, and magnesium should be taken two hours apart so that the absorption of the bisphosphonate is not inhibited. Magnesium has also been found to reduce the efficacy of chlorpromazine (a tranquilizer), penicillamine, oral anticoagulants, and the quinolone and tetracycline classes of antibiotics. Because intravenous magnesium has increased the effects of certain muscle-relaxing medications used during anesthesia, it is advisable to let medical staff know if you are taking oral magnesium supplements, laxatives, or antacids prior to surgical procedures. High doses of furosemide (Lasix) and some thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), if taken for extended periods, may result in magnesium depletion (96, 97). Moreover, long-term use (three months or longer) of proton-pump inhibitors (drugs used to reduce the amount of stomach acid) may increase the risk of hypomagnesemia (98, 99). Many other medications may also result in renal magnesium loss (3).
The Linus Pauling Institute supports the latest RDA for magnesium intake (400-420 mg/day for men and 310-320 mg/day for women). Following the Linus Pauling Institute recommendation to take a daily multivitamin/mineral supplement may ensure an intake of at least 100 mg of magnesium/day. Few multivitamin/mineral supplements contain more than 100 mg of magnesium due to its bulk. Because magnesium is plentiful in foods, eating a varied diet that provides green vegetables, whole grains, and nuts daily should provide the rest of an individual's magnesium requirement.
Older adults are less likely than younger adults to consume enough magnesium to meet their needs and should therefore take care to eat magnesium-rich foods in addition to taking a multivitamin/mineral supplement daily. Since older adults are more likely to have impaired kidney function, they should avoid taking more than 350 mg/day of supplemental magnesium without medical consultation (see Safety).


Binance has released details of its plans to move its BNB token off the Ethereum platform and onto its own blockchain dubbed Binance Chain. BNB tokens will be activated on Binance Chain on Tuesday, April 23, though the timeline is subject to change.
Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao is encouraging developers working on the Ethereum platform to bring their projects to Binance Chain. CZ is hoping the firm's longevity and influence will convince developers to make the move.
To better protect investors from theft and help spur economic growth in Japan, the country's Financial Services Agency will now require cryptocurrency exchanges to beef up cold wallet security.
Fed up with Craig Wright's purportedly unethical actions toward those who disagree with him, Changpeng Zhao, CEO of Binance, announced that the exchange will delist the Bitcoin Satoshi's Vision (BSV) digital token on Monday, April 22. This announcement apparently caused the price of BSV to plummet.
The defunct Canadian exchange's deceased CEO apparently did business with Liberty Reserve founder Michael Patryn, who was convicted of money laundering.
Andy Pag, head of Mt. Gox Legal, spoke with CoinDesk about why Coinlab's suit against Mt. Gox is holding up civil rehabilitation efforts.


A few years ago, I had the privilege of woking with Medwyn Goodall to produce these Downloads. I have chosen these topics as I feel they reflect the most common issues that I get asked about. I also think they are a really nice way to introduce hypnosis to you. People in general have lots of questions about hypnosis and hopefully I have answered some of them in this website or you may have called me. These are another way for you to get to know a little bit more.
When you receive your download, please make some time to listen to the introductory advice so that you will get the best from your experience.
Imagine what you could achieve in your life when you regain control of your eating and start to enjoy food again. Become the ideal weight and have more energy to spend doing the things that you enjoy. That's right it's time to live your life fully.
Relaxing deeply into sleep is the easiest thing for you to do right now……….. Take your mind on a journey – a pathway that leads to deep sleep, good quality sleep and the habit of sleeping well every night. For a great night's sleep, every night.
Confidence in your own ability is the first step to creating the life that you desire. Relax as you become in tune with your inner mind and are able to access and reclaim your natural confidence. Essential when delivering fluent presentations, relaxing in social situations or building your self-esteem.
Amanda will take you on a journey to inner calm. Imagine a beautiful beach where you will free yourself from any tension and bring tranquillity to your inner mind. Become more at ease within yourself.
Unclutter your mind and make space to create a new improved you. At times we hold on to emotions, items or images that are no longer useful to us, in fact they may be holding us back from realising our full potential. Let Amanda take you to the attic of your inner mind and make space for a new you.
These downloads have been carefully designed to assist you in achieving your desired goals, in addition, allowing you to absorb the positive suggestions and following the guided imagery will begin a process of positive change.
As you listen to these downloads, suggestions begin to take root in your subconscious, permanently replacing past negative messages. Regular use of these recordings will assist you in tapping your inner resources. For the best results listen to your recordings at least once a day, you may even decide to make it a morning and evening routine. Continue to listen for 8-12 weeks. You may, at some point, wish to listen to a different recording at times, this is absolutely fine, but I would recommend that you listen to one recording for about 21 days before moving on to your next one.
For best results in accomplishing your goals, practice regularly – preferably daily. Find a time that suits you best and fits in with your lifestyle. You may like to listen to the recordings first thing in the morning, so adjust your routine accordingly. Remember, the deep relaxation that comes from Hypnosis is beneficial in it's own right. If you need to wake up earlier or sleep later to be able to listen to the recordings you will not be losing sleeping hours. This is often the best times for busy people to add the practice into their lifestyle. Experiment to see what works best for you.
Although you may notice a difference within the first week or two, permanent change does take time. If you skip occasionally, just get back on track and stick to a routine as well as you are able. However, if you choose to listen at bedtime, you can fall asleep at the beginning and be assured that your subconscious continues to absorb the suggestions. I have designed the downloads so that you have an option to play at bedtime and drift into sleep at the end of the recording. There is also the option to play the recording and then come back to normal alertness, ready to continue your day.


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De ePrix van New York 2019 werd gehouden over twee races op 13 en 14 juli 2019 op het Brooklyn Street Circuit. Dit waren de twaalfde, dertiende en tevens laatste races van het seizoen.

De eerste race werd gewonnen door Nissan e.dams-coureur Sébastien Buemi, die vanaf pole position voor het eerst sinds de ePrix van Berlijn 2017 een Formule E-race won. Mitch Evans werd voor het team Panasonic Jaguar Racing tweede, terwijl BMW i Andretti Motorsport-coureur António Félix da Costa derde werd.

De tweede race werd gewonnen door Envision Virgin Racing-coureur Robin Frijns, die zijn tweede zege van het seizoen behaalde. Andretti-coureur Alexander Sims, die de race vanaf pole position startte, eindigde als tweede, terwijl Buemi derde werd. Techeetah-coureur Jean-Éric Vergne eindigde als zevende, wat hem genoeg voorsprong op zijn laatste concurrenten Lucas di Grassi (Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler) en Mitch Evans opleverde om tot kampioen gekroond te worden. Hij werd hiermee de eerste tweevoudig Formule E-kampioen, na het voorgaande seizoen ook al de titel te hebben gewonnen.

Race 1

Kwalificatie

Race

Race 2

Kwalificatie

Race

Eindstanden wereldkampioenschap

Coureurs

Constructeurs

New York
ePrix van New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Category Archives: Interviews
Interviews, News, Podcast
March 12, 2009 f1weekly
Charge of the Red Bull: Stampede of the Adrian Newey-designed cars is set to commence in land down under at the end of this month. Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne is the season opener. German wunderkind, Sebastian Vettel, fresh from his victory in Monza last year with Toro Rosso, has now been promoted to the flagship Red Bull team. This makes teammate Webber a Mark-ed man. The Australian made his Grand Prix debut in home country in 2002 and is still searching for that elusive maiden win. The team is powered by Renault engines.
Junior team Toro Rosso pranced away with Ferrari power plant to an historic win and several impressive showings last year, mainly due to the efforts of Vettel. He leaves his name behind on both Toro Rosso race cars for the 2009 season. His replacement is Sebastien Buemi, the Swiss racer has been a Red Bull Driver for some years now and last year raced in GP2. His teammate is Sebastien Bourdais, who continues with the team for a second year.
Flins-Les Mureaux, north east of Paris given the nod as the French authorities' preferred option for the return of the Grand Prix de France by 2011
Rubens Barrichello tops the times sheets in the new BGP001
Fernando Alonso says Renault have more work to do.
Charlie Whiting taking a close look at the diffusers in question.
Motorsports Mondial with Nasir Hameed
Special interview with F1weekly listener and Kart racer Carlos Calderon.
Final day of testing times:
Pos Driver Team Time Laps
1. Barrichello Brawn-Mercedes (B) 1:18.926 110 two legged
2. Rosberg Williams-Toyota (B) 1:19.774 120
3. Glock Toyota (B) 1:20.091 128
4. Vettel Red Bull-Renault (B) 1:20.576 83
5. Alonso Renault (B) 1:20.664 64
6. Massa Ferrari (B) 1:20.677 92
7. Kubica BMW-Sauber (B) 1:20.740 134
8. Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes (B) 1:20.869 70
9. Buemi Toro Rosso-Ferrari (B) 1:21.013 62
10. Fisichella Force India-Mercedes (B) 1:21.045 141
11. Bourdais Toro Rosso-Ferrari (B) 1:21.629 27
BrawnButtoncalderoncarlosFerrariFormula 1MondialMotor sportsRenault
February 26, 2009 f1weekly
Honda F1 is now Brackley F1 for the moment.
Brackley F1 to begin testing 2009 hybrid and say contracts are signed!
Motorsports Mondial with Nasir Hameed.
This weeks special interview with Jackie Oliver.
People like Jackie Oliver make motor racing such a fascinating sport. He was born in Essex, England, on August 14th 1942. His racing career started in 1961 at the wheel of a Mini.
After driving for Lotus in Formula 1, he replaced Jim Clark as teammate to Graham Hill in 1968 after the Hockenheim tragedy. Oliver qualified on the front row of his home Grand Prix at Silverstone and was leading when the car broke down.
In 1969 driving the beautiful John Wyer's Gulf GT40 he won the Le Mans 24 hour race and the Sebring 12 hours.
In 1971, he won the Daytona 24 hours in a Porsche shared with Pedro Rodriguez.
In 1974 Jackie Oliver won the Can Am championship driving for Don Nichols Shadow team. He would drive in Formula 1 for the same team and later became involved in management.
At the end of 1977, Oliver left Shadow and started his won Formula 1 team called Arrows. Some of his drivers included Riccardo Patrese, Gerhard Berger and Eddie Cheever. Team also had sponsors as varied as USF&G, Ragno Ceramiche and Warsteiner.
This conversation took place last month at his business, Arrows Self Storage Limited, in Bletchley, Milton Keynes, UK. My sincere thanks to Mister Oliver for his time and to Mister Brazier for making this possible.
fordFormula 1InterviewjackieLotusOliverUSF1
February 5, 2009 f1weekly
Motors TV reports on a number of race series including the Le Mans Series and the American Le Mans Series, the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM), Formula Three Euroseries, Australian and New Zealand V8 Supercars and the Champ Car World Series. Previously the channel has also shown the NASCAR Busch Series as well as the British Touring Car Championship and its supporting series.
In 2006 and 2007 Motors TV provided live coverage of the entire Le Mans 24 Hours as well as the scrutineering, qualifying and other events preceding it. With its coverage of the 2006 event, over the weekend of 17th and 18th June, Motors TV and German pay-TV network Premiere made history as the first television channels to provide coverage of the entire race.
On the 4th July 2008, Motors TV got the coverage for the FIA GT Championship in the UK from ITV for the rest of the 2008 season.
Photo by Peter Brazier
New Red Bull RB5 is unveiled in animated video here!
USF1 can this really happen in todays economic atmosphere?
F1 teams working towards a ban on the testing ban because of KERS.
Sebastian Bourdais is confirmed at Toro Rosso.
Interviews with "Motors TV" Frederic Viger and
Bonus interview with race driver Franck Montagny
F1FranckFredericInterviewMontagnymotorsNasirPodcasttvVigerWeekly
F1Weekly Podcast #326
Podcast number 326 now online.
The parliament in France has reversed the senates OK on the construction of a new Formula 1 circuit on the outskirts of Paris.
Renault say they are not concerned with their recent slow pace in testing.
Hewlett-Packard join Renault F1 as a technical partner.
Motorsports Mondial with Nasir Hameed with special interview: Paul Di Resta.
Paul di Resta is a race car driver born in West Lothian, Scotland on April 16, 1986. He started his career in karting, racing in various competitive series of karts from 1994 until 2001. He stepped up to the British Formula Renault Winter Series in 2002, joining British Formula Renault full-time in 2003. He stayed there in 2004, also driving some races of Eurocup Formula Renault due to his impressive performances.
AutosportDiDTMF1HamiltonInterviewLewisNasirPaulRestaWeekly
Interviews, News
News Update 01/05/2009
January 5, 2009 webadmin
Henry Surtees latest addition to the Formula Two series.
Jackie Stewart critical of Bernie.
Sebastien Buemi gets the Toro Rosso seat.
Vettle eyes a career at Ferrari!
Bobby Unser Interview with F1Weekly
August 21, 2007 webadmin
BMW to unveil new Heidfeld deal
Piquet Jr wants top team debut
Purnell wants to wind up F1 magazine
Renault took biggest backwards step in '07
De la Rosa on cusp of Prodrive seat
Jordan – I don't regret selling team


Canon PIXMA MG6620 Printer Driver Download. MG6620 MFP printers are equipped for printing and filtering that backings Wireless PictBridge, you can print remotely from the latest camera with Wi-Fi. Canon PIXMA MG6620 Printer Driver Download. You can interface with by means of an entrance point on the system. Interfacing it to a PC through USB link, likewise can utilize Access Point mode to associate. MG6620 can likewise be utilized free Canon application to print from and output to iOS, Android, and Windows cellular telephones and tablets.
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Click the download link and select "Save".
Note: If the new window is open you can choose Run.
Double click the .exe file that you downloaded earlier, then require decompression file to process automatically.
Then follow the on-screen instructions on the installation process.
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Dampen the mix lightly with water and mix thoroughly such that the material is crumbly but then packs tightly into a ball. If it is at all greasy feeling or mushy, there is way too much water. Save some dry mix on the side just in case it becomes too wet during the dampening. Granulate the damp comp by rubbing the packed ball over a 20 mesh screen. Do not use any screens larger than 20 mesh. If the screen plugs, the comp is too damp. Add more dry comp and thoughly mix in. After drying the granulated powder, it can be used in flash bags. About 3 to 5 grams works well in a 3 inch shell. Experimentation is needed to adjust the amount of burst for good results with different stars and shell construction. This powder can also be used ungranulated, in a central flash bag, in larger shells.


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