text:
For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation).
"Floral" redirects here. For other uses, see Floral (disambiguation).
A poster with flowers or clusters of flowers produced by twelve species of flowering plants from different families
Various flowers from different families.
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds.
In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans to beautify their environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine and as a source of food.
Main parts of a mature flower (Ranunculus glaberrimus)
Diagram of flower parts
Floral parts
The essential parts of a flower can be considered in two parts: the vegetative part, consisting of petals and associated structures in the perianth, and the reproductive or sexual parts. A stereotypical flower consists of four kinds of structures attached to the tip of a short stalk. Each of these kinds of parts is arranged in a whorl on the receptacle. The four main whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and working upwards) are as follows:
Perianth
Main articles: Perianth, Sepal, and Corolla (flower)
Collectively the calyx and corolla form the perianth (see diagram).
Calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of units called sepals; these are typically green and enclose the rest of the flower in the bud stage, however, they can be absent or prominent and petal-like in some species.
Corolla: the next whorl toward the apex, composed of units called petals, which are typically thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination.
Main articles: Plant reproductive morphology, Androecium, and Gynoecium
Reproductive parts of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum). 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Stamens, 4. Filament, 5. Petal
Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's house): the next whorl (sometimes multiplied into several whorls), consisting of units called stamens. Stamens consist of two parts: a stalk called a filament, topped by an anther where pollen is produced by meiosis and eventually dispersed.
Gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia: woman's house): the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels. The carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which produces ovules internally. Ovules are megasporangia and they in turn produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes. These give rise to egg cells. The gynoecium of a flower is also described using an alternative terminology wherein the structure one sees in the innermost whorl (consisting of an ovary, style and stigma) is called a pistil. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or a number of carpels fused together. The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is the receptor of pollen. The supportive stalk, the style, becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma. The relationship to the gynoecium on the receptacle is described as hypogynous (beneath a superior ovary), perigynous (surrounding a superior ovary), or epigynous (above inferior ovary).
Although the arrangement described above is considered "typical", plant species show a wide variation in floral structure.[1] These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species.
The four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on the receptacle and not by their function. Many flowers lack some parts or parts may be modified into other functions and/or look like what is typically another part. In some families, like Ranunculaceae, the petals are greatly reduced and in many species the sepals are colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified stamens that are petal-like; the double flowers of Peonies and Roses are mostly petaloid stamens.[2] Flowers show great variation and plant scientists describe this variation in a systematic way to identify and distinguish species.
Specific terminology is used to describe flowers and their parts. Many flower parts are fused together; fused parts originating from the same whorl are connate, while fused parts originating from different whorls are adnate; parts that are not fused are free. When petals are fused into a tube or ring that falls away as a single unit, they are sympetalous (also called gamopetalous). Connate petals may have distinctive regions: the cylindrical base is the tube, the expanding region is the throat and the flaring outer region is the limb. A sympetalous flower, with bilateral symmetry with an upper and lower lip, is bilabiate. Flowers with connate petals or sepals may have various shaped corolla or calyx, including campanulate, funnelform, tubular, urceolate, salverform or rotate.
Referring to "fusion," as it is commonly done, appears questionable because at least some of the processes involved may be non-fusion processes. For example, the addition of intercalary growth at or below the base of the primordia of floral appendages such as sepals, petals, stamens and carpels may lead to a common base that is not the result of fusion.[3][4][5]
Left: A normal zygomorphic Streptocarpus flower. Right: An aberrant peloric Streptocarpus flower. Both of these flowers appeared on the Streptocarpus hybrid 'Anderson's Crows' Wings'.
Many flowers have a symmetry. When the perianth is bisected through the central axis from any point, symmetrical halves are produced, forming a radial symmetry. These flowers are also known to be actinomorphic or regular, e.g. rose or trillium. When flowers are bisected and produce only one line that produces symmetrical halves the flower is said to be irregular or zygomorphic, e.g. snapdragon or most orchids.
Flowers may be directly attached to the plant at their base (sessile—the supporting stalk or stem is highly reduced or absent). The stem or stalk subtending a flower is called a peduncle. If a peduncle supports more than one flower, the stems connecting each flower to the main axis are called pedicels. The apex of a flowering stem forms a terminal swelling which is called the torus or receptacle.
The familiar calla lily is not a single flower. It is actually an inflorescence of tiny flowers pressed together on a central stalk that is surrounded by a large petal-like bract.
Main article: Inflorescence
In those species that have more than one flower on an axis, the collective cluster of flowers is termed an inflorescence. Some inflorescences are composed of many small flowers arranged in a formation that resembles a single flower. The common example of this is most members of the very large composite (Asteraceae) group. A single daisy or sunflower, for example, is not a flower but a flower head—an inflorescence composed of numerous flowers (or florets). An inflorescence may include specialized stems and modified leaves known as bracts.
Floral diagrams and floral formulae
Main articles: Floral formula and Floral diagram
A floral formula is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers and symbols, presenting substantial information about the flower in a compact form. It can represent a taxon, usually giving ranges of the numbers of different organs, or particular species. Floral formulae have been developed in the early 19th century and their use has declined since. Prenner et al. (2010) devised an extension of the existing model to broaden the descriptive capability of the formula.[6] The format of floral formulae differs in different parts of the world, yet they convey the same information.[7][8][9][10]
The structure of a flower can also be expressed by the means of floral diagrams. The use of schematic diagrams can replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding both floral structure and evolution. Such diagrams may show important features of flowers, including the relative positions of the various organs, including the presence of fusion and symmetry, as well as structural details.[7]
A flower develops on a modified shoot or axis from a determinate apical meristem (determinate meaning the axis grows to a set size). It has compressed internodes, bearing structures that in classical plant morphology are interpreted as highly modified leaves.[11] Detailed developmental studies, however, have shown that stamens are often initiated more or less like modified stems (caulomes) that in some cases may even resemble branchlets.[5][12] Taking into account the whole diversity in the development of the androecium of flowering plants, we find a continuum between modified leaves (phyllomes), modified stems (caulomes), and modified branchlets (shoots).[13][14]
Flowering transition
The transition to flowering is one of the major phase changes that a plant makes during its life cycle. The transition must take place at a time that is favorable for fertilization and the formation of seeds, hence ensuring maximal reproductive success. To meet these needs a plant is able to interpret important endogenous and environmental cues such as changes in levels of plant hormones and seasonable temperature and photoperiod changes.[15] Many perennial and most biennial plants require vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of these signals is through the transmission of a complex signal known as florigen, which involves a variety of genes, including CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Florigen is produced in the leaves in reproductively favorable conditions and acts in buds and growing tips to induce a number of different physiological and morphological changes.[16]
The first step of the transition is the transformation of the vegetative stem primordia into floral primordia. This occurs as biochemical changes take place to change cellular differentiation of leaf, bud and stem tissues into tissue that will grow into the reproductive organs. Growth of the central part of the stem tip stops or flattens out and the sides develop protuberances in a whorled or spiral fashion around the outside of the stem end. These protuberances develop into the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower formation event was dependent of some environmental cue.[17] Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the stem will continue to develop a flower.
Organ development
The ABC model of flower development
The molecular control of floral organ identity determination appears to be fairly well understood in some species. In a simple model, three gene activities interact in a combinatorial manner to determine the developmental identities of the organ primordia within the floral meristem. These gene functions are called A, B and C-gene functions. In the first floral whorl only A-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of sepals. In the second whorl both A- and B-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of petals. In the third whorl, B and C genes interact to form stamens and in the center of the flower C-genes alone give rise to carpels. The model is based upon studies of homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. For example, when there is a loss of B-gene function, mutant flowers are produced with sepals in the first whorl as usual, but also in the second whorl instead of the normal petal formation. In the third whorl the lack of B function but presence of C-function mimics the fourth whorl, leading to the formation of carpels also in the third whorl. See also The ABC Model of Flower Development.
Most genes central in this model belong to the MADS-box genes and are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes specific for each floral organ.
Floral function
See also: Plant reproductive morphology § Variations
An example of a "perfect flower", this Crateva religiosa flower has both stamens (outer ring) and a pistil (center).
The principal purpose of a flower is the reproduction of the individual and the species. All flowering plants are heterosporous, producing two types of spores. Microspores are produced by meiosis inside anthers while megaspores are produced inside ovules, inside an ovary. In fact, anthers typically consist of four microsporangia and an ovule is an integumented megasporangium. Both types of spores develop into gametophytes inside sporangia. As with all heterosporous plants, the gametophytes also develop inside the spores (are endosporic).
In the majority of species, individual flowers have both functional carpels and stamens. Botanists describe these flowers as being perfect or bisexual and the species as hermaphroditic. Some flowers lack one or the other reproductive organ and called imperfect or unisexual. If unisex flowers are found on the same individual plant but in different locations, the species is said to be monoecious. If each type of unisex flower is found only on separate individuals, the plant is dioecious.
Flower specialization and pollination
Further information: Pollination syndrome
Flowering plants usually face selective pressure to optimize the transfer of their pollen, and this is typically reflected in the morphology of the flowers and the behaviour of the plants. Pollen may be transferred between plants via a number of 'vectors'. Some plants make use of abiotic vectors — namely wind (anemophily) or, much less commonly, water (hydrophily). Others use biotic vectors including insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), bats (chiropterophily) or other animals. Some plants make use of multiple vectors, but many are highly specialised.
Cleistogamous flowers are self-pollinated, after which they may or may not open. Many Viola and some Salvia species are known to have these types of flowers.
The flowers of plants that make use of biotic pollen vectors commonly have glands called nectaries that act as an incentive for animals to visit the flower. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and color. Still other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Flowers are also specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed precision—of all of the flowers it visits.
Anemophilous flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next. Examples include grasses, birch trees, ragweed and maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Male and female reproductive organs are generally found in separate flowers, the male flowers having a number of long filaments terminating in exposed stamens, and the female flowers having long, feather-like stigmas. Whereas the pollen of animal-pollinated flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to animals.
Main article: Pollination
Grains of pollen sticking to this bee will be transferred to the next flower it visits
The primary purpose of a flower is reproduction. Since the flowers are the reproductive organs of plant, they mediate the joining of the sperm, contained within pollen, to the ovules — contained in the ovary. Pollination is the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma. The joining of the sperm to the ovules is called fertilization. Normally pollen is moved from one plant to another, but many plants are able to self pollinate. The fertilized ovules produce seeds that are the next generation. Sexual reproduction produces genetically unique offspring, allowing for adaptation. Flowers have specific designs which encourages the transfer of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. Many plants are dependent upon external factors for pollination, including: wind and animals, and especially insects. Even large animals such as birds, bats, and pygmy possums can be employed. The period of time during which this process can take place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called anthesis. The study of pollination by insects is called anthecology.
The types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. These plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport.
The type of allergens in the pollen is the main factor that determines whether the pollen is likely to cause hay fever. For example, pine tree pollen is produced in large amounts by a common tree, which would make it a good candidate for causing allergy. It is, however, a relatively rare cause of allergy because the types of allergens in pine pollen appear to make it less allergenic.[18]
Among North American plants, weeds are the most prolific producers of allergenic pollen.[19] Ragweed is the major culprit, but other important sources are sagebrush, redroot pigweed, lamb's quarters, Russian thistle (tumbleweed), and English plantain.
There is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. For example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod (Solidago) is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. Instead the allergen is usually the pollen of the contemporary bloom of anemophilous ragweed (Ambrosia), which can drift for many kilometers.
Scientists have collected samples of ragweed pollen 400 miles out at sea and 2 miles high in the air.[18] A single ragweed plant can generate a million grains of pollen per day.[20]
It is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. In fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. Most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees.
Attraction methods
A Bee orchid has evolved over many generations to better mimic a female bee to attract male bees as pollinators.
Plants cannot move from one location to another, thus many flowers have evolved to attract animals to transfer pollen between individuals in dispersed populations. Flowers that are insect-pollinated are called entomophilous; literally "insect-loving" in Greek. They can be highly modified along with the pollinating insects by co-evolution. Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on various parts that attract animals looking for nutritious nectar. Birds and bees have color vision, enabling them to seek out "colorful" flowers.
Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar; they may be visible only under ultraviolet light, which is visible to bees and some other insects. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and some of those scents are pleasant to our sense of smell. Not all flower scents are appealing to humans; a number of flowers are pollinated by insects that are attracted to rotten flesh and have flowers that smell like dead animals, often called Carrion flowers, including Rafflesia, the titan arum, and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Flowers pollinated by night visitors, including bats and moths, are likely to concentrate on scent to attract pollinators and most such flowers are white.
Other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Male bees move from one such flower to another in search of a mate.
Pollination mechanism
The pollination mechanism employed by a plant depends on what method of pollination is utilized.
Most flowers can be divided between two broad groups of pollination methods:
Entomophilous: flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to the next. Often they are specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed precision—of all of the flowers it visits. Many flowers rely on simple proximity between flower parts to ensure pollination. Others, such as the Sarracenia or lady-slipper orchids, have elaborate designs to ensure pollination while preventing self-pollination.
Grass flower with vestigial perianth or lodicules
Anemophilous: flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, examples include the grasses, Birch trees, Ragweed and Maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to grow large blossoms. Whereas the pollen of entomophilous flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to insects, though it may still be gathered in times of dearth. Honeybees and bumblebees actively gather anemophilous corn (maize) pollen, though it is of little value to them.
Some flowers are self-pollinated and use flowers that never open or are self-pollinated before the flowers open, these flowers are called cleistogamous. Many Viola species and some Salvia have these types of flowers.
Flower-pollinator relationships
Many flowers have close relationships with one or a few specific pollinating organisms. Many flowers, for example, attract only one specific species of insect, and therefore rely on that insect for successful reproduction. This close relationship is often given as an example of coevolution, as the flower and pollinator are thought to have developed together over a long period of time to match each other's needs.
This close relationship compounds the negative effects of extinction. The extinction of either member in such a relationship would mean almost certain extinction of the other member as well. Some endangered plant species are so because of shrinking pollinator populations.
Fertilization and dispersal
Main articles: Biological dispersal and Plant reproductive morphology
Some flowers with both stamens and a pistil are capable of self-fertilization, which does increase the chance of producing seeds but limits genetic variation. The extreme case of self-fertilization occurs in flowers that always self-fertilize, such as many dandelions. Conversely, many species of plants have ways of preventing self-fertilization. Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant may not appear or mature at the same time, or pollen from the same plant may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules. The latter flower types, which have chemical barriers to their own pollen, are referred to as self-sterile or self-incompatible.
Life timeline
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Axis scale: millions of years.
also see {{Human timeline}} and {{Nature timeline}}
Further information: Evolution of flowers
While land plants have existed for about 425 million years, the first ones reproduced by a simple adaptation of their aquatic counterparts: spores. In the sea, plants—and some animals—can simply scatter out genetic clones of themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This is how early plants reproduced. But plants soon evolved methods of protecting these copies to deal with drying out and other abuse which is even more likely on land than in the sea. The protection became the seed, though it had not yet evolved the flower. Early seed-bearing plants include the ginkgo and conifers. The earliest fossil of a flowering plant, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated about 125 million years old.[21]
Archaefructus liaoningensis, one of the earliest known flowering plants
Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, particularly seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. The apparently sudden appearance of relatively modern flowers in the fossil record posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. Recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps.
Recent DNA analysis (molecular systematics)[22][23] shows that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, is the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants, and morphological studies[24] suggest that it has features which may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.
The general assumption is that the function of flowers, from the start, was to involve animals in the reproduction process. Pollen can be scattered without bright colors and obvious shapes, which would therefore be a liability, using the plant's resources, unless they provide some other benefit. One proposed reason for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowers is that they evolved in an isolated setting like an island, or chain of islands, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example), the way many island species develop today. This symbiotic relationship, with a hypothetical wasp bearing pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could have eventually resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation, especially when it comes to radical adaptations which seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, apparently evolved specifically for symbiotic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.
Likewise, most fruit used in plant reproduction comes from the enlargement of parts of the flower. This fruit is frequently a tool which depends upon animals wishing to eat it, and thus scattering the seeds it contains.
While many such symbiotic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition with mainland organisms, flowers proved to be an unusually effective means of production, spreading (whatever their actual origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.
Amborella trichopoda, the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants
While there is only hard proof of such flowers existing about 130 million years ago, there is some circumstantial evidence that they did exist up to 250 million years ago. A chemical used by plants to defend their flowers, oleanane, has been detected in fossil plants that old, including gigantopterids,[25] which evolved at that time and bear many of the traits of modern, flowering plants, though they are not known to be flowering plants themselves, because only their stems and prickles have been found preserved in detail; one of the earliest examples of petrification.
The similarity in leaf and stem structure can be very important, because flowers are genetically just an adaptation of normal leaf and stem components on plants, a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots.[26] The most primitive flowers are thought to have had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers grew more advanced, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant, or at least "ovary inferior".
Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that many of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern, domesticated flowers used to be simple weeds, which only sprouted when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.[27]
Spectrum of the flowers of the Rose family of plants. A red rose absorbs about 99.7% of light across a broad area below the red wavelengths of the spectrum, leading to an exceptionally pure red. A yellow rose will reflect about 5% of blue light, producing an unsaturated yellow (a yellow with a degree of white in it).
Many flowering plants reflect as much light as possible within the range of visible wavelengths of the pollinator the plant intends to attract. Flowers that reflect the full range of visible light are generally perceived as white by a human observer. An important feature of white flowers is that they reflect equally across the visible spectrum. While many flowering plants use white to attract pollinators, the use of color is also widespread (even within the same species). Color allows a flowering plant to be more specific about the pollinator it seeks to attract. The color model used by human color reproduction technology (CMYK) relies on the modulation of pigments that divide the spectrum into broad areas of absorption. Flowering plants by contrast are able to shift the transition point wavelength between absorption and reflection. If it is assumed that the visual systems of most pollinators view the visible spectrum as circular then it may be said that flowering plants produce color by absorbing the light in one region of the spectrum and reflecting the light in the other region. With CMYK, color is produced as a function of the amplitude of the broad regions of absorption. Flowering plants by contrast produce color by modifying the frequency (or rather wavelength) of the light reflected. Most flowers absorb light in the blue to yellow region of the spectrum and reflect light from the green to red region of the spectrum. For many species of flowering plant, it is the transition point that characterizes the color that they produce. Color may be modulated by shifting the transition point between absorption and reflection and in this way a flowering plant may specify which pollinator it seeks to attract.
Spectrum of the flowers of the Pelargonium family of plants. Pelargonium produces exceptionally saturated colours in the orange to red range, with absorption of 99.6% across a broad area of the spectrum. Pelargonium is able to modulate its absorption producing pink with multiple levels of white.
Some flowering plants also have a limited ability to modulate areas of absorption. This is typically not as precise as control over wavelength. Humans observers will perceive this as degrees of saturation (the amount of white in the color).
Lilies are often used to denote life or resurrection
Flowers are common subjects of still life paintings, such as this one by Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Main article: Language of flowers
Many flowers have important symbolic meanings in Western culture.[28] The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as floriography. Some of the more common examples include:
Red roses are given as a symbol of love, beauty, and passion.[29]
Poppies are a symbol of consolation in time of death. In the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, red poppies are worn to commemorate soldiers who have died in times of war.
Irises/Lily are used in burials as a symbol referring to "resurrection/life". It is also associated with stars (sun) and its petals blooming/shining.
Daisies are a symbol of innocence.
Flowers within art are also representative of the female genitalia,[30] as seen in the works of artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Imogen Cunningham, Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, and Judy Chicago, and in fact in Asian and western classical art. Many cultures around the world have a marked tendency to associate flowers with femininity.
The great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works of numerous poets, especially from the 18th-19th century Romantic era. Famous examples include William Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and William Blake's Ah! Sun-Flower.
Because of their varied and colorful appearance, flowers have long been a favorite subject of visual artists as well. Some of the most celebrated paintings from well-known painters are of flowers, such as Van Gogh's sunflowers series or Monet's water lilies. Flowers are also dried, freeze dried and pressed in order to create permanent, three-dimensional pieces of flower art.
Their symbolism in dreams has also been discussed, with possible interpretations including "blossoming potential".[31]
The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of Spring is Flora. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is Chloris.
In Hindu mythology, flowers have a significant status. Vishnu, one of the three major gods in the Hindu system, is often depicted standing straight on a lotus flower.[32] Apart from the association with Vishnu, the Hindu tradition also considers the lotus to have spiritual significance.[33] For example, it figures in the Hindu stories of creation.[34]
Flower market - Detroit's Eastern Market
A woman spreading flowers over a lingam in a temple in Varanasi
In modern times people have sought ways to cultivate, buy, wear, or otherwise be around flowers and blooming plants, partly because of their agreeable appearance and smell. Around the world, people use flowers for a wide range of events and functions that, cumulatively, encompass one's lifetime:
For new births or christenings
As a corsage or boutonniere worn at social functions or for holidays
As tokens of love or esteem
For wedding flowers for the bridal party, and for decorations for the hall
As brightening decorations within the home
As a gift of remembrance for bon voyage parties, welcome-home parties, and "thinking of you" gifts
For funeral flowers and expressions of sympathy for the grieving
For worshiping goddesses. In Hindu culture adherents commonly bring flowers as a gift to temples
People therefore grow flowers around their homes, dedicate entire parts of their living space to flower gardens, pick wildflowers, or buy flowers from florists who depend on an entire network of commercial growers and shippers to support their trade.
Flowers provide less food than other major plants parts (seeds, fruits, roots, stems and leaves) but they provide several important foods and spices. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, consists of dried stigmas of a crocus. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Marigold flowers are fed to chickens to give their egg yolks a golden yellow color, which consumers find more desirable; dried and ground marigold flowers are also used as a spice and colouring agent in Georgian cuisine. Flowers of the dandelion and elder are often made into wine. Bee pollen, pollen collected from bees, is considered a health food by some people. Honey consists of bee-processed flower nectar and is often named for the type of flower, e.g. orange blossom honey, clover honey and tupelo honey.
Hundreds of fresh flowers are edible but few are widely marketed as food. They are often used to add color and flavor to salads. Squash flowers are dipped in breadcrumbs and fried. Edible flowers include nasturtium, chrysanthemum, carnation, cattail, honeysuckle, chicory, cornflower, canna, and sunflower. Some edible flowers are sometimes candied such as daisy, rose, and violet (one may also come across a candied pansy).
Flowers can also be made into herbal teas. Dried flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine, camomile are infused into tea both for their fragrance and medical properties. Sometimes, they are also mixed with tea leaves for the added fragrance.
Flowers have been used since as far back as 50,000 years in funeral rituals. Many cultures do draw a connection between flowers and life and death, and because of their seasonal return flowers also suggest rebirth, which may explain why many people place flowers upon graves. In ancient times the Greeks would place a crown of flowers on the head of the deceased as well as cover tombs with wreaths and flower petals. Rich and powerful women in ancient Egypt would wear floral headdresses and necklaces upon their death as representations of renewal and a joyful afterlife, and the Mexicans to this day use flowers prominently in their Day of the Dead celebrations in the same way that their Aztec ancestors did.
Eight Flowers, a painting by artist Qian Xuan, 13th century, Palace Museum, Beijing.
List of garden plants
Plant evolutionary developmental biology
Plant reproductive morphology
↑ Sattler, R. (1973). Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-1864-5
↑ Reynolds, Joan; Tampion, John (1983). Double flowers: a scientific study. London: [Published for the] Polytechnic of Central London Press [by] Pembridge Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-86206-004-6.
↑ Sattler, R. 1978. 'Fusion' and 'continuity' in floral morphology. Notes of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinb.36: 397-405
↑ Greyson, R.I. 1994. The Development of Flowers. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press
1 2 Leins, P. and Erbar, C. 2010. Flower and Fruit. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart Science Publishers
↑ Prenner, Gernard (February 2010). "Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions". Taxon. 59 (1): 241–250.
1 2 de Craene, Louis P. Ronse (2010). Floral Diagrams. Cambridge University Press. p. 459. ISBN 9781139484558.
↑ Stephen Downie; Ken Robertson. "Digital Flowers: Floral Formulas". University of Illinois. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
↑ Sharma, O. P. (2009). Plant Taxonomy (2 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 165–166. ISBN 1259081370.
↑ Plant Taxonomy: Floral Formulas. St. John's University, Collegeville, MN
↑ Eames, A. J. (1961) Morphology of the Angiosperms McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
↑ Sattler, R. 1973. Organogensis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
↑ Sattler, R. 1988. A dynamic multidimensional approach to floral development. In: Leins, P., Tucker, S. C. and Endress, P. K. (eds.) Aspects of Floral Development. Berlin: J. Cramer/Borntraeger, pp. 1-6.
↑ Sattler, R. and Jeune, B. 1992. Multivariate analysis confirms the continuum view of plant form. Annals of Botany 69: 249-262.
↑ Ausín, I.; et al. (2005). "Environmental regulation of flowering". Int J Dev Biol. 49 (5-6): 689–705. doi:10.1387/ijdb.052022ia. PMID 16096975.
↑ Turck, F.; Fornara, F.; Coupland, G. (2008). "Regulation and Identity of Florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T Moves Centre Stage". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 573–594. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092755. PMID 18444908.
↑ Searle, I.; et al. (2006). "The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis". Genes & Dev. 20 (7): 898–912. doi:10.1101/gad.373506. PMC 1472290 . PMID 16600915.
↑ http://www.accuweather.com/en/health-articles/allergies/pollen-allergy/25706
↑ "Flowers Modern & Ancient". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "First Flower". Pbs.org. 2007-04-17. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "Amborella not a "basal angiosperm"? Not so fast". Amjbot.org. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.997. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants". Eurekalert.org. 2006-05-17. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "Oily Fossils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers". Sciencedaily.com. 2001-04-05. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "Age-Old Question On Evolution Of Flowers Answered". Unisci.com. 2001-06-15. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "Human Affection Altered Evolution of Flowers". Livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ Jenkins, Zack. "9 Thoughts People Really Think When Receiving Flowers". The Bouqs Company. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
↑ Audet, Marye. "oses and Their Meaning". Retrieved 22 August 2014.
↑ Frownfelter, Andrea. "Flower Symbolism as Female Sexual Metaphor". Eastern Michigan University.
↑ Dee, Nerys (1984). Your Dreams & What They Mean. Surrey, Great Britain: Guild Publishing. p. 142.
↑ "Vishnu". Bbc.co.uk. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "God's Favorite Flower". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
↑ "The Lotus". Theosociety.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
Buchmann, Stephen (2016). The Reason for Flowers: Their History, Culture, Biology, and How They Change Our Lives. Scribner. ISBN 978-1476755533.
Esau, Katherine (1965) Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Greyson, R. I. (1994) The Development of Flowers. Oxford University Press.
Leins, P., Erbar, C. (2010) Flower and Fruit. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart.
Sattler, R. (1973) Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press.
Look up flower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Flowers (category)
Quotations related to Flowers at Wikiquote
Native Plant Information Network
Israeli researchers bring scent back to our flowers [VIDEO]
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by author abbreviation
Botanical expedition


Our Companion is a small handbag that carries your valuables. Its thick leather protects your items and boasts a natural beauty.
"A handbag must not distract from the outfit a person is wearing, but must complement it. We believe that the natural appearance of the Companion does exactly that."


Florals? For the winter? Groundbreaking. Devil Wears Prada references aside, I do love a good winter floral and think we shouldn't necessarily ditch the print just because there aren't any real ones blooming (in fact the lack of actual flowers around should really be an excuse to wear more floral print hehe)... this dress' icy periwinkle blue print and darker background makes for the perfect winter floral.
I loooove that dress!! And I agree, why shouldn't we wear florals when there are no flowers around - it's the perfect excuse! I love the styling you've done here - that hat with the dress, and the belt and watch are just perfect details!
The dress is so gorgeous, I'm a big fan of florals no matter what season it is. And omg I LOVE your hair!
you look so fabulous in this dress!
I love this outfit, very cute. You hair is so striking!
This dress is so stunning on you Andini! I love the print so much. The boots are lovely too.
Cute outfit, your hair is amazing!! I've just discovered your blog and I love it, just followed on bloglovin :) Would love if you could check out my fashion blog?


On Sat 22nd & Sun 23rd September we will be hosting the 2018 Wallis Lake Oyster & Craft Beer Festival.
This year we will have 10 local brewers & live music all day. We will also see the return of the oyster eating competition & kids entertainment to keep the little ones busy. It's going to be a weekend of fun for the whole family.


Two late legends of soul – Brook Benton and Esther Phillips – have recently been feted on a pair of reissues from SoulMusic Records and Cherry Red.
By the time Brook Benton signed with Atlantic Records' Cotillion imprint in 1968, he had already enjoyed an illustrious career at labels including OKeh, Epic, RCA, Mercury and Reprise. The move to Atlantic paid off when his recording of Tony Joe White's "Rainy Night in Georgia" not only reached No. 1 but became a signature song for the vocalist. Benton followed Brook Benton Today (featuring "Rainy Night") later in 1970 with Home Style. The LP has been paired with its follow-up, Story Teller, on one CD from SoulMusic. Home Style returned Benton to Miami's Criteria Studios, where he had cut "Rainy Night," with its producer-arranger-conductor, Arif Mardin. With the backing of The Dixie Flyers, additional players such as King Curtis, and The Sweet Inspirations adding vocal support, Home Style showcased Mardin's sympathetic brand of southern soul – organic and often funky yet tastefully enhanced with strings and orchestration. Naturally, "Rainy Night" author Tony Joe White was tapped for three songs – including "Aspen, Colorado," "Willie and Laura Mae Jones" (also recorded at Atlantic by Dusty Springfield under Mardin's aegis) and "Lee Ann," which recalled the prior hit in its lush string-laden arrangement. Mac Davis supplied the stirring opening track, "Whoever Finds This, I Love You," while the remaining tracks were a diverse lot including standards ("It's All in the Game"), pop hits ("Are You Sincere"), Benton's own compositions ("Let Me Fix It") and even a Bob Dylan tune ("Don't Think Twice, It's All Right," which Jackie DeShannon later covered at Atlantic).
Benton and Mardin followed up Home Style with Story Teller the next year. As the title indicated, it was built around story songs like John Murtaugh and Spencer Michlin's "Movin' Day," Bobby Scott and Danny Meehan's "Willoughby Grove," and Dave Kirby's "Sidewalks of Chicago." Brook also brought his mellifluous, burnished baritone to Pomus and Shuman's classic "Save the Last Dance for Me," Percy Mayfield's blues tour de force "Please Send Me Someone to Love," Mickey Newbury's tear-jerker "She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye," and Elton John and Bernie Taupin's Tumbleweed Connection tune "Country Comfort." SoulMusic has added one bonus track to this set: the 1971 non-LP A-side "A Black Child Can't Smile." Brook Benton went on to record at a host of other labels such as MGM, Stax, All Platinum and Polydor before passing away in 1978, leaving behind a legacy of rich soul music. This new reissue features liner notes by Clive Richardson and remastering by Nick Robbins.
As the premier vocalist on CTI Records' Kudu imprint, Esther Phillips (1935-1984) played a key role in producer Creed Taylor's "Cool Revolution." A gifted vocalist, Phillips nonetheless struggled with personal demons throughout her too-short life. The former "Little Esther" had her first taste of success in 1949, just fourteen years old, and a taste of heroin not long after; stories of her mercurial behavior have entered into legend. But her talent was never in doubt. CTI recorded Phillips in a variety of settings from smooth pop to jazz, disco and funk, realizing the adaptability of her distinctively gritty, raw and pinched vocal style.
1976's Capricorn Princess was Phillips' seventh and final CTI/Kudu release. Capricorn attempted to restore Esther's fortunes after the success of her disco foray with "What a Difference a Day Makes." That track made the top 20 of the U.S. Hot 100 and the top 10 of the R&B chart, and propelled the album of the same name to success. But its follow-up – a revival of the standard "For All We Know" – barely cracked the Hot 100 at No. 98. Produced by Taylor and arranged by David Matthews (with one track, "Candy," held over from sessions with arranger Pee Wee Ellis), Capricorn planted one foot in the disco age and another in the realm of traditional jazz and R&B.
Both Brook Benton's Home Style/Story Teller and Esther Phillips' Capricorn Princess are available now from Cherry Red/SoulMusic Records!


text:
package com.unnamed.b.atv.model;

import android.content.Context;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

import com.unnamed.b.atv.R;
import com.unnamed.b.atv.view.AndroidTreeView;
import com.unnamed.b.atv.view.TreeNodeWrapperView;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Created by Bogdan Melnychuk on 2/10/15.
 */
public class TreeNode {
    public static final String NODES_ID_SEPARATOR = ":";

    private int mId;
    private TreeNode mParent;
    private boolean mSelected;
    private boolean mSelectable = true;
    private final List<TreeNode> children;
    private BaseNodeViewHolder mViewHolder;
    private TreeNodeClickListener mListener;
    private Object mValue;
    private boolean mExpanded;

    public static TreeNode root() {
        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(null);
        root.setSelectable(false);
        return root;
    }

    public TreeNode(Object value) {
        children = new ArrayList<>();
        mValue = value;
    }

    public TreeNode addChild(TreeNode childNode) {
        childNode.mParent = this;
        //TODO think about id generation
        childNode.mId = size();
        children.add(childNode);
        return this;
    }

    public TreeNode addChildren(TreeNode... nodes) {
        for (TreeNode n : nodes) {
            addChild(n);
        }
        return this;
    }

    public TreeNode addChildren(Collection<TreeNode> nodes) {
        for (TreeNode n : nodes) {
            addChild(n);
        }
        return this;
    }

    public int deleteChild(TreeNode child) {
        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
            if (child.mId == children.get(i).mId) {
                children.remove(i);
                return i;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    public List<TreeNode> getChildren() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableList(children);
    }

    public int size() {
        return children.size();
    }

    public TreeNode getParent() {
        return mParent;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return mId;
    }

    public boolean isLeaf() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    public Object getValue() {
        return mValue;
    }

    public boolean isExpanded() {
        return mExpanded;
    }

    public TreeNode setExpanded(boolean expanded) {
        mExpanded = expanded;
        return this;
    }

    public void setSelected(boolean selected) {
        mSelected = selected;
    }

    public boolean isSelected() {
        if (mSelectable) {
            return mSelected;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    public void setSelectable(boolean selectable) {
        mSelectable = selectable;
    }

    public boolean isSelectable() {
        return mSelectable;
    }

    public String getPath() {
        final StringBuilder path = new StringBuilder();
        TreeNode node = this;
        while (node.mParent != null) {
            path.append(mId);
            node = node.mParent;
            if (node.mParent != null) {
                path.append(NODES_ID_SEPARATOR);
            }
        }
        return path.toString();
    }

    public int getLevel() {
        int level = 0;
        TreeNode root = this;
        while (root.mParent != null) {
            root = root.mParent;
            level++;
        }
        return level;
    }

    public boolean isLastChild() {
        if (!isRoot()) {
            int parentSize = mParent.children.size();
            if (parentSize > 0) {
                final List<TreeNode> parentChildren = mParent.children;
                return parentChildren.get(parentSize - 1).mId == mId;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    public TreeNode setViewHolder(BaseNodeViewHolder viewHolder) {
        mViewHolder = viewHolder;
        if (viewHolder != null) {
            viewHolder.mNode = this;
        }
        return this;
    }

    public TreeNode setClickListener(TreeNodeClickListener listener) {
        mListener = listener;
        return this;
    }

    public TreeNodeClickListener getClickListener() {
        return this.mListener;
    }

    public BaseNodeViewHolder getViewHolder() {
        return mViewHolder;
    }

    public boolean isFirstChild() {
        if (!isRoot()) {
            List<TreeNode> parentChildren = mParent.children;
            return parentChildren.get(0).mId == mId;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public boolean isRoot() {
        return mParent == null;
    }

    public TreeNode getRoot() {
        TreeNode root = this;
        while (root.mParent != null) {
            root = root.mParent;
        }
        return root;
    }

    public interface TreeNodeClickListener {
        void onClick(TreeNode node, Object value);
    }

    public static abstract class BaseNodeViewHolder<E> {
        protected AndroidTreeView tView;
        protected TreeNode mNode;
        private View mView;
        protected int containerStyle;
        protected Context context;

        public BaseNodeViewHolder(Context context) {
            this.context = context;
        }

        public View getView() {
            if (mView != null) {
                return mView;
            }
            final View nodeView = getNodeView();
            final TreeNodeWrapperView nodeWrapperView = new TreeNodeWrapperView(nodeView.getContext(), getContainerStyle());
            nodeWrapperView.insertNodeView(nodeView);
            mView = nodeWrapperView;

            return mView;
        }

        public void setTreeViev(AndroidTreeView treeViev) {
            this.tView = treeViev;
        }

        public AndroidTreeView getTreeView() {
            return tView;
        }

        public void setContainerStyle(int style) {
            containerStyle = style;
        }

        public View getNodeView() {
            return createNodeView(mNode, (E) mNode.getValue());
        }

        public ViewGroup getNodeItemsView() {
            return (ViewGroup) getView().findViewById(R.id.node_items);
        }

        public boolean isInitialized() {
            return mView != null;
        }

        public int getContainerStyle() {
            return containerStyle;
        }

        public abstract View createNodeView(TreeNode node, E value);

        public void toggle(boolean active) {
            // empty
        }

        public void toggleSelectionMode(boolean editModeEnabled) {
            // empty
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package io.github.kbiakov.newsreader.screens.home;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.facebook.drawee.view.SimpleDraweeView;

import java.util.List;

import io.github.kbiakov.newsreader.R;
import io.github.kbiakov.newsreader.models.entities.Source;
import io.github.kbiakov.newsreader.models.json.ImageUrlJson;

class SourcesAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<SourcesAdapter.ViewHolder>{

    private List<Source> mSources;
    private OnSourceClickListener mListener;

    SourcesAdapter(List<Source> data, OnSourceClickListener listener) {
        this.mSources = data;
        this.mListener = listener;
    }

    @Override
    public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
        View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext())
                .inflate(R.layout.item_source, parent, false);
        return new ViewHolder(view);
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(final ViewHolder holder, int position) {
        Source item = mSources.get(position);
        holder.mItem = item;

        Uri imageUri = Uri.parse(item.getImageUrl());
        holder.sdvCover.setImageURI(imageUri);

        holder.tvName.setText(item.getName());

        holder.mView.setOnClickListener(v ->
                mListener.onSourceClicked(item.getId())
        );
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        return mSources.size();
    }

    public List<Source> getData() {
        return mSources;
    }

    public void setData(List<Source> data) {
        this.mSources = data;
    }

    static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
        SimpleDraweeView sdvCover;
        TextView tvName;

        final View mView;
        Source mItem;

        ViewHolder(View view) {
            super(view);
            mView = view;
            sdvCover = (SimpleDraweeView) view.findViewById(R.id.sdv_cover);
            tvName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.tv_name);
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("%s %s", super.toString(), tvName.getText());
        }
    }

    interface OnSourceClickListener {
        void onSourceClicked(String sourceId);
    }
}


GW Richardson Heating & Air Conditioning Inc is Valencia's expert heating and cooling company. We offer furnace and air conditioning services in and around Valencia. Please, feel free to contact us for more information on our services, products, and company.


text:
Q: Arduino Ethernet shield not receiving UDP packets correctly I'm using a Adafruit Ethernet FeatherWing plugged into an Adafruit Feather 328P and I want to send and receive UDP packets from a Python application.  I'm using the stock Arduino UDP code just to see what I'm sending.  Here's my Python code:
def write_Arduino(self):
    sock_readresp = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    sock_readresp.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock_readresp.bind((self.config["DEFAULT"]["THIS_IP_ADDRESS"], int(self.config["DEFAULT"]["RECEIVE_PORT"] )))
    sock_readresp.settimeout(.2)

    MESSAGE = struct.pack("30c", b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7', b'8', b'9',
                              b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7', b'8', b'9',
                              b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7', b'8', b'9')

    print("Message is {}".format(MESSAGE))
    sock_read = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    sock_read.setblocking(0)
    sock_read.bind((self.config["DEFAULT"]["THIS_IP_ADDRESS"], 0))
    sock_read.sendto(MESSAGE,(self.config["DEFAULT"]["ARDUINO_IP_ADDRESS"],int(self.config["DEFAULT"]["SEND_PORT"])))
    sock_read.close()

My settings are:
THIS_IP_ADDRESS = 192.168.121.1
ARDUINO_IP_ADDRESS = 192.168.121.2
SEND_PORT = 8888
RECEIVE_PORT = 32001

and I've updated the Arduino code to reflect that.  When I send this packet, I can confirm it through Wireshark on my PC

I seem to be sending exactly what I think I am.  A string of "012345678901234567890123456789" (Wireshark shows the ASCII characters in hex, as seen here).  However, receiving it on the Arduino looks like this:
Received packet of size 30
From 192.168.121.1, port 64143
Contents:
012345678901234567890123D6789

The 25th and 26th byte always show up like that, and I'm missing the actual data.  What could be going on here?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Californians in need of dental care, including anyone with difficulty accessing dental care, including uninsured, underinsured, unemployed, adults and children of any age.
The mission of CDA is to improve the oral health of all Californians by supporting the dental profession in its efforts to meet community needs. Oral health is critical to the total health and well-being of an individual. For young children, it means they won't live with pain or miss school. For adults, it can enhance employment outcomes, improve their overall health and quality of life and, for many, restore dignity.
That's why they're tireless in their efforts to provide their CDA Cares events and grant opportunities to community-based organizations and individuals all reducing barriers to care in underserved populations. They represent the dental profession and its philanthropic values as it generously gives back to help meet the needs of Californians. CDA Cares offers extractions, fillings, cleanings, oral health education and assistance finding a source for ongoing dental care. On a limited basis, CDA Cares also offers root canals, dentures and temporary partial dentures.
Individuals may also visit cda.org/clinics for a list of low-cost dental clinics and other information.


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When fruits and vegetables the program, a "dashboard" screen appears. Like blogs, it incorporates a lot of menus, sub screens, and links to things which you can want make use of of throughout your designing flipcharts. As you then become more aware of using flipcharts, you should prevent the dashboard from showing itself by disabling it in the configure tab of the dashboard.
Search engine optimization sounds a lot more complicated pc actually is now. Let me work as the first understands that it is easy because know and understand what you are doing. Means that about giving the engines what desire.
If your own requires an authority feel, truly utilize standard fonts such as Arial or Times New Roman. While fancier fonts may look appealing you at first glance, frequently than not, they can build your visitors feel that your website is less than professional. This kind of is true for font colors as carefully. Stick to black text too much as actually possible. Do not color the text in random colors such as green or orange.
In case you have a home in an area where the lift isn't often used, you probably an in-ground lift design that can be unplugged and stored. Above ground installed lifts can be attached along with wooden post inclined to the ground or floor through a steel pile.
Images of colorful butterflies, caterpillars, bumble bees, dragon flies, lady bugs through the room makes it look very pretty. Keep up with the base coat of the wall dark pink colored. Then use bug stencils to paint these insects of different shapes and sizes. On one of the wall you can also make ladybug's shell by making circles with black entrance. For further decoration of the walls, put up some framed pictures of these bugs. Hang some nylon toys because of the ceiling just above her crib which she can play. You can easily find baby crib bedding with a bugs and butterfly motif. Any type of wood furniture will be suitable for this decoration.
2) Champion Sports Shark Soccer Ball. Like the Zephz Crystal Z ball, this shark football is perfect because it's unique enough to getting noticed during practices with http://www.nectarine.info so many soccer balls flying in existance. This soccer ball also comprises of machined stitched construction and durable materials to withstand all local climate. So, if your kids leave the ball out in the backyard during a thunderstorm.no big deal. It also features a butyl bladder for air retention, making it perfect for intermediate soccer players. The Champion Sports Shark Football is available at Sports Authority in a size 5 for $14.99.
If you live in a lesser condo, or one where the winter weather keeps you indoors, you can invariably fold some of your furniture down within the winter. It can make technique an outdoor Christmas tree, all lit up right outside your opening!


text:
Die Confédération Internationale des Sociétés Musicales (CISM) ist ein Zusammenschluss nationaler Verbände für Blasmusik, Percussion, Tambour-, Bläser- und Pfeiferkorps. Der CISM wurde 1949 gegründet. Der französische Verband umfasst 21 europäische Mitgliedsverbände mit 35.000 Musikvereinen.

Ziele
Satzungsgemäßes Ziel des Zusammenschlusses ist es, die Musikkultur zu erhalten, zu pflegen und zu fördern. Zu diesem Zweck werden verschiedene beratende und fördernde Maßnahmen für Laienmusiker angeboten. Dazu zählen der internationale Kulturaustausch, Musikfeste und musikalische Wettbewerbe, Fortbildungsmaßnahmen und Kongresse, Kompositionswettbewerbe, die Erstellung von Verzeichnissen, Listen und Katalogen mit Informationen und Arbeitsmaterialien für Musiker und die Förderung der Jugendarbeit. Zudem versteht sich die CISM als Interessenvertretung der Mitgliedsverbände.
Neben konzertanter und sinfonischer Blasmusik fördert die Organisation auch ausdrücklich traditionelle und volkstümliche Stilrichtungen, wie beispielsweise die böhmische und mährische Blasmusik.

Offizielles Mitteilungsorgan der CISM ist die Zeitschrift clarino.print.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 CISM-Website

Blasmusikverband
Gegründet 1949
Dachverband
Musikorganisation (Frankreich)
Organisation (Neuilly-sur-Seine)
Verein (Frankfurt am Main)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ellipse systems are developed in close cooperation with leading dermatologists. With thousands of users and scores of clinical articles documenting the safety and effectiveness of Ellipse products, Ellipse is indeed CLINICALLY PROVEN SAFE AND EFFECTIVE.
We want you to feel confident, comfortable, and safe when you use your Ellipse system. Thus, our experienced team of clinical specialists are dedicated to provide you with clinical support.
A thorough clinical training ensures you get the knowledge to get the most out of your system. Moreover, a comprehensive clinical workbook will provide you with complete yet easy-to-understand treatment information, including treatment recommendations and informed consent forms.


Windshield Wipers, Frameless, Soft, High Quality Materials, Wiper Blade Size:12"-28"
New windshied wiper. Standard for Recent European New models. Easy to replace and way cheaper than ordinal wipers and refills.
Xiamen Yujin Plastics Co., Ltd.


HARTFORD - On Monday, attorney T.R. Paulding had bad news for his client, serial killer Michael Ross: You're going to live - at least for a while longer.
Just how long is unclear.
As this week started, it appeared Ross would be executed, as has said he wants to be, on Wednesday at 2:01 a.m.
Then, at midday Monday, U.S. District Judge Robert Chatigny ordered the execution delayed, saying it is still unclear whether Ross is mentally competent to make the life-and-death choice of dropping his appeals. "It would be humane if you informed your client he will not be executed this week," Chatigny told Paulding.
Shortly afterward, Connecticut's chief state's attorney appealed the stay to the U.S. 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan. A three-judge panel agreed to hear the case at 2 p.m. today..
From there, the case could go to the U.S. Supreme Court.
"I expect, based on the telephone conversation we had in the last 24 hours, (Ross) is going to be very frustrated" at Monday's federal court ruling, Paulding told reporters Monday afternoon.
"The limbo part is the worst part for him," Paulding said. "He never had anything that approaches certainty, which is what we hoped for. Now having seen the process, certainty is not realistic."
Ross, 45, who was convicted in 1984 of killing eight women, would be the first person executed in Connecticut since 1960. Last year, he decided to drop all appeals, fired his public defenders and retained Paulding to help him expedite his execution.
His decision did little to slow the flurry of court action.
In October, Superior Court Judge Patrick Clifford set an execution date. In December, he held a competency hearing and took the testimony of a state psychiatrist, Dr. Michael Norko , who examined Ross and found him competent. The state Supreme Court backed that finding.
On Monday, the state Supreme Court tossed out an appeal that sought to force a clemency hearing for Ross. The Supreme Court also must decide on appeals heard Friday from the state's public defenders, and Ross' father, Dan Ross.
The state's public defender's office pushed the competency issue forward in federal court. The office was represented by a private attorney, Hubert Santos of Hartford, who said nobody challenged the state psychiatrist's findings because public defenders were barred from participating in the state court hearing.
Ross testified he wants to accept his death sentence to spare his victims' families the pain of more appeals.
Dr. Stuart Grassian , a former professor at Harvard University , testified Monday it is possible Ross wants to be executed because he finds life unbearable on death row. Grassian, an expert on the effects of long-term confinement, said letters Ross wrote in prison suggest he is not capable of making rational decisions about his execution.
"If you place someone in a desperate enough situation, they will make any decision to get away from the pain," Grassian said.
Grassian also said Ross is on antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs and has attempted suicide while in prison. "There is clearly something wrong with the man," Grassian testified.
Grassian said he would like time to interview Ross, tour death row and review Ross' medical and prison records. Chatigny, the federal judge, said he would give Grassian time to do those things, but did not put a specific time limit on the stay of execution.
"It is inevitable that I will enter a stay on the execution until the outcome of this proceeding," Chatigny said before issuing a written ruling.
Chief State's Attorney Christopher Morano said if the appeals court also rules against him, he will take the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Connecticut Chief Public Defender Gerard Smyth said he, too, would appeal to the high court if the stay of execution gets overturned.
Even if the stay is upheld, it would not automatically void the death sentence. It would, however, postpone the execution date until after the federal court can establish whether Ross is mentally competent to decide for himself to abandon his appeals.
Santos, the attorney who argued for the stay, said the ruling did not surprise him. He said federal judges have lifetime appointments to the bench, and do not face the same political pressure as state judges who are up for reappointment every eight years.
Santos said it is clear the conditions Ross has been living under, spending 23 hours a day in a 7-by-12-foot cell, had some impact on his decision to die.
"People sentenced to death are put in a condition we wouldn't put Iraqi prisoners in, then they want to die," Santos said. "If you break someone's will, they will not want to live."
Beyond the families of Ross and his victims, there were a host of interested observers.
With the execution delayed, Robert Nave , executive director for the Connecticut Network to Abolish the Death Penalty, now wants to push to have the legislature abolish capital punishment before Ross can be executed.
Nave said he was "stunned beyond words" by Monday's ruling.
"We're encouraged there will be a proper look at the death penalty and the conditions leading up to the decision by Michael Ross, including the conditions in prison and his mental states," Nave said. "It will lead the public to believe this is not good public policy."
Recent opinion polls show that about 60 percent of Connecticut residents support the death penalty and about 80 percent support executing Ross.
Gov. M. Jodi Rell says she would veto any legislation abolishing the death penalty, and her spokesman Dennis Schain said Monday that statement stands.
House Speaker James Amann , D-Milford, a death penalty supporter, says the state would debate the matter only after the Ross execution.
"I do believe we have a law that is just and rightfully very tough to impose," said Amann in a written statement. "For me, I was satisfied that all issues in the case have been dispensed with, and as I said before, the legislature will determine if we continue to go down this road in the future."


text:
Pitlochry party-goers set to dance into 2019
Final preparations for street party underway
MC Eddie Rose and Silly McB the clown at a previous street party, pic by Angus Findlay
The final preparations are underway for a Perthshire town determined to welcome the New Year in style.
Pitlochry's New Year street party is set to entertain thousands on Tuesday, January 1, with a street ceilidh, music and children's entertainment planned.
The party, which is based mainly outside Fisher's Hotel on Atholl Road, will begin with The Vale of Atholl Pipe Band playing at 1pm, after which the Andrew Knight Band and MC for the day Eddie Rose will kick off the afternoon's festivities.
And for the little ones, Silly McB the clown from Kinloch Rannoch will be making an appearance inside Fisher's Hotel until 3.30pm.
Graham Holmes, from the street party's organising committee, says the day will certainly be one to look forward to.
He said: "Everything is under control and we have our fingers crossed for the weather.
"We have a new band this year, which is a big change, the Andrew Knight Band.
"I am looking forward to that, because the J Delaney Band, who we have had for many years, was wonderful, but he is retiring and has recommended this new guy.
"I don't see much of the street party because I am in a back room counting money, but other members of the committee will be out and about stewarding and flogging raffle tickets."
The road will close at 1pm and the pipe band will start off proceedings.
Ceilidh dancing is a main feature of the street party, pic by Angus Findlay
MC Eddie Rose will then introduce the band ahead of the dancing.
One of the highlights of the day will be the raffle draw, which will take place on the stage at 3.30pm.
Graham continued: "The raffle raises almost £5000 a year to cover the costs of the party, and gives us a chance to show off some local businesses.
"Several of the hotels are giving away dinners or overnight accommodation."
Macdonalds the Butchers in the Highland Perthshire town will be providing free food throughout the day as well, including sausage rolls, soup and mulled wine.
Over the past 20 years of catering for the street party, the butchers have made 2500 sausage rolls and 54 gallons of soup.
Dancers can pay a small donation for the Macdonald's food, and all will go to the fund for staging the party.
For one member of the town, this year will be particularly special.
Mike Cheesewright has been heavily involved in organising the street party since it began back in the Millennium.
This means he will celebrate 20 years on the committee this year.
Graham said: "Mike Cheesewright was our very first chair until 2009 and he has always stayed on the committee and is very much involved.
"We are a very small committee, and until recently there was only four or five of us, but he has always been there - and he turns 80 next year as well."
The party on Atholl Road will continue until 4pm.
An after-party will take place in The Old Mill Inn, with music from Perth Americana band The Red Pine Timber Company from 4pm.
Perthshire News
Highland Perthshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<schema>
	<tables>
		<table>
			<name>vtiger_extnstore_users</name>
			<sql><![CDATA[CREATE TABLE `vtiger_extnstore_users` (
		  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
		  `username` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
		  `password` varchar(75) DEFAULT NULL,
		  `instanceurl` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
		  `createdon` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
		  `deleted` int(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
		  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
		) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8]]></sql>
		</table>
	</tables>
</schema>


text:
President Trump Request Bigger Stimulus Payments For Americans
Many Americans have been patiently waiting for the second round of stimulus checks to be disbursed for months. Yesterday Congressional leaders and White House staff approved a roughly $900 billion COVID-19 relief package. The package will reportedly include enhanced federal jobless benefits, small-business funding, and money to distribute COVID-19 vaccines. According to CNBC, the dollar amount of the stimulus payments was announced that it would be $600 per person.
However, many were dissatisfied with the amount. Many felt that the amount was too low, and it wouldn't be sufficient for families to catch up with bills and other expenses due to the pandemic. It even appears that President Trump is unhappy with the amount as well. Today he shared a video on Twitter where he discussed what he considers to be flawed about the bill. He said, "I'm asking Congress to amend this bill and increase the ridiculously low $600 to $2,000 or $4,000 for a couple."
He also spoke out about other elements of the bill, including funding headed overseas, which came less than 24 hours after the Senate passed the measure. The foreign aid provisions are part of a $1.4 trillion measure to keep the government funded, paired with the Covid relief bill.
Many Roommates agreed with Trump. One commented, "As he should, thank you, Mr.President."
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi promptly responded to Trump on Twitter. She agreed with his request to increase the stimulus amount. She tweeted, "Republicans repeatedly refused to say what amount the President wanted for direct checks. At last, the President has agreed to $2,000 — Democrats are ready to bring this to the Floor this week by unanimous consent. Let's do it!"
President Trump Request Bigger Stimulus Payments For AmericansStimulus PaymentsStimulus Payments For Americanstrump
U.S. government accuses Walmart of fueling opioid crisis, alleging it ignored internal warnings from pharmacists
KCK boy gets Chiefs-decorated prosthetic leg
Iowa, Nebraska officials warn against travel as blizzard moves through states
How a new proposal could benefit Wisconsin restaurants, bars
Residents evacuated from Creighton campus after a student makes ricin
Iowa, Nebraska officials warn against travel as blizzard…


text:
import oslo_serialization

from cinder.i18n import _
from cinder.volume.drivers.coprhd.helpers import commoncoprhdapi as common
from cinder.volume.drivers.coprhd.helpers import host
from cinder.volume.drivers.coprhd.helpers import project
from cinder.volume.drivers.coprhd.helpers import virtualarray
from cinder.volume.drivers.coprhd.helpers import volume

class ExportGroup(common.CoprHDResource):

    URI_EXPORT_GROUP = "/block/exports"
    URI_EXPORT_GROUPS_SHOW = URI_EXPORT_GROUP + "/{0}"
    URI_EXPORT_GROUP_SEARCH = '/block/exports/search'
    URI_EXPORT_GROUP_UPDATE = '/block/exports/{0}'

    def exportgroup_remove_volumes_by_uri(self, exportgroup_uri,
                                          volume_id_list, sync=False,
                                          tenantname=None, projectname=None,
                                          cg=None, synctimeout=0):
        """Remove volumes from the exportgroup, given the uris of volume."""

        volume_list = volume_id_list
        parms = {}

        parms['volume_changes'] = self._remove_list(volume_list)
        o = self.send_json_request(exportgroup_uri, parms)
        return self.check_for_sync(o, sync, synctimeout)

    def _remove_list(self, uris):
        resChanges = {}
        if not isinstance(uris, list):
            resChanges['remove'] = [uris]
        else:
            resChanges['remove'] = uris
        return resChanges

    def send_json_request(self, exportgroup_uri, param):
        body = oslo_serialization.jsonutils.dumps(param)
        (s, h) = common.service_json_request(
            self.ipaddr, self.port, "PUT",
            self.URI_EXPORT_GROUP_UPDATE.format(exportgroup_uri), body)
        return common.json_decode(s)

    def check_for_sync(self, result, sync, synctimeout=0):
        if sync:
            if len(result["resource"]) > 0:
                resource = result["resource"]
                return (
                    common.block_until_complete("export", resource["id"],
                                                result["id"], self.ipaddr,
                                                self.port, synctimeout)
                )
            else:
                raise common.CoprHdError(
                    common.CoprHdError.SOS_FAILURE_ERR, _(
                        "error: task list is empty, no task response found"))
        else:
            return result

    def exportgroup_list(self, project_name, tenant):
        """This function gives list of export group uris separated by comma.

        :param project_name: Name of the project path
        :param tenant: Name of the tenant
        :returns: list of export group ids separated by comma
        """
        if tenant is None:
            tenant = ""
        projobj = project.Project(self.ipaddr, self.port)
        fullproj = tenant + "/" + project_name
        projuri = projobj.project_query(fullproj)

        uri = self.URI_EXPORT_GROUP_SEARCH

        if '?' in uri:
            uri += '&project=' + projuri
        else:
            uri += '?project=' + projuri

        (s, h) = common.service_json_request(self.ipaddr, self.port, "GET",
                                             uri, None)
        o = common.json_decode(s)
        if not o:
            return []

        exportgroups = []
        resources = common.get_node_value(o, "resource")
        for resource in resources:
            exportgroups.append(resource["id"])

        return exportgroups

    def exportgroup_show(self, name, project, tenant, varray=None):
        """This function displays the Export group with details.

        :param name: Name of the export group
        :param project: Name of the project
        :param tenant: Name of the tenant
        :returns: Details of export group
        """
        varrayuri = None
        if varray:
            varrayObject = virtualarray.VirtualArray(
                self.ipaddr, self.port)
            varrayuri = varrayObject.varray_query(varray)
        uri = self.exportgroup_query(name, project, tenant, varrayuri)
        (s, h) = common.service_json_request(
            self.ipaddr,
            self.port,
            "GET",
            self.URI_EXPORT_GROUPS_SHOW.format(uri), None)
        o = common.json_decode(s)
        if o['inactive']:
            return None

        return o

    def exportgroup_create(self, name, project_name, tenant, varray,
                           exportgrouptype, export_destination=None):
        """This function creates the Export group with given name.

        :param name: Name of the export group
        :param project_name: Name of the project path
        :param tenant: Container tenant name
        :param varray: Name of the virtual array
        :param exportgrouptype: Type of the export group. Ex:Host etc
        :returns: status of creation
        """
        # check for existence of export group.
        try:
            status = self.exportgroup_show(name, project_name, tenant)
        except common.CoprHdError as e:
            if e.err_code == common.CoprHdError.NOT_FOUND_ERR:
                if tenant is None:
                    tenant = ""

                fullproj = tenant + "/" + project_name
                projObject = project.Project(self.ipaddr, self.port)
                projuri = projObject.project_query(fullproj)

                varrayObject = virtualarray.VirtualArray(
                    self.ipaddr, self.port)
                nhuri = varrayObject.varray_query(varray)

                parms = {
                    'name': name,
                    'project': projuri,
                    'varray': nhuri,
                    'type': exportgrouptype
                }

                if exportgrouptype and export_destination:
                    host_obj = host.Host(self.ipaddr, self.port)
                    host_uri = host_obj.query_by_name(export_destination)
                    parms['hosts'] = [host_uri]

                body = oslo_serialization.jsonutils.dumps(parms)
                (s, h) = common.service_json_request(self.ipaddr,
                                                     self.port, "POST",
                                                     self.URI_EXPORT_GROUP,
                                                     body)

                o = common.json_decode(s)
                return o
            else:
                raise

        if status:
            raise common.CoprHdError(
                common.CoprHdError.ENTRY_ALREADY_EXISTS_ERR, (_(
                    "Export group with name %s"
                    " already exists") % name))

    def exportgroup_query(self, name, project, tenant, varrayuri=None):
        """Makes REST API call to query the exportgroup by name.

        :param name: Name/id of the export group
        :param project: Name of the project
        :param tenant: Name of the tenant
        :param varrayuri: URI of the virtual array
        :returns: id of the export group
        """
        if common.is_uri(name):
            return name

        uris = self.exportgroup_list(project, tenant)
        for uri in uris:
            exportgroup = self.exportgroup_show(uri, project, tenant)
            if exportgroup and exportgroup['name'] == name:
                if varrayuri:
                    varrayobj = exportgroup['varray']
                    if varrayobj['id'] == varrayuri:
                        return exportgroup['id']
                    else:
                        continue
                else:
                    return exportgroup['id']
        raise common.CoprHdError(
            common.CoprHdError.NOT_FOUND_ERR,
            (_("Export Group %s: not found") % name))

    def exportgroup_add_volumes(self, sync, exportgroupname, tenantname,
                                maxpaths, minpaths, pathsperinitiator,
                                projectname, volumenames,
                                cg=None, synctimeout=0, varray=None):
        """Add volume to export group.

        :param sync              : synchronous request
        :param exportgroupname   : Name/id of the export group
        :param tenantname        : tenant name
        :param maxpaths          : Maximum number of paths
        :param minpaths          : Minimum number of paths
        :param pathsperinitiator : Paths per initiator
        :param projectname       : name of project
        :param volumenames       : names of volumes that needs
                               to be added to exportgroup
        :param cg                : consistency group
        :param synctimeout       : Query for task status for "synctimeout" secs
                               If the task doesn't complete in synctimeout
                               secs, an exception is thrown
        :param varray            : Name of varray
        :returns: action result
        """
        varrayuri = None
        if varray:
            varrayObject = virtualarray.VirtualArray(
                self.ipaddr, self.port)
            varrayuri = varrayObject.varray_query(varray)

        exportgroup_uri = self.exportgroup_query(exportgroupname,
                                                 projectname,
                                                 tenantname,
                                                 varrayuri)

        # get volume uri
        if tenantname is None:
            tenantname = ""
        # List of volumes
        volume_list = []

        if volumenames:
            volume_list = self._get_resource_lun_tuple(
                volumenames, "volumes", None, tenantname,
                projectname, None)

        parms = {}
        # construct the body

        volChanges = {}
        volChanges['add'] = volume_list
        parms['volume_changes'] = volChanges

        o = self.send_json_request(exportgroup_uri, parms)
        return self.check_for_sync(o, sync, synctimeout)

    def _get_resource_lun_tuple(self, resources, resType, baseResUri,
                                tenantname, projectname, blockTypeName):
        """Function to validate input volumes and return list of ids and luns.

        """
        copyEntries = []
        volumeObject = volume.Volume(self.ipaddr, self.port)
        for copy in resources:
            copyParam = []
            try:
                copyParam = copy.split(":")
            except Exception:
                raise common.CoprHdError(
                    common.CoprHdError.CMD_LINE_ERR,
                    (_("Please provide valid format volume:"
                       " lun for parameter %s") %
                     resType))
            copy = dict()
            if not len(copyParam):
                raise common.CoprHdError(
                    common.CoprHdError.CMD_LINE_ERR,
                    (_("Please provide at least one volume for parameter %s") %
                     resType))
            if resType == "volumes":
                full_project_name = tenantname + "/" + projectname
                copy['id'] = volumeObject.volume_query(
                    full_project_name, copyParam[0])
            if len(copyParam) > 1:
                copy['lun'] = copyParam[1]
            copyEntries.append(copy)
        return copyEntries


text:
Q: How to find min of a vector without Ord? I have a vector of RTSPUrl and I want to find the smallest item.
struct RTSPUrl { /* fields omitted */ }

fn main() {
    let rtsp_urls = std::vec::Vec::<RTSPUrl>::new();
    let minimum_element = rtsp_urls.iter().min();
}

However the compiler complains that RTSPUrl should implement Ord.
error[E0277]: the trait bound `RTSPUrl: std::cmp::Ord` is not satisfied
 --> src/main.rs:5:44
  |
5 |     let minimum_element = rtsp_urls.iter().min();
  |                                            ^^^ the trait `std::cmp::Ord` is not implemented for `RTSPUrl`
  |
  = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `std::cmp::Ord` for `&RTSPUrl`

But this type isn't from my crate as it's generated by protobuf. Is there any other thing I can do?

A: You can use min_by and implement the ordering yourself:
let minimum_element = rtsp_urls.iter().min_by(|a, b| {
    // return an Ordering based on a and b
    Ordering::Equal
});

Or, if you're just ordering by some property of RTSPUrl that does implement Ord, you can use min_by_key:
let minimum_element = rtsp_urls.iter().min_by_key(|url| {
    // return something that implements Ord based on url
    url.something()
});

You didn't specify what RTSPUrl looks like or how you would want it ordered by, but one of these options should work. Link to playground.
The same pattern (*_by() and *_by_key()) is used elsewhere like max or slice.sort.

A: You can use Iterator::min_by and implement your own comparison, based on the contents of RTSPUrl:
let minimum_element = rtsp_urls.iter().min_by(|a, b| ...)

Your function should return an Ordering, I believe.


Triple Socket or switch for use in your camper van. The socket or switch is mounted to the support frame and then covered by an outer silver frame. You can choose from 230v sockets, 12v sockets or single switches.


Discover 1 Horseback riding centers in Karteros Heraklion proposed by Greeka.com. Each center has a description, photos and sometimes links to its website. All requests send are sent directly to the owners.
The Riding Academy of Crete is the largest equestrian center in Crete. Our center exists since 1979 and our horses are bred and trained there by a well-experienced team of 5 instructors.


Powers/Abilities: The Crusher possesses great strength (Class 25-75) and durability, with an especially strong grip. He likely is immune to the effects of disease and/or aging.
(Thor I#130) - Thor battled the forces of Pluto, in an effort to free Hercules from his thrall. Pluto sent the Crusher against Thor, and though none had broken the Crusher's grasp before, Thor broke free and hurled the Crusher away. Soon after, Pluto conceded defeat to prevent Thor from shattering Hades in the course of the battle.
Pluto has a number of "mutates" who serve him. As Pluto is the lord of the underworld of Hades, it would make the most sense that these are the spirits of the dead, mutated and manipulated by him. He could even be fashioning false, ectoplasmic or other inorganic bodies for these spirits. However, as far as I know, the origins of these mutates has never been revealed.
Will U suggests that the Crusher could be Antaeus, the son of Poseidon who \par recieved his strength from contact with his mother, Gaea. Hercules defeated him by lifting him into the air and then crushing the breath out of him so he'd definitely be a ghost by now.
True, but he also COULD be anyone else, as well. There's no evidence to link him to anyone. All we know is he was a big, strong guy under Pluto's control. Hercules' adventure with Antaeus was shown in flashback in Avengers I#265.


text: Q: Installing Cocoapods broke previously installed packages I am making a swift project and I decided to install Cocoapods in order to access functionality I did no have access to before. I had the firebase-ios-sdk packages installed prior to adding Cocoapods to the project. I am opening the project using the xcworkspace created by Cocoapods, and the packages that were working previously are now not working. The main error I am getting is: Missing package product "name". I am getting this error for all of the packages installed with the firebase-ios-sdk. I have attached an image of an example of just one of the errors. Can anyone assist with this issue? I am on Xcode 13.4.1, M1 Air with 12.4 Monterey, and cocoapods 1.11.3 installed.


There is a tennis court near this campground which consists of a beautifully-maintained grassy field with the sites placed at its perimeter among trees. A sports field is also nearby and there are tennis courts as well. There are Lombardy poplars in the mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. A spray park is part of the playground. There are shower and sink units.
In MacGregor, by Norm Arena, on Saunders Street.