Venice and Dalmatia were an Italian city-state and an eastern adriatic region very much related from the Middle Ages until the 19th century.
Venice influenced Dalmatia commercially since the times of Charlemagne. But only at the end of the first millennium the Republic of Venice started to conquest Dalmatia.
Indeed, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Illyrian towns on the dalmatian coast continued to speak Latin and their language evolved relatively independent from other Romance languages, progressing toward a regional variant and finally to a distinct language called Dalmatian language.
The earliest reference on the language dates from the 10th century and it is estimated that about 50,000 people spoke it at that time (according to the linguist Matteo Bartoli).
The Dalmatian language is an extinct Romance language that was spoken along the eastern Adriatic in the Dalmatian coast from Fiume (Rijeka) as far south as Kotor (Cattaro) in Montenegro.
Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red.
Almost every city developed its own dialect, but the most important dialects we have information on are the Vegliot a northern dialect, spoken on the island of Krk (Veglia in Italian, Vikla in Dalmatian) and the Ragusan', a southern dialect, spoken at Dubrovnik (Ragusa in both Italian and Dalmatian).
The dialect of Zara disappeared because of the strong Venetian influence while the two other dialects due even to the assimilation by Slavic language speakers.
We know about the dalmatian dialect of Ragusa from two letters, from 1325 and 1397, and other medieval texts, which show a language influenced heavily by Venetian. The available sources include hardly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include pen (bread), teta (father), chesa (house) and fachir (to do), which were quoted by an Italian, Fillipo Diversi, the head of school of Ragusa in the 1430s.
The "Republic of Ragusa" had at one time an important fleet, but its influence decreased. We know that the language was in trouble in the face of Croatian expansion, as the Ragusan Senate decided that all debates had to be held in lingua veteri ragusea (ancient Ragusan language) and the use of the lingua sclava (Croatian) was forbidden. Nevertheless, in the 16th century, Ragusan fell out of use and became extinct.
The oldest preserved documents written in Dalmatian are some 13th century inventories, in the Ragusan dialect. A letter of the 14th century from Zara (Zadar) shows strong Venetian influence, which was also the cause of its extinction soon after.
The Christian schism was an important factor in the history of Dalmatia. While the Croatian-held branch of the Catholic Church in Nin was under Pope's jurisdiction, they still used the Slavic liturgy. Both the Latin population of the cities and the Holy See preferred the Latin liturgy, which created tensions between different dioceses.
The great schism between Eastern and Western Christianity of 1054 further intensified the rift between the coastal cities and the hinterland, with many of the Slavs in the hinterland preferring the Eastern Orthodoxy. Areas of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina also had an indigenous "Bosnian Church" which was often mistaken for "Bogomils".
The Latin influence in Dalmatia was increased and the Byzantine practices were further suppressed on the general synods of 1059-1060, 1066, 1075-1076 and on other local synods, notably by demoting the bishopric of Nin, installing the archbishoprics of Spalatum (Split) and Dioclea (Montenegro), and explicitly forbidding use of any liturgy other than Greek or Latin.
Dalmatia never attained a political or racial unity and never formed as a "nation", but it achieved a remarkable development of art, science and literature. Politically, the neolatin Dalmatian city-states were often isolated and compelled to either fall back on the Venetian Republic for support, or tried to make it on their own.
The geographical position of the Dalmatian city states suffices to explain the relatively small influence exercised by Byzantine culture throughout the six centuries (535-1102) during which Dalmatia was part of the Eastern empire. Towards the close of this period Byzantine rule tended more and more to become merely nominal, while the influence of the Republic of Venice increased.
The medieval Dalmatia had still included much of the hinterland covered by the old Roman province of Dalmatia. However, the toponym of "Dalmatia" started to shift more towards including only the coastal, Adriatic areas, rather than the mountains inland. By the 15th century, the word "Herzegovina" would be introduced, marking the shrink of the borders of Dalmatia to the narrow littoral area where was spoken the Dalmatian language (that was being assimilated into the venetian language).
In the thirteenth century the Republic of Venice took definitive control of the Montenegro coast and created the Albania Veneta.
As the city states gradually lost all protection by Byzantium, being unable to unite in a defensive league hindered by their internal dissensions, they had to turn to either Venice or Hungary for support. Each of the two political factions had support within the Dalmatian city states, based mostly on economic reasons.
The Venetians, to whom the Dalmatians were already bound by language and culture, could afford to concede liberal terms as its main goal was to prevent the development of any dangerous political or commercial competitor on the eastern Adriatic. The seafaring community in Dalmatia looked to Venice as mistress of the Adriatic. In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind. Arbe (Rab), for example, annually paid ten pounds of silk or five pounds of gold to Venice.
Hungary, on the other hand, defeated the last Croat king in 1097 and laid claim on all lands of the Croatian noblemen since the treaty of 1102. King Coloman of Hungary proceeded to conquer Dalmatia in 1102-1105. The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior favoured Hungary as their most powerful neighbour on land that affirmed their municipal privileges. Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their Roman law remained valid. They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could live in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property. In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality.
These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed. Hungarian garrisons were being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, the appointment of bishops, or the tenure of communal domains. Consequently, the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred. Even in Zara four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zadar was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy.
The once rival Romanic and Slavic population eventually started contributing to a common civilization, and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) was the primary example of this. By the 13th century, the councilmen from ragusan names were mixed, and in the 15th century the ragusan literature was even written in the Slavic language (from which Croatian language is directly descended), and the city was often called by its Slavic name, Dubrovnik. Only in 1918 Ragusa was called officially "Dubrovnik", with the creation of Yugoslavia.
The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the "Bogomil heresy", and by many outside influences.
The cities of Zara (Zadar), Spalato (Split), Trau (Trogir) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and the surrounding territories each changed hands several times between Venice, Hungary and the Byzantium during the 12th century.
In 1202, the armies of the Fourth Crusade rendered assistance to Venice by occupying Zadar for it. In 1204 the same army conquered Byzantium and finally eliminated the Eastern Empire from the list of contenders on Dalmatian territory.
The early 13th century was marked by a decline in external hostilities. The Dalmatian cities started accepting foreign sovereignty (mainly of the Republic of Venice) but eventually they reverted to their previous desire for independence. The Mongol invasion severely impaired Hungary, so much that in 1241, the king Bela IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia (in the Klis fortress). The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew.
The Croats were no longer regarded by the city folk as a hostile people, in fact the power of certain Croatian magnates, notably the counts Šubić of Bribir, was from time to time supreme in the northern districts (in the period between 1295 and 1328).
In 1346, Dalmatia was struck by the Black Death. The economic situation was also poor, and the cities became more and more dependent on Venice.
Stephen Tvrtko, the founder of the "Bosnian kingdom", was able in 1389 to annex the Adriatic littoral between Cattaro and Sebenico (Šibenik), and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Fiume (Rijeka) except for the Venetian-ruled Zara (Zadar), and his own independent ally, Ragusa (Dubrovnik). This was only temporary, as the Hungarians and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia as soon as Tvrtko died in 1391.
An internal struggle of Hungary, between King Sigismund and the Neapolitan house of Anjou, also reflected on Dalmatia: in the early 15th century, all Dalmatian cities welcomed the Neapolitan fleet except for Dubrovnik (Ragusa). The Bosnian duke Hrvoje controlled Dalmatia for the Angevins, but later switched loyalty to Sigismund.
Over the period of twenty years, this struggle weakened the Hungarian influence. In 1409, Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights over Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 "Ducats". Venice gradually took over most of Dalmatia by 1420. In 1437, Sigismund recognized Venetian rule over Dalmatia in return for 100,000 Ducats. The city of Omiš yielded to Venice in 1444, and only Ragusa (Dubrovnik) preserved temporarily its freedom.
The rule of Venice on most of Dalmatia will last nearly four centuries (1420 - 1797).
During the Venetian rule in Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797 the number of Orthodox Serbs in Dalmatia was increased by numerous migrations.
An interval of peace ensued, but meanwhile the Ottoman advance continued.
Hungary was itself assailed by the Turks, and could no longer afford to try to control Dalmatia. Christian kingdoms and regions in the east fell one by one, Constantinople in 1453, Serbia in 1459, neighbouring Bosnia in 1463, and Herzegovina in 1483. Thus the Venetian and Ottoman frontiers met and border wars were incessant.
Dubrovnik sought safety in friendship with the invaders, and in one particular instance, actually sold two small strips of its territory (Neum and Sutorina) to the Ottomans in order to prevent land access from the Venetian territory.
In 1508 the hostile "League of Cambrai" compelled Venice to withdraw its garrison for home service, and after the overthrow of Hungary in 1526 the Turks were able easily to conquer the greater part of Dalmatia by 1537. The peace of 1540 left only the maritime cities to Venice, the interior forming a Turkish province, governed from the fortress of Klis by a "Sanjakbeg" (an administrator with military powers).
Christian Croats from the neighbouring lands now thronged to the towns, outnumbering the Romanic population even more, and making their language the primary one. The pirate community of the "Uskoks" had originally been a band of these fugitives, especially near Segna (Senj); its exploits contributed to a renewal of war between Venice and Turkey (1571-1573). An extremely curious picture of contemporary manners is presented by the Venetian agents, whose reports on this war resemble some knightly chronicle of the Middle Ages, full of single combats, tournaments and other chivalrous adventures. They also show clearly that the Dalmatian levies far surpassed the Italian mercenaries in skill and courage. Many of these troops served abroad; at the Battle of Lepanto, for example, in 1571, a Dalmatian squadron assisted the allied fleets of Spain, Venice, Austria and the Papal States to crush the Turkish navy.
The continental bits of Dalmatia were under Ottoman rule, parts of the Viyalet of Bosnia or the Klis Sanjak. The desolated areas of the Knin Frontier and Bukovica were inhabited by Orthodox Serbs from Bosnia, while the Albania veneta received constant Serb migrations from Herzegovina and Montenegro. The Serbs formed one quarter of Dalmatia's population in the 16th century. They had absolute majority in the Knin Frontier, Bukovica and the Cattaro area. The Ottomans have resettled this populace to create a living defence towards the territories of the Venetian Republic. A great portion of this population fled to Venetian land and gladly fought against the Ottomans. The number of Serbs in Venetian Dalmatia rapidly increased during the War of Crete in 1645 - 1669 and the Great Viennese War in 1683 - 1699, after which the "Peace of Karlowitz" gave the whole of Dalmatia and coastal Montenegro (from Sutorina to Cattaro) to the Venetian Republic. After the Venetian-Turkish war of 1714-1718, Venetian territorial gains were confirmed by the 1718 "Treaty of Passarowitz". The number of Dalmatian Serbs remained between 20% and 25% by the end of Venetian rule, while the venetian speaking population in the Dalmatian cities and islands increased with colonists from north-east Italy.
The Serbian peasant population of infertile Upper Dalmatia was freed of "Feudal bonds", according that they fight wars for the Venetian Republic. The Serbs living in urban area of cities in Dalmatia were much wealthier. The Serbs in Dalmatia with Boka have had strong national and religious determination through numerous old monasteries as beacons of culture and faith. Such were the early 14th century Krupa, Krka and Dragović monasteries in the Knin Frontier and Bukovica. The Serbs in the area of Cattaro (Kotor) had much more cultural advancement due to the nearby Cetinje capital area, and the Venetians had to fall back from influencing the religious life of people there.
Dalmatia was the largest Europe's concentration of Roman Catholic Bishops, Priesthood, Churches, Monasteries and religious institutions. The Catholic Bishops controlled the Orthodox Episcopy in Dalmatia by naming the Eastern Othodox Christian Episcopes themselves.
Dalmatia experienced a period of intense economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, given how trade routes with the hinterland were reestablished in peace. Christians that noticeably migrated from the Ottoman-held territory into the Dalmatian cities converted from Orthodoxy to Catholicism.
Because the Venetians were able to reclaim some of the inland territories in the north during the Turkish wars, the region of Dalmatia was no longer restricted to the coastline and the islands. However, the Venetian influence wasn't as strong in the former southern Dalmatia, meaning that the toponym did not extend inland into areas of Herzegovina or Montenegro.
This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Venetian republic in 1797.
Napoleon united for the last time Dalmatia and Venice in his Kingdom of Italy in 1805. After his fall Venice followed the history of Italy with the Risorgimento, while Dalmatia was aggregated to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Narodni Trg (Pjaca) in Spalato/Split. Pjaca means square in old Venetian (piaza in old Italian).
The Venetian-looking view of Lussinpiccolo/Losinj, a city of northern Dalmatia that belonged to Italy until 1947.
Chambers, D.S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580. London: Thames & Hudson.
Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797. (2002) Johns Hopkins UP.
Manfredo Tafuri. Venice and the Renaissance (1995) architecture review.
Gasparo Contarini (1599). The Commonwealth and Government of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes."


As an Executive Search Director, Jeff is responsible for delivering customized, innovative and consultative search solutions for senior strategic and niche talent on a global level across diverse market sectors. His focus includes cultivating and managing client relationships, leading internal research teams and guiding strategic and operational initiatives within the business unit.
Background: Jeff graduated from the State University of New York at Cortland with a Bachelor's in Health Science. Jeff has over 20 years search experience across retained, contingency, and consulting models. Drawing upon his diverse and unique skill set within the recruiting industry, he has successfully completed hundreds of knowledge expert technology assignments in addition to balancing senior leadership, sales, marketing, finance and operational projects within pharmaceutical/life sciences, healthcare, architecture & engineering design, alternative & renewable energy, electro-optical, semiconductor, software, medical device and other industrial engineering manufacturing environments.
Community Involvement: Jeff's community experience ranges from President, Coach (USSF National License) and Board Member of Albany Soccer Club to serving on Mater Christi School Board and participating in Leadership Tech Valley (Class of 2008) that continues to touch a variety of non-profit organizations across Upstate New York.
Fun Fact: Jeff was a college radio DJ, call-sign "Dollarman" on 90.5 WSUC Cortland, NY!


text:
Elanco Animal Health Inc (ELAN.N)
ELAN.N on New York Stock Exchange
1:30am IST
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Tue, Jul 9 2019
Exclusive: Germany's Bayer seeks animal health merger with Elanco - sources
FRANKFURT/LONDON Bayer has approached U.S. drug firm Elanco Animal Health to discuss a possible combination of their pet-health businesses to create an industry giant, three sources familiar with the matter told Reuters.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
namespace fractal
{
	namespace fscene
	{
		class LightComponent : public Component
		{
		public:
			DirectX::XMFLOAT4 m_ambientColor;
			DirectX::XMFLOAT4 m_diffuseColor;

		public:

			LightComponent (const FString& name, float r, float g, float b, float a);
			~LightComponent ();

			bool Init () override;
			void Update () override;
			void Draw () const override;
			bool Shutdown () override;
		};
	}
}

#endif // !_LIGHTCOMPONENT_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Waddycephalus is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Ichthyostraca.

Soorten
 Waddycephalus calligaster Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus komodoensis Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus longicauda Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus porphyriacus Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus punctulatus Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus radiata Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus scutata Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus superbus Riley & Self, 1981
 Waddycephalus teretiusculus (Baird, 1862)
 Waddycephalus vitiensis Heymons, 1932

Porocephalida

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Kobe Bryant, daughter among 9 dead in helicopter crash
Basketball legend Kobe Bryant has died after a helicopter crash in Calabasas killed all nine people on board, a representative from the Lakers confirmed to Eyewitness News.
CALABASAS, Calif. -- Basketball legend Kobe Bryant and his daughter have died after a helicopter crash near Los Angeles killed all nine people on board, multiple sources told ABC News and ESPN.
Officials said a Sikorsky S-76 crashed on a hillside in the town of Calabasas around 9:45 a.m. Sunday.
Sources told ESPN the retired NBA star and his 13-year-old daughter Gianna were among the victims in the Sunday morning crash. They were on their way to a travel basketball game, a source with the Los Angeles Lakers told KABC-TV.
The Los Angeles Sheriff said nine people were on board, including the pilot, but would not release the identities of the victims. Initial reports indicated that five people were on board and killed in the crash.
Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna Bryant attend a basketball game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Atlanta Hawks at Staples Center on November 17, 2019 in Los Angeles.
Orange Coast College head baseball coach John Altobelli also died in the crash, the college confirmed in a statement. Altobelli's brother, Tony, said the 56-year-old died along with his wife, Keri, and daughter, Alyssa, who was about 13 and played on the same basketball team as Gianna.
Another person killed in the crash was identified by friends and family as Christina Mauser, an assistant basketball coach at Harbor Day School in Orange County.
Her husband Matthew Mauser, the head basketball coach at the school, posted on Facebook: "My kids and I are devastated. We lost our beautiful wife and mom today in a helicopter crash. Please respect our privacy. Thank you for all the well wishes they mean so much."
The circumstances surrounding the crash are unknown, and an investigation is ongoing.
The LAPD was not flying choppers on Sunday morning, the morning of the Kobe Bryant crash. ABC News confirmed that the weather did not meet LAPD's standards for flying.
The 41-year-old Bryant spent his entire professional basketball career with the Lakers and won five championships. Bryant was drafted to the NBA directly out of Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Penn., a suburb of Philadelphia. He was the 13th choice in the first round of the 1996 NBA Draft.
Bryant, known as the Black Mamba, averaged 25 points per game in his career and was the fourth-highest scorer in NBA history, with 33,643 points, recently removed from third by LeBron James.
Bryant retired in 2016, finishing two decades with the Lakers as a prolific scorer with a sublime all-around game and a relentless competitive ethic.
He had one of the greatest careers in recent NBA history and became one of the game's most popular players as the face of the 16-time NBA champion Lakers franchise. He was the league MVP in 2008 and a two-time NBA scoring champion, he earned 12 selections to the NBA's All-Defensive teams and earned two Olympic gold medals. In December 2017, the Lakers retired the two jerseys that Bryant wore during his time with the team: numbers 8 and 24.
Messages of condolence and tributes to one of basketball's all-time greats have been pouring in.
"Words can't describe the pain I'm feeling," Michael Jordan said in a statement. "I loved Kobe - he was like a little brother to me. We used to talk often, and I will miss those conversations very much. He was a fierce competitor, one of the greats of the game and a creative force. Kobe was also an amazing dad who loved his family deeply - and took great pride in his daughter's love for the game of basketball."
NBA Commissioner Adam Silver said in part: "But he will be remembered most for inspiring people around the world to pick up a basketball and compete to the very best of their ability. He was generous with the wisdom he acquired and saw it as his mission to share it with future generations of players, taking special delight in passing down his love of the game to Gianna."
Shaquille O'Neal tweeted: "There's no words to express the pain Im going through with this tragedy of loosing my neice Gigi & my brother @kobebryant. I love u and u will be missed. My condolences goes out to the Bryant family and the families of the other passengers on board. IM SICK RIGHT NOW."
Bryant has four children, all girls.
In this June 17, 2009 photo Kobe Bryant smiles as he and his daughter Gianna Maria-Onore walk up the steps after the victory parade celebrating the Lakers' NBA championship in LA.
AP Photo/Jae C. Hong
Off the court, Bryant won an Oscar award in 2018 for "Dear Basketball" an animated short film based off a letter that he wrote that was published in The Players' Tribune.
Colin Storm was in his living room in Calabasas when he heard what sounded to him like a low-flying airplane or helicopter.
"It was very foggy so we couldn't see anything," he said. "But then we heard some sputtering, and then a boom."
The fog then cleared a bit, and Storm could see smoke rising from the hillside in front of his home.
Juan Bonilla of Calabasas said he was working on his roof Sunday morning when he heard a helicopter flying low nearby. He said he thought it was a sheriff's helicopter on a training mission. He heard nothing amiss with the engine or rotors and said he did not see any mechanical issue with the chopper. It was foggy Sunday morning, but he said visibility didn't seem to be low at the time of the crash.
Firefighters hiked in with medical equipment and hoses, and medical personnel rappelled to the site from a helicopter, but found no survivors, Los Angeles County Fire Chief Daryl Osby said.
Firefighters worked to douse flames that spread through about a quarter acre (.10 hectares) of dry brush, Osby said.
Federal Aviation Administration spokesman Allen Kenitzer said the downed chopper was a Sikorsky S-76.
The National Transportation Safety Board sent a "go team" of investigators to the site. The NTSB typically issues a preliminary report within about 10 days that will give a rough summary of what investigators have learned. A ruling on the cause can take a year or more.
"They will look at man, machine and environment," said Gary C. Robb, an aviation attorney in Kansas City who wrote a textbook on helicopter-crash litigation.
LOS ANGELES KOBE BRYANT HELICOPTER CRASH CELEBRITY DEATHS U.S. & WORLD
Remembering Kobe Bryant 3 years after deadly helicopter crash
Kobe Bryant Lakers jersey expected to sell for up to $7M at auction
Kobe Bryant's widow awarded $16M in trial over crash photos
Fmr. fire captain questioned over Kobe photos walks off witness stand
Time-lapse video shows runway repair at RDU
Rain moves in Tuesday, lasts through Thursday


To provide guidelines on the use of controlled-release chemotherapeutic agents by dental hygienists.
The aim of incorporating locally delivered antimicrobial agents is to control gingivitis and periodontitis by decreasing the bacterial load and pathogenic potential. The use of dentifrices, mouth rinses and irrigation for the treatment of periodontitis is impaired by the inability of these delivery systems to reach the base of periodontal pockets and/or maintain agents for sufficient duration at requisite concentrations, which is why locally delivered agents were introduced. Chemotherapeutics alone are unlikely to be effective in the presence of subgingival calculus, underscoring the importance of subgingival mechanical debridement.
The only clinically efficacious means of administering antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal disease are by systemic administration and controlled release devices. The local delivery of controlled release antimicrobials provides a means of professionally administering chemotherapeutic agents directly into the periodontal pocket in order to provide slow release of the drug. With the direct placement of the drug in the periodontal pocket, the chance of drug resistance is decreased. The goal of chemotherapy is to alter the periodontal flora or inhibit the host response in such a way that the periodontal status improves. Doxycycline hyclate gel (Atridox®), Minocycline HCl microspheres (Arestin®), and Chlorhexidine gluconate chip (PerioChip®) are examples of such devices.
Results of present studies suggest that most local delivery systems used in conjunction with subgingival debridement appear to be capable of reducing probing depths and achieving modest gains in clinical attachment.
The delivery of subgingival, controlled-release chemotherapeutic delivery systems is within the dental hygiene scope of practice, provided that appropriate education is obtained, along with consideration for case selection and precautions and contraindications related to the product being used. For all products, the manufacturer's directions need to be followed.
The prescription of a chemotherapeutic agent is not within the dental hygiene scope of practice. Documentation of the prescription from the client's dentist must be included in the client's chart.
The dental hygienist's decision to use locally delivered antimicrobials should be based upon consideration of the client's medical and dental history, clinical assessment findings, scientific evidence, and client preferences.
Darby LM, Walsh MM. Dental Hygiene Theory And Practice. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2010.
Matesanz-Pérez P, García-Gargallo M, Figuero E, Bascones-Martínez A, Sanz M, Herrera D. A Systematic Review On The Effects Of Local Antimicrobials As Adjuncts To Subgingival Debridement, Compared With Subgingival Debridement Alone, In The Treatment Of Chronic Periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40(3):227-241.
Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, & Carranza FA. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. 11th ed. St, Louis: Elsevier; 2012.


text:
Frey jumps into the fray as GOP legislators make issue of crime in Minneapolis, St. Paul
Running against big cities has long been part of GOP election campaigns. It is especially potent when there are no Republicans elected from those cities, as in the case in Minnesota.
What does crime in the Twin Cities have to do with bike lanes and plastic straws?
Either a lot or not much at all, depending on whether you're the leader of Republicans in the Minnesota House — or the mayor of the state's largest city.
House Minority Leader Kurt Daudt
Monday, a group of House Republicans gathered to announce a batch of bills they said would address growing crime in Minneapolis and St. Paul. "Minnesotans are worried about the increase in crime, and, unfortunately, there's been a reluctance by our city leaders to take meaningful steps to address it," said House Minority Leader Kurt Daudt, R-Crown.
"This is not just an issue for residents of Minneapolis and St. Paul," Daudt continued. "We all represent constituents who travel to the cities to visit family and friends, who work, who go to sporting events, who go to concerts. And they all worry about their safety."
While it isn't uncommon for one group to follow another to the podium at the state Capitol after such events, the latter usually wait for the former to finish talking.
Not this time. Almost before Daudt could complete his opening statement, Daudt was interrupted — by someone sitting among Capitol reporters.
"Not true," said Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey of Daudt's claim that both city mayors had rebuffed requests by their police chiefs to add officers to their forces.
Tying LGA to 'adequate' law enforcement
Joining the GOP House members at the Monday news conference was someone who has feuded with Frey in the past, someone who is a frequent political target of left-leaning residents of the city Frey leads: Minneapolis Police Officer Federation President Bob Kroll.
This time, Kroll was not part of the fireworks. Kroll, who made a prominent appearance at President Donald's Trump Minneapolis campaign rally last year, made only brief and rather tame remarks, calling for bipartisan responses to crime.
"There's a reason that the police chiefs of both Minneapolis and St. Paul have asked for additional resources and additional officers," he said. "Increasing crime means officers spend more time responding to 911 calls and less time developing positive interactions with the communities that they serve."
Minneapolis Police Officer Federation President Bob Kroll made only brief remarks, calling for bipartisan responses to crime.
"Public safety should be a bipartisan issue here at the Capitol," said Kroll, who is a lieutenant in the MPD. Among other things, the House GOP bills, which have yet to be introduced, would:
boost criminal penalties for gang members who use firearms in commission of a crime;
increase funding for the state Bureau of Criminal Apprehension to combat gang violence and drug trafficking;
require cities with regional sports and entertainment facilities to have adequate law enforcement near those venues or risk losing local government aid;
increase the number of sworn officers for Metro Transit police, increase enforcement of fare evasion, and install interactive cameras on light rail platforms.
Addressing the proposal to tie Local Government Aid to the presence of law enforcement at sports and entertainment facilities, Rep. Lisa Demuth, R-Cold Spring, said: "Minnesota taxpayers should be able to attend the facilities they have helped build and pay for without fearing for our safety."
Demuth added that her family attends day games at Target Field, "partially out of concerns with being downtown late into the evening."
A 2020 election issue
Republicans are in the minority in the House, and the proposals are unlikely to get much traction there. But GOP lawmakers control the state Senate, where "violence prevention" is one of the planks of their 2020 agenda.
On Monday, Senate Majority Leader Paul Gazelka, R-Nisswa, said that agenda includes boosting pay for state troopers, and also stiffening penalties for what are called straw purchases of firearms — when someone who is not prohibited from buying a gun transfers a firearm to someone with a felony conviction.
But Gazelka said his caucus will also use its "bully pulpit" to ask the question about police staffing in the two biggest cities in the state. "Their police chief said, 'We need more police,' so what are you doing about it," Gazelka said.
He also didn't rule out legislation related to how Local Government Aid money is spent. "LGA began as a resource for police and fire but it's become much broader than that," he said. "We don't want them to miss the core function of it."
Running against big cities has long been a chapter in the Republican campaign playbook. It is especially potent when there are no Republicans elected from those cities, as in the case in Minnesota.
On Monday, Daudt objected to the suggestion that there were partisan political implications of the GOP proposals. "We have been talking about this issue for some time," he said. "We passed some of these bills in the past. I don't think that people's safety when they visit Minneapolis and St. Paul is a partisan issue. We think everyone has a right to feel safe in these cities whether you live here, work here, visit here. You have a right to be safe."
State Rep. Matt Grossell offered a bill that would prohibit cities from disarming police officers who are in good standing.
There were, however, messages that served to portray Minneapolis as out of touch with the rest of the state. Daudt even cited bike lanes and plastic straw bans as examples. "When people want to talk about plastic straws and plastic bags and closing down lanes of traffic to put in more bike paths, those things are all great when your streets are perfect and your streets are safe and when your kids are educated," Daudt said.
When he was asked whether bike lanes come from the same pool of money as police, Daudt said: "Nope. But it will make a good sound bite on the news tonight."
Frey: 'an attempt to divide urban and rural voters'
As soon as the GOP news conference ended, Frey went to the podium and directed TV videographers to stay put; he had something to say. "It was stated just a moment ago by Rep. Daudt that he was just trying for a sound bite on the media, and that is exactly the case," Frey said. "They were right about one thing: Safety is not a partisan issue. The sad state of politics right now, especially with the Republican Legislature, is they are trying to make it into one."
Frey noted that the GOP did not reach out to him or St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter or other cities represented by the League of Minnesota Cities in creating their proposals. "This speaks to a lack of collaboration in government, this speaks to the lack of transparency in the facts, and this speaks to an attempt to divide urban and rural voters against each other," he said.
The first-term mayor also said Daudt was wrong in saying that there was no money for additional police in Minneapolis' 2020 budget. And in regard to concerns raised by the professional sports franchises about safety around stadiums, Frey said the city is working with the Vikings, Twins and Timberwolves to address their concerns.
Frey also said that how cities spend money should be decided by city elected officials, not state lawmakers. "This is called Local Government Aid," he said. "This is not called state dictated aid."
Frey has taken political heat from both his left and his right on the issue of policing. During his 2017 campaign, he called for hiring more beat cops and was criticized by other candidates for doing so.
And while his 2020 budget request did include some additional officers, it did not come close to the staffing suggestion by his chief, Medaria Arradondo, who sought to increase the force from 880 commissioned officers to 1,000 or more. Even so, during his most recent budget presentation, Frey was heckled by activists who want less police presence in Minneapolis, not more.
The city budget does include a third recruit class for new cops, up from two. But many of those will replace retiring police officers rather than grow the force. While some might help to add to the force, it won't surpass the approved level of 880 officers.
Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey: "This speaks to a lack of collaboration in government, this speaks to the lack of transparency in the facts, and this speaks to an attempt to divide urban and rural voters against each other."
In St. Paul, requests by Police Chief Todd Axtell for more officers, as well as the installation of Shotspotter, a system to locate and detect gunfire, were rebuffed by Carter. In a statement released Monday afternoon, Carter said "the future we deserve can neither be built on failed strategies from the '80s nor on cheap and misleading political games."
Carter said the city's overall crime rates are at a 25-year low, but added, "Clearly we have more work to do; particularly in light of a heartbreaking series of gun-related homicides last fall.
"To meet these challenges, we have increased our number of police officers to its highest point in city history while investing in proven community-based interventions that connect residents to stability," Carter said. "I stand ready to work with any legislator earnestly interested in improving public safety outcomes and look forward to discussing common-sense legislation, like universal background checks, that will help stop the flow of illegal guns into our communities before a crime is ever committed."
Frey ended his impromptu press conference by responding to a bill offered by Rep. Matt Grossell, R-Clearbrook, that would prohibit cities from disarming police officers who are in good standing. That bill, House File 698, was drafted in response to a comment that Rep. Raymond Dehn made to a questionnaire during his run for Minneapolis mayor in 2017. While Dehn later tried to clarify his comment, the two-words that stuck were "disarm officers," and there have also been student campaigns to disarm officers at the University of Minnesota.
"I have never advocated for that. That's just silly," Frey said.
As he was leaving the conference, though, Frey ran into Grossell, a retired police officer, in the hallway. Video captured by KARE 11 reporter John Croman showed a walking debate between the two.
"The people deserve to hear the truth, so next time do that for me," Frey said, patting Grossell on the shoulder.
"Don't touch me," Grossell said as Frey walked away.
Grossell then circled back. "Stop lying to your community and stop putting your community in danger," he told Frey. "Stop tying the hands of your law enforcement. Talk to your officers on the ground."
Rep. Matt Grossell and Mpls Mayor Jacob Frey continue conversation at Capitol. Frey tells Grossell Republicans need to stick to facts; Grossell tells Frey to stop lying pic.twitter.com/BHvklJr2sV
— John Croman (@JohnCroman) February 17, 2020
Peter Callaghan
Peter Callaghan covers state government for MinnPost. Follow him on Twitter or email him at pcallaghan(at)minnpost(dot)com.
Talking police reform, Minneapolis mayoral candidate Dehn looks to move beyond two words: 'disarm officers'
Met Council chief vows to improve safety on Twin Cities buses, light rail
More State Government articles


The ACT's population grew by 8,900 in 2017-18 on the back of the second fastest growth rate in the nation.
All Australian cities have dropped down the list of the world's most expensive cities, while there's a three-way tie at the top.
There is no science behind the notion that two successive quarters of "negative growth" equal a God-given licence to use the r-word.
Is it a concern with practicalities or something much deeper and darker that drives our fear of asylum seekers?


Over the past couple of years, ransomware stole headlines as the biggest malware threat to worry about. Consumers and businesses alike were being hit and forced to shell out money to retrieve their files. But the cybers never stand still, and neither does malware. Nowadays ransomware is being eclipsed by new trends. Why is that, and what's taking its place? F-Secure labs researchers Paivi Tynninen and Jarkko Turkulainen stopped by the Cyber Sauna for Episode 10 to talk about cryptojacking and the current world of cybercrime.
Janne: Welcome to the show, guys.
So ransomware is in decline. How much of a decline, and why is that? Did people stop paying ransomware?
Paivi: So basically all malware is created because they are after gaining monetary revenue. The surprising trend that we observed last year that the ransomware was suddenly declining, especially as the market value was estimated to be millions of dollars in 2016, so it was pretty surprising. But the decline partially can be explained by people not paying anymore, as there have been these public projects of not paying the ransom, and Europol's joint effort on No More Ransomware project, where they offer these free decryption tools for some ransomware infections, and also the knowledge sharing about ransomware infections has attributed quite a lot, to that people don't necessarily feel victimized when they get attacked by ransomware.
So they just ignore the infection?
Paivi: Yeah, and they have these other measures that they can recover from, for example, they probably have backups, or they realize that okay, ransomware is a potent threat. So they already have these premeasures to counteract the ransomware.
We've had these three major outbreaks in the last year that probably have attributed also to the overall knowledge that ransomware is a threat, but also that paying up for the ransom, you don't necessarily get your files back. For example in the first strain, WannaCry, it was only wiping your disk and it was encrypting your files in such a manner that they weren't decryptable. So even though people were paying up, none of them got their files back. So that has probably ruined the reputation of ransomware. As we had this study in 2016 where we studied the customer service that the ransomware providers were giving. And they were really interested in providing good service to their users, and that means that if the user or the customer victim wants to pay the ransom and get their files back, that is possible, so they wanted to provide really good service for that.
Yeah, I mean presumably they were trying to avoid exactly what happened here, that when people don't get their files back the incentive to pay up has vanished.
Paivi: Yes, exactly. So in a way those three major outbreaks have served the ransomware business quite a lot of harm.
So does that mean we don't have to worry about ransomware anymore?
Paivi: Absolutely not. Ransomware is still a very potent threat. The measures users have learned in the past couple years should still be exercised.
What are the current techniques in spreading ransomware? Is it still spam and macros?
Paivi: Yeah, that's still quite popular but the currently most prevalent infection vector is brute forcing the target system for example via RDP ports, and executing the ransomware there manually. So the user doesn't have to do any interactions, and this approach is actually more efficient, as it selects only like these high profile targets such as businesses that have these RDP protocols enabled in their systems. And therefore it increases the possibility to get a bigger ransom, with higher probability to be paid, as the company probably needs their intellectual property back.
How does that work? Are you talking about specific vulnerabilities in remote desktop protocol, or…?
Paivi: Only weak credentials and public ports. So they are not like in these contained network segments, but the RDP ports are available in public internet.
Okay, and that's not something we'd recommend.
In a recent presentation, Paivi, you mentioned that the bait in phishing email is always changing even though the infection vectors have stayed the same. Can you explain about that a little?
Paivi: Yeah, the spam emails have changed a bit. Even though the infection vector, document macros, have stayed the same, but the attackers are adding additional layers to avoid automatic analysis and researchers trying to intercept their potentially good infections and creating detections for those. For example the attackers don't necessarily use email attachments anymore, but they are using these links that are these crazy redirect loops that they are redirecting you from page to page, and after a couple to maybe seven different page redirections you get the final payload, which is only the downloader document with macros. And also another additional security measure layer that the attackers use, if they use an attachment in an email, they are going to secure it with a password that is attached to the original email. So if you submit this kind of example to an automatic analysis box, the attachment doesn't execute because it's only prompting for the password that is not available without the original spam email.
What's the point of redirecting you that many times?
Paivi: If you have that many redirection loops, you can always kill one website from that chain, so you wouldn't know what the next step was. So if I'm going to follow this kind of infection strain like couple hours after the campaign is over, I'm not going to be able to deduct from the information I have what was the final payload and what was the executable that was served. So we are not able to create detections for something that we haven't found.
So it's a chain that leads to the attackers but they're able to cut it at any point.
So what are the new trends that are taking ransomware's place as the number one malware threat these days?
Jarkko: Cryptomining obviously is a new trend, and also I think click fraud is getting bigger, especially on mobile. Maybe phishing kits can be something in the future, a growing trend. We actually see nowadays very complex phishing kits that can replicate convincingly big web stores like Wal-Mart. But definitely cryptojacking is – and cryptomining in general – is absolutely the biggest trend.
So what are cryptomining and cryptojacking?
Jarkko: Well the cryptomining in general is this process in which the cryptocurrency is being generated. And at the same time it runs the whole network of the currency. Cryptojacking is a special technique of that, in that the browser is used to mine cryptocurrency.
Okay, so the attackers are using my computer to mine their cryptocurrencies.
Jarkko: Yes, basically that's the idea. They take over your resources. And instead of offering you for example a trojan or ransomware, they use your machine, your CPU cycles, your electricity, and transfer that to money.
Can you make money that way?
Jarkko: Well obviously it's a profitable business for someone.
It's just my understanding of cryptomining is that it takes a huge amount of time and a ton of resources so is the attacker gonna have that long access to my resources?
Jarkko: One of the things that is interesting in this is that they use this cryptocurrency called Monero, or Monero-based cryptocurrencies and the interesting feature of that is that you can actually do pretty efficient mining on regular CPUs. So it's not like a Bitcoin where you need to have the GPU, you can mine Monero quite nicely with the curren – like laptop or even mobile phone or browser. So imagine if you have a website and 10,000 visitors and they all get this thing. It's going to generate some revenue.
Right. So each individual is not doing a lot of the work but put together it's a big deal.
Jarkko: Yeah, and then of course on the regular PC you might run that 24/7 basically. And if you have a decent botnet running those things it can actually generate.
Wouldn't I notice that on my PC, that something like that is happening?
Jarkko: I don't think so, no.
So it's not going to slow my machine down?
Jarkko: No, and they usually use legit tools like XM Rig and you can configure those that they use only for example one core of your machine or two cores. You don't notice that on a regular PC.
So how long can an attacker stay on a victim's computer running their cryptomining operation?
Jarkko: Basically if the attack is on a regular PC, like a native platform like Windows, then they usually install the miner and it runs forever. As long as the operating system is up and running.
So you might never notice it.
Jarkko: No, no. Only if the AV or some other way of removing the malware actually stops the execution, then it just runs there.
Is that something that's easy for AV to detect, like malicious cryptomining as opposed to cryptomining that people are doing on purpose?
Jarkko: Not really. Because most of the time they use legit tools, like XM Rig, which is used by normal people for mining and making some extra money.
So even AV might not be able to catch it.
Jarkko: It's not about being able, it's about sometimes we don't want to detect these files because we would get so many complaints. But most AV detects these as potentially unwanted applications. And then if the miner is running on the browser then of course the thing is completely different. It depends on how it is installed.
So how is it different on a browser?
Jarkko: In general it runs only when you are on that page. But in some cases they might install a malicious add-on, for example for Chrome. Then it runs whenever the Chrome is up, which is basically nowadays forever. But Google is and other players as well they are blocking actively these add-ons in their shops.
So when did this cryptojacking thing start and what was the catalyst for it?
Are we also seeing noncriminal instances of cryptomining on people's browsers? I think I've seen ads being replaced by this, like we're not going to show you ads, we're just going to mine cryptocurrency on your browser while you're visiting our website.
Jarkko: I don't remember the names but there were some major sites actually using that and still using.
So is cryptojacking malware being spread the same way as traditional payloads? Are there differences?
Paivi: Quite a lot of the cryptomining malware that are targeting for example Windows platforms and they are distributed as binaries, they are using the same infection vectors as we saw ransomware in the past couple years and that is partially spam. But also there are these social engineering sites that for example you're visiting a trusted legitimate website that has some sort of malicious redirection and it's redirecting you to this pretty shady site that is asking you to install some plugin or browser-boosting software that is making your computer usage even quicker, and that could be a coin miner.
Is that still malicious banner ads, or what's the technique there?
Jarkko: Malvertising basically. Well there's been major cases, using legit deliver platforms, for example DoubleClick. So for example in January someone put some obfuscated CoinHive scripts using DoubleClick and loaded from major sites, including YouTube.
Jarkko: But obviously these are not very long living, but still. They reach quite many people.
Paivi: Yeah, even if they reach only for a short while and for example YouTube probably has millions of visitors in just a couple of minutes, that is big enough an audience for coin mining.
Jarkko: Yeah, and then of course websites, they are hacked manually, like, the normal way.
So instead of defacing the website, somebody just puts this stuff up.
Jarkko: Yeah, and it's a very efficient and clean way to do it, because traditionally when these people take over the servers, they put some iframe to some exploit kit or some other exploitation and that's a very unreliable way to take over a machine. You need to also hack the browser. But in this case you just hack the website, which is much easier, you always find websites to hack, and then you just put this nice iframe there and that's it. No hacking, no browser crashing, nothing like that.
So does this kind of thing primarily affect businesses or consumers or both?
Paivi: I'd say that this affects both consumers and businesses. Consumers are a better audience as they are a lot more of them, but the resources that the normal users provide isn't as good as a business's data centers could provide. And we've seen quite a lot of malware strains that are targeting big business corporations and their services and servers and they are infested with coin miners that are moving laterally from one computer to another and in a matter of just minutes you have compromised the whole network.
Jarkko: Can I add one more injection vector to this, one very interesting actually using obviously wifi hotspots. Someone can just sit on wifi and inject something to customers machines. But also TOR exit nodes and that's very common. I've been monitoring TOR exit nodes for quite a while now and you get this a lot. And they do SSL striping and all that stuff so if you are using TOR, you might be mining coins as well.
If I have a rogue wifi node or I'm running my own malicious TOR exit node, how does that work? I see some unencrypted traffic going through and I- is that where I get in?
Jarkko: Yes, and then you just brutally insert the iframe there. It's a one liner, for CoinHive, basically.
Wow. You mentioned lateral movement that sometimes is needed to spread through an entire organization. Does that happen through like admin tools or malicious means like EternalBlue or something like that?
Paivi: There are quite a lot of different options for lateral movement, but I think the most popular methods for that are these harvesting used credentials inside the network, such as Mimikatz, and these big exploits such as EternalBlue, using these well known vulnerabilities, especially in business environments.
Let's talk a little about cyber crime in general. How do cyber criminals decide what type of attacks or scams to run? Like why would you go for banking trojans instead of ransomware?
Paivi: Well the main thing that is driving especially these crimeware/malware criminals is money. They are going where the most potential money income is. If they see that OK, ransomware is trending and I don't need to put that much effort to create my own ransomware, I have my distribution networks done, then OK, I just push out this ransomware and the money is just flowing in. For banking trojans it's pretty simple. If you have good target banks that you know how to compromise, how do you intercept the bank transfers so that you can transfer a little bit of money to your own account as well. It's simple, they just go where the money flows.
Yeah, when one stream trickles down you just move on to whatever's making more money now.
Tech's always changing and moves pretty quickly – can the latest tech keep us safe from cyber crime?
Jarkko: On the technical side, I'm not really worried at all.
Jarkko: I think we can keep up with those guys. What is really worrying is the kind of blurring of these categories. I mean, is tricking someone with a love letter in Facebook, is that cyber crime? I think it is. But that's clearly something that AV cannot do much about.
By tech you mean that we can detect the latest viruses, malware, like that, but if you can trick a human being you're always going to be successful.
Jarkko: Yes, exactly. There's always going to be this kind of polarity, that on the one side you have this high tech cyber crime with complex technologies and zero days and whatnot, so this is what we traditionally have been working on. But then on the other side, you just simply ask for money. If you ask a million people for money, someone will give you, and you'll get rich. And that's cyber crime still.
Absolutely. Not much you can do about stuff like that. What would be the thing to do to sort of fix the human being part of the problem?
Paivi: Yeah, education is pretty much the only way. We can share the knowledge we have and that way share the good security measures that anyone can do by themselves.
Jarkko: There's actually been quite good progress in this, I think. We've been keep telling people that you have to do your updates, you have to take backups, and you have to do this and that. And people are accepting that now. They are not getting really pissed off when the computer's booting all the time because of updates and all that stuff that is happening, so I think that is paying off. So the security in operating systems is getting actually really good. I mean the browsers and the core operating systems like Windows. It's really good. But it's the human that is clicking and doing all that stuff, that's still what we need to fix.
Let's talk about your work a little bit. What's it like to be a malware analyst? What gives you kicks in the work? Do you feel disappointed when the bad guys can't come up with anything cool? Do you dream of the next Stuxnet?
Jarkko: I'm not after this kind of big media things, like big malware cases of nation state grade stuff, of course that would be nice, but for me it's more like a generic curiosity that has been basically driving me. I actually still remember my first real malware that I reversed. At that time I was working for a major Finnish IT provider for networks and UNIX servers and we actually saw in one of the proxy logs these strange things going on and there were these Windows executables coming into the network and I just had to find out what it was doing so I bought an IDA license personally with my own money, spent some weekends and nights doing reversing and when I actually realized what it was doing, when finally everything starts to click, I guess that's the kind of feeling I'm still looking for. It's a very exciting kind of thing. I get almost obsessive when I actually get into that sort of mood.
What about Paivi? What drives you?
Paivi: I need to agree with Jarkko here, I'm not really waiting for these very big media things just to happen so that we can get fame and be part of something very big that's receiving a lot of interest, public interest. I'm in this line of work because I'm also very curious and for analyzing malware, figuring out what it does and finding out where it came from and what was its purpose and why would the creator of this malware do these decisions and why would they want to target that, and trying to understand their infrastructure behind it, basically understanding the whole picture is really giving me the kick that keeps me in this work.
But if it's the puzzles of it that are keeping you motivated doesn't it get boring when you see the criminals doing the same old thing over and over again and being madly successful at something that should absolutely not work at all?
Jarkko: We also have other things to do. For example, I have another role in this company, I have also been part of R&D for a long time, and so for me it's basically two sides of things. One of the sides is figure out what they do, how they work, how these things operate, but then I have the other angle, like what can we do about it with our technology, and that's basically something that never stops. We can always perfect our tools and technologies. It's not gonna get boring.
Paivi: One of the most fascinating parts of the work is to understand the whole picture that you get the puzzle pieces together, but we also need to think of solutions for fixing that. Whereas Jarkko is in R&D, I'm more on the feed automation and trying to get more visibility in all the threats that are occurring so we have even better coverage. So it's not only one cybercriminal gang that we are tracking, we are tracking everything and our goal is to understand the whole picture and understand the trends. It doesn't matter that we see that okay, these guys are doing the same things and now I'm seeing this guy doing the same thing again. But it's giving us information that okay, this is trending. And this is giving us prioritization for what R&D is supposed to do to give better protection for our customers.
Paivi: Well, I don't get that strong emotions, I'm just shaking my head and wondering where did they figure out this attribution and they don't have strong enough proof in my opinion, usually, to state these arguments.
So any last words, final advice for our listeners?
That's always sound advice. Thanks for being here today.


Trivia: Prior to relaunch of the Giulia brand in 2015, the last cars bearing that name were built in 1978. Fittingly, 'New Giulia' also marks the company's re-introduction of rear-wheel drive after a break of about 20 years.
Alfas have traditionally been not too expensive, but built light and fast with brakes and handling to match - although build quality back then was, perhaps, of secondary concern. That has changed.
Random bystander: This car is too beautiful to be driven by its owner; it needs a chauffeur. May I apply for the job?
Giulia has moved boldly upmarket with greatly improved build quality and new features but, unavoidably, pricing to match. Our Giulia Super test car, for example, entered Audi and BMW territory at two-thirds of a million Rand. In its defence, fit and finish of interior trim is almost as good as on a similarly priced BMW we were testing at the same time, exterior panels fit just as well, doors thump shut solidly, ride quality and compliance is excellent and safety equipment is well up to standard. Braking, handling, power, lightness and balance remain pure Alfa.
Brakes are ventilated discs at both ends, 305 mm in front and 292 mm at the rear. Lightweight suspension consists of dual wishbones in front with semi-virtual steering axes to keep wheels perpendicular to the road at all times, and multilink at the rear for best balance of lateral grip and comfort. The engine is a SOHC, 16-valve unit with MultiAir and twin-scroll turbo developing 147 kilowatts and 330 Newton metres of torque. Balance is very close to 50:50, power to weight ratio is 102.9 Watts per kg and curb mass without driver is 1429 kg.
Base and Super versions use the eight-speed, ZF 8HP50 gearbox shared with various BMW and Jeep models. It's smooth, kicks down easily and changes gears almost intuitively. Ninety-nine percent of drivers could not hope to do better. The motor turns over lazily at about 1900 rpm for 120 km/h in top gear, progress is smooth and comfortable, power feels endless and it's quiet. There's a reason this car has been priced in "German" territory – it belongs there.
Safety kit includes six airbags, ABS brakes with traction and stability control, tyre pressure monitoring, child safety locks, two sets of ISOFix anchors with top tethers, automatic braking for traffic and pedestrians, rain sensing wipers, auto-on headlamps and parking aids. Super trim adds lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control with auto-stop.
Moving on to day-to-day concerns the boot lid unlocks by means of a button on the key fob or when a tab near the driver's knee is released, the sill is 63 cm above ground level and it's 13 cm deep. It features a small bin for incidentals on the left, two lights and the battery is behind a clip-off panel on the right. The space is nicely shaped although volume is restricted slightly by the usual transverse reinforcing beam and narrow pillars at the front end. Sadly, Alfa Romeo SA decided on a European-spec' pump kit rather than a spare tyre and the seatback is fixed.
Our tall tester rated rear seat head-, knee- and foot room at eight, nine and seven out of ten respectively but with one cautionary note. The electrically powered driver's chair defaults to a "park" position, a few inches back, when the engine is switched off and the door is opened. It makes life comfortable for the exiting driver but could bump up against the shins of any equally tall passenger who happens to still be seated.
The touchscreen is a 6.5" unit with reasonably simple controls comprising two buttons and a control wheel. The Alfa DNA selector that helps you choose steering, engine response and suspension settings is in its usual spot next to the gear lever. Caffeine and soda-deprived driver and passenger will find cup holders under a sliding cover in front of it. Satnav isn't standard but can be optioned along with a larger, 8-inch, touchscreen.
Speaking of options, Alfa Romeo offers a few but not to the same confusing extent as some other makes. Excess gadgetry, while fun, means more to go wrong and has almost no value at trade-in time. That raises a point. German cars will almost certainly retain resale values better than Alfas do. Considering, however, that owners receive almost no return on (sometimes) upward of R200 000-worth of toys, you could be equally well off by skipping the gadgets and buying a Giulia. You know you want to.
It's just as quick, has equal but different cachet, handles at least as well and offers a beautiful alternative to all the boring same-old you see every day.


text:
George B. Wells was an American football coach.

Coaching career
Wells attended Alma College in Alma, Michigan, and as a student, conducted the preliminary coaching of the Alma football team after the previous coach, Professor John H. Rice, left the school. During the season, the coaching duties were carried out by Dr. George Sweetland of Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the team compiled a record of 1–2.

Head coaching record

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Alma Scots football coaches
Alma College alumni


rivet had the most liked content!
I will give it a try, thanks again.
Thanks Fitch for taking a look at this. I sensed it might be over built but I still need an extra step. The schedules are monthly, bi-monthly and quarterly. So I would only want to start the list once the calculated date is on or after startDate. i.e. startDate of May1 - monthly schedule would start month 5 and onward - quarterly schedule would start month 7 and onward.
Yes thanks, for showing that video and introducing the party model to me, definitely some good take-aways in it. I am partly there with two main tables company and profile, which have their related; vendor, client, agency, contact, artist tables etc. But to go full 'party model', I will be curious to see how he pulls it off in FM. Yes denormalize at the invoice. Yes Docket is same as project. The verdict is out on the advantages but if I did do it, I would have a server-side script bursts the json into a table for printing. The quote system is already like that. Whenever the user edits a quote, a server-side script creates 300 records/template rows and populates the quoted items in about 3 sec, its not that bad. So I was only toying with the idea of not having all those un-awarded, never to be reported, line items, weigh down the system. thanks again.
If I am still on track with you; I have a table occurrence quote_agency ( quote::id_agency = partner::id AND quote_one = partner::type_agency ) so when the client does a search in field quote_agency::company, it will only return partner records that are agencies. (NOTE I forgot to mention the partner fields in initial post; type_agency, type_production, type_billto ) What if the company that was invoiced in 2015 has a name change in 2017, What name should show on the 2015 invoice after the change? yes just finished video thanks, and saw that ignore Interesting I have be debating about storing all quote line items as json until the quote is awarded, at which point I would burst into line items. Am I thinking old school on this one? There can be multiple invoices and quotes on a single project, what binds them, just a docket#? thanks again.
Thanks for reply, I will have a look at the video. I do have a role table for unlimited team members ; director, producer, writer etc. But in this case for searches etc I think the fix foreign key is best an still flexible if another partner type does come into play. company name field is for historical reasons. If the company name changes at some point in time, I need to have an accurate history on past invoices etc. yes just a single contact and a single email contact field, similar reason as the company field. Also it can be used as an open field that allows any name typed in, with no relationship to any table. yes a quote can have revisions docket. to clarify; an approved quote will open a new docket in the docket table.
I am building a new system ground up. There are three section ; - quote - docket - invoice In each section there are three relationships going to the table partner ; - production (company) - agency - bill to table : partner fields: id, id_company, company, address, phone, contact, email quote turns into a docket and docket will then have related quotes and invoices. Once the partners are established in the initial quote, they are unlikely to change in all three section for the duration of the project. Regarding keys, this is what I am thinking and I am just looking for a 'brain check'; My thought is I want to maintain/relate the initial three partner records across all section unless there needs to be a deviation. In each section I will have three child keys for partner::id: - id_production - id_agency - id_billto By having a child key for each; - I can place the fields on layout without a portal - searches will target exact partnership type - I believe it will allow for easier modification/deviation of a partners record Thoughts, pitfalls?
Help, for some reason I can't get this to work when MacOS region is set to Canada.


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morgiereacts / April 30, 2018
MorgieReacts to… Avengers: Infinity War! SPOILERS.
Hey guys! I've been gone for a while because I've been really busy doing some freelancing work and applying for jobs so that I can go full time being a writer. I've spoken about this a lot on Twitter so I'm sorry for not being too active! But I'm hoping to get back into the swing of things as I adjust to my new schedule and I thought what better way to come back than to talk about this film? Let's get down to it! This is your second warning that there are spoilers in this review so please don't read it and then be cross if you see something you didn't want to.
So, this film follows on from Thor Ragnarok – meaning it was a nice little follow on for people that had watched that. What I really liked about the opening of this film was that there was no fluff. There was not one single moment that wasn't action-packed and they went straight into the action as soon as they started off. They also went straight into the heart of things by wiping out a pretty major character but I'm going to go a bit more in depth into that later.
Something that should be praised about this film and the Russo Brothers in general is that they handled the grand landscape of this film so well. From the simplistic title cards to remind you where you are at that point in the film to the handling of so many majorly loved characters in one setting. I know that there was some criticism towards the writing of some of the characters as they felt a bit out of characters in some of the things they said and the choices they made but aside from some awkward lines, I wouldn't say any of them were out of character. Cap felt a bit off but that's to be understood after the events of Civil War.
My favourite character arc for the entire film was definitely Thor. People were worried that this was going to be another Iron Man film and would focus too much on Tony but I felt like it was quite well balanced with perhaps a bit more preference to Thor. Following Ragnarok, though, this is fine as in his timeline, he is the one that has the most going on. I didn't like the easy fix of his eye coming back, but other than that, I really enjoyed pretty much every moment that he was on screen as it was just a major power up for him.
Nobody really stood out for me in the acting and I'll be honest when I say that nobody really does in these films. But that's no slight on their acting prowess, it's just that I've become so used to seeing them as their characters that I don't see them as their actors anymore. Does that make sense? I really liked what Chris Pratt brought to this film, though, because I found that he was the one I was drawn to the most in terms of acting.
Now, onto the villain. I haven't enjoyed a villain in the MCU since Ultron. Even then, I found Ultron a bit… cheesy? Unbelievable? I don't know. I feel like they tried so hard and it was just about to reach a point that it was supposed to but it just missed the mark. This hasn't happened with Thanos though. I found him genuinely intimidating and I actually felt a real sense of danger for the Avengers. I liked the fact that they gave him an actual motive, some backstory while leaving him believable. The ending was really poignant because while I felt really awful about the Avengers dying off and turning into ash, the weirdest part of me felt some empathy towards Thanos? Everyone's trying to defend their home, just like he is – he just has a warped perception of what he should do. The only criticism I would have is that he only killed people and showed off his power when the script called for it – like, why kill Loki and not Thor as well? Why not kill off Quill before taking Gamora? He knew both of them were going to come after him.
So, let's talk about that ending. It really shocked me to the point that I was speechless after the credits came up and I think it was really interesting to know that our heroes had failed – or had they? Doctor Strange said that he had looked into all of the different scenarios and only one means that they survive. Just before he disappeared, he said 'this was the only way' or 'there was no other way' or something along those lines. I think this is building up for the fact that he knew that Thanos had to do this to reach the scenario and timeline when they survive. It was very emotional, though, and it was strange to see well-loved characters disappear. However, deaths in the MCU are so…eh. Because from past experience, we know they'll bring 75% of the characters they killed off back in some way – especially because they have the time stone. So, it does lose a bit of its emotion.
All in all, I left the cinema wanting to go straight back and watch it again. While at times, Infinity War felt hard to keep up with, it was everything you would want from a Marvel film with a truly enticing cliffhanger.
What did you guys think? Do you want me to review more films? Let me know in the comments below! I'll be back with a makeup post next time!
Morgie out.
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A Novel Reversible BCD Adder For Nanotechnology Based Systems
Majid Haghparast and Keivan Navi
This paper proposes two reversible logic gates, HNFG and HNG. The first gate HNFG can be used as two Feynman Gates. It is suitable for a single copy of two bits with no garbage outputs. It can be used as "Copying Circuit" to increase fan-out because fan-out is not allowed in reversible circuits. The second gate HNG can implement all Boolean functions. It also can be used to design optimized adder architectures. This paper also proposes a novel reversible full adder. One of the prominent functionalities of the proposed HNG gate is that it can work singly as a reversible full adder unit. The proposed reversible full adder contains only one gate. We show that its hardware complexity is less than the existing reversible full adders. The proposed full adder is then applied to the design of a reversible 4-bit parallel adder. A reversible Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) adder circuit is also proposed. The proposed circuit can add two 4-bit binary variables and it transforms the result into the appropriate BCD number using efficient error correction modules. We show that the proposed reversible BCD adder has lower hardware complexity and it is much better and optimized in terms of number of reversible gates and garbage outputs with compared to the existing counterparts.
Submitted On: 1 September 2007 Published On: 31 March 2008
How to Cite: Haghparast, M. & Navi, K. (2008). A Novel Reversible BCD Adder For Nanotechnology Based Systems. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(3), 282-288. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.282.288
Copyright: © 2008 Majid Haghparast and Keivan Navi. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Reversible Logic
Reversible Gate
Full Adder
BCD Adder


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Dr Klotz is a leading urologic cancer surgeon and research investigator in Canada and worldwide. He is highly regarded by his colleagues and collaborators for his transformative contributions to evidence-based treatment standards for prostate cancer.
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Dr Klotz has received numerous accolades, including the Queen's Jubilee Medal for meritorious public service in 2013 and the Society of Urological Oncology Medal in 2014. Most recently he was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2014 for his leadership in the adoption of the Delayed Selective Intervention standard. The Canadian Cancer Society has benefited from his generosity through years of service on peer review panels. He is recognized as a compelling communicator, generous with his time for academic service and mentorship, and a global ambassador for Canadian surgical oncology.
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