text:
452 F. 2d 1333 - United States v. J Thompson
452 F2d 1333 United States v. J Thompson
147 U.S.App.D.C. 1
Benjamin J. THOMPSON, Appellant.
District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued May 6, 1971.
Decided Oct. 7, 1971.
Petition for Rehearing Denied Dec. 13, 1971.
Certiorari Denied March 20, 1972.
See 92 S.Ct. 1251.
Mr. Allen M. Hutter, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this court), for appellant.
Mr. Stephen W. Grafman, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. Thomas A. Flannery, U. S. Atty., and John A. Terry, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on the pleadings, for appellee. Messrs. Earl J. Silbert and Herbert B. Hoffman, Asst. U. S. Attys., were also on the supplemental memoranda for appellee.
Mrs. Barbara Bowman, Washington, D. C., and Mr. Michael S. Wald, Ventura, Cal., filed a memorandum on behalf of the Public Defender Service as amicus curiae.
Mr. Bruce D. Beaudin, Washington, D. C., filed a memorandum on behalf of the District of Columbia Bail Agency as amicus curiae.
Before WRIGHT, LEVENTHAL* and ROBINSON, Circuit Judges.
J. SKELLY WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:
This case comes to us on a motion for bail pending appeal following appellant's conviction in the District Court of violation of federal narcotics laws.1 It presents important questions concerning the extent to which Congress can treat residents of the District of Columbia differently from residents of the 50 states and the extent to which Congress has attempted to do so in the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970 (hereinafter "Court Reform Act").2
In accordance with the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure,3 appellant first applied for bail in the District Court. The District Judge found that appellant did not meet the stringent requirements for post-conviction release set out in the Court Reform Act4 and accordingly denied the application. Appellant now renews his motion in this court, contending that the trial judge erred in not applying the more lenient standards set out in the Bail Reform Act of 1966 (hereinafter "Bail Reform Act").5 Appellant argues that the bail provisions of the Court Reform Act were intended to apply only to "local" offenses, and that the Bail Reform Act continues to govern bail determination in cases such as this where the defendant is convicted under federal criminal statutes having nationwide application. Alternatively, appellant contends that, if Congress did intend the Court Reform Act to apply to national offenses committed in the District of Columbia, that Act, as applied to him, violates his right to equal protection guaranteed in the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.6 For the reasons stated below, we hold that the District Judge erred in judging appellant's bail application under the Court Reform Act, and we remand for a determination of whether appellant qualifies for release under the Bail Reform Act.7
* Viewed in the abstract, this case poses a difficult issue of statutory construction as to the application of the bail provisions of the Court Reform Act to national crimes. The Court Reform Act nowhere makes clear whether it is intended to apply to all crimes committed in the District or merely to local offenses, and the legislative history is ambiguous at best. However, the first and most important rule for statutory construction is that laws should not be read in the abstract. Instead, courts approach the task of divining legislative intent with a set of presumptions which, while not irrebuttable, provide at least initial guidance. The first of these presumptions is that legislation duly enacted by Congress is constitutional. A corollary to this basic presumption is the principle that, when one interpretation of a statute would create a substantial doubt as to the statute's constitutional validity, the courts will avoid that interpretation absent a "clear statement" of a contrary legislative intent. When a statute is fairly subject to a variety of interpretations all but one of which would make it unconstitutional, then the courts must presume Congress intended the interpretation which is constitutionally permissible. See, e. g., United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41, 45, 73 S.Ct. 543, 97 L.Ed. 770 (1953); Gutknecht v. United States, 396 U.S. 295, 90 S.Ct. 506, 24 L.Ed.2d 532 (1970). Thus if appellee's interpretation of the Court Reform Act would produce an unconstitutional result, there is at least a strong prima facie argument that the interpretation is erroneous.
In order to understand the force of appellant's constitutional objection to the construction of the Court Reform Act adopted by the trial judge, it is necessary to review briefly the background of that legislation. Before 1966, there was apparently no local statutory law governing the standards for bail determinations in the District of Columbia.8 In that year, however, Congress passed the Bail Reform Act which provided a complete set of guidelines for pre- and post-conviction bail determinations in all federal courts. Although the Bail Reform Act appeared on its face to govern all bail determinations in the District, Congress made certain of this result in passing the District of Columbia Bail Agency Act,9 in the same year. Section 10 of the Bail Agency Act stated explicitly that the Bail Reform Act "shall apply to any person detained pursuant to law or charged with an offense in the District of Columbia."10 Thus until 1970 when Congress enacted the Court Reform Act, it was clear that the Bail Reform Act governed all bail determinations for both national and local crimes committed in the District. The 1970 legislation repealed Section 10 of the Bail Agency Act.11 It also instituted a system of pretrial detention for "violent" and "dangerous" defendants12 as well as the stringent standards for post-conviction release which "shall apply in the District of Columbia in lieu of the provisions of [the Bail Reform Act]."13
Appellant does not, of course, quarrel with the application of the Court Reform Act bail provisions to purely local offenses in the District of Columbia. He points out, however, that the Court Reform Act does not purport to replace the Bail Reform Act as it operates in all federal courts. Therefore, if the Court Reform Act were held to govern bail determinations for national or Title 18, United States Code offenses committed in the District, it would create a special exception to the Bail Reform Act based only on the situs of the crime. If appellant committed the same offense in Maryland and was tried under the same federal statute, his request for bail would be judged under the Bail Reform Act. Yet because the crime was committed across the District boundary, that same request is governed by the harsher Court Reform Act. Such discrimination, appellant argues, is "so unjustifiable as to be violative of due process." See Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954); Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 641-642, 89 S.Ct. 1322, 22 L.Ed.2d 600 (1969). In response, the Government points out that Congress has "complete legislative control over the District of Columbia, for every purpose of government, national as well as local," and that the situation in the District is sui generis since "only in the Nation's capital does the federal government * * * prosecute the full range of common law street crimes of violence."
We do not quarrel with appellee's contention that Congress exercises full plenary power over District affairs, see Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes, 37 U.S. (12 Pet.) 524, 619, 9 L.Ed. 1181 (1838); O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 U.S. 516, 538-539, 53 S.Ct. 740, 77 L.Ed. 1356 (1933), or that it can use this power to serve national as well as local ends, see Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 429, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821); Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286 U.S. 427, 434-435, 52 S.Ct. 607, 76 L.Ed. 1204 (1932); Neild v. District of Columbia, 71 App.D.C. 306, 311, 110 F.2d 246, 251 (1940). But these propositions are largely irrelevant to the issue before us. Surely appellee does not mean to contend that because Congress has plenary power in the District it can therefore ignore the Constitution.
Congress' power over the District, like all powers in our system of government, has constitutional limits, and it is the duty of the judiciary to insure that those limits are respected. As President Nixon stated in recommending passage of the Court Reform Act, "The District is a Federal city, but it should not be a Federal colony."14 If there was ever any doubt that the Constitution was fully applicable to District residents, the issue was conclusively settled 70 years ago when the Supreme Court held that "[t]he mere cession of the District of Columbia to the Federal government relinquished the authority of the States, but it did not take it out of the United States or from under the aegis of the Constitution. * * * Indeed, it would have been a fanciful construction to hold that territory which had been once a part of the United States ceased to be such by being ceded directly to the Federal government."15 One of the rights which the Constitution guarantees District residents, in common with all residents of the United States, is the right not to be arbitrarily singled out for special treatment not accorded to others similarly situated. Thus it is no response to contend, as the Government apparently does, that Congress was exercising its "plenary powers" when it created such an irrational classification. See D. C. Federation of Civic Associations, Inc. v. Volpe, 140 U.S.App.D.C. 162, 165, 434 F.2d 436, 439 (1970); Hamilton National Bank of Washington v. District of Columbia, 85 U.S.App.D.C. 109, 115, 176 F.2d 624, 630 (1949).
This is not to argue that Congress lacks the power to pass local laws applicable only to the District, or that such laws may not be different from the laws governing the conduct of citizens in the surrounding states. Obviously, such a position would be untenable given the responsibility of Congress to provide a comprehensive body of legislation for District residents. There is nothing unconstitutional about tailoring local statutes to meet local needs. See United States v. Sharpnack, 355 U.S. 286, 294, 78 S.Ct. 291, 2 L.Ed.2d 282 (1958). But when Congress decides to enact national legislation, the situation is fundamentally different. The passage of such a law implies a threshold decision to override regional differences in favor of a uniform standard that will govern the entire country. If one small isolated group is then excluded from the operational effect of the statute, the rationality of that exclusion is highly suspect. See D. C. Federation of Civic Associations, Inc. v. Volpe, supra.
It might still be argued that Congress intended the Court Reform Act to serve as an experiment, and that if it operated successfully in the District it would subsequently be enacted for all federal jurisdictions. Compare House Committee on the District of Columbia, Report on the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970, H.R.Rep.91-907, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., 82 (1970) (hereinafter "House Report"). But the mere fact that District residents lack congressional representation does not justify their use as human guinea pigs-particularly when basic human rights are involved. As Mr. Justice Jackson said almost 30 years ago: "There are limits to the extent to which a legislatively represented majority may conduct biological experiments at the expense of the dignity and personality and natural powers of a minority-even those who have been guilty of what the majority define as crimes."16 Those words were written in the context of a state experiment in eugenics at the expense of convicted felons. But surely the same principles apply to experimentation with the basic legal rights of citizens. Whatever one thinks of the concept of states as "little laboratories," it is clear that experimentation to determine the truth of at least some propositions ended with adoption of the Bill of Rights.
Of course, if the Government can point to a valid reason why those who are charged with national crimes in the District should be treated more harshly than their counterparts in every other federal jurisdiction, then the requirements of equal protection will have been met. But to argue that the District is sui generis because "only in the Nation's capital does the federal government * * * prosecute the full range of common law street crimes of violence" is to miss the point. It is clearly within congressional power to enact special rules for the District to deal with street crimes which it prosecutes nowhere else.17 But the Government would have us believe that there is justification for special rules in the District for crimes prosecuted in every federal jurisdiction. That proposition is an entirely different matter, and its truth is hardly self-evident.
Thus we are hard pressed to see even a rational relationship between the classification created by this statute and any legitimate governmental policy. It is possible, of course, that there is something unique about the District which would justify special treatment for those convicted of crimes within its borders. It might be that there is a dramatically higher incidence of bail-jumping or of crimes committed while on bail among those convicted of federal offenses here, although the Government offers no statistics demonstrating that this is in fact the case. It is also conceivable that there is some as yet unelucidated interrelationship between the prosecution of local and national offenses making uniform bail determinations for all defendants in the jurisdiction desirable. But it is unnecessary for us seriously to consider such undocumented hypotheses, since the usual presumptions in favor of legislative classifications simply do not apply in this case.
We live in a representative democracy, and for that reason most policy issues, most of the time, are left to the elective branches of government. Hence if the legislature can point to a rational basis for a classification, the courts will not ordinarily overturn it. See, e. g., Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61, 78, 31 S.Ct. 337, 55 L.Ed. 369 (1911); United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 58 S.Ct. 778, 82 L.Ed. 1234 (1938); Morey v. Doud, 354 U.S. 457, 463-464, 77 S.Ct. 1344, 1 L.Ed.2d 1485 (1957). Courts are particularly reluctant to intervene if the classification is "[i]n the area of economics [or] social welfare." Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485, 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161, 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970). But where fundamental personal liberties are involved, the political process may not operate quickly enough or effectively enough to prevent victimization of a helpless minority. See Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370, 6 S.Ct. 1064, 30 L.Ed. 220 (1886). Compare United States v. Carolene Products Co., supra, 304 U.S. at 152-153 n. 4, 58 S.Ct. 778. Therefore, in a certain limited class of cases the courts have subjected legislative classifications to much more exacting scrutiny and required a higher burden of proof before an apparently invidious discrimination is allowed to stand. Where a classification impinges on constitutional rights, the court's duty is clear, and such a classification is not permitted unless the legislature succeeds in demonstrating a "compelling interest." Shapiro v. Thompson, supra, 394 U.S. at 634, 89 S.Ct. 1322.
Although the right asserted is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the courts will still "closely scrutinize" a classification limiting its exercise so long as fundamental personal freedoms are at stake. See, e. g., Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942); Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 561-562, 84 S.Ct. 1362, 12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964); Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 670, 86 S.Ct. 1079, 16 L.Ed.2d 169 (1966). The courts have been particularly careful to inspect classifications relating to the criminal process, even in cases where it could not possibly be contended that constitutional rights are involved. See Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 76 S.Ct. 585, 100 L.Ed. 891 (1956); Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 83 S.Ct. 814, 9 L.Ed.2d 811 (1963); Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235, 90 S.Ct. 2018, 26 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970). The rights of a criminal defendant are in some sense the most basic of all, since what is at stake is no less than the freedom to be free.
Appellant does not argue that he has a constitutional right to bail pending appeal. See Bowman v. United States, 85 S.Ct. 232, 13 L.Ed.2d 171 (1964) (Mr. Justice Douglas, sitting as Circuit Justice); United States ex rel. Smith v. Prasse, E.D.Pa., 277 F.Supp. 391, 392 (1967); United States ex rel. Fink v. Heyd, E.D.La., 287 F.Supp. 716, 717 (1968). But the right to bail is "fundamental" in that it involves issues of personal freedom in the most immediate and literal sense of those words. Compare Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 4, 72 S.Ct. 1, 96 L.Ed. 3 (1951). The harm done to an innocent defendant who "serves time" before his conviction is reversed on appeal cannot be undone and serves as a continuing affront to our sense of justice. There may well be times when the state is justified nonetheless in denying bail pending appeal. But when different standards are applied to bail applications based upon an apparently arbitrary classification, the courts are not obliged to accept hypothetical or unfounded excuses for the distinction drawn.
Moreover, there is a still more significant observation to be made about this case. What is involved here is not just any arbitrary classification between two similarly situated groups. The residents of Washington occupy a profoundly anamalous position in the federal system, and any classification which discriminates against them is particularly suspect. Writing for the Court in Reynolds v. Sims, supra, Chief Justice Warren observed: "The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government."18 But for residents of the District, the right to vote in congressional elections is not merely restricted-it is totally denied. This regrettable situation is a product of historical and legal forces over which this court has no control. See J. S. Young, The Washington Community 1800-1828 at 14-15 (1966). Until it is changed, however, the standard of review in equal protection cases involving the District may well be fundamentally affected. See D. C. Federation of Civic Associations, Inc. v. Volpe, supra.
Although the courts have a vital role to play in preserving our constitutional rights, we normally depend upon the vote as "preservative of other basic civil and political rights."19 Minorities can usually protect themselves by playing their role in the political process and forming coalitions with other groups to secure a majority. But it is senseless to remit District residents to the political process, since for them there is no political process.20 The principle of majority rule loses its legitimacy when not all the votes are counted. See Developments in the Law-Equal Protection, 82 Harv.L.Rev. 1065, 1124-1126 & n. 275 (1969). In this context, at least, the normal arguments for judicial restraint become no more than hollow shibboleths grotesquely detached from the logic which once supported them. There is no reason to pay deference to the views of a representative body which does not in fact represent those against whom it is discriminating. Therefore, discriminatory classifications affecting District residents must be subjected to the strictest possible review. See Hobson v. Hansen, D.D.C. 269 F.Supp. 401, 508 & n.198 (1967), affirmed sub nom. Smuck v. Hobson, 132 U.S.App.D.C. 372, 408 F.2d 175 (1969) (en banc). It is not enough for such classifications to be merely rational or even plausible; the justification offered must actually be convincing. Otherwise, the danger of "experimentation" with the rights of the voiceless residents of the District is too great to be tolerated. Since we are far from convinced that the classification urged by the Government serves any legitimate policy objective, we reject it as violative of equal protection.21
Our finding that the Government's interpretation of the Court Reform Act would make the law unconstitutional creates a strong presumption that that interpretation is erroneous.22 Of course, if the words of the statute or its legislative history made it undisputably clear that Congress intended a result which is unconstitutional, we would have to exercise our responsibility to invalidate the law. Compare King v. Smith, 392 U.S. 309, 334-335, 88 S.Ct. 2128, 20 L.Ed.2d 1118 (1968) (Mr. Justice Douglas, concurring). But, in fact, the words of this statute are ambiguous and the legislative history extraordinarily murky. Hence, with the aid of the constitutionally rooted presumption, we have no difficulty concluding that Congress did not intend the irrational and invidious result urged by the Government.
The Government bases its interpretation of the Act almost entirely on a literal, formalistic reading of the statutory language. Appellee points out that Section 23-1325(c) of the Court Reform Act makes clear that the new post-conviction bail provisions are to apply to persons convicted of an "offense."23 Section 23-1331(2) in turn defines "offense" as "any criminal offense committed in the District of Columbia, other than an offense triable by court-martial, military commission, provost court, or other military tribunal, which is in violation of an Act of Congress." It cannot be denied that if those words are read literally appellant falls within them. But sound statutory construction should never be an exercise in sterile, mechanical application of statutory language. When the words of a statute admit to no other meaning, then of course they must be followed. But most words are slippery, and if patently absurd results are to be avoided the words must be interpreted in light of the purpose intended. See e. g., Johnson v. Southern Pacific Co., 196 U.S. 1, 25 S.Ct. 158, 49 L.Ed. 363 (1904); United States v. Brown, 333 U.S. 18, 68 S.Ct. 376, 92 L.Ed. 442 (1948). A close look at this statute makes clear that the statutory definitions do not absolutely require an interpretation which would render it unconstitutional. For example, it is noteworthy that whereas the definition of "offense" refers to violation of "an Act of Congress" (emphasis added), the very next subsection speaks of definitions contained in "any Act of Congress."24 Given this otherwise inexplicable difference in language, it is at least plausible to assume that the legislature intended "an Act of Congress" to mean only those acts of Congress having exclusively local application.
When one looks at the purposes of the statute as a whole, this initial suspicion hardens into near certainty. The Court Reform Act contains comprehensive provisions reorganizing the local court system and modifying local rules of procedure. The overriding purpose which emerges from the Act is to put the District's judicial system on a par with those of the states. Thus Congressman Harsha, arguing for passage of the bill on the House floor, stated that under it "[f]or the first time, the District of Columbia will enjoy its own unified judicial system-a system on a par with systems in the 50 States."25 Similarly, the Act provides for participation of the District along with the states in the Interstate Compact on Juveniles,26 and takes advantage of the authority granted in the Safe Streets Act of 1968 for states to enact local wiretapping laws.27
The interpretation of the bail provisions of the Act which is most consistent with this general desire to treat the District on a par with the states is that advocated by appellant. While the states may impose their own bail standards for local crimes tried in local courts, the Bail Reform Act controls when national crimes are tried in federal courts. If the District is to be treated like a state, then federal courts here should follow the national act when dealing with national crimes, reserving the act which is applicable only within the jurisdiction to bail determinations in cases involving local offenses tried in local courts. Indeed, there are strong indications that some congressmen had the state analogy specifically in mind when they considered the bail provisions. Congressman Nelsen, for example, stated:
"* * * There are those who talk about pretrial detention as being something brand new, and which is way out of line. Let me call your attention to the fact that in the city of New York they have a money bail statute which does the same thing. * * *
"* * * I think it is wrong for most of us in our own States to have a bail system that as a practical matter is used for pretrial detention and deny it to citizens of the District of Columbia. * * *"28
A related but distinct purpose of the Court Reform Act is to disentangle problems of "local" and "national" law as much as possible. See Cheek v. Washington, D.D.C., 333 F.Supp. 481, 484 n.4 (1971). Thus Senator Baker argued:
"This legislation establishes the first truly local court system in the District of Columbia's history. The peculiar mixture of both Federal and local business in the Federal courts is ended, and the Federal courts are freed to devote themselves entirely to Federal matters. * * *"29
See also House Report at 23; Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, Report to Accompany S. 2601, S.Rep. 91-405, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., 5 (1969) (hereinafter "Senate Report"). Yet if appellee's contentions are to be believed, the Court Reform Act not only fails to end the "peculiar mixture" of federal and local business in the federal courts-it actually compounds the problem. The Government would have us construe the Act in such a way that the national courts would be administering a statute of local application in connection with prosecution of national crimes. Such a construction cannot be reconciled with the specific statement in the House Report that the bill would "terminate the anomaly in the District of Federal trial and appellate judges being required to devote their time and energy to matters of a purely local nature."30
When one looks at the narrower purposes of the Act's bail provisions in particular, it becomes still more obvious that those provisions were not intended to apply to national offenses. Thus it is quite significant that most congressmen seem to have been almost entirely preoccupied with the type of violent "street crime" which is prosecuted under local statutes. The House District Committee, for example, complained: "The criminal is just not punished here, and he continues to roam the streets of Washington, increasing, month by month, his murders and his rapes, his robberies and aggravated assaults, his housebreaking, larceny and auto thefts, not to mention the less serious crimes committed by the thousand."31 Later, the Committee observed: "[O]nly in the Nation's capital does the federal government, prosecute the full range of common law street crimes such as rape, robbery, and burglary * * *. The rise of such crime in the District since the enactment of the Bail Reform Act has been appalling."32 Nor is it without importance that the four cases which the House District Committee wished to "overrule" by passage of the post-conviction bail provisions33 all involved release of defendants convicted of local crimes.34
The Government responds to this purposive analysis with arguments based on a wooden, mechanical reading of the statutory language. Yet even if one examines the Government's arguments on their own terms and ignores the presumptions stemming from purposive and constitutional analysis, it is by no means obvious that those arguments compel the result contended for. For example, the Government argues that, since the "judicial officers" making bail determinations are defined to include "national" as well as "local" judges,35 the bail provisions of the Act must have been intended to apply to national offenses. It is quite possible, however, that this definition was instead intended to allow national judges to apply the Act's bail provisions to local offenses during the transition period while some local crimes were still being tried in United States District Court.36 Moreover, even after full local jurisdiction is transferred to the local courts, the United States District Court will still exercise jurisdiction over local crimes when the local offense is joined with an indictment for a national crime.37
The Government also points to 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1331(3) (E) (Supp. IV 1971), which defines "dangerous crime" for purposes of pretrial detention to include "unlawful sale or distribution of a narcotic or depressant or stimulant drug (as defined by any Act of Congress) * * *." (Emphasis added.) Since this section clearly refers to both local and national legislation, the Government argues that the pretrial detention sections must have been intended to apply to national as well as local crimes. But the short answer to this argument is that even if it is correct it has only marginal relevance to the case before us. If, in some future case, we find compelling reasons to construe the language of the pretrial detention sections to include national offenses, then we shall rule on the constitutionality of those provisions as so construed.38 But such a finding can have little bearing on this case, since the Government can point to no compelling reason why the post-conviction bail provisions should be construed so as to make them unconstitutional.
Moreover, we note in passing that the Government's construction of 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1331(3) (E) is by no means the only plausible one. The section does not refer to narcotic drugs made unlawful by any Act of Congress. Instead, it speaks of "unlawful sale or distribution" of narcotics, depressants and stimulants "as defined by any Act of Congress." (Emphasis added.) This language suggests to us that while the drug can be defined as a narcotic by national legislation, its possession must be made unlawful by local statutes before pretrial detention becomes applicable to it. The plausibility of such an interpretation is strengthened by similar language in the next subsection defining "crimes of violence." Such crimes include "an attempt or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing offenses [listed earlier in the subsection] as defined by any Act of Congress or any State law * * *." (Emphasis added.) Clearly, Congress could not have intended to authorize pretrial detention for a defendant whose acts, while criminal in some other state, were legal in the District. Its intention, therefore, must have been to permit the definition of the offense to be contained in state or national law, while requiring the statute making that offense unlawful in the District to be a matter of local law.39
The Government makes a similar argument based on the jurisdictions of the District of Columbia Bail Agency and the District of Columbia Public Defender Service. Its position seems to be that if "District of Columbia" is read narrowly in one part of the statute it must be so read every time it is used. Therefore, it is argued, reading these words to mean that the bail provisions of the Act apply only to local offenses would mean reading the same words to restrict jurisdiction of the Bail Agency and the Public Defender to local courts-a result which Congress obviously did not intend.
We know of no canon of statutory construction which requires this kind of slavish formalism. The very fact that Congress obviously did not intend to restrict the jurisdiction of the Bail Agency and the Public Defender, whereas congressional intent concerning the post-conviction bail standards is far less clear, itself provides sufficient justification for interpreting the words "District of Columbia" differently in the different sections. Words are meant to be read in context, and as the context changes the meaning we give to them changes as well. As Mr. Justice Sutherland observed in Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, supra, 286 U.S. at 433, 52 S.Ct. at 609:
"* * * Most words have different shades of meaning, and consequently may be variously construed, not only when they occur in different statutes, but when used more than once in the same statute or even in the same section. Undoubtedly, there is a natural presumption that identical words used in different parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning. * * * But the presumption is not rigid and readily yields whenever there is such variation in the connection in which the words are used as reasonably to warrant the conclusion that they were employed in different parts of the act with different intent. * * *"
Ultimately, then, the Government's entire case is made to rest on a single scrap of solid evidence. This consists of a one-sentence statement by Congressman McMillan strangely inserted in an exhaustive section-by-section analysis of the bill which was printed in the Congressional Record: "Section 23-1331(2) defines the term 'offense' to include offenses against the United States and violations of the District of Columbia Code as long as the offense is committed in the District of Columbia."40 This statement is buried in the middle of voluminous legislative history on the bill. It is not found in either the House District Committee report or the Conference Committee report where the same section-by-section analysis appears, and there is absolutely no indication that other congressmen focused on it or, indeed, were even aware of its existence. Moreover, the statement must be measured against not only the constitutional and purposive analysis set out above, but also against a directly contrary statement which does appear in the House Report: "[Y]our Committee in this bill has attempted to treat with the entire range of problems besetting the courts, especially the criminal courts, and the handling and treatment of criminals in local courts. * * * Pretrial detention is * * * provided for in this bill so as to give needed reform to local bail procedures after what appears to be a devastating experience under the Bail Reform Act of 1966, imposed on the District of Columbia by Congress, for all local, common law, and statutory crimes."41 In light of all the other evidence, we simply refuse to believe that the House-much less the Senate-intended to enact Congressman McMillan's statement into law. If we permitted one congressman to change the meaning of a statute by a single statement quietly inserted in the Congressional Record, we would make a mockery of the legislative process.
Speaking on the House floor in opposition to the Court Reform Act, Congressman Gallagher warned: "Certain sections give credence to the often heard but thus far, at least, unprovable statement that the District of Columbia is the last plantation."42 The responsibility for keeping that statement unprovable rests in the first instance with Congress. But it is also the responsibility of the judiciary to insure that statutory language is not used as a cover for depriving District residents of fundamental rights. In the end, it makes little difference if such judicial intervention is labelled "statutory construction" or "constitutional review." The important point is that discriminatory treatment of a powerless, voteless minority is antithetical to our constitutional heritage and that the courts act in the best tradition of American jurisprudence when they refuse to tolerate it.
It is with this tradition in mind that we remand the record in this case for determination of appellant's right to bail according to the standards set forth in the Bail Reform Act.
Remanded.
Judge Leventhal did not participate in this decision
Appellant was found to have violated 21 U.S.C. Sec. 174 (1964) which prohibits receipt and concealment of narcotic drugs, "knowing the same to have been imported * * * contrary to law," and 26 U.S.C. Sec. 4704(a) (1964) which prohibits possession of narcotic drugs not in the original stamped package. He was sentenced to concurrent terms of five and one-to-five years imprisonment
Pub.L. No. 91-358, 84 Stat. 473-668 (1970)
Rule 9(b), Fed.R.App.P., provides: "Application for release after a judgment of conviction shall be made in the first instance in the district court. * * *"
84 Stat. 648 (1970), 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1325(c) (Supp. IV 1971):
"A person who has been convicted of an offense and sentenced to a term of confinement or imprisonment and has filed an appeal or a petition for a writ of certiorari shall be detained unless the judicial officer finds by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the person is not likely to flee or pose a danger to any other person or to the property of others, and (2) the appeal or petition for a writ of certiorari raises a substantial question of law or fact likely to result in a reversal or an order for new trial. * * *"
18 U.S.C. Sec. 3148 (Supp. V 1965-1969):
"A person * * * who has been convicted of an offense and is either awaiting sentence or has filed an appeal or a petition for a writ of certiorari, shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of section 3146 unless the court or judge has reason to believe that no one or more conditions of release will reasonably assure that the person will not flee or pose a danger to any other person or to the community. If such a risk of flight or danger is believed to exist, or if it appears that an appeal is frivolous or taken for delay, the person may be ordered detained. * * *"
In appellant's initial motion and the Government's initial opposition in this court, the parties simply relied upon the different statutes without explanation. The court therefore requested supplemental memoranda from both parties "on the question of which Act applies in this case, and on possible legal objections to differential treatment of individuals convicted of violating the same general federal statute." After oral argument, the court requested further memoranda from the parties and from amici curiae on the legislative history of the bail provisions of the 1970 Court Reform Act.
Since we dispose of this case on equal protection and statutory construction grounds, it is unnecessary to reach appellant's third contention that the Court Reform Act, as applied to him, constitutes an ex post facto law in violation of Article I Sec. 9 of the Constitution
Although it is not directly relevant to our disposition of the case, it is nonetheless important to note that a remand for further findings is necessary regardless of which act applies. The District Judge's order denying bail does no more than repeat the statutory standard contained in the Court Reform Act and state that the defendant has failed to meet it. Yet Rule 9(b), Fed.R.App.P., clearly states: "If the district court refuses release pending appeal, * * * the court shall state in writing the reasons for the action taken." A mere parrotting of the provisions of the applicable statute is not an adequate substitute for a full statement of reasons. See 9 J. W. Moore, Federal Practice p 209.06 (1970). Nor is this requirement a mere procedural technicality. As this court stated in Weaver v. United States, 131 U.S.App.D.C. 388, 389, 405 F.2d 353, 354 (1968): "The District Judge should indicate not only which one or more of [the] reasons has prompted him to deny release, but should also delineate the basis for his utilization of such reason or reasons. * * * Only when these reasons are spelled out can an appellant intelligently renew his motion before this court; and only then can this court fairly review the merits." See also United States v. Williams, 7 Cir., 253 F.2d 144 (1958); Rhodes v. United States, 4 Cir., 275 F.2d 78, 82 (1960); Jones v. United States, 123 U.S.App.D.C. 176, 177, 358 F.2d 543, 544 (1966); United States v. Seegers, 139 U.S.App.D.C. 335, 338, 433 F.2d 493, 496 (1970)
It is true that in Weaver the court was considering a bail application brought under the Bail Reform Act, whereas here the District Judge utilized the Court Reform Act. But even if we were to decide that the District Judge was correct in applying the Court Reform Act-and we in fact reject that contention-there is nothing in the Court Reform Act which purports to modify the requirements of Rule 9(b). While the Court Reform Act places a greater burden on the defendant seeking release, the provisions governing appeal from bail determinations are substantially identical with those contained in the Bail Reform Act. Compare 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1324(b) (Supp. IV 1971) and 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1325(d) (Supp. IV 1971) with 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3147(b) (Supp. V 1965-1969).
Obviously, if a defendant produces no evidence supporting his request for bail, the trial judge can deny the application for the sole reason that the defendant has failed to satisfy the production burden which the Court Reform Act clearly places upon him. But where, as here, the defendant does come forward with evidence, Rule 9(b) requires a written statement from the judge specifying why he does not find that evidence "clear and convincing." The right to an effective appeal includes the right to know what one is appealing from. There is no reason why the parties, or for that matter this court, should be forced to operate in the dark when Rule 9(b) clearly provides otherwise.
The only provision in the D.C.Code governing bail was 23 D.C.Code Sec. 106 (1967): "Whenever a person charged with crime is held to bail the court shall have power to allow a deposit with the clerk of such court of money in the amount of the bail instead of requiring a bond or recognizance, and in case of default to declare such deposit forfeited to the United States or the District of Columbia as the case may be."
Pub.L. 89-519 Sec. 10, 80 Stat. 329 (1966), 23 D.C.Code Sec. 909 (1967)
See Pub.L. 91-358 Sec. 210(b) (11), 84 Stat. 654
See 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1322 (Supp. IV 1971)
Reprinted in 116 Cong.Rec. S11591 (daily ed. July 16, 1970)
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 261, 21 S.Ct. 770, 777, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901)
Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 546, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 1116, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942) (Mr. Justice Jackson, concurring)
This is not to say that we find the bail provisions of this particular act as applied to local residents constitutional. That is an issue not raised in this case and we do not decide it
377 U.S. at 555, 84 S.Ct. at 1378
Id. at 562, 84 S.Ct. at 1381
Nor is the fact that over 70% of District residents are black wholly irrelevant to our disposition of this case. Blacks are the one minority group which has been most consistently frozen out of the political process, even in jurisdictions where their formal right to vote has not been infringed
To the extent that anything in Sims v. Rives, 66 App.D.C. 24, 84 F.2d 871 (1936), is inconsistent with this opinion, that case is distinguished and limited to its facts. In Sims this court rejected petitioner's contention that the District of Columbia Indeterminate Sentences Act violated his right to equal protection when applied to national crimes, in part at least, because the petitioner failed to show that he would have received a shorter sentence under normal sentencing procedures. See also Sablowsky v. United States, 3 Cir., 101 F.2d 183, 188 (1938)
See text at p. 1337
See Note 4, supra
23 D.C.Code Sec. 1331(3) (Supp. IV 1971) (emphasis added)
116 Cong.Rec. (Part 6) 8098 (1970). See also House Report at 35
32 D.C.Code Secs. 1101-1106 (Supp. IV 1971)
23 D.C.Code Sec. 541-556 (Supp. IV 1971)
116 Cong.Rec. (Part 6) at 8087-8089
116 Cong.Rec. S11604 (daily ed. July 16, 1970)
House Report at 23
Id. at 15
Id. at 186-187
United States v. Harrison, 131 U.S.App.D.C. 390, 405 F.2d 355 (1968) (felony murder); Banks v. United States, 134 U.S.App.D.C. 254, 414 F.2d 1150 (1969) (robbery and assault with a deadly weapon); United States v. Forrest, 135 U.S.App.D.C. 350, 418 F.2d 1186 (1969) (carnal knowledge); United States v. Seegers, 139 U.S.App.D.C. 335, 433 F.2d 493 (1970) (burglary)
See 23 D.C.Code Sec. 1302(1) (Supp. IV 1971)
See 11 D.C.Code Sec. 502 (Supp. IV 1971)
See 11 D.C.Code Sec. 502(3) (Supp. IV 1971)
See text at pp. 1336-1337
See 22 D.C.Code Sec. 105a(c) (Supp. IV 1971) making it a local offense under some circumstances to conspire within the District to conduct activity outside the District which would be criminal as defined by the statutes of the jurisdiction within which the activity was to be performed
116 Cong.Rec. (Part 6) at 8211
House Report at 87. (Emphasis added.) See also Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, Statement of the Managers on the Part of the Senate Submitted Regarding the Conference Action Upon S. 2601, the President's Crime Legislation for the District of Columbia, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (committee print), at 3 (1970): "[T]his bill is the only local crime legislation Congress can enact for any particular jurisdiction in the Continental United States."


LAMBERT (née Roebuck) Maureen Passed away peacefully on Wednesday 27th March 2019, aged 78 years. Beloved wife of John. Dear Mum to Nigel and loving Granny to Thomas. She will be sadly missed. Funeral Service to take place at Bournemouth Crematorium on Friday 26th April at 2.15pm. Family flowers only please but, if desired, donations to the Alzheimer's Society may be made online at www.tapperfuneralservice.co.uk Cheque donations may be sent c/o Colin Hayley & Tapper Funeral Service, 51-53 Old Milton Road, New Milton BH25 6DJ.


Smallest Class11 BGAN tracking antenna available. Customers can now connect at IP broadband speeds of up to 464 kbps while on-the-move using the world's smallest mobile BGAN terminal—the Hughes 9450-C11. The Hughes 9450-C11 terminal is fully approved for operation on Inmarsat's Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) satellite service and provides high-performance, on-the-move connectivity for the most demanding environments.
The Hughes 9450-C11 is a budget-friendly and highly competitive mobile terminal, ideal for government, first responders, public safety, mobile healthcare, and remote mobile fleet personnel in industries such as utility, oil and gas, forestry, cable, and telecommunications. Corporate disaster planners and remote field personnel can collaborate reliably and efficiently with various agencies and headquarters staff using video, voice, and data simultaneously. As with all Hughes BGAN models, the Hughes 9450-C11 includes a built-in Wi-Fi access point. The Hughes 9450-C11 terminal is IP-based and offers selectable, dedicated Quality of Service (QoS) levels.
- Tracking antenna, 8 meter RF cable, and power cable (magnetic mounts are optional) Note: This cable length can be changed, but the maximum loss must be less than <10 dB at 1.6 GHz.


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Sahin Karaaslan
Sustainable Politics meets Entrepreneurial Spirit
PR materials
Sahin Karaaslan was born in 1979 in Idil, Turkey. In 1989 – at the age of 10 – he came to Germany in the Swabian Leonberg. There he got to know the value and benefits of long-term integration work. Among other things, there have been regular friendship festivals, in which foreigners and German jointly committed and more than just mutual understanding developed.
Since 1994, Sahin Karaaslan lives in Leimen. He completed his secondary education at the Kurfürst-Friedrich-Gymnasium in Heidelberg, afterwards he began his medical studies at the Ruperta Carola (University of Heidelberg). Parallel to this he founded in 1997 in the Galeria Kaufhof the snack-bar "Firat Kebap", which was well accepted. In 2003, the young entrepreneur adopted the supermarket in the basement of the department store and developed it to a service-oriented and highly successful gourmet market, the delikatessa GmbH. Shortly after followed the take-over of a Nahkauf and a Rewe store.
In 2012 Sahin Karaaslan was honoured as "Entrepreneur of the Year" by the Association of Turkish Businessmen Rhein-Neckar eV.
As an entrepreneur and junior doctor Sahin Karaaslan is member of the Marburger Bund, at the Chamber of Commerce, the Retail Association Nordbaden (as an advisor), the Federation of Self-employed in Leimen (board member), at Pro Heidelberg, and in Sponsors and Friends of Julius Springer School, Heidelberg (as a board member and Chairman 2). Since 2004 he is member of the GAL Leimen (Green Alternative List) and closely involved in the local political work since 2008. As Local Union Chairman of Leimen and Member of the County Board Kraichgau-Odenwald, he is also an active local politician for Alliance 90/The Greens.
Sahin Karaaslan is married and father of four children.
Bündnis90/Die Grünen (Local Chapter President of Leimen and Member of the County Board Kraichgau-Odenwald)
GAL Leimen
Marburger Bund
Einzelhandelsverband Nordbaden (Advisory Board)
Bund der Selbstständigen Leimen (Board Member)
Pro Heidelberg
Feed and friends of Julius Springer School (Board Member and 2nd Chairman)
Liedertafel Leimen
KuSG Leimen
A Heart for Children
University of Heidelberg
Various schools and kindergartens
Various clubs
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Federal Association
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - National Association of Baden-Württemberg
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Circle Federation Odenwald-Kraichgau
City Council Leimen
Citizens' initiative "Pro Gauangelloch"
Art Association Leimen
© 2021 Sahin Karaaslan
OB-Wahl in Leimen: Für alle Kandidaten gab's die gelbe Karte
European Turks
Sahin on the social web

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Best answer: How do nutrients get recycled in an ecosystem?
How do ecosystems recycle waste?
What are the 3 cycles that recycle nutrients in an ecosystem?
Why is nutrient recycling important?
Why the flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic?
What organisms are responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?
What is recycling in ecosystem?
What are nutrients in ecosystem?
What is nutrient recycling?
Why is the nutrient cycle an example of nature's recycling?
Unlike energy, matter is recycled in ecosystems. Decomposers release nutrients when they break down dead organisms. nutrients are taken up by plants through their roots. … When living things die, the cycle repeats.
When a plant or animal dies, it leaves behind energy and matter in the form of the organic compounds that make up its remains. … They recycle materials from the dead organisms and waste back into the ecosystem. These recycled materials are used by the producers to remake organic compounds.
The three main cycles of an ecosystem are the water cycle, the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. These three cycles working in balance are responsible for carrying away waste materials and replenishing the ecosystem with the nutrients necessary to sustain life.
This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth's nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity. Nutrient recycling is the way in which elements are continuously being broken down and/or exchanged for reuse between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.
IMPORTANT: Are Glad sandwich bags recyclable?
Flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic as the nutrients move from one trophic level to another trophic level all the way up and then back down. … These nutrients manufactured by the producers are passed on to the primary consumers/herbivores.
Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers.
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic.
The most important nutrients they need are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Other nutrients needed by plants are nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. From these basic nutrients, plants and other autotrophs synthesize, or create, their own nutrients, such as sugars.
Recycling of nutrients means that the nutrients found in organic side streams are re-utilised sustainably and in a safe way in the form of recycled fertilisers or other products. In addition to nutrients, the organic matter in the side streams is valuable to the agricultural soil.
The nutrient cycle is nature's recycling system. All forms of recycling have feedback loops that use energy in the process of putting material resources back into use. … Ecosystems employ biodiversity in the food webs that recycle natural materials, such as mineral nutrients, which includes water.
IMPORTANT: Does Colorado have a temperate climate?
Categories Garbage dump


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Woman says she was banned from dating app Tinder for posing with dead deer
A Vermont woman was banned from a dating app for her profile photo, which included a dead deer she hunted.KGO reports that a woman, identified only as Nichole, was banned from Tinder after she tried using it on vacation in San Francisco. She claims it is because of her hunting photos. "I opened up Tinder -- in a few hours I was banned from the platform," she said. When she reached out to Tinder, they said she "violated the terms of service and the community guidelines.""I cropped it so there were no weapons, no blood. My family, we are not trophy hunters, we hunt for food. We respect the animal, we respect the outdoors, we eat every part of the deer that we can and only take shots when we feel it's going to be a good shot and it's going to take the animal as quickly and painlessly as possible," said Nichole.Another Tinder user took his complaints with her hunting pictures a step further."An individual had emailed my employer with screenshots of my profile saying some not nice things," Nichole said.She feels that there is a double standard because she often sees men posing with hunted animals on the app. "It's really about this double standard that exists," Nichole said. "It's a discrimination I have experience with as a female in a male-dominated sport for a long time, which is why it's so important to me to bring light and speak out against this."A Tinder spokesperson said Nichole's account had been reported multiple times. You can read more about Tinder's Community Guidelines and terms of use here.
SAN FRANCISCO (Video from KGO) —
A Vermont woman was banned from a dating app for her profile photo, which included a dead deer she hunted.
KGO reports that a woman, identified only as Nichole, was banned from Tinder after she tried using it on vacation in San Francisco. She claims it is because of her hunting photos.
"I opened up Tinder -- in a few hours I was banned from the platform," she said.
When she reached out to Tinder, they said she "violated the terms of service and the community guidelines."
"I cropped it so there were no weapons, no blood. My family, we are not trophy hunters, we hunt for food. We respect the animal, we respect the outdoors, we eat every part of the deer that we can and only take shots when we feel it's going to be a good shot and it's going to take the animal as quickly and painlessly as possible," said Nichole.
Another Tinder user took his complaints with her hunting pictures a step further.
"An individual had emailed my employer with screenshots of my profile saying some not nice things," Nichole said.
She feels that there is a double standard because she often sees men posing with hunted animals on the app.
"It's really about this double standard that exists," Nichole said. "It's a discrimination I have experience with as a female in a male-dominated sport for a long time, which is why it's so important to me to bring light and speak out against this."
A Tinder spokesperson said Nichole's account had been reported multiple times.
You can read more about Tinder's Community Guidelines and terms of use here.


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Tourism Development Strategy
Tourism Product Development
Marketing & Campaigns
Sustainability Marketing
Travel Industry Speaking
University Speaking
Tourism Insights
Sustainable Tourism Insights
Tourism Development Model
Case Study: Destination & Product Development
Case Study: Alay Region, Kyrgyzstan
Common Tourism Development Mistakes
Climate Emergency Declaration
Experiential Travel Guides
Trekking Guides
COVID-19 Travel Resources
Travel Products & Services
G Adventures Review
Philosophy, Editorials and Critical Thinking Regarding Travel, Life and Personal Growth
Interview with Adrianne and Rick
by Audrey Scott
We introduced Adrianne and Rick earlier on this blog. Having told their story to several people recently and feeling renewed inspiration, we wanted to share more about them and their work.
We feel that Adrianne and Rick can tell their story better than we can. Below are excerpts from an email interview conducted after they returned to Canada from their latest work in Cambodia (December 2006-March 2007).
Categories Perspectives
A Surprising Feast in Zugdidi
by Daniel Noll
Though we know we owe our readers and our blog some more Georgian stories from recent experiences, we'll jump to the present for a moment. Today's experience is simply too good not to share immediately.
Categories Perspectives, Travel
Phnom Penh: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
In contrast to its sunshine and smiles, Cambodia's recent history under the control of the Khmer Rouge is nothing short of horrific.
https://photos.uncorneredmarket.com/Asia/Cambodia/Phnom-Penh/i-w7LcdvtTuol Sleng Genocide Museum – Phnom Penh
Tuol Sleng, originally a high school in downtown Phnom Penh, was transformed into Security Prison 21 (S-21) by the Khmer Rouge between 1975-1979. It's estimated that close to 20,000 people were imprisoned here; only seven are known to have survived.
The American War
Given our nationality and the fact that the Vietnam War ended just over 30 years ago, we were surprised that Vietnamese people showed us no animosity or resentment. In fact, when we told people that we were from America, they very often smiled – and genuinely so. We'd score even more points when we mentioned that we used to live in California, home to a large Vietnamese community. Cynics would argue that the Vietnamese are shrewd businesspeople, but we're certain that our treatment wasn't all about business.
A Story at My Son, Vietnam
We hired a car to take us at 5:30 AM from Hoi An to the Hindu temple complex of My Son, about an hour's drive away. We arrived in such good time that the ticket office had yet to open and used our available time to share a coffee with our driver as we waited for the ticket office to open.
An Honest Look at Vietnam's Subsidy Period
Our visit to Hanoi's Vietnamese Museum of Ethnology included all the requisite colorfully embroidered and woven clothing, agriculture tools, religious artifacts and sample living quarters in an ample demonstration of Vietnam's surprisingly wide and diverse variety of ethnic minorities. The extraordinarily honest and introspective exhibition on the difficulties of life under Vietnam's Subsidy Economy between 1975 and 1986 – now that was exceptional!
Meet Dan and Audrey
We are Daniel Noll and Audrey Scott, the husband-and-wife storytelling team behind Uncornered Market. From the United States, based in Berlin, world-bound. Through our stories, advisory, and speaking we are creating a movement of travelers and businesses who live at the intersection of adventure, meaningful travel, and caring for our planet and its people. More than 100 countries later, we are still going...and still married. Read More | Work with Us
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About From the inception of Revalsys Technologies in the year 2008 till today, we work with utmost dedication to serve our clients and to make your company grow. The hard work and dedication of our employees towards work and the essence of team spirit are the building blocks of our company's success. Our unwavering focus on customer satisfaction has helped us to complete 10 successful years of existence and reach the position at which we are today. What makes Revalsys Technologies stand apart from others is our ability to overcome all the challenges that arise and help our clients do innovative business, and enhance their productivity by providing the best solutions that are cost-effective and that work faster. We understand the need of our clients, be it small, medium or large enterprises and keeping in mind the overall equality solutions delivery. Our ability to conceptualize and implement works help in taking the business of our clients to the next level. The growth of our clients is the growth of our company and there is no looking back. We are moving forward to work better and better every day.


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Das Gerichtsamt Lommatzsch war zwischen 1856 und 1874 die unterste Verwaltungseinheit und von 1856 bis 1879 nach der Abschaffung der Patrimonialgesetzgebung im Königreich Sachsen Eingangsgericht. Es hatte seinen Amtssitz in der Stadt Lommatzsch.

Geschichte
Nach dem Tod des sächsischen Königs Friedrich August II. wurde unter der Regierung von dessen Nachfolger König Johann nach dem Vorbild anderer Staaten des Deutschen Bundes die Abschaffung der Patrimonialgesetzgebung verordnet. An die Stelle der bisher im Königreich Sachsen in Stadt und Land vorhandenen Gerichte der untersten Instanz traten die zentral gelegenen Bezirksgerichte und Gerichtsämter in nahezu allen größeren Städten. Die Details der Verwaltungsreform regelten das sächsische Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz vom 11. August 1855 und die Verordnung über die Bildung der Gerichtsbezirke vom 2. September 1856.

Stichtag für das Inkrafttreten der neuen Behördenstruktur im Königreich Sachsen war der 1. Oktober 1856. Das neu gebildete Gerichtsamt Lommatzsch unterstand dem Bezirksgericht Meißen. Sein Gerichtsbezirk umfasste Lommatzsch, Albertitz, Altlommatzsch, Altsattel, Arntitz, Badersen, Beicha, Berntitz, Birmenitz, Bornitz bei Lommatzsch, Churschütz, Daubnitz, Dennschütz, Dobernitz, Dobschütz, Dörschnitz, Dösitz, Domselwitz, Eulitz, Gleina, Gödelitz, Graupzig mit Neugraupzig, Groß- und Kleinwüstalbertitz, Ibanitz, Jessen bei Lommatzsch, Ketzergasse, Klappendorf, Krepta, Krauschütz (Grauschütz, Krauswitz), Lautzschen, Leuben, Löbschütz bei Lommatzsch, Lossen, Marschütz, Meila, Mertitz, Messa (Groß- und Klein-), Mettelwitz, Mögen, Neckanitz, Nelkanitz, Niederstaucha, Oberstaucha mit Pöhsig, Paltzschen, Petzschwitz, Pitschütz, Poititz, Praterschütz, Pröda bei Schleinitz, Prositz bei Schieritz, Prositz bei Staucha, Raßlitz, Raube, Roitzsch bei Striegnitz, Scheerau, Schleinitz mit Perba, Schweinnitz, Schwochau, Sieglitz bei Klappendorf, Steudten,  Striegnitz, Treben bei Staucha, Trogen, Wachtnitz, Wahnitz, Wauden, Weitzschenhain, Wilschwitz, Wuhnitz, Zöthain, Zscheilitz und Schochau.

Nach der Neustrukturierung der Gerichtsorganisation gemäß dem Gesetz über die Organisation der Behörden für die innere Verwaltung vom 21. April 1873 gingen die Verwaltungsbefugnisse der Gerichtsämter 1874 auf die umgestalteten bzw. neu gebildeten Amtshauptmannschaften über.

Seitdem das bisherige königliche Gericht als königliches Gerichtsamt bezeichnet wurde, führte sein Vorstand den Titel Gerichtshauptmann.

Die Verwaltungsaufgaben des Gerichtsamtes Lommatzsch wurden im Zuge der Neustrukturierung der sächsischen Gerichtsorganisation gemäß dem Gesetz über die Organisation der Behörden für die innere Verwaltung vom 21. April 1873 in die im Jahre 1874 neugeschaffene Amtshauptmannschaft Meißen mit Sitz in der Stadt Meißen integriert.

Das Gerichtsamt Lommatzsch wurde 1879 auf Grund des Gesetzes über die Bestimmungen zur Ausführung des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes im Deutschen Reich vom 27. Januar 1877 und des Gesetzes über die Zuständigkeit der Gerichte in Sachen der nichtstreitigen Gerichtsbarkeit vom 1. März 1879 durch das neugegründete Amtsgericht Lommatzsch abgelöst.

Siehe auch
 Gerichte im Königreich Sachsen

Einzelnachweise

Lommatzsch
Lommatzsch
Gegründet 1856
Aufgelöst 1879

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Charming Pueblo style home in the University Heights subdivision. Great area close to ENMU and not in the flood zone! Interior has been updated and features a beautiful Living area and Kitchen with modern cabinets, counter tops and appliances. Separate dining area with built in shelving, it has 4 bedrooms and 2 full baths, with a separate bedroom-bathroom area for a little more privacy. Separate Utility room for the Washer and Dryer and the back door giving access to the storage and workroom area attached to the home. This area features a covered patio to enjoy the mornings or those warm evenings out from under the sun. Make sure you include this one to take a look at!


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NBA trade rumors: Kings' DeMarcus Cousins to Suns? Clippers' Blake Griffin to Lakers?
Updated: Jan. 16, 2019, 6:04 p.m. | Published: Feb. 02, 2017, 10:00 a.m.
By Joe Giglio | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
NBA: Sacramento Kings at Houston Rockets
Sacramento Kings forward DeMarcus Cousins (15) reacts after a play during the first half against the Houston Rockets at Toyota Center in Houston, Texas on January 31, 2017. (Troy Taormina | USA TODAY Sports)
The countdown to the NBA trade deadline has begun.
Here are the latest news and rumors before the Feb. 23 NBA trade deadline.
Can the Phoenix Suns land center DeMarcus Cousins in a blockbuster with a deal Sacramento Kings?
This would be a shocker.
According to ArizonaSports.com, the Suns and Kings discussed a deal that would send Cousins to Phoenix.
The Phoenix Suns and Sacramento Kings have had discussions about a trade involving All-Star center DeMarcus Cousins according to Arizona Sports' John Gambadoro.
Gambadoro reports the discussions have centered around involving small forward T.J. Warren, center Alex Len, Phoenix's first-round pick this year and possibly more.
The Suns own all of their future picks and also own two future Miami Heat first-round picks from the Goran Dragic deal.
Sacramento has the need for a lead point guard and 2017's draft class has point guards near the top of many mock drafts, including Washington's Markelle Fultz and UCLA's Lonzo Ball.
Gambadoro said Eric Bledsoe and Devin Booker would not be in the deal. Bledsoe and Cousins were teammates at the University of Kentucky.
Cousins, 26, is on the Western Conference All-Star team for the third consecutive season.
Will the Lakers make deals to clear out cap space for an eventual run at Blake Griffin?
File this one away if the Lakers make moves to dump long-term salary.
According to Eric Pincus of Bleacher Report, some of the Lakers' trade-deadline strategy could be tied to opening up cap room for a run at Griffin in free agency this coming summer.
If the team also waives Black and loses its pick to the Sixers, it would have roughly $31.5 million in spending power--just enough to try to entice Los Angeles Clippers forward Blake Griffin to change locker rooms at a starting salary of about $30.9 million.
Other top free agents this summer could include Chris Paul, Kevin Durant, Stephen Curry, Kyle Lowry, Danilo Gallinari, Gordon Hayward, George Hill, Greg Monroe, Jeff Teague, Jrue Holiday, Paul Millsap and Serge Ibaka, among others.
Whether the Lakers can afford any of those players depends on a handful of roster decisions and the draft lottery. If Kupchak has placed a priority on free agency, he may need to move Young and Williams to ensure the franchise has spending power.
The Lakers entered play on Feb. 1 with a 17-34 record.
Joe Giglio may be reached at jgiglio@njadvancemedia.com. Follow him on Twitter @JoeGiglioSports. Find NJ.com on Facebook.


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Day after Marriage, 19-year-old Woman Stabbed by Former Boyfriend in Maharashtra
The woman, resident of Ambernath town, told police that she was in love with the accused, but chose to marry another man at her parents' behest.
Representational Image.
Thane: A 19-year-old woman was stabbed multiple times by her former boyfriend a day after she married another man in Thane district of Maharashtra on Thursday, the police said.
While the accused Vishal Khade (19), resident of Vadole village in the district, was arrested, the woman was hospitalised and out of danger, said an official.
The woman, resident of Ambernath town, told police that she was in love with Khade, but chose to marry another man at her parents' behest. The wedding took place on Wednesday.
Around 8.30 on Thursday morning, as the woman was returning from a public toilet near her house, Khade allegedly accosted her and stabbed her. He also allegedly stabbed her husband when he tried to rescue her.
The woman was admitted to a government hospital and was out of danger while her husband suffered minor injuries, said senior police inspector Sanjay Dhumal of Ambernath police station.
Khade was soon arrested and booked under IPC section 307 (attempt to murder). Further probe is on.
Cat Fight: UK Couple Wins Rs 18 Lakh Court Case to Stop Neighbour from Feeding Pet Feline


Product manager or product maker?
Titles have a way of morphing over time. In some cases, they improve and become more popular. At times, because of the acts of certain, often high-profile, individuals, titles can lose value.
When you think about the title 'product manager' how does it make you feel? Does it still hold the value it had when you first started learning about it? What about when you took your first job as a product manager—do you feel the same today as you did in those first days and weeks?
I've spent a lot of time working in and thinking about the role of product manager. It has special meaning for me. When I was in college I decided I wanted to get some technical experience "under my belt" so I took as many CS classes as I could and still finish my accounting/IS program. I spent my first four years writing C++ and Java code. It was during that time I first learned about the role of product manager. This, I decided, was my path back to the "business side" of work. I got my first opportunity, and quickly fell in love with the art and science of product management.
A few years into my career, it became abundantly clear that PMs are responsible for the success of their products, but the kicker…the people they rely on to succeed don't report to them. They have to lead the teams that do the work, without having managerial responsibility. This realization started me thinking that 'manager' might be the wrong term, and it also led me to start the Lead on Purpose blog.
A lot has changed in recent years. The title 'manager' or 'management' has lost much of its value. Managers are seen as counting value rather than creating value. They keep the trains running on time, but don't create new routes or new modes of transportation.
The differences between 'managers' and 'leaders' has come more into the forefront, which has caused me to reflect more on the role of product manager. Perhaps I'm giving too much emphasis to semantics, but it feels like product management has turned into its namesake—'management'—too much for my comfort. In my consulting work I'm finding that PMs are too often doing process and project work rather than building great new products; perhaps this trend is more prevalent in companies with mature products.
What if we turned the tables on the PM role and changed it from 'product manager' to 'product maker.' What if we focused more on what it takes to launch winning new products, and innovate existing products to do new things for new markets and new customers. What impact would these changes have on your work and your business?
I'm just getting started on this journey of changing the product world from the boring and tired 'manager' to the active and optimistic 'maker.' I've had recent conversations with visionaries and leaders that have stoked my fire. I give credit to Rob Nelson (CEO) and Richard Tripp (CPO) of Grow.com for getting me to think about 'product maker' as a new, better title. And I first saw the term product builder—in this context—in an article by Brian de Haaff, CEO of Aha! There are other influencers who are seeing things differently and making changes. It's a good time to be working with products.
Questions: Are you a product maker? What do you see as the value of a product maker vs. a product manager? Please leave a comment in the space below.
Categories: Leadership, Product Management, Purpose | Tags: leader, product builder, product maker, title | Permalink.


University Transportation Centers is where innovation begins, it's where we are training a transportation workforce for the 21st century, it's where projects are designed better, constructed faster and where our transportation system is made safer.
The Research, Education, and Training Reauthorization Coalition (RETRC) was created to advocate for and advance university transportation research.
RETRC is composed of 22 universities, which work with over 100 different universities spread across 42 states making it a truly national organization.


Well since you all know I come from Michigan, time to tell you some more details.
I met my husband at Applebee's in Flint. He stole my keys there. He once even wrote me a poem about it. How adorable. I still have it too. One day I will let you read some of his love letters. I kept them all. I am a girl, I do that.
I played violin with the Flint Youth Symphony for 3 years. Went to England with them too.
My violin is the only item I would save in a fire.
They have the best coneys ever. With a kogel and that dry sauce. To freaking DIE for.
Kogels - The only hotdogs you will ever see me eat.
On terms of pyrex they didn't have much. Granted I spent like 2 days there.
Came home with a butterfly gold gravy boat missing its underplate. This was found at the tiny Salvation Army by Sams Club. Not a good Salvation Army at all. Don't go there.
Then I found this in a small town outside Flint. Butterfly gold margarine tub. At another crappy Salvation Army. And get this; they charge sales tax at Salvation Army there. They do not here in California. Anyone know why?
Gasp! It is filled with butter. I am a rebel!
And then the most awesome item.
A Black Rooster Space Saver. No store for this one. My super awesome mother in law gave this to me. I'm blessed to have a good mother in law. (even if she did color my sons hair rainbow, I did consent to that) The metal lid is marked Pyrex in case any of you are asking.
YAY for the metal lid!!!
So all in all not a bad score for the crappy town. I love that crappy town and it will always have a special place in my heart. Even if you are really dirty and filled with crime. You have good food, tht is all that matters to me.
The rooster Pyrex is cool.


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Home > Community > Seminole Tribe key partner on 'immense' Fort King project
Seminole Tribe key partner on 'immense' Fort King project
by Damon Scott - October 5, 2020 November 2, 2020
Fort King will be home to an education center and museum, set to be completed in the next five years. (Courtesy Keifer Calkins)
Many historians have presented an inaccurate version of Seminole history – sometimes intentionally, sometimes not. That is, if there was an effort to tell the history in the first place.
In addition, the histories of the 19th century that involve the U.S. government are often lopsided and paint Seminoles in an unflattering light.
But a project moving forward at Fort King in northeast Ocala is looking to change those narratives and deliver something accurate.
The 42-acre site, which is also a National Historic Landmark, is set to undergo a $14.7 million transformation after a 15-year master plan was recently approved by the city of Ocala and Marion County.
Seminoles, including Daniel Tommie, have participated in Seminole War reenactments at Fort King in Ocala. The fort is scheduled to undergo a major development and reconstruction project. (Courtesy Keifer Calkins)
It's not just the scope and dollar amount that's significant; it's also that the Seminole Tribe has been engaged in the process from the start.
The plan consists of two major parts: the development and construction of a museum and education center and the reconstruction of the entire Fort King complex – including archaeological and archival research work.
"The end goal is to provide a park that is not just passive in its education but immersive as well," the 40-page master plan states. "[It] sets the course for interpreting the most accurate version of Seminole War history …"
Paul Backhouse, the senior director of the Seminole Tribe's Heritage and Environmental Resource Office, said the partners on the Fort King project have been clear about their intentions.
"They came down to [Big Cypress] early in the project and have continued to engage the Tribe in absolutely every facet of what they are doing," Backhouse said. "I would honestly say Fort King is a model of how to work collaboratively with the Tribe."
Backhouse said Quenton Cypress, the Tribal Historic Preservation Office community engagement manager, has been consulted on the project from the beginning as well.
Osceola's spark
Fort King was considered the most important interior U.S. Army fort of its time in the first half of the 19th century. It is unique among many other sites in Florida and the U.S. because it not only represents the period associated with the Indian Removal Act, but also the resistance to it.
Led by Osceola, the Seminoles ambushed a detachment of soldiers near Tampa and Osceola killed Gen. Wiley Thompson, the U.S. agent to the Indians. The Seminoles then moved on to Ocala and waged another attack, burning down the fort.
The events are considered the spark that ignited the Second Seminole War.
Reenactments at Fort King have been held since a fort reconstruction was completed in 2017.
"We won't burn it down again," Cypress told The Seminole Tribune earlier this year at a reenactment. "The fact that the fort was rebuilt creates a more accurate reenactment that allows us to tell the full story. We're keeping a legacy going by coming up here and doing our demonstrations. We can spread our message and let people know about us."
Cypress is part of the Osceola Warrior Legacy – created by Charlie Osceola – who does demonstrations of traditional Seminole weaponry at reenactments.
Daniel Tommie, Pedro Zepeda, Tucomah Robbins and Jason Melton are also Fort King regulars, among other Tribal members.
Tommie and Osceola have also built a small hunting chickee on the site.
Prior to 2017, there was virtually nothing on the site, save a 1940s-era house that was used as a temporary visitor center. A working blacksmith shop, historically recreated, is currently being built and should be completed by the end of the year.
But it is the fort reconstruction that was finished in 2017 that laid the groundwork for the new projects in the master plan.
Seminoles Jason Melton, left, and Quenton Cypress are part of the Osceola Warrior Legacy that has partcipated in reenactments at Fort King. (Courtesy Keifer Calkins)
'The Seminole story'
Keifer Calkins is one of the supervisors at Fort King and a main author of the master plan. He's managed the Fort King National Historic Landmark for about five years.
"We worked very much as a team on the city side to make sure the goals are implemented and make sure we're doing it correctly," he said. "The project is immense."
The site is also uncommon, Calkins said, because it has avoided private development over the years – unlike some sites in the Tampa area, for example, that have seen intrusive commercial projects.
The Fort King site is now insulated from such activity thanks to the city and county's approval of the master plan.
"It's very rare to have a fort site that hasn't been developed in an urban interface area," Calkins said. "It is a rare opportunity to reconstruct the whole fort complex."
It was Calkins and Bill Rodriguez, head of Ocala's parks division, who reached out to the Tribe early on about how the Seminole story should be told.
"We don't think it's our place to tell their story," Calkins said. "We don't want to control that narrative. In the plan, it's very clear that the Seminole narrative should be spoken by the Seminole Tribe."
The approval of the master plan also serves as the green light to begin raising funds.
Calkins said there's no exact timeline for the groundbreaking of the 21,000-square-foot education center and museum, but both are expected to be completed by 2025. He said he's especially excited about that part of the project because it's where the Tribe will really come into the picture.
"There's a perception in some museum institutions and displays where they talk about Indigenous communities as if they've passed," he said. "It's our goal to talk about history and also about how Seminoles are alive and well. We really want this place to be one that tells the Seminole story and educates people about the Seminole Tribe in general."
The plan is expected to soon receive a final approval by the state.
"We want to make sure we are telling 100 percent of the story," Rodriguez recently told the Ocala Gazette. "That's been our full intention from the get-go and we won't waver from that."
For more, go to fortkingocala.com.
Participants in the reenactments line up against the fort's wall. (Courtesy Keifer Calkins)
Damon Scott
Damon is a multimedia journalist for the Seminole Tribune. He has previously been an editor and reporter for digital and print media in Florida and his home state of New Mexico. Send him an email at damonscott@semtribe.com.
Tribal member Allen Colon earns promotion to SPD lieutenant
During this time of change, it's essential Natives have a voice


Location. Location. Location. For our Buyer clients, often 2 of these locations involve public schools and commute time, and the third is related to affordability and desired neighborhood. We are experts at combining these location factors throughout Chicagoland, and we look forward to introducing you to areas and neighborhoods in Chicago that offer excellent schools, excellent transportation options, and in your desired setting at a price that works for you. It is not easy to put all 3 of these together, but our expert Realtors are highly skilled in drilling down to your Buyer profile when it comes to your perfect home.
We will not share your email with anyone. Ever.


Plano, Texas – The Wally Lacroix-coached AA Vegas Jr Golden Knights 16u won their second straight game – this one 3-2 over the AA Atlanta Jr Kings at the USA Hockey Nationals on Friday.
Zackary Ortolano was awesome in the net for Las Vegas.
Trent Carter scored the game-winning goal.
"Tony Mazza scored earlier – getting a great pass from Heath Mensch," said Lacroix. "We really stepped it up in the third period. We were down earlier by 1-0.
"We were truly impressed with our compete level in the third period. Everyone competed hard and contributed and had a hand in this victory – great win for our young men," Lacroix said.


WHAT IS EEG? An electroencephalogram (EEG) allows us to measure the electrical activity of the brain. During an EEG, we place small sensors on the scalp (see picture below). These sensors allow us to monitor and record brainwaves.
WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN EEG STUDY?
We will first measure your head to determine which cap size you will need. The caps are a bit like swimming caps, but they are full of holes for us to attach the sensors to. We will then fit the cap and begin to attach the sensors to the cap. Each sensor is filled with a salt-based gel, and is connected to an amplifier and an EEG recording machine.
When the electrodes are in place, lots of wavy lines appear on our computer screen. These wavy lines show us your electrical brain activity! Since it takes a little while for us to attach all the electrodes, we can put on a TV programme or film for you to watch while we do this.
Once everything is set up, we will ask you to complete a computer task. The task usually lasts about 30 minutes but you can take regular breaks.
These are the brainwaves we see on our computer screen!
Yes! There are no known risks or side effects associated with having an EEG. An EEG is non-invasive and painless.
CAN ANYONE TAKE PART IN AN EEG STUDY?
While most people can take part in our EEG studies, not everyone can. Participants in our studies need to be native English speakers, right-handed and free from current psychological and neurological diagnoses. Participants also need to have normal hearing, and normal, or corrected-to-normal, vision. Before taking part in our EEG studies, we will ask you to fill out a questionnaire about your family and medical history to make sure it is safe for you to take part.
HOW DO I PREPARE FOR AN EEG STUDY?
There isn't much preparation for an EEG. Your hair should be clean and free of any hair products since products in your hair can interfere with our electrode recordings.


Neumeyer House, located next door to the historic brownstone, Neumeyer Apartment, is located just south of Medina Square. Tenants pay their own gas and electric. Units consist of two bedrooms (upstairs) and three bedrooms (downstairs) and one bath. The kitchen is equipped with a stove and refrigerator. The lower suite has access to the basement while the upper suite has an open front porch.


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Diva International
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"LET'S TALK ABOUT KASHMIR! LET'S GET PAKISTAN AND INDIA TO TALK, LET'S FIND A SOLUTION! WE MUST START THE DIALOGUE WHICH SHOULD BRING PEACE TO THE REGION!" - "OUTSTANDING EXIHIBITION" – KASHMIR: CHAMPIONS OF PEACE AT THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
A World Wired with Wireless
Justice and Self-determination
What about attending the Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok, Russia this year?
NEW PUBLICATION: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA REPORT 2019
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Life and work of W.B. Yeats (1865-1939)
The 150th anniversary of Yeats' birth falls in June 2015 that has created a revival in interest about the life and work of the writer, poet, dramatist and essayist W.B. Yeats (1865-1939).
A pioneer of the literary world, he is generally considered one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century. With playwright, Lady Augusta Gregory (1852-1932), he was one of the co-founders of the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, for which he wrote many plays. He was a senator of the Irish Free State (1922-28) and won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923, the first Irishman to be honoured with the award for … "his inspired poetry which, in a highly artistic form, gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation."
Born in Sandymount, Dublin, into the upper echelons of Anglo-Irish society he was educated in London at the Godolphin School and in Dublin at the Erasmus Smith High School and Metropolitan School of Art. He spent his early years between London, Dublin and Sligo with a strong need to explore the themes of existence and identity. He died at Roquebrune in the South of France survived by his wife and two children. In 1948 his remains were brought to his family place in Drumcliff, Co. Sligo. His epitaph is Cast a cold eye, On life, On death. Horseman pass by!
Poetry, Passion and Vision
In 1889 he fell in love with 'a beautiful wild creature', Maud Gonne (1865-1953), actress, revolutionary and ardent nationalist, popular political and social activist. His long sustained but unrequited love for her was to have enormous consequences for both his politics and his poetry. He was drawn to the occult and spiritualist experiment and became a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in 1890. Controversies in Ireland during the 1890s such as the Queen Victoria Jubilee riots in 1897 and the national effort to commemorate the centenary of the 1798 Rebellion increasingly captured and troubled Yeats' imagination.
With the patronage of the older Lady Gregory his involvement in the beginning of the Irish Literary Revival in 1897 led to plans for a national dramatic movement, leading to his co-founding of the Irish Literary Theatre in 1899. The first production staged on 8 May of the same year was Yeats' The Countess Cathleen, a seminal event in Irish cultural history. It was an instant cause celebre as a prelude to the Irish literary revival and founding of The Abbey Theatre in 1904.
His best known poems appeared in The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair (1929); among them are 'Easter 1916', 'The Second Coming' and 'Sailing to Byzantium'.
Officially launched at the National Library of Ireland in 2006, the largest ever exhibition on the life and works of William Butler Yeats includes manuscript drafts of many of his greatest and best known poems such as Sailing to Byzantium and Among School Children, and the first edition in pamphlet form of 'Easter 1916'. It covers many aspects of the poet's life and his development as a writer, while providing insight into Irish social, cultural and political life from the late 1800s to the 1930s. The exhibition also displays Yeats' family treasures temporarily on loan including an illuminated copy of the Lake Isle of Innisfree, printed by one of his two sisters, Elizabeth Yeats, and includes family portraits painted by Edmund Dulac and John Butler Yeats.
In a unique event, four plays were performed in November 2006 at the National Library by the Dublin Lyric Players. Collectively known as the Cuchulain Cycle, they were written between 1900 and 1939 and are described as 'masterpieces of the English-speaking theatre, containing some of the most beautifully wrought poetic language … The plays' themes are similar to those which dominate Yeats' poetry: the purpose of life and death, the significance of beauty and love, the place of action and commitment, heroism and idealism, in human destiny.
Ita Marguet, May 2015
Note: Acknowledgement is given to sources in this text. It follows a visit to the exhibition in 2006 and a text on Yeats: the life and works of William Butler Yeats (December 2006) by Ita Marguet.
Irish and Czech Connections: Charles University in Prague
Irish Dominicans in Rome: Community of SS. Sisto e Clemente
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I had 2 kids from a long ago marriage, these children were the pride of my life, but the state and its social programs, lead by the local shelter put them in housing with their mother. In turn they went from good kids, to been raised in the middle of drugs and prostitution. When I tried to get them back, they simply said I was an angry father who was mad because the mother had custody. I tried so hard to get them away from this type of life, to no avail, everywhere I went and everything i tried, it was always the same, good parents have no rights, bad ones are protected. I went through years of sadness, feeling that I was failing them. They grew up and now they know the truth, but all those missed years, of laughter and giggles as children are gone, visiting was hard because of the surroundings, drugs, alcohol, and other, kept me from enjoying what is to a parent, the greatest time of their lives.
So I got into another relationship, which ended up been just as bad, if not worse. If there is one gift that I can securely admit to it is the choice in women, I seem to attract those who are just no good for me. But that is life, I never complained then, not going to do it now.
So we had a child together, a beautiful baby girl. Born addicted to hard drugs. Again, as a parent I had failed, I tried to prevent the mother doing drugs, even suffered two broken ribs and a ruptured spleen, when I got strucked with a blunt object. In pain, I lasted two weeks, eventually collapsing and ending up at the civic hospital for 2 months. It was so bad, they even put me in ICU for a few days, not knowing if I was going to make it, bad infections....That was the reason the child was born addicted, I was not there.
She was taken at birth by the state, given back to the mother, taken again, given back and taken for the last time. All this time, the state was telling the mother, the father was the problem. Parents are divided and conquered if you will, not by the programs, but by those who run them, the unscrupulous behavior of these people, not only put a baby in danger but decided the male parent was the one they did not like...If they would of looked, investigated, none of this would of happened.
By that time I had figures it would be better for me to go away, with an eye on things from a distance. After all, the state and it's programs like c.a.s. and drug rehabs, surely would make thinks right.
So I went to Alberta, Banff and Canmore, in the middle of the Rockies. I had an offer to start a business with a friend, in drywall and construction. I was making so much money, I had even figured out how much I would get when I got older, from the Canada pension plan, and it would of been comfortable. Been in my late thirties at the time, I thought it was time to look ahead. I would buy a house, maybe even get my children to visit, all was possible. But it was not to be.
It was a year since the birth of my daughter, I had kept in touch, through the c.a.s. of Alberta, which where more pro-family than those in Ontario. And one day, they gave me a letter sent by Ontario, asking for me to sign for crown wardship and eventually adoption of my daughter. I refused, sold everything I had, at a substantially reduced value and went back to Ontario.
Once back, I immediately hired a lawyer with the rest of the money I had, and went about getting custody of my daughter.
The problems I encountered where difficult, a father trying to get custody of his daughter in Ontario c.a.s. is not an easy thing, these organizations are run by left wing feminists, who really believe, men are genetically born violent and must be treated that way. That, is exactly the way I was treated.
Ex;, "what would a man want with a little girl", " look the beauty and the beast" while on visit with my daughter, and my favorite, "fuc#in Indians, the only thing they ever do is collect welfare,get drunk and cause trouble". Just to name a few.
But the visits went fine, everything they would throw at me, I would politely rebuke, "Indians always drink", so I would get urine tests, "the mother did drugs so you must of too", got urine tests for that too, "you can fool urine tests", so I got blood tests. One time they called me and said my daughter was going to a doctors appointment the next morning, but I did not have to be there, if I would not of went, they would of said I do not care, so I went. I hitchhiked from Perth to Ottawa in minus 40 weather, at 5 am in the morning, but I got there on time, saw my daughter brought into the doctors office, and brought back, they did not even let me give her a hug or say hello. Again I did not complain.
Many other thing happened but eventually, one morning two day before the court date for crown wardship, c.a.s. brought her home and said, "well if you want her that bad, here you go". That is how I got my daughter, with only one small bag of clothes, no toys. But it did not matter, she was home.
No not a good thing to be a dad in ontario, hopefully change is comming, I have my fingers crossed....I will post part 2 of 3 as soon as I can.


Recently, I was booked as a florist videographer to film at the New Covent Garden Flower market in London. The New Covent Garden Flower market had just been relocated. Its new location is now a large new modern site in Nine Elms, opposite the old Battersea power station. Their marketing team required a promotional video for their new, light and modern facilities. They also wished to promote the opportunity for potential new customers to book a free tour of their premises.
For this PR video, they had arranged to work in conjunction with London's premier florist McQueens. McQueens Social Media Manager Duncan McCabe was to produce (and edit) the video along with the flower industry's expert and blogger Rona Wheeldon. Duncan had asked me to assist him to film and record the sounds for a variety of interviews. As a florist videographer, I am available to help with other videography projects.
The New Covent Garden Market is a wholesale trade market serving London's busy florists and businesses. There are a large number of traders and suppliers including florists with workshops at the Flower Market. Every morning, deliveries of flowers, plants and foliage come in from around the world. The aim of the promotional film was to explain their recent move and the great new facilities for business and public alike at the new location. The film was also to illustrate some of the site's many new benefits online and across social media to a wider audience.
Over the course of three separate mornings, I worked with Duncan and Rona filming a series of pre-planned interviews. Together, we all worked with some of the lovely characters at the market. Rona had arranged a schedule of interviews with a selection of traders, suppliers and customers at the market. This gave us an opportunity to film them in front of their own flowers and produce. Once my two cameras had been positioned, each florist interviewee was fitted with a microphone. When Duncan and myself were satisfied with the angles of the two separate cameras, we were ready to record. Rona Wheeldon was given the role of the main presenter of the final promotional film. Rona is a respected and well-known figure in the Flower market and she kindly asked each interviewee the questions required to describe the various aspects of their trade at the Market.
Once the film had been edited and signed-off it was uploaded to the New Covent Garden website. The film has also been promoted the markets social media with much success.
I really enjoyed working with the team as a florist videographer. It was a very enjoyable few days early morning filming at the new market.
If you would like any help with the filming or editing of your video please get in touch.