it's gonna be a bright bright sunshiny day!
*Weatherlady | Elegant Human-Bhoomie hybrid creature with an extendable neck. Chooses the weather based on what she would like to wear today.
Now, we already know that Bhoomieland is a magical place that sometimes (when you look closely) reflects the inner landscapes of human beings. Every now and again new creatures appear. I'm a big fan of Julia Cameron's The Artist's Way and write morning pages every, well, most days. Occasionally new friends just fall out of my pen in moments when I drift off and forget to write. The weatherladies are some of these friends. They make me laugh and I guess they reflect a little bit how I felt that day. I didn't even think of really developing them until this year's calendar theme came along: 2017 | The Year of the Weatherwise Wings. How could I now not consult the weatherladies as they are clearly experts! Anyway, here are a few of them in different stages of development to hopefully let some sunshine flow into your day too.
Don't you just love when the tiny things you do today eventually come together? It's definitely one of my favourite studio joys! Proof that if you keep taking tiny steps every day, it will eventually get to some destination. Even better when the destination is a surprise!


How much does it cost to see Trans-Siberian Orchestra in Detroit?
Trans-Siberian Orchestra touring through Detroit might involve performances at Little Caesars Arena, Ford Field or Fox Theatre Detroit. With a capacity of 21000, concerts at Little Caesars Arena are usually a big production with quite a few fans in attendance. You can browse upcoming events at the venues mentioned above by visiting one of their pages: Little Caesars Arena, Ford Field or Fox Theatre Detroit.
Trans-Siberian Orchestra fans living in Detroit might have already caught them in concert. The first Trans-Siberian Orchestra concert in Detroit that had tickets listed on SeatGeek was at Little Caesars Arena on 12/23/17.
Detroit has seen some pretty big tour stops over the years. SeatGeek's ticket data lists Ed Sheeran, Drake and Taylor Swift as the three most popular tour stops in Detroit over the past 10 years. You can also take a look at other Detroit concerts by visiting our concerts in Detroit page.


Savage, Minnesota March 29, 2010 CP Tech announces its first completely integrated eCommerce customer. Screen Systems, Inc. now has an eCommerce site for its customers at www.screensystemsonline.com.
The site is administered by Northwest Graphic Supply, the parent company of Screen Systems. All descriptions and pricing are controlled within the enterprise system, meaning that Northwest Graphic Supply can make changes without having to call any outside source to make changes. The whole site is integrated with DistributionPlus. Even the shopping cart is integrated into the order entry system in DistributionPlus. As soon as the site visitor goes to checkout their shopping cart, the order is immediately created in the order entry system in DistributionPlus. All information is in real-time, so stock quantities are automatically adjusted in the inventory and all pricing on the eCommerce site reflects the correct pricing by customer.
In addition, customers can log on to their account and view their order status and order history, which also provides tracking numbers. This allows for a self-service portal for customers.


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text:
ROSE ARE RED
Bachelorette tonight LIVE – Tayshia Adams walks off set in tears after talking split from Zac on Michelle's Men Tell All
The Bachelorette spoilers - Meet all the men from Michelle Young's season
Who is Bachelorette Michelle Young and how old is she?
Who does Michelle Young pick on The Bachelorette?
Who was sent home on Michelle's season of The Bachelorette tonight?
Nicole Chenoweth
11:31 ET, Dec 7 2021
Updated: 11:31 ET, Dec 7 2021
The Bachelorette season 18's highly-anticipated Men Tell All special shows host Tayshia Adams walking off set in tears.
While discussing her "heartbreaking" breakup from former fiance Zac Clark, the host had to get up and leave the stage mid-segment to collect her emotions off-camera.
Also on tonight's Men Tell All, one of the most heated moments from the evening came when Michelle Young's "villain" Peter served legal papers to his nemesis, Will.
Peter accused Will of "defamation of character" after he accused him of "tarnishing" his "livelihood and reputation" with negative reviews of his pizza company.
In addition to the controversial suitor, fifteen former housemates will had the opportunity to air their grievances bringing up former heartbreak and drama to Michelle.
Currently the final 3 contestants are Brandon Jones, Nayte Olukoya, and Joe Coleman.
Read our Bachelorette live blog for the very latest news and updates...
Jennifer Korn 7th Dec 2021, 11:30
WHO IS EX-BACHELORETTE KATIE THURSTON DATING?
Katie Thurston is now said to be dating fellow contestant John Hersey following her split from Blake Moynes.
The former couple first met on season 17 of the popular series, and they became engaged during the season finale.
Aside from sharing videos of the two recently, Katie also posted a clip of John's limo entrance from the series, further adding fuel that the two have kicked off a new romance.
However, Katie and John have crossed paths before.
She sent him home during week two of their season of the Bachelorette.
WHO DOES MICHELLE END UP WITH ON THE BACHELORETTE?
Even though Michelle Young's journey to love is still airing, some web sleuths have already confirmed who Michelle goes home with following her season of The Bachelorette.
You can read the spoilers for this season here.
WHEN WAS MEN TELL ALL FILMED?
The highly-anticipated Men Tell All special which aired last night is not broadcast live like some fans may believe.
After a drama-filled season, the men from Michelle's season gathered in a Los Angeles soundstage to confront her on all of the events that happened prior.
The episode was taped on Monday, November 22 and aired on December 6.
FANS SLAMMED MICHELLE FOR ELIMINATING RODNEY
Shortly after Rodney was eliminated, The Bachelorette fans rushed to Twitter to insist he become the next Bachelor.
One fan wrote: "Rodney would be a great Bachelor. He's funny, has a personality, and didn't start petty drama. AND he ran around a hotel butt a** NAKED! Get it together, Michelle."
Another agreed, writing: "JUSTICE FOR RODNEY. AND RODNEY FOR BACHELOR. AND FOR BACHELOR IN PARADISE. AND FOR PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD."
A third chimed in: "Rodney is so sweet! He would have been a great and entertaining bachelor."
The backlash continued as someone else added: "Rodney has all this personality, genuinely wants love and we're gonna be stuck with Clayton, of all people, as The Bachelor?! Ugh.."
Some fans admitted the elimination "had them crying," while one person commented: "They really made Clayton the bachelor when Rodney is right there…"
WHO WAS SENT HOME ON WEEK 7?
The latest episode of the Bachelorette saw only one elimination. Rodney Mathews was sent home during the rose ceremony in a difficult decision for Michelle Young. He left the show confessing his love for her.
WHO IS MICHELLE YOUNG?
Born June 3, 1993, Michelle is known as an American television personality and elementary school teacher from Woodbury, Minnesota.
She gained national recognition after being the runner-up on season 25 of The Bachelor with Matt James and will now have her own Bachelorette journey.
Prior to her reality TV days, Michelle was a former Division I basketball player at Bradley University.
HOW TALL IS MICHELLE YOUNG?
The 29-year-old Bachelorette star is 5ft 9in tall.
Michelle was a former Division I basketball player at Bradley University, before becoming a reality star.
ARIE LUYENDYK AND LAUREN BURNHAM CORRECTED THEIR MISTAKES
Arie first appeared in Bachelor Nation when he competed for Emily Maynard in 2012.
Unfortunately, he was eliminated but producers gave him a shot at love by making him the next Bachelor.
He left the show engaged to Becca Kufrin but shortly after, he ended things when he realized he had made a mistake and chosen the wrong person.
He reached out to Lauren and begged her to come back.
The couple ended up getting married in January 2019.
They now have three children together and post about their lives on social media.
BRYAN ABASOLO SETTLED IN LA FOR HIS WIFE RACHEL LINDSAY
Bachelorette fans were shocked when Rachel Lindsay said yes to Bryan Abasolo's proposal as he wasn't a fan favorite.
The couple got engaged in 2017 and tied the knot in 2019, leaving their hometowns behind and moving to Florida.
The two were forced to be in a long-distance relationship as she moved back to LA for work.
However, it wasn't long until he followed her.
KEVIN WENDT AND ASTRID LOCH: STILL IN PARADISE
Kevin and Astrid seemed like they would leave Bachelor In Paradise engaged during 2018 but fans were shocked when they broke up during the finale.
However, they got back together again by the season reunion and have been going strong since.
In September 2019, the two announced they were engaged and a year later, they welcomed their first child together through IVF.
RAVEN GATES WENT TO PARADISE AND FOUND ADAM GOTTSCHALK
After being eliminated from Nick Viall's season, Raven made her way to Bachelor In Paradise where she met Adam.
The two quickly fixated on each other and left the show together.
They are the only couple to have survived BIP season four.
In 2019, they announced their engagement and tied the knot in 2021.
Just two months after saying I do, they announced they were expecting their first child together.
WHO IS JOHN HERSEY?
John Hersey was a contestant on season 17 of The Bachelorette and made it to episode four before he was eliminated.
Hersey is a 27-year-old from Santa Cruz, California, who is currently working on getting his pilot's license.
He is a fur parent to his Italian Greyhound, Dexter, and is a thrill-seeker having gone hot air ballooning and sky diving.
His interests aside, Hersey said he has been looking for someone who will challenge him and allow him to be himself, according to his ABC bio.
Thurston and Hersey are reportedly dating after she announced her split with fiance Blake Moynes in October.
WHO IS BLAKE MOYNES?
Blake was a contestant on both Clare Crawley and Tayshia Adams' seasons of The Bachelorette.
During the fourth week of the competition, Tayshia told Katie that there was someone from her past that reached out to her thinking they would be a good match with her.
Tayshia would not name names, but said if Katie wanted to find out, he was at the resort and Katie could make her own decision on if he should join the dating circle.
Later on in the episode, it was revealed that the mystery man was Blake.
The Canadian bachelor works as a wildlife manager and spends his free time volunteering with endangered species.
He knows what he wants and describes his "dream woman" as outdoorsy, goofy, and fun and has to able to deal with his "potty mouth."
The 31-year-old comes from a big family and has two furry friends, a cat, and a dog.
He has no problems talking about his feelings and "wants a partner who will appreciate that he wears his heart on his sleeve."
WHO DID KATIE CHOOSE IN SEASON 17 OF THE BACHELORETTE?
Katie Thurston became engaged to Blake Moynes in the most recent season finale of The Bachelorette.
However, last month the couple announced they had called it quits.
Katie and Blake, both 30, shared identical posts to reveal the news, which read: "It is with mutual love and respect that we have decided to go our separate ways.
"We are so grateful for the moments we shared together and the entire journey that has unfolded this year, but we ultimately have concluded that we are not compatible as life partners, and it is the most caring choice for both of us to move forward independently."
They added: "We ask for kindness and privacy as we both navigate this transition. Both of us will forever want the best for one another and ask you to please support us in our decision."
ARE JORDAN RODGERS AND JOJO FLETCHER MARRIED?
During her Bachelorette season, JoJo Fletcher accepted Jordan Rodgers' proposal to marry him.
Despite getting engaged in 2016, the couple has still not tied the knot.
In fact, Jordan re-proposed to JoJo in 2019 and they had set a wedding date for 2020 but sadly had to reschedule due to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.
However, the couple has bought their first home and even work together.
FANS STAYED UP FOR THE MEN TELL ALL
Some fans discussed how last night's episode aired later than the Bachelorette's usual running time.
Me trying to stay up until 11 to watch grown men yell at each other:#TheBachelorette #bachelorette #MenTellAll pic.twitter.com/nlHYFHcMze
— Here for the Rosé Podcast (@here4therosepod) December 7, 2021
PREVIEW: BACHELORETTE FINALE
ABC shared a glimpse into Michelle's upcoming decision between three men.
3 incredible men, only 1 rose at the end of the journey. 💍🌹 #TheBachelorette pic.twitter.com/wjZHchH5I4
— The Bachelorette (@BacheloretteABC) December 7, 2021
CAN YOU STREAM THE BACHELORETTE?
The Bachelorette airs every Tuesday at 8pm ET on ABC.
But fans can also stream the show on the ABC app or stream it on Hulu the following day.
WHEN IS THE BACHELORETTE ON?
The show airs live Tuesdays at 8pm EST on ABC.
Michelle's season of The Bachelorette premiered on October 19, 2021.
WHO ARE ALL THE CONTESTANTS ON THE BACHELORETTE?
Though most of them have been eliminated already, the men competing for Michelle's heart at the outset of this season include:
Alec, 29, Forest, VA
Brandon J, 26, Portland, OR
Brandon K, 29, Sulphur, LA
Brett, 29, Houston, TX
Bryan, 30, Houlton, WI
Casey, Parkland, FL
Christopher G, 27, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Chris S, 28, New Orleans, LA
Clayton, 28, Eureka, MO
Daniel, 26, Austin, TX
Edward, 27, Brownsville, TX
Eric, 25, Bridgewater, NJ
Garrett, 33, Salt Lake City, UT
Jack, 30, Greensborough, NC
Jamie, 32, Tacoma, WA
Joe Coleman, 28, Minneapolis, MN
Joel, 31, Prescott, AZ
Jomarri, 26, Portland, OR
Leroy, 27, Durham, NC
LT, 38, Bellevue, WA
Martin 28, Cordoba, Argentina
Michael, 30, Omaha, NE
Mollique, 36, Jameshill, Jamaica
Nayte, 27, Winnipeg, MB
Olumide, 28, Woodland Park, NJ
Pardeep, 30, Brooklyn, NY
Peter, 26, Bellmore, NY
PJ, 30, Austin, TX
Rick, 32, Munroe Falls, OH
Rodney, 29, Rancho Cucamonga, CA
Romeo, 32, New York, NY
Ryan, 30, Sanger, CA
Spencer, 25, Cleveland, OH
Trevor, 26, Rocklin, CA
Will, 29, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
WHERE IS MICHELLE YOUNG'S SEASON BEING FILMED?
According to Reality Steve, Young's season was filmed in Palm Springs, California.
While the exact location of the filming is unknown, Steve revealed that he does not believe that it takes place at La Quinta, where Clare Crawley and Tayshia Adams' season was filmed last year.
Part of this season was also filmed in Minnesota.
Steve revealed that for most of August 2021, Young's season was filmed at the Marquette Hotel in Minneapolis.
DID MICHELLE PLAY DIVISION I BASKETBALL?
The Bachelorette star attended Bradley University, where she played division I basketball on an athletic scholarship.
She graduated in 2015, with a degree in elementary education, and went on to be an elementary school teacher in Minnesota.
HOW TO JOIN THE BACHELORETTE, PART TWO
The second way applicants can apply is via casting call. Fans can find more information on when and where casting calls are held on BachelorNation.com.
In-person applicants are asked to fill out a more detailed form with questions about why their past relationships ended, why they want to find love on television, and what they find most attractive, physically and personality-wise, in a future spouse.
Former contestants have also revealed that some casting is done through social media and casting directors have reached out on Instagram.
It's important to have an open account where producers can access potential candidates the platform.
HOW TO JOIN THE BACHELORETTE
There are two ways to apply to be on The Bachelor or Bachelorette.
Firstly, there is an online application that can be completed at BachelorNation.com.
The questions on the form for each show are basic, asking for name, age, height, what your occupation is, and if you have been married before or have children.
There is also a question about why you want to be on The Bachelor or Bachelorette. It asks applicants to submit their social media handles and whether or not they know someone else who they think would be good for show.
FANS REACT TO PIZZA DRAMA
One Twitter joked that Will was framed for leaving bad reviews under Peter's pizzeria.
#TheBachelorette #MenTellAll
The producers after leaving bad reviews under Peter's pizzeria and framing Will for it pic.twitter.com/3RNVzttM1c
— olivia⁷∞🌹🦋♡black lives matter♡ (@LIVtheVIRGO) December 7, 2021
'LONG LIVE SAD FROSTY'
Rapper Sad Frosty who made popular songs with DC the Don dead at 24
'RAW MOMENT'
Long Island Medium Theresa's pregnant daughter Victoria cries in cryptic post
PARTY PRINCESSES
Inside Kim & Kanye's lavish party for Chicago with Kylie's oldest Stormi
'SPOILED'
Little People's Jeremy accused of being 'entitled' as star 'whines' about farm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jennifer Cintron has over 20 years of experience in the legal field. Prior to her employment at Homan & Stone she worked at law firms specializing in plaintiff personal injury and insurance defense. She handled filings in state, federal and appellate courts with heavy trial prep including trial binders, briefs, motions in limine, etc. She currently assists Mr. Amoroso with preparation of correspondence, pleadings for filing, mediations, depositions, calendaring for case deadlines, subpoenaing records and coordinating travel arrangements.


High quality rigid outer skeleton for superior protection.
Dense foam liner to provide comfort and support.
Shock absorbing embedded sole tread improves patient comfort and helps prevent slips.
Plastic uprights help reduce ankle rotation and range or motion.
Large air bladder creates a larger surface for contact pressure to help control swelling and ensure a snug, comfortable fit.


text:
The core-business of TELE-10 Group is Pay-TV distribution. With 24 years of experience in this field, Tele10 emerged as one of the most successful and respected companies in the region. Indeed, its know-how allows the Group to become the exclusive distributor of DSTV and CANALSAT in Rwanda and Burundi.Tele10 Group has principally started as a pay-tv operator but has evolved to encompass other media services and ICT services through its subsidiaries.
Given its ambitious and pioneering spirit, Tele10 started Radio10 the first private Radio station in the country in February 2004. As a generalist station, its consistent and innovative programming is highly appreciated by the Rwandan audience. Thanks to popular programs like Zinduka, 10 Sports, Overdrive show among others, Radio10 is among the top 3 most listened radio stations in the country. Engaged in fulfilling the needs in entertaining and informative content of our dear listeners, we invest in talents (our staff members are regularly awarded) and consider originality as mandatory.
Radio10 is also the only Radio station broadcasting programs in the three official languages of Rwanda, and we are streaming on-line as well on www.radio10.rw.
In the spirit to continue being a leading innovator in the broadcasting industry Tele10 launched the first private TV station in Rwanda TV10 in February 2013. Available on the digital terrestrial television platform operated by the national broadcaster, TV10 is already bringing a refreshing alternative to Rwandans.
Tele10 Group is also deeply involved in the digital migration process by providing digital receivers to the local market. Finally, we do support the TUNGA TV campaign of MYICT aiming at increase the TV penetration rate in Rwanda.
Our media branch, Radio10/TV10 has adopted the slogan 'Simply Rwandaful' as an affirmation of our commitment to making Rwandan content King and making it available to all locally and internationally.
The ICT unit of the company provides high-level expertise through diversified implementation strategies. The company facilities both acquisition of hardware and software as well as providing value added consultancy services.
We will keep making TV more affordable to the vast majority trough GoTV that has been released in March 2014, on the national DVB-T platform, contributing to make the digital migration a reality.
Furthermore, TV10 our new baby, made a huge stride on February 1st, now it is accessible on Canalsat bouquet, on channel 151, and we are looking forward to put it on DSTV.
The company was founded in 1993 in Burundi, TELE-10 started as a pay-tv company, transmitting international TV programming in a UHF analog system, in Bujumbura.
It was then started in Rwanda in 1995, after the Genocide against the Tutsi, and later in 2009 opens offices in Kenya and Uganda.
Our vision is to be among the best Pan-African media and broadcasting company by using new technologies as driving forces to fuel our drive for innovation. For Tele10 Group, being a pioneer is a must and we will stick to it.
As a Group committed to satisfy the needs of our customers, giving back to the community is among our most relevant duties. Consequently, we will continue investing in talents, capacity building and entrepreneurship, providing innovative products and top notch technologies while supporting initiatives which contribute to the development of Rwanda and the East African region.
Our main strength is the ability of the company to utilize the various subsidiaries to support each other. We also benefit from a skilled staff with international experience which has been exposed to the best practices and trends all over the world.
We have a vibrant team that is keen on maintaining the reputation of the company by constantly looking for new opportunities and identifying avenues to utilize them.
Eventually, our presence in 4 countries is an amazing opportunity to benefit from the EAC integration and develop a strong synergy between our different subsidiaries.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Red class have been looking at Chinese New Year.
We have talked about where China is in the world, and linked it to our geography lessons. We have also talked about why they celebrate Chinese New Year. After our discussion, we made Chinese dragons, wrote numbers in Chinese and made Chinese money bags. If we do a good job then Miss Williams says she will find us some gold coins to put in them!


text:
Home > Hospitals > The Mothers' Hospital (1890-1986) > The Mothers' in the Second World War >
The Mothers' in the Second World War
We're off to Willersley Castle... expectant mothers prepare to leave Hackney in 1940
© Salvation Army Heritage Centre
Evacuated staff from the Mothers' pose outside the castle in 1943
From country house to maternity hospital... Willersley Castle's latest incarnation is as a Methodist holiday centre
© www.wirksworth.org.uk
Rural castles and urban bombs
By Natasha Lewer
Facing up to war
The outbreak of war in 1939 brought a great many changes to the Mothers' Hospital. Pregnant women who were expected to have straightforward deliveries were given the choice of giving birth at home in London, or else of leaving the city for the relative calm and safety of the countryside. Two grand buildings - Willersley Castle, in Derbyshire, and Bragborough Hall, in Northamptonshire - had been requisitioned for this purpose by the Ministry of Health.
Willersley Castle, in the Peak District, had space for 50 women, all of them evacuated from the Mothers' Hospital. Bragborough Hall - which also served evacuees from St Bartholomew's Hospital, in London, and local Northamptonshire women - had beds for 26 women.
Many of the staff from the Mothers' decamped too, and the whole of the midwives' training school moved to WillersleyCastle for the duration of the war.
Every fortnight, a group of expectant mothers would leave London and travel, by train or charabanc, to the countryside. Those going to Northamptonshire stayed in a hostel for expectant mothers at Norton Hall, while in Derbyshire they were billeted with local women in the village of Wirksworth while they waited to give birth. Altogether 5,683 babies were born during the war in Willersley Castle and Bragborough Hall.
The surroundings at Willersley Castle, which was in dramatic Peak District countryside, were far removed from the crowded streets of Hackney. The Mothers' Hospital Annual Report of 1941 describes how young mothers "throng the terrace lawn, with its sundial and flower-beds, the tree-clad peak behind, the river flowing through the arches of Old Cromford Bridge far below – a charming scene on spring and summer days." In the middle of winter, the castle was possibly less appealing, as the only heating came from coal fires in the rooms, and the building was said to be draughty and mouse-ridden.
Back in London, the staff and remaining patients at the Mothers' Hospital were coming to terms with life in the Blitz. There had been doubts about the hospital's safety in wartime, as its predominantly single-storey design made it "vulnerable" in the event of air raids. But it was eventually allowed to stay open, on condition that an air raid shelter was built that would be large enough for both patients and staff.
The hospital buildings changed as a response to the almost nightly bombing raids of autumn 1940: rooms were strengthened with steel girders; windows were obscured by blast walls; and work began on the 'tunnel shelter'.
The shelter was not completed until October 1940. While it was under construction, patients would stay in the wards during air raids, singing hymns to keep their spirits up. But as soon as it was ready, retreating to the shelter became part of the evening routine.
Ambulant mothers
Margaret Basden, obstetric surgeon at the Mothers', decided that "patients would feel happier and less nervous if they were not completely bedridden but knew they could get up and be independent in case of emergency." Women were therefore encouraged to get out of bed and walk around for a few minutes on the day they gave birth, while caesarean patients were allowed up on the fifth day, so that they would have the confidence to get to the shelter on their own.
This went against contemporary practice, when women often spent ten days confined to bed, but it had unexpected results. Not only did it create a "carefree and happy atmosphere", but it had pronounced medical benefits which might otherwise have remained undiscovered. Margaret Basden reported "less morbidity, better involution [reduction of uterus to its normal size] and considerably less venous thrombosis" in these mothers. In addition, "the patients seemed far better and stronger on their discharge, an important consideration in these times of stress." Becoming ambulant soon after giving birth is now standard practice.
Nights in the shelter
Every evening at dusk, patients went to the shelter, whether or not the air raid siren had sounded. They took with them - in addition to their babies – their coats, gas masks and a spare blanket. The few who were not able to walk were wheeled there in chairs or stretchers by staff or visiting relatives. On a typical evening, according to Margaret Basden, there would be three stretcher and eight chair cases, and it took about seven minutes to get everyone into the shelter. "Speed has proved an important factor," she remarked, "for more than once the first warning has been the dropping of bombs." Despite the rush, there was "a striking absence" of confusion or panic.
As many patients as there was room for lay side by side on mattresses; the remainder had to sit up, propped on pillows, with their babies stowed on a shelf above their heads. The staff, too, lay on mattresses, but more closely packed and sleeping top to toe. The only patients to stay in the hospital buildings were women in labour, for whom a specially reinforced labour room had been constructed.
Margaret Basden recalled trying to get some sleep in the shelter, "despite the ubiquitous snoring," and recollected how it sounded, "at five in the morning when all the babies woke and screamed together and all the mothers shouted a welcoming cry". There were few complaints about these arrangements, remarked Margaret Basden, adding, "It is surprising how much better one can sleep in these conditions than might have been imagined before the war."
A direct hit
Throughout each night, firewatchers - drawn from the staff and local volunteers - would pace the colonnades of the hospital, watching for where the bombs fell. One night in September 1940 the hospital suffered a direct hit. There were no casualties, but two of the wards were destroyed. Some at the Mothers' - where there had long been plans to get the old hospital frontage demolished and replaced with something more modern - lamented the fact that these "nocturnal visitors" had missed their target.
Meanwhile district midwives continued to visit women who were giving birth at home, setting off - often through the blackout and in spite of air raids - with a medical bag of essentials strapped to their bicycles and with tin hats on their heads.
"Babies were born under the stairs, in Anderson shelters, in the cupboard, on the floor, under the table, while bombs were screeching and gunfire shaking the house. Several patients were injured, some losing their lives," recalls the Mothers' Hospital Annual Report of 1942.
Hospital life
The war changed life at the hospital in all sorts of ways. Strict visiting hours were relaxed; the single visiting hour between six and seven in the evening was extended so that fathers on leave from the armed forces, or doing shifts in munitions factories, could come and see the mothers and babies at any time of day.
More babies than ever were being born to young, unmarried women during the war, and there was an acute shortage of space in the bomb-damaged hospital, which now had 50 beds. Nevertheless, 6,677 babies were born in the Mothers' Hospital during that period, while a further 6,032 were born at home with the help of district midwives.
Click here to listen to Hilda Wiffin talk about her experiences as a baby nurse at the Mothers' Hospital during the war.
This page was added by Natasha Lewer on 14/07/2009.
The Mothers' Hospital (1890-1986)
'All my best men are women'
Closure and its legacy today


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text:
\section*{One Sentence Summary}

On 2017 August 17 at 12:41:04 UTC,  gravitational waves from the merger of two neutron stars (NS-NS) were detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and dubbed GW170817 \cite{GW170817}. Two seconds later, the first temporally-coincident photons were detected as $\gamma$-rays by the {\it Fermi} satellite \cite{LVCC21528,GBM2017,Goldstein2017}. GW170817 was such a loud event that the joint on-sky localization from the LIGO and Virgo interferometers was only 31 square degrees (Figure~\ref{fig:localization}) with an initial distance estimate of 40$\pm$8\, Megaparsec \cite{LVCC21513}. To identify potential host galaxies \cite{Gehrels2016,Nissanke2013}, we cross-matched to our Census of the Local Universe (CLU; \cite{Cook17}) galaxy catalog and found only 49 galaxies in this volume \cite{LVCC21519,sot}. To prioritize follow-up, we ranked the galaxies by stellar mass (see Table~S1 and supplementary online text \cite{sot}). A multitude of telescopes promptly began multi-wavelength searches for an electromagnetic counterpart in and around these galaxies. Ground-based searches were systematically delayed (due to the Southern location) by half a day until sunset in Chile \cite{Kasliwal2014,Singer2014}. A bright optical transient was identified and announced by the Swope telescope team at Las Campanas Observatory  \cite{LVCC21529,Coulter2017} in the 3rd ranked galaxy in our list, named NGC~4993. This source, SSS\,17a, is located at right ascension 13$^{\rm h}$09$^{\rm m}$48.071$^{\rm s}$ and declination $-$23$^{\rm d}$22$^{\rm m}$53.37$^{\rm s}$ (J2000 equinox, \cite{sot}), with a projected offset from the nucleus of NGC~4993\ of 2.2\,kiloparsec and away from any sites of star formation (Figure~S1; \cite{sot}). We also detect this transient in the infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths (see companion paper; \cite{Evans17}).
Nine days later, an X-ray counterpart was identified \cite{LVCC21765,Troja2017}. Fifteen days later, a radio counterpart was identified (see companion paper; \cite{Hallinan17}).

Initially, the bright luminosity and the blue, featureless optical spectrum of SSS17a appeared to be consistent with a young supernova explosion that should brighten (see Figure~S2, Figure~S3).  However, on the second night, the source faded substantially in the optical and brightened in the infrared (Figure~\ref{fig:lightcurve_comparison}). Combining ultraviolet-optical-infrared (UVOIR) data from 24 telescopes on 7 continents, we constructed a bolometric light curve (Figure~\ref{fig:lc}; see \cite{sot} for details). The bolometric luminosity evolves from 10$^{42}$\,erg s$^{-1}$ at 0.5\,d to 3$\times$10$^{40}$\,erg s$^{-1}$ at 10\,d (Figure~\ref{fig:lc}). By estimating the black-body effective temperature evolution, we find that the source rapidly cools from $\approx\,$11000\,K to $\approx\,$5000\,K in a day to $\approx$1400\,K in ten days. The inferred photospheric expansion velocities span 0.3$c$ to 0.1$c$, where c is the speed of light \cite{sot}. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy shows broad features that are unlike any other transient seen before (Figure~\ref{fig:spectra}, Figure~S4, Figure~S5). The combination of high velocities, fast optical decline, slow infrared evolution and broad peaks in the infrared spectra are unlike any other previously known transient and unlikely to be due to a chance coincidence of an unrelated source. We thus establish that the panchromatic photons, hereafter EM170817, are spatially, temporally and physically associated with GW170817. With this firm connection, we now turn our attention to understanding the astrophysical origin of EM170817.

\section*{Evidence for Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements}
It is well established that chemical elements up to iron in the periodic table are produced either in the Big Bang or in cores of stars or in supernova explosions.
However, the origin of half the elements heavier than iron, including gold, platinum and uranium, has remained a mystery. These heavy elements are synthesized
by the rapid capture of neutrons (r-process nucleosynthesis). Some models have proposed that the decompression of neutron-rich matter in a NS-NS merger may
provide suitable conditions to robustly synthesize heavy r-process elements \cite{Lattimer1974,Freiburghaus1999}. Radioactive decay of freshly synthesized unstable isotopes should drive
transient electromagnetic emission known as a ``kilonova" or ``macronova" (e.g, \cite{Li1998,Fernandez2016}). We test this hypothesis with the optical and infrared data of EM170817.

First, we compare the spectra of EM170817\ to a library of astronomical transients \cite{sot} and theoretical models for macronova spectra \cite{Barnes2013}. The optical spectra exhibit a featureless continuum (Figure~S2, Figure~S3). Infrared spectra (Figure~\ref{fig:spectra}) have two distinct, broad peaks in $J$-band (10620 $\pm$ 1900 Angstrom) and $H$-band (15500 $\pm$ 1430 Angstrom). Due to the high velocities in the ejecta material, each peak may be produced by a complex blend of elements instead of a single element. Although the $J$-band peak is reminiscent of either Helium or Hydrogen, the corresponding feature in the $H$-band seen in core-collapse supernovae is not present (Figure~S5).  If instead we compare to Type Ia supernovae, the $J$-band peak could be similar to iron group elements. However, once again, the second $H$-band peak is dissimilar to that seen in Type Ia supernovae (Figure~S4). By comparing predictions of spectra of macronovae \cite{Barnes2013}, based on the assumption that Neodymium (Nd) is representative of lanthanides synthesized via the r-process, we find a reasonable match to both the $J$-band and $H$-band features for ejecta mass (M$_{\rm ej}$)  of 0.05\,M$_{\odot}$ and velocity (v) of 0.1$c$ (Figure~\ref{fig:spectra}).
Recent updates to these models, incorporating line transitions from 14 elements and tuning the relative abundance ratios, indicate that Nd plays a crucial role in explaining these features \cite{Kasen17}.
We conclude that a blend of elements substantially heavier than elements produced in supernovae is a viable explanation for the spectra of EM170817.

Next, we compare our infrared light curves of EM170817\ (Figure~\ref{fig:lightcurve_comparison}) to a suite of existing macronova models by various groups
\cite{Kasen2013,Tanaka2013,Rosswog2017,Wollaeger2017}. The slow, red photometric evolution seen in EM170817\ is a generic
feature of all macronova models despite their differing treatments of matter dynamics, matter geometry, nuclear heating, opacities and radiation transfer.
The observed late-time emission ($>$3\,d) is fully consistent with radioactive decay of the dynamical ejecta containing elements from all three r-process abundance peaks (Figure~S10).
The observed luminosity, temperature and temporal evolution roughly matches model predictions for an ejecta mass of $\sim0.05$ solar masses (M$_{\odot}$), an ejecta velocity
of $\sim0.1$c and an opacity ($\kappa$) of $\sim10\,$cm$^{2}\,$g$^{-1}$.

We examine this match further with simple analytics. Dividing the observed bolometric luminosity ($\approx\,6\times\,10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at 1 day) by the beta-decay heating
rate of r-process elements ($\approx\,1.5\,\times\,10^{10}\,$erg s$^{-1}$ g$^{-1}$; \cite{Hotokezaka2016}) gives a lower limit on the r-process ejecta mass of $>$0.02 M$_{\odot}$.
The decline rate of the bolometric luminosity also matches that expected from the beta-decay heating rate of r-process elements with the time-dependent
thermalization efficiency of the decay products (Figure~\ref{fig:lc}).
The expansion velocity of the ejecta, $0.1$--$0.3c$,
derived from the photospheric radius is consistent with
 the results of merger simulations \cite{Hotokezaka2013,Bauswein2013,Rosswog2013}.  Ejecta mass estimates based on
 observed emission are necessarily lower limits as a significant amount of additional matter can be hidden at lower velocity.

Next, we focus on the early-time emission of EM170817\ that is hotter, more luminous and faster-rising than predicted by the suite of macronova model predictions discussed above (Figure~\ref{fig:lightcurve_comparison}).
Decay of free neutrons would give an unphysically large ratio of neutron mass to ejecta mass \cite{sot}. Ultraviolet flashes predicted by \cite{Aloy2005,Gottlieb2017} are on much shorter timescale
than observed for EM170817.
Instead, we propose two possible explanations:
(i) If some fraction of the ejecta is boosted to mildly relativistic speeds, the relativistic expansion shortens the observed peak time and the Doppler effect results in
bluer, brighter emission. The jet cocoon model (see below) can
accelerate enough material at higher latitudes. All material would
have $\kappa$$>\,\approx1\,{\rm cm}^2\,{\rm g}^{-1}$ in
this scenario.
(ii) A disk-driven wind enriched with lighter r-process elements with
$\kappa\,\approx 0.5\,{\rm cm}^2\,{\rm g}^{-1}$ could also produce early, blue emission \cite{Evans17}. This
wind could be driven from a merger remnant that is a massive neutron star with an accretion torus.
We could have distinguished between these two possibilities if data were available at even earlier times.

\section*
A Synthesized Model Explaining the Panchromatic Photons}

We discuss three models in an effort to build a self-consistent picture that explains the $\gamma$-ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared and radio photons (Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}).

\subsection*{A Classical, On-Axis Short Hard Gamma Ray Burst: Ruled Out}
A classical short hard gamma ray burst (sGRB) is produced by a jet in the line-of-sight of the observer (Model A in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}) that is narrow (opening angle $\theta_{\rm jet}\,\sim$\,10$^{\circ}$) and ultra-relativistic (Lorentz factor $\Gamma\,>\sim$\,100). The progenitors of sGRBs have long been hypothesized to be NS-NS mergers \cite{Eichler1989}.
However, the observed $\gamma$-ray luminosity of EM170817\ ($\sim$10$^{47}$ erg s$^{-1}$, \cite{GBM2017,Goldstein2017})
is lower than typical sGRBs by four orders of magnitude \cite{Nakar2007,Fong2015}. If EM170817 were simply an extremely weak sGRB,
then the  successful breakout of a narrow, ultra-relativistic jet would require $<$3$\times$10$^{-6}$ M$_{\odot}$ of material that was previously ejected in the direction of the jet \cite{sot}. If the jet opening angle were wider,  it would require even less material to successfully break out \cite{sot}. Such a low ejecta mass is in contradiction with the observed bright UVOIR counterpart, which indicates $\approx$ 0.05 M$_{\odot}$ of ejecta. Furthermore, this scenario cannot account for the delayed onset of X-ray emission \cite{Evans17} and radio emission \cite{Hallinan17}.

\subsection*{A Classical, Off-Axis Short Hard Gamma Ray Burst: Unlikely}

Next, we consider the possibility of a classical off-axis sGRB where the observer is not in the line-of-sight of a strong, ultra-relativistic jet (Model B in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}).
Given the sharp drop in observed $\gamma$-ray luminosity with observing angle,
we find that the observer could only be off-axis by $<$8$^{\circ}$ \cite{sot}.
Such a slightly off-axis orientation is unlikely as only a small fraction ($\approx$5\%) of observing angles are consistent with the observational constraints. Moreover, in this scenario, EM170817\ is expected to exhibit a bright afterglow at all wavelengths roughly one day after the NS-NS merger, when the external shock decelerates to $\Gamma\,\sim\,$10. Initial non-detections in the radio \cite{Hallinan17} and X-ray \cite{Evans17} observations at this phase constrain the circummerger environment to an implausibly low density ($<$10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-3}$).
Another problem is that a hypothetical on-axis observer to such a sGRB would expect to see photons harder than we have thus far seen in sGRBs \cite{sot}.
Thus, it is unlikely that the $\gamma$-rays are produced by a slightly off-axis sGRB.

We conclude that EM170817\ is not similar to the classical population of previously observed sGRBs. While the observed $\gamma$-rays are indicative of a relativistic outflow (with or without a jet), they must originate in a different physical mechanism \cite{sot}. We explore the possibility of a structured jet in sGRBs with a distribution of Lorentz factors and identify multiple challenges with this model \cite{sot}.
Therefore, next, we propose a model with a wide-angle mildly relativistic outflow that propagates in our direction with a relatively small Lorentz factor.

\subsection*{Cocoon Breakout: A concordant picture}
Based on our UVOIR observations, we estimate that
a few hundredths of a solar mass of ejecta are propelled
into the circummerger medium of a NS-NS merger with velocities spanning a few tenths the speed of light.
We consider a model where a relativistic jet is launched after a short delay, perhaps on account of a delayed collapse of the hyper-massive neutron star into a black hole.
As the jet drills through the ejecta, the material enveloping the jet inflates to form a pressurized cocoon that expands outward at mildly relativistic speeds.
There are two possibilities: If the jet is wide-angle ($\approx$30$^{\circ}$), it will become choked and fail to drill out (Model C in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}).
If the jet is narrow ($\approx$10$^{\circ}$) and long-lived, it could penetrate the ejecta and look like a classical sGRB to an on-axis observer (Model D in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}).

Independent of the fate of the jet that created the cocoon, recent numerical simulations \cite{Gottlieb2017}
show that the cocoon would expand at mildly relativistic velocities ($\Gamma \approx 2-3$ ) over a wide opening angle ($\approx 40^o$) with energy comparable to the jet.
The cocoon has a wide enough angle and sufficient kinetic energy to easily explain the observed $\gamma$-rays.
However, it remains unclear how a cocoon would dissipate its energy internally at the radius where $\gamma$-rays are observed,
given its ballistic and homologous expansion (unlike sGRB jets which are expected to be variable with irregular internal velocities and structure that can dissipate the jet energy by internal shocks or magnetic reconnection). A wide angle mildly relativistic cocoon, found by \cite{Gottlieb2017}, was recently proposed as a source of wide-angle $\gamma$-ray emission \cite{Lazzati2017}. However, this was based on an ad-hoc dissipation process that is somehow at work near the photosphere \cite{Lazzati2017}. Here, we suggest that the dissipation mechanism is the interaction of the cocoon with the ejecta and that the observed $\gamma$-rays result from the breakout of the mildly relativistic shock (driven by the cocoon) from the leading edge of the ejecta. We find that such a breakout can explain all properties of the observed low-luminosity $\gamma$-rays if its Lorentz factor is $\approx\,2-3$ and the breakout radius is $\sim 3 \times 10^{11}$cm \cite{sot}.

We performed a relativistic hydrodynamical simulation in which a jet is injected into expanding ejecta to verify this picture for EM170817\ \cite{sot}. We find that even if a minute amount of ejecta ($\approx\,3 \times 10^{-9}\,M_{\odot}$) moves at 0.8$c$, the breakout radius and velocity match those needed to produce the observed $\gamma$-rays for a wide range of ejecta and jet properties \cite{sot}. For example, in the simulation shown in Figure~\ref{fig:hydro}, a shock with $\Gamma \approx 2.5$ breaks out 10\,s after the merger at a radius of $2.4 \times 10^{11}$cm, generating $\gamma$-ray emission that would be observed with a delay of 2\,s with respect to merger time (consistent with the {\it Fermi} observations; \cite{GBM2017,Goldstein2017}). After the cocoon breaks out, the photons that were deposited by the shock diffuse outwards and produce cooling emission that fades on timescales of hours \cite{Gottlieb2017}. After a few hours, radioactive decay of r-process elements becomes the dominant source of the observed emission. The emission during the first day is dominated by fast cocoon material (v$\approx$0.4c), which is composed of high-latitude, low-opacity ($\kappa\sim$1 cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$)  ejecta that was accelerated by the jet to high velocities. After a few days, the slower, higher-opacity ($\kappa\sim$10 cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$) dynamical ejecta begins to dominate the emission. We find that the bolometric light curve evolution and the temperature evolution predicted by this simulation is consistent with our UVOIR observations (Figure~\ref{fig:lc}).

The available radio and X-ray data are broadly consistent with both cocoon scenarios albeit with slightly different circummerger densities \cite{Evans17,Hallinan17}. If the jet is choked, the radio and X-ray data could be explained by the forward shock that the expanding cocoon drives into the circummerger medium. If the jet is successful,  the radio and X-ray data could be explained as
a widely off-axis afterglow of the jet.
If this emission is from the forward shock of a cocoon, we predict that the X-rays and radio will continue to rise. On the other hand, if this emission is from a widely off-axis afterglow of the jet, we predict that it will evolve slowly and eventually fade. In both scenarios, a cocoon would be needed to explain the $\gamma$-rays. We conclude that the cocoon model can self-consistently explain the multi-wavelength properties of EM170817\ spanning $\gamma$-rays to radio.

\section*{Implications}

Now we consider the question of whether EM170817\ was an exceptional event or whether multi-messenger detections will soon become routine.
The large ejecta masses and high velocities seen in EM170817\ suggests that intrinsically luminous UVOIR macronova emission should accompany every NS-NS merger.
If our proposed mildly relativistic cocoon model is correct, the wide opening angle of the cocoon implies that $\gamma$-rays would be emitted towards the observer in about 30\% of NS-NS mergers. If the jet is choked, we expect to see late onset of radio and X-ray emission from the cocoon forward shock.  If the jet producing the cocoon successfully breaks out, the source would appear either as a classical wide off-axis afterglow or a classical on-axis afterglow depending on the observer's line-of-sight. The launch of a successful on-axis cocoon jet may already have been seen in previous reports of possible late-time excess optical/infrared emission in sGRBs attributed to macronovae. In Figure~\ref{fig:lightcurve_comparison}, we find that the excess seen in GRB\,130603B \cite{Tanvir2013}, GRB\,160821B \cite{Kasliwal2017} and GRB\,050709 \cite{Jin2016} are roughly consistent with our observed light curve for EM170817. Separately, a plateau in the distribution of durations of sGRB may indicate that a large fraction of sGRBs may have choked jets \cite{Moharana2017}. Joint gravitational wave and electromagnetic observations of NS-NS mergers will shed light on the relative fraction of cocoons with choked jets and cocoons with successful jets.

Now we consider whether NS-NS mergers could be the primary sites of
r-process nucleosynthesis. This depends on both the rate of NS-NS
mergers and the average amount of r-process material synthesized per
merger. Based on the macronova light curve, we estimated a lower limit
on the mass of the produced r-process elements in EM170817 to be
$M_{\rm ej}\approx 0.05M_{\odot}$. The solar abundance pattern shows
that the first of three r-process peaks accounts for $\approx$80\% of
the total r-process abundance (Figure~S10 and \cite{sot}). To account for the observed solar abundance in all three r-process peaks with NS-NS mergers, we would need a rate of $\sim500\,{\rm Gpc^{-3}\,yr^{-1}}\,(M_{\rm ej}/0.05M_{\odot})^{-1}$. To account for the observed abundance in the two heavier r-process peaks with NS-NS mergers, the rate would only need to be $\sim100\,{\rm Gpc^{-3}\,yr^{-1}}$.
Based on the detection of GW170817, a NS-NS merger rate of 320--4740\,Gpc$^{-3}$\,yr$^{-1}$  was estimated at 90\% confidence \cite{GW170817}.
This is larger than the classical sGRB beaming-corrected rate
\cite{Wanderman2015,Jin2017} and larger than the predicted fraction of
NS-NS mergers based on the Galactic population \cite{Phinney1991}.
Based on an archival search for transients like
EM170817\ in the Palomar Transient Factory database, we find a 3-$\sigma$
upper limit on the rate of 800\,Gpc$^{-3}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ \cite{sot}.
Therefore the large ejecta mass of EM170817\ and the high rate estimates of GW170817/EM170817\ are consistent with the scenario that NS-NS mergers are the main production sites of r-process elements of the Milky Way (as predicted by \cite{Lattimer1974}).

The large rate, the wide angle for contemporaneous $\gamma$-rays, the bright UVOIR emission, the forward shock giving a late onset of X-rays and radio, the increase in sensitivity of GW interferometers, the increase in sensitivity of EM facilities (e.g. \cite{ztf,gattini,ultrasat,cutie}) --- all imply many more events like EM/GW170817.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Iva Kostadinova for seamlessly coordinating the GROWTH  (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) program and Britt Griswold for beautiful graphic arts. We thank Patricia Whitelock for facilitating IRSF observations.  We thank Scott Barthelmy for setting up an LVC GCN system that facilitated quick, citable communication between astronomers and maximized the science return. We thank Sterl Phinney, Shri Kulkarni and Lars Bildsten for valuable comments. We thank the staff of Gemini Observatory, in particular the director Laura Ferrarese for rapidly approving our Director's Discretionary Time request, and our program contact scientists Mischa Shirmer, Hwihyun Kim, Karleyne Silva, Morten Andersen, and Ricardo Salinas for supporting and executing observations. We especially grateful to Gemini for postponing scheduled maintenance on the FLAMINGOS-2 instrument in order to obtain as much data as possible on this extraordinary event.

This work was supported by the GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE Grant No 1545949. GROWTH is a collaborative project among California Institute of Technology (USA), University of Maryland College Park (USA), University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (USA), Texas Tech University (USA),  San Diego State University (USA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA), Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan), National Central University (Taiwan), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India), Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India), Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), The Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden), Humboldt University (Germany), Liverpool John Moores University (UK). The data presented here is available in observatory archives and the PLUTO simulation input and output files are available online (URLs in supplementary online text). Additional acknowledgements are in the supplementary online text.

\section*{Supplementary materials}
www.sciencemag.org\\
Materials and Methods\\
Supplementary Text\\
Figs. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10\\
Table S1, S2, S3\\
References (48-175)\\
Movie S1\\

\clearpage

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figure1.pdf}
\caption
Localization of GW170817 and associated transient EM170817. (A) Constraints at the 90\% confidence level on the sky position from gravitational-wave and $\gamma$-ray observations. The rapid LIGO localization is indicated by the green dashed contour, and the  LIGO/Virgo localization by solid green. {\it Fermi} GBM \cite{Goldstein2017} is shown in orange, and the Interplanetary Network triangulation from {\it Fermi} and {\it INTEGRAL} in blue \cite{LVCC21515}. The shaded region is the Earth limb as seen by {\it AstroSat} which is excluded by the non-detection by the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager instrument. (B) 49 galaxies from the Census of the Local Universe catalog (Table S3; red, with marker size proportional to the stellar mass of the galaxy) within the LIGO/Virgo three-dimensional 50\% and 90\% credible volumes (green).  One radio-selected  optically-dark galaxy whose stellar mass is unknown is marked with a +. (C) Cross-section along the X-X' plane from panel B, showing the luminosity distances of the galaxies in comparison to the LIGO/Virgo localization. (D) False-color near-infrared image of EM170817\ and its host galaxy NGC~4993, assembled from near-infrared observations with the FLAMINGOS-2 instrument on Gemini-South \cite{sot}, with $J$, $H$, and $K_s$ shown as blue, green, and red, respectively.  Our $K_s$-band detections span  2017 Aug 18.06 to 2017 Sep 5.99 and we show 2017-08-27.97 above.
\label{fig:localization}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figure2.pdf}
\caption
The evolution of EM170817\ derived from the observed spectral energy distribution.  (A) Bolometric luminosity.  (B) Blackbody temperature.  (C) Photospheric radius.  (D) Inferred expansion velocity.  Individual points represent blackbody fits performed at discrete epochs to which the observed photometry has been interpolated using low-order polynomial fits. Dashed lines represent an independent Markov-Chain Monte Carlo fit without directly interpolating between data points (see \cite{sot} for methodology and best-fit parameter values). The solid red lines (in A and B) represent the results of a hydrodynamical simulation of the cocoon model where the UVOIR emission is composed of (in A) cocoon cooling (yellow dashed line labeled 1), fast macronova ($>$0.4$c$; green dashed line labeled 2), and slow macronova ($<$0.4$c$; blue dashed line labeled 3).
\label{fig:lc}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figure3.pdf}
\caption{
Near-infrared spectrum of EM170817\ at 4.5 days after merger. For display purposes, the data have been smoothed using a Savitzky-Golay filter (solid black line), and the unfiltered data are shown in grey.
A predicted model macronova spectrum \cite{Barnes2013} assuming an ejecta mass of $M_{\mathrm{ej}} = 0.05 M_{\odot}$ and a velocity of $v = 0.1c$ at a phase of 4.5 days post merger is shown in red. The spectra have been corrected for Milky Way extinction assuming reddening $E(B-V) = 0.1$ \cite{sot}. Regions of low signal-to-noise ratio from  strong telluric absorption by the Earth's atmosphere between the near-infrared $J$, $H$, and $K$ spectral windows are indicated by the vertical dark grey bars. The light grey shaded band is the blackbody which best fits the photometric measurements at 4.5 days \cite{sot}.
\label{fig:spectra}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figure4.pdf}
\caption
Lightcurves of EM170817.  (A) Multi-wavelength lightcurve based on the ultraviolet/optical/near-infrared photometry of EM170817\ (Table~\ref{tab:phot} and \cite{sot})
plotted as AB magnitude vs.\ time since merger, with open triangles
indicating 5$\sigma$ upper limits, colored by wavelength.  (B--D)
$K_s$, $H$, and $i$-band lightcurves of EM170817\ with literature macronova
model lightcurves, which show a good match in the infrared but fail to
produce the observed blue emission.  For all lightcurves we plot both apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude assuming a distance of 40\,Mpc.  Detections are shown as circles, upper limits as triangles.  The models have been scaled
  to a distance of 40\,Mpc and reddened with $E(B-V)=0.1$ \cite{sot}. The model lightcurves are the following: $M_{\rm ej}=0.05 M_{\odot}, v_{\rm ej} = 0.1c$ from \cite{Barnes2016}, model N4 with the DZ31 mass formula from \cite{Rosswog2017} and $\gamma$A2 at a viewing angle of $30^{\circ}$ from \cite{Wollaeger2017}. Optical and near-infrared observations of previously observed short GRBs which appeared abnormally bright are shown as squares (scaled to 40\,Mpc and corrected for time dilation). GRB080503 \cite{Perley2009} would have had to be at a redshift of 0.22 to be consistent. GRB\,060614 \cite{Yang2015} is too luminous at late times. The excess emission noted in GRB\,160821B \cite{Kasliwal2017}, GRB\,130603B \cite{Tanvir2013} and GRB\,050709 \cite{Jin2016} appear to be similar to EM170817.
\label{fig:lightcurve_comparison}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figure5.pdf}
\caption{
Model schematics considered in this paper. In each panel, the eye indicates the line of sight to the observer.
(A) A classical, on-axis, ultra-relativistic, weak short gamma-ray burst (sGRB).
(B) A classical, slightly off-axis, ultra-relativistic, strong sGRB.
(C) A wide-angle, mildly-relativistic, strong cocoon with a choked jet.
(D) A wide-angle, mildly-relativistic, weak cocoon with a successful off-axis jet.
\label{fig:schematic}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figure6.pdf} \\
\caption{
Snapshots from a hydrodynamic simulation of a cocoon generated by a choked jet with emission consistent with EM170817\  (see \cite{sot} for details). The left half-plane is color-coded by logarithmic energy density (erg cm$^{-3}$) and depicts the energetics.  The right half-plane is color-coded by logarithmic four-velocity ($\Gamma\beta$) and depicts the kinematics. The observer is at an angle of 40$^{\circ}$, the ejecta mass is 0.1\,M$_{\odot}$ and the jet luminosity is 2.6$\times$10$^{51}$ erg s$^{-1}$. Based on this simulation, a bolometric light curve is calculated and shown in Figure~2.
(A) This snapshot is taken at 3.5\,s, shortly after the jet injection stops. The jet is fully choked by 4s.
(B) This snapshot is taken at 10\,s when the cocoon breaks out.  The breakout radius is 2.4$\times$10$^{11}$\,cm which corresponds to 8 light-seconds. Thus, the delay
between the observed $\gamma$-ray photons and the NS-NS merger is the difference in these times, 2\,s. The Lorentz factor of the shock upon breakout is between 2 and 3.
\label{fig:hydro}}
\end{figure*}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home / Clare Ogle: Houseparent / The Long Game
When it comes to houseparenting, I like to tell people that we're playing the long game. When we're dealing with people, especially teens, we can't go into it expecting short-term, instant gratification on a regular basis.
Don't get me wrong, sometimes it happens. Sometimes a student will come to MHS and everything will click right away. They will be polite, grateful, and happy most of the time. And when that does happen, it's glorious!
But it's important for me to remember that when that doesn't happen, it's okay. This is where the long game concept comes into play.
It's the idea that we're in this for the long haul. We're in it for the senior who finally gets it, or for the phone call from one of our students in college or after college.
It's accepting the fact that it might take 1,001 conversations for a student to understand what it means to take responsibility for his actions, but knowing that one day he might admit his faults to a friend he hurts. It's accepting the fact that the guys might not be grateful in the moment when we're developing their social and emotional learning skills, but knowing they will hopefully become compassionate adults and contributors to society because they learned how to deal with their emotions appropriately. It's accepting that we might not hear the words "thank you" as often as we'd like, but knowing they might come years later.
We have to be confident knowing we're doing the best we can because it's what we are called to do.
It's our job to teach, model, and be patient. It's not our job to force ideas or concepts onto our students.
If they're forced to do something, is it really a change of heart or is it simply a change of action? I think a change of heart can come from a change in action, but I also believe that I can't make someone change.
In that vein, we will keep pressing on and playing the long game…for as long as it takes to get it right.


I am sure many of us could offer some advice unfortunately we really need the required information about your system to be able to begin to help and please include what software you are using to view the mentioned streaming services.
sorry for so much time passing for my reply. I usually watch Netflix in the Microsoft edge browser and according to device manager I am using driver version 23.20.15017.3010. let me know if you need any specifications. My BSOD reads system_service_exception and what failed is atikmdag.sys. Hope this of more help. thanks. Additional info: before the windows 10 creators update, my computer ran Netflix with no problems whatsoever.
Have you reported the issue to Microsoft and asked them what they changed and why their browser doesn't work since the creators update? You may want to do that as well as letting AMD know about it, which you still have not if you have not submitted an issue report or opened a support ticket. The links for those are in Radeon Settings, the driver download page or contact page on the AMD website. I have no idea what will fix this. I can only tell you I don't use edge ever, and netflix runs fine for me out of chrome and opera. I watch it all the time. My Windows and browsers are fully up to date. My suggestion would be to try another browser until hopefully MS and AMD figure out a fix. This is certainly not the first I have heard of issues like this. They have come and gone several times over the past couple years. One think you could try, not sure if edge allows this, I know the other browsers do, is to turn off hardware acceleration. This may help until there is a driver or software fix.
Have same problem. I'm using Ryzen 5 2400G.
but whenever I run netflix app (downloaded on Microsoft Store) screen crashs.
that sounds like an app problem. I would report that issue to Netflix as well. If nothing else they may be able to pinpoint where fault is and attack the issue from the other end. These issues can be hardware, driver, app or Windows itself.


text:
Details on the HEALS Act
Posted: August 5, 2020 | Updated: November 18, 2020 | Bill Fay | COVID-19
Congress and the White House are still debating whether the HEALS Act, HEROES Act – or some compromise Act in between – will deliver the next round of coronavirus relief to a wobbly American economy, but at least they've set a deadline.
Well, sort of a deadline.
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows have been meeting daily with Democratic leaders Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) and Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-NY.) and hope to get an agreement on the latest round of coronavirus relief before the Senate goes on a one-month vacation Aug. 7. The House went on vacation July 31.
Meanwhile, millions of unemployed Americans anxiously await answers on some key elements that appear or don't appear in the HEALS Act and HEROES Act. The questions include:
Will some form of the $600 weekly enhanced unemployment benefit be offered?
Are restrictions against rent evictions and home foreclosures going to be brought back?
When will the agreed upon $1,200 second stimulus check be sent to consumers desperate to keep up with bills?
Will businesses, health care centers and schools get liability protection from lawsuits related to COVID-19?
While polls indicate that Americans strongly favor the proposals, at least the first three, the parties negotiating the deal are content to go back-and-forth without much urgency.
"They made some concessions, which we appreciated," Schumer said of Tuesday's negotiations. "We made some concessions which they appreciated. We're still far away on a lot of the important issues, but we're continuing."
At least one prominent side in the discussions appears to be losing interest in the outcome.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) isn't participating in the negotiations, having handed the lead role to Mnuchin and Meadows. McConnell, who boldly claimed that any COVID-19 related legislation that passed would come from the Senate side, now says he'll accept whatever deal Mnuchin/Meadows make with Pelosi/Schumer.
And he's not impressed with the way the Democrats are negotiating.
"It's like they expect applause for merely keeping a civil tone with the president's team," McConnell said. "Never mind they're still obstructing any action. Not a dime for kids, jobs and health care unless the administration will let them check off every left-wing lobbyist's Christmas list five months early."
This comes after McConnell failed to unite Republican senators behind the $1 trillion HEALS Act he presented them last week as a counter measure to the $3.5 trillion HEROES Act the House of Representative passed on May 15.
"If you're looking for a total consensus among Republican senators, you're not going to find it," McConnell said.
When Will the Senate Vote on the HEALS Act?
They would like to vote by Aug. 7, but that sounds like wishful thinking at this time. While McConnell is not involved in negotiations, he's still going to have to convince Republican senators to go along with something many want no part of.
At least 20 or so fiscal conservatives have said they don't want to spend any more for COVID-19 relief, but there is a strong feeling among the rest of the Republicans, especially those up for re-election in November, that they need to pass a bill.
"This is the most important thing we need to be doing," Sen. John Cornyn of Texas said. "How do you think it looks for us to be back home when this is unresolved."
Schumer sounded like Aug. 7 was an unrealistic deadline and that Senators may have to stay in Washington another week to get something done.
"The gap between our two parties in the negotiations is about priorities and about scale," he said on the Senate floor Tuesday. "This disease has washed over our country like a great flood and Republicans are acting like we need to fix a leaky faucet."
The House left Washington July 31 for a five-week vacation. The Senate is scheduled to take off for four weeks on Aug. 7. Bridging the $2 trillion chasm by Friday is a tall order for a Congress that can't agree whether it's raining outside.
While it doesn't seem possible that Senators could go home without holding a vote on the HEALS Act, it may happen. McConnell would be the one to call for a vote and he hardly sounds enthusiastic. If he doesn't, that would mean the next opportunity wouldn't come until both houses of Congress return to work Sept. 8. They could use the month off to ask constituents at home how they feel about this round of relief.
And don't forget: Even if both sides reach an agreement and pass a compromise bill, it still has to be signed by President Trump before becoming law.
What Is in the HEALS Act?
The answer that matters to most Americans is: Yes, it will include another $1,200 stimulus check for adults making less than $75,000.
Beyond that, there is:
Reduction of unemployment benefits to $200 a week
$100 billion in funding for education
About $190 billion in renewed funding for the Paycheck Protection Program and tax incentives to help small businesses
Five years of liability protection for covid-related lawsuits against businesses, schools, and health care companies
Extension of forbearance payments for federally backed mortgages
Funding for more coronavirus testing
Tax deduction for meals
Below is a more detailed description about what is and isn't in the bill.
A Second Stimulus Check
A second stimulus check is coming for sure. There isn't even an argument here, except how much eligible children qualify for. The Republican proposal is identical to the one the CARES Act passed last March. Repeating the same conditions has nearly unanimous backing from all sides.
That means another $1,200 direct payment to adults in the U.S. making less than $75,000. Those making between $75,000 and $99,000 will receive a scaled back amount that will be reduced by $5 for every $100 of income. It ends with $0 going to someone making $99,000.
The HEALS Act says up to three dependent children, regardless of age, will receive $500 each. College age and adult dependent children were shut out of the first round of stimulus checks, but not this time.
Supplemental Unemployment Insurance Check
This will be the most difficult battle for both sides to win because they are miles apart on how to assist the 20 million people unemployed because of COVID-19.
The Senate's HEALS Act aims to reduce the amount of federal unemployment benefits to from $600 a week to $200 a week. That will last until Sept. 30 and be replaced by a formula that would cap unemployment benefits at 70% of the worker's regular weekly pay.
Republicans said the $600 supplement was a disincentive for people to return to work, especially those who made more money being unemployed than they did working.
"I think workers and Americans understand the concept that you shouldn't be paid more to stay home than to work," Treasury Secretary Mnuchin said.
There could be problems implementing the Republican proposal because it will be difficult in many cases (especially hourly workers) to determine exactly what a worker's weekly salary is. An even more daunting problem is that many states use antiquated computer systems to deal with unemployment. Updating them would be time consuming and costly.
Mnuchin, who pushed hard for the reduced benefits, admitted there could be problems.
"We're dealing with the mechanical issues associated with that," Mnuchin said. "Some states can implement this quickly. Some states will take time."
Cap on Student Loan Payments
The HEALS Act tells student loan borrowers that if they don't have an income, they won't have to make a student loan payment. And when they do get an income, their student loan payment can't rise above 10% of income after deductions are made for food, housing, clothing, transportation and other necessities of life.
People who lost their jobs because of the coronavirus, and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, were given a reprieve in the CARES Act passed last March. The HEALS Act will extend the provision that allows homeowners to pause payments or lower their monthly payment, without penalty.
This program was enormously popular in the CARES Act and will become even more popular this time around because if focuses even tighter on small businesses. It also separates "first time borrowers" from those businesses that already received PPP loans back in March, but need it again.
For example, businesses that received a PPP loan in the first round, can apply again, but only if they have less than 300 employees. Second-time borrowers must show that they experienced a 50% reduction in gross revenues. And second-timers can only borrow up to $2 million this time.
The original parameters are still there for first time borrowers, meaning your business has less than 500 employees; you can borrow up to $10 million or 2.5 times average total monthly costs; and you must attest your business was affected by COVID-19.
Either borrower can use the money for renovations needed to comply with CDC safety guidelines and personal protective equipment.
This is another of the lesser-discussed issues, but one that is ultra-important to McConnell. He wants a five-year moratorium on coronavirus-related lawsuits against businesses, health care centers and schools.
McConnell has made this a "must" part of any compromise bill. "Let me make it clear, there won't be a bill that passes the Senate that doesn't have this in it," McConnell said.
The HEALS Act sets aside $105 billion for schools, with added money going to schools that re-open as scheduled this fall.
The first $70 billion of money would go for schools K-12. Schools that open on time would get extra money so they can prepare to open safely. Colleges and universities would get the next $30 billion and then $5 billion would be set aside for flexible funding used by governors for any level of education.
Is There More?
Oh yes! The HEALS Act has small provisions that may or may not affect American consumers trying to survive in a pandemic.
For example, the HEALS Act does include provisions for $1.75 billion to rebuild FBI headquarters, which may seem odd in a coronavirus relief package. The headquarters is located directly across the street from President Trump's luxury hotel in downtown Washington D.C., and was a late addition to the bill at the urging of the White House.
No word from the Democrats on whether they will support it.
HEALS Act vs. HEROES Act
The two acronyms might be easily confused, so to set the record straight: The HEALS Act is an economic stimulus bill proposed by Senate Republicans. The HEROES Act is an economic stimulus bill proposed by Democrats in the House of Representatives. Both parties will work toward a comprise using the components of each bill as a starting point for negotiations.
So, what was left out of the HEALS Act?
Plenty, if you're a supporter of the $3 trillion HEROES Act that was passed by the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives two months ago. Their wish-list provides $2 trillion more in federal money to help with hazard pay; funding for cities and states; rental assistance and the always popular student loan forgiveness.
Here's a look at how each one of those provisions in the HEROES Act compares against the HEALS Act.
The issue of "Hazard Pay" for essential workers is another potential dealbreaker. Democrats put $200 billion into their HEROES Act to help companies offer "Hazard Pay." Doctors, nurses, police officers, social workers, grocery clerks – and many other occupations – would qualify for bonus pay that could reach $10,000.
The HEALS Act has no mention of Hazard Pay.
Funding for Cities and States
This is huge in every way for the Democrats and their HEROES Act. The HEROES Act provides $1 trillion to cities and states to help them make up for tax revenue lost because of the coronavirus. They say the money would shore up gaping holes in city and state budgets and would impact everything from paying the local police to keeping state parks open.
The HEALS Act does not have a dollar budgeted for cities or states. Instead, it offers more flexibility for spending the $150 billion still there from the first relief bill back in March.
Rental Assistance
The HEROES Act asks for $100 billion in rental assistance for the estimated 44-million renters in the U.S. The money would be used to reimburse landlords, some of whom have been waiting four months for tenants to pay their rent
Republicans aren't as keen on continuing to provide protection for renters in danger of eviction. After saying Sunday that the HEALS Act would extend eviction protection for renters, the White House suddenly withdrew its support Monday and so did Senate Republicans.
The Heroes Act is a dream-come-true for student loan borrowers, who would not only get a 12-month suspension on payments and interest, but also would get $10,000 of loan forgiveness if they were experiencing economic distress because of COVID-19.
The HEALS Act offers students the option of repaying student loans on the 10-year plan or signing up for Income Based Repayment that could mean $0 monthly payments, if you're not working.
Where Will This End?
It's really hard to guess which side will cave in and allow provisions in a compromise bill that they said they would never allow in their original plan. The Democrats seem to have the upper hand because they came out first and they took some mighty cuts.
But Republicans can play the "fiscal responsibility" card and moan about the impact on the deficit and how this will cripple future generations and … well, moaning goes a long way in any argument.
The guess here is that the two sides will be "extremely close" when the Aug. 7 deadline arrives, needing only the Democrats to come off their fantasy dream of $1 trillion to cities and states in return for the Republicans agreeing to a weekly unemployment supplement of $400 a week.
They'll all go home for town meetings in their district/state and come back on Sept. 8 with a clear direction from the voters: DO SOMETHING!
We'll have to wait and see what "something" is.
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Q Kriss Kross is one of the longest-established puzzle magazines and is the essential magazine for all kriss kross enthusiasts. Each issue contains 100 pages with over 60 fill-in puzzles on a variety of amusing themes, plus a selection of other puzzles including piecewords, arrowords, and wordsearches. Readers also have the chance to win a share of £2,000! Don't delay, subscribe today!


Throughout the course of human history, man has broadened his horizons thanks to the brilliant work of genius writers. Among all the major literary elements incorporated into any novel, symbolism is undoubtedly one of the most important and influential ones. In George Orwell's noteworthy book 1984, the main character Winston Smith purchased a glass paperweight from an old junk shop which is proven to be very significant as the piece progresses. The paperweight is crucial to Winston's development as a person, and comes to resemble the past along with the present, the relationship he has with a woman, and his ultimate fate in the end.
When Winston originally saw the glass paperweight, he was fascinated by it. In fact, he revealed to the shop owner Mr. Charrington that "It's a beautiful thing" (Orwell 95) for it was likely part of a whole different era of the past before the Party existed. Although the bulky chunk of glass with a pink coral center seemed insignificant partly due to its age, Winston was intrigued by it for "it was a queer thing" (Orwell 96) that would come to show his bitter hatred of the Party and Big Brother. In thinking that he would be better suited to connect to the past if he acquired the unique antique novelty, Winston gladly purchased it for four dollars in the hope that he would have more access to the past and be able to comprehend why things are the way they are. At the heart of the paperweight, in which holds the coral, the author claimed in his novel that it was a relevant component of the past that is forgotten to be altered. Despite this belief, Winston knew that it was difficult to relate to the past for the Party consistently destroys photographs and documents, making citizens believe that regardless of how much the real truth is changed, they must believe what they say. For Winston, due to the fact that the shop was located in the prole district, the proles were depicted as the only group that had a decent shot at bringing down the Party and its ways. However, the government had complete control over its people, exemplifying that the paperweight can be seen as a symbol of freedom/hope away from it all in 1984.
"1984: The Real Truth Behind The Glass Paperweight" OtherPapers.com. 09 2011. 2011. 09 2011 <https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/1984-The-Real-Truth-Behind-The-Glass-Paperweight/12388.html>.
"1984: The Real Truth Behind The Glass Paperweight." OtherPapers.com. OtherPapers.com, 09 2011. Web. 09 2011. <https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/1984-The-Real-Truth-Behind-The-Glass-Paperweight/12388.html>.
"1984: The Real Truth Behind The Glass Paperweight." OtherPapers.com. 09, 2011. Accessed 09, 2011. https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/1984-The-Real-Truth-Behind-The-Glass-Paperweight/12388.html.
Glass production Glass production involves two main methods - the float glass process, which produces sheet glass, and glassblowing which produces bottles and other containers.


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text:
Gustav Heinrich Otth  ( 1806 -1874 ) fue un botánico y micólogo alemán.

Algunas publicaciones
 Otth, GH. 1861. Über die Brand- und Rostpilze. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1861: 57-88
 Otth, GH. 1863. Vierter Nachtrag zu dem in Nº 15-23 der Mittheilungen enthaltenen Verzeichnisse Schweizerischer Schwämme von Trog. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1863: 70-90
 Otth, GH. 1868. Sechster Nachtrag zu dem in Nº 15-23 der Mittheilungen enthaltenen Verzeichnisse Schweizerischer Schwämme von Trog. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1868: 37-88
 Otth, GH. 1868, publ. 1869. Sechster Nachtrag zu dem in Nº 15-23 der Mittheilungen enthaltenen Verzeichnisse Schweizerische Pilze von Trog. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1868: 37-88
 Otth, GH. 1870. Siebenter Nachtrag zu dem in Nº 15-23 der Mittheilungen enthaltenen Verzeichnisse Schweizerischer Schwämme von Trog und Fortsetzung der Nachträge vom Jahr 1846, 1850, 1857, 1865 & 1868. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1870: 88-115

Referencias
 Hein, B. Originalmaterial und Hinweise zu den von Otth beschriebenen Fungi-Arten und subspezifischen Taxa im Herbar des Botanischen Museums Berlin-Dahlem. Material original y notas de especies y taxas subespecíficas de hongos descriptos por G.H.Otth y guardados en el "Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem". Willdenowia 14: 413- 416. 1984. ISSN 0511-9618

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Micólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Berna

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia