text:
Organizations and Markets
David Landes
8 September 2013 at 7:23 am Dick Langlois	1 comment
| Dick Langlois |
As some readers may already have heard, David Landes passed away on August 17. The New York Times has not seen fit to publish an obituary, but here is one by Landes's son Richard.
I only met Landes once, at the International Economic History Association meeting in Milan in 1994. I attended a session he chaired on the Industrial Revolution. Rondo Cameron, a real character, sat himself down in the front row near the podium. Cameron was one of the most vocal proponents of the idea that there was actually no such thing as the Industrial Revolution, based largely on the argument that income per capita did not rise dramatically during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century (even though both the numerator and denominator were rising dramatically). Landes opened the session, and some hapless economic historian began presenting a paper on something or other during the Industrial Revolution. Cameron immediately put up his hand and announced that the presenter's premise was mistaken – because there had been no Industrial Revolution! Landes then sprang back to the podium and delivered a wonderful extemporaneous speech on why it was indeed appropriate to talk about an Industrial Revolution, including an analysis of the word "revolution" and its first use in French. This session also sticks in memory because half-way through an audience member suffered and epileptic fit and had to be carted out to an ambulance.
I must say that, in the great debates in which Landes engaged, I most often found myself coming down on his side.
Addendum September 8, 2103: The New York Times now has an obituary here.
Entry filed under: - Langlois -, Business/Economic History.
A Haiku for Coase	SMS Teaching Workshop on Technology and the Future of Higher Education
1. Peter Klein | 16 September 2013 at 2:26 pm
Price Fishback posted the following to EH.News:
David Landes was a great narrative economic historian. Although fully aware of the New Economic History and a lively participant in many of its debates, he is known primarily as the author of masterful narratives written throughout the latter half of the twentieth century.
Many of Landes' books can be grouped into three topic areas that express the focus of his many detailed stories and descriptions. The first topic is the growth of technology, given a primary place in economic history by the importance of the Industrial Revolution and in economics by the pioneering work of Robert Solow. The second, related topic is the role of entrepreneurs in economic history. Technology does not arise solely from broad economic forces; it is created and nourished by adventurous and ambitious men we call entrepreneurs. And the third topic follows Landes' interest in people into the role of culture in economic affairs, for entrepreneurs operate in societies, not in isolation. I describe two books in each area here to summarize the enduring contributions of David Landes.
The lead book in the first area is The Unbound Prometheus, a detailed account of the technology developed in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This book describes how the world economy was freed from the Malthusian constraint of static resources. Cipolla (1962) identified this transition as one of the two major events of economic history, and Galor (2011) made it the center of his unified growth theory. Landes supplied the evidence behind these broad generalizations in a riveting narrative of discoveries. He added a detailed case study to this general narrative in Revolution in Time, the history of innovation in the clock and watch industries. Time, ever elastic in Malthusian times, has become uniform in modern life, and the accurate measurement of time changed our perceptions as much as the new goods produced by other technologies.
Individuals appear prominently in these books, but they are overshadowed by the innovations they made. Landes turned his focus to the people in Dynasties, which placed entrepreneurs in families to see how long families could support the businesses started by these exceptional men. (They were exclusively men in the time frame of Landes' work.) He found it was quite unusual for business acumen to be transmitted within families. He generalized these observations in a book edited by him, Joel Mokyr and William Baumol on the role of entrepreneurs in history that described comparable innovators in many times and places.
This concern with individuals and families leads naturally into the analysis of societies and cultures. But while we can see this progression in Landes' work in retrospect, it is clear he had this underlying concern all along. His first book, Bankers and Pashas, was about the conflict of cultures between industrialized Europe and less "developed" Egypt in the late nineteenth century. This interest continued while Landes explored the other topics described here and came into the foreground again in his magisterial summary of technological, national and cultural change in The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (1998).
This marvelous book contains many insights, but one stands out starkly in the world today. Landes argued that no society that excluded women from economic activity could prosper. These societies were ignoring half of their human capital, fighting as it were with one hand tied behind them. Even more important in Landes' account was the attitude in the dominant men engendered by gender discrimination. Men feel powerful in their domination of women, and they are interested in preserving the status quo and reveling in their superiority. They consequently are less likely to become entrepreneurs who change economies and societies. Landes described this syndrome in the Middle East, and it may extend also to several states in the United States where women's rights are being sharply restricted, placing women in a subservient class with African Americans.
The books by David Landes describe here are delightful and informative at the same time. They will remain relevant to current concerns as long as technological and cultural changes are in the forefront of our minds and work.
Cipolla, Carlo, The Economic History of World Population (Baltimore: Penguin, 1962).
Galor, Oded, Unified Growth Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).
Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1958).
Landes, David S., Prometheus Unbound: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
Landes, David S., Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).
Landes, David S., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor (New York: Norton, 1998).
Landes, David S., Dynasties: Fortunes and Misfortunes of the World's Great Family Businesses (New York: Viking, 2006).
Landes, David S., Joel Mokyr and William J. Baumol (eds.), The Invention of
Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
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Today is the last day of Small Business Week, though here at Small Biz Daily, we celebrate small business every day. I get a lot of surveys of small business owners and I mention many below. Surveys can be instructional—think of them as snapshots of entrepreneurial behavior and best practices.
OFX, recently announced the results from its 2nd annual SMB Confidence Indicator, showing SMB optimism has dipped a little compared to last year. While 57% are positive and undeterred about conducting business internationally, despite the change in political climate, trade war rumblings, threat of hikes in border taxes and rising popularity of nationalism both at home and abroad. For 63%, international growth is "good to booming." Their goals for 2017 include, expanding into new international markets, adding more foreign suppliers and hiring skilled workers from abroad.
It's easier than ever to expand internationally due to new online commerce channels and tech tools.
65% have suppliers or vendors outside of the U.S.
Retail/e-commerce, business services and consumer products are the top three industries with the most overseas operations.
An overwhelming number of Americans visit a local small business at least once a week and 27% go to small businesses twice a week. According to the 2017 Cox Business Consumer Pulse on Small Businesses, only 8% of survey respondents don't visit any type of small business in an average week.
Consumers think both local (67%) and federal government (82%) agencies should do more to promote small business growth in their communities.
Almost half, 46%, say they should be managing their money better; 28% have already made financial mistakes and 28% say managing business keeps them up at night.
There's so much more in the report. Please check it out here.
Small Businesses Are Still Struggling to Attract Customers with Social Media Marketing: 42% say Facebook is the best social channel for driving sales; however, the same number aren't able to tie their social media marketing efforts directly to in-store traffic. 9% of small businesses say Twitter is valuable to their businesses, followed by 6% for Instagram.
Small Businesses Lag Behind their Customers in Adoption of Instagram: Facebook is the favorite social marketing channel among small businesses (64%). Only 33% use Instagram.
According to a recent survey from Bill.com, small businesses maintain a tenuous connection to their banks. Only 48% say they're committed to their banks in the future and wouldn't consider switching to a non-traditional online banking service, 43% are unsatisfied or unsure if their bank's current offerings meet expectations and 52% would either consider a non-traditional online banking service or are unsure as to whether they would commit to their bank over a non-traditional online banking service in the future.
Hiscox's most recent DNA of an Entrepreneur Report shows 61% of U.S. small business owners don't have a succession plan in place. Even more surprising—65% of those aged 50 and older haven't planned for succession.
Strong work ethic was the number one skill that both moms (67%) and dads (74%) taught them, followed by confidence (41% and 49% respectively) and resilience (40% for both).
72% never borrowed money (or accepted an equity investment) for their business from a parent and would never even consider doing it.
In an analysis of America's small business environment, the 2nd annual Allstate/USA TODAY Small Business Barometer finds increasing optimism and innovation among small business owners, despite the rising cost of doing business. In fact, 91% of local entrepreneurs say the benefits of owning a business outweigh the challenges.
The 2017 Allstate/USA TODAY Small Business Barometer produced an overall score of 58 for the country's small business sector, which rates as "solid" on the Barometer's 0-100 scale.
Optimism and innovation are surging: 64% of small business owners say there's never been a better time to own a small business. Among key demographic groups, business owners under 50, veterans and African Americans report higher optimism and better business performance.
50% experiment with new business practices to provide their customers with new goods or services.
64% say their businesses are doing well and 72% are optimistic that they'll do well in the coming year.
There's a lot more information you can find here.
While almost 70% of small and medium business (SMB) owners are optimistic their businesses will see business growth, expansion, or increased revenue over the next 12 months, their enthusiasm is tempered by unease over political uncertainty in Washington, according to a new survey released by Business.com, which was recently purchased by Purch.
Their optimism is driven by promises of deregulation by the Trump administration, with 61% saying the promise of deregulation has impacted their business investment plans. The SMBs say excessive regulations hinder hiring (56%) or block investment in new technology, software, and equipment (33%).
The Citizens Bank Small Business Pulse Survey also shows 51% of SMBs expect significant improvement in the national economy and 46% expect their regional economies to shine in 2017. And 69% believe their financial futures will improve in the next 12 months.
For a copy of the Citizens Bank Small Business Pulse Survey, please go here.
The survey also examined business owners' thoughts on the new Congress and Administration in Washington: 42% say they expect the policies of the new administration and Congress to positively impact their businesses, 32% say it's too early to predict, 17% say it will have no impact and 9% anticipate a negative effect.
Less than half (44%) of the business owners would anticipate a bump in profits if regulations were eased or eliminated. When it comes to hiring, 32% say reductions in regulations would have a positive impact.
When asked specifically about potential policy reform, corporate tax reform is the single most anticipated change. Nearly 70% are in favor of it. Regarding tariff restrictions, 33% support them, 32% oppose and 31% are unsure.
A digital package containing national and regional survey results is available on PNC's website at http://pnc.mediaroom.com/digital-packages.
A study from Womply shows 40% of Trump voters believe his election is their top reason for business optimism, while 70% of Clinton voters say it's their #1 reason for pessimism. The study also shows that business confidence has a significant impact the intentions if small business owners.
If you want to grow your business, you can never stop learning. To help education you, Google just launched Google Primer, a free mobile app offering bite-sized lessons for businesses that can be accessed wherever and whenever you want. The new lessons cover budgeting, bootstrapping, customer relationships and staying energized.
In addition to the Primer, Google will continue to host its free Get Your Business Online workshops. Check out the list of upcoming events here.
Brooklyn: supporting the growth of 240 small businesses in the high-growth manufacturing industry with an emphasis on underserved entrepreneurs and job creation for low and moderate income persons.
Morehouse College Entrepreneurship Center: to develop a new program, Ascend 2020 Atlanta, and help grow hundreds of minority and women-owned technology companies in low income communities across Metro Atlanta.
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In a recent blog post, we discussed if you Can You File A Personal Injury Lawsuit 12 Years Later. In this week's post, we will cover some tips about Louisiana Personal Injury cases that might affect your own personal injury lawsuit.
1) Does Louisiana Have Specific Deadlines For Personal Injury Lawsuits?
Many people may not consider the amount of time you have to file a lawsuit if you are injured by another person. However, Louisiana laws do set a specific deadline, or "statute of limitations," for the amount of time you have to file a personal injury lawsuit after your injury. This deadline falls one year after the date of your accident in most instances. In most cases, if you miss the one-year window, you lose the right to file a lawsuit over your injury. There are limited exceptions to this rule, but they can be complicated, so it is best to seek the advice of an attorney as soon as possible to avoid missing your deadline for filing your lawsuit.
2) What Is Comparative Fault And Will It Apply To My Case?
When it comes to determining how your case will be affected if injured person is found to be partly at fault for their injuries, you should be aware that each state follows different shared fault rules. If you are injured in Louisiana, this state has a "comparative fault" rule which reduces the amount of an injured person's damages by a dollar amount equal to the share of fault that may be assigned to that person. One example of this is if you are driving your car over the posted speed limit and you get into an accident. If someone else hit you and caused injury, you could be responsible for part of your own damaged because you were violating the posted speed limit when you got into the accident. This means that if your damages for the accident were $10,000, and it was determined that you were 10 percent at fault for the accident, your damages would be reduced by 10 percent. So you would only be allowed to collect $9,000 from the party that caused the accident. These numbers can change, but the basic calculation will stay the same.
3) Does Louisiana Have Auto Insurance Laws?
Like many other states, Louisiana requires drivers to carry a minimum amount of auto insurance. Part of this coverage must include damages for injuries. According to regulations, your coverage should be enough to pay your bills from the accident, but if it is not, going to court is an option. Moreover, Louisiana is considered an "fault" state for auto accident injuries and insurance purposes. This means that if you are involved in an accident and you have injuries, you have a choice to file a claim with the appropriate insurance carrier or file a lawsuit to recover damages in court.
4) What Is The Rule For Dog Bite Cases?
In a majority of states, dog owners have some protection from injury liability the first time their dog injures someone. This only applies if they had no reason to believe their dog was dangerous. This is referred to as the "one-bite" rule. This is not the case in Louisiana. Here, La. Civ. Code, art. 2321 makes the owner of a dog "strictly liable" for any personal injury caused by their dog. This means that regardless of the animal's past behavior, the dog owner is responsible for any and all damage done by their dog.
5) Are There Limits To Personal Injury Damages In Louisiana?
In most personal injury cases, courts can award damages in a dollar amount to compensate injured parties for medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, or other losses directly related to the accident. Some states limit the amount and type of damages a person can receive from their injuries. In some instances, parties cannot recover from non-economic injuries like "pain and suffering". There are not typically limits on damages for cases that do not involve medical malpractice.
6) What Are The Limits For Damages On Medical Malpractice?
Louisiana laws limit all damages in medical malpractice cases to $500,000 or below. Additionally, medical providers that are found liable for medical malpractice only have to pay $100,000 if they are covered by the Patient Compensation Fund. This means that the injured patient receives $100,000 from the provider and the rest of the money up to $500,0000 directly from the specified fund. It is worth noting that this limit does not apply to future medical expenses.
J. Price McNamara has been practicing law in Louisiana for many years and has handled many personal injury cases just like yours. With a wealth of knowledge and respect from both the legal and surrounding community, J. Price McNamara can provide the legal representation that you need. The legal team at the Law Offices of J. Price McNamara is waiting to help you with your case. Call us today to schedule your free case review and get an experienced legal team on your side.


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To commemorate its open house celebration and April 14, also known as Milwaukee Day because the numerical date is the same as the city's 414 area code, Bublr Bikes offered free rides to the public.
The Shops of Grand Avenue, in the heart of Downtown Milwaukee, was originally created as an urban shopping plaza in the 1980s. Bublr is leasing 6,275 square feet, where it has located its offices and a facility to maintain its fleets of bikes.
"Bublr is our ideal first tenant as we begin to reinvent the Grand Avenue. The energy and dynamism that Bublr brings to the Grand Avenue will help us launch our turnaround of the shops. We look forward to more exciting new announcements like this in the coming months," said Tony Janowiec, a principal of the Grand Avenue's ownership team.
The Bublr Bikes system is a public-private partnership between the City of Milwaukee and Bublr Bikes, with additional support from many other public and private partners.
These images are from the ribbon cutting ceremony of the new Bublr headquarters, the latest visible effort of revitalization for the area and an important component in the city's mass transit network.
Bublr officials also said they have begun offering a new pay-as-you-go pass that uses a key fob. With this alternative, riders get the convenience of a Bublr pass key fob but only pay when they check out a Bublr Bike. Pay-as-you-go users join for a one-time $2 cost and receive a Bublr Pass key fob in the mail. They can swipe the Bublr Pass to check out any Bublr Bike for only $2 per half hour, which is cheaper than the $3 per half hour users pay at stations with credit cards for single rides. Pay-as-you-go pass rides are billed monthly to user credits cards. Details at www.bublrbikes.com/go.
In addition to the new pay-as-you go pass and single rides, Bublr users can buy $15 monthly passes for unlimited 60-minute rides. Annual passes are also available. Bublr provides discounted and subsidized passes to a variety of corporate partners, students and City of Milwaukee Housing Authority residents. Bikes can be returned to any station.


It's astonishing how much excitement a small spiral-bound booklet can deliver. Of course it was necessary to read it immediately from front to back, and then back again (well, apart from the legal stuff on pages 19, 20 & 21 – I know I ought to look at that but somehow I never get past line 2). It all looks right: they've got our names right, the right cruise dates, the right cabin (which means that the Upgrade Fairy has not waved her wand over me), the right sitting for dinner, and the right excursions. Whew!- looks we're going on a cruise.
The only dilemna comes with the flight arrangements. We have a direct outbound flight from London to Rome – we specifically asked for this (and paid a bit extra) because last year we shared a table with a lovely couple from Merseyside who flew from a regional airport to Rome via Paris where their luggage went astray, and it was three days into the cruise before it caught up with them. But going home we are with a different airline, Lufthansa, and going via Frankfurt.
It's not the change at Frankfurt that has us a bit nonplussed, it's the different baggage allowances that is causing us some problems. Because these are all flights within Europe we are limited to one checked-in bag each, with a low weight limit; 23kgs with BA but only 20kgs with Lufthansa. Last year we really needed the 23 kgs – the bags weighed in at 21.5 and 22.5 kgs when we checked in. This is going to be a problem!
Watch this space for news on what we do….
I feel your pain. We're flying Easyjet post-cruise and how, tell me, am I to fit my goodies from the Grand Bazaar into a bag that's meant to weight no more than 20 kilos?


text:
Biografia

Infanzia

In base alle cronache coeve, Isabella nacque tra il novembre 1171 e il settembre 1172.

Nel 1177 sua madre, la regina Maria, vedova di Amalrico, sposò Baliano di Ibelin e stabilì la propria corte a Nablus, feudo ottenuto anni prima dal marito. Qui trascorse gli anni dell'infanzia Isabella, descritta dal cronista musulmano Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani come una piacevole ragazza dalla carnagione chiara e i capelli neri. Secondo il poeta normanno Ambroise, ella era "estremamente dolce e amabile".

Il trono di Gerusalemme era all'epoca occupato dal fratellastro Baldovino IV, figlio di Agnese di Courtenay, prima moglie di Amalrico. Il matrimonio fra i due era stato annullato nel 1162 a causa di un labile vincolo di consanguineità che aveva provocato la dura opposizione della Chiesa e di parte dell'aristocrazia. Accettato l'annullamento, Amalrico aveva preteso e ottenuto che i figli nati da quel matrimonio - la principessa Sibilla e il principe Baldovino – fossero riconosciuti come suoi legittimi eredi.

Nel 1174 Baldovino era stato acclamato re all'unanimità, ma il fatto che fosse malato di lebbra e privo di discendenza diretta poneva subito il problema della sua successione. Aspiranti al trono erano la sorella Sibilla - erede di diritto fintantoché la sua legittimazione non fosse stata messa in discussione - e la sorellastra Isabella, le cui pretese al titolo regale erano fortemente sostenute dalla madre e dalla famiglia Ibelin. Da parte sua, il giovane re dimostrava chiaramente di considerare sua erede diretta la sorella Sibilla, intorno alla quale aveva già avviato una accorta politica matrimoniale che guardava all'estero.

Primo matrimonio

Secondo Guglielmo di Tiro, nel 1180, all'età di appena otto anni, Isabella fu promessa in sposa per volere del re a Umfredo IV di Toron, in pagamento di un debito d'onore contratto nei confronti del nonno di quest'ultimo. Umfredo II, infatti, era stato ferito mortalmente a Baniyas proprio per salvare la vita al sovrano. La manovra serviva anche ad allontanare Isabella dall'orbita politica degli Ibelin. Le nozze furono celebrate nel 1183, quando lo sposo aveva circa sedici o diciassette anni e la sposa appena undici. A quanto pare, l'obiettivo politico di questa unione fu raggiunto: la madre di Unfredo Stefania di Milly e il suo patrigno Rinaldo di Châtillon riuscirono a restringere sempre più i contatti di Isabella con la madre Maria e il patrigno Baliano.

La notte stessa del matrimonio reale, la fortezza di Kerak, dove risiedevano gli sposi, fu assediata dalle truppe del Saladino. Stefania di Milly inviò al sovrano musulmano un messaggio nel quale lo informava delle nozze appena celebrate e gli ricordava la loro storia comune. Scrive Ernoul:

Probabilmente si tratta di un episodio di fantasia. Nessuna fonte araba parla infatti di un periodo di schiavitù vissuto dal Saladino presso il castello di Kerak.

Breve regno di Baldovino V e controversie per la successione

Nel frattempo, i progetti di Baldovino IV circa la propria successione andavano modificandosi. Il re era sempre più esasperato dall'atteggiamento inconcludente del cognato Guido di Lusignano, che egli stesso aveva dato in sposo alla sorella Sibilla. Proprio durante l'assedio di Kerak, Guido si era rifiutato di attaccare il Saladino e solo l'intervento diretto del sovrano, che versava in condizioni di salute sempre più precarie, aveva permesso di liberare la fortezza.

Deciso a impedire a Guido di mettere le mani sulla corona dopo la sua morte, il re privò Sibilla del diritto al trono in favore del figlio di lei, Baldovino, avuto dal primo marito Guglielmo Lungaspada. Il 20 novembre 1183 il piccolo, di appena cinque anni, fu nominato co-reggente col nome di Baldovino V. Secondo il testamento del re, ratificato dall'Alta Corte, qualora Baldovino V fosse morto durante la minorità, il problema della successione sarebbe stato affrontato dall'imperatore e dai sovrani d'Inghilterra e Francia – tutti imparentati col  in accordo col papa. Durante l'interregno, la reggenza sarebbe toccata ad uno degli "eredi di maggior diritto". Questo significava che tanto Sibilla quanto Isabella erano ugualmente titolate a succedergli.

Baldovino IV morì nella primavera del 1185, poco dopo aver ordinato una cerimonia pubblica per la formale incoronazione di Baldovino V. Durante il rituale, svoltosi presso la Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro, il re-bambino fu portato solennemente in trionfo da Baliano di Ibelin, a significare il riconoscimento pieno del nuovo sovrano da parte della famiglia di Isabella. Raimondo III di Tripoli fu nominato nuovamente reggente, dopo essersi già occupato dello Stato nei primi anni di regno di Baldovino IV. Ma il giovanissimo re era anch'egli di salute cagionevole e morì dopo appena un anno, nell'estate del 1186. La rivalità fra Sibilla e Isabella e i loro sostenitori, rimasta latente per molti anni, esplose irrimediabilmente.

Il partito di Isabella rimise in gioco la tesi dell'illegittimità di Sibilla: poiché il matrimonio dei suoi genitori era stato annullato, sostennero, la principessa non poteva avanzare diritti alla successione. Che ella fosse stata poi legittimata per volere dello stesso re Amalrico non fu tenuto in alcuna considerazione. Al contrario, fu ritenuto un atto illegale a danno dell'erede legittima Isabella, nata dall'unico matrimonio riconosciuto di Amalrico, quello con Maria Comnena. Gran parte dei notabili del Regno non accolse però questa tesi. Essi ritenevano che Sibilla fosse legittimata alla successione tanto quanto lo era stato suo fratello Baldovino. L'unica perplessità riguardava la figura ingombrante e poco affidabile di Guido di Lusignano, al quale da più parti si voleva impedire di accedere al trono. L'Alta Corte ottenne da Sibilla il solenne impegno ad annullare il proprio matrimonio con Guido e ad accettare per marito un candidato scelto dalla stessa assemblea. In cambio, sarebbe stata pienamente riconosciuta come legittima sovrana. Le disposizioni testamentarie di Baldovino IV venivano dunque ignorate.

Nel 1186 Sibilla fu incoronata regina di Gerusalemme e con grande stupore dei presenti riaffermò la validità del suo matrimonio con Guido incoronandolo a sua volta re di Gerusalemme. Il partito di Isabella, capeggiato dalla madre Maria e dal patrigno Baliano, si era riunito nel frattempo a Nablus, nella convinzione che anche Unfredo di Toron avrebbe appoggiato le pretese al trono della moglie. Invece, appena ne ebbe la possibilità, il giovane nobile si recò alla corte di Guido e Sibilla per rendere omaggio ai nuovi sovrani e giurare loro fedeltà. Le rivendicazioni di Isabella furono quindi temporaneamente messe da parte.

Nel 1187 il Saladino invase il regno, riconquistando città e castelli. Guido cinse d'assedio San Giovanni d'Acri, ma nell'estate del 1190, mentre ancora l'impresa era in corso, la regina Sibilla e le sue due figlie furono colpite da un'epidemia che si diffuse fra i soldati e morirono a pochi giorni l'una dalle altre. Guido continuò a dichiararsi re e cercò anche formali riconoscimenti. Ma i diritti al trono spettavano a Isabella, che poteva finalmente accedere alla sua eredità. I suoi sostenitori, in primo luogo la madre Maria e il patrigno Baliano di Ibelin, ritenevano che la giovane sovrana, diciottenne, avesse bisogno di accompagnarsi ad un re adatto al ruolo, il che non si poteva dire del suo attuale marito. La storia recente aveva conosciuto già situazioni simili: Amalrico I aveva dovuto annullare il suo matrimonio con la prima moglie per accedere al trono e Baldovino IV aveva fortemente premuto, senza risultati, affinché la sorella Sibilla fosse svincolata dal legame matrimoniale con Guido di Lusignano.

Matrimonio con Corrado del Monferrato

Isabella era molto legata al marito Unfredo, il quale però non aveva alcuna intenzione di assumersi la responsabilità della corona. Aveva più la tempra del diplomatico che del guerriero e anche lItinerarium Peregrinorum tende a vedere nel suo carattere qualcosa di effeminato, pur mostrando simpatia nei suoi riguardi. Nel corso del 1190 Maria e Baliano isolarono Isabella dal marito e la costrinsero ad acconsentire all'annullamento del matrimonio col pretesto che la giovane era ancora minorenne al momento delle nozze, alle quali, dissero, era stata costretta dal fratellastro Baldovino IV. L'obiettivo era quello di maritarla a Corrado del Monferrato, il più prossimo fra i parenti di Baldovino V e uomo dotato di provate capacità politiche e militari.

Dopo molte pressioni politiche e una sfida a duello lanciatagli da Guido III di Senlis ma da lui rifiutata, Unfredo acconsentì all'annullamento ecclesiastico del matrimonio, ratificato da Ubaldo Lanfranchi, arcivescovo di Pisa e legato pontificio, e Filippo di Dreux, vescovo di Beauvais, cugino di secondo grado di Corrado.

Il 24 novembre Corrado e Isabella furono uniti in matrimonio dallo stesso Filippo, nonostante le obiezioni di chi riteneva l'unione canonicamente incestuosa: Sibilla, sorellastra di Isabella, era stata sposata a Guglielmo, fratello di Corrado. Secondo alcuni commentatori moderni, questo fu un momento triste della vita della giovane regina, costretta a sposare un "vecchio guerriero brizzolato" che aveva già due matrimoni alle spalle. In ogni caso, Corrado, all'epoca circa quarantacinquenne, era un uomo intelligente, di buone maniere, attraente e dotato di un temperamento coraggioso e vitale, il che fa pensare che il destino di Isabella non fosse così cupo come alcuni hanno voluto sostenere.
Prima di prendere dimora a Tiro insieme al nuovo marito, Isabella liquidò Umfredo restituendogli il titolo signorile di Toron, Chastel Neuf e dei territori pertinenti, che erano stati incorporati nei domini reali al momento del matrimonio.

In virtù del suo matrimonio con Isabella, Corrado divenne re di Gerusalemme de jure uxoris. Tuttavia, per i primi diciassette mesi ci fu un interregno durante il quale Guido di Lusignano continuò a rivendicare il suo titolo, malgrado la morte di Sibilla lo privasse di tale dignità. Il suo principale sostenitore era il re Riccardo I d'Inghilterra, signore feudale dei Lusignano in Poitou, mentre i diritti di Isabella e Corrado erano difesi da Filippo II di Francia, che era figlio di Luigi VII, cugino di Corrado. Alla fine, dopo la partenza del sovrano francese, la dignità regia di Corrado fu riconosciuta per elezione nell'aprile del 1192. La notizia fu portata ai sovrani, stabilitisi a Tiro, dal conte Enrico II di Champagne, nipote sia del re d'Inghilterra che del re di Francia, il quale fece poi ritorno a San Giovanni d'Acri.

Ma il regno di Corrado del Monferrato era destinato a brevissima durata. Il 28 aprile, infatti, pochi giorni dopo l'elezione, avvenne un fatto del tutto inaspettato. La regina Isabella, attardatasi insieme alle sue ancelle in un hammam, non si presentò a cena presso il marito, il quale fece chiamare allora il vescovo della città, che declinò l'invito poiché aveva già cenato. Corrado si allontanò dal palazzo attraverso un'uscita secondaria, ma fu braccato in una stradina ed accoltellato, probabilmente da alcuni membri della setta degli Hashshashin. Il re appena designato moriva così il giorno stesso a causa delle ferite riportate. Isabella, a quanto già si sapeva, era in attesa della sua prima figlia, Maria del Monferrato, che più tardi sarebbe succeduta alla madre come regina regnante.

Nozze con Enrico di Champagne

Due giorni dopo Enrico di Champagne fece ritorno a Tiro in veste di emissario dello zio Riccardo d'Inghilterra col compito di fidanzare se stesso alla regina vedova. Secondo alcuni cronisti, gli abitanti di Tiro furono talmente colpiti dalla bellezza e dal fascino giovanile di Enrico da chiedere a gran voce le sue nozze con la loro regina. La stessa Isabella si sarebbe immediatamente innamorata di lui. Probabilmente si tratta di una rivisitazione romantica di quello che era principalmente un matrimonio politico: Riccardo era stato sostenitore di Guido ed era sospettato di avere avuto un ruolo nella morte di Corrado. Un matrimonio fra suo nipote e Isabella avrebbe messo a tacere i sospetti e sarebbe stato di certo molto più vantaggioso di un'eventuale reintegrazione di Umfredo.

Appena otto giorni dopo l'assassinio di Corrado, Enrico e Isabella furono uniti in matrimonio.

Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, presente alle nozze, scrive:

Enrico morì ad Acri nel settembre 1197 a causa del cedimento di una ringhiera che lo fece precipitare da una finestra. Dal matrimonio, Isabella ebbe due figlie, Alice (nata nel 1196), e Filippa (nata nel 1197).

Quarto matrimonio con Amalrico II di Lusignano

Dopo la morte del terzo marito, Isabella fu data in moglie per la quarta volta ad Amalrico di Lusignano, fratello di Guido. Dall'unione nacquero due figlie, Sibilla (nata nel 1198) e Melisenda, (nata nel 1200), e un figlio, Amalrico (1201–1205).

Re Amalrico morì nel gennaio 1205 per un'intossicazione alimentare causata da una triglia bianca, poco prima della morte della moglie e poco dopo quella dell'unico figlio maschio.

Morte

Isabella di Gerusalemme morì nel 1205 all'età di 33 anni. A succederle sul trono fu la figlia maggiore Maria del Monferrato.

La legittimità del divorzio di Isabella e Unfredo fu messa in discussione nel 1213, durante la disputa per la successione alla Contea di Champagne fra le figlie Alice e Filippa e il nipote di Unfredo, Teobaldo. A quanto pare, però, la sua validità fu riaffermata: così come nessuna obiezione era stata mossa alla legittimità della successione di Maria e dei suoi discendenti al trono di Gerusalemme; così, in Champagne, Teobaldo poté estromettere Alice e Filippa dall'eredità.

Riferimenti nella cultura di massa
Quello di Isabella è uno dei personaggi principali del libro di Graham Shelby The Knights of Dark Renown (1969) e del seguito The Kings of Vain Intent (1970). L'autore idealizza la realtà storica del suo matrimonio con Unfredo, impregnando di romanticismo i loro rapporti. Per converso, dipinge come una specie di mostro il secondo marito Corrado, reso responsabile di inaudite violenze carnali ai danni della moglie, con la quale intrattiene un rapporto sadico improntato alla sopraffazione. Isabella è coinvolta nel complotto che porterà all'assassinio del marito, vissuto come una vendetta per le violenze subite, e assume un atteggiamento indifferente e prevenuto nei confronti del terzo marito Enrico.

La figura di Isabella è protagonista anche del romanzo The Widow of Jerusalem (La vedova di Gerusalemme, 2003) di Alan Gordon, il quale descrive con maggiore partecipazione il suo rapporto con Corrado. La regina è presentata come una giovane donna viziata e vanitosa, che avrà modo però di crescere e maturare nel corso del libro. Solo alla fine, infatti, quando sarà ormai troppo tardi, Isabella capirà l'amore di suo marito verso di lei. L'omicidio di Corrado e la successiva morte di Enrico sono indagate dal protagonista maschile del romanzo, il folle Teofilo.

Note

Bibliografia
 Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, 1998, ISBN 1-84014-676-1
 Theodor Ilgen, Konrad, Markgraf von Montferrat, 1880
 Helen J. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, 1997, ISBN 0-7546-0581-7

 Leopoldo Usseglio, I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII, 1926.
 Patrick A Williams, "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?", da Traditio, vol. XXVI, 1970.
 M. M. Gilchrist, Character-assassination: Conrad de Montferrat in English-language fiction & popular histories,

Voci correlate
 Regno di Gerusalemme
 Baldovino IV di Gerusalemme

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 Bollettino del Marchesato. Circolo Culturale I Marchesi del Monferrato, Alessandria, no. 6, Nov. 2005, pp.5-13.

Re di Gerusalemme
Marchese consorti del Monferrato
Angiò
Cristiani della terza crociata

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text:
Actress Lindsay Lohan suspected of jewelry theft - report says
February 2nd, 2011 - 3:01 pm ICT by BNO News Tweet
LOS ANGELES (BNO NEWS) — Actress Lindsay Lohan is reportedly being considered a suspect in the theft of a high end piece of jewelry, RadarOnline reported Tuesday.
According to reports, local police have asked a Los Angeles court for a search warrant for Lohan's Venice Beach home, explaining that they have possession of a video in which the 24-year-old actress from New York is seen wearing the missing piece of jewelery.
Sources told the media outlet that the missing jewelry includes a necklace, and that there is both a photograph and video showing Lohan wearing the item, which is at least valued at $5,000.
It is still unclear whether the judge approved the search warrant. However, Lohan is currently on probation due to the incident with a former Betty Ford employee last December. She is also facing possible criminal charges within the incident.
Lohan also recently finished a 90-day rehab program at a Rancho Mirage, California clinic, where she was released on January 3, following a DUI conviction in 2007. Last year, the actress failed to meet the terms of her probation on several occasions, which led her to serve jail time and rehab.
Lohan, who is scheduled to make a court appearance on February 25, regarding the same DUI conviction, began her motion picture acting career at the early age of 11 in Disney's 1998 'Parent Trap,' but she gained popularity with her starring roles in 'Freaky Friday,' 'Mean Girls,' and 'Herbie: Fully Loaded,' before stalling her career with legal issues and rehab. Her latest movie appearance was in Robert Rodriguez's 'Machete' in 2010.
LiLo 'accused of stealing high end jewelry' - Feb 02, 2011
Lindsay Lohan Worried About Her Fashion Label - Oct 25, 2010
Lindsay Lohan Accused Of Necklace Theft - Feb 03, 2011
Lohan fears her fashion line could collapse - Oct 23, 2010
Besieged Lindsay Lohan Is A Suspect In A Case Of Thievery Of A Priceless Necklace - Feb 03, 2011
Actress Lindsay Lohan back in court for her progress hearing - Jul 22, 2011
Lindsay Lohan leaves Los Angeles jail, heads to rehab - Aug 02, 2010
Lohan's probation extended to August next year - Jul 08, 2010
Lohan dresses as nun, licks gun for 'Machete' poster - Jul 15, 2010
Lohan to return to court for that stink - Jun 23, 2011
Lindsay Lohan faces her court deadline today - Mar 24, 2011
Lohan accused of stealing $5,000 necklace - Feb 02, 2011
Lindsay Lohan's mural vandalized - Feb 04, 2011
Lindsay Lohan's Jail Term Bad For Her Career - Jul 10, 2010
Lindsay Lohan now at Betty Ford - Oct 01, 2010
Tags: actress lindsay, betty ford, bno, california clinic, court appearance, dui conviction, ford employee, freaky friday, herbie fully loaded, jail time, jewelery, machete, mean girls, missing piece, parent trap, radaronline, rancho mirage california, robert rodriguez, search warrant, venice beach
Posted in Entertainment |

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Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by Peter Paltridge, Feb 20, 2015.
Dock union strikes, limited editions, scalpers.....being a Nintendo collector these days weaves a tale of woe. Products the compant has sold of late have been increasingly harder to find. The problem is made worse when such rare items wind up in the hands of people who microwave them.


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FRESCOE MAP LIST THEMES
Media Information note Roman Polanski regarding Tess
Roman Polanski regarding Tess
Film-maker Roman Polanski explains his decision to adapt Tess to the big screen.
France 3 (Collection: Ciné regards )
Europe > Poland
Europe > United Kingdom > England
Discovered in Europe through his innovative films Knife in the Water and Cul-de-Sac, Poland's Roman Polanski, now a Frenchman, gained recognition in both France and the United States with thrillers such as Repulsion, with Catherine Deneuve.
His decision to use a romantic English novel therefore surprised both critics and viewers: Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) tells the story of the tragic destiny of a young peasant woman in search of love. Polanski started working on Tess as a tribute to his wife Sharon Tate, who was assassinated in gruesome circumstances in 1968, and maybe also as a reaction to rape accusations that he escaped from in the United States in 1976. Tate, who introduced him to the novel, had things in common with Tess, which he discussed in his memoirs Roman by Polanski. Co-produced by Claude Berri and featuring a large budget, the shoot of Tess was plunged into grief after the death of chief cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth and disrupted by a strike by the technical team. Nevertheless, he brought recognition to a then unknown 18 year old Nastassja Kinski, and collected a harvest of awards, including Césars for best picture, best director, and best cinematographer, as well as Oscars for best art direction-set decoration, best cinematography, and best costume design.
Charlotte Garson
Why did you decide on a film that takes place... a story that takes place in that manner, in the, shall we say, bucolic England of the end of the 19th century or of the second half of...
I didn't choose it because of England, I didn't choose it because of the time period. I chose it because of its literary and human value. It's one of the greatest novels ever written. It's a great love story. It's a great book. It's a very moving book, very interesting to read. What persuades us, as directors, to make a film? Something that excites us, that pleases us. We tell ourselves: "I'd really like to make a film about this. I'd really like to see this up on the screen". I had... Besides, not just as a filmmaker. I remember, when I was a child, I read certain novels. I told myself: "I want to make a film, one day, about this". Right then, I thought that it was time to make a film that talks about deep human emotions, about basic feelings and universal feelings. There was a bit of surrealism, a bit of absurdity in everything that I did before, just like in many of today's plays which have influenced me quite a bit. Like many of today's novels, like you see in many films. I think that nowadays, life itself is becoming so absurd, so surreal, that we instinctively want to get back to more realistic things, more essential and human things I would say, like love, loyalty, treachery, shame, the intolerance of society, the cruelty of our society.
What is the goal? To make people cry a bit?
No, the goal isn't to make people cry. Making someone cry is more of a means. The goal is to make people think, and reflect, and come to certain conclusions. Besides, I try to do this in all of my films, not just in this one, through other means, not through crying. Sometimes, you can achieve this goal by scaring people, sometimes by making them laugh. In general, I think that a film has to move people. I think that art has to move people. I think that if it leaves us cold, it's not worth being done, it's not worth staying two hours in a theatre room.
Ingmar Bergman interview
Antonioni discusses The Adventure
Interview with Alfred Hitchcock on The Birds
Alec Guiness shoots Hotel Paradiso in Paris
Jerzy Grotowski on the notion of poor theatre
Andrzej Wajda, regardingMan of Marble
Czeslaw Milosz, Nobel Prize for literature.
Boris Pahor, In the Labyrinth
Paradise Lost, by Cees Nooteboom
CREDITS OVERVIEW LEGAL INFORMATION CGU CONTACT FAQ PRIVACY POLICY


text:
Q: Drupal 8 - Simple fb connect doesn't send "Welcome mail" I'm using the simple fb connect module to create and login my users.
It's also possible to register with the build in registration from Drupal itself. Normally when a user registers, the Drupal system sends an account "Welcome email".
But when users register via Facebook, it doesn't send a "Welcome email".
I've tried with the module Rules to send a e-mail after a User has been created with Simple Fb Connect. Then I have 2 options, to "send an email" or to "send an account e-mail". I have no idea how to fill in the required fields in neither options. If it's even possible yet, because it's still in development..
Does anyone know how to fill one of the two actions in Rules? Or know how I can send an e-mail programmatically

A: I've fixed it with writing a custom hook_mail in the module "Simple fb connect" right after a new user has been created.

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text:
Jim Roepcke
Canadian iOS Developer
Emmys May Go on at Military Base
What a bunch of pussies these actors are. Football players are playing in stadiums with 50,000+ people and these holier-than-thou people are too chicken to do an awards show.
What kind of "things are normal, the terrorists can't change our way of life" message does it show when these supposed role models have to go to a military base to be seen together on TV?
Written on October 10, 2001


In the late 90s, something happened that revolutionized the world we live in. The arrival of mobile phone applications transported us into a world with endless possibilities and even now, it is rather difficult to believe the word "app" was unrecognizable only a few decades ago. These days individuals, businesses and organizations cannot do without making use of mobile apps on a daily basis. If you have not incorporated mobile applications into your SME (Small and Medium-sized Enterprise), then you have next to no chance of moving ahead of others in the business game.
Running a small or medium-sized business in today's economy is hard enough without the pressure of competitors breathing down your neck. You have to be versatile, smart and very efficient to be on top of the food chain. Unknown to many, mobile apps afford business owners a chance to be all these things and more.
Say what you will about how easy life has been since the introduction of technology; the fact remains that it has made the average human lazy. When it comes to the average attention span, needless to say, goldfishes may fair better than we do. Any top business mogul would agree that customers want instant satisfaction with little or no effort on their part. This is why it is important to show your customers that you can make life a lot easier for them.
There is no better way to do this than with a functional mobile app. While the use of company websites maintains some level of relevance, nothing beats flipping out a phone and tapping on an app to enjoy useful services. With mobile apps, your business is literally one tap away from customers.
If you know anything about human psychology you understand the power of visual stimulation and its influence on our decision making. Imagine having the logo of your enterprise pop into view every time a customer scrolls to their home screen.
With this simple feature, customers unconsciously develop a great deal of familiarity with your enterprise not to talk about the increase in the chances of them browsing through your app on impulse. Once you have your app in a lead's phone, there is every chance that your business would come to mind once they are in need of products like yours. It gets better. Reception to your advertisements and marketing tools would be greatly amplified so long as the customer sees your application every day.
Having your application installed on people's phones is all you need to create a direct link between your enterprise and them. Good communication is priceless in marketing and there's no better way to notify customers of new sales deals, provide them with marketing materials, and receive essential data.
It has already been established that mobile phone apps are super-effective marketing tools, however, this goes both ways as it can also serve as a platform for customers to reach you. Feedbacks, suggestions, complaints, and questions are just some of the factors that can improve the quality of products and services your business provides. Research has proven that 9 out of 10 customers prefer a business with a strong communication network to one without.
Just in case you are thinking the mobile app strategy may be too popular, you will be shocked to find out that as of 2017 only 20% of the world's businesses owned their own apps. This figure is steadily increasing, hence, now would be a good time to invest in building one for your SME.
Presently, the number of enterprises with apps is still small enough so that they are perceived to be of greater quality by customers. That perception coupled with better accessibility and marketing ability is all you need to blow away your competitors.
Customer loyalty is arguably the scarcest commodity in the world of business. One minute they are happy and satisfied, the next they are gone; lost to some other seller. This is as a result of the great level of commercial noise out there. You can hardly walk two blocks without coming across adverts on billboards, newspapers, banners, flyers and the internet.
The creation of customer loyalty reward programs on your mobile app to provide customers with exclusive deals and special offers is sure to build a lasting bond between your SME and its customers. For even better results, embed survey features in the app to know which rewards are preferred and gather useful information on how best to improve your business.
So there you have it. Now you understand why mobile phone applications are a must-have if you want to dominate your field and grow your business into the gigantic enterprise you've always dreamed of. Sometimes it's not just about having the best ideas, but about having the best tools.


Saulo Padilla was born in Guatemala. In 1986 he immigrated with his mother and siblings to Canada to reunite with his father who left Guatemala as a political refugee in 1980 during the civil war. Since January 2008 Saulo has been working for Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) U.S. as coordinator for the Immigration Education National Program. His passion to work with immigrants comes from his own experience as the son of a refugee and immigrant, as well as the biblical call to welcome the stranger.
A couple years ago, I was crossing the border from Canada into the United States after two days of speaking about the church, the Bible and immigration at the Mennonite Central Committee's Ottawa Office in Ontario.
After dozens of tense encounters with Customs and Border Protection officers, I'm always a bit nervous when I approach a border officer — to them I am always a suspect.
This time, however, I was charged up with energy from the event I was coming from, so I was a bit more relaxed when he asked the regular questions: Which country are you a citizen of? How long have you been in Canada? Where do live? What were you doing in Canada? I recite answers in my head for all these questions several times as I am waiting in line — like a high school student memorizing a science or history fact, afraid that they will mess it up and fail. In my case, I fear I'd make it onto a list of bad and dangerous people. The officer asked what I did for work in the United States. When I replied, "I am Immigration Education coordinator for Mennonite Central Committee; I help provide learning opportunities about immigration to church members," he frowned and said, "What does the Bible have to do with immigration?" That is a question I had not rehearsed for while waiting in line, but I was ready to talk about it for hours. So a Customs and Border Protection officer was educated that day about immigration and the Bible.
One of the most interesting findings in my work has been how in the United States, we Christians, miss the stories of migration in the Bible. The Scriptures can be read through many lenses; one of them is the lens of migration. I have often done an exercise with youth in which I give them a few minutes to find stories of migration in the Bible. They often start naming some Bible characters. However, it is interesting how we need to be trained to use the lens of migration to find out that in almost every book of the Bible is a story of migration where God is at work. Even more interesting is how we miss the stories of migration in the most popular characters. Take for example the story of creation — God relocates the first biblical couple out of the Garden of Eden. The lives of Adam and Eve are completely changed by this move. So the biblical narrative of humanity starts with a forced migration.
Or what about Joseph's story (one our children know well) — the dreamer who became a prince in Egypt. Most of the time, the story we tell is incomplete.
We miss the story in Genesis 37:23-28, a story of human trafficking, an action that today is an international crime. At that point in the story, we should stop for a moment and think of the little child who is being exchanged in a monetary transaction — his pain, his separation from his family. In the background of the story is Jacob's cry; one that lasts for years and does not end until there is resolution. Today, there are cries all over the world for missing people, including young children. There are thousands of children in tent cities at the U.S. border, detention centers, shelters and even foster care, who are being cried for in homes around the world. I have often visited the cemetery in Douglas, Arizona were unidentified (unknown) remains of migrants rest. These are people whose families will never know their fate – mourning will last a lifetime. Jacob's cry is a current issue, and we should acknowledge that piece as we read and tell the story. It should constantly ring in our ears as we read the story. In the same way, it should ring in our ears as long as there are children separated from their parents.
There are biblical stories that we tell children and we use them to encourage them to believe that God is involved in the history of people seeking refuge and safety, fleeing from famines, war, and in some cases environmental catastrophes (Noah and his family). In the same way, people migrating today hold onto the faith and hope that God is acting in our story. What we fail to notice is how God is in constant vigilance for the safety of foreigner and the stranger. In Genesis, we find the story of Abraham, the father of faith, the same Abraham who while crossing a kingdom tells his wife Sarah to hide their identity, like millions of migrants do today, and to tell the king that they are siblings. Yes, this story does not show what we consider good character. But it does show complexity, real life situations of migration, and fear of being separated from his wife. He believes hiding his identity is better for his survival — and at the end it is, God intervenes. The story continues with God coming to the King in dreams, and telling him not to do harm to the foreigners who are in transit.
In a country that values the Scriptures, a "Christian nation," these biblical stories are extremely relevant and important. Sometimes in our congregations we have to resort to making the story fictional and theological because there is no way to make it function in the real world. However, the biblical narratives make sense and are the reality of people migrating today. Abraham, Ruth, Joseph and Daniel seem so close to our stories that we can place ourselves in biblical times. It is as if they are the stories of our families and we are reading our own stories. They help us see God acting in our lives and transcending walls, chains, bars and human borders. The biblical stories are stories of God walking among foreigners and strangers, and continuously advocating for the rights of those viewed as dangerous and intrusive by the local, resident and citizen. At times, while reading the Scriptures, we even celebrate that God helps people escape human justice, as is the case with Paul and others in the New Testament. A God who opens jail cells and breaks chains — systems of human justice. Even in churches where people would say "the law is the law," how do these stories inform God at work when a person in Sanctuary or seeking asylum is released and allowed to stay.
While we are revisiting history and using the language of "Christian Nation." Let's recognize that today's stories of migrants are also closer to the stories ingrained in the roots of this nation. They are stories of people seeking safety, food security, religious and other freedoms, etc. It is extremely important that we tell the stories of those called "founding fathers of this Christian nation" through this lens of migration. In the accounts of the pilgrims and pioneers we can find a deep belief that God was guiding them and walking with them. In countless times I have heard today's migrants say "God willing, I will make it to the United States." If we look with different lenses, we will be able to see that the experiences of today's immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in the United States are closer to those of pioneers and pilgrims. The terminology has been changed for political, racial and xenophobic purposes, but the stories remain the same. Today's migrants are the new pilgrims, new pioneers, and new settlers, except without the colonizing blood-shed and genocide.
A reading of Scriptures through the lens of migration will undoubtedly lead to recognizing that immigrants today come using the God-given rights given to those in the creation story, the rights that pioneers and pilgrims claimed, and the same rights given to all of us humans to seek a better life.
As I do my work, I encounter many people in churches who ask "What does the Bible have to do with immigration?" Just like that encounter with the Border and Customs Protection officer that day. My response is the same as that day I crossed the Canadian border: Our God, the God of the Bible, is a God who is found walking in the midst of foreigners and strangers.
Hey Saulo, really fine article. Thanks for publishing it. I am glad we had a chance to meet a year ago walking in the desert. I'm still in Guatemala but am glad I can continue to hear about and support the ministries of the Mennonites from afar!


text:
<!-- This file is automatically generated based on output from https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/tree/stable/src/chocolatey/infrastructure.app/commands/ChocolateyPackCommand.cs using https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/tree/stable/GenerateDocs.ps1. Contributions are welcome at the original location(s). If the file is not found, it is not part of the open source edition of Chocolatey or the name of the file is different. -->

# Pack Command (choco pack)

Chocolatey will attempt to package a nuspec into a compiled nupkg. Some
 may prefer to use `cpack` as a shortcut for `choco pack`.

**NOTE:** 100% compatible with older chocolatey client (0.9.8.32 and below)
 with options and switches. In most cases you can still pass options
 and switches with one dash (`-`). For more details, see
 [[how to pass arguments|CommandsReference#how-to-pass-options--switches]] (`choco -?`).

**NOTE:** You can pass arbitrary property value pairs through to nuspecs.
 These will replace variables formatted as `$property$` with the value passed.

**NOTE:** `cpack` has been deprecated as it has a name collision with CMake. Please
 use `choco pack` instead. The shortcut will be removed in v1.

## Usage

    choco pack [<path to nuspec>] [<options/switches>] [<property=value>]
    cpack [<path to nuspec>] [<options/switches>] (DEPRECATED)

## Examples

    choco pack
    choco pack --version 1.2.3 configuration=release
    choco pack path/to/nuspec
    choco pack --outputdirectory build

## Options and Switches

**NOTE:** Options and switches apply to all items passed, so if you are
 running a command like install that allows installing multiple
 packages, and you use `--version=1.0.0`, it is going to look for and
 try to install version 1.0.0 of every package passed. So please split
 out multiple package calls when wanting to pass specific options.

Includes [[default options/switches|CommandsReference#default-options-and-switches]] (included below for completeness).

~~~

 -?, --help, -h
     Prints out the help menu.

 -d, --debug
     Debug - Show debug messaging.

 -v, --verbose
     Verbose - Show verbose messaging. Very verbose messaging, avoid using
       under normal circumstances.

     --trace
     Trace - Show trace messaging. Very, very verbose trace messaging. Avoid
       except when needing super low-level .NET Framework debugging. Available
       in 0.10.4+.

     --acceptlicense, --accept-license
     AcceptLicense - Accept license dialogs automatically. Reserved for
       future use.

 -y, --yes, --confirm
     Confirm all prompts - Chooses affirmative answer instead of prompting.
       Implies --accept-license

 -f, --force
     Force - force the behavior. Do not use force during normal operation -
       it subverts some of the smart behavior for commands.

     --noop, --whatif, --what-if
     NoOp / WhatIf - Don't actually do anything.

 -r, --limitoutput, --limit-output
     LimitOutput - Limit the output to essential information

     --timeout, --execution-timeout=VALUE
     CommandExecutionTimeout (in seconds) - The time to allow a command to
       finish before timing out. Overrides the default execution timeout in the
       configuration of 2700 seconds. '0' for infinite starting in 0.10.4.

 -c, --cache, --cachelocation, --cache-location=VALUE
     CacheLocation - Location for download cache, defaults to %TEMP% or value
       in chocolatey.config file.

     --allowunofficial, --allow-unofficial, --allowunofficialbuild, --allow-unofficial-build
     AllowUnofficialBuild - When not using the official build you must set
       this flag for choco to continue.

     --failstderr, --failonstderr, --fail-on-stderr, --fail-on-standard-error, --fail-on-error-output
     FailOnStandardError - Fail on standard error output (stderr), typically
       received when running external commands during install providers. This
       overrides the feature failOnStandardError.

     --use-system-powershell
     UseSystemPowerShell - Execute PowerShell using an external process
       instead of the built-in PowerShell host. Should only be used when
       internal host is failing. Available in 0.9.10+.

     --no-progress
     Do Not Show Progress - Do not show download progress percentages.
       Available in 0.10.4+.

     --proxy=VALUE
     Proxy Location - Explicit proxy location. Overrides the default proxy
       location of ''. Available for config settings in 0.9.9.9+, this CLI
       option available in 0.10.4+.

     --proxy-user=VALUE
     Proxy User Name - Explicit proxy user (optional). Requires explicity
       proxy (`--proxy` or config setting). Overrides the default proxy user of
       '123'. Available for config settings in 0.9.9.9+, this CLI option
       available in 0.10.4+.

     --proxy-password=VALUE
     Proxy Password - Explicit proxy password (optional) to be used with
       username. Requires explicity proxy (`--proxy` or config setting) and
       user name.  Overrides the default proxy password (encrypted in settings
       if set). Available for config settings in 0.9.9.9+, this CLI option
       available in 0.10.4+.

     --proxy-bypass-list=VALUE
     ProxyBypassList - Comma separated list of regex locations to bypass on
       proxy. Requires explicity proxy (`--proxy` or config setting). Overrides
       the default proxy bypass list of ''. Available in 0.10.4+.

     --proxy-bypass-on-local
     Proxy Bypass On Local - Bypass proxy for local connections. Requires
       explicity proxy (`--proxy` or config setting). Overrides the default
       proxy bypass on local setting of 'True'. Available in 0.10.4+.

     --log-file=VALUE
     Log File to output to in addition to regular loggers. Available in 0.1-
       0.8+.

     --version=VALUE
     Version - The version you would like to insert into the package.

     --out, --outdir, --outputdirectory, --output-directory=VALUE
     OutputDirectory - Specifies the directory for the created Chocolatey
       package file. If not specified, uses the current directory.

~~~

[[Command Reference|CommandsReference]]

***NOTE:*** This documentation has been automatically generated from `choco pack -h`.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yet, argues Tallis, with much of contemporary science running into dead ends—the search for a grand unified theory of everything, the attempt to understand the mysteries of human consciousness—it may be time to revisit the "Parmenidian moment," to see if there might be an alternative "cognitive journey" from the one the pre-Socratic philosopher set us on 2,500 years ago.
For my $0.02 worth, I would point to the irony of opening with a quote from Whitehead and ending with a speculation on how we are to move away from the "Parmenidean Block" vision of reality. Whitehead's philosophy of organism is precisely such an attempt. As a scientist himself, ANW had the "chops" (a theatrical term) to both do and understand science in its contemporary form. The philosophical underpinnings and motivations (if not the detailed mathematical exposition itself) of his alternative theory of space and gravity to Einstein's (Parmenidean) general relativity remains alive today in the form of MoND and Bimetric theories -- pity the scientists proposing these don't know their own history. Anyway, thanks to Dr. Tallis for this piece.
Dr Tallis' attribution of "a fundamental error" to Parmenides rests on willful neglect of subsequent interpretations. It makes sense to interpret Fragment 3, "Thinking and the thought 'it is' are the same", as saying that it is impossible to think of something that does not exist. I prefer to interpret this passage more cautiously with Plato, whose Eleatic Stranger challenges Theaetetus to try with might and main to say something correctly about not-being, without attributing to it either existence or unity or plurality. (Sophist, 239b) This reading agrees with the tradition inaugurated by the Megarians and the Stoics, and recovered by the founder of modern logic Gottlob Frege and his foremost exponent Alonzo Church, in a concise formilation that "nothing can be said truly about that, which does not exist." This critically qualified reading of Eleatic doctrine in no way contradicts the commonsensical observation that we are always thinking of things that have no reality outside of our thought, for want of demonstration that we are, or can be, thinking about them truly. Even beyond that, truthful entertaining of explicit possibility can be readily reconciled with Dr. Tallis' austere interpretation of Parmenides by following the Stoics and their philosophical heirs. Under their account, the same terms that denote things and express their concepts in their ordinary use, denote the same concepts and express concepts of these concepts within the contexts of propositional attitudes. Such contexts arise whenever our thought turns away from warranted realities to contemplate what might be the case, rather than what is the case. And since concepts exist eternally and unchangeably, suffering neither becoming nor extinction, all objects of our thought inherit their warrant for being.
I would like to point out that the translation of Parmenides' expression "to gar auto..." is best rendered as "the self-same thing can be said of Being and Thinking." Fragment 3 thus points us to the wonderful affinity between Being (what is ) and our ability to grasp it in thought. Hegel's fundamental insight about the identity of the rational and the actual is what makes Parmenides' primal thought so key to the history of philosophy and to the victory of the Western project.
The concluding words of the article "Precisely because Parmenides was our great beginning, we should try to reimagine his thought and its consequences, in the hope of awakening out of his awakening to one more closely answering to our need for wholeness of understanding." have the flavor (pardon the metaphor) of a prayer, rather than a logical argument. It expresses what is often called "a pious hope" It is questonable whether any prayer gets answered; it is more likely that not every question has an answer.
Read Greek history and I think you'll have a very different understanding of the rise of the ancient importance of reason. Internal to cities: wealth, intermarriage and force held far more importance than reason. But the ancient Greek historians recount again and again how critical reason and rhetoric were as a military force multiplier amongst diverse city states without permanent alliances. Conflicts in such multiplayer games were won by those who could persuade others to temporary alliances of interest, faith, heritage, or anything else that seemed appealing. Reason was a desperately important survival skill.
When Parmenides pronounces that "thinking and the thought 'it is' are the same", he does not at the same time have in mind either Newton's universe of space and time or Einstein's block universe of spacetime. He did not need these. Dr. Sallis thinks (p. 4) that "Without a distance between the thought and its objects, so that the thought can exist in the absence of its object, thought would not be about anything", and thus Parmenides' pronouncement invalidates thought itself. And thus he is guilty of a "fundamental error". Undoubtedly, Parmenides provides for no space (distance) between thought and 'it is'. But why should he? The philosopher-poet merely speaks about the two (thought and thinking about 'it is') as being the same, i.e. inseparable and complementary in thought. Things can only be real in thought, not by themselves. Hence, "real" things not inherent in our thought can only be illusory. These make up the ever-changing Heraclitian "reality" of the senses. Plato subsequently elucidates, as a kind of a most important "footnote", the situation with his Forms or Ideas, which he enthrones as the only reality.
Hello Raymond I can prove Parmenides thoughts through the complexity reduction theory. Please conatct me via e-mail. Regards Holger Hans Friedrich Schnaak Melbourne, Australia Yet, argues Tallis, with much of contemporary science running into dead ends—the search for a grand unified theory of everything, the attempt to understand the mysteries of human consciousness—it may be time to revisit the "Parmenidian moment," to see if there might be an alternative "cognitive journey" from the one the pre-Socratic philosopher set us on 2,500 years ago.
Parmenides was a mystic. His Poem is based on a vision enabled by a goddess. The subsequent philosophical disdain of mystecism has blocked access to realities and non-realities (denials of reality) as anything but insane, which of course they are, for to reality, being is impossible; and to being, reality is its whole existence to deny and if possible destroy. We have so little of Parmenides that knowing him is difficult. But even if we had all of him, standing before us, we would not comprehend. The notion of two realities, one illusory and one unknowable (what is, is and what ain't, ain't), is fundamentally repugnant. Only a Pamenidean mystical event can destroy enough of us to allow such contradictions to stand hand-in-hand, forgiving eachother.


Kayaking is the best water activity you can have with your family and when your kid is in the game, it will make the journey more interesting. You will surely have difficulties in selecting the perfect kayak for your kid.
For your convenience, we are here to afford you all the details of the best kayak for your child. We have presented a number of best kayak for kids along with the features and positive and negative aspects. In conjunction with the products, the buyer's guide is also provided for the better outcome. Select your desired one and go kayaking!
If you are searching for a kayak for your kid, this Lifetime kayak may seem the best because it is specially crafted for the kids who are of 5 years or above. The construction of this kayak includes Polyethylene of high density so that it can provide your ultimate durability and strength.
The finger handles are molded on every side of the kayak so that you can transport easily. It has a swim-up stage which allows the rider effortless reentrance in the kayak if needed. This is super lightweight for the kid and has an 18 lb design along with weight lifting 130 lb capacity.
With the swim-up step, this Lifetime kayak will seem perfect for your kids if you go through the features. This is Lime-green in color that provides you smoothening feeling while kayaking. For surf riding and tracking, the twin-fin design of this kayak is very interesting.
To get additional stability in the kayak, this kayak has reverse chine. This is a sit-on-top kayak which has an ability to take 1 person. The ultimate balance is kept with the cockpit design which is ergonomic. There are also some draining scupper holes in the cockpit area that can drain the water.
This Lifetime kayak which is made for especially kids is a perfect kayak to go for it you have children that are interested in outdoor games. This kayak is 6 feet measuring 72 Inches by 24 Inches which is very long and wide to take your kids in it. If you are a little tall then also you will fit in the kayak easily.
As Lifetime provides you swim-up step, this will ensure easy reentrance. It has double-wedge fin which makes you interested in surf riding and tracking. The weight capacity is of 130 pounds and for safeguarding your children, it has a tunnel hull design with is ultra-stable.
Lifetime is a leading brand while talking about kayak and other water adventures. This brand brings your Blue Youth Wave Kayak with a paddle which has a length of 6 feet. If you are here to select a kayak for your kids, here you go.
This blue color of this kayak defines the bluish nature of the water which mixes up perfectly with it. The cockpit is designed amazingly for enhancing balance and the motor skills. For additional stability of the kayak, you get the swim-up step along with reverse chine. It has finger handles on the sides that are molded.
High weight lifting capacity, impact resistance ability, ultra-steadiness, great tracking capability, high-density crafting material, this Lifetime Kayak named Youth Wave Green 6 feet is the complete package that you can ever imagine. This vibrant green color gears up your adventurous mood and makes you fascinated. The high-density polyethylene is used in the construction of this kayak that makes it durable.
Designed for the kids, this kayak has a great weight holding a capacity of 130 lb along with a lightweight body. You will get slope at the end of the kayak along with a swim-up step. It has got multiple footrests with the great cockpit design. The motor is skills are ergonomic.
If you have kids that are of 5 years or above, this is the kayak that you were seeking out these days. The molded finger handles with this kayak itself ensure the quality of the brand. The weight lifting capability of this Lifetime kayak is 18 lb and it has a reverse chine for the enhancement of the stability and steadiness of the kayak in the water.
For keeping the balance, you kids will get the swim-up step feature and the cockpit plan which is ergonomic makes your kayak tour perfect. The motor skills will make it easy for you to kayak and the footrest positions are ideal for different aged and sized riders. The crafting material is of Polyethylene which is UV protected and so it will not fade away.
As Lifetime is a leading brand is affording us kayaking stuff, this Youth Kayak with a calm yellow color comes with the paddles added. Perfect for the kids, this kayak has a body of 6 feet long so that if you are tall then also you get fitted in inside the kayak.
The design is great for the safety of your children and for surf riding and tracking, it allows you twin-fin design.Every side of the kayak has finger handle that is molded and there are a number of footrest position for your children's comfort.
It has a climb-on-rear deck which is easy to climb and the T-handle is a great feature in front of the device. It can lift up to 130 lb weight and the dimension of this is 24 inches by 72 Inches. It has a soft construction which is contoured.
Lifetime, being one of the topnotch brands in affording use kayaks, presents you the 1-man Wave Pink Youth Kayak that goes perfectly with your kids. The calm baby pink color makes you little kid interested in kayak and water games. The color amazingly goes with your baby girl but you can also provide it to your boy.
The length of this kayak is made for kids that are of 5 years old to above. The 6 feet length makes it ideal for any heightened person, so no need to worry about the length if you or our kid is tall.
The construction of this kayak is done by high-quality polyethylene which is UV protected that ensures the durability of the product. The cockpit design is incredibly ergonomic the material is HDPE.
This kayak by Lifetime is going to be your favorite because of the features it bears. Kids love colors and to make their journey more colorful, you can settle on the Lifetime 6 feet Youth Kayak as it is available in four different colors- yellow, red, pink and blue.
Along with the high 130 weight holding ability, this kayak has a body of 6 feet that allows any people of any height. No matter what your height is, you can comfortably paddle and keep your child safe. The back-end is sloped ad has a swim-up step for easy reentrance. It has scupper holes with a range of footrests and ideal stability.
If you kids want to get closer to the water, then Sevylor Quikpack is going to provide you utmost comfort with interesting features. This kayak is very easy to operate and setup.
The back-pack system is easy to bear and the construction is of 21-gauge PVC so that you can use it in lakes. It has a number of air chambers and the bottom is made of tarpaulin. The backrest is comfortable and has a secure storage.
Buyers Guides: How to select the best Kayak for Kids?
Kids are nervous, so when you are getting then a kayak, behold! Think about the terms and condition and before ensuring proper safety, do not purchase it. We are here to help you out! Here we go!
Before purchasing any kayak for your children, know the weight of the kayak. If it is too heavy, your children will not be able to control it. The lighter the weight of a kayak, the easier it will be to run. Go for a lightweight kayak always.
For balancing and handling the kayak, you kids need space. It is better to allow a kayak which is spacious so that they can maneuver the kayak effortlessly. To be clearer, the length of the kayak must be in between 6 feet to 8 feet.
If this is about your child, then stability is a great issue. There are chances that the kayak will be unstable at a point and your child will fall down in the water. No matter what, the safety of your child bears the predominant importance when you are purchasing a kayak for your little kid.
For being safe, you have to select a kayak which is lightweight still is stable. The steadier the kayak, the safer your child will be.
People may think that most of the stuff for the kids is expensive but this is not the thing with kayaks. If you are searching for a specific model along with some particular features then you will get to know that these are not pricey at all.
Branded kayaks or fishing kayaks provide you some special features and so they may seem a little expensive. If you want your child's safety, you should purchase the best of all.
What is the best length for the Kayak for kids?
Usually, kids need spacious kayaks for paddling it perfectly. To make then learn paddling in an ideal way, their kayak should be long. Naturally, the best length for the kayak used by kids is from 6 feet to 8 feet.
Which type of Kayak is best for kids?
Usually, kids need stability in their kayak. The sit-o-top or recreational kayaks are known to be ultra-stable. For the safety of your child, the sit-on-top will be best to go for.
Is storage needed in best kayak for kids?
Storage is not highly necessary for the kids because kids usually do not bear gears for their own. When a child will be kayaking, parents should be near to him. So, their parents can bear the gear. This is why most of the kayaks for children don't bear storage.
How many people can kayaks for kids bear?
Usually, the kayaks that are made for kids can only bear 1 person. Some of the kayaks can bear two persons but that is rare. When one child is kayaking, it will be tough for him to handle the kayak let alone one other person. So, kayaks for kids usually have one seat.
Which material is preferable for kid's kayak?
Usually, high-quality polyethylene is preferable for kid's kayak. If you have the option then also go for the UV protected material because it safeguards your child more than the other kayaks do.
We have presented a range of kayaks for your very own kid so that you can choose the ideal one. We can only provide you with some options; the final decision will be yours. So decide cautiously because this is about the safety of your child.
Let your child remember the childhood with the best experience of kayaking. Select the best one and go for an adventure.


Our Insolvency, Restructuring & Bankruptcy Team understands that advice concerning insolvency often requires knowledge and expertise in diverse areas of law including property law, commercial law, tax law and employment law. We have a range of specialists in these various areas in addition to expertise in insolvency matters.
the Personal Property Securities Register.
We have considerable experience in dealing with ASIC and other regulators, including regulatory examinations (pursuant to the Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001 and the Bankruptcy Act 1966) and court actions.
Our team also has considerable experience in advising on Part X Personal Insolvency Agreements and mortgagee sales of property. We also have experience in the administration of the Bankruptcy Act 1966, which includes acting for the Official Trustee in Bankruptcy, the Inspector General in Bankruptcy, registered trustees as well as persons facing bankruptcy or persons who have become bankrupt. Our experience includes assisting and advising trustees in relation to asset recovery investigations and other matters, and commencing and defending legal proceedings.