We are volunteers based in the lake district - we train dogs to work alongside the police, fire service and mountain rescue teams to search for injured, missing and vulnerable people day and night. All of the dog handlers are mountain rescue volunteers in their own right. The 15 handlers may be called out as much as 60-80 times per year to incidents that have included train and plane crashes, major mountain incidents and semi rural and urban searches for the vulnerable. The work of the team is entirely funded through voluntary donation - on average it costs a handler approx £500-£1000 annually to fund their work with the dog. In the past 25 years we have attended over 1000 callouts and rescue over 100 people.


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Regény
 Egy asszony élete (Une vie) (1883) Guy de Maupassant regénye
Filmek
 Egy asszony élete (Une vie) (2005) francia tv-film Élisabeth Rappeneau rendezésében, Maupassant műve alapján
 Egy asszony élete (The Stone Angel) (2007) kanadai–brit film Kari Skogland rendezésében, Margaret Laurence The Stone Angel c. regénye alapján
 Egy asszony élete (Une vie) (2016) francia–belga film Stéphane Brizé rendezésében, Maupassant műve alapján

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lee infiltrates the island fortress of a criminal warlord, whose martial arts academy covers up opium smuggling and prostitution activities. To avenge the death of his sister, he infiltrates the stronghold and enters the brutal martial arts tournament - a breathtaking visual feast of skills in karate, judo, tai kwan do, tai chi chuan and hapkido (all staged by Lee himself). A crowd-pleasing legacy!


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Call Nereida Cheshire for more details. 212.308.8505 ext. 1233.
Atlanta Legal Aid https://atlantalegalaid.org/ was established in 1924 by a single lawyer with a focus on family law and consumer issues. Since that time, Atlanta Legal Aid has amassed 75 attorneys and 1,200 volunteers who all work to ensure low income individuals have access to free civil legal aid.
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The listing law firm practices corporate, tax and international business law.
We hope you joined our team of runners at John Howell Park locatedin the Virignia Highland neighborhood this morning. The race started at 8: 30 a.m. Atlanta Bar Association and the Atlanta Police Department. Proceeds provide college scholarships to children of Atlanta Police officers who have been disabled or downed in the line of duty. Way to go LawSpaceMatch team runners.


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Q: Why does this JScrollPane never function in this specific generated window? Although I have successfully created windows with scrollbars, I have one particular case where the scrollbars will not appear even though the content within the JScrollPane is too large for the viewing area.
I have a button in a window that opens a new window displaying info from a specific JSONObject. In order to do that, it creates an instance of a class that extends JFrame. As some other needed knowledge, DetailBox is a JPanel that contains some manually drawn shapes based on obj, a JSONObject. The paint method of the JFrame class calls super.paint(), then the following method (summarized for simplicity).
    public void drawAdvancedView(Graphics g) {

        JPanel all = new JPanel(); // "all", as the name suggests, will contain all the elements of the window.
        all.setLayout(null);

        // Create a DetailBox (a custom JPanel) and place it within "all":

        DetailBox box = new DetailBox(obj);
        box.setBounds(0, 0, 400, ((obj.getInt("linecount") * 2) + 100));
        box.paintComponent(g);
        all.add(box);

        // The JPanel "lower" contains some additional text information placed in a JTabbedPane below the drawing.

        JPanel lower = new JPanel();
        lower.setBounds(0, ((obj.getInt("linecount") * 2) + 100), 400, 300);
        JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane();

        // Create a JPanel, place it inside of a JScrollPane, then place it within "tabs".

        // Create a JPanel, place it inside of a JScrollPane, then place it within "tabs".

        // Create a JPanel, place it inside of a JScrollPane, then place it within "tabs".

        lower.add(tabs);
        all.add(lower);

        // At this point, "all" contains all the elements wanted in the window.

        JScrollPane sizeLocker = new JScrollPane(all); // Next, create the JScrollPane "sizeLocker" and place "all" within it.
        sizeLocker.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(400, 500));
        sizeLocker.getVerticalScrollBar().setUnitIncrement(16);

        add(sizeLocker);
        created = true;
    }

So far, this all basically works fine. When the button is clicked, the appropriate window is generated and shown. However, one thing always seems to be missing: The JScrollPane. Resizing the window to be smaller in any way will simply hide elements, rather than allow the user to scroll. Notably, all the content is there, and is added to the JFrame only through the JScrollPane itself. Modifying the JScrollPane with a setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS) statement does show a scrollbar, but it is always greyed out. I've also attempted to remove various elements of the window, asking myself things like, "Do nested JScrollPanes not work? Maybe it's the DetailBox? Try removing lower altogether?" I tried removing and re-adding elements based on these thoughts and more and not one made any difference, other than the individual element itself obviously disappearing from the frame.
Has anyone else ever encountered something like this, and maybe have a fix? I'm out of ideas that don't seriously modify the behavior of the program, like trying a layout instead of using absolute positioning through setBounds() (I tried and failed at making DetailBox work in a layout without having other elements draw on top of it). The only real difference I can see between this JScrollPane and one that works elsewhere in the same program is that this is added to the JFrame from inside of it, rather than added from outside of it. However, it still uses the add() method, so I can't see how it'd have any serious impact. I'd be more than happy to give more details and/or code if they're needed, of course.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home HND Tourism Honduras Approves Secretive Airport Security Contract
Honduras Approves Secretive Airport Security Contract
The Honduran Ministry of Home Office and Population has signed a secretive contract with Securiport of the United States to install advance biometric registration technology for travelers entering and exiting at the nation's four airports. Visitors will be subjected to ultrasound fingerprinting. Information collected will be then passed through a data base to determine if the person is suspicious. Securiport will slap a $34 fee on each passenger's ticket labeled as a "security fee".
Photo Credit: America Economia
Original Article Text From America Economia via Google Translate :
Airports in Honduras earn U.S. $ 270 Million Security Tax Collection
Tegucigalpa. The charge of $ 17 will apply to passengers entering and leaving (total U.S. $ 34) by the international airports of the country is a lucrative business for almost U.S. $ 270 million (more than 5 billion lempiras).
This, considering that each year nearly 800,000 passengers leaving or entering the country by the four international airports.
This will represent a revenue of U.S. $ 27 million, which multiplied by the 10-year contract will leave an estimated $ 270 million.
The figure may be higher each year under the flow of passengers through airports increases.
The contract. The Home Office and Population signed a contract with Securiport to install a biometric registration advanced travelers, who charged $ 17 per entry and $ 17 per outlet in the nation, they do so by the four air terminals.
Suspiciously, the government kept secret the approval of this contract, which was not known until the Honduran Council of Private Enterprise (Cohep) denounced it.
The collection is named in the contract as "security fee".
The airlines that make flights in and out of the country should pay the cost of security service for each passenger using their planes and it will have to deposit it in a special account for.
This collection also implies a rise in operating expenses for airlines, they would have to expand its administrative structure to manage the transfer of these funds to Securiport.
The fee for the services of "security" will be incorporated in tickets, so that travelers will not need to make payments in additional windows.
Therefore, this implies that the ticket could increase by more than $ 34 as the airline could include the costs incurred administrative management of this new rate.
"There are additional charges, the company (air) is not going to see, the document (contract) clearly states that they will be charging passengers entering and leaving the country," said Association President Lines Air Honduras, Armando Funes.
The blow to the travelers began to take shape on March 24, 2011, when the executive branch created under 29-2011, through which authorized the Secretary of the Interior and Population for hiring a company that will monitor the entry and people of Honduras output by 22 border points.
Then, on May 9, 2011, the Minister of Interior, Africa Madrid, signed a contract directly with the company Securiport, United States, so that customs systems installed in these special registration of citizens.
The National Congress approved this contract the morning of December 14, 2011, which shall enter into force once it is published in the Official Gazette and the charge will be applied 120 days after this publication.
One team that will launch Securiport is Ultrascan system, which consists of the registration by ultrasound fingerprint travelers.
This reading is different from the record in light of the fingerprint that is normally used, since the information is, under the contract, more true because the system does not suffer interference.
The information collected will allow a person to make a junction with international databases to determine if the citizen has a criminal record.
"If the passenger is identified as a suspect, the system issues warnings immediately for the immigration and security personnel," the contract.
Vigilance. Similarly, Securiport be responsible for equipping customs and video equipment to monitor the migratory movement in these areas.
These actions are part of the Integrated Information System for International Passenger Traffic (IICS) that the company run as part of the contract.
The agreement states that Securiport will invest $ 31.6 million for the installation of these monitoring mechanisms.
One aspect that stands out in the contract is that this investment will be recovered practically in less than two years of operation, according to the amounts expected to raise by way of "security fee".Prior to the payment of investment Securiport learned and the State of Honduras a guarantee of U.S. $ 17 million.
The Home Office will serve as guarantor of the payments to the U.S. company if the airline can not make transfers of monthly collections.
When airlines delay in payment, the Secretary of the Interior is given a deadline of 48 hours to honor the debt.
If there is a contractual dispute between the parties, it should initiate a process of settlement.
If the dispute is not resolved amicably, the problem will be resolved under the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce and the place of trial will be Honduras.
From America Economia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sanko Onsen is located in scenic Hokkaido Prefecture, just a short drive from Mashu Station. This tranquil four-room traditional Japanese inn offers guests a relaxing lakeside stay nestled in the heart of nature. It features a soothing open-air bath as well as breakfast and dinner featuring delectable locally grown ingredients. Guests can also enjoy the barbecue area available. Guests from abroad will enjoy the traditional Japanese decor in every room, which also feature a TV and many other amenities.
15 minute drive from JR Mashuu Station. Teshikaga Akan bus to Wakoto Peninsula.


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The West End in crisis
Consumption crash
Protracted recovery
Central importance
Long-term uncertainty
Ideas for recovery
Social streets for physical distance
Boosting micro-mobility
Keeping the West End's cultural institutions alive
Culture vouchers
Promoting London's culture abroad
Making use of vacant space
Attracting the next generation of businesses
Conclusion: an important moment for the future of the West End
A recovery plan for the West End
3 September 2020 | Erica Belcher, Nicolas Bosetti, Richard Brown
Homes & Places, Skills, Work & Good Business
London's West End has long been the beating, human heart of the capital, drawing visitors – its lifeblood – from across London, the UK, and the globe. It is a unique collection of historic urban neighbourhoods, comprising houses, flats, cultural institutions, restaurants, shops, hotels, clubs, theatres, and other attractions. It is a major academic, health and business centre, and the core of London's creative industries, as reflected by the outsized contribution that it makes to the national economy.
Since its emergence in the 17 and 18th centuries between the City of London, the centre of commerce, and the stately City of Westminster, the West End has proved remarkably resilient – perhaps in part because of the broad base of activities and businesses it has always housed. The narrow streets and historical architecture make it physically unlike the commercial and entertainment centres of other global capital cities. Compared to the glass and steel towers of Tokyo's Shibuya or New York's Midtown, or to the wide boulevards of the 8th arrondissement of Paris, the built form of the West End is of a small, intimate, more human scale. Its high streets and markets reflect the different characters and specialities (tailors and men's fashion in Savile Row and Jermyn Street; restaurants, clubs and bars in Soho; theatres and boutiques around Covent Garden; art galleries in Cork Street), offering rich diversity in a relatively small geographic space.
But the coronavirus pandemic poses an unprecedented challenge for the social centre of the city. Physical distancing has suppressed the West End's visitor economy for months, while accelerating the digitalisation of retail, the shift to remote work and the virtual delivery of high street services. Although it remains to be seen how long the changes to behaviour caused by lockdown will last, the impact has been dramatic. Prior to the pandemic, central London's population would swell by as much as 80 per cent each day, as commuters and tourists flocked to the capital's core. Without this influx of visitors, the ecosystem of the West End is under threat. The area is home to just 65,000 residents, too few to sustain local services and businesses while visitor numbers are down. 1
How is London's centre recovering from the pandemic? What can be done in the short to medium term to re-animate London's beating heart, and does recovery offer the opportunity to address some of the West End's longstanding challenges of affordability, liveability and sustainability?
1 Centre for London analysis of ONS mid-2019 population estimates using Arup geographies, jointly determined with Westminster City Council and Greater London Authority.


Citizen, chief of an Edomite tribe in Mount Seir (Genesis 36:43).
(belonging to a city), a leader of the Edomites, (Genesis 36:43; 1 Chronicles 1:54) i.e. the chief of a family or tribe. No identification of him has been found.


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Our cut flower bouquets and arrangements, available by custom order and subscription, are designed to be fresh, unique and thoughtful, with an eye for condition, texture and detail.
It gives us great joy to help our customers show and celebrate their love with flowers! We are also extremely grateful to get to connect with nature and work with flowers, and to be part of such a vibrant community.
We pre-sell our Summer Flower program each year and have contributed 10% of the early shares sold to a local organization since 2015. We were also delighted to donate the second Sugar mobile just last fall to Make-A-Wish®.
Please Click Here to learn more about what it's like to work with us.


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Home Orientation Neoclassical Economics
Neoclassical Economics
Authors: Lara Boerger and the Exploring-Economics-Team | 18th of December 2016
Patron and academic review: Prof. Dr. Michael Roos
1. Core elements
The term 'neoclassical economics' is imprecise and is used in different ways. Most mainstream economists do not identify themselves as members of the neoclassical school. The term 'neo-classical' was already coined by Thorstein Veblen in 1900. It describes the synthesis of the subjective and objective theory of value in a diagram of supply and demand, which was developed by Alfred Marshall. Marshall combined the classical understanding that the value of a commodity results from the costs of production with the new findings of marginalism, stating that the value is determined by individual utility. Until today, the market diagram representing the intersection of (objective) supply and (subjective) demand is a central element of neoclassical economics.
The paradigmatic core of neoclassical theory forms today's economic 'mainstream' and dominates economics education and research. According to the neoclassical perspective, the central economic problem is the organization and allocation of scarce resources. This implies that efficiency – understood as the optimal usage of the available resources in order to maximize individual utility and consequently the welfare of a country – becomes the most relevant evaluation criterion. The central research domains of neoclassical economics are: microeconomics, which analyses the behaviour of households and firms; macroeconomics, which examines economic aggregates and the interaction of markets; and econometrics, which serves as an analytical tool. Overall, mostly mathematical models are used in the analysis of the economic system. These models, according to neoclassical economists, are best suited to uncover causal relationships.
Like every school of thought, neoclassical economics is subject to continuous change and development (Box 1 gives an overview of past attempts to pin down the neoclassical perspective). Over the past few decades, neoclassical economics has become increasingly diverse and integrated emerging critique into its hypotheses. An example of this development is the 'de-rationalization' of human actors in behavioural economics, a sub-school of neoclassical economics. Therefore, it is challenging to present a coherent picture of the current field of neoclassical economics. Nevertheless, in the following, a delineation from other economic schools of thought is attempted by presenting (1) the elementary assumptions or axioms and (2) the standard methods of neoclassical economics.
Different definitions of neoclassical economics
Colander (2000) defines a historical neoclassical economics which does not correspond anymore to the current research in (mainstream) economics:
Focus on the allocation of resources at a certain point in time
Focus on marginal trade-offs
Far-sighted rationality
Methodological individualism
General equilibrium
Colander, Rosser and Holt (2004) argued that fundamental to neoclassical economics was the 'Holy Trinity' of:
Arnsperger and Varoufakis (2006) argue that three axioms constitute the paradigmatic core of neoclassical economics:
methodological instrumentalism
methodological equilibration
2. Terminology, analysis and conception of the economy
According to neoclassical economics, the central economic problem is the limited nature of social resources. Due to this scarcity, economics as science should study the organization of an economy in order to establish welfare by the optimal allocation of resources. Simply put, the economy can be understood as an exchange economy in which rational actors with exogenously determined resource allocations interact in markets. Those actors trade with each other since the interaction generates mutual utility. Productivity is seen as the source for the functioning of the economy and the determinant of the wealth of a nation.
In the neoclassical conception of the economy, individuals can choose between different alternatives and the aim of their decisions is to maximize their own utility. Thereby, they act following the principle of rationality (also called 'economic principle') according to which an output is maximized for a given input or an input is minimized for a given output. In order to reach an optimal outcome, economic subjects base their decisions on a comparison of costs and benefits whereby marginal units – pursuant to the postulates of marginalism – serve as important factors. The term 'marginal utility' refers to the marginal increase in utility due to an extra unit; and the term 'marginal costs' describes the marginal costs of this additional unit. 'A rational decision maker only decides to take a certain action if the marginal utility of the action is bigger than the marginal costs' (Mankiw 2004, S.7, own translation). In this context, the abstract concept of the homo economicus is often used. It represents an ideal individual who acts rationally, i.e. is utility maximizing, while focusing on his/her personal utility.
By aggregating all the individual utility functions, aggregate demand can be derived. On the market, the latter meets aggregate supply. By means of the price mechanism, which itself is not further modelled, supply and demand converge towards an equilibrium where supply equals demand and where the market is cleared. This property makes the price mechanism an optimal instrument of allocation. Elaborating on the prerequisites of such a price mechanism, in his definition of neoclassical economics, Arne Heise (2007, 3) highlights the axiom of gross substitution according to which all goods (and services) are generally mutually exchangeable. Only by means of this axiom can it be assured that the price mechanism works as an instrument of allocation and that the market equilibria can exist. As long as there is no market failure – e.g. external effects or the creation of monopoly or oligopoly structures – the market mechanism leads to the economic optimum by self-organization. This is called a Pareto-efficient state, since no party can improve its own situation without worsening the one of others.
While microeconomics mainly analyses the behaviour of households and firms on different markets and types of markets, macroeconomics focuses on economic aggregates such as the gross domestic product, the unemployment rate or the inflation rate as well as on the interaction of markets (in particular the commodity market, the labour market and the money market). Macroeconomic analyses of key economic aggregates are increasingly based on microeconomic foundations. The argument underlying the need for such microfoundations is that the rules for individual decision making do not remain stable, for example, in the case of a policy-induced change of the economic conditions (cf. Lucas 1976, whose intervention became known as the 'Lucas Critique'). The particular form of modelling of neoclassical economics offers the statistical and mathematical tools for the testing of mathematical models and economic phenomena. The approach focuses on the development of quantitative methods for empirical data analysis.
3. Ontology
As already mentioned above, there is no single definition of neoclassical economics since it became increasingly diverse and since other approaches were integrated into the perspective. Nevertheless, according to neoclassical understanding, the central economic problem remains the scarcity of resources. According to Arnsperger and Varoufakis (2006), there are three axioms which can be found in all neoclassical models and sub-schools and therefore constitute the paradigmatic core of neoclassical economics: (1) methodological individualism, (2) methodological instrumentalism and (3) methodological equilibration.
The first axiom, methodological individualism, implies that processes at the macro level can only be ascribed to the actions of individuals at the micro level. Therefore, all economic phenomena can be described and explained by referring to individual actions. Furthermore this implies that only the individual can be the source of moral values: nobody except the individual knows what is best for the individual. Hence the influence or the setting of values by external institutions such as religion is rejected. This description can on the one hand be interpreted as an ontological fixation on individuals which means that the existence of economic phenomena and structures that cannot be ascribed to the individual (emergence) is rejected. On the other hand, the axiom can be understood methodologically. In this case, the explanation of social phenomena can only take place with reference to the individual (Hodgson et al. 1994, 64). The behaviour of actors, according to the second axiom, is a result of fixed preferences or preference bundles. The satisfaction of those preferences generates utility. Individuals continuously strive for the maximization of this utility but are restricted (e.g. due to a budget constraint).
The emphasis on individualism and instrumental rationality leads to the following conception of humans: on the one hand, humans and their preferences are taken as a black box, i.e. as relatively autonomous and independent of external influences; on the other hand, it is assumed that persons act according to an instrumental rationality and aim to reach their goal – i.e. the maximization of utility – as efficiently as possible. While the maximization logic is taken as a universal feature of all human beings, the content of those preferences is variable. Accordingly, individuals may not only strive for the maximization of consumption bundles but also for the achievement of social or ethical preferences (e.g. Akerlof and Kranton 2000).
All in all, decisions and actions at the micro level lead to an overall equilibrium at the macro level. The market itself normally tends towards a state of equilibrium, which is why it is considered to be generally stable. However, this does not mean that the market permanently remains in equilibrium, but that it moves towards a static, stable state in the long run. Nevertheless, it can be concluded from this understanding of the market that neoclassical economics generally assumes that there are general economic laws which exist independently from time and space. The conception of time aims at identifying, comparing and assessing static states rather than at understanding and reconstructing sequences of dynamic processes. Mark Blaug (2003, 146) goes even further by arguing that due to the formalistic revolution in the 1950s, the in-part process-oriented analyses of comparative statics were replaced by the definition of an entirely static endpoint.
A further ontological premise of neoclassical economics can be characterized with regards to closed and open systems. A closed system is defined by the connection of all (atomistic and independent) elements of a system, as well as by the absence of any external impacts. Furthermore, the elements follow deterministic and probabilistic laws (Lawson 2006, 494; Heise 2016, 10). In an open system, however, neither all elements are connected with all the other elements nor is it possible to clearly describe their interactions. Moreover, the system can take on different configurations, i.e. it is not only complicated but complex (Heise 2016 10–11). In contrast to many other perspectives, neoclassical economics assumes that the economy is a closed system. Critics therefore accused neoclassical economics of having an ontological understanding that fails to describe reality adequately or that does so only in a reductionist way (e.g. Chick and Dow 2001; Lawson 2006; Heise 2016).
4. Epistemology
Neoclassical economics cannot be unambiguously assigned to realism or to instrumentalism. On the one hand, neoclassical economics claims to generate 'optimal knowledge' about the object under scrutiny in terms of the criteria plausibility, simplicity and empirical adequacy. This claim implies that there exists an observable external world as well as appropriate instruments for its analysis. Also, the postulate that neoclassical research is value-free (cf. Friedman 1953) and the conception that scientists are neutral observers indicate a proximity to epistemological realism. Since neoclassical economics always judges findings of other schools of thoughts by its own standards, a scientific monism results in which alternative ways of understanding are excluded ex ante or are considered outdated.
On the other hand, the use of models which are based on highly idealized and abstracted axioms are justified with the argument that the decisive factor is not the realism of axioms but the predictive power of a model and consequently the empirical adequacy of a drawn conclusion (cf. Friedman's 'Methodology of Positive Economics'). Thus, neoclassical economics can be considered to be instrumentalist. Furthermore, large parts of neoclassical economics can be described as highly 'perspective-driven'. The characteristics of the object are less important for neoclassical model and theory building than the method which is predetermined by the perspective.
The mathematical formal method of neoclassical economics relies on the premise that the interdependencies and causalities of the economic reality can be modelled by means of mathematical descriptions. It is based on the assumption that economic phenomena and actors react and interact according to observable regularities. Furthermore, it is assumed that actors act atomistically, i.e. that they can be isolated causally and are not fundamentally interdependent (cf. Lawson 2013, 8). The operation of models consists of two steps: first, the logical consistency of a model is tested deductively. Then, the model is measured against the empirical reality. Note however that within the past few years, a pragmatic view on models became popular, in which empirical adequacy is the most important criterion rather than dogmatic coherence and mathematical aesthetic.
As explained in the preceding section, neoclassical economics builds mathematical formal models in order to describe economic relations. The latter are assumed to follow regularities which can be formalized in models. Often, the use of mathematical explanation is considered a strength when compared with other social sciences, since the findings of formalistic models seem to be more trustworthy than verbal analyses. Proponents argue that in contrast to verbal arguments, mathematical formulations are unambiguously defined and, in contrast to classical economics, cannot be interpreted arbitrarily (Rodrik 2015, 31). Neoclassical economics mainly works in the deductive research tradition. Based on axioms, hypotheses are derived from theoretical considerations. This does, however, not mean that hypotheses are not revised and linked to empirical findings. For instance, econometrics aims at further developing and improving models in order to ensure empirical adequacy.
A central concept of economic analyses is the mathematical formulation and solution of optimization problems under constraints by means of static and dynamic optimization methods, such as the approaches developed by Lagrange, Kuhn and Tucker, or Hamilton. Classically, with these methods, the utility maximization of individuals, which is subject to constraints, can be modelled. Also, environmental economists use this approach in order, for example, to calculate the optimal taxation of greenhouse gas emissions. Thereby, economic growth is described as the target function and emission limits as the constraint (cf. van der Ploeg and de Zeeuw 2014). A further method is the comparative and exogenous, causal analysis of changes using the 'ceteris paribus condition'. For instance, instead of taking economic development as an endogenous process in historical time, the causal relations of dependent variables are analysed by holding other factors constant. Even while some research does focus on dynamic modelling (e.g. dynamic stochastic general equilibrium [DSGE] models), those methods are still applied in neoclassical teaching and research.
6. Ideology and political goals
According to the neoclassical perspective, ethical questions are not an object of fundamental economic analyses but only come into play when explicitly normative issues are considered. For Quaas and Quaas (2010), the increase of wealth is the primary goal of mainstream economics. This self-conception explains the neoclassical macroeconomic focus on economic growth as the target variable. In this context, the categories, terms and relations as well as the heuristics are presented as value-free. Most neoclassical economists differentiate between facts and norms, where the latter are only an issue in explicitly normative fields of neoclassical economics such as welfare economics or economic policy, which provide guidance and analysis for binding, normative decisions. Following this understanding, an author of one of the leading economic textbooks argues as follows: 'For the treatment of economic questions, we have to carefully differentiate between facts and moral concepts. Positive economics describes the facts of an economy while normative economics deals with value judgements' (Samuelson and Nordhaus 2010, S. 28, own translation). This conception of positive economics often identifies itself with the – misinterpreted and simplified – claim of Max Weber to ban value judgements from scientific analyses.
However, the assumptions of neoclassical economics do have a normative basis which results from the definition of its fundamental problem: the allocation of scarce resources. Neoclassical economics assumes that humans have the goal to maximize their utility and that this maximization can be modelled. Since only individuals know their own preferences, the market is considered to be the best instrument to satisfy them. State intervention is only considered to be economically reasonable in case of a market failure, while the perfect market is taken as the normal case and perfect competition as ideal state.
Ideologically, neoclassical economics only discusses negative freedom, i.e. the freedom from interference by others (such as state intervention), as opposed to positive freedom, i.e. the freedom to act on one's will. Negative freedom is argued to be best realized in a market system. These categorizations and terms imply a certain faith in markets which is why neoclassical economists are often associated with a market liberal worldview. This is illustrated by the approach of environmental economics: this considers environmental damage as external effects that need to be made scarce and tradable on the market. Therefore, critics like Thielemann (2003) reproach neoclassical economists' commodification of the objects of analysis. A further criticism points out that neoclassical economics is biased towards specific normative aims in its questions and analyses: this can be seen in its treatment of the pursuit of personal benefit as the sole aim of entrepreneurial action; or in the application of the insights of behavioural economics as vehicle for profit maximization.
7. Current debates and analyses
Generally speaking, the dynamic, New Keynesian DSGE models can be considered the current standard of macroeconomic analyses of economic growth and business cycles (cf. Heer and Maussner 2005). Yet, macroeconomic research partially changed in particular since the financial crisis. One could highlight the integration of financial markets that evolved in the context of the development of the sub-school 'macro finance' (cf. Brunnermeier and Sanikov 2013). At the edges of neoclassical economics, new theoretical fields have emerged, such as behavioural economics and complexity economics, which soften and modify the traditional neoclassical assumptions such as the rationality of agents, perfect information or the isolation of actors. While the use of mathematical tools increased despite broad critique within the past years, some points of critique were integrated into the analyses. Hence, neoclassical economics starts crumbling from the edges (Quaas 2014, 14). In particular in macroeconomics, there is a variety of unconventional research projects which are however developed within the framework of standard neoclassical economics. The basic system of axioms, terms and categories, i.e. the paradigmatic foundation, remains untouched by these changes.
A general trend is the already mentioned focus on empirical adequacy and, as a consequence, the increasing importance of econometrics. At the same time, an increasing interest of economists in other research objects more or less outside the economy can be observed. The application of the economic principle to the analysis and description of phenomena outside the economic field of analysis is commonly called economic imperialism (cf. Milonakis and Fine 2009).
8. Delineation: sub-schools, other economic paradigms, and other disciplines
A large number of economic theories are related to neoclassical economics. It needs to be differentiated between theories that apply the neoclassical methodology to new fields (e.g. environmental economics, health economics) and theories that further develop neoclassical methods (e.g. behavioural economics, information economics). This section aims to provide an overview of the most important sub-schools.
Environmental and resource economics
Environmental and resource economics deals with problems and solutions concerning the environment and sustainable development from an economic perspective. In comparison with the heterodox perspective of ecological economics , environmental and resource economics consider environmental problems as an incorrect allocation of resources due to externalities. Therefore, solutions aim at integrating the environment into the market by assigning a price to environmental impacts and at generating incentives that reduce the use of resources in the production process (cf. van der Ploeg and Withagen 2013; van der Ploeg and de Zeeuw 2014). Representatives of environmental economics share the opinion that steady and sustainable growth ('green growth') is not only theoretically possible but should also be the aim of environmental economic research in order to ensure long-term investment in sustainable wealth as well as short-term poverty alleviation by economic growth (Smulders et al. 2014). This can be realized by the relative or absolute decoupling of resource consumption or environmental damage and economic growth. The main premises underlying this approach are (1) the substitutability of natural resources and human capital (2) the solution of the problem of decreasing marginal returns and a therefore necessary (3) technological change (Smulders 2000, Bowen and Hepburn 2012).
Game theory comprises several analyses and concepts that model the strategic interaction of several actors in interdependent situations (i.e. at least one actor is dependent on the action of another actor). Game theoretic approaches are used in many social sciences and were first developed by John von Neumann (1928, von Neumann and Morgenstern 1944). In a game, players are assigned certain payoffs depending on the strategy and the game. The analysis starts with the payoffs and subsequently goes back to the starting point. In some games (e.g. the Prisoner's Dilemma), there is one dominant strategy that is always chosen by rational actors. This leads to a so-called Nash Equilibrium, which however does not have to be the best outcome in objective terms. A differentiation is drawn between zero-sum games, in which the gains of one actor are equal to the losses of the other actor, and non-zero-sum games, in which the sum of payoffs is not equal to zero. In economics, game theory can be applied to the interactions between firms (e.g. in an oligopolistic market) as well as to problems with collective goods (e.g. the overuse of resources).
Moreover, in behavioural economics, theories of acting rationally and utility-maximizing actors were tested using games such as the ultimatum game, the trust game or the dictator game. Experiments in which participants played these games provide evidence that humans consider fairness more important than monetary gain and thus falsify the concept of the strictly maximizing actor (Weber and Dawes 2010, 94–95).
Information economics
Information economics deals with the role of knowledge and information in economic contexts and thereby problematizes the assumption of perfect information. In information economics, information is often presented as being asymmetrically distributed and as expensive to purchase or receive. Those informational asymmetries can lead to inefficiencies. The latter become apparent, for instance, in shrinking markets or in the disappearance of high-quality products, which compete with worse products, since the poor quality of the latter cannot be identified by consumers (cf. Akerlof 1995).
Further questions and analyses in the field of information economics are risk aversions of banks in times of crisis, reputational effects, the role of intermediaries and brokers as well as the role of signals and publicity (cf. Stiglitz http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Information.html)
New Institutional Economics
New Institutional Economics (NIE) mainly deals with the role of transaction costs and the institutional structures that actors establish to regulate these. Even if NIE assumes utility maximizing and individual actors, who structure and reduce uncertainty and transaction costs by building institutions, these assumptions do not necessarily imply an optimal resource allocation. Instead, suboptimal institutional structures are possible. These can emerge out of historical processes and represent the interests of a powerful group, which consequently receives higher rents (cf. North 1990). The focus on individual actors and utility maximization distinguishes NIE from the 'Original Institutionalist Economics' even if this difference might seem less striking due to the incorporation of cultural and social aspects in NIE's analyses (Khalil 1994, 259–261).
Behavioural economics takes up the critique of the homo economicus and tries to conceptualize the economy as the interaction of individuals, who are conceived as actors with bounded rationality. The research therefore focuses on the questions: which decisions do economic subjects make; and what motivations lead to their action. In capital market theories in particular, models and parameters of behavioural economics are currently used (Behavioural finance).
9. Delineation of neoclassical economics from classical economics
Neoclassical theory can be considered a paradigm since it is a (more or less) closed, extensive perspective which researches and interprets economic interactions (Heine and Herr 2013, 5). It can also be perceived as the economic perspective which was able to take over from classical economics and establish itself as today's mainstream. Even if some core assumptions and ideas from classical economics were incorporated and modified, the current state of neoclassical economics can only partially be seen as a new edition of classical economics; hence, the name can be misleading. The difference between these paradigms starts with the definition of what is economic activity. While for neoclassical economics, the task of the economy is to allocate scarce resources, for classical economics guaranteeing survival and therefore the organization of work and reproduction are paramount. Also, the marginalist approach in neoclassical theories on growth and distribution and the consequent understanding of capital differs from the surplus approach of Smith, Ricardo or later Marx. According to the latter, it is only labour that generates the surplus value of production in the process of accumulation. This labour determines the value of goods (see labour theory of value). Additionally, the concept of natural prices, which are determined by the production costs and which differ from the demand- and supply-dependent market price was not incorporated into neoclassical economics.
10. Institutions
Founders:
Alfred Marshall, William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, Carl Menger
American Economic Review, Econometrica, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Monetary Economics, Journal of Political Economy
Associations and organisations
Verein für Sozialpolitik (germanspeaking)
American Economic Association (international)
Akerlof, George 1995: 'The Market for 'lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.' In Essential Readings in Economics, 175–188.
Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton 2000:'Economics and Identity.' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 715–753.
Arnsperger, Christian/ Varoufakis, Yanis 2006: What Is Neoclassical Economics? The three axioms responsible for its theoretical oeuvre, practical irrelevance and, thus, discursive power, Panoeconomicus, no 1: 5–18.
Blaug, Mark 2003: 'The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s.' Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25, no. 2: 145–156.
Brunnermeier, Markus K./ Sannikov, Yuliy 2013: A Macroeconomic Model with a Financial Sector, American Economic Review, 104, 2, S. 379–421.
Bowen, Alex/ Hepburn, Cameron 2012: Prosperity with growth: Economic growth, climate change and environmental limits, Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Working Paper No. 109.
Chick, Victoria, and Sheila C. Dow. 2001. 'Formalism, Logic and Reality: A Keynesian Analysis.' Cambridge Journal Of Economics 25, no. 6: 705–721.
Colander, David, Richard Holt, and Barkley Rosser Jr. 2004: 'The Changing Face of Mainstream Economics.' Review of Political Economy 16, no. 4: 485–99.
Colander David 2000: Complexity and the History of Economic Thought: Selected Papers from the History of Economics Society Conference. Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. London ; New York: Routledge.
Fine Ben and Dimitri Milonakis 2009: From Economics Imperialism to Freakonomics: The Shifting Boundaries Between Economics and Other Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Friedman Milton 1953: 'The Methodology of Positive Economics' Essays in Positive Economics.
Heer, Burkhard/ Maussner, Alfred 2005: Dynamic General Equilibrium Modelling, Springer
Heine, Michael/ Herr Hansjörg 2013: Volkswirtschaftslehre. Paradigmenorientierte Einführung in die Mikro- und Makroökonomie, Berlin/ Boston: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.
Heise, Arne (2016): 'Pluralismus in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften: Klärung eines umstrittenen Konzepts.' IMK Study, no. 47.
Heise, Arne 2007: Ende der neoklassischen Orthodoxie? Wieso ein methodischer Pluralismus gut täte, Wirtschaftsdienst 2007/7.
Hodgson Geoffrey, Warren J. Samuels and Mark Tool eds. 1994: The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Khalil 1994, in Hodgson Geoffrey, Warren J. Samuels and Mark Tool eds. 1994: The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lawson, Tony 2013: 'What Is This 'school' Called Neoclassical Economics?' Cambridge Journal of Economics 37, no. 5: 947–83.
Lawson, Tony 2006: 'The Nature of Heterodox Economics.' Cambridge Journal of Economics 30, no. 4: 483–505.
Lucas, Robert E. 1976: 'Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique.' In Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1:19–46. North-Holland, 1976.
Mankiw, N. Gregory 2004: Grundzüge der Volkswirtschaftslehre, 3. Aufl., Stuttgart 2004
1944: 'Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money', Econometricavon Neumann, John 1928: 'Zur Theorie der Gesellshaftspiele', Mathematische Annalen.
von Neumann, John und Oskar Morgenstern 1944: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
North, Douglass C. 1990: Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. The Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2008. Economics. 7. ed. Harlow: Addison-Wesley.
Quaas, Friedrun/ Quaas, Georg 2010: Der Identitätswandel des Volkswirtes, Powision Identität 2010, S. 54–56
Quaas, Friedrun 2014: Orthodoxer Mainstream und Heterodoxe Alternativen. Eine Analyse der ökonomischen Wissenschaftslandschaft, Working Paper No. 129, Universität Leipzig, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät.
Rodrik, Dani 2015: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science. W W Norton & Company Incorporated.
Samuelson, Paul A./ Nordhaus, William D. 2010: Volkswirtschaftslehre. Das internationale Standardwerk der Makro- und Mikroökonomie, 4. aktualisierte Auflage, Stadt?: mi-Wirtschaftsbuch.
Smulders, Sjak 2000: Economic Growth and Environmental Quality, in: Folmer, H./ Gabel, L. (Hrsg.) Principles of Environmental and Resource Economics. A Guide for Students and Decision-Makers. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd
Smulders et al. 2014: Growth Theory and 'Green Growth', OxCarre Research Paper 135, University of Oxford: Oxford.
Stiglitz, Joseph, Information. Accessed October 6th, 2016. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Information.html
Thielemann, Ulrich (2003): Integrative Wirtschaftsethik als kritische Theorie des Wirtschaftens, in: Breuer, M./ Brink, A., et al. (Hrsg.): Wirtschaftsethik als kritische Sozialwissenschaft, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, S. 89–115.
Van der Ploeg, Frederick/ Withagen, Cees (2013): Growth, renewables and the optimal carbon tax, in: International Economic Rewiev 55(1), S. 283–311.
Van der Ploeg, Frederick/ de Zeeuw, Aart 2014: Climate Tipping and Economic Growth. Precautionary Saving and the Social Cost of Carbon, CEPR Discussion Papers, 9982.
Weber, Roberto, and Robyn Dawes 2010: 'Behavioral Economics.' In Richard Swedberg and Neil J. Smelser The Handbook of Economic Sociology.
Assigned course modules
The Power of Microeconomics: Economic Principles in the Real World Peter Navarro University of California, Irvine flexible advanced
Introduction to Economics - Part 1: Microeconomics Joon Koo Lee Seoul National University self paced beginner
AP® Macroeconomics Clark Ross Davidson Next self paced beginner
Macroeconomic Principles Bart Hobijn Arizona State University currently not in session beginner
Microeconomics Jonathan Gruber Massachusetts Institute of Technology currently not in session advanced
Foundations of Development Policy: Advanced Development Economics Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee Massachusetts Institute of Technology 05.02.2019 advanced
Macroeconometric Forecasting Reda Cherif et al. International Monetary Fund Future dates to be announced advanced
Econometrics: Methods and Applications Philip Hans Franses, Prof. Dr.; Christiaan Heij, Dr.; Michel van der Wel, Dr... Erasmus University Rotterdam always advanced
The Challenges of Global Poverty Esther Duflo & Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee Massachusetts Institute of Technology 05.02.2019 beginner
Economics from a pluralist perspective Prof. Dr. Irene van Staveren, Prof. Dr. Rob van Tulder, Maria Dafnomili (PhD ... Erasmus University Rotterdam always beginner
Capitalism: Success, Crisis, and Reform Prof. Douglas W. Rae Yale University always advanced
Economics of Money and Banking Perry Mehrling Columbia University always beginner
Economics of Climate-Resilient Development World Bank Group - self paced advanced
Organisations and links
History of economic thought website: Overview Neoclassical Economics
http://www.hetwebsite.net/het/thought.htm#neoclassical
Core (not exclusively neoclassical)
http://www.core-econ.org/
Economics Online (news and analyses)
http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/index.html
Economics Network (links presentations, papers, etc.)
http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/links
Level: beginner 2017
Economics: An Illustrated Timeline
Heske von Doornen
theminsky.org
Free trade in economic theories
Exploring Economics
An Introduction to Milton Friedman's The Role ...
Macat
Stiglitz on globalization, why(,) globalization fails ? ...
Market equilibrium | Supply, demand, and market ...
Introduction to economics | Supply, demand, and ...
Intro to Lucas's Why Doesn't Capital Flow ...
Macat Analysis
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We usually come across a hypothetical statement "Meri bahu meri beti hai". This is such a big statement with immense thoughts. Everyone loves to be pampered. But India is a male-dominated society, not every bahu is treated as beti.To expect this gesture you have to be immensely lucky. Though many people have evolved with time and stick to their words of considering daughter in law as their lifeline. While some struggle for being getting accepted. A daughter in law is always flooded with huge responsibilities and expectation. Every stride taken by her is under scrutiny. Every mother in law forgets that he too was a daughter in law. Moreover, she is still a woman and most importantly a mother. But with life long experience and in the name of traditions and rituals she forgets and neglects the feeling of a daughter in law. Every mother in law says she considers her as a daughter, then can she let her do whatever she wants to do, can she go to her own home when she feels to go, That is not the case she is barred from doing all these things, an ideal bahu is the one who seeks consent for going to her own home and moreover on the debate she comes to hear some statements like it is not her home now, she needs to consider this as her home after marriage. Now tell me how anyone can consider it as a home when she has no freedom over her thinking.
A mother and a home is that spiritual place where you don't need to say anything. Your mother understands that my daughter might be tired and your mother will serve you with the hot food were as a place which is to be considered your home, you have to get fresh and then cook for everyone. This is not true for everyone but true for many of them. Our society is dawned by a particular type of people who have these things instilled in their minds as a discipline. I think today in the world we should stop forcing ourselves, rather convincing ourselves that who care for us or not. This cannot be judgemental because it's the behavior or approach that make us realize who really value us. It is not necessary that if your mother in law loves her son she will love you too. While if you are lucky and get that kind of pampering you are really blessed. But it is for the people around a girl who manipulate them by saying "No it is not that way she loves you its just the way of showing" Don't try to fool anyone because it would fetch only one thing which is a tear in the eye of the girl. By fooling and manipulating her you make her do all her responsibilities and when she desperately needs the help it will be those people condemning her or not paying a heed ear.
If your marriage has completed one year or silver jubilee this one topic you and your husband won't be on same lines. How much ever hard he tries to manipulate or make you understand, girls have a power of intuition which no one can change. So girls always listen to your heart, perform all your duties and the most important thing is to be happy. You solely are responsible for your lives. Don't give it in those hands for which you have to repent later. You are smart and confident enough to tackle situations. Take stand for yourself, fight for your rights. Though you have the most important right of keeping your family happy, it is also there reciprocated right to make you happy. So sit back and relax to deal with situations. Don't become hasty and ignorant. You have to take care of yourself as you are not at your mummy's place who will walk behind saying you "have food". Though you have the best husband to care certain arguments also are left unanswered while you know what is the truth.
Always works towards the happiness of everyone but not at the cost of your self-respect and happiness. If you don't care for yourself no one will care. And a relation of the mother in law and daughter in law is no maths formula which gets derived easily with your husband words. It is a feeling which will touch your heart when weaved in the threads of love, care and trust. So always trust your intuition. Its your gut feeling which gives you solutions to dealt with all relationships.
Great site, continue the good work! Way cool! Some extremely valid points!
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From a house on the edge of her family's dusty farmland airstrip near Chicago, the child Cassie O'Malley would sneak into the night to look at the planes sitting shimmering in the moonlight. Her World War I veteran father, Pat, wanted his son to be a pilot, not his reckless, red-haired daughter. But it was Cassie who had the gift. Ever since she could remember, Cassie felt the pull of getting in a cockpit and taking to the skies. Observing all the while was her father's junior partner, Nick "Stick " Galvin, a fellow war ace and airborne daredevil. Nick would become her confidant and best friend, willing to break all the rules to teach her to fly, knowing that the greatest gift he could give her was the freedom of flying. When California entrepreneur Desmon Williams sees Cassie in a local airshow, he invites her to California where she breaks new ground as a test pilot. Soon Cassie's record-breaking flights make her a media darling. Drawn by Desmond's plans for her to break Amelia Earhardt's records, but determined to avoid her mistakes, Cassie trains for the remarkable journey around the world. From public appearances to press conferences, easily used by both her husband and the press, Cassie realizes that there is more to life than making headlines. Risking her life, pushing herself to her limits, she decides to chart her own course and pursue her own destiny, whatever it costs her. Wingsis set in a time of constant change, when the world was on the brink of war and the skies were filled with adventurers, a time when courage and daring forever changed modern-day aviation. From the Hardcover edition.
Publisher: New York : Delacorte Press, c1994.
Branch Call Number: FIC Steel
Characteristics: 400 p.
Read more reviews of Wings at iDreamBooks.com
Women Air Pilots — Fiction.


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St. Ursula Villa | Cincinnati, OH | Why a Catholic Education?
Welcome to St. Ursula Villa!
I am so proud of St. Ursula Villa students and their many and varied accomplishments - receiving recognition for outstanding service to others in the community, participating successfully in sports, and earning academic awards throughout their years at the Villa.
Our Portrait of a St. Ursula Villa Graduate defines the elements of a St. Ursula Villa education which contribute to our graduates' well-documented successful outcomes as they journey through the Villa, high school, and beyond. Villa faculty, administration, current and past parents, current and past board members, and top high school administrators - all very familiar with our graduates - consistently identify four distinct characteristics of a St. Ursula Villa graduate as: Lifelong Learner, Confident & Engaged Individual, Compassionate Citizen, and Respectful Advocate. Every aspect of a St. Ursula Villa education, including academic and extracurricular activities, directly promotes these attributes in every student.
St. Ursula Villa's dedication to our Catholic Ursuline tradition nurtures the whole child, fosters academic excellence, and instills a Christ-centered commitment to society. Every day I witness our mission in action in Villa classrooms, on our campus, and in the community. As you explore our website, I invite you to contact me to learn more about St. Ursula Villa.


When heading to updating iPhone iPad to iOS 10, iOS 11 or latest iOS 12 over the Air, iOS update not showing up in Settings at all, or saying a message "Unable to Check for Update. An error occurred while checking for a software update." ? Check the steps in this post to fix them easily.
Cannot do a software update on my iPad 2. Apple online support says to go to Settings/General/software update? I am trying to update to iOS 12. The problem is under general there is no software update for selection. I have looked everywhere for it and cannot locate it. Please let me know what to do. Thanks!
During iOS 12 updating, even afterwards, you may run into various problems and issues, update failed, stuck on Apple logo, network problems, Bluetooth issues, and so on.
Besides, another very common iOS 12/11/10 updating bug is when you go to Settings > General > Software Update, and install the newest version over the Air, iOS update does not appear at all, or notice you with the message "Unable to Check for Update. An error occurred while checking for a software update." Especially, since iOS 12/11/10 was released, lots of users have run into such situation, and asked why iOS 12/11/10 not showing up in the Settings.
This problem could cause from various factors. But don't worry. You can try the tips in the following to get the iPhone 8/X/7/6s/6/5s unable to check for update issue solved easily.
Sometimes, Apple servers will have something wrong, at this time you decide to update iPhone iPad to iOS 10, iOS 11/11.4 or newest iOS 12, and you will get the iOS 12/11/10 not showing up in the Settings, or unable to check for update issue. So the first thing you need to do with this problem, is visiting Apple System Status web page.
If Apple System Status shows yellow, it means there is something wrong with this server for the moment; And what you can do is waiting, or contact Apple support. If all servers show green, it means they all work OK. The unable to check for update issue is none of Apple server's business, then what you need to do is moving to the next tip below.
Updating over the Air requires iPhone iPad should be connected Wi-Fi, and battery life must be at 50% or greater (we sincerely recommend put it in charge). If Wi-Fi is connected, you can also try disconnect it and after several minutes reconnect it.
If tip 1 does not work, you can try restarting your iPhone iPad: Press and hold the sleep/wake button, hold until you can't see Slide Power off button on your device screen > Pull the slider to turn it off > After several seconds, again press and hold the sleep/wake button to restart it.
If new iOS version still not showing up in Settings, or unable to check for update existing, try force restarting the device: Press and hold down the On/Off button > While continuing to hold the On/Off button, press and hold the Home button > Keep holding them until the screen turns back on and shows the Apple logo. Then go to Settings > General > Software Update check if iOS 12 shows up.
Sometimes, this problems happening due to network. You can reset it on your device to fix it: Go to Settings > General > Scroll down to Reset > Tap on Reset Network Settings.
If you have downloaded iOS beta version on your iPhone iPad, new iOS update will not show up in Settings, either. You should delete the beta firstly, then go to updating. How to delete beta profile: Settings > General > Scroll down to Profiles & Device Management > Click on the beat version and delete this profile.
With these six ways, hope you can fix the unable to check for update iOS 12/11/10, and iOS update appearing in the Settings. We truly welcome any practical method, if you have one or more, and please share it in the comments below, to help more people, suffering from this iOS 12/11/10 not showing up on iPhone iPad issue.


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Category: Local Information
"Disappearing Appalachia"
By webmistress, August 20, 2014
There are several photos and bits of historical information about Grainger County locations in an on-line article from the Tennessee Alumnus magazine. Click here to read the article.
Historic Joseph Cobb House
By webmistress, February 13, 2014
House Built in Grainger Six Years After County's First Settlement
by C. C. Justus
Built only six years after the first settlement in Grainger county, a historic house is now one of the old landmarks in that section. It was constructed of hewn logs and weatherboard by Joseph Cobb, whose wife was a niece of William Bean, said to have been the first white settler in Tennessee.
The mother of the present register of deeds, J. J. Brady, was born in this house seventy years ago, now it's part of the burnaby condos for sale, you can get his house by contacting their agency.
Brady and Sheriff J. H. Whitehead, who now live in the house are among the few democrats who have held county offices in Grainger.
Two hundred yards from the house is a giant cedar tree, large enough in pioneer days to hide an Indian, who was shot out with a rifle.
The Beans owned the lands of the historic site.
[Click the image for a larger version.]
Source: Unidentified newspaper clipping, dated 10 Feb 1924. Submitted by James Cook.
Families & Individuals, History, Local Information
Grainger County History DVD Available
By webmistress, January 26, 2012
The Grainger County Historical Society's excellent DVD production, The Valley of Independence, is available for purchase.
While it deals primarily with Grainger County, several adjacent areas are discussed in conjunction with the Civil War and development in the region.
Order yours today by sending a check for $14.95 ($10 for DVD; $4.95 for priority shipping) to:
Grainger County Historical Society
Rutledge, TN 37861
About Grainger County, History, Local Information, Uncategorized
Historical Movie Preview December 2, 2011
By webmistress, November 28, 2011
The Grainger County Historical Society will debut its historical film, Valley of Independence, The History of Grainger County, on December 2 at 7 p.m. at the Old Rutledge High School auditorium.
Tickets are available for purchase at all branches of Citizens Bank & Trust Co. of Grainger County at a cost of $10 per ticket.
Attendees are asked to park at Rutledge Middle School by 6 p.m. and ride the shuttle bus to the Old Rutledge High School.
Community Organizations, History, Local Information
County Line Community
By webmistress, July 1, 2011
County Line is a very, very old community that I believe dates back to the late 1770's. We just cannot prove that yet.
This community was located at the extreme eastern edge of Grainger at the county line with Hawkins. The community was at the crossroads of the road to Noeton, which ran from Hawkins County on the east to Holston River on the west at Noeton. This road to Noeton crossed a road that ran from the Old Stage Road [Lee Highway/11-W] south through this community and on to Holston River and Morristown. County Line community was situated mainly in the area of this crossroads.
Before TVA took the land, County Line was a small, thriving community. It included County Line Church, which was multi-denominational, including all Christian faiths. This church is documented back to 1792; but, again, I believe it's much older.
The first minutes book is dated 1792 – 1816 and is in the possession of a Matthew Davis. He approached the East Tennessee Historical Society about microfilming the book and his transcriptions of the minutes. This was completed and published in 2007 by ETHS in their tri-annual publication, Tennessee Ancestors. The second minutes book (1817 – 1841) is missing at this time.
The last 2 books, covering 1842 – 1941, were donated to the Grainger County Archives by Carole and Dr. Robert Overholt of Knoxville. Stevvi Cook has transcribed both of the books (1842-1941).
The last church secretary was Edith Stubblefield Odom, who is Carole's grandmother. The church was disbanded on November 9, 1941, and they "began tearing the church away" on November 17, 1941.
In addition to the church, there were a couple of stores, a grist mill and possibly a small dairy. The church cemetery is located across a creek that ran down the valley, which was not taken by TVA, and includes approximately 100+ graves, most of which are only marked with field stones or not at all. We've been cleaning out trash, clearing brush and trees, fencing and mowing the cemetery for 6 years now.
Older people who lived in this area have told me that there was an older church building east and between the crossroads and Hawkins County along with a cemetery. Others say there were several graves but few marked. One grave marker is shown on the land acquisition map by TVA. This community is clearly defined on this map.
County Line is still shown on some modern maps.
History, Local Information
Miscellaneous Features Identified in the GNIS
By webmistress, June 23, 2011
Geographic features that appear on topographic maps in the United States are listed in an online database maintained by the federal government's United States Geological Survey and the U. S. Board on Geographic Names.
This entity is usually referred to as USGS. The database is called the Geographic Names Information System, or GNIS. Many genealogists use it frequently to find places, identify the county location, and determine the coordinates.
The following table contains all topographic features in the GNIS identified as airports, fire departments, towers, tunnels, mines, and parks within Grainger County. Places that no longer exist are identified with "(historical)."
The table also includes the latitude and longitude and name of the 7.5′ USGS topographical quadrangle map on which the place is shown.
Please note that this is not a comprehensive list of all miscellaneous topographic features in the county. It is simply the government's mapping system's list. Click here to search GNIS for other topographical features or locations.
Name Latitude Longitude Elevation Quadrangle Map
Landing at River's Edge Airport 360841N 0833614W 981 Joppa
Bean Station Volunteer Fire Department 362033N 0831700W 1145 Bean Station
Blaine Volunteer Fire Department 360806N 0834300W 1037 Luttrell
Grainger County Rescue Squad 361645N 0833118W 997 Dutch Valley
Rutledge Volunteer Fire Department 361631N 0833047W 1083 Dutch Valley
Thorn Hill Volunteer Fire Department 362201N 0832404W 1424 Avondale
Washburn Volunteer Fire Department 361726N 0833542W 1434 Dutch Valley
Lookout Towers
Avondale Lookout Tower 361936N 0832832W 2480 Avondale
Oakman Tunnel 362146N 0833300W 1106 Dutch Valley
Mitchell Quarry 361424N 0833557W 991 Joppa
Buffalo Springs Game Farm 361231N 0833351W 1165 Joppa
Buffalo Springs State Game Farm 361225N 0833345W 1145 Joppa
Grainger County Park 362035N 0831951W 1099 Bean Station
Grainger County Park 361250N 0832812W 1089 Talbott
Harrell Park 361812N 0831953W 1096 Bean Station
Rutledge Recreational Park 361636N 0833030W 1096 Dutch Valley
Geography & Topography, Local Information
Langley, the William M. Cocke Estate
The William Cocke House was probably built soon after Cocke purchased the 300 acre tract from Frederick Kearns on October 8, 1847. This beautiful estate is situated in a fertile valley along Richland Creek; this land was occupied as early as 1796 when Michael Kearns purchased the property from one Christian Rhodes.
A familiar landmark to the community, the Cocke House stands as an excellent example of the Greek Revival style of architecture as displayed in East Tennessee. Langley is a beautiful Antebellum home built by William M. Cocke in 1850, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since1973. Langley is situated on 6.13 acres of land and is privately owned;and is currently listed with a local Real Estate office for sale. The ten-room house is located east of Rutledge about 9 miles on Route 2. Welcoming one's sight though the front entry-way, the spiral staircase takes the visitor's sight up toward the second floor of bedrooms; along the foyer, and the parlor with its beautiful chandelier are just some of the spectacular features of this showplace.
Langley stands as an ever present reminder of Grainger County's political history; William M. Cocke was the grandson of General William Cocke who served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1796, circuit Court Judge, member of Tennessee General Assembly and the man for whom Cocke County, Tennessee. William's father, Sterling Cocke represented Grainger County in the State House from 1815-1817, elected State Senate 1717-1819,and served as Attorney General for Tennessee's 1st District from 1818-1833.The only child of Sterling and his first wife, Eliza T. Massengill Cocke,William Michael Cocke, born in Rutledge, Tennessee, on July 16, 1815, graduated from East Tennessee State College in Knoxville. He studied law and upon admission to the bar, returned to Rutledge to begin his legal practice.
Politically a Democrat, Cocke spent much of his adult life holding some type of elected office. Cocke was clerk of Grainger County Circuit Court from 1840-1845. He was elected to the State House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. He was later elected to the State Senate serving from 1855-1857. Cocke served in the 31st General Assembly in the second session of 1855-1896, replacing Christopher Hitch, who had resigned; representing Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, and Grainger counties as a Democrat. William Cocke had an uncle, John Cocke, who also served as a member of the Tennessee General Assembly.
On January 15, 1835, he married his first cousin, Sarah Frances Cocke,daughter of Willis and Margaret E. Rogers Cocke. They had seven children:Elisabeth T. (Mrs. William H. Turley), Charles, William M., Sarah Frances(Mrs. J. E. Rankin), Emma (Mrs. John Strong), Ellis, and Mary B. Cocke (Mrs. William D. Wadsworth). His second wife was Amanda Grigsby and his third Noel; no children by second nor third wife. From 1859-1865, he resided in Asheville, NC. About 1872, he moved to Lexington, Ky, and from there to Nashville, in Davidson County. He died in Nashville on February 6, 1896; buried at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Nashville.
In November 1858, Cocke sold his property to James T. Carmichael and moved his family to Asheville, NC, for the duration of the Civil War. The house was the scene of considerable activities throughout the war. While Union troops camped along Richland Creek, the Cocke House was used as a field hospital.
This document was found on the Hawkins County TNGenWeb site, where it was used with permission of Ganell Marshall in 1998. Copyright of the article is held by her.
Families & Individuals, Local Information
Grainger County on Wikipedia
By webmistress, May 19, 2011
Click here to view Grainger County's entry on Wikipedia.
Geography & Topography, History, Local Information, Maps & Gazetteers
QuickFacts About Grainger County
Click here to view the detailed listing from the U. S. Census Bureau.
Local Information, Maps & Gazetteers, Miscellaneous
Resource Contact Details
Grainger County
Grainger County Archives
E-Mail Mary Lynn Gilmore, Certified Archives Manager PO Box 408 , 7850 Rutledge Pk., Second Floor
Grainger County Historian
E-mail Kenneth Coffey
Bean Station, TN 37708
Grainger Today Newspaper
Web Site 691 Main Street, PO Box 519
E-mail PO Box 215, Rutledge, TN 37861
Grainger County Chamber of Commerce PO Box 101, Rutledge, TN 37861
Grainger County Clerk Highway 11W, Rutledge, TN 37861
Grainger County Courthouse PO Box 116, Rutledge, TN 37861
Note: There is no genealogy research collection in Grainger County libraries. See the Archives, above.
Bean Station Public Library PO Box 100, Highway 25 E, Bean Station, TN 37708
Blaine Community Library PO Box 66, Indian Ridge Road, Blaine, TN 37709
Rutledge Public Library PO Box 100, Highway 11 W, Rutledge, TN 37861
Washburn Community Library Route 1, Box 129, Highway 131, Washburn, TN 37888
Claiborne County Historical and Genealogical Society PO Box 32, Tazewell, TN 37879
East Tennessee Historical Society PO Box 1629, 601 S. Gay Street, Knoxville, TN 37901-1629
McClung Historical Collection
McClung Digital Collection (regional images) 601 S. Gay Street, Knoxville, TN 37902
Knox County Archives (don't overlook this!) 601 S. Gay Street, Knoxville, TN 37902
H B Stamps Memorial Library (excellent!) 407 East Main Street, Rogersville, TN 37857-3366
Hamblen County Archives Hamblen County Courthouse Basement, Morristown, TN 37814
Hawkins County Historical & Genealogical Society PO Box 429, Rogersville, TN 37857-0429
Union County Historical Society 3824 Maynardville Hwy., Maynardville, TN 37807
Union County Cemeteries Association PO Box 1315, Maynardville, TN 37807
East Tennessee Veterans Memorial Association PO Box 3714, Knoxville, TN 37927
State-Wide
Tennessee Historical Commission Department of Environment and Conservation, 701 Broadway, B-30, Nashville, TN 37243-0442
Tennessee Historical Society Ground Floor, War Memorial Building, 300 Capital Boulevard, Nashville TN 37243-0084
Tennessee Genealogical Society Library/Offices: 7779 Poplar Pike, Germantown TN 38138
Mailing: PO Box 381824, Germantown TN 38138-1824
Tennessee Sons of Confederate Veterans
Tennessee United Daughters of the Confederacy
Tennessee Society, Sons of the Revolution (SOR)
Tennessee Sons of the American Revolution (SAR)
Tennessee Daughters of the American Revolution
Community Organizations, Libraries, Archives & Museums, Local Information, Newspapers & Publications, Organizations, Public Records, Research Guidance, Searchable Databases
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