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Artists » Julie Flett »
Julie Flett
Julie Flett studied fine arts at Concordia University in Montreal and Emily Carr University of Art + Design in Vancouver. She received the Christie Harris Illustrated Children's Literature Prize and was nominated for the Governor Genera's Award for Children's Literature for her book Owls See Clearly at Night (Lii Yiiboo Nayaapiwak lii Swer): A Michif Alphabet (L'alphabet di Michif). Julie is Cree-Métis and currently lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.
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Teen Books (1)
The Journey Forward, A Novella On Reconciliation
● Monique Gray Smith (Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Sioux; Lakota; Cree (Nehiyawak);)
● Richard Van Camp (Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Dene; Tlicho (Dogrib);)
● Julie Flett (Indigenous Canadian; Métis; First Nations; Cree (Nehiyawak);)
● Tessa Macintosh
Text Content Territories: Indigenous Canadian;
Two award-winning voices.
Two stories on Reconciliation.
Two amazing covers.
One unforgettable book.
The Journey Forward, A Novella On Reconciliation:
When We Play Our Drums, They Sing!
by Richard Van Camp
This the story of 12-year-old Dene Cho, who is angry that his people are losing their language, traditions, and ways of being. Elder Snowbird is there to answer some of Dene Cho's questions, and to share their history including the impact Residential schools continue to have on their people. It is through this conversation with Snowbird that Dene Cho begins to find himself, and begins to realize that understanding the past can ultimately change the future.
Tessa Macintosh's wonderful photographs are featured on the cover and interior of this memorable story.
Lucy & Lola
by Monique Gray Smith
Lucy and Lola are 11-year-old twins who are heading to Gabriola Island, BC, to spend the summer with their Kookum (grandmother) while their mother studies for the bar exam. During their time with Kookum, the girls begin to learn about her experiences in being sent — and having to send their mother — to Residential school. Ultimately, they discover what it means to be inter-generational survivors.
Award-winning illustrator Julie Flett created the amazing cover illustration and interior spot art that perfectly suit this engaging novella.
Recommended for Grades 5-8 for the following subject areas: English Language Arts, Social Studies.
Kids Books (14)
A Day With Yayah
● Nicola I. Campbell (Indigenous Canadian; Métis; First Nations; Salish; Interior Salish; Syilx (Okanagan); Nlaka'pamux (Thompson);)
Text Content Territories: Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Salish; Interior Salish; Nlaka'pamux (Thompson);
Set in the Okanagon, BC, a First Nations family goes on an outing to forage for herbs and mushrooms. Grandmother passes down her knowledge of plant life to her young grandchildren.
Recommended for grades K-2 for the following subjects: Art Education, English Language Arts, Social Studies.
This resource offers a glimpse into the Nłeʔkepmx of the Nicola Valley in BC's Interior. A glossary of Nłeʔkepmxcin words appears at the back of the book.
32 pages | 9.25" x 10.25" | colour illustrations
Black Bear, Red Fox - Colours in Cree
Text Content Territories: Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Cree (Nehiyawak);
Black Bear, Red Fox - Colours in Cree is a dual-language board book authored and illustrated by Cree artist Julie Flett. Different animals and plants and their colours are shown in English and then in Cree.
Dolphin SOS
● Roy Miki
● Slavia Miki
Based on true events, Dolphin SOS recounts the story of three dolphins trapped in an ice-covered cove on the coast of Newfoundland. After the government fails to provide assistance, some young boys take matters into their own hands in order to save the distressed dolphins.
"Striking, strong black, white, and gray—toned watercolor and collage art portrays the cold climate that the dolphins and rescuers endured. The happy ending will delight children after they witness how these animals were almost lost to the elements."— School Library Journal
"A beautiful book...It is a story of compassion, endurance, and a special brief moment when humans and animals connect. Everything about this book is done with elegant simplicity...Flett's artwork is exquisite, using mainly black and white to portray the landscape with a bit of colour...Highly recommended for both school and public libraries."— Resource Links
"This life—and—death story will resonate with readers as much as it did with the western Canadian writers and illustrator who gave it a new life....The spare text is set in a sea of whites and grays, a stark reminder of this moving rescue's chilly setting.... Distress gives way to relief in this you-are-there tale for young readers and listeners who enjoy real-life animal encounters."— Kirkus Reviews
"Dolphin SOS is a beautiful narrative which is based on a true event . . . a charming story of dolphin rescue [that] introduces children to modern superheroes."— CM Magazine
"Young Nicole tells this exciting rescue story based on an actual event . . . "It's a beautiful ending." We share Nicole's concern, empathy with the dolphins, and satisfaction at the end."— Ken Marantz and Sylvia Marantz
"Julie Flett's picturebooks honour her aboriginal heritage."— Quill & Quire
Dragonfly Kites
● Tomson Highway (Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Cree (Nehiyawak);)
Dragonfly Kites is the third book in Tomson Highway's magical Songs of the North Wind trilogy. Like Fox on the Ice and Caribou Song, it has a bilingual text, written in English and Cree. And once again Tomson Highway brilliantly evokes the very essence of childhood as he weaves a deceptively simple story about the power of the imagination.
Joe and Cody, two young Cree brothers, along with their parents and their little dog Ootsie, are spending the summer by one of the hundreds of lakes in northern Manitoba. Summer means a chance to explore the world and make friends with an array of creatures, But what Joe and Cody like doing best of all is flying dragonfly kites. They catch dragonflies and gently tie a length of thread around the middle of each dragonfly before letting it go. Off soar the dragonflies into the summer sky and off race the brothers and Ootsie too, chasing after their dragonfly kites through trees and meadows and down to the beach before watching them disappear into the night sky. But in their dreams, Joe and Cody soar through the skies with their kites until it's time to wake up.
"Unlike most fiction, Dragonfly Kites does not follow a standard plot line. Like the dragonfly kites that the boys follow, the plot simply glides along until the boys wake up from their dream. This is appropriate due to the significance the illustrations play in this picture book, as well as the age of the intended audience. Readers are not overwhelmed by the storyline and are free to appreciate the accompanying illustrations. The illustrations in Dragonfly Kites act as an extension of the story. The pictures in the book are colourful, beautiful, and have an austere, stark quality. This is consistent with other works produced by award-winning illustrator Julie Flett. This style suits the story as, aside from the nature that surrounds around them, Joe and Cody are depicted as being by themselves. While they live with the parents, their adventures occur when their parents are fishing without them. The full-page illustrations demonstrate the vast space that surrounds the boys." — CM Magazine
"At once a celebration of heritage, the wilderness, and imagination, this book is a breath of fresh northern air." — Kirkus Reviews
Educator & Series Information
This is the third book in the Songs of the North Wind series, a dual-language (English and Cree) series about two young Cree boys.
Richard Van Camp, internationally renowned storyteller and bestselling author of the hugely successful Welcome Song for Baby: A Lullaby for Newborns, has partnered with talented illustrator Julie Flett to create a tender board book for babies and toddlers that honors the child in everyone. With its delightful contemporary illustrations, Little You is perfect to be shared, read or sung to all the little people in your life—and the new little ones on the way!
- 2013 BC Books for Babies winner
- 2015 R. Ross Annett Award winner
- 2016 American Indian Library Association Best Picture Book winner
"Van Camp composes a lyrical ode to a newborn child, which is matched in its loveliness by Flett's exquisite, collage-like images of a young one with his or her parents. Both collaborators are of aboriginal Canadian descent, and the book will have particular appeal for families looking for nonwhite representations of tender family moments. But families of every size, shape, and background can appreciate sentiments like, 'You are life and breath adored/ You are us and so much more/ Little ember with growing light/ Feel our love as we hold you tight.'" — Publishers Weekly, March 2013
"A sweet little board book...Richard Van Camp has written a beautiful poem that describes the feelings of parenthood...The illustrations, done by Julie Flett, are both simple, and bold at the same time...and helped bring such beautiful words to life. I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys curling up with their little one with a good book. It's a nice quick little read, that captured my little one's attention right away. It's got a great message that I hope she'll remember for the rest of her life." — Just Trying to Let it Be blog, May 2013
"The spreads lovingly depict a young child growing from infancy to toddlerhood...The text has the gentle cadence of a lullaby...Flett, who is of Cree Métis heritage, gives each character tawny skin, almond-shaped eyes and dark hair. This, combined with her sophisticated and simple style, allows her featured family to represent relatively broad branches of the human family. The art, with the look of cut-paper collage, uses curved forms and playful prints to flesh out the affectionate tableaux...The soothing rhythms of the language and the affection of the scenes are right on target. A poetic and joyful celebration." — Kirkus Reviews, August 2013
Authenticity Note: Because this book is meant to appeal to a variety of families, not just Indigenous families, this book has been labelled as containing Non-Indigenous Text, even though it has Indigenous creators. It's up to readers to determine whether this work will work for their purposes.
Little You / Kîya-K'apisîsisîyân
● Mary Cardinal Collins (Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Cree (Nehiyawak);)
Richard Van Camp, internationally renowned storyteller and bestselling author of the hugely successful Welcome Song for Baby: A Lullaby for Newborns, has partnered with award-winning illustrator Julie Flett to create a tender book for babies and toddlers that celebrates the potential of every child. With its delightful contemporary illustrations, Little You is perfect to be shared, read or sung to all the little people in your life—and the new little ones on the way!
This paperback book is a dual-language (English and Plains Cree) edition of the board book Little You.
Recommended for Grades K-2 for these subject areas: English Language Arts, Indigenous Language, Social Studies.
Translated by Mary Collins.
Authenticity Note: This story is not specifically Indigenous in terms of content, even though it has Indigenous creators. The addition of the Cree translation/text in this edition of the story makes this resource a wonderful Indigenous language learning tool.
My Heart Fills with Happiness
The sun on your face. The smell of warm bannock baking in the oven. Holding the hand of someone you love. What fills your heart with happiness? This beautiful board book, with illustrations from celebrated artist Julie Flett, serves as a reminder for little ones and adults alike to reflect on and cherish the moments in life that bring us joy.
International speaker and award-winning author Monique Gray Smith wrote My Heart Fills with Happiness to support the wellness of Indigenous children and families, and to encourage young children to reflect on what makes them happy.
2017 Christie Harris Illustrated Children's Literature Prize winner
"A quiet loveliness, sense of gratitude, and—yes—happiness emanate from this tender celebration of simple pleasures, which features a cast of First Nations children and adults...Short, first-person phrases...revel in both solitary and familial activities...Flett's crisp-edged paintings blend universal and culturally specific experiences." — Publishers Weekly, Starred, November 2015
"Joyful and tender, this board book celebrates the activities that bring gladness through family and cultural connections...Flett's quietly powerful gouache and digital collage illustrations emphasize the relationships between people...The sweet family story has universal appeal. A first purchase for all libraries." — School Library Journal, Starred, March 2016
"A celebration of aboriginal culture...but also universal in its message: sometimes it's the simplest things that lift our spirits highest...[The book] is beautiful in both its appearance and its intention." — Quill & Quire, March 2016
My Heart Fills With Happiness / Ni Sâkaskineh Mîyawâten Niteh Ohcih
The sun on your face. The smell of warm bannock baking in the oven. Holding the hand of someone you love. What fills your heart with happiness? This beautiful book, with illustrations from celebrated artist Julie Flett, serves as a reminder for little ones and adults alike to reflect on and cherish the moments in life that bring us joy.
This paperback book is a dual-language (English and Plains Cree) edition of the board book My Heart Fills With Happiness.
Recommended for Grades K-2 for the following subject areas: English Language Arts, Indigenous Language, Social Studies.
24 pages | 7.00" x 7.00" | Translated by Mary Collins.
Owls See Clearly At Night (Lii Yiiboo Nayaapiwak Lii Swer): A Michif Alphabet (L'Alfabet Di Michif)
Text Content Territories: Indigenous Canadian; Métis;
This picture book is a small glimpse, from A to Z, of some of the sights and sounds of the Michif language and its speakers. The language of the Métis, Michif is a combination of French and Cree with a trace of other regional languages. Once spoken by thousands of people across the prairies of Canada and the northern United States, Michif is now so little spoken that it might disappear within a generation. This alphabet book is part of a resurgence to celebrate and preserve the traditions of the Métis people. Here Michif and English words combine with images from Métis culture to introduce all generations to the unique Michif language. The book even includes a brief introduction to the language's history, a pronunciation guide, and a list of references for those interested in learning more about Michif.
Quand on etait seuls
● David Alexander Robertson (Indigenous Canadian; First Nations; Cree (Nehiyawak); Swampy Cree ;)
Récipiendaire du prix littéraire du Gouverneur général 2017, pour la version originale When we Were Alone.En aidant sa grand-mère à entretenir son jardin, une fillette remarque chez celle-ci des caractéristiques qui piquent sa curiosité. Pourquoi sa grand-mère porte-t-elle ses longs cheveux en tresses et des vêtements de couleurs vives? Pourquoi parle-t-elle une autre langue et passe-t-elle tant de temps avec sa famille? Ces questions amènent l'ainée à parler des années qu'elle a passées enfant dans un pensionnat autochtone, endroit où tout lui avait été enlevé. Quand on était seuls raconte une période difficile et constitue, en dernier ressort, un témoignage de courage et de prise en charge personnelle.
Recommended for Grades 3-7 for these subject areas: Francais langue premiere, French Immersion Language Arts, Sciences humaines.
The Girl and the Wolf
● Katherena Vermette (Indigenous Canadian; Métis;)
Text Content Territories: Indigenous;
An empowering Indigenous twist on a classic wolf narrative.
While picking berries with her mother, a little girl wanders too far into the woods. When she realizes she is lost, she begins to panic. A large grey wolf makes a sudden appearance between some distant trees. Using his sense of smell, he determines where she came from and decides to help her. Through a series of questions from the wolf, the little girl realizes she had the knowledge and skill to navigate herself—she just needed to remember that those abilities were there all along.
Themes: independence, children, knowledge, power, strength, nature, instincts, survival skills.
We All Count: A Book of Cree Numbers
In this basic counting book from 1 to 10, this bilingual board book introduces Plains Cree (y-dialect) and Swampy Cree (n-dialect) written in Roman orthography. Artist and author has a simple graphic style using bold and clear text to introduce counting with appropriate cultural images from contemporary Cree society. An excellent introduction to counting to ten in Cree and English using authentic Cree imagery.
We Sang You Home
In this sweet and lyrical board book from the creators of the bestselling Little You, gentle rhyming text captures the wonder new parents feel as they welcome baby into the world. A celebration of the bond between parent and child, this is the perfect song to share with your little ones.
Internationally renowned storyteller and bestselling author Richard Van Camp teams up with award-winning illustrator Julie Flett for a second time to create a stunning board book for babies and toddlers.
- 2017 CCBC Best Books commendation
"Both Van Camp's words and Flett's illustrations are economical, but We Sang You Home is not a quick read. Instead, each of the paired pages of text and illustration truly demands that the reader pause and reflect on the pages' contents. Highly recommended." — CM Magazine, June 2016
"The emotions of parenthood—including feelings of love, elation, and gratitude—are certain to be conveyed to [children] by the parents who share this tale with them. A lovely picture book that will resonate with parents and show young readers the profound, positive impact they have on their parents' lives." — School Library Journal, October 2016
"A great strength of this book is that it is nonspecific and inclusive enough to encompass all new babies—arriving through birth, fostering, or adoption—and it does not specify gender…The whole message is one of love, welcome, and completion now that the young one has joined the family. The eye-catching illustrations hint at a non-specific non-white race for the family (could be Asian, First Nations, Inuit, etc.), making this book inclusive and encompassing of Canada's ethnic diversity…It is a book of thankfulness and hope that would make a wonderful addition to the preschool collection in a library. Highly recommended." — Resource Links, October 2016
Authenticity Note: This story is meant to appeal to and honour a variety of families, not only Indigenous families. This is why we have labelled it as not containing Indigenous text content; it may still work as an Indigenous text for your purposes, though, as the author and illustrator are in Indigenous.
We Sang You Home / Ka Kîweh Nikamôstamâtinân
In this sweet and lyrical book from the creators of the bestselling Little You, gentle rhythmic text captures the wonder new parents feel as they welcome baby into the world. A celebration of the bond between parent and child, this is the perfect song to share with your little ones.
Internationally renowned storyteller and bestselling author Richard Van Camp teams up with award-winning illustrator Julie Flett for a second time to create a stunning book for babies and toddlers.
This paperback book is a dual-language (English and Plains Cree) edition of the We Sang You Home board book.
Authenticity Note: The text and images in this story are meant to appeal to and honour a variety of families, not only Indigenous families. This edition's addition of the Cree translation makes it a wonderful resource for Indigenous language learning.


text:
<?php

/**
 * EnterpriseSecurityException is the base class for all security related
 * exceptions. You should pass in the root cause exception where possible.
 * Constructors for classes extending EnterpriseSecurityException should be
 * sure to call the appropriate super() method in order to ensure that logging
 * and intrusion detection occur properly.
 *

 * All EnterpriseSecurityExceptions have two messages, one for the user and one
 * for the log file. This way, a message can be shown to the user that doesn't
 * contain sensitive information or unnecessary implementation details. Meanwhile,
 * all the critical information can be included in the exception so that it gets
 * logged.
 *

 * Note that the "logMessage" for ALL EnterpriseSecurityExceptions is logged in
 * the log file. This feature should be used extensively throughout ESAPI
 * implementations and the result is a fairly complete set of security log records.
 * ALL EnterpriseSecurityExceptions are also sent to the IntrusionDetector for use
 * in detecting anomolous patterns of application usage.
 *
.
 *
 * @category  OWASP
 *
 * @package   ESAPI_Errors
 *
 * @author    Andrew van der Stock <vanderaj@owasp.org>
 * @author    Mike Boberski <boberski_michael@bah.com>
 * @copyright 2009-2010 The OWASP Foundation
 * @license   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php New BSD license
 *
 * @version   Release: @package_version@
 *
 * @link      http://www.owasp.org/index.php/ESAPI
 */
class EnterpriseSecurityException extends Exception
{

    /** The logger. */
    protected $logger;
    protected $logMessage;

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of EnterpriseSecurityException that includes a
     * root cause.
     *
     * @param string $userMessage The message displayed to the user
     * @param string $logMessage  the message logged
     */
    public function __construct($userMessage = '', $logMessage = '')
    {
        $cause = 0;

        if (empty($userMessage)) {
            $userMessage = null;
        }

        parent::__construct($userMessage);

        $this->logMessage = $logMessage;
        $this->logger = ESAPI::getAuditor("EnterpriseSecurityException");
        if (! ESAPI::getSecurityConfiguration()->getDisableIntrusionDetection()) {
            ESAPI::getIntrusionDetector()->addException($this);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a message that is safe to display to users.
     *
     * @return string A string containing a message that is safe to display to users
     */
    public function getUserMessage()
    {
        return $this->getMessage();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a message that is safe to display in logs, but probably not to users.
     *
     * @return string A string containing a message that is safe to display in
     *                logs, but probably not to users
     */
    public function getLogMessage()
    {
        return $this->logMessage;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Bringing the seventies into the modern day with our Velvet Retro Classic Bean Bag, it has everything you expect from a bean bag, made from quality materials and finished to a high standard, it's a must have!
The Velvet Retro Classic is our take on the nostalgic bean bag design of yesteryear. It is everything you expect when you think of a bean bag. A nice big, round comfortable bag to sit on. With a strong handle, you can take this bean bag with you anywhere in the house with ease.
From a fashionista's lounge to a chic wine bar, all of the velvet classics in our bean bag store won't look out of place in any room.


Reporting directly to the Building Principal and Department Head where applicable with indirect report to the Superintendent as the appointing authority.
•	Teaches Spanish to Middle School students.
•	Meets and instructs assigned classes in the locations and at the times designated.
•	Plans a program of study that meets the individual needs, interests and abilities of the students.
•	Creates a classroom environment that is conducive to learning and appropriate to the maturity and interests of the students.
•	Sets and maintains standards of classroom behavior.
•	Guides the learning process toward the achievement of curriculum goals and, in harmony with the goals, establishes clear objectives for all lessons, units and projects to communicate these objectives to students.
•	Employs a variety of instructional techniques and instructional media.
•	Implements by instruction and action the district's philosophy of education and instructional goals and objectives.
•	Assesses the accomplishments of students on a regular basis and provides progress reports as required.
•	Seeks the assistance of district specialists as required regarding diagnosing students learning disabilities.
•	Takes all necessary and reasonable precautions to protect students, equipment, materials and facilities.
•	Maintains accurate, complete, and correct records as required by law, district policy, and administrative regulation.
•	Assists the administration in implementing all policies and rules governing student life and conduct, and for the classroom, develops reasonable rules of classroom behavior and procedure, and maintains order in the classroom in a fair and just manner.
•	Makes provision for being available to students and parents for education-related purposes outside the instructional day when required or requested to do so.
•	Plans and supervises purposeful assignments for teacher aide(s) and volunteer(s) and, cooperatively with department heads, contributes to the evaluation their job performance.
•	Attends staff meetings and serves on staff committees as required.
Must be highly qualified by DESE licensure standards. Must have excellent communication and interpersonal skills and possess a high level of capability with technology.
Must be able to assist in the protection of students and school property, assist the principal in fire and other emergency drills as required by law and School Committee policy.
Welcome to Hale Middle School!
Hale Middle School believes that all educational and school related decisions should be based upon the divergent needs and uniqueness of the early adolescent. Through a climate of respect, we must provide our students with learning opportunities that meet each student's varied physical, social and intellectual needs that maximize his or her potential. We believe that our curricula must go beyond the traditional academic offerings. Through sound educational practices and the utilization of emerging technologies, we can prepare our students for the challenges that will be theirs in the future.
•Helping students develop and improve their critical and creative thinking skills.
•Helping students understand the principles and responsibilities of a democratic society.
•Helping students understand and successfully cope with the mental, physical, emotional and social changes they experience as early adolescents.
•Developing a student's sense of self-discipline, self-respect, self-reliance and personal responsibility.
•Each student is capable of learning and should be held to high expectations.
•Students must be actively engaged in their own learning.Our curricula should be integrated.
•Our instructional and assessment strategies must be diverse and emphasize active learning.
Nashoba Regional School District is committed to maintaining a work and learning environment free from discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, pregnancy, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital/civil union status, ancestry, place of birth, age, citizenship status, veteran status, political affiliation, genetic information or disability, as defined and required by state and federal laws. Additionally, we prohibit retaliation against individuals who oppose such discrimination and harassment or who participate in an equal opportunity investigation.


text:
NT Live: Henry V 12A
Runtime: 180 mins
Director: Max Webster
Cast: Kit Harington
Kit Harington (Game of Thrones) plays the title role in Shakespeare's thrilling study of nationalism, war and the psychology of power.
Fresh to the throne, King Henry V launches England into a bloody war with France. When his campaign encounters resistance, this inexperienced new ruler must prove he is fit to guide a country into war.
Captured live from the Donmar Warehouse in London, this exciting modern production directed by Max Webster (Life of Pi) explores what it means to be English and our relationship to Europe, asking: do we ever get the leaders we deserve?
You will now need a NHS Covid Pass to attend this event. For information on how to obtain the pass visit the Welsh Government website - Get your NHS COVID Pass | GOV.WALES
Concession - £13
Friends / Premier Card - £12
Film Dates and Times
With such an array of shows and films you don't want to miss any of the entertainment on offer at Theatr Colwyn. Sign up to receive the listings and information right in your in box.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Romance Collection Gallery & Gift Shop
482 Elizabeth Street, Burlington, ON
Listed in: Art Galleries
About The Romance Collection Gallery & Gift Shop
Featuring the art of Trisha Romance. Go to full description...
Burlington, ON, L7R2M2, CA
www.romancecollection.com
Email address: burlingtongallery@romancecollection.com
Trisha's Life as an artist began at a very early age. The drive to capture her immediate surroundings and find inspiration in everyday events of life can be traced to when she was only five years old. This vision and excitement for life continues to be the creative force behind her celebrated work today. "I thank God continually for the simple moments in life...they feed my soul and forever renew my inspirations", says Trisha. Trisha was born in Western New York and moved to Canada in 1969 to attend Sheridan College in Oakville, where she received a degree in design and illustration. She now lives in Niagara-on-the Lake with her family, who have become the loving focus of her many paintings in watercolour. The popularity of Trisha's paintings continue to grow, exceeding her ability to supply the demand. Since 1980, limited edition reproductions from the originals have allowed collectors to enjoy her artwork worldwide.
Send The Romance Collection Gallery & Gift Shop a message
Please wait, while your message is being sent to The Romance Collection Gallery & Gift Shop


text:
/******************************************************************************/
/*!
\file   M5Vec2.h
\author Matt Casanova
\par    email: mcasanov\@digipen.edu
\par    GAM150
\par    Simple 2D Game Engine
\date   2012/11/26

Prototypes for the M5Vec2 Struct

*/
/******************************************************************************/
#ifndef M5_VEC2_H
#define M5_VEC2_H

#include <iostream>

/*! A 2D vector for a 2D game, use a separate variable for Z-Order.
Can be used C style with static functions or C++ with methods.*/
struct M5Vec2
{
  /*Default constructor for vec2 Class*/
  M5Vec2(float xx = 0, float yy = 0);
  //Operators
  /*Adds two vectors*/
  M5Vec2  operator+(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;
  /*Subtracts two vectors*/
  M5Vec2  operator-(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;
  /*Negates a vector*/
  M5Vec2 operator-(void) const;
  /*Scales a vector*/
  M5Vec2  operator*(float scale)       const;
  /*Adds a vector to this vector*/
  M5Vec2& operator+=(const M5Vec2& rhs);
  /*Subtracts a vector from this vector*/
  M5Vec2& operator-=(const M5Vec2& rhs);
  /*Scales this vector*/
  M5Vec2& operator*=(float scale);
  /*Negates this vector*/
  M5Vec2& operator-(void);
  /*Tests if two vectors are equal*/
  bool    operator==(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;
  /*Tests if two vectors are not equal*/
  bool    operator!=(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;

  /*Normalizes this vector*/
  void Normalize(void);
  /*Allows user to quickly set x and y*/
  void  Set(float xx = 0.f, float yy = 0.f);
  /*Performs the dot product on two vectors*/
  float Dot(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;
  /*Gets the Z component of the cross product of two vectors*/
  float CrossZ(const M5Vec2& rhs) const;
  /*Gets the length of the vector*/
  float Length(void) const;
  /*Gets the squared length of the vector*/
  float LengthSquared(void) const;
  /*Treats the vector as a point and gets the distace to another pointer*/
  float Distance(const M5Vec2& point) const;
  /*Gets the squared distance between two points*/
  float DistanceSquared(const M5Vec2& point) const;
  /*Checks if this is the zero vector*/
  bool  IsZero(void) const;

  //Non member functions*******************************************************
  /*Allows user to quickly set x and y*/
  static void Set(M5Vec2& result, float x, float y);
  /*Negates a vector*/
  static void Negate(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& toNegate);
  /*Adds two vectors together*/
  static void Add(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Subtracts two vectors*/
  static void Sub(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Scales a vector*/
  static void Scale(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& toScale, float scale);
  /*Normalizes a vector*/
  static void Normalize(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& toNormalize);
  /*Gets the projection vector of vec1 onto vec2*/
  static void Project(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Gets the perpendicular projection vector of vec1 onto vec2*/
  static void PerpProject(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Linearly interpolates a vector based on time*/
  static void Lerp(M5Vec2& result, const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2,
    float time);
  /*Gets the Z component of the cross product */
  static float CrossZ(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Calculates the dot product of two vectors*/
  static float Dot(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Get the Length of a vector*/
  static float Length(const M5Vec2& vec);
  /*Gets the squared length of the vector*/
  static float LengthSquared(const M5Vec2& vec);
  /*Get the Distance between two points.*/
  static float Distance(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Gets the squared distance between two points*/
  static float DistanceSquared(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Tests if two vectors are equal*/
  static bool IsEqual(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Tests if two vectors are not equal*/
  static bool IsNotEqual(const M5Vec2& vec1, const M5Vec2& vec2);
  /*Test if this is the zero vector*/
  static bool IsZero(const M5Vec2& vec);

  //friend function************************************************************
  /*Allows users to scale a vector*/
  friend M5Vec2 operator*(float scale, const M5Vec2& rhs);
  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, M5Vec2& rhs);
  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const M5Vec2& rhs);

  float x;/*!< The x coordinate of the vector*/
  float y;/*!< The y coordinate of the vector*/

};

#endif


The Happiness of Pursuit: Finding the Quest That Will Bring Purpose to Your Life - Kindle edition by Chris Guillebeau. Self-Help Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.
2) 47 year old or others are looking > benchmark ? role model ?


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Q: AWS ELB - SSL/TLS termination confusion The setup: Application deployed in EC2 instances that are load balanced by an ELB, with Autoscaling Group.
The requirement: secure data encryption in transit in adherence to TLS protocol between the clients and EC2 instances.
The question:

*

*How can you distinguish if a load balancer terminates TLS in itself or in the EC2 instances? I am preparing for the AWS Architect Associate exam and I have encountered this problem multiple times. It seems that whether it terminates TLS in itself or in EC2 instances, it uses port 443. If I have a set of multiple choice answers of possible ELB configurations, which one should I choose if I want TLS to be terminated at EC2 instance?

*Is it different when it's a Network Load Balancer compared to a "regular" ELB?

A:
How can you distinguish if a load balancer terminates TLS in itself or in the EC2s

If the Load Balancer terminates TLS, then it will have HTTPS Listeners with the cert associated with it.

Is it different when its a Network Load Balancer? compared to a "regular" ELB.

Network Load Balancers are Level 4 load balancers and work at protocol level, handling TCP/UDP connections and till recently, did not have TLS offload. That has changed now and the same principle holds - if there's a TLS listener, then it's mostly to be handling the TLS termination

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


meaning that all the electrons are in their lowest possible energy state.
they're going to show them being occupied by electrons.
their lowest possible energy states.
So they're going to be occupying the lowest energy levels.
an excited state, but then there'd be all sorts of correct answers.
there will be only one appropriate answer for the orbital diagram of that substance.
what's called the Pauli exclusion principle.
the other, clockwise or counterclockwise.
All electrons will be spinning in the atom.
define the electrons, define for us what's called the spin quantum number.
The spin quantum number is abbreviated m sub s.
And m sub s, according to the Schrödinger equations, can be one of two values.
It could be a plus one half or it could be a minus one half.
minus one half would be spinning in the opposite direction.
an orbital diagram that represents those electrons and their spin.
We represent that box to represent the orbital that the electron is occupying.
Now, for the ground state, why are we choosing 1s?
The smallest n value that we have is an n equal to 1.
Okay, so if n is equal to 1, that is what's being represented right here.
That's the quantum number 1.
And in that first shell, there's only one subshell, it's called the 1s subshell.
And in that subshell, there's only one orbital.
So that is the one orbital in that first shell.
The arrow is representing the electron, okay?
and we would represent that spin.
And we could associate a value for m sub s.
So we want to do the quantum numbers for that electron.
now we have a fourth one, m sub s for that electron.
The 1 here tells me the n, so that's 1.
If it's an s subshell, that is an l of 0.
because m sub l can only go from a negative l up to a positive l.
And our spin would be either a plus one half or a minus one half.
We will associate this up arrow with a plus one half spin.
the electron that I have drawn in that box.
you can't see here because I've got it all nicely covered up with words.
So I'll do a little erasing there.
the down arrow is a spin of a minus one half.
the name of the orbital is the same.
So we're in the 1s subshell and it has one orbital.
I'm drawing that orbital with a box, and the name of that orbital is 1s.
So now we're ready for the Pauli exclusion principle.
This is the statement of that principle.
No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
What are those quantum numbers?
n, l, m sub l, and m sub s.
You cannot have any two electrons with the exact same four quantum numbers.
principle is that you can have no more than two electrons in any orbital.
Because the orbital is being defined by the first three numbers.
because once you have one electron, it's going to be spinning in one direction.
the second one will have to spin in the opposite direction.
So that's the net result.
No two orbitals can have more than two electrons.
I mean, no orbital can have more than two electrons.
And those electrons must spin in the opposite direction.
So, let's look at helium.
those electrons in the same orbital that we had for the hydrogen, okay?
But it has to spin in the opposite direction, okay?
those electrons, actually we'll do that here in a little bit.
So each electron is going to have a set of four quantum numbers.
orbital is the electron located in.
And the fourth gives the spin.
and we look at those two electrons and we assign quantum numbers for it.
plus one-half for the up spin.
And the other one would have 1, 0, 0, minus one-half.
So they do not have the same four quantum numbers.
Three are the same, but the fourth one is different, and that is acceptable.
So this is the end of this learning objective.
We were just introducing to you the concept of orbital diagrams.
that fourth quantum number m sub s that tells us the spin of the electron.


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Posted by VaughnDL August 24, 2016
5 Reasons 21 Jump Street is Gr8
(Originally written yesterday, August 23)
For years, me and AP have been having annual movie marathons. I think it started towards the end of middle school. Some of my most cherished and hilarious memories with AP have happened during our infamous movie marathons. For example, the time AP set up the tray table incorrectly, and when I sat down her plate of food and cup of juice, it all went spilling across the living room carpet, and I had to clean it up. Or the time we told ourselves that in between each movie we had to run two laps around the house to keep us awake, but by the end of the second movie, we decided to ditch our routine. Or the time when this happened: "I'm not tired yet, but why don't we just pull the futon out so we don't have to do it later...I'm just going to lay down on the futon to watch the movie, but I'm not going to sleep...we could turn off the lights so we can see the movie better...I'm just going to rest my eyes for a second...zzzzzzzzzz." AP and I are probably the worst two people to try to "stay up all night and watch movies!!" because we both get tired so quickly. Last night we didn't even try to fight it and ended up going to bed at 9:30. It was still great though. AP told me she'd be providing the movies, but wouldn't tell me what they were till she got here so it would be a surprise. It turns out she brought the show 21 Jump Street, the original one from the 1980s with Johnny Depp, whom we both love and find very cute. We watched four episodes last night, and then one and a half episodes this morning before AP had to leave, and I'm so glad she brought it because I liked the show a lot! Here are some reasons I liked it so much:
THE DIVERSITY
Of the five main characters, three of them are people of color. I truly think 21 Jump Street was way ahead of its time, because that kind of diversity was basically unheard of in the 1980s film industry. Also, I've noticed that in the rare cases that shows from the 80s and 90s do have racial diversity, there's often endless jokes or comments made about their races, but I didn't hear a single comment made about race in any of the episodes, except when Officer Judy Hoffs (the girl in the picture above) is given an "egg baby" to take care of as a school project, and she jokingly says "Do you have any brown eggs?" But that was it! Plus, this show relies heavily on guest stars and extras, so you'd think "Oh, there's diversity within the main characters, but the rest of the show will probably be white washed." That wasn't the case at all. It was seriously so refreshing to watch.
This show is not just teen fluff TV. In the five and a half episodes that I watched, it dealt with a plethora of real issues, such as crack cocaine, police brutality, violence in schools, teenage pregnancy, divorce, drinking and driving, rape, kidnapping, etc. etc. etc. And while that's a lot of issues, it didn't feel heavy handed at all. It all flowed so naturally, and taught really good, tangible lessons. I was incredibly impressed.
THE CLOTHES
Okay ya'll. It's no secret that I LOVE fashion from decades bygone. The 80s is definitely no exception. The wardrobe on 21 Jump Street was out of this world. (Unfortunately, it's NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE to find any good pictures from the original 1980s show because of the stinking 2012 version with Channing Tatum. Every time I look up anything related to 21 Jump Street, even if I specify that it's the original series from the 1980s, I still get mostly pictures from the new, stupid reboot. But I digress.) Anyway, here's one picture I did manage to find. LOOK AT HER JACKET. LOOK AT HER BEAUTIFUL JACKET.
THE CUTIES
Ok, not the main point of interest but definitely an added bonus: there were plenty of cute guys in this show. It was pretty swell.
At first I was totally in it for Johnny Depp. But this guy was SO DARN CUTE I may have switched loyalties a little bit somewhere along the line.
I mean, who doesn't love a beautiful, brooding bad boy? Johnny Depp is just perfection personified.
I wasn't SUPER into this guy, but he definitely had his cute moments. He was definitely AP's hunk though. She couldn't stop talking about him. LOL
THAT PERFECT 80s FEEL
Everything about this show just felt so quintessentially 80s that I couldn't help but love it. From the dramatic 80s music to the lame graphics (I mean it is a cop show, so there was some seriously fake blood) to the amaze balls clothing, it was all so grand. I would definitely recommend this show, and will hopefully someday finish the series!
-VaughnDL


Forget red or blue. Colorado is an orange state, through and through.
And that has nothing to do with who's running for office.
Put people together in a room, and they'll talk about two things: first, the weather.
Then, it's all about the Denver Broncos.
Go just about anywhere, on any day – it doesn't have to be Sunday – and orange is in the air in the form of jerseys, T-shirts, hats, flags and more. Visitors and natives know just as the mountains lie to the west, the Broncos definitely rule the roost when it comes to the region's most popular sports franchise.
That's for good reason. Thanks to a Super Bowl 50 championship last February, Bronco-mania is at an all-time high.
It started with back-to-back titles, led by John Elway, in the late 1990s, and fans have been clamoring to stand on the peak ever since. As team president, Elway took a gamble on an injured and recuperating Peyton Manning prior to the 2012 season. Fans were excited, yet skeptical, that the quarterback could perform at levels previously seen in Indianapolis and take the Broncos to the next level.
All Manning did was lead a four-season run of deep playoff voyages. And after two playoff losses sandwiched around a Super Bowl blowout defeat, the Broncos ended a 17-year drought and hoisted the Lombardi Trophy, as a dominant defense by and large paved the way to a third world championship.
Then, as expected, Manning retired and seemingly handed the keys to trusty backup Brock Osweiler, who did more than a capable job in leading the Broncos during a four-game run when Manning sat injured.
But when Osweiler bolted for Houston in the offseason, the Broncos brought in veteran Mark Sanchez and drafted Paxton Lynch in the first round of the NFL draft, giving plenty of intrigue into who would actually succeed Manning and usher in the season as defending champions.
Actually, that quarterback was on the team the whole time, and once again, fans are excited, and skeptical, about the new sheriff.
It's Trevor Siemian. This lucky 13 won the battle over Lynch and Sanchez, who was released after the preseason. And, game by game, he's starting to win over new fans.
Yes, the Northwestern graduate and last quarterback taken in the 2015 draft entered the season having never thrown a pass in a regular-season NFL game.
He's certainly not expected to carry the team – although many eyebrows were raised when he tossed four touchdown passes in an early-season win at Cincinnati.
That job goes to the defense, which pushes the envelope on civility and usually imposes its will on opposing offenses. The reigning Super Bowl most valuable player, Von Miller, signed a hefty contract after a contentious summer stare-down and anchors a unit that's still the best in the league, despite the loss of a few pieces from last season's champs.
And as the season hits the turn and the weather goes from outright balmy to blustery, Broncos devotees clad in orange will continue to congregate, en masse at pubs and sports bars, or in watch parties.
One thing is for sure. Last year's championship doesn't mean fans are expecting anything less, even with a new guy under center.
Trevor Siemian, who had never thrown a pass in a regular-season game, has succeeded future Hall of Famer Peyton Manning at quarterback.
Von Miller, the MVP of Super Bowl 50, leads a fearsome pass rush on defense, and has plenty of key pieces around him to make a run to the upcoming Super Bowl in Houston.
Denver meets AFC West rivals Oakland and Kansas City twice in the second half, which also features a key home game against New England on Dec. 18.


Want to win a quilting prize package from Fiskars? Does a new pair of fabric scissors, a rotary cutter, and a cutting mat sound lovely? Enter the FaveQuilts Twitter contest today for your chance to win!
Join us Tuesday, May 22 from 11a.m. to 2p.m. EST to enter the contest and meet tons of other quilters on Twitter!
Follow FaveQuilts on Twitter. If you don't have a Twitter account, you can easily create one for free!
We'll post a special tweet just for the contest. When you see this message, click Retweet. Make sure your tweet includes the special #FaveQuiltsWin hashtag and the @Fiskars_HQ mention. Only tweets that include these two components will be entered in the contest.
Check back after the contest is over at 2p.m. to find out if you won!
Fiskars is sponsoring the FaveQuilts Twitter contest, so the winner of the giveaway will receive a Fiskars prize package. The prize package includes a pair of classic orange-handled scissors, a 45mm Titanium Softgrip Comfort Loop Rotary Cutter, and an 18″ x 24″ cutting mat. These tools are invaluable to any beginning quilter, and I'm sure some of the more experienced quilters could use some new supplies too! With this package, you'll have everything you need to cut fabric efficiently and accurately for all of your quilting and sewing projects.
See you Tuesday at 11am!
I love your website. It is awesome having favecrafts in my email. Keep up the good work. I am storing lots of great ideas!!!
I'm sorry I don't use twitter, since my husband is very ill with pancreatic problems. I have to be near him most of the time, so I don't get out much to look at new items. These scissors from Fiskars and the Mat would sure come in handy. I also have health problems, since it is so very humid here in Nebraska. Please remember me. Take Care & God Bless.
Thats a crock of crap to offer this and not validate to FB users only.
Not fair! I don't tweet, I'm luck that I use facebook.
Done! Thanks so much for the opportunity to enter to win these fabulous prizes!
i am hoping to win these gifts.


salt mining requirements in Ghana - china … Mining in Ethiopia: Mining Law in Perspective . Mining is one of the best areas of investment in Ethiopia.
Mining the crystallized salt and carrying out of the dykes cost 1 cedi per bowl. Sometimes, they are paid GH₵20 cedis as "by day workers" on a dyke.
There's also a problem which has to do with obsolete production technology. As at now the method used in Ghana for salt mining is the solar evaporation.
2009-02-06· Visit of the Elmina salt mine (artesanal salt production in evaporation ponds). Field trip of the 2003 CASM conference in Ghana.
Salt mining The project is proposed by one of the biggest private companies in ... The aim of the project is to establish a salt reclamation facility in Central Ghana.
How Was Salt Mined in Ancient West Africa? A: ... Salt mining dates back to at least 300 A.D., ... Mali and Ghana became prosperous with the salt trade.


text:
Antivirus And Vpn For Your House And Organization
The teen's captives held guns to his head while forcing him to record a video message pleading with his crew to fork more than a $200,000 ransom in exchange for his life. The youth is now reportedly cooperating with U.S. federal investigators, who are responding to an alarming number of reports of physical violence tied to specific on line crime communities. Microsoft said Exchange On-line has detections and mitigation in place to guard shoppers. Shoppers making use of on-premises Microsoft Exchange servers are urged to review the mitigations suggested in the security advisory, which Microsoft says should block the identified...
Physical Geography Of Spain
Most of the persons in Spain reside along the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Substantial cities in the interior are the capital city Madrid and the cities Zaragoza and Sevilla. The higher mountain variety in northeastern Spain is popular for hiking and skiing. The Camino pilgrimage route leads from the French border more than 800 km/ 500 miles by way of northwestern Spain to Santiago de Compostela. More than 200,000 people take the pilgrimage on the Camino de Santiago or the 'Way of St James' every single year. TheCanary Islandslie roughly one hundred km/ 62 miles...


Originally Published: August 1, 2017 11:11 a.m.
MOGOLLON RIM, Ariz. — The Turkey Springs Trail 217 and Webber Creek Trail 228 can be difficult in spots, but the creek and Turkey Springs make it well worth the trek.
Turkey Springs feeds into Webber Creek, making it a jewel to watch and a good place to have lunch.
The views from this Mogollon Rim hike also make this trek a must.
This combined trail is about 10 miles with an elevation change of about 2,800 feet. The hike begins at an elevation of about 7,300 feet and drops down to 5,780. Feet. Of course, you also have to climb back up.
There are several large dips and climbs along the lower part of the trail as well.
The hike begins at Milk Ranch Point with a 200 foot climb before starting to dip down.
This is a lightly used trail and the hike begins across from a wooded area where hikers can park. While you will probably pass campers on the way to the trail, don't look for many people on the trail.
The Geronimo Boy Scouts Camp is nearby, which is a good place to seek refuge in case of thunderstorms.
Some hikers find climbing mountains harder than going down; some vice versa. The first section going downhill is a bit more than a mile and is brutal for two reasons.
First, there is a lot of scree — also known as loose rocks —so you have to go slowly and watch your footing or it would be easy to twist an ankle. Second, there is little shade, so the sun is blasting, which makes you want to go faster in a place where you need to go slower.
The views from the Mogollon Rim at this point are awesome and offer fabulous photo opportunities.
Because of the loose rocks, the Coconino National Forest rates this hike as difficult, while other websites vary in rating from moderate to difficult.
Once you get down, the toughest part of the hike is behind you even though you are looking up at the mountain and know at some point you have to climb back out.
After about a mile on the bottom, the hikers start to run into creeks, which are a pleasure to see. There are several downed trees, probably from winter storms, on the trail so this will slow the pace, but the pine trees, ferns and flowers are a pleasure to watch alongside of the creeks.
Webber Creek also has gamble oaks and big tooth maples. Arizona grape and raspberry bushes were also prominent as well as Manzanita.
There is one designated swimming hole. The swimming hole was surrounded by a decent amount of columbine.
This trail is known to have Arizona Mountain King Snakes. These snakes are non-venomous, but we didn't happen to run across any.
The turnaround comes at Turkey Springs. This gushing water is awesome to see as it runs down the hill and into Webber Creek.
The trek up the mountain is a bit of a gruel, but once you find the Have Cave, you know you are almost to the top.
More information is available by calling the Mogollon Rim Ranger District at 928-527-8282.


I'm living that movie right now. But with less variety. Thursday I get to see the doctor. Change is good.
Not much to do but watch as my scars slowly heal. Slooowly. Almost imperceptibly. But they will heal up. Change is good.
Did I mention it is Groundhog Day?
Keep the faith, Dan -- this winter you are going thru will end, and soon, and spring (Nature's ultimate take on the "Do Over") will be here.


This post is an extension of the previous one; I want to address Tarski's Undefinability Theorem using computability-theoretic methods.
In the last post, I talked about "arithmetization" — in particular, that for any formula in first order logic, there is a corresponding number which codes that formula. The key point in that discussion is that arithmetic is, essentially, the study of finiteness — anything that is essentially a finite object (or a finite sequence of finite objects) can be coded as a number.
Computability theory is no different! One could slowly work through the details of building up a Turing Machine, but it might be simpler to think of a regular computer program: it is a sequence of instructions. In machine code, somewhere, each of those instructions is assigned a particular number (and there are only finitely many instructions in a particular instruction set), and so a program is just a finite sequence of those numbers. Then there is a formula which is true if and only if x is a code for a finite sequence of valid instructions. That is: the set of all (codes for) algorithms is definable!
As an aside, the input to an algorithm we always consider to just be a natural number, but through coding this can represent many other things (for example, it can represent a finite graph).
Moreover, using this formula, we can define the "partial computable function" that is defined by the algorithm coded by a particular number . By this I mean, let be the function which equals if the algorithm coded by halts on input y and outputs z; if the algorithm does not halt on input y, then is undefined. This function can then be considered a definable set: it's the set of ordered pairs .
The Halting Problem is a famous undecidable problem in computability theory. The problem is simply: given a code e and an input y, determine if the algorithm coded by e halts (and outputs anything) on input y. That this problem is undecidable means that there is no algorithm which, for all pairs (e, y), outputs TRUE (or 1) if the algorithm e halts on input y, and outputs FALSE (or 0) if it does not. The proof that this problem is undecidable is well-known, so instead of providing it here I will refer you to a version in the style of Dr. Seuess.
On the other hand, we can define the set: . So the halting problem is definable, but not decidable. (Conversely: all decidable sets of numbers are definable, since if a set is decided by an algorithm e, the set defines it). Hold this thought for a moment.
Theorem: For any set X, the "X-oracle halting problem" is not decidable using an X-oracle algorithm.
the X-oracle algorithm halts on input .
For example, the Turing Jump of the empty set, , is just the regular halting problem. Notice that if is a definable set, then so is : an X-oracle algorithm is a finite sequence of operations, where each operation is definable. Similar to how we proceeded for ordinary algorithms, there is a formula which is true if and only if the X-oracle algorithm coded by x halts on input y in s steps and outputs z. Therefore we can define the Turing Jump: .
This brings us to an easy, computability-theoretic proof of Tarski's Undefinability Theorem. Let be the set of Gödel codes of true arithmetic statements. Suppose is definable. Then is also definable using the results of the last section, so there is some formula which is true if and only if the T-oracle algorithm coded by e halts on input y.
But now we have reduced membership in to a question about whether a particular arithmetic statement is true. That is, we can decide using , since if and only if . But this is a contradiction, because, as we saw before, for every set is not decidable with an X-oracle algorithm. Therefore, T must not be definable!
This proof seems to hide the "self-reference" paradox that is used in the traditional proof. However, that is only because the self-reference occurs in the computability part! If you have ever looked at a proof of the halting problem (again, see the Dr. Seuss-esque version linked earlier), you see that the proof relies upon a similar self-reference problem: the ability for an algorithm to take in another algorithm as input, and run it. So in a sense, self-reference is essential to this theorem.


Hello, right now I am training for my high school XC season. I am keeping up with the varsity group. Last year was my first year running XC as a sophmore. Well we do our workouts first thing in the morning.
I am going to start running twice a day after workouts but only keep once a day on recovery days.
This is a hard one. I don't know the training your coach is giving you. I don't know your talent and how far away you are from reaching your goals.
The risk you run with increasing your mileage like that is overtraining. Especially at an age where you are growing you can expose yourself to running injuries and fatigue.
What you really need to do is consult your coach. Tell the coach about your ambitions and your plans. See if he/she sees any objections to you running twice a day.
If you start doing this second run thing, then make sure you build up your mileage slowly and safely.
And you are right, a strong base is very important when it comes to faster running.
Other ingredients would be speedier workouts like tempo runs and intervals.
You need to combine all the elements together in a good running program. A great book on running programs is Daniels' Running Formula. It should help you put the pieces of the puzzle together and provides you with plenty of information regarding running training and running program templates for any distance.


Avery Dennison Short Heavy Duty Replacement Needles.
Heavy Duty needles have a larger diameter than standard needles. The larger diameter makes them better able to stand up to the wear and tear of tougher materials such as canvas or leather. The larger diameter also enables you to use heavy duty fasteners which have a higher tensile strength than regular fasteners.


2011-02-01T20:48:06-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/c23/297800-m.jpgEgyptian President Mubarak addressed the Egyptian people following days of unrest and anti-government protests. He said that he would not seek another term as resident, but called for security in the streets.
Egyptian President Mubarak addressed the Egyptian people following days of unrest and anti-government protests. He said that he would not seek another term as resident, but called for security in the streets.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak addressed the nation about mass protests and unrest across Egypt.


text:
Attenborolimulus es un género monotípico extinto de cangrejos herradura perteneciente al orden Xiphosura. La única especie del género es Attenborolimulus superspinosus y vivió entre los 250 y 200 millones de años atrás en una llanura aluvial anterior a la formación de los montes Urales, donde se descubrió el fósil en 2018.

Descripción

Attenborolimulus superspinosus es un austrolimulido único, ya que tiene espinas muy desarrolladas en la sección de la cabeza (llamadas "espinas genales"), y espinas notablemente redondeadas y algo reducidas en otras secciones de su cuerpo segmentado.

Taxonomía
Attenborolimulus fue descrito por primera vez por los paleontólogos Russell D.C. Bicknell y Dmitry E. Shcherbakov, y la descripción publicada en la revista Paleontology and Evolutionary Science en 2021. El nombre del género fue puesto en honor al naturalista inglés David Attenborough por su trabajo en conservación y divulgación científica.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Xiphosura

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Library of Congress > Blogs > Guardians of Memory > Rare Books and Special Collections
Archive for the Rare Books and Special Collections Category (11 posts)
First page is currently displayed
The Secret (Past) Lives of Library Books
January 9, 2023 by Bobbi Hinton
The following is a post by Meghan Wilson and Cindy Connelly Ryan, preservation science specialists in the Preservation Research and Testing Division, with Marianna Stell, reference librarian in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division.
Given as tokens of affection, discarded as outdated, scribbled upon because a pen was dry, annotated heavily as part of a scholarly project: every book has a story beyond its text. This fall, staff members in the Preservation Research and Testing Division at the Library of Congress have been helping curators and scholars to uncover traces of those stories, and to share the discoveries on a global scale as part of the Material Evidence in Incunabula (MEI) project, a freely-available online database hosted by the Consortium of European Research Libraries (CERL).
Awarded an internship with MEI, Martyna Grzesiak, former Kluge Fellow and current Graduate Student at the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Oxford, reviewed nearly one hundred books from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division printed in Venice before the year 1501. Consequently, PRTD's research has also focused on Italian incunabula.
Provenance history in the MEI project includes both tracing the chain of ownership and also the history of the material components of the book, such as its paper, parchment, binding, and repairs or additions. This broad understanding of provenance may seem unusual, but learning more about these material features assists with a robust understanding of the book trade at the beginning of printing history. For this reason, the research team took some images of the watermarks in an edition of Dante's Commedia printed by Vindelino da Spira in 1477, one of the first German printers in Venice
A watermark is a type of craftsman's mark. Papermakers in this period, who constructed paper from a soup-like slurry of old rags, used wood-framed wire moulds to form the individual sheets of paper. Watermarks are symbols that are woven into the paper-forming mould, resulting in a thinner pulp layer over these wires. The watermarks are distinctive to individual papermakers, and, for specialists, even to the specific moulds used by the specific papermakers. The location of the watermark is an indication of the format of the book, and it provides book historians with information about the size and orientation of the original leaf on which the printer impressed the text.
Watermark from Dante's Commedia, printed by Vindelino da Spira in Venice in 1477, imaged with transmitted light. The watermark looks slightly distorted due to the book's tight binding and restricted opening. Credit: Meghan Wilson
PRTD's imaging in transmitted illumination captured a watermark depicting the head and body of a bull in vertical orientation. The body displays in profile and the head in a front view. A very similar design appears in the Piccard online database of watermarks, another useful database for book history lovers.
Martyna and the staff in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division asked for spectroscopic assistance with seven incunabula whose ownership marks could not be discerned. Institutions and collectors now view marks of wear and readership as being a valuable attribute of a book, but collecting fashion and scholarly interest have changed. Collectors in previous centuries often preferred "clean copies" and new, fancy bindings. Many owners took measures to try to wash away or minimize inscriptions in their books. Like new homeowners eager to repaint their homes, book owners throughout the centuries have preferred to blot out or scrap away the marks of previous users. Each of the seven of the books contained scraped, erased, or strike through marks on the flyleaves and pastedowns, obscuring previous owners' names. In an attempt to render the text more legible, the damaged and defaced areas were captured with multispectral imaging and processed with principal component analysis (PCA). Challenging texts included cases where the original ink and cross-out ink were the same (e.g. both iron gall ink) and thus had nearly indistinguishable spectral characteristics. Additional difficulty arose in cases where the text had been scraped away to such a degree that there was no chemical signature remaining in the paper to be detected. Recovering these obscured texts helped to establish earlier stages in the books' provenance history.
An example of successful revival of obscured text. Top: Color image, bottom: PCA processed image. Detail, Divina commedia Danthe Alegieri fiorentino. Dante. Venice, Matteo Capcasa, 29 Nov. 1493. Credit: Meghan Wilson.
An example of successful revival of obscured text. Top: Color image, bottom: PCA processed image. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili : vbi humana omnia non nisi somnium esse docet : atque obiter plurima scitu sanequam digna commemorat. Venice, Aldus Manutius, December 1499. Copy 4. Credit: Meghan Wilson.
Example of heavy scraping away of ink. Detail, Colonna, Francesco. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili : vbi humana omnia non nisi somnium esse docet : atque obiter plurima scitu sanequam digna commemorat. Venice, Aldus Manutius, December 1499. Copy 3 (Vollbehr Collection). Credit: Meghan Wilson.
One volume contained an extra surprise – tucked deep into the gutter was a pin! This small copper alloy pin, about 25 mm long, may have been used to secure a head covering or garment, as part of a hand sewing project, or possibly to seal shut a folded note or letter. Or was it used as an improvised bookmark? Whatever the case, it escaped the readers' notice and was left in the book.
The pin in-situ. Staining of the paper from contact with the metal pin is visible on both adjacent pages. Dante's Commedia, printed by Vindelino da Spira in Venice in 1477, Credit: Martyna Grzesiak.
Some sections of the pin appeared brighter and more clearly golden-hued, and we wondered if the pin was originally gilded. Elemental analysis by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) showed that no gold is present, though. The pin is made of a copper-zinc alloy with traces of iron and nickel, with no significant difference between the head and the shaft. Small peaks for sulfur, calcium, and potassium with variable intensity from site to site suggest that the white patches are paper fiber picked up from the book's pages, and that the black areas are copper sulfide corrosion patches. Examining the pin through the microscope shows that the head of the pin was formed by coiling the end of a thin wire, and that the wire of the head and shaft was formed by pulling through a drawplate. (Here is a demonstration of that process, and a recreated medieval wire drawing setup). Taken together, these clues suggest a pre-18th C date, and possibly a female reader who lost the pin.
Capturing elemental information with micro-XRF spectroscopy from a white accretion on the head of the pin. Credit: Cindy Connelly Ryan.
Two magnified views of the pin, showing the coiled and compressed construction of the head, and the striated lines along the shaft, indicating the use of a drawplate to form the wire. Credit: Eric Monroe.
In the words of RBSC Reference Librarian Marianna Stell, "Learning alongside our researchers is one of the privileges of working for the Library of Congress. Being a steward of the Rare Book Collections involves being a conduit for ideas and for access." The combination of technical and professional skills that have come together to inform this research project about the material history in Venetian incunabula has been a remarkable experience for all the specialists involved. Book history is an interdisciplinary and multifaceted area of study with wide-ranging social implications. The non-invasive analyses of these seven fifteenth-century imprints shed new light on the previous owners and readers of these books, revealing details of the journey that these volumes have taken before reaching the Library shelves in Washington, D.C.
This is only one of many kinds of questions that materials analysis can answer about collection items – you can read about some other recent projects in past blog posts!
Subscribe to the blog— it's free! — to learn how the largest library in the world preserves the coolest stuff in the world.
An earlier version of this blog identified an incorrect catalogue link for the third image, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili : vbi humana omnia non nisi somnium esse docet : atque obiter plurima scitu sanequam digna commemorat. Venice, Aldus Manutius, December 1499. Copy 4.
Posted in: Heritage Science, Kluge, Preservation, Rare Books and Special Collections
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New Understanding of an Old Image
December 29, 2022 by Bobbi Hinton
Scientific analysis of an unusual image of the face of Christ in a late 15th C German devotional manuscript has revealed critical and surprising information about its current condition, its original making, and its meaning.
Posted in: Heritage Science, Pigments, Preservation, Rare Books and Special Collections
How Pennsylvania Got an "R"
July 5, 2022 by Samantha Schireson
Claire Dekle, Senior Book Conservator, analyzes an early printing of the influential "Join, or Die" cartoon printed in 1754.
Posted in: Conservation, Preservation, Rare Books and Special Collections
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Good Wood: Using Beech to Rebind a Medieval Manuscript, Part 1
John Bertonaschi, Senior Rare Book Conservator, details his efforts in acquiring raw materials to rebind a medieval manuscript in hardwood
Repairing The Great Seal of the Realm
June 3, 2022 by Samantha Schireson
Liz Peirce, Objects Conservator, describes her experience conserving a rare example of the Great Seal of the Realm and the attached treaty between Great Britain and Cuba.
Preservation Week 2022: Fragments, Discovery and Creating Knowledge
April 27, 2022 by Tana Villafana
Every year the Preservation Directorate of the Library of Congress participates in American Library Association's Preservation Week. This annual celebration highlights preservation efforts in libraries, archives, museums, historical societies and collecting institutions in communities all across the country. Fenella France, Chief of the Library's Preservation Research and Testing Division (PRTD), started out Preservation Week with a heritage scientific introduction to the world of fragments.
Posted in: Conservation, Heritage Science, Preservation, Preservation Week, Rare Books and Special Collections
A Remarkable Collection of Books: The Yudin Collection at the Library of Congress
April 22, 2022 by Samantha Schireson
This post, A Remarkable Collection of Books: The Yudin Collection at the Library of Congress, details a successful project partnership between the Rare Books and Special Collections Division and the Conservation Division here at the Library.
Posted in: Preservation, Rare Books and Special Collections
Preserving Evidence of Use: The Conservation of a Teaching Collection of Medieval Manuscript Fragments
March 3, 2022 by Samantha Schireson
Prior to the rise of printing, medieval libraries were filled with handwritten, manuscript books and documents. Many of those items no longer exist in their original form; some were thrown away when their contents became outdated or no longer useful, others were discarded and replaced with printed books. But some were taken apart, and their covers and pages were repurposed. Some of these pages, which are called fragments, can be found in the collections of The Library of Congress. This post is about a project to conserve these fragments.
A look at John Feely, Nineteenth Century Book Stamp Engraver
February 3, 2022 by Samantha Schireson
This post examines the work of nineteenth century book stamp engraver, John Feely. During the latter half of the 19th century, book publishers in Britain and the United States began to hire artists to design book covers. Advances in technology allowed for more affordable manufacturing of books and book cloth, so decorative bindings became more prevalent in the commercial market. Many examples of Feely's highly stylized engraved book covers can be found in the General Collection at the Library of Congress.
Posted in: Collections Management, Preservation, Rare Books and Special Collections
Conserving the Bwana Devil Poster
November 8, 2021 by Samantha Schireson
This is a guest post authored by Conservation Technician, Anna Zastrow.
The Bwana Devil movie poster is part of the Archibald Oboler Collection in the Motion, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. The poster was severely damaged, but due to the presence of early fluorescent colorant and the significance of the Bwana Devil, it was decided the poster should be treated by the Conservation Division.
Kluge
Offsite Storage
Reformatting
Tangible Media
Preservation Directorate


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Cook pasta according to package directions. Meanwhile, cook chicken and onions in large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat 5 minutes, or until chicken pieces are no longer pink in centers.
Stir in undrained tomatoes and soup; cook 5 minutes, or until heated through, stirring occasionally. Add peas; mix well.
Drain pasta; place in large serving bowl. Add tomato mixture; toss to coat. Sprinkle with cheese, if desired.


Working hours will be from 7:00am to 6:00pm on Monday 14 September and from 8:00pm to 5:00am on Wednesday 16 September. Bickell Road will be closed between Spit Road and Mitchell Road. A detour will be in place through Quakers Road during the working hours.
Work Zone signs will be in place at the locations for work and will be applicable for Monday 14 September and Wednesday 16 September.
Please ensure that your vehicles are NOT parked within the works areas.
For any clarification regarding Civil Works or if you require further information please contact Soraya Mahomed on 9978 4027.


What Size Dumpster Should I Get for a Residential Clean Out in Ector?
Residential clean outs typically don't demand big dumpsters. The size that you need, however, will be contingent on the size of the undertaking.
When selecting a dumpster, though, it is often wise to request a size bigger than that which you believe you'll need. Unless you are a professional, it is tough to gauge the precise size needed for your project. By getting a somewhat bigger size, you spend a bit more money, but you also avoid the possibility you will run out of room. Renting a bigger dumpster is nearly always cheaper than renting two little ones.
Most cities or municipalities do not have many regulations regarding dumpster rental in Ector as long as you keep the dumpster totally on your own property during the rental period. In the event you must position your container on the road at all, you'll likely need to obtain a license from the appropriate building permit office in your town.
Most dumpster rental firms in Ector will take care of procuring this license for you if you rent from them. Be sure that in the event that you're intending to set the dumpster on the road, the business has made the proper arrangements. You should also ensure that you get the license in a timely manner and at the right cost. If you believed the dumpster company was getting a license and they didn't, you'll be the one who will need to pay the fine that is issued by the authorities.
You can fill your dumpster as full as you like, provided that you really do not load it higher than the sides of the container. Overfilling the dumpster could cause the waste or debris to slide off as the dumpster is loaded onto the truck or as the truck is driving. Overloaded or big-boned dumpsters are simply not safe, and companies will not carry unsafe loads as a way to safeguard drivers and passengers on the road.
In certain areas, dumpster loads must be tarped for safety. If your load is too high, it will not be able to be tarped so you may have to remove a number of the debris before it can be hauled away. This might lead to additional costs if it demands you to keep the dumpster for a longer amount of time. Don't forget to keep your load no higher than the sides of the dumpster, and you will be fine.
The quantity of time that you have to rent a dumpster in Ector typically depends on the kind of job you are working on. A small project, for example a cellar clean out, will probably take a couple of days to complete while larger projects, like building a new house, could take several months.
Most dumpster rental firms in Ector are happy to adjust their schedules to suit your needs. Keep in your mind, nevertheless, that the more time you keep the dumpster, the more you'll have to cover it.
When you contact dumpster rental firms in Ector, ask them how long their durations are. Many will give you options such as several days or one week, however there are generally longer durations available, also.
Construction Dumpster Rental in Ector - Do You Want One?
The most typical exception to this rule is when you have a truck that's big enough to transport all building debris to a landfill or landfill drop off point. In the event you are working on a little bathroom remodeling project, for example, you may find that you could fit all of the debris in a truck bed.
Other than quite little projects, it is recommended that you rent a dumpster in Ector for building projects.
If you aren't sure whether your municipality accepts building debris, contact the city for more information. You will likely find you will have to rent a dumpster in Ector. Placing debris out for garbage removal could potentially result in fines.
The most frequent dumpsters comprise 10-yard, 20-yard, 30-yard, and 40-yard versions. Should you are in possession of a little endeavor, like clearing out a garage or cellar, you can likely reap the benefits of a 10-yard or 20-yard dumpster. Should you have a bigger endeavor, like a complete remodel or building a brand new home, then you will most likely need a 30-yard or 40-yard dumpster.
Lots of folks decide to rent a bigger dumpster than they believe they are going to need. Although renting a bigger dumpster prices more cash, it's cheaper than having to an additional dumpster after a little one gets total.
2. Give you and also the rental business a lot of time. It's better to phone ahead at least a week or two before you need the dumpster. If you attempt to schedule an appointment earlier than that, you might have a small collection.
If you would like to rent a dumpster in Ector, you'll discover that prices vary significantly from state to state and city to city. One method to get real estimates for the service you need is to call a local dumpster company and ask regarding their prices. You may also request a quote online on some sites. These sites may also contain full online service that is constantly open. On these sites, you can pick, schedule and cover your service whenever it's suitable for you.
Factors which affect the cost of the container contain landfill fees (higher in certain areas than others) and the size of the container you choose. You must also consider transportation costs and the kind of debris you'll be putting into your container.
Price quotes for dumpster rental in Ector typically contain the following: the size of the container, the kind of debris involved, the base cost for the dumpster, how much weight is contained in the quote, a given rental period and delivery and pickup fees.
5. Learn what services you get with your dumpster rental in Ector.
One of the largest concerns you probably have when renting a dumpster in Ector is how much it will cost. One of the most effective methods to negate this anxiety would be to have precise info. When you call to get a price quote, have recommended of just how much waste you will have to get rid of so you may get the best recommendation on dumpster size. In case you are unsure on the quantity of waste, renting a size larger will save you the added expense of renting another dumpster if the first proves too small.
Supply any info you think is applicable to be sure you do not end up paying for services that you do not actually need. More than a few companies charge by the container size, while others charge by weight. Be sure you understand which is which so you've a clear quote. Also ensure that you request whether the quote you receive contains landfill costs; this is going to keep you from being surprised by an additional fee after.


This residential building is located in the prime location in Tivat, in place Seljanovo, just 70 m away from the sea.
The building has the total surface area of 1.600 m2, and consists of 16 apartments, 10 of which are one bedroom apartments, 5 are two bedroom apartments and one apartment is with three bedrooms. Surface of the apartments ranges from 46 m2 to 86 m2.
The building contains apartments of contemporary design and exceptional functionality with spacious living rooms with kitchen and dining area, separated bedroom areas, bathroom and balconies. Each balcony is oriented towards the sea and provides a feeling of privacy and comfort. Apartments are described as a luminous space and a finest choice of materials and final works. Some apartments have a sea view.
Parking is provided around the building.
Tenants are offered comfort in a peaceful part of Tivat, distanced only 500 m from the city center and 250 m from the elite village Porto Montenegro. The building is approx 3 km from the airport.


In the final part of a recent sermon series, Stanley explained that while he believes that the Old Testament is "divinely inspired," it should not be "the go-to source regarding any behavior in the church."
Stanley argued that it had to be done for the same reason the church in Acts 15 did so, which was so that "we must not make it difficult for those Gentiles who are turning to God."
For Stanley, the difficulty lay with the Old Testament and his concern that many Christians are turning away from the faith because of certain passages in the Hebrew Bible.
Stanley argued that the early church showed that there was a need to move past the Old Testament for the sake of gentile believers and that the resurrection of Jesus was enough.
"Jesus' new covenant, His covenant with the nations, His covenant with you, His covenant with us, can stand on its own two nail-scarred resurrection feet. It does not need propping up by the Jewish scriptures," noted Stanley.
"The Bible did not create Christianity. The resurrection of Jesus created and launched Christianity. Your whole house of Old Testament cards can come tumbling down. The question is did Jesus rise from the dead? And the eyewitnesses said he did."
Stanley acknowledged that his comments may be considered "a little disturbing" to some, but then added that for many it is "liberating."
"It's liberating for men and women who are drawn to the simple message that God loves you so much He sent His Son to pave the way to a relationship with you," Stanley said.
"It's liberating for people who need and understand grace, who need and understand forgiveness. And it's liberating for people who find it virtually impossible to embrace the dynamic, the worldview, and the values system depicted in the story of Ancient Israel."
While noting that he believed the church needed to unhitch itself from the Old Testament, Stanley still regarded the Jewish scriptures as having importance, saying they were "a means to an extraordinary end."
"The Jewish scriptures are the backstory for the main story," Stanley explained. "They're an important backstory. They're divinely inspired. They are God on the move through ancient, ancient times."
"It's the fabulous story of God the Founder playing by the rules of the kingdoms of this world, to establish a kingdom not of this world. To send a king who would be like no other king. A king who lay down His life for His subjects. A king who would introduce the entire world to God the Father."
Stanley's sermon was the third part of a series titled "Aftermath," in which the pastor was trying to appeal to individuals who left Christianity over what they were taught the Bible said about certain things.
"If you were raised on a version of Christianity that relied on the Bible as the foundation of faith, a version that was eventually dismantled by academia or the realities of life, maybe it's time for you to change your mind about Jesus," stated North Point Community Church.
"Maybe it's time for you to consider the version of Christianity that relies on the event of the resurrection of Jesus as its foundation. If you gave up your faith because of something about or in the Bible, maybe you gave up unnecessarily."
Days before giving the third Aftermath sermon, Stanley preached at the Orange Conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, using Acts 15, as well as John 17, to argue that church unity was more important than "theological correctness."
"[Jesus] prayed for our oneness, that we'd be on the same page," said Stanley at the conference last month. "This is mission critical. If they are not one, we will not win ... unity is mission critical and disunity disrupts the mission."


If you're an American or just familiar with the American scene, you know what's brewing. We're not talking about the inauguration, sequestration, or Secretary of State nomination. No, something much bigger. We're into the NFL playoffs and the biggest sporting event in the world is right around the corner: the Super Bowl!
I suppose those rabid European soccer fans would argue that the World Cup beats all, and in my ignorance of worldwide sports I'm probably missing a few rivals from other continents. Bully for them, but surely no other sporting event attracts the media coverage, the movie stars, and the tag lines of the Super Bowl, where the highest-paid athletes in the world compete to hoist the Lombardi Trophy.
As a kid growing up on the edge of Green Bay, Wisconsin, I was engrained with a culture defined by its professional football team, the Packers. Born in 1960, my first decade was spent while Coach Vince Lombardi's Packers put their indelible stamp on American sports. Tiny Green Bay, the David among NFL Goliaths like the New York Giants and Chicago Bears, won an unprecedented five NFL championships in one decade, culminating with their dramatic victory in the "Ice Bowl." On the frozen tundra of Lambeau Field, with the temperature plunging to -20°F, good ol' Bart Starr snuck it in on the Dallas Cowboys with 15 seconds left.
Wouldn't you know, I didn't get interested in this stuff until the year after the Ice Bowl. At the football-fanaticizing age of 8, I was ready to add my voice to the collective howl of "Go Pack!" But the Pack wasn't going anywhere except the loser column for the next 20 years.
Meanwhile television was spreading like the flu through the American household. Coverage of the NFL became the state of the art. Epic clashes were replayed in slow-motion, narrated by the best voices Hollywood had to offer, accompanied by orchestrated, adrenaline-pumping brass music.
Unknown to the NFL, during those same years books like The Limits to Growth, Small Is Beautiful, and Steady-State Economics appeared. My own research ended up focusing on the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation. I got my Ph.D. in 1997, the year the Packers finally won another Super Bowl.
My interest in the Packers was rekindled, but I never started wearing a cheesehead. In fact, I hardly even mentioned the Packers in public. Instead, I became a closet football fan, and these are my confessions.
First, to my cultural kin back in the home state, as well as the general Wisconsin Diaspora, my confession is… well you read it above. I'm reduced to an abashed Packer fan, which is practically an oxymoron. But it's not because of the embarrassment of the cheesehead phenomenon. And, I swear, it has nothing to do with the fact of the Packers being soundly defeated in this year's playoffs (just last night, uncannily)! This piece has been on my mind for some time.
Now there's nothing wrong with the sport of football, not in my opinion. The problem is the commercialization, industrialization, and non-stop growth of football. The NFL has a huge and growing ecological footprint. Players are routinely paid in the millions, and many drive Hummers and build mansions. Scouts, agents, and football reporters spend more time in the air than Hilary Clinton. And the owners; let's not even get started on the owners!
We have to remember that the expenditure of a dollar is a solid measure of environmental impact, and the NFL sector exceeds the budgets of half the nations on the planet, the Environmental Protection Agency, and a bazillion school teachers. That's why you won't see me hollering "Go Pack." I don't want to be seen as supporting things like the Lambeau Field Atrium, which takes approximately 30 million dollars a year of air conditioning, much less the $1.4-billion Cowboys Stadium or the $1.7-billion Metlife Stadium. After all, I'm the same guy who called for an end to conspicuous consumption in Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train: Errant Economists, Shameful Spenders, and a Plan to Stop Them All. I don't want to be the shameful spender and a hypocrite to boot.
Well, I said "confessions" (plural) so here is the other one. This one is even more difficult, but I write on a Sunday and what better time to confess? So… (gulp)… I confess that, albeit in the closet, I have been watching football. Quite a bit this year, in fact. And I don't mean just a high school game here and there. In fact I don't mean any of those, but rather full-bore NFL.
If I'm watching a football game, I can't be driving anywhere.
If I watch it at home on TV, I won't be spending money in a sports bar.
I'm a fan of the Packers, the only community-owned team in the NFL.
The NFL does have a salary cap, which makes it one of the very first "cap-and-trade" precedents in the United States.
At least I'm not supporting NASCAR, by God.
I better stop there, before I burst from the confessional blurting "Go Pack!" But no, if you're reading this, I've gone ahead and confessed, and perhaps you're reading an epiphany as much as a confession.
Like many fellow fans, my habit may have started innocently, going to Lombardi Junior High, playing a bit of football (not very well either), selling coke at the Packer games, cheering on the Pack through thick and thin. But things have changed. More than me or any fan or any player, the world has changed and the NFL has changed. This isn't the days of the Ice Bowl when folks wore their ice-fishing coveralls to the game and the players went back to work in a regular job during the off-season. No, the NFL has gotten way unsustainable, maybe not as much as with NASCAR, but way unsustainable nonetheless, and growing with no end in sight or in mind. Although the NFL has a salary cap, the NFL as a whole is rabidly pro-growth, constantly seeking expansion of teams, stadiums, and schedules.
The culture of professional sports illuminates a major challenge to achieving a steady state economy, namely the soul-searching task of curbing one's own appetite for unnecessary or over-the-top goods and services. In this case we have an entertainment service that for many has deep cultural roots and may even invoke primal instincts to fight and to win. Perhaps the only way to curb such an appetite is to dwell for awhile on the fact that the level of unnecessary consumption associated with a perpetually growing NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and worst of all NASCAR no longer fits in the days of endangered species, climate change, and economic meltdown. The only way a professional sports league will fit, going forward, is with limits to its growth, all in the context of a steady state economy.
Limiting the growth of professional sports won't happen if the owners and leagues can help it. This has to come from the consumer side of the ledger, perhaps with the help of some steady statesmanship. I remember writing a letter, published from afar in USA Today, exhorting Packer fans in Brown County to vote "no" on the Lambeau Field Atrium due to the gaudy air-conditioning bill and environmental impact. I must have seemed like a Martian to the cheeseheads. Winning that vote would have taken more leadership from state and county officials – that's what I mean by steady statesmanship.
But for now it's mostly up to us fans. We can't keep letting the lure of these professional sports turn us into drunken fools at the Coliseum, fiddling while Rome burns. We're the consumers, and if we watch fewer games the sports leagues will have to stop bloating.
I'll do my penance in 2013. I'm taking the year off of professional football watching, Super Bowl and all. I have more important, fulfilling, and even enjoyable things to do Sundays.
A social change won't happen from individual example and practices. So, don't lose your sunday's amusement.
So, Brian, I'm a SF Giants fan. Read the SF Chronicle online to get the news. I've only been to 3 games in the last 20 years and virtually never watch on TV. It's my way of having great interest but mostly turning from most of the excessive consumption involved. Stadiums are pretty successful "sacred places" for the gods of Growth, Nationalism, and The Market. Thanks for writing about it and provoking words onto the page about this outrageously big challenge in our culture to steady state.