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Question: What Is The Mileage Of Ksrtc Bus?
What is the mileage of a bus?
What is the mileage of Ashok Leyland bus?
How big is a bus fuel tank?
How long do bus engines last?
How many cars does a bus replace?
Can I track Ksrtc bus?
Is 10 Litres per 100km good?
Which is the longest bus in India?
Which is better Tata or Ashok Leyland?
Is Max bus running today?
How much fuel does a bus use per km?
How do you calculate fuel cost per km?
How much CC is a bus?
How many years can a school bus be used?
What is the average km per Litre?
All CTU buses use diesel as fuel.
All the buses are refuelled at their respective depots only.
As per the report, CTU has the mileage of 3.63 km per litre which is lower than the national average of 3.82 kmpl.
TATA Marcopolo buses in depot 4 has much lower mileage at 2.2 kmpl..
20.07 kmplThe Ashok Leyland Stile mileage is 20.07 kmpl. The Manual Diesel variant has a mileage of 20.07 kmpl.
There is no standard size tank. It could be anywhere from less than 30 gallons usable to over 200 gallons usable.
Some alternatively fueled engines like propane or gasoline may need to be replaced two to three times during the normal lifecycle of a school bus. Clean-diesel engines, on the other hand, are built to last 15-20 years. The difference in engine life lies in how engines are built.
Buses can carry up to around 50 passengers; since most passengers are travelling alone or with only one other person, that bus could replace around 30-40 cars.
number, Origin & Destination, Stop name is some of the ways that you can track your bus. Browse the commuter portal at vtms.ksrtc.in to get a feel for the many ways you can track your bus. Tip code, PNR number, Bus Stop code, Bus Reg. number is common way to get information on your bus.
Anything that is listed as less than 6-litres/100km or more than 16.5km/1-litre is considered to be pretty good. The first (and most common) reference is litres per 100km (litres/100km). … In this instance, the higher the number of kilometres travelled the more fuel-efficient.
BENGALURU: Ever wondered which is the longest bus route operating in India? According to an analysis by online bus ticketing platform redBus, it's the one between Bengaluru and Jaitaran in Rajasthan, which spans a distance of 1,954km in 37 hours and 30 minutes.
Ashok Leyland is slightly better than Tata due to its lower maintenance , heavier chassis, better lift axle mechanism (in certain models like 3718, 3118 etc) and excellent service network .
MAX's service hours are adjusted to Monday-Friday, 6:00am-6:00pm with advanced requested evening service only, and Saturday 10:00am-6:00pm (dialysis trips and employment trips only). … MAX operates hourly fixed bus routes and an evening Twilight Route Monday through Saturday. There is no Sunday service.
The average non-freight carrying truck had an average fuel consumption of 21.3 litres per 100 kilometres. The average bus used 7,638 litres of fuel per year, or 20.9 litres per day. The average bus had an average fuel consumption of 28.4 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres.
To estimate the fuel cost for a trip you need the trip distance, cost of fuel per litre, and the vehicle's average fuel consumption. In other words: Divide the total distance (km) by 100. Now multiply the answer by the average fuel consumption, and then multiply this number by the price of fuel (per litre).
Powering this Ashok Leyland bus is 5660 cc 6 cylinder H series CRS, iGen6 technology engine. It is powered by diesel fuel, produces a maximum power of 200 HP and a maximum torque of 700 Nm.
The average lifespan of a school bus is 12 to 15 years. The average age of school buses on the road is about nine years, retired by about 15 years. In most cases, state and federal specifications dictate the minimum quality of materials that can be used in school bus construction.
In more recent studies, the average fuel economy for new passenger car in the United States improved from 17 mpg (13.8 L/100 km) in 1978 to more than 22 mpg (10.7 L/100 km) in 1982. The average fuel economy for new 2017 model year cars, light trucks and SUVs in the United States was 24.9 mpgUS (9.4 L/100 km).
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The Bayou Classic 2018 — everything you need to know!
Now in its 45th year, the Bayou Classic will be held this weekend at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. As one of the most celebrated sports rivalries in HBCU football classics, the clash between the Grambling State University Tigers and the Southern University Jaguars has evolved into a three day series of events that offers fun for everyone.
Here are Bayou Classic 2018 dates and everything you need to know to enjoy this historic event!
Although "classic" football games have been taking place between HBCU teams for nearly 100 years the official Bayou Classic is now in its 45th year, making this storied rivalry a tradition for many New Orleans families. The first Bayou Classic was held at Tulane Stadium in 1974, where it attracted over 76,000 people. The game has been held at the Superdome since 1990 and now regularly brings 250,000 attendees, as well as 4-5 million fans watching from home on the NBC Sports Network.
Although the Grambling State Tigers lead the official series with 23 wins to Southern University's 21, this narrow lead adds excitement to the ongoing series. The teams compete each year for bragging rights and an impressive trophy, the fourth year this particular trophy has been awarded.
This year the game will take place on Saturday, November 24 with kickoff at 4pm. Bayou Classic 2018 tickets can be purchased online and start at only $16 each for general admission!
While the football is the big attraction, the game is just one part of a three day series of events that offer a diverse array of options for students and families. Not only can students sharpen their skills at career seminars, tech challenges, and empowerment presentations, but they can also enjoy an exciting lineup of events for fans.
On Friday night, the Bayou Classic 2018 Battle of the Bands and Greek Show will take place at the New Orleans Superdome from 6-11pm. During this event, the marching bands from Grambling State and Southern University will face off as the do each year to get fans pumped up and ready for the game. Tickets start at $20 and can be purchased ahead of time or at the door.
The next day, the same bands will lead a parade through downtown New Orleans starting at 9:30 am. After the parade, the annual Bayou Classic Fan Fest 2018 starts at 11:30 am in Champion Square. This event is free and open to the public and features many food trucks and other dining options.
Morris Bart has been a proud sponsor of the Bayou Classic Fan Fest since 2015.
If getting pumped up indoors is more your style, you can check out the options at Opening Act, an indoor venue next to Champion Square. The Fan Fest will continue until 3:30 when fans begin to enter the Dome to watch the 4pm HBCU Classic 2018 game kickoff.
Finally, fans can recover from all the excitement on Sunday morning with brunch. The annual gospel brunch will take place at 10am at House of Blues, an excellent way to wrap up a weekend of college football fun. No matter which team wins, fans are certain to have an excellent weekend with these classic New Orleans events! For more info about the Bayou Classic 2018, visit the official website.


For the first episode of the Considering Film Podcast, I took a ride over to Edison, New Jersey to meet and chat with my friend GianCarlo Fernandez, who is currently wrapping up post-production on his debut feature 28 Minute Epic. A truly independent production, the film was shot for less than five thousand dollars with a mix of friends and other local professionals whom GianCarlo has befriended over several years of working as a freelance writer, director, cinematographer, and editor. With a string of music videos, commercials, and short films to his name, GianCarlo set about expanding one of his friend Rocco Petrullo's film school shorts to feature length. The ensuing screenplay, 28 Minute Epic, went through half a dozen revisions and two crowdfunding campaigns before GianCarlo and Rocco decided to go for broke and make it themselves on a shoestring budget.
With 28 Minute Epic set to premiere at the Rahway International Film Festival on August 28, I spoke to GianCarlo about the unique difficulties he and his crew faced bringing their vision to the screen, the films which moved him as a child, and the unavoidable comparisons to Kevin Smith.
Tickets for the Rahway International Film Festival are available at www.rahwayfilmfest.com, and be sure to keep up with 28 Minute Epic on Facebook and Twitter.


GTCREA8 STORMS UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ON 7TH APRIL.
Today, 7th April to Friday 10th, #GTCrea8 will be rocking the University of Ibadan Campus with music, talent shows, contests, and daily raffle draws with so many gifts to be won. so much activities you definitely want to be a part of.


Created by adam&eveDDB, the story follows three travelers struggling against snowfall as they make their way to a remote pub, packed with smiling strangers in Christmas sweaters (sorry, Diesel) congregated around a roaring fire.
"We're snowed in!" someone soon, inevitably, declares. Panic mixes with faces anticipating tedium as the electricity cuts out. Luckily, there's a pantry packed with Waitrose goodies, and even a cookbook to help transform a dire circumstance into one of shared joy.
There is cooking, collaboration and the celebration of togetherness. Just as the table is set, the lights return and a pair of men throw the door open. "Don't worry! We got you out!" they cry, grinning gamely—only to meet the morose, befuddled expressions of people now torn between a return to normality and remaining in their charmed snowglobe.
"Snowed In" launched last night during The X Factor in the U.K. It is inspired by real-life events: At the Tan Hill Inn, near Richmond in the Yorkshire Dales, locals typically gather for drinks on Christmas morning. The location is often cut off by snow; snow-ins have happened 50 times since 2005.
Alongside the TV spot, Waitrose worked with Anne Fine, a Children's Laureate author, to write an accompanying children's book titled Let It Snow. The book recounts the tale of two animal families who become unlikely companions over a holiday meal. For every book sold, 50p (about 65 cents) will be donated to the Trussell Trust, an anti-poverty charity that operates over 400 food banks.
The campaign itself will be supported by outdoor, cinema and digital, with special content created for social. A nationwide competition will offer participants the chance to win one of five "foodie" feasts for groups, catered by famous chefs.
Waitrose will also create "community tables" at a few of its cafés so customers can sit together and share in the ad's spirit—even if, hopefully, it won't be because they're stuck.


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Who is Karen Isner? real estate Broker Age, family, Net worth, Wiki, Biography
July 1, 2022 0 Nisha Chaulagain News
The talented tennis player John Isner's mother, Karen Isner, is a real estate salesperson. She is happy to be Jhon's mother and a Wimbledon champion.
What happened to Real estate broker Karen Isner?
Karen Isner Age, Family, Early Life
Karen Isner Husband, What about her children?
Karen Isner's Career, What is her profession?
How much is Karen Isner Net worth?
Which school and college did She go to?
Is She available on any kind of social media platform?
Physical Appearance of Karen Isner's Height, Weight
Interesting facts about Karen Isner's should be knows
As the intermediary between the investor and the securities market, Karen is an estate broker. Karen has also acknowledged having cancer. She later atoned for cancer twice. Because she overcame cancer, Karen's name is now associated with the hospital.
Karen Isner is a two-time cancer survivor. This week at the N.C. Cancer Hospital, her son, professional tennis player @JohnIsner announced the naming of the multidisciplinary clinic reception area in her honor: https://t.co/JKUMXQrxr3 pic.twitter.com/NX79QYRFCv
— UNC Lineberger (@UNC_Lineberger) November 15, 2019
Her name has been requested by the interdisciplinary clinic reception area near the North Carolina Cancer Hospital.
The age of Karen is unknown. She appears to be in her 60s, though. Karen holds an American Nationality. She belongs to the white ethnic group. Her Birth date and Zodiac sign are not known.
Therefore there are no details available on real estate salesperson Karen Isner.
Bob and Karen are blessed with three kids. The family's youngest member is John. The other two sons of Karen Isner are Jordan and Nathan. John has achieved success in sports, while his brothers have pursued other career paths.
He had gotten married to Madison McKinley Isner in 2017. With his lovely wife, he had three kids. John Hobbs and Hunter Grace could be his two children. Regarding his other child, the footballer has remained silent.
As the intermediary between the investor and the securities market, Karen is an estate broker. She has specialized in broking throughout her career. Further, information about Karen's profession is not known.
A review of Karen's wealth is underway. She was paid for the services she gave to clients. She might also receive a commission from her line of work and might consequently make a hefty sum from her labor. John, Karen's son, reportedly has a $14 million estimated net worth according to celebrity net worth. Additionally, various sources have made estimates of the player's precise earnings.
Also Read: 48 years old, Jameson Chapman was charged with pushing a boy off the bike
Jhon earns a tonne of money from his game as a professional player. He now ranks 21st all-time in earnings with a price money of US$21,255,454. His career record on the ATP Tour was 472-298 or 61.3 percent. On July 16, 2018, the player who was in position 8 set the highest record.
There are no online resources that detail Karen's academic history. The institution she graduated from and the high school she attended are both under investigation. This suggests that she completed her education there, where she was born.
Karen Isner is available on Instagram. She has 222+ followers on Instagram.
Height Not Available
Weight Not Available
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A brand new flat with parking close to St Austell Town Centre. Well appointed and offering a fitted kitchen with built-in appliances, double glazing and parking. Spacious lounge, bathroom and two bedrooms. NO PETS.


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Business Barometer®: Manitoba's small business optimism falls to all-time-low amid COVID-19 pandemic
Business Barometer®: Manitoba's small business optimism falls to all-time-low amid COVID-19 pandemic | CFIB
Winnipeg, March 25, 2020 – Today, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) released its latest monthly Business Barometer®, which reveals optimism among small business owners in Manitoba dropped sharply in March to an index of 37.5, down 17.6 points from 55.1 in February. The index is now 6.7 points above the national average index of 30.8.
"While this fall in Manitoba's Barometer index is not surprising given the COVID-19 pandemic, the devastation to small businesses so far cannot be overstated," said Jonathan Alward, CFIB's director, prairie region. "We are working with governments at every level and from every corner of Canada to provide measures to help ensure as many of our small, independent businesses can survive until the pandemic passes. More can and must be done to help."
"We've appreciated the Government of Manitoba's decision to extend tax payment filing deadlines for small businesses," added Alward. "However, further action is needed to help businesses survive at this critical time."
While last week's federal economic measures were welcome initial steps, CFIB continues its call for a COVID-19 Job Retention Program that would subsidize wages of employers able to retain their staff. This would cover at least 75% of wages for all employers, up to a cap of $5,000 per worker per month. CFIB proposes the program include the self-employed and small business owners. "We need the federal government to move quickly and introduce a 75% wage subsidy to retain employees," noted Alward. "We also need the federal government to end their carbon tax in Manitoba and put on hold CPP hikes."
Nationally, small business confidence fell to a new historic low amid impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. After a 10-point drop earlier in the month, the national confidence level fell a further 19 index points to 30.8 from February's level of 60.5.
"March 2020 has turned out to be a month like no other in Canada's economic history," said Ted Mallett, CFIB's vice-president and chief economist. "Small business sentiment has never been this low in the Business Barometer's 32-year history, including during the 2008 and 1990 recessions."
Provincial results: Sentiment crash across the country
Quebec experienced the sharpest drop in optimism this month, falling 44.5 index points to 15.7. It is possibly due to the province taking quicker and more drastic measures than other provinces to halt the COVID-19 outbreak. Alberta (26.2) and Newfoundland and Labrador (27.8) had the next lowest results, although they experienced the smallest drops in optimism. Saskatchewan (28.3) and British Columbia (28.8) both posted levels close to the national average after experiencing 16-point drops, while Ontario (37.0) and Manitoba (37.5) fared a bit better. Nova Scotia (44.0) and New Brunswick (44.6) both experienced large drops in confidence, but remained more upbeat than the rest of the country.
Highlights of the Manitoba Business Barometer for March:
9% plan to increase employment in the next 3 months (5% nationally) and 43% of Manitoba businesses plan to decrease full-time employment (50% nationally);
Insufficient domestic demand (37%) and shortage of skilled labour (37%) are the main operating challenges, followed by management skills, time constraints (25%);
Major cost pressures for small business include: tax, regulatory costs (71%), wage costs (56%) and fuel, energy costs (52%).
Changes in Barometer release schedule
CFIB normally releases the results of its Barometer on the final Thursday of each month. Due to rapidly evolving economic conditions impacted by the global COVID-19 pandemic, CFIB will increase the frequency of its Business Barometer Survey from monthly to bi-monthly through June 2020. CFIB will release results for early April on April 9.
Read the March Business Barometer®
Mid-March 2020 findings are based on 1,378 responses, collected from a stratified random sample of CFIB members, to a controlled-access web survey. Data reflects responses received on March 17 and 18. Findings are statistically accurate to +/- 2.6 per cent 19 times in 20. Measured on a scale of 0 and 100, an index level above 50 means owners expecting their business' performance to be stronger in the next year outnumber those expecting weaker perform. One normally sees an index level of between 65 and 70 when the economy is growing at its potential.
Business Barometer®: Manitoba's small business optimism continues climb in October
Business Barometer®: Manitoba small business optimism continues climb in August
Manitoba's small business optimism holds steady in January


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NOTICE OF MAKING THE YORK SPEED LIMIT (AMENDMENTMNO 14/121 ORDER 2019
Notice ID: BRA1250906
Notice effective from
12th July 2019 to 11th August 2019
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CITY OF YORK COUNCIL
NOTICE OF MAKING THE YORK SPEED LIMIT (AMENDMENTMNO 14/121 ORDER 2019 Notice is hereby given that on the 11th day of July 2019 City of York Council, in exercise of powers under Section 82,83 and 84 and Schedule 9 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act, 1984 ("The Act") and all of the other enabling powers and after consultation with the Chief Officer of Potlice in accordance with Schedule 9 of the Act, made an Order which has the effect of:
Introducing a 40 miles per hour (mph) speed limit in Shipton Road, York (A19), between a point 22 metres southeast of the south eastern property boundary line of No. 5 Fairfield Cottages, Skelton and a point 110 metres north west from the projected centreline of Church Lane, Skelton thereby revoking the existing 50 mph speed limit from within that length. The Order comes into effect on the 13th day of July 2019 A copy of the Order incorporating relevant maps can be inspected at West Offices, Station Rise, York, during normal business hours. Any person who wishes to question the validity of the Order or any of its provisions on the grounds that it is not within the powers of the Road Traffic Regulations Act 1984 as amended or that a requirement of any regulation thereunder has not been complied with may, within 6 weeks from the date of making of the Order, Make application for that purpose to the High Court.
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC RESTRICTIONS Notice is hereby given that City of York Council (the Council), in exercise of powers under Section 14(1) of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (the Act), made an Order on the 11th day of July 2019 in respect of each of the locations numbered (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Additionally, the Council, not less than 7 days from the publication of this Notice, intends to make an Order under Section 14(1) of the Act in respect of each of the locations numbered (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10).
(11 BOOTHAM. YORK
This Order prohibits vehicles from proceeding in Bootham, York between its junction with Gillygate and a point 20 metres north west of the said junction (closed road) during the period when water works being undertaken thereon, that period commencing at 2100hrs on the 17th day of July 2019 and ending at 0200hrs on the 18th day of July 2019 or at a time when the works have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(21 AUDAX ROAD. YORK This Order prohibits vehicles from proceeding in Audax Road, York (closed road) during the period when carriageway resurfacing works being undertaken thereon, that period commencing at 1930hrs on the 22nd day of July 2019 and ending at 0500hrs on the 2nd day of August 2019 or at a time when the works have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(31 PECKITT STREET. YORK This Order prohibits pedestrians and vehicles from proceeding on the northern side of Peckitt Street, York (closed footpath) during the period when nearby building redevelopment works being undertaken adjacent to the closed footpath, commencing at 0001 hrs on the 15th day of July 2019 and ending at 2400hrs on the 31st day of July 2019 (works period) or at a time when the works have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted pedestrians and vehicles will be available during the works period.
(41 PRINCESS ROAD. STRENSALL This Order prohibits vehicles from proceeding and waiting in Princess Road, Strensall between its junctions with York Road and Orchard Way (closed road) during the period commencing at 0001 hrs on the 22nd day of July 2019 and ending at 2400hrs on the 9th day of August 2019 or on a date when gas works being undertaken thereon have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. During the works period vehicle movements on York Road and Southfields Road will be controlled by three way lights. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(51 BRAESIDE GARDENS. YORK This Order prohibits vehicles from proceeding and waiting in Braeside Gardens, York (closed road) during the period commencing at 0001 hrs on
the 22nd July 2019 and ending at 2400hrs on the 24th day of July 2019 or on a date when water works being undertaken thereon have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(61 HAXBY ROAD. YORK
This Order will prohibit vehicles from proceeding and waiting in Haxby Road, York between its junctions with Station Avenue and Sycamore Avenue (closed road) during the period commencing at 2000hrs on the 5th day of August 2019 and ending at 0500hrs on the 14th day of August 2019 (works period) or at time when carriageway resurfacing works being undertaken thereon have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(71 STONEGATE. YORK This Order will prohibit vehicles from proceeding and waiting in Stonegate, York (closed road) during the period commencing at 1900hrs on the 25th day of July 2019 and ending at 0630hrs on the 26th day of July 2019 (work period) or at time when water works being undertaken in closed road have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. Additionally, the 'ONE WAY' direction of traffic flow in Stonegate is suspended during the period of physical closure to allow two-way traffic flow in the said roads when the closure is put into effect. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be signed during the works period.
(81 SLINGSBY GROVE. YORK This Order will prohibit vehicles from proceeding and waiting in Slingsby Grove, York (closed road) during the period commencing at 0930hrs and ending at 1330hrs on the 25th day of July 2019 (works period) or at time when nearby roof works being undertaken by crane operation from within the closed road have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. No alternative route for diverted traffic will be available during the works period.
(91 BOOTHAM CRESCENT & CLIFTON. YORK This Order will prohibit pedestrians from proceeding in the footpath on the north west side of Bootham Crescent, York between its junction with Clifton and a point 25 metres north east of the said junction (closed footpath) prohibiting vehicles from waiting in that length of (i) Clifton, York on its north east side between points 31 metres to 37 metres and 44 metres to 50 metres south east from the projected centreline of St Olave's Road (ii) Bootham Crescent on its north west side between points 7 metres and 25 metres north east of its junction with Clifton (restricted road) and during the period commencing at 0001 hrs on the 5th day of August 2019 and ending at 2400hrs on the 16th day of August 2019 (works period) or at time when traffic signal improvement works being undertaken nearby have been completed whichever is the earlier. This is to ensure that the said works can be carried out safely. An alternative route for diverted pedestrians will be available during the works period.
(101 GROSVENOR ROAD. YORK This Order will prohibit vehicles from waiting from 10am to 10pm in unrestricted lengths on the south side of Grosvenor Road, York between its junctions with Bootham Crescent and the service road to Grosvenor Park (restricted road) and, additionally, to impose a prohibition on vehicles from proceeding between the said times in the restricted road. The Order will be effective during the period from 20th July 2019 to 31st May 2020. This is because of the likelihood of danger arising. It is envisaged that the restrictions and prohibition will only be put in place on the occasion of a football match or other sporting event at the adjacent football stadium and only for such period within the specified times as is necessary to ensure safety. An alternative route for diverted traffic will be available via: Burton Stone Lane, Clifton, Bootham Crescent and vice versa.
The above temporary Orders will not prohibit works or emergency access nor will they prohibit access to premises provided that access is not prevented by on-going works or safety concerns. Traffic signs/barriers will indicate the extent of the prohibitions/restrictions. 12th July 2019 Director of Economy and Place
West Offices, Station Rise, York, Y01 6GA
BRA1250906.pdf Download
West Offices , Station Rise , York , YO1 6GA
ycc@york.gov.uk http://www.york.gov.uk 01904 551 550
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Bangkok's container flea market exhibition continues with the announcement of 2 more weekends at it's current location. After relocating to the E-ZY parking area near Exit 2 of the Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre MRT station, they hope to continue spreading their art vibe, music, live performance, food, and cultural offerings to a new audience. If you missed their last setup, be sure to see what all the rave is about during the latest chapters at this new location.


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Home/12-Step vs Smart Recovery: Are You Powerless or Making a Choice…from The Fix…
12-Step vs SMART Recovery: Are You Powerless or Making a Choice?
By Kelly Palmer
The problem with powerlessness is that it becomes all-encompassing and paralyzing. But the idea that addiction is a choice fails to consider many people's experiences. Maybe there's a middle ground.
SMART offers an alternative for those who take issue with being told they will always be powerless. Photo by Chris Arock on Unsplash
As someone who attends (and serves/facilitates) both 12-step and SMART meetings, I am struck by how often they are seen as presenting two very different belief systems about addiction. Although I know many recovering people who attend both, or have swapped one for the other, it is generally decreed that they hold completely opposing views. Though both are mutual aid groups based on the premise that connection with others in recovery can strengthen one's own recovery, 12-step fellowships are based on a program of spiritual principles, while SMART recovery uses an evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approach.
Similarities and Differences
While there is some overlap in the programs themselves — mindfulness in SMART correlates with the 11th step, and SMART's thought-challenging worksheets are like 10th step inventories — their starting points could not be more different. Step One states that we are "powerless" over our addiction which is often explained by the disease model, even though this was never the original intention of the founders of AA, the pioneering 12-step fellowship. When we are in active addiction, we have lost the power of choice and cannot overcome our addiction alone. SMART takes a different view. Focusing on empowerment rather than powerlessness, we are encouraged to take ownership of our choices and behaviors. Without shaming anyone for their irrational choices, addiction is still ultimately a choice, not a disease.
The debate between these two approaches has raged for decades, with most people coming down on one side or the other. My intention here is not to rehash these arguments but rather propose that instead of an either/or dualism, concepts of powerlessness versus choice are instead opposite ends of the same spectrum. For many, the truth of their lived experience may be somewhere in the middle, and polarizing views can lead to many people — certainly myself included — feeling that neither viewpoint really "fits." This is important, because this ongoing debate influences how we treat, perceive, and support those recovering from addiction.
The Problem with Powerlessness
The problem with the concept of "powerlessness," as understood in the context of the 12-step program, is that it becomes all-encompassing. Not only are we said to be in a state of powerlessness when we are in the throes of active addiction and finding it seemingly impossible to stop – an experience many former addicts will recognize all too well — but the dogma that has grown up around the concept over the years tells us this is a permanent state. We will always, even after years of sobriety, be powerless over our addiction, the threat of relapse forever hanging over us and ready to descend the moment we stop attending meetings, working the program, or listening to our sponsor. Neither is our addiction the only thing we are powerless over — we also have no power over "people, places and things." While this can be a useful maxim in terms of reminding us that we cannot control other people or outcomes, it can also become stultifying, leading to apathy and a sense of complete dependency upon the program. In this view, the second line of the oft-quoted Serenity Prayer — the courage to change the things we can — is all too easily forgotten.
Small wonder then that for many, SMART burst onto the scene like a breath of fresh air, telling us that we do have a choice, that we can take ownership of our actions, and that a rational rather than spiritual (assuming that the two are mutually exclusive, an attitude with which I disagree) approach is the best way to recover. SMART claims to have an evidence base, and indeed it does — yet in recent studies it has not been shown to be significantly more or less effective than the 12-step approach. Nevertheless, SMART offers an alternative for those who take issue with being told they will always be powerless. Social justice researchers have pointed out that telling people in minority communities in particular that they have no power and must be dependent on a program forever only increases their sense and experience of oppression.
Addiction as a Choice Is Equally Problematic
Yet the idea of addiction as a choice is, I believe, equally problematic. Firstly, no matter how much researchers and SMART advocates stress that a choice model is empowering and should not contribute to stigma, there is no doubt that in terms of the wider society, labeling addiction a choice can all too easily contribute to the criminalizing of those suffering with addiction and substance misuse, not to mention making it easier for insurance or health care providers to refuse to cover the cost of addiction treatment. Also, and this seems to have been somewhat overlooked, blanket statements that addiction is a choice fail to consider the experiences of some significant populations, such as people who are using drugs to self-medicate undiagnosed mental health conditions or to deal with debilitating after-effects of trauma. Simply stating addiction is a choice which they can rationally think their way out of is of little use in such situations and may have the opposite effect, pushing people further into self-destructive cycles. Of course, the 12-step program may also have little to offer in these scenarios.
If addiction is a choice, it is usually a severely impaired one. Addiction researcher Maia Szalavitz argues in Unbroken Brain that rather than seeing addiction as a chronic disease or a set of bad choices, we recognize the parallels with developmental learning disorders. Like a child with ADHD behaviors, or a teenager caught in a maelstrom of emotional dysregulation, those suffering with addiction (and possibly co-occurring trauma, mental health disorders, or external oppression) find their ability to make rational choices increasingly impaired, until "using" becomes a survival instinct. At this point we may indeed feel utterly powerless. However, we can learn over time to take control back and make better choices.
Both approaches have something to offer people in recovery — but only if we start recognizing the middle ground and gray areas between the two. It's time to start tailoring addiction treatment to fit the individual, rather than trying to tailor the individual to fit the treatment.
By admin|2019-02-14T00:48:38+00:00February 14th, 2019|Uncategorized|0 Comments
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About Cindy Feinberg, CPC
Cindy Feinberg (CPC, CAI) is the founder and president of The Recovery Coach LLC, a private recovery coaching service that integrates holistic recovery and intensive case management for individual clients and their families in all stages of substance use disorder. Cindy and her incomparable team aid individuals in remaining free from the shackles of active drug and alcohol addiction, as well as other co-occurring self-harming actions and disorders.
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An Improved Model for Analyzing Textual Sentiment Based on a Deep Neural Network Using Multi-Head Attention Mechanism
Expert Opinions on the Intranet-Based Security System in Industrial Electrical Switchboards
10.3390/asi4040084
Doaei, Y.
Aghakouchaki Hosseini, S. Ehsan
Momenzadeh, A.
Harirchian, E.
Investigating the Effect of Screw Size on the Stress Level in MERO Joint for Space Frame Structures
Yaser Doaei
Seyed Ehsan Aghakouchaki Hosseini
Amir Momenzadeh
Ehsan Harirchian
Department of Civil Engineering, Asrar Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad 91895-1194, Iran
Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Institute of Structural Mechanics (ISM), Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, 99423 Weimar, Germany
Academic Editor: Teen-Hang Meen
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040084
Received: 29 August 2021 / Revised: 12 October 2021 / Accepted: 20 October 2021 / Published: 28 October 2021
Space frame structures satisfy the ever-increasing requirements of societies for providing a variety of structural forms and architectural spaces with special characteristics, such as aesthetic and free-form features, population-wise capacities, and structural performance, among others. Structural behavior of these systems largely depend on the type of joints and their components which are to be considered appropriately in design and analysis. Screws comprise one of the key components of joints in these structures and play a pivotal role in the total cost of the structure, as well as the maximum stress level created in joints. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of screw size on the maximum stress generated in three MERO double-layer ball joints with diameters of 98, 110, and 132 mm as a sample numerical analysis case to pinpoint this fact. Numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS workbench software. Based on the results, in order to achieve the maximum factor of safety (FOS), the minimum stress, and keeping the total construction cost optimal, it is recommended to use M16, M20, and M24 screws for the ball joints of diameters 98, 110, and 132 mm, respectively.
Keywords: MERO joint; space structures; ANSYS workbench; finite element analysis; optimal screw size MERO joint; space structures; ANSYS workbench; finite element analysis; optimal screw size
The growth of human population has led to an increasing need for large spaces without the presence of middle pillars, such as community halls, passenger terminals, factory halls, sports stadiums, and recreational and cultural centers. Space frame structures are used in order to cover large spans without columns in these spaces. The term "space frame structure" refers to a structural system which is created from a large number of members (modules) connected to the standard parts, creating a lightweight system with high rigidity [1]. In other words, space frame structures are a set of repetitive components including rods and nodes, through different arrangements out which various 3D shapes can be generated [2]. The term "MERO" is derived from Mengeringhausen Rohrbauweise, which is a German term for a tubular structure [3]. In a MERO space frame structure, which was first designed and commercially marketed by the MERO Company in 1942 in Germany, the main components include ball (MERO connector), pipe, conical piece, screw or bolt, and sleeve, as shown in Figure 1 [4].
In general, the geometrical composition, applied loads, internal forces, and displacements in a space frame structure are not located in one plane. In fact, the combination of the structural geometry, applied loading, internal forces, and structural displacements are out of just one plane [2]. The main advantage of these structures is that the spherical nodes are considered as the influence line for internal forces of all members which intersect at the center of the node. Therefore, there is no eccentricity to cause bending moments for pipes which initially carry compressive and tensile axial forces [5]. The spherical node is regarded as a physical metal piece which is utilized to create stability and integrity between the members of the space structure [6]. The spherical MERO joints are made of CK45 forged steel [2]. Space frame structures using the MERO connector provide the possibility of connecting the maximum number of 18 tubular members in different directions to a single join. The MERO joint is regarded as just one of the various standard joints and includes 18 threaded holes and machining surfaces that are located at 45, 60, and 90° from each other [7].
Another component of the space frame structures is the pipe, mainly made of ST37 steel, which is used to resist axial tensile and compressive loads. The pipe head is welded to a conical metal piece, which allows for joining of pipes to the spherical joint. In space frame structures, the screw is a detachable element that under applied loads transfers its internal tensile force to the conical piece. These screws have high stiffness classes of 8.8 or 10.9 [6]. Owing to engineering considerations, a conical steel piece welded to the pipe is used at the intersection of the pipe to the MERO joint. In addition, the hexagonal pod (sleeve), which transfers the created internal compressive force to the ball, is used to tighten the screw to the MERO joint. A pin, which passes through the sleeve's hole and the transverse hole of the screw, leads to the simultaneous rotation of the sleeve and screw which allows tightening of the screw. Sleeves are produced in two forms of grooved and holed, and are connected to the screw through a pin [6].
The stability of these structures relies considerably on the joints between pipes. Generally, the joints of space frame structures such as any other civil engineering structure can be classified into rigid, semi-rigid, and pinned [2]. Semi-rigid joints can tolerate tensile and compressive loads, as well as bending moments [8]. Thus, all the forces and moments should be considered when simulating the performance of space frame structures which use this kind of joints. In these structures, joints play a prominent role in the total cost of construction as the joints account for almost 50% of the required materials [9], while at the same time have a substantial effect on the structural behavior of the space frame.
The most important features of the space frame structures with MERO ball joints include its capability to receive various covers (paint and plating) due to the limited dimensions of structural members, and remove or displace the supports of the structure with minimal time and variations in the structure, cost, and interference with other on-site construction activities. In addition, no heavy machinery or specific equipment for installation and implementation of the structure are required and the regular execution tools of the project can be considered during the design and production phases [1].
Generally, joints considerably influence the dynamic behavior and integrity of the structure [10,11,12,13], hence their proper modeling in civil engineering structures is an important step in analysis and design of these structures. Behavior of joints is not either completely rigid or pinned. In reality, joints behave semi-rigidly as pinned joints exhibit some rotational stiffness and joints that are considered rigid always possess some flexibility [14,15,16]. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted regarding the behavior of the joints used in space frame structures [17,18,19,20,21,22], as well as other kinds of civil engineering structures in general. Some studies indicated that the joint rigidity is regarded as the most significant factor affecting the behavior of the single-layer dome structures [23,24,25,26,27]. Structural health monitoring of space frame structures is another significant achievement for monitoring any damage caused to these structural systems. Hou et al. [28] studied damage detection in both joints and structural members for space structures with semi-rigidity behavior of the connection joints. Therefore, the effect of the joint should be taken into account in structural analysis in order to achieve more accurate results. Amiri and Davoodi [29] evaluated the load-displacement relationship from a double-layer grid by applying a centralized load in real scale, and concluded that the analytical responses of the structures, regardless of the effect of the joint, significantly differ from their real responses. Considering the actual behavior of the space frame structures, the joints are influenced by a combination of axial, shear and bending moments.
Davoodi and Ebadi Jamkhaneh [30] and Ebadi Jamkhaneh et al. [31] indicated that in a ball joint, the force is transmitted differently under tension and compression. The existence of different components with different mechanical and geometrical properties which are connected by screws, discontinuities between the joint components, and the pre-stressed condition resulting from tightening of the screw and the spiral nature of the thread, exacerbates complexity of the joint behavior. As a result, in the present study, the surfaces under tensile or compressive loading were selected more precisely.
To the best knowledge of the authors, no study has been conducted on the optimal screw size for double-layer ball joints. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the screw size on the maximum stress level in MERO-based joints in space frame structures. Further, the optimal screw size with the highest factor of safety (FOS) is suggested for load-bearing purposes considering the strength of the materials used for the ball joint. For the purpose of numerical simulations, the model is validated through a single-axis mode and based on accurate calculations via FEM analysis using ANSYS.
2. Geometry and Dimensions of MERO Double-Layer Joint
In double-layer joints, four screw holes are located on a base plane, which is similar to the MERO single-layer joints. In addition, four holes located in planes inclined to the center of the ball with an angle of 45° to the base plane allow for four new links to be connected to the MERO double-layer ball joint. In the present study, the outer diameter of the MERO ball joints considered in analyses are 98, 110, and 132 mm for which the distances between the caps (H) in the first layer of the ball joints were regarded as 85, 98, and 118 mm, respectively. Figure 2a,b and Figure 3a,b illustrate the dimensions and geometry of the MERO ball joint.
2.1. Grid Generation and Materials
Modeling, analysis and grid generation of the ball joint were conducted in ANSYS Workbench v.14.0. Solid-type element SOLD 45 was used for modeling the ball and grids were created carefully at the screw joint surfaces. Materials were modeled as isotropic with constant modulus of elasticity as E = 200 GPa. Further, the inflation option was activated in the holes and at least five grid layers were created near the holes in order to increase the accuracy of calculations, along with reducing the grid size. Grid generation has been shown in Figure 4a,b. Grid of the whole system modeled in ANSYS has been shown in Figure 5a,b.
2.2. Loading and Analysis
In a MERO joint, the screws which are located in the base plane are always in tension, but inclined holes are loaded with a compression-tension pair force. The place, where forces are applied, is regarded as the most important subject in loading analysis. So, herein, to follow a practical loading condition, compressive loading has been applied to the conical piece while screws bear the tensile forces. Thus, in the tensile direction the effect of nuts and in the compressive loading direction the effect of details of screws can be neglected with a good approximation. Analyses in ANSYS were conducted through linear static analysis method and stress results presented in section 5 are Von Mises stresses generated in ball joints. Tensile forces are applied to threads of holes in the ball, whereas the location of the compressive loads is on the interface between the sleeve and the shear surface of the ball. The compressive-tensile force pair leads to a static equilibrium in the ball. Force values of 5 tons are applied to each point in the second layer of the joint. Figure 6 shows loading of the MERO joint in ANSYS. Loading of the system under a uni-axial 5 tons tensile force (red arrow) has been depicted in Figure 7, while Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the system subject to application of bi-axial and simultaneous compressive-tensile loading, respectively. No-displacement constraint in point B over the conical piece, and constraint in point C along z axis to avoid undesirable rotations are the applied boundary conditions. In modeling and simulations threads have not been modeled. Instead of modeling the threads over two surfaces of the screw and the hole, two cylindrical surfaces with permanent and complete connection (Bonded contact) are simulated which is an acceptable approximation in assembly collection simulations. Moreover, modeling details of threads, due to the specific geometrical nature of them, will result in point stress concentration and divergence of results to inexact values. To avoid this problem, grid of the threads region (crest and root) should be very fine. On the other hand, modeling such very find grids for threads will cause computational cost to increase significantly. Von Mises stress contours on the body of the screw under 5 tons tensile force have been illustrated in Figure 10a,b while the resultant stresses in the ball joint have been presented in Figure 11a,b. As can be observed in these figures, stress in two positions in the bolt has become critical which are beneath the screw head and the hole embedded in the screw.
3. Results and Discussion
The present study evaluated three MERO joints with diameters of 98, 110, and 132 mm under the same tensile-compressive loading condition. In all numerical analyses, the first layer of the ball joint was loaded in one tensile force and the second layer in tow simultaneous compressive and tensile forces. All the simulations were performed in ANSYS v.14.0 software and the results were presented in three parts. In the first part, the effect of changing the screw size on the maximum stress level created in the double layer ball joint, under 8 axial tensile-compressive loads of 5 tons, was evaluated. Then, the maximum stress levels were calculated in three sizes of the ball joints for the applied loading conditions and for each screw size, in the second part. The last part was dedicated to the factor of safety (FOS) for different sizes of MERO joint, which was examined for different screw sizes under the same loading conditions. Finally, the optimal screw sizes were proposed for each MERO joint from multiple perspectives.
3.1. Effect of Changing the Screw Size on The Maximum Stress Level in the MERO Joint
The maximum stress levels in all three ball joints under application of four simultaneous tensile loads of 5 tons in the first layer of the ball joint and also four tensile or compressive loads of 5 tons in the second layer were calculated. Based on the geometry and dimensions of the MERO joint of diameter 98 mm, a maximum of three screw sizes of M12, M16, and M20 can be used for this joint as application of larger screws will result in their interference with each other in the joint. As shown in Figure 12, decreasing the screw size from M16 to M12 leads to a significant increase in the stress level. However, the maximum stress created in the ball joint for M16 and M20 was not substantially different. The reason is, even though increase in the screw size improves the stress distribution and decreases the stress values, interference of the stress fields overshadows these effects, hence leading to approximately a similar outcome.
Regarding the geometry of the MERO joint with the diameter of 110 mm, five screw sizes of M12, M16, M20, M24, and M27 can be used. The stress variations caused by different screw sizes in the ball joint had a parabolic behavior, the minimum value of which was obtained using the M20 screw, as illustrated in Figure 13. Decreasing or increasing the screw size significantly increased the stress level under the same load. This phenomenon can be explained as stress level in the MERO joint increases by the effects of stress concentration in smaller screw sizes, and the superposition of stress fields in larger sizes. As obvious in Figure 13, the effects of stress concentration were more significant than that of superposition of stress fields.
Moreover, regarding the geometry of MERO joint with diameter of 132 mm, six sizes of M12, M16, M20, M24, M28, and M33 for screws can be applied. Similar to the ball joint of 110 mm diameter, the stress variations due to various screw sizes indicated a parabolic behavior in the ball joint, and the minimum value which was achieved for the M24 screw, as seen in Figure 14.
Figure 15 superimposes and compares the results of the above-mentioned analyses, which indicates that a smaller ball joint will experience higher stress levels. Therefore, stronger materials should be utilized when using smaller ball joints. In addition, the parabolic behavior of the stress diagram proves that an optimal screw size can be recommended for each size of the MERO double-layer ball joint, for which the minimum stress level will be generated in the joint.
3.2. Comparing the Effect of the Ball Joint Size on the Stress Levels for Constant Screw Sizes
Effect of the ball joint sizes with diameters of 98, 110, and 132 mm for each screw size on the maximum stress level can be compared for the considered three screw sizes of M12, M16, and M20.
As depicted in Figure 16a, the maximum stress level in the ball joints for the small screw size of M12 is nearly independent of the ball joint sizes, and almost all of them should have the minimum yield strength of greater than 370 MPa, irrespective of the factor of safety. A similar conclusion can be drawn about the results acquired for M16 screw in Figure 16b which shows nearly minimal changes in stress levels.
Examining the results in Figure 16 and considering the stress levels generated in the ball joints of considered sizes for the screw size of M20 in Figure 16c, demonstrates that the influence of superposition of stress fields caused by the joint has been eliminated and the stress level has reduced by around 30% after increasing the ball diameter from 98 to 110 mm. However, increasing the diameter of the ball joint to over 110 mm, i.e., to 132 mm, does not significantly decrease the stress level, but mainly increases the weight of the ball joint and accordingly, the weight of the space frame structure, and the related costs. Thus, it is not recommended to use the M20 screw size for ball joints of diameter less than 100 mm, in terms of the stress level created in the ball joint, or for ball joints of diameter more than 110 mm in terms of the weight and the final cost of the space frame structure.
3.3. Comparing the Factor of Safety (FOS)
The above-mentioned ball joints underwent the axial loads of 4 and 5 tons, while considering the CK45 (1.1191) steel in accordance with standard DIN EN 10083-2:2006 [32] for the MERO ball joint, as well as the effects of the ball joints of three sizes on the level of stress, which had a decreasing trend with increase in diameter. Table 1 represents the effect of ball joint size on the yield stress level.
Numerical values related to the factor of safety (FOS) can be calculated through the amount of the yield stress presented in Table 1 and the results of the previous simulations. As shown in Figure 17, amounts of FOS under two loading conditions of 4 and 5 tons are compared in three separate diagrams.
As represented in Figure 17a–c the amount of the FOS is enhanced by increasing the diameter of the ball joint under the considered loading conditions and screw sizes. The highest FOS belongs to the ball joint of 132 mm for screw M24 under the axial load of 4 tons. In addition, these figures show that FOS has roughly a linear and reverse relationship with the amount of the applied load. It is noteworthy that M12 screw size is not recommended for the loads more than 4 tons, since as apparent from above figures the corresponding FOS would be very low and almost below 1 in all the cases.
In this research paper, a brief introduction and literature review on the space frame structures using MERO ball joints, their importance, applications, materials, geometries, dimensions, and their potentials and capabilities were presented. The key role of joints in space frame structures, their modeling and dynamic behavior, flexibility of the joint in simulations and their effect on the stability and integrity of the whole structure was discussed briefly by referring to the research conducted in literature. Keeping the significance of joints in mind and focusing on the screw size and its corresponding effect on the maximum stress levels created in the ball joints, factor of safety (FOS) and the final weight and cost of the space frame, analyses were conducted in ANSYS finite element (FE) software by considering screw sizes of M12 to M33, and ball joints of diameters 98, 110, and 132 mm under tensile and compressive loads of 4 and 5 tons.
Analysis results demonstrated that under the considered loading conditions, smaller ball joints will experience higher stress levels, and, thus, stronger materials should be applied for them. Furthermore, the parabolic behavior of the stress diagram proved that an optimal screw size can be recommended for each size of the MERO double-layer ball joint, for which the minimum stress level will be generated in the joint. Maximum stress level created in the ball joint for three sizes of 98, 110, and 132 mm for each of screws M12, M16, and M20 was evaluated. For screw M20 there is a sharp reduction in stress level in the ball joint from 98 to 110 mm while increasing the ball diameter more than 110 mm for this screw or the ball diameter from 98 to 132 mm for other screws does not have a significant reduction trend. So, application of screw M20 for ball joints of diameter less than 100 mm or more than 110 mm is not recommended to keep a trade-off between the optimal stress level and the final cost of the structure. Regarding the FOS, it was observed that its value is improved by the increase in the ball diameter and has a roughly linear and reverse relationship with the amount of the applied load. Results showed that screw M12 is not appropriate for loads more than 4 tons as it will result to an FOS of less than 1.
Finally, based on the obtained simulation results of the present study, it is recommended to apply the screw M16 for the ball joint of diameter 98 mm, M20 for the ball joint of diameter 110 mm, and M24 screw for the ball joint with diameter of 132 mm to simultaneously obtain the optimal values of stress level generated in the ball joint, FOS, and cost of the structure. Therefore, results of this study show that for analysis and design of space frame systems using MERO joint, a wise selection of the screw size for each appropriate MERO ball joint size for the considered structural configuration of the system in every architectural form can be adopted to obtain the best possible results in terms of the structural responses of the system and construction cost.
Moreover, according to the observed stress concentrations under applied loads under the screw head and in the location of the embedded hole in the screw below general recommendations can be drawn:
As far as it is possible, it is recommended to avoid embedding a hole in the body of the screw or another mechanism is utilized for rotation and bolt tightening, like press-fitting of the pin in the hole, to prohibit stress concentration in the screw.
A fillet is created under the screw head to decrease the stress concentration in this location.
In case of a fillet generation under the screw head as mentioned above, in the corresponding location over the internal surface of conical piece hole, an appropriate bevel is created to assure a complete contact between the lower surface of the screw head and the internal surface of the conical piece hole and stress concentration is decreased, simultaneously.
Conceptualization, Y.D. and A.M.; methodology, A.M.; validation, Y.D. and A.M.; formal analysis, A.M.; investigation, A.M. and S.E.A.H.; resources, A.M. and Y.D.; data curation, S.E.A.H. and E.H.; writing—original draft preparation, S.E.A.H. and E.H.; writing—review and editing, S.E.A.H. and E.H.; visualization, S.E.A.H.; supervision, Y.D.; project administration, A.M. and Y.D.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
No data was reported.
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DIN EN 10083-2. Steels for Quenching and Tempering—Part 2: Technical Delivery Conditions for Non Alloy Steels, English Version of DIN EN 10083-2:2006-10; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2006.
Figure 1. Main components of the space frame structure.
Figure 2. The main dimensions of MERO Joint (H: The distance between two caps on the first layer of the joint). (a) View 1, (b) View 2.
Figure 3. The geometry of the MERO double-layer ball joint. (a) View 1, (b) View 2.
Figure 4. The grid of MERO joint. (a) Section, (b) Perspective2.
Figure 5. The grid of the whole system including the MERO joint, pipe, conical piece, sleeve, and the screw. (a) Perspective, (b) Section.
Figure 6. Applying a load to the MERO joint.
Figure 7. Loading of the system under a uni-axial 5 tons tensile force.
Figure 8. Loading of the system under bi-axial 5 tons tensile forces.
Figure 9. Loading of the system under simultaneous compressive-tensile 5 tons forces.
Figure 10. Von Mises stress contour over the body of the screw under a 5 tons tensile force. (a) Perspective, (b) Section.
Figure 11. Von Mises stress contour in MERO joint ball under a 5 tons tensile force. (a) Perspective, (b) Section.
Figure 12. Effect of the screw size on the maximum stress on the ball joint with the diameter of 98 mm.
Figure 13. Effect of the screw size on the maximum stress on the ball joint with the diameter of 110 mm.
Figure 15. A comparison regarding the effect of the screw size on the maximum stress in the three MERO double-layer ball joints.
Figure 16. A comparison among the effects of the ball joint size variations on the load and constant screw size for three sizes of (a) M12, (b) M16, and (c) M20.
Figure 17. Comparing the effect of changing screw size on the factor of safety of the ball joint on the axis loads of 4 tons and 5 tons for three sizes of (a) M12, (b) M16, and (c) M20.
Table 1. Effect of the ball joint size on the yield stress level.
D (mm)
Yield Stress-Normalized (MPa)
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text:
Palmarès
2018 (Lizarte)
Circuito de Pascuas

Altri successi
2021 (Equipo Kern Pharma)
Classifica giovani Tour du Limousin

Piazzamenti

Grandi Giri
Vuelta a España
2022: 66º

Classiche monumento
Liegi-Bastogne-Liegi
2022: ritirato

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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News»Career Paths
Nick Valencia uses this shed in his Atlanta backyard as his socially distanced studio.
Photo courtesy of: Nick Valencia
Nick Valencia works through the bad days
Ted B. Kissell
Updated November 16, 2020 5:02 p.m.
Throughout his 14-year career at CNN, correspondent Nick Valencia has seen more than his share of bad days. The devastation of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, the anguish of the Mother Emmanuel church shooting in Charleston, the unrest in Atlanta after the killing of George Floyd by police officers — the last of which left him with flesh wounds from a BB gun to his back.
"The hardest part of my job is looking into people's eyes on their worst days," said Valencia (BA, broadcast journalism, '05). Now based in Atlanta, he is in the thick of his network's reporting on the COVID-19 crisis, as millions of people across the United States and the world face one bad day after another.
"Coronavirus has been part of my daily life, in pretty much every conversation, since February," Valencia said. "Journalists have always had an important job, but right now that's truer than ever. We're really bringing to our viewers and our readers information they need about how this is going to affect their life. Not just in this moment, but in the long term."
That level of empathy and commitment to public service through journalism has driven Valencia throughout his career, which started in the Eagle Rock neighborhood of northeast Los Angeles.
"I already had the journalism bug in high school," he said. Valencia remembers his father, Ricardo Valencia Jr., coming with him to cover a varsity basketball game when he was about 16 years old. At one point when they were sitting in the stands, "He said to me, 'I just love watching you do what you're meant to do,'" Valencia said.
Less than a year later, while Valencia was still in high school, his father died — and was buried with his son's first press pass. Valencia sees his journalism career as a way to honor his dad's legacy. "He knew what I was meant to do even before I did," Valencia said. "I'm a third-generation Mexican American, first-generation college graduate, working at CNN as one of their correspondents, and that's something that makes, not just my family, but my community really proud."
Valencia believes his USC Annenberg education gave him the tools he needs to tell those kinds of stories from the front lines. As an entry-level teleprompter operator at CNN in 2006, "I first got noticed when I bought a ticket to Uganda," Valencia said. "They let me bring my badge, but I was technically on vacation time. I crisscrossed the country and brought back my report on the return of Indian immigrants who had been expelled from the country. I would have never been able to do that if I wasn't trained on how to set up a camera, how to do interviews — the skills that I learned at USC."
From that early break, Valencia worked his way up at CNN, specializing in reporting from crisis zones. He has put those high-pressure journalistic skills to work on some of CNN's most crucial coverage of COVID-19, including tracking the spread of coronavirus in his home state of Georgia and covering the conflicts between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the White House.
As he continues to advance his audience's understanding of the pandemic, Valencia acknowledges that he's had his own share of bad days. In January, he was diagnosed with anxiety disorder, depression and post-traumatic stress — a fact he felt compelled to share with the public.
"You shouldn't be ashamed to confront this," he told his colleague Robin Meade on the April 22 episode of her CNN Headline News show. "I got into journalism to help people, and that's why I'm doing this, as uncomfortable as it is … it's so important to tell people that we're going through it with them."
Valencia says he would like to believe his father would approve of both his work at CNN, and his forthrightness about his own mental health challenges. "My dad always told me greatness is measured by how much it takes to discourage you," Valencia said. "If you want to be great, you can only get to it through adversity."


If used properly, concrete can be one of the most durable and versatile materials used in any construction project. At Olympic Concrete And Landscape, our skilled professionals have the experience and training to tackle many construction and repair jobs that require the use of concrete. Our staff will take every precaution to make sure that your Olympia, WA, job is done correctly the first time.
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Which test
Where to test
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WorksMusic of Another Present Era
Shango's Funkiness
Paul Dolden
Year of composition: 2014
Commission: Réseaux des arts médiatiques, with support from the CCA
The Orisha pantheon is a collection of spirits or deities that reflect various manifestations of God in the Yoruba (Nigerian) spiritual or religious system. This religion has found its way throughout Central and South America. Shango, the king of the Orisha pantheon, was actually a deified warrior king who once ruled over the city state of Oyo in West Africa.
Shango was known as a drummer and a dancer. The drum represented unity but was also used as a call to attention, with the ability to awaken the planet. Shango lead a full red-blooded life of sex, drugs and new music. His drumming and dancing caused extreme outbreaks of funkiness wherever perpetrated. Shango liked animals, particularly dogs, and his special number was six.
Six leads to a particularly flexible meter because of the endless sub-divisions of two and three. I have always noticed the influence of these West African rhythms in South American music. My own design of multifarious cross rhythms, polyrhythms, and variable tempos will hopefully bring an outbreak of Shango funkiness to our own time.
[vii-16]
Shango's Funkiness — 2nd movement of Music of Another Present Era — was realized in 2014 at the composer's studio in Val-Morin (Québec) and premiered on April 3, 2014 at the Électrochoc 6 concert in the Studio multimédia of the Conservatoire de musique de Montréal (Québec). The piece was commissioned by Réseaux des arts médiatiques, with support from the CCA.
April 3, 2014, Électrochoc 2013-14: Électrochoc 6: Paul Dolden, Studio multimédia — Conservatoire de musique de Montréal, Montréal (Québec)
2014, Personal studio, Val-Morin (Québec)
Histoires d'histoire


The field of engineering has always been a competitive field to work in but recently with down turns in the global economy and outsourcing of engineering services to foreign companies, our field has become even more so as we compete for fewer and more specialized opportunities.So how can a young motivated engineer rise above the background noise and get the attention of employers?In my experience, there are three primary ways to turn heads; earning an advanced degree, becoming a licensed professional engineer and earning an IEEE professional certificate.
Earning a bachelor's degree in the engineering field is quickly becoming the bare minimum to get a foot in the door with an employer.The rapid rate at which technologies are advancing is forcing engineers to continually learn new skills and adapt to volatile market conditions.Earning an advanced degree goes beyond the basics as the engineer learns the techniques necessary to stay current, innovate and tune their raw potential.Engineering students are no longer simply limited to Master of Science degrees with degrees such as Master of Engineering or Master of Business Administration being highly sought after by employers.These degrees not only get an employer's attention but have the potential to provide access to higher level jobs and salaries that would otherwise be inaccessible.According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statics, engineers with advanced degrees on average earn $200 more per week.
However, advanced degrees aren't for everyone and luckily for us it is not the only option available.Becoming a licensed professional engineer is an outstanding way to show that you not only have book smarts but that you have the experience to back it up. Professional Engineering Licensing is overseen by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) which promotes uniformity of the licensure process across the United States.Each state board has their own requirements for licensure so it is a good idea for interested engineers to check the NCEES website for their own state.
Attaining the license involves meeting standards in education and experience such as a bachelor degree from an A.B.E.T. accredited university.After receiving the bachelor degree, the engineer takes the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam which covers basic engineering principles.The exam is closed book but a booklet of equations and constants is provided that pertains to what is needed during the exam.During the afternoon session, there is an option to continue with a general skills engineering exam or take an exam focused on a particular discipline such as electrical engineering.
Prior to taking the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam, the engineer must meet the states work experience requirement. This is usually four years or more of progressive work experience which sometimes must be performed under the supervision of a professional engineer. Once again it is wise to check your states requirements. The PE is an open book exam focused on a specific discipline of engineering that once completed allows you to work as a professional engineer.
If neither of the previous two options is appealing then perhaps an IEEE professional certificate will be more appetizing.These certificates demonstrate that the engineer has skills and knowledge that are essential for professionals working in a variety of fields.IEEE has developed a number of Professional Certificates written by engineers working in the industry which allows certified engineers to be recognized for their abilities by a third party. Earning IEEE certification credentials can enhance professional credibility, increase opportunities for career advancement and demonstrate commitment to the profession.IEEE offers a number of certification programs such as the Certified Biometrics Professional (CBP), Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA), Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) and Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET).Each program has its own requirements based on minimum amounts of education and experience.
In highly competitive and global markets it is essential for an engineer to differentiate themselves from their peers.We've briefly glanced at three of the most popular options currently available to engineers.While none of these options could be deemed "the easy way", they are a way to show that you are equipped for the challenges that face this generation of engineers.


We are available for receptions, stags, and parties, as well as numerous special events held by members. Both the Boardroom and The Lounge are also available for business meetings, training courses, and seminars.
Located on the second floor of the W. Erskine Johnston Arena in Carp, is a not-for-profit organization that has been in operation for the past 22 years.


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Q: What's the best way to have multiple groups of simple featured products in Magento? I would like to have a small number of pages on my site that have some text, and then an associated group of products eg, here is a picture of a nice kitchen, the things we sell that are included in this picture are below. I would like people to be able to click on the product and be taken to that product's page AND I plan to implement functionality that would allow you to add all of the products directly to the basket.
Caveat: All of my main product pages are of Configurable Products, and I would like to "Feature" certain Simple Products on the above pages, eg: this is a picture of a kitchen, we are using a blue lamp. This links directly to the "Lamp" page, but if you add this to basket, you'll get a blue lamp.
I have created the pages as Magento CMS pages and had created a specific inactive category of products for each page. This doesn't work because it links directly to the product in the inactive category, and not the actual category, eg: clicking wants to take you to /kitchinA/lampA.html instead of /lamps/lampA.html
What is the best way for me to include multiple groups of "featured" products, on different pages?

A: How about using related products?

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