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Home » Events » World Oceans Day 2019 – The Most Incredible Article About World Ocean Day You'll Ever Read
World Oceans Day 2019 – The Most Incredible Article About World Ocean Day You'll Ever Read
INTRODUCTION to World Oceans Day
All about World Oceans Day: – The oceans are primordial stimulators to make the Earth the home of humanity. They cover 75% of the surface and their physical, chemical and biological properties make the marine environment fundamental for the existence of life on our planet. As pointed out by the United Nations, "our rainwater, drinking water, climate, climate, coastlines, much of our food and even the oxygen in the air we breathe are supplied and regulated by the sea"
The oceans have played an important role in the history of civilizations. Its characteristics generate the conditions of possibility to exploit or influence the political, economic, social, environmental and military sectors. Its importance has evolved, mainly thanks to the possibilities offered by maritime spaces for trade, the exploitation of natural resources, the transport of people, military operations and, above all in the past, the dissemination of ideas.
According to Bertrand Russell, philosophy and science first appeared in Miletus, as the city was an important trading port where people of different cultures could meet, thus contributing to the diversity of ideas
The oceans have also become an important source of biological and energy resources and minerals. This importance tends to grow as new research and technologies demonstrate the potential of ocean resources and allow their economic exploitation.
The influence of the sea also extends to coastal areas, where most of the world's population lives and is therefore subject to climate changes affecting the marine environment.
The purpose of this contribution is to defend what I call "the enabling force of the oceans", characterized by its role in the maintenance of human life on Earth, in the generation of wealth for nations, in the movement of goods and people and in military facilitation.
World Oceans Day Images
Power projection. I do not repeat here what is known of the first three characteristics of the oceans. My goal is rather on the strategic military aspect of the seas. However, since wealth, trade and maritime power are interrelated, I quote them whenever it is necessary to support my argument.
First, I describe, very briefly, the relationship between maritime power, trade, and globalization, and then explains how the enabling power of the oceans allows nations to use their military power to exert influence in situations of war and peace.
While technological advances and the emergence of post-industrial societies are reducing the importance of geographical factors, the physical environment remains an important element in understanding international politics. In this context, the oceans stand out because they are an important facilitator for generating wealth, maintaining the maritime routes of communication between the continents and projecting military power all over the world.
For Alfred T. Mahan, the sea is a great road, open to all, which allows the free flow of people and goods. He points out that the history of maritime power shows an enormous influence of maritime transport on the trade, wealth and power of nations and, at the same time, reveals how disputes and economic competition involving the sea often culminate in armed conflicts.
However, Mahan does not precisely define the concept of maritime power. Sometimes it refers to this as the ability of military power in the naval expression to control the sea, and at other times it uses it as a set of maritime commercial activities, access to markets and possession of colonies that contribute to the wealth and power of a nation.
To clarify the concepts, I define maritime power as the ability of a state to exploit or influence the range of sea-related activities in the political, economic, social, environmental and military sectors. Naval power is the military component of maritime power.
According to Mahan, trade and politics are interconnected and nations are united by their interests in such a way that everything forms an articulated system. This system is what today has been called globalization. This phenomenon has significantly increased the flow of information and financial and commercial transactions, while increasing the interdependence between nations, with direct consequences on the flow of information.
Globalization and maritime power are therefore closely connected. Every time the globalization process intensifies, maritime power develops and vice versa. In terms of economic importance, globalization has increased the flow of commercial transactions, which has generated an extraordinary development of maritime transport, which represents about 80% of total global trade measured in volume and 70% of total world trade measured in value.
According to a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2015 there were 89,464 merchant ships serving at sea. This system is so important that it can be said that "maritime transport continues to be the backbone of international trade and globalization.
The process of globalization has contributed to the expansion of the global maritime system. As indicated by Reason and Freyman, "all the economies of the world […] depend for their prosperity on uninterrupted world trade". Although most nations participate and benefit from this system, those with the greatest maritime power have the greatest benefits.
Mahan believes that the main elements that influence a nation's maritime power are its geographical location, the size of its coast and the number of areas suitable for good ports, the number of its population and the inclination of its population to sea-related activities and your government's ability to produce good policies.
More recently, Erik Grove has updated these elements by dividing them into elements of the first order: economic strength and technological capacity and socio-political culture; and second-order elements: geographical location, dependence on maritime trade, sea resources, and government policies and perceptions.
Therefore, there is a virtuous circle in which the economic strength and technological capacity of a nation encourage the improvement of its maritime power, which, in turn, helps to strengthen the economic strength and technological capacity of the nation.
The expansion and importance of economic and financial activities linked to globalization have also brought consequences to the international security and defense system after the Cold War.
Although, on the one hand, the world trade market facilitates cooperation between nations, on the other it encourages competition that can lead to conflicts. Warships and navies, initially created to protect maritime trade from the early Mediterranean civilization, are now primarily responsible for the safety of this globalized maritime system.
The United States of America, whose economy depends to a large extent on international trade and fully benefits the maritime trading system, has committed itself to maintain the safety of the seas and exploiting the enabling power of the oceans for their projection. of military power To exercise its leadership in world politics.
The power of the oceans, which allows the free flow of people and goods, as mentioned above, is also fundamental for the projection of military power throughout the world.
The oceans favor the mobility of naval forces to operate in international waters and access to coastal areas near the coasts, where half of the world population lives less than 60 km from the sea, and three-quarters of them are all large cities. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea safeguards freedom of navigation, so that naval forces can operate legally in international maritime areas or approaches to the nation's territorial waters.
Mobility allows naval forces to operate for long periods over long distances as they prepare for combat. These forces are versatile, in the sense that they can perform different tasks and requirements. Furthermore, they have the flexibility to model naval units into smaller or larger workgroups, depending on the mission to be performed. These missions are designed to control maritime areas, excluding them from the sea.
According to Julian S. Corbett, because men live on land and sea, for fear of what a fleet allows your army to do. The main concern, therefore, of maritime strategy is to determine the mutual relations of his army in a plan.
The main role of land forces in war is not to reduce the importance of other components of military power. War usually depends on the armed forces, so the maritime strategy must be developed as a whole, which is integrated to succeed. The effects of maritime power to influence events in the country, contributing to the nation's political goals in war and peace.
The Second World War is a clear example of the strategic contribution of maritime power to the events that take place on earth. The economic power of the adversary during disputes over the control of the sea. When the Allies established a certain degree of control of the sea, the forces of the army, carried by sea, were projected onto the earth to fight the battles that led to victory.
In the campaigns of the Pacific War, the control of the sea by the United States allowed the economic suffocation of Japan. Therefore, both the economic suffocation and the projection of power on earth are fundamental to win a war.
Even Mearsheimer, who defends the primacy of earth power, recognizes the control of the sea as "the decisive factor in that conflict". World War II victory World War II, the largest center of potential gravity, earth.
According to Colin Gray, the sea is the only way to transport goods in the region. Moreover, naval power has an important advantage: "the ability to control the geostrategic terms of combat in the war, according to who controls the sea, water is a road capable of developing a great maritime power., for example, believes that Norman Friedman the United States will see threatened only by a hostile country that is capable of a great economic and technological capacity that allows becoming a global maritime power: to transform the natural barrier of North America '(2001: 15), in this context, the concept of' stopping water force ', defended by Mearsheimer, is linked to a disability of the state of power in the sea, a special feature of the oceans that could critically influence the war.
Maritime waters are the highways for those who are able to exploit the enabling power of the oceans for peace or war. These roads allow the power to have the greatest power in the world.
The capacity of the global reach is to take great power to protect their interests, influence other countries and maintain international order. As Moldelsky and Thompson have said, "Maritime power is the sine qua non of global politics because it is necessary (though not sufficient) condition of global operations".
The oceans are fundamental to our life on Earth in fields such as political, economic, environmental and military. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the marine environment are fundamental for the existence of life on our planet.
Furthermore, the oceans are a source of energy and other natural resources and roads, which connect the continents, contributing to the globalization process and to the wealth of nations. These characteristics give them what I call the ocean's enabling power. This power plays a crucial strategic role in world politics, further influencing events on earth.
For those who can control the sea, to be considered motorways, for those who cannot control it, can be seen as a barrier. I know that "stopping water power" is more than a state of inability to control earth power over a vast area of water, which causes the oceans to be a "prohibitive barrier," like the Mearsheimer defense.
Allowing the oceans to continue to provide a nation to become a great power with the advantage of controlling and making use of the oceans in the war to influence global politics.
World Oceans Day is celebrated on June 8th. The concept was initially proposed in 1992 by the Canadian International Center for Ocean Development (ICOD) and the Oceanic Institute of Canada (OIC) at the Earth Summit – The Brundtland Commission, namely the World Commission on Environment and Development, provided the inspiration for a world oceans day.
The Brundtland report of 1987 noted that the ocean sector lacked a strong voice compared to other sectors. In the first World Oceans Day of 1992, the objectives were to move the oceans from the outside to the center of discussions and intergovernmental policies and NGOs and to strengthen the voice of coastal and ocean constituencies around the world.
Since 2002, a concerted effort has been made to promote World Oceans Day as a unique opportunity to celebrate the ocean, our connections and make a real difference.
The Ocean Project, in collaboration with leading organizations from all sectors, including the World Ocean Network, the Association of zoos and aquariums and many others in its network of 2,000 organizations, has promoted World Oceans Day since 2002 and together with World Ocean Network. He led a four-year global petition movement to secure official UN recognition. Every year there are more organizations around the world that celebrate World Oceans Day. A little more about the story can be found here.
In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that officially recognizes 8 June as "World Oceans Day", in force since 2009, through Resolution 63/111 (paragraph 171). [2] As such, the UN Division of Oceanic Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, promotes the celebration of this UN International Day.
In 2014, the United Nations launched the annual amateur photography competition for World Ocean Oceans Day.
History about World Oceans Day
On June 8 of each year, we celebrate the ocean, its importance in our lives and how each of us can protect it, regardless of where we live. World Oceans Day raises the profile of the ocean, connects people around the world and inspires continuous action throughout the year to protect and restore this incredible resource on which we all depend.
The Ocean Project helps guide the global promotion and coordination of World Oceans Day. Since 2002, we have collaborated in collaboration with hundreds of organizations and networks of all sectors to help unite the world around 8 June and continue to increase commitment and act for our shared ocean throughout the time.
Over the past two decades, our global network of partners around the world has grown to include more than 2,000 organizations, including youth groups, aquariums, zoos, museums, and groups representing sailors, divers, swimmers, and other recreational interests, l maritime and religious industry.
Every year, a growing number of countries and organizations mark June 8 as an opportunity to celebrate our global ocean and our personal connection to the sea.
Thanks to the Government of Canada for having proposed the concept of a World Oceans Day at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In 2002, when the Ocean Project began to promote and coordinate globally the development and activities of the World Day of the Oceans, there were only a handful of events in some countries.
Now, there are thousands of events in more than 120 countries and social networks extend to several billion. To help increase the recognition of World Oceans Day, together with the World Ocean Network and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, between 2004 and 2008, we developed and widely disseminated a petition for the United Nations to officially recognize World Oceans Day on June 8 of each year.
As a result of working with hundreds of partner organizations and thanks to tens of thousands of people from all over the world who have signed online and paper copies of the petition, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution in December 2008, officially recognizing the June 8 as World Oceans Day every year.
Several years ago, The Ocean Project created a World Oceans Day Advisory Council for Youth, aimed at young people from around the world to help us expand the reach and impact of World Oceans Day on June 8 and with a continuous commitment throughout the year. Advisory Council members are essential to help shape the development of World Oceans Day as it grows, providing new and unique perspectives and ideas.
To help increase the reach and impact of World Oceans Day and then use these connections for participation throughout the year, The Ocean Project conducts proactive outreach activities to all sectors and brokers throughout the year to increase awareness and participation in this unique opportunity to celebrate our shared ocean of the world and ways of acting, regardless of where you live.
In 2003, we created a central website for World Oceans Day, to help event organizers around the world. Every year we develop the main theme of conservation action, as well as new promotional resources and viable tools, including an annual social media campaign for World Oceans Day, for organizations and people to use when they want to attract their target audience.
WHY "WORLD OCEANS DAY"?
World Oceans Day is celebrated every year with the aim of saving the oceans and honoring the creatures of the oceans while maintaining the balance of life on earth. Day after day, the increase in human populations and modern advanced technologies with different batches of by-products are the main reasons for the deterioration of the ocean.
Oceanic Project and Oceanic World Network have been collaborating for years in this project to save the ocean. They have promoted more than 1600 ocean conservation organizations around the world to collaborate on this project for more effective and faster recovery of ocean conditions.
They have created a series of effective awareness-raising campaigns to be carried out, such as beach clean-up, art competitions, educational programs, sustainable fish events, discussion events, etc. for people to act
In the first celebration of World Oceans Day, the variety of ways in which society is saved to save the oceans around the world has been highlighted. It gives everyone the opportunity to understand all the challenges that lie ahead in the regulation of the global climate to maintain the ecosystem and the adequate sustenance of human beings.
It is celebrated to save the ocean from criminal activities, such as illicit drug trafficking, drainage tools, human trafficking and threatening activities that ruin ocean peace and security.
Ocean conservation is highlighted through unique themes in the annual celebration. People are known about the importance of all oceans through many activities. People are motivated to save all water resources, such as rivers, ponds, etc. Some of the objectives are mentioned
> Motivate the public to change their attitudes by encouraging them to understand the need and importance of the oceans in their daily lives.
> Motivate people to learn about important oceanic creatures and their role in maintaining the ecosystem cycle.
> Encourage the conservation of oceans around the world by encouraging everyone to become a good guardian of the oceans and other water resources.
Why World Oceans Day is important?
An ocean of the healthy world is fundamental to our survival. Every year, World Oceans Day offers a unique opportunity to honor, protect and preserve the shared ocean of our world. The ocean is important because:
It helps us feed
Regulates our climate
Clean the water we drink
Offers a pharmacopeia of medicines.
Provide unlimited inspiration!
Now each of us can come back
Attend an event or activity on the World Oceans Day this year and help protect the ocean for the future. It is up to each of us to help ensure that our ocean is healthy for future generations. World Oceans Day allows us to:
Change the perspective: encourage people to think about what the ocean means to them and what it offers us all with the hope of preserving it for present and future generations.
Learn: discover the richness of different and beautiful ocean creatures and habitats, how they are influenced by our daily actions and how we are all interconnected.
Change our ways: we are all connected to the ocean! By taking care of your garden and helping in your community, you are behaving like a guardian of our ocean. Making small changes to your daily habits will make a difference and involve your family, your friends and your community will bring even more benefits to our blue planet!
Take the time to think about how the ocean affects you and how you do it, then organize or participate in activities that celebrate our ocean.
Saving our ocean is the responsibility of all the people who live on earth and not only of those responsible for it. It is a global responsibility to save the ocean and the creatures that live in it to achieve a natural and equal balance of life on earth. Do you know that a third of our land is full of water and we must have land, water, and marine life, from the danger of global warming?
The World Oceans Day was established as a big step (with the Ocean Project and World Ocean Network association) to celebrate every year all over the world with the aim of saving the balance of water and lives on land.
Facts and events Related to World Oceans Day
• The Earth is covered by water in 71% of its surface, 96.5% of that water is in the oceans.
• The theme of the 2017 World Oceans Day is Our Ocean, our future.
• It is estimated that 50-80% of all life forms on Earth are below the surface of the oceans. The oceans comprise 99% of the entire living space of the planet.
• If all the ice on Earth had melted, the oceans would have risen to 66 meters and flooded the entire plain.
• The lowest point of the planet is found in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific. The point, known as Challenger Deep, has a depth of 11,034 m. (Mount Everest measures only 8,848 m).
• We are tied to the ocean. And when we return to the sea, either to say or to look, we will come back to where we came from. – John F. Kennedy
World Oceans Day Main events and things to do
• If you live near an ocean, spend some time swimming in the water, sailing, sailing or simply walking on the beach. If you don't live near an ocean, plan a trip to enjoy the ocean.
• Get your dive license. Each city offers diving courses to prepare you to see the underwater world. PADI and SDI are two recognized and accredited companies that offer certification courses. You can't dive without certification.
• Watch one of the many ocean documentaries. Some of our favorites: The death of the oceans, the waste island, the plastic seas, the deep sea, and the acid test: the global ocean acidification challenge
• Clean the water's edge or adopt a local shore and do your part to help the oceans and their wildlife. The World Oceans Day website offers a number of tools to help configure these activities.
Activities on the World Oceans Day
World Oceans Day is celebrated every year by organizing various events and activities throughout the year. Some of the events organized are organizing information booths, snack distribution, sample collection, Bay Beach exit, clean beach with family and friends, distribution of posters relating to Ocean Day award ceremonies for students and teachers, class presentations, demonstrations, coloring contest, related online videos, photo contests, fossil hunting tours, etc.
The oceans are an essential part of life on earth and are very necessary to maintain the balance of the ecosystem. The oceans are a fundamental part of the biosphere and the most important source of healthy foods and medicines. World Oceans Day provides the opportunity to celebrate in one place the natural balance of climate, weather, food and oxygen with many economic, environmental and social benefits. Some of the awareness-raising activities that promote the common public to save the oceans are:
> Do your best to protect your water resources.
> Save your ocean by preventing it from spilling chemical waste, waste or other products.
> Reduces the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
> Use an alternative method of pest control and the appropriate disposal system for all hazardous household waste.
> Follow all waste and pollution control practices.
How to participate in the World Oceans Day 2019
World Oceans Day, the global annual event dedicated to the greatest threats to our oceans, will take place on 8 June 2019. This year's theme is "Gender and the Ocean" and will focus on I promote equality of genus in ocean conservation. , as well as increasing awareness of plastic pollution and how small steps can make a big difference in saving our oceans.
Participate in all. There are hundreds of events taking place around the world. Choose your favorite and get stuck! A selection of events is available for the most famous events of this month for the duration of the days:
United States: Coralpalooza: head to Key Largo, Florida to participate in this year's Coral Reef project. Aqualon, which has the Open Water Scuba certification (and the 12-mile sea estuary) can immerse itself in the stretch of Florida's coral reef and help overcome the corals of the largest coral nursery in the world.
United States: International Ocean Film Tour: go to the Mote Florida marine aquarium on June 6th of the sexual editor of the International Ocean Film Tour presenting some of the most inspiring environmental documentaries, oceanic adventures, and videos on water sports last year.
United States: Ocean Week on Capitol Hill: presentation of the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, CHOW will bring together world leaders and stakeholders to discuss a wide range of relational issues with the protection of the world. There will also be an Ocean Prize Gala in honor of the marine administration champions with tickets available for the public to buy them.
United States: World Oceans Day at the San Francisco Zoo: visit the only zoos along the sea for a special celebration of our blue planet. The zoological of San Francisco presents the show of the International Festival of Oceanic Cinema and of the Great Hall during the period.
United States: The Hudson River Loop: in a city that never sleeps, if you can say that it is in an exceptional situation. This World Oceans Day, at that time, a child's play with a series of 30-thousandth songs to create me with the sobriety of the cause. Particular in gigantic marine-themed human formations and stuck in street cleaning in the State Park of Freedom and Riverside Park West. The day ends with a barbecue.
United States: Hawaii World Ocean Day: celebrates the Maui Ocean Center Night. The day begins with a clean-up of the beach and coral reef, followed by live local music, a 3D show about Hawaii's humpback whales, coconut cards, hula lessons and more. There is also the North Shore Ocean Fest at the Turtle Bay Resort, on Oahu, with a price of 5 km for salvation. So make sure you say goodbye to a BIG MAMA, a natural-sized inflatable humpback whale.
Brazil: Clean the ocean: join the local scout groups in Beira Mar for a day of beach cleaning and plastic pollution education is affecting our oceans.
The Galapagos: the opening facade of the Charles Darwin Foundation, while the archipelago is more than 1000 kilometers from the coast, the sound is not immune to the effects of marine pollution
United Kingdom: Ocean Talks: celebrates the Royal Geographic Society of London, Ocean Talks will bring together some of the most important environmental activists and marine experts in the world to discuss the problem of plastic pollution and discover solutions to some of the major problems facing the oceans of the world.
Ireland: Seafest: That will take place from 7 to 9 June in Cork, Seafest celebrates all things marine. The 2019 event is underway with the photo of the blue planet Doug Allan, most of the flyboarder champions in the world, sustainable fish cooking lessons, navigation workshops, and many workshops and educational activities. In addition, on board the marine research vessel, the RV Celtic Explorer.
Gibraltar: The great beach of Gibraltar Cleans: a natural environment for the environment and the enticers in 45th Great Gibraltar Beach Clean The collected waste is sent to a local recycling plant to be weighed, classified and recycled so that it does not end up in landfills or at sea.
France: Fâte de L'Océan: from 6 to 9 June, the Ocean Festival is held in Paris with numerous events to celebrate the oceans of the world. From exhibitions at the National Museum of Natural History to film concerts, to art exhibitions, to the film seen in the ocean in the tropical aquarium, there is much to do.
Thailand: World Oceans Day on Koh Tao: the island is famous for its beautiful canals, but that does not mean that it is immune to plastic pollution. The New Heaven Reef Conservation Program organized an activity day to save the ocean, including cleaning, workshops, and even a special guest.
Philippines: cleaning waterways: Join local scouts to help clean up the Calapan River, one of the most polluted in the country, which extends over 11 kilometers through the city of Calapan in eastern Mindoro.
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, A Gateway of Mount Everest
Kenya: World Oceans Day in Mombasa: from 7 to 9 June, 100 young people change to take a 495 km journey in a convoy from Nairobi to Mombasa, the largest and longest road trip awareness of the oceans in East Africa. The initiative, organized by the World Youth Biodiversity Network, will highlight the importance of ocean conservation in local communities, initiate discussions and invite you to join the beach cleaning along the way.
Mozambique: #VILANKULOLIVIVEREDPAST – Join the local community of Vilankulo in Mozambique for a clean beach in the area and help recover the plastic in the Bazaruto National Park area.
South Africa: the challenge of the oceans of the day Plett: Fat Fish in Plettenberg Bay led an initiative to remove three particular disposable plastics in the area of catering in the area: plastic straws, candies for after individually packaged Dinner and takeaway containers. Launched on April 10th, day of challenge Plett Oceani culminates in a clean beach to celebrate establishments committed to creating a free plastic, Plett.
Australia: cleaning on the Costa Dorada of the World Oceans Day – conservation organization Humpbacks & High-ups invites you to clean the beach of Burleigh Beach, Queensland.
Author: Hari Adhikari
Tags: World Ocean DayWorld Ocean Day 2019World Ocean Day 2019 DateWorld Ocean Day 2019 ThemeWorld Ocean Day DateWorld Ocean Day Theme
Jitendra Sahayogee
I am Jitendra Sahayogee, a Writer of 12 Nepali Books, Director of Maithili films, Founder of Radio Stations, Designer of Websites and Editor of Some Nepali Blogs.
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I saw the opportunity and knew that this was the "one" that will change my life and empower others.
What is your favorite Apriori Beauty product, and why? I love every product we have! The Eye + Lip Age Eraser is my favorite. The first time I tried it, I could feel it working. I was a lip balm junkie. Since using this product for over a month now, I don't have chapped lips and the small lines around my mouth and eyes are disappearing!
Don't give up! Set realistic goals for yourself. Do at least one activity a day for your Apriori Beauty business. Think of it as nurturing a garden and watching it grow. The end result will be beautiful and rewarding!


Welcome to our second "Take 10″ feature, this time featuring the inspirational Karin Day, from Westonia, who is not only a mum and a farmer but also an advocate for the regional development and women in agriculture!
I am…Karin Day. Together with my husband Rohan we farm "Woodlea", 45km east of Merredin in the Shire of Westonia. I am Mum to Will, Caitlin and Harry. I am the Deputy Shire President of the Shire of Westonia, Board member of Agriculture Women – Wheatbelt East (AWWE) and the Deputy Chair of the Wheatbelt Development Commission.
I spend my days…mostly on the farm. My main area of work is running the office side of our business, though sheep work and the occasional tractor driving stint can get me out in the paddock. Kids school and after school activities keep me busy and also travelling to/fro Perth boarding school. I do a lot of reading, research and attend plenty of meetings but I enjoy travelling around the Wheatbelt, meeting new people and learning new ideas. Weekends in summer I enjoy playing tennis. In winter, after coaching my daughter's netball team, I am trying to learn the hardest game in the world – golf!
Home is…with my beautiful family in our a fifty year old renovated farmhouse, a big green lawn, vegie patch, cats, dogs, pet lambs, and hopefully with some rain soon, surrounded by lush green wheat paddocks.
I have lived in the Wheatbelt…for almost twenty years. I was born in Boddington, raised on my parents farm, attended Narrogin SHS boarding for five years, and then completed a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at UWA. After working in Perth, Katanning and then Merredin in agricultural jobs, I switched to working in the area of regional development with the Wheatbelt Development Commission after I got married.
My favourite thing about the Wheatbelt is…the proactive, passionate, committed people who live here who strive to make the region a better and more fun place for all.
A big issue facing the Wheatbelt is…the burnout of our volunteers. Volunteering rates in the Wheatbelt are the highest in the State. So many people volunteer their time and skills to run social and sporting clubs, organisations, workshops and community services like ambulance, fire & emergency etc. The Wheatbelt's aging population is likely to influence the levels of volunteering in the future.
One thing I find really hard about living in the Wheatbelt is…the lack of mobile phone coverage, internet accessibility & capacity throughout the region. The Wheatbelt Development Commission has been working with the State Government to highlight this issue and $45 million has been allocated recently for 85 more towers throughout the State to service these coverage blackspots. Unfortunately there will still be gaps and more funding is required.
Something not many people know about the Wheatbelt is… it is the second most visited region after the South West in Western Australia. You have heard about the Pinnacles and Wave Rock attractions, what about Westonia…. where we recently opened our Hood-Penn Museum which is like no other – it even has a mine tunnel to explore.
I am passionate about…lots of things. Currently I am working with an amazing talented group of women called Agricultural Women – Wheatbelt East (AWWE) . AWWE provides a platform for women to interact and network with others at various events and workshops providing professional development opportunities for Wheatbelt women. We hope people leave AWWE events better informed, inspired, motivated and with the knowledge that we are working together to improve our rural communities and farm businesses.
city or 100's of kilometres away for care services. An exciting project involving eleven Shires is "CEACA" – Central East Aged Care Alliance. Its aim is to provide clusters of housing for aging residents to allow better servicing of their care needs for seniors to be able to "age in place" – either in their house, or at least, in their community.
A big thanks to Karin for taking the time to answer a few questions and share her thoughts with Wheatbelt Local.
Tagged karin day, take 10, westonia. Bookmark the permalink.
I thoroughly enjoyed your Take 10 with Karin Day and look forward to reading about your next guest on Take 10.
Nice to meet you Karin! My partner and I travel through the wheatbelt frequently and Westonia is one of our favourite stops, the Museum is great!


Providing reliable weather protection all year round, the Men's Echo Lake 3-in-1 Jacket is one of Jack Wolfskin's classic three-in-one combination, consisting of a weatherproof outer jacket and a fleece inner jacket.
The outer jacket is made from waterproof and windproof Texapore fabric with a slightly mottled finish and will keep you dry even during prolonged periods of rain. It is also very breathable, which ensures consistently good wear comfort.
The inner jacket is made from medium-warmth 200 fleece and ensures good heat retention.
The jackets can be unzipped using the System Zip and worn individually, making the Men's Echo Lake 3-in-1 Jacket a good year-round option for all your outdoor activities.


text:
require 'dry-struct'

RSpec.shared_context 'users' do
  let(:users) { container.relations[:users] }
  let(:jane_id) { BSON::ObjectId.new }

  before do
    connection[:users].drop

    configuration.relation(:users) do
      auto_struct true

      schema do
        # TODO: we need ROM::Mongo::Types (similar to ROM::SQL::Types)
        attribute :_id, ROM::Types.Definition(BSON::ObjectId)
        attribute :name, ROM::Types::String
        attribute :email, ROM::Types::String
      end

      def by_name(name)
        find(name: name)
      end

      def all
        find
      end
    end

    configuration.commands(:users) do
      define(:create)
      define(:update)
      define(:delete)
    end

    users.insert(_id: jane_id, name: 'Jane', email: 'jane@doe.org')
    users.insert(name: 'Joe', email: 'a.joe@doe.org')
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


2016 December | All Games for Me!
One of the most challenging marble-popping games, combining puzzle and arcade elements, Bubble Zoo 2 will keep you hooked. Match the moving bubbles in groups to clear the path before they reach the end and unlock exciting new levels!
As you progress, you'll encounter a variety of challenges. These include fast-paced gameplay, levels that require careful logic and others that require specific strategies like making different combos or obtaining a minimum point total. To make the game even more dynamic, various power-ups like color powders and water hoses await you down the road.
Bubble Zoo 2 will keep you on the edge of your seat, by testing your logic and lightning reactions at the same time. Experience fun level design and the unique characters we've packed into this matching-bubble adventure!
Elephant Games cordially invites you to visit another sinister Haunted Hotel! An act of kindness has unspeakable consequences in this exhilarating hidden-object puzzle adventure game! After pulling over to help a stranded motorist, you are murdered, and the killer kidnaps your son! Follow them to the dilapidated Baker's Hotel, where you'll soon learn that that roadside encounter was in fact a trap set specifically for you. But who set the snare? And why are they obsessed with wiping out your family? Investigate from beyond the grave to learn the answers!
Eipix Entertainment, creators of Amaranthine Voyage and Sea of Lies, invite you on a new Hidden Expedition adventure!
Holiday Jigsaw Christmas 4 is an exciting puzzle game for the whole family! Piece together jigsaws and enjoy a magical Christmas atmosphere! You'll discover a collection of 500 high-quality photos and many gifts from Santa Claus! We've packed this game full of options to suit every player's preferences; set a difficulty for each puzzle, save your progress at any time, enjoy convenient controls and a multitude of hints and tools that make the game more comfortable to play. If you like a challenge, complete special quests and earn trophies.
Grandma Studios Limited presents the newest addition to the Whispered Secrets series! After surviving a shipwreck, you think all of your troubles are behind you. That is until you discover the local townspeople are under the influence of a mystical force's song. Can you uncover the Siren's secrets before it's too late, or will you fall victim to her melody? Find out in this exhilarating hidden-object puzzle adventure!


text:
ACELL 31st October 2014
The School of Education launched its Annual Conference on Education and lifelong Learning on 31st October 2014.The event took place in the month of October which is the month in which the World Teachers' Day (October 5) is celebrated globally. The conference was aimed at providing a platform for staff and students to share knowledge gained through research in education.
The conference main theme was "Enhancing Human Rights through Research and Education" while the major subthemes focused on Emerging Trends in Education, Management and Finance of Education, the Language of Education, Inclusive Education and Contemporary Issues in Educational Development and Practice.
Prof. Olive Mugenda the Vice Chancellor Kenyatta University graced the occasion as the Chief Guest who is also a renowned scholar. In her speech, which was read by the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research Innovation & Outreach) Prof. F.Q. Gravenir, the VC outlined historical foundation of the School of Education which makes it the oldest and largest in terms of student population and thus giving it mandate to set pace in institutionalising scholarly activities such as conferencing. She acknowledged the continuous research and dissemination that happened through the Bureau of Education Research alongside the international exposure among its staff who travels to other international destinations of conferences with objective of exchanging scholarly ideas. [...Read more of this speech].
Other key scholars who participated included Dr. Sheila Parvyn Wamahiu who was the Keynote Speaker of the event. Dr. Wamahiu is a globally renowned education scholar, an education consultant researcher and a founder member of Women Education Researchers of Kenya (WERK). She has also served in UNICEF New York and also UNICEF Uganda as the chief of education.
The Conference themes were organized to provide space for early career academics who are in the process of considering topics for post-doctoral research, post-graduate graduands (Masters' and PhD) in education who completed their studies in the previous 4 years and who wished to reflect on, and share aspects of their research experiences and findings with experienced education scholars who are in the field of education. A total of 24 papers from various countries were presented at this inaugural occasion, thus making the presenters and the audience part of the pioneering team that gave the October Education Conference a firm foundation to develop a culture of conferencing.
Deans School of Education
Prof. Kisilu Kombo
Ag Dean
Dr. John Nderitu
Ag. Associate Dean

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In this revised and updated edition of his 1989 book, Peter Dorrell provides a comprehensive guide to the uses of photography in archaeology. Drawing on thirty-five years of experience, he examines the use of photography in field archaeology, in surveys, in archaeological laboratories, and in conservation. He offers a clear and well-illustrated explanation of the techniques involved, with sections on equipment and materials, survey and site photography, architectural photography, the recording of different types of artifacts, registration and storage, the use of ultra-violet and infra-red, and photography for publication. He also covers the growing use of video and electronic recording systems.


text:
The Potential Economic Benefits for Texas of a Free Trade Agreement between the United States and the European Union
Report Published on February 16, 2013
Import and export activity is an essential aspect of optimizing economic performance. By allowing each nation to focus resources on those goods and services where it has a competitive advantage and import other products, foreign trade helps improve business conditions and quality of life around the globe.
EU,
European Union,
free trade,
trade,
trade agreement,
trade deal
Read More View PDF
Successful Trade Negotiations Between United States and European Union Could Yield Substantial Economic Benefits for the State of Texas
Press Release Released on August 07, 2018
President Trump's recent announcement that the United States and the European Union (EU) would begin trade negotiations and work toward reducing constraints that could yield short-term success and help set the stage for other progress in the near future. EU members are major US trading partners, and, not only would a strong trade deal with zero tariffs have the potential to further enhance economies on both sides of the Atlantic, but also provide substantial benefits for the state of Texas.
How will the recent trade deal between the EU and Japan impact the US?
Radio Spot Broadcast via Texas State Networks on July 25, 2017
Japan and the EU announced a trade deal that Dr. Perryman says will put the US at a significant competitive disadvantage.
Why is there unrest in the European Union, and what could this mean for the future?
Radio Spot Broadcast via Texas State Networks on January 25, 2017
Europe remains in flux; the fate of Brexit, kicked to parliament, and a new US president who appears to have little use for the current European order.
Is it a problem that the Euro is near a 12‑year low?
Radio Spot Broadcast via Texas State Networks on June 20, 2016
The Euro is beginning to show signs of improvement, but it's coming back from a 12-year low and Europe continues to have structural issues.
Texas and Brexit
Column Published in syndication June 29, 2016
On June 23, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (EU). It was the largest voter turnout since 1992, with more than 30 million people (nearly 72%) participating. The margin was very close (about 52% to 48%), and it was unclear which side would win up to the last minute. The economic fallout of the decision will likely be decidedly negative for the UK, but also for the United States and Texas. It is much too early to know how things will unwind, the pace of the split, or what it will look like on the other side. This lack of clarity is in and of itself a problem for global markets, but an initial perspective is useful.
Britain,
Read More Subscribe


text:
https://sportswire.usatoday.com/article/how-to-watch-georgia-state-lady-panthers-vs-south-alabama-jaguars-live-stream-info-tv-channel-game-time-january-5/
How to watch Georgia State Lady Panthers vs. South Alabama Jaguars: Live stream info, TV channel, game time | January 5
The South Alabama Jaguars (4-9) face a fellow Sun Belt opponent, the Georgia State Lady Panthers (7-8), on Thursday, January 5, 2023 at Georgia State Convocation Center. It tips at 6:30 PM ET.
In its most recent matchup on Saturday, Georgia State claimed a 59-49 win against the UL Monroe. South Alabama is coming off of a 58-37 loss to the Southern Miss in its last game on Saturday.
Ahead of this college basketball matchup, here is everything you need to prepare for Thursday's action.
NCAA Basketball odds courtesy of Tipico Sportsbook. Odds updated Thursday at 6:23 PM ET. For a full list of sports betting odds, access USA TODAY Sports Betting Scores Odds Hub.
Georgia State vs. South Alabama: How to Watch on TV or Live Stream
Game Day: Thursday, January 5, 2023
Arena: Georgia State Convocation Center
Georgia State vs. South Alabama Insights
Georgia State is 184th in college basketball with 65.5 points per game so far this season. At the other end of the court, it ranks 62nd with 58.1 points allowed per contest.
South Alabama is 303rd in the country in points scored (58 per game) and 183rd in points allowed (63.9).
Georgia State vs. South Alabama Computer Pick
Georgia State 70, South Alabama 62


text:
El Tiger I, cuya designación oficial era Panzer VI Tiger, fue un tanque pesado alemán desarrollado en 1941 y usado en la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta la aparición del Tiger II. Su última designación oficial alemana fue Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E ('vehículo de combate blindado Tigre variante E'), a menudo abreviado como Tiger (). El apodo del tanque fue puesto por Ferdinand Porsche, y el número romano se le añadió después de que el Tiger II entrara en producción. La primera designación oficial alemana fue Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H, pero el nombre en marzo de 1943 fue cambiado a Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E. La designación del inventario de vehículos militares alemanes para este tanque era Sd.Kfz. 181.

El Tiger fue la respuesta a la inesperada y formidable fuerza blindada de la Unión Soviética encontrada en los primeros meses de la Operación Barbarroja, particularmente en los T-34 y KV-1, pero últimos estudios y documentación detallada, ponen el proyecto como contramedida hacia los tanques pesados británicos y los cañones antitanque durante la Batalla de Francia, lógicamente en la Operación Barbarroja los problemas de lucha contra los carros soviéticos aceleraron el proyecto.

Durante su desarrollo se vieron los problemas que tenía el diseño con los motores existentes para mover el tanque pesado, a lo que se sumó la manipulación de Krupp para mantener el monopolio de la construcción de cañones y la escasez de tungsteno para los proyectiles. El informe de Porsche contrario a que se adoptase el cañón Flak de 88 mm que tenía preparado Rheinmetall para la torreta ya preparada fabricada por Fahrgestell, retrasaron aún más el proyecto del prototipo. El retraso se incremento aún más porque la Oficina de Desarrollo de Carros tuvo empantanado el proyecto del Tiger hasta el otoño de 1940, contraviniendo la orden directa de Hitler. El propio Ferdinand Porsche desobedeció las órdenes de la Oficina, y bajo su propia iniciativa se encargó de realizar la tarea independientemente, poniendo a sus ingenieros a trabajar en el diseño por él concebido del tanque pesado.

En noviembre de 1940, la Oficina de Desarrollo de Tanques inició oficialmente el proyecto e hizo un pedido a Nibelungenwerk para el montaje en serie de 6 prototipos Panzerkampfwagen de 45 toneladas. Porsche, al tener el diseño muy avanzado, tardó muy poco en ponerlo en funcionamiento, pero al fabricarlo sin seguir las directrices militares se encontró con tantas trabas burocráticas que casi le hicieron empezar de nuevo la fabricación del prototipo. El motor todavía no se había decidido, pero el chasis y las orugas ya estaban en montaje cuando Krupp presentó su cañón modificado L/56 de 88 mm (que entonces tenía una velocidad en boca de 840 m/s con un casquillo de 931 mm de largo), lo que obligó a Porsche a cambiar la cúpula deprisa y corriendo para poder alojar en su interior tanto el cañón como la munición. El cañón modificado era el mismo que el Flak 18, pero cambiando las sujeciones y los puntos de mira.

Mientras se continuaba con la construcción de los prototipos, Krupp presentó a la oficina otro cañón, pero de calibre 105 mm denominado Kwk L/47. Este disparaba proyectiles con una velocidad en boca de 840 m/s montados en una vaina de 1100 mm, pero se descartó porque la efectividad del cañón de 88 mm estaba ya más que probada.

En la siguiente reunión de expertos y con Hitler de director del proyecto, se eligió el cañón de 88 mm como armamento principal del tanque pesado y se encargó la finalización de los 6 prototipos con un chasis de 80 mm de espesor en el frontal y de 60 mm en los laterales, y tres de las torretas con diseño de Porsche.

El Tiger I proporcionó al Heer su primer tanque equipado con el cañón de 88 mm, que había demostrado previamente su efectividad tanto contra blancos aéreos (para lo cual había sido creado) como terrestres (tanques, búnkeres y posiciones enemigas). Durante el curso de la guerra, el Tiger I entró en combate en todos los frentes de batalla que tenía Alemania. Por lo general fue desplegado en batallones de tanques independientes, y demostró ser un carro formidable.

Mientras que el Tiger I era temido por sus oponentes, era técnicamente complicado, usaba materiales y métodos de producción caros y de trabajo intensivo, consumiendo mucho tiempo de producción. Por todo ello, solo fueron fabricadas 1347 unidades entre agosto de 1942 y agosto de 1944. El Tiger era propenso a ciertos tipos de fallos en las orugas que provocaban inmovilizaciones, aunque en general era mecánicamente fiable pero laborioso de mantener y complicado de transportar debido a sus ruedas de apoyo superpuestas y entrelazadas. En 1944 se dejó de producir en favor del Tiger II.

Apenas un puñado de tanques Tiger I sobreviven en museos y exposiciones. Quizás la muestra más notable es el Tiger 131 del Museo de Tanques de Bovington, el único que fue restaurado a condiciones de funcionamiento. El manual de entrenamiento de la tripulación, el Tigerfibel, se convirtió en una pieza de coleccionista.

Desarrollo

Henschel & Sohn comenzaron el desarrollo del Tiger en la primavera de 1937. En 1941, Henschel y otras tres compañías (Porsche, MAN y Daimler-Benz) diseñaron un tanque de 35 t, armado con un cañón de 75 mm.

La aparición del T-34 dejó estos diseños obsoletos, y según el diseñador Erwin Aders de Henschel «había una gran consternación cuando se descubrió que los tanques soviéticos eran superiores a los que disponía la Wehrmacht». Se pidió inmediatamente un aumento de peso hasta las 45 t y un cañón de calibre 88 mm.

La fecha escogida para los nuevos prototipos fue el 20 de abril de 1942, el día de cumpleaños de Hitler. Con el tiempo limitado, se utilizaron los diseños existentes de tanques más ligeros como base para el nuevo tanque. A diferencia del Panther, el diseño no incorporaba las innovaciones del T-34 ni se incluyó la ventaja del blindaje inclinado, pero el grosor y peso del blindaje del Tiger compensaban esta carencia.

Porsche y Henschel enviaron sus diseños del prototipo y fueron comparados en Rastenburg. El diseño de Henschel fue aprobado pero debía utilizar la torreta del diseño de Porsche. La producción del Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. E comenzó en agosto de 1942. En ese momento, se pidieron también 90 chasis de la versión de Porsche, que no fueron usados como tanques sino convertidos en el Panzerjäger Tiger (P), también conocido como Ferdinand, y tras las órdenes de Hitler del 1 y 27 de febrero de 1944, como Elefant.

El Tiger estaba en su fase de prototipo cuando se apresuró su entrada en servicio, y luego los cambios, tanto los importantes como los menores, se realizaron ya durante la producción. El rediseño de la torreta con una cúpula más baja y segura fue el cambio más significativo. Para recortar los costes, se eliminaron la capacidad de sumergirse y el sistema de filtrado del aire.

Producción

La producción del Tiger I comenzó en agosto de 1942, y se construyeron 1.355 unidades hasta agosto de 1944, cuando la producción fue terminada. Se inició  la construcción de los tanques a un ritmo de 45 al mes, alcanzando el máximo en abril de 1944 con 104 al mes. El máximo número de tanques disponibles fue de 671 el 1 de julio de 1944. En términos generales, costaba el doble de tiempo construir un Tiger I que cualquer otro tanque alemán. Cuando empezó a producirse el Tiger II en enero de 1944, se detuvo la del Tiger I.

Número total de Tiger

Aunque 1.350 es la cifra común, una revista de la Segunda Guerra Mundial mostraba la cifra de 1.355 en la edición enero de 1944. En el libro Die deutsche Panzertruppe (1999) se da como cifra, incluyendo el prototipo, de 1.347. Otras fuentes sugieren 1.500 unidades

Diseño

La principal diferencia del Tiger I con los anteriores tanques alemanes radicaba en su diseño. Los que precedieron al Tiger I estaban equilibrados en movilidad, blindaje y potencia de fuego. En ocasiones tenían una capacidad de fuego menor que la de sus oponentes, pero por diversas causas habían conseguido salir bien parados en combate.

El Tiger I acentuaba la potencia de fuego y la protección a expensas de la movilidad. Los estudios para un nuevo tanque pesado comenzaron a finales de la década de 1930 sin un plan de producción. El empuje definitivo para el Tiger I fue proporcionado en 1941 por la calidad del T-34 soviético, aunque la necesidad de un tanque más potente que los Panzer III y Panzer IV se hizo ya notoria en 1940 tras enfrentamientos contra los tanques Matilda II y años más tarde el Churchill.

Aunque el diseño y la disposición general eran similares al del anterior tanque medio, el Panzer IV, el Tiger I pesaba el doble. Esto se debía al blindaje sustancialmente más grueso, el cañón de mayor tamaño y, consecuentemente, un depósito mayor para combustible y munición, un motor más grande y una transmisión y suspensión más sólidas. El parecido físico hizo que en muchas ocasiones se confundieran los Panzer IV con los Tiger I.

Protección

El Tiger I tenía un blindaje frontal de 100 mm de grosor, en comparación con los 80 mm de los últimos modelos del Panzer IV, y 80 mm en los laterales y la parte posterior. Esto era muy efectivo para detener los proyectiles antitanque de la mayoría de los cañones de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a distancia normal de combate, especialmente los disparos directos. A distancias más cercanas y por los flancos, el tanque era más vulnerable. El blindaje superior tenía un espesor de 25 o 40 mm, similar al de los tanques moderno. El blindaje lateral fue una ventaja enorme frente al Panther, que sufría demasiado con su escaso blindaje lateral (solo 45 mm frente a los 80 mm del Tiger I).

Al ser un tanque que entró en producción antes que el Panther, y a diferencia de éste, su exterior contenía ángulos cazaproyectiles, por lo que la fortaleza del Tiger I se basaba exclusivamente en su blindaje y la buena calidad de la aleación. El Tiger II o Königstiger sí fue diseñado con ausencia de ángulos cazaproyectiles.

Las planchas de blindaje eran planas, con una construcción entrelazada. Las uniones por soldadura eran también de alta calidad, siendo las partes divididas y soldadas en vez de remachadas. Un motor de gasolina en la parte posterior impulsaba los piñones delanteros, que estaban montados debajo del vehículo. Para la suspensión se utilizaron barras de torsión similares a las del Panzer III. La torreta dejaba un espacio libre de 157 cm. El cierre del cañón y su mecanismo de disparo eran derivados del famoso cañón antiaéreo 88.

El blindaje del tanque tenía un punto débil que los soviéticos descubrieron y explotaron. Los radiadores eran vulnerables a los disparos de fusil antitanque efectuados desde el lateral y la parte trasera. La infantería o los tanques ligeros de protección no siempre estaban donde y cuando se les necesitaba, y cuando los Tiger I debían atravesar posiciones ocupadas por la infantería rusa, ésta abría fuego graneado sobre las zonas vulnerables, poniendo en serios apuros a los tanques.

Potencia de fuego

El cañón KwK 36 L/56 de 88 mm fue la variante escogida para el Tiger y fue, junto con el Kwk 43 L/71 de 88 mm del Tiger II, uno de los cañones más efectivos y temidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

El cañón del Tiger I tenía una trayectoria muy plana y miras telescópicas Zeiss TZF 9b muy precisas. En ensayos británicos durante la contienda, acertó cinco impactos sucesivos en un blanco de 40 x 45 cm a unos 1.200 m. Hay informes de tanques Tiger I que alcanzaron a su enemigo a distancias mayores de aproximadamente 1.600 m (una milla), si bien la mayoría de los combates tenían lugar a distancias bastante menores. En una ocasión se informó de un T-34 destruido por un Tiger a una distancia récord de 3.900 m, aunque claramente este fue un tiro de suerte. La mayoría de los disparos alemanes se efectuaban entre 800-1.200 m, pues la munición era cara y no se podían permitir desperdiciarla, así como sus enemigos podían abrir fuego antes sin dichos problemas.

El tamaño del Tiger I forzó la introducción de nuevas y complejas tecnologías, planteando a los ingenieros una serie de desafíos técnicos que no fueron completamente superados. La torreta de 11 t tenía un motor hidráulico accionado por el impulso del motor principal; incluso así, tardaba un minuto en poder hacer una rotación completa. El tanque tenía las ruedas de intervalo triples, por lo que conseguía mejor velocidad a campo través, pero también hacía su mantenimiento más difícil. Una parte de la precisión de la artillería, además de las virtudes de las miras, la pieza y el entrenamiento, era el sistema de triple ajuste de velocidad de giro de la torreta. El artillero disponía de un sistema de "marchas" para regular la velocidad de giro de la torreta. Si la "marcha" más fina era la que se empleaba en la fase final del apuntado contra objetivos lejanos, la torreta tardaba casi un minuto en ejecutar una rotación de 360 grados, lo que facilitaba mucho la tarea de lograr impacto con el primer proyectil.

El sistema de percusión eléctrica también impresionó a las tripulaciones, y los proyectiles para el cañón del Tiger I eran distintos de otros modelos de 88 mm, debido al sistema de percusión eléctrica del proyectil, muy útil sobre todo a partir de los 2.000 m al eliminar la ligera imprecisión causada por la percusión mecánica del cartucho.

Movilidad

Las ruedas de acero y caucho estaban montadas en 16 ejes independientes, lo que proporcionaba una conducción suave y estable para un vehículo de gran tamaño. El sistema tenía sus desventajas: las ruedas podían llenarse de fango o nieve que podía congelarse. Los soviéticos descubrieron esto y en ocasiones decidían realizar los ataques por la mañana, cuando los Tiger I estaban prácticamente inmovilizados, aunque fue una táctica empleada no solo contra este tanque, sino incluso contra la infantería, que en muchos casos no podía disparar sus armas o arrancar sus vehículos. Pese a todo, el Tiger I fue uno de los diseños más fiables de todo el arsenal alemán.

Las orugas tenían un ancho de 725 mm. Para resolver las restricciones entre el peso y la superficie de las orugas, la fila externa de ruedas tuvo que ser eliminada, y se estrecharon a 520 mm. El tanque era demasiado pesado para la mayoría de los puentes, así que fue diseñado para vadear hasta una profundidad de 4 m. Esto requería esnórqueles para la ventilación y refrigeración. Para realizar una inmersión, se necesitaban unos 30 minutos de preparación. La torreta y el cañón debían estar en posición frontal y tapados.

El tema del peso y los puentes hacía que, antes de planear una operación, fuera vital buscar puntos de cruce seguros, y pese a todo muchas veces no lo eran tanto. La presión que soportaban los ingenieros era muy intensa, ya que además de tener que acondicionar un puente para el paso de tal vez solo 3 o 4 vehículos (por su gran efectividad los Tiger I eran muy demandados, con lo que no era raro que se operase a nivel de 3-4 tanques en apoyo de una zona, tener reunida una fuerza de más de una Compañía era motivo de alegría para las tripulaciones), el enfado del mando si la construcción cedía y el valioso Tiger se iba al agua solía ser notable. Con tiempo solían ser recuperables, pero los cruces de puente obligaban a que los compañeros del conductor descendieran del tanque, se aligeraba lo más posible y avanzaba con una velocidad mínima, sin cambiar marchas ni acelerar. Cuando había tiempo, incluso se le descargaba la munición y la mayor parte del combustible, para aumentar las oportunidades de cruzar con éxito. Precisamente este factor hacía en ocasiones que el empleo del Tiger I no fuese factible.

Otra característica fue la caja de cambios hidráulica controlada por preselector y la transmisión semiautomática. El peso extremo del tanque también significó un nuevo sistema de dirección. En vez de los sistemas de embrague y freno de los vehículos más ligeros, se utilizó una variante del sistema británico Merritt-Brown. El motor era inicialmente un Maybach de gasolina, de 21 litros de cilindrada y 590 cv, que pronto se descubrió insuficiente, por lo cual sería sustituido por un HL 230 P45 de 23,88 L.

El tanque tenía una mayor movilidad de lo que se cree, cosa muy distinta en el Tiger II. Como pasaba con todos los tanques pesados, el fango era uno de sus principales enemigos. Cuando se operaba desde posiciones defensivas, era común que el comandante de cada tanque se diese un paseo al amanecer para comprobar los efectos de las lluvias o el fuego de hostigamiento nocturno sobre el terreno. Sabedores de esto, los rusos solían abrir fuego con morteros sobre los cuellos de botella donde suponían que acechaban los Tiger I, con la esperanza de "cazar" a algún comandante de tanque, lo cual en ocasiones conseguían.

Otros puntos del diseño

La disposición interna era típica de los tanques alemanes. Delante estaba el compartimento de tripulación, con el conductor y el radio-operador sentados al frente. Detrás de ellos, el piso de la torreta, rodeado de paneles para formar un nivel de superficie continuo. Esto ayudaba al cargador a recuperar la munición que estaba guardada en ambos laterales. Dos hombres estaban sentados en la torreta: el artillero a la izquierda del cañón, y el comandante detrás de este. El cargador disponía de un asiento retráctil en la torreta. La parte posterior tenía el motor flanqueado por dos compartimentos que contenía cada uno un tanque de combustible, un radiador y ventiladores.

Aunque el Tiger I era uno de los tanques más fuertemente armados y blindados de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y un oponente formidable para los tanques aliados, su diseño fue conservador y tenía fallos serios. Las planchas de blindaje planas eran simples comparadas con el blindaje inclinado del T-34, requiriendo un incremento masivo del peso para proporcionar suficiente protección. El peso del tanque creaba desgaste en la suspensión, mientras que el sistema complejo de ruedas requería un mantenimiento exhaustivo. El sofisticado sistema de transmisión también era propenso a fallos.

Uno de los mayores problemas del Tiger I fue su alto coste de producción. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial se construyeron más de 40.000 Sherman estadounidenses y 84.000 T-34 soviéticos, comparados con los 1.350 Tiger I y los 500 Tiger II. Los diseños alemanes eran costosos en términos de tiempo, materiales y dinero: el Tiger I costaba el doble que el Panzer V y cuatro veces más que el Stug III.

En combate

Los Tiger I podían destruir a la mayoría de sus oponentes, los T-34, M4 Sherman o Churchill IV a distancias superiores a 1.600 m. Como contraste, el cañón de 76,2 mm del T-34 no podía perforar al Tiger I frontalmente a cualquier distancia, pero podía penetrar el blindaje lateral a 500 m disparando la munición BR-350P APCR. El cañón de 85 mm del T-34/85 podía perforar al Tiger frontalmente a una distancia de 1000 m, y en los lados a más de 1000 m. El cañón de 122 mm del IS-2 podía destruir al Tiger I a distancias mayores de 1000 m desde cualquier punto.

El cañón de 75 mm del M4 Sherman no podía penetrar frontalmente al Tiger a cualquier distancia y necesitaba estar dentro de los 500 m para conseguir una perforación lateral. El cañón británico de 17 libras del Sherman Firefly, disparando munición APDS podía destruir al tanque alemán a más de 1.500 m, aunque esta munición fue muy escasa. El cañón de 76 mm disparando la munición común APCBC si podía perforar el blindaje frontal, pero tenía que estar dentro del radio de 1000 m para un impacto con éxito.

Cuando las distancias se acortan, los cañones pueden causar más daño. La potencia de fuego del Tiger I significaba que podía destruir a sus oponentes en distancias que ellos no podían responder efectivamente. Esta era su mayor ventaja táctica en terreno abierto. Los tanques enemigos debían flanquear para poder destruir un Tiger I, algo aplicable a la mayoría de los tanques pesados alemanes, que en los espacios cerrados eran fácilmente destruidos, pues su baja movilidad y velocidad los hacían vulnerables a las armas, que a cortas distancias sí eran letales.

El Tiger I entró en acción por primera vez en setiembre de 1942 durante la ofensiva soviética de Siniavino, cerca de Leningrado. Bajo la presión de Hitler se puso al tanque en acción meses antes de lo planeado y los primeros modelos demostraron que eran mecánicamente frágiles. En su primera acción el 23 de setiembre de 1942, algunos de los primeros Tiger fueron destruidos. Otros fueron alcanzados por la artillería antitanque soviética. Uno de los tanques fue capturado prácticamente intacto y posteriormente transportado a Moscú, lo que permitió a los soviéticos realizar estudios y preparar una respuesta adecuada.

En los primeros combates en el norte de África, el Tiger I podía dominar a los tanques aliados en terreno abierto. Sin embargo, los fallos mecánicos significaban que raramente podían entrar en acción. En una repetición de la experiencia de Leningrado, al menos un Tiger fue alcanzado por los cañones antitanque británicos de seis libras. Estas experiencias demostraron que las armas fabulosas no eran el sustituto de las tácticas correctas.

En la ofensiva de Kursk, el Tiger tuvo un gran éxito en combate. Entre el 1 de julio de 1943 y el 1 de setiembre del mismo año, el s.Pz.Abt 503 afirmó haber destruido 501 tanques enemigos (en su mayoría T-34, pero también KV-1 y una pequeña porción de tanques británicos, de hecho unos 50 Churchill fueron desplegados en el sector central del saliente y lo pasaron bastante mal en sus encuentros con la nueva generación de Panzer), 388 cañones antitanque (de 76,2 mm y algunos antiaéreos de 85 mm), 79 piezas de artillería pesada y 7 aviones, estos últimos destruidos aparentemente al arrasar un aeródromo. En el mismo período el batallón perdió 18 Tiger I destruidos sin posibilidad de reparación, 7 de ellos incendiados.

El Tiger I era más lento que la mayoría de los otros tanques de la guerra, pero tenía una velocidad típica para los tanques pesados y de apoyo a la infantería. La velocidad máxima era de 38 km/h, comparada con los 37 km/h de su oponente más cercano, el IS-2, aunque rara vez se llegaban a estas velocidades debido a los problemas que generaban para todos los componentes mecánicos. Ambos eran más lentos que los tanques medios, y mucho menos manejables.

El blindaje y la capacidad de fuego del Tiger I eran temidos por todos sus oponentes. Una táctica Aliada era enfrentarse al Tiger como un grupo, uno atrayendo la atención de la tripulación del Tiger I, mientras que los otros atacaban por los laterales o la parte posterior, algo que ya hacían los Panzer III contra los primeros T-34. Ya que la munición y el combustible se almacenaban en los laterales, un impacto directo lateral solía destruir al tanque.

Los Tiger I eran utilizados en batallones de tanques pesados bajo el mando del Ejército alemán. Se desplegaban en sectores críticos, para realizar operaciones de ruptura del frente o contraataques. Algunas divisiones, como la División Großdeutschland o divisiones del Waffen-SS, tenían un puñado de Tiger. El Tiger I está asociado particularmente al SS-Haupsturmführer (Capitán) Michael Wittmann y el 501° Batallón SS de Tanques Pesados, que fue uno de los comandantes de tanque más exitosos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

El Tiger capturado en 1943

En mayo de 1943, un Tiger I del Afrika Korps (número de torreta 131) fue capturado después de un combate contra tanques Churchill en Túnez. Fue reparado y exhibido en Túnez antes de ser enviado a Inglaterra para una inspección cuidadosa. Los Aliados occidentales, sin embargo, hicieron poco para prepararse para combatir al Tiger I a pesar de que el nuevo tanque era superior a los propios.

Esta conclusión estaba basada en parte en la correcta estimación de que el Tiger sería producido en un número relativamente pequeño. También se basaba en la doctrina del Ejército de los Estados Unidos, que no enfatizaba el combate entre tanques, confiando en su lugar en el uso de cazacarros y ataques aéreos.

El tanque capturado fue entregado el 25 de setiembre de 1951 al Museo del tanque de Bovington por el Ministerio de Suministros británico. En junio de 1990, se realizaron reparaciones para que el tanque pudiera ponerse en funcionamiento. En diciembre de 2003, el Tiger 131 regresó al museo con un motor completamente funcional tras una extensa restauración.

La respuesta soviética

El Tiger I nació como respuesta a la resistencia que opusieron los modelos soviéticos KV-1 y T-34 durante la Operación Barbarroja. Tal resistencia se fundamentaba, básicamente, en su mejor blindaje y su mayor potencia de fuego. Además del Tiger I, el ejército alemán otorgó prioridad a la creación del Panzer V Panther para lograr superioridad sobre los blindados soviéticos.

Hasta la aparición del Tiger I y en lo que a tanques respecta, los soviéticos habían puesto el acento más en la cantidad de unidades producidas que en su calidad. Las modificaciones más innovadoras solían despreciarse y solo se permitían pequeños ajustes porque, si no, el ritmo de producción hubiera disminuido. Así que la reacción soviética tuvo que adoptar varias formas.

Por un lado, se probó la instalación de cañones más potentes. El D-5T dio buenos resultados, especialmente en el T-34. Más tarde se usó el ZiS-S-53.

Por otra parte, se puso énfasis en el desarrollo de un cañón autopropulsado de 152 mm. El SU-152 pasó del concepto de diseño a las pruebas sobre el terreno en solo 25 días. A pesar de haber sido concebido como artillería autopropulsada, rápidamente se transformó en un potente cazacarros pesado.

Finalmente, la combinación de estas innovaciones tecnológicas dieron como resultado el Iósif Stalin 2, dotado con un cañón de 122 mm y plenamente operativo a principios de 1944.

El mayor desafío para los tanques soviéticos eran sus producciones en masa frente a la escasez de producción de los diseños pesados alemanes. Se construyeron entre 84.000 T-34 junto con 4.600 KV-1 y cerca de 4.392 IS-2. Un total de 66.000 tanques medios y pesados soviéticos frente a los 1.350 Tiger que en todo momento fueron insuficientes. Esto fue debido a que era un proyecto de baja prioridad, es decir, las producciones de Panzer IV y V debían cumplirse a toda costa y solo a principios de 1945 se le dio prioridad al Tiger II, cuando ya no se podía acelerar demasiado la producción a causa de los incesantes bombardeos aéreos. De todos los T-34, unos 48.000 eran del modelo 85 (con cañón de 85 mm) capaces de poner fuera de combate a los Tiger y Panther frontalmente, con lo que los tanques pesados alemanes comenzaron a tener serias dificultades para vencer en combates directos debido al número de efectivos.

Además de la producción, la tasa media de bajas de 5,74 a 1 a favor de los Tiger I no era suficiente. Algunas unidades equipadas con el Tiger I superaron esta tasa, como la 13 Compañía/Regimiento Panzer Grossdeutschland (16,67 a 1), la SS-Panzer-Abteilung 103 (12,28 a 1) y la Panzer-Abteilung 502 (13,08 a 1). Se debe tener en cuenta que muchas de estas bajas, sobre todo de tanques T-34, se debieron a que el modelo soviético aún llevaba el cañón de 76,2 mm, que con muchas dificultades podía enfrentarse a este tanque, amén de los tanques ligeros como los T-60 y T-70 que se empleaban como tanques medios a pesar de ser tanques ligeros.

Supervivientes

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

 VVAA. El temible Tiger. Osprey Miltary. RBA. Coleccionables S.A. Barcelona. 1999
Osprey Military (2002)

Enlaces externos

 En inglés
 PanzerKampfwagen VI: The legendary Tiger I
 Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E Sd. Kfz. 181
 Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Ausf.E
 Restauración del Tiger 131, Museo del Tanque, Bovington
 El manual Tigerfibel | completo, en alemán
 En español
 Documentos originales referentes al "Tiger I" (en español y alemán)
 PanzerKampwagen VI "Tiger"
¿Fue el Tiger el Verdadero Rey? - Traducción del ruso al español y análisis de la evaluación soviética del Tiger II en Kubinka.

Tanques pesados
Carros de combate de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Alemania
Henschel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
KaZaa users warned of p2p worm
Frank Washkuch Jr. August 2, 2006
Researchers are warning peer-to-peer (p2p) application users of a new proof-of-concept virus that acts similarly to the W97M/Melissa malware.
The virus, MSH/Cibyz, which is based on Windows PowerShell, was released by members of the RRLF virus group, according to an advisory from McAfee.
PowerShell is a command line shell and scripting language that runs on Microsoft XP, Windows Server 2003, Vista and Longhorn operating systems.
The malware is a low risk to home and corporate users, according to a McAfee advisory. However, it can create a copy of itself in the Windows system directory and then modifies registry keys so users cannot view hidden files and extensions.
The virus also randomly sets Internet Explorer's start page and propagates by dropping a copy of itself in Shared KaZaa folders, according to an advisory in McAfee's Threat Center.
Microsoft confirmed in the existence of the PoC worm on Saturday by a posting on its Most Valuable Professional website.
FaceTime Communications also released an advisory for the worm this week. A company representative declined comment on the malware.
Ron O'Brien, senior security analyst at Sophos, said today that malware attacking applications like KaZaa are something his company is "seeing more and more."
"I think this is making KaZaa a potentially unwanted application," he said. "Once you open up that peer-to-peer tunnel, anything can come through."
Frank Washkuch Jr.


36. Yup, that's right. That's my age at this very second. Farther away from 30 and closer to 40 than I'd like to see and/or admit to. I know many people will read those sentences and think,"What is she worried about?! She's young!" You're right. I am young. I am well aware of that. But not young enough where I don't have an ounce a TON of shear panic of not finding "The One" or "having it all" before I turn 40.
I know age is just a number. You are what you feel. But somedays, you just want to come home and be with your best friend. The one who makes you laugh and knows what makes you tick. And you want little feet running towards you and giving you the biggest hugs that can be had. This. This is what I fear. Fear of not having that. And at 36, this is a huge fear of mine.
I've read enough articles, books and posts to see both sides of 'mentioning' and 'not mentioning' your feelings on this to the world (aka. men). But guess what. I don't follow what people say or do. I do what I want and I know what I want. And this is an my outlet. And if I can help another woman (or man) know they aren't alone with having this fear, it makes that horrible feeling of panic diminish just a smidge.
I have to say, I have gotten better with having this fear and I'll let you in on a little secret- my faith.
My faith has done nothing but lessen my fear and know that in His time, my prayers will be answered. "God has more in store for you than you can even imagine." – Ephesians 3:20. I may not have my best friend waiting for me when I get home, or even hear little feet running towards me- yet. But I do have a man and his son, who will forever stand by, guide me, protect me and most importantly love me. No. Matter. What.
Fear is a dangerous thing. It can paralyze you into feeling like you can't move, think or feel. It plays terrible games with your mind and eventually you start to believe your own fears. Do not let this take over.
Every day and night, make sure you take time to be still. Be still and hear your own thoughts and prayers. When you think he's not listening, He is. He always is. Since renewing my faith (we all get lost sometimes), I have been led in the right direction and know He is working for me. Jesus replied, "You don't understand what I am doing now, but someday you will." – John 13:7. Learn to not question why things are happening. Trust in the process. That is what I'm trying to do. I'm trusting that at 36, this is where I am supposed to be. Making differences in other's children until my very own grace this world. No matter what you do, you need to have faith, believe and trust. Without those, you will let fear win.
You, too, will have your prayers answered. Whether it be, hoping to be guided in the right direction about something that has been weighing on your heart, receiving love or being able to give love, or just knowing you are not alone. In time, we will find out what His plan is for us. And until then, we need to be thankful for every morning we wake up and open our eyes, we don't know when it will be our last. Life is short. Live it to the fullest.


text:
Rachel Fenlon
Soprano, Pianist
Originally from Victoria, BC, Berlin-based soprano and pianist Rachel Fenlon is acclaimed for her one-woman Liederabend, with which she tours internationally, singing and accompanying herself on the piano, in music from Schubert to George Crumb, as well as world premières.
Rachel debuted with Pacific Opera Victoria in 2013 as Nannetta in Falstaff, and the following year returned as Queen Guenevere in Camelot in concert. She is a rising operatic soloist and chamber musician and is committed to performing, curating, and commissioning contemporary music.
Recent highlights include numerous one-woman performances in 2019 of George Crumb's Apparition, with CBC Studios, the Fox Cabaret, Vancouver Opera Festival, National SAW Gallery, Bristol Song Recitals, Lotus Lounge Berlin, and Kammermusiktage Ahrenshoop.
Previous self-accompanied engagements, with wide-ranging repertoire, include the Oxford Lieder Festival, the Toronto Summer Music Festival, Gallery 345, the Crear Programme in Scotland, the Vancouver Opera Festival, the Lunenburg Academy, Klassik @StoneBerlin, and Ricasoli Recitals in Milan. Rachel has been developing these self-accompanied programmes since an all-Schubert recital première in 2015.
Upcoming highlights for Rachel include one-woman shows at Settimane Musicali di Ascona, Podium Festival Matadepera, Late Night Liederabend, Vienna, Orania Concerts, Berlin, and the Canadian Music Centre.
Rachel is collaborating as a poet and performer with Canadian composer Matthias McIntire on a song cycle for soprano, piano, and live electronics, which will première in Toronto in 2020. This project was recently awarded a full commissioning grant from the Toronto Arts Council. Rachel is an inaugural member of the collective New Art/New Media, an interdisciplinary collective for Canadian artists, and was sponsored in August 2019 by FAZIOLI and Showcase Pianos for video projects of her self-accompanied Fenlon & Fenlon.
Operatic engagements during 2019/20 include her debut with Deutsche Oper Berlin in the world première of Heart Chamber and solo recitals at Ahrenshoop Festival, the Canadian Music Centre, and Orania Klassik Berlin, featuring repertoire from Messiaen to contemporary composers such as Samy Moussa.
This year, Rachel performed a solo recital of Messiaen's Harawi at Oper Leipzig with pianist Ugo D'Orazio, and was the guest soprano soloist with Impulsia Ensemble, in a Baroque open air concert in Berlin. Rachel is a three-time resident of the Lunenburg Academy, recently returned as the guest soprano premièring several works written for her, and has been re-invited as the guest soloist for summer 2020.
Rachel holds a Master's degree in Opera Performance from the University of British Columbia. She is an alumna of Vancouver Opera's 2012 Yulanda M. Faris Young Artists Program, where she debuted many roles including Zerlina in Don Giovanni, Pamina in The Magic Flute, and Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance. She has appeared as a soloist with both the Victoria and Vancouver Symphonies, and was a young artist at the Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro. Rachel studied singing with Neil Semer, Nancy Hermiston, and Judith Forst.
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Colt AR6951 AR-15 Carbine 9mm 16.1 32+1 MT Semi-Auto Blk Rogers 4-Pos Stock in.
The Colt 9mm Submachine Gun SMG is exceptionally wellsuited for law enforcement organizations requiring a lightweight compact highlyconcealable select fire weapon system for close confrontations. It is constructed with a modular rail system that allows for the easy mounting of ancillary devices fires from a closed bolt has a collapsible buttstock and is easily fieldstripped without the need for any special tools. The straightline construction coupled with the low recoil of 9mm ammunition provides highly accurate fire with less muzzle climb especially in full automatic fire. Less recoil also facilitates ease of training and improves accuracy. The effective range of the Colt AR6951 is 100 meters.


text:
No Freedom to Yell 'Mic check!' in a Crowded Theater?
Posted by Terry Francke, General Counsel | Feb 1, 2012 | Awareness Area: Government, Awareness Area: Politics, Legal Issue: Freedom of Speech, Legal Issue: Freedom to Petition | 0 |
The decision of San Diego District Attorney Bonnie Dumanis not to prosecute a quartet of Occupy hecklers at Mayor Jerry Sanders's State of the City speech recently contrasts with Orange County D.A. Tony Rackauckas's successful prosecution of a group of Muslim students who persistently interrupted a speech by the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. at UC Irvine two years ago. Some Muslims (and others) might assume that the disparate treatment was a matter of simple bigotry, but the more likely explanation is one of small but telling differences.
First, the impact of the San Diego four momentarily interrupted but did not disrupt the Mayor's speech to any serious degree. It was brief and with so few involved in the shouting, could not compete with the dominant public address system in the relatively huge and packed Balboa Theatre. At the Irvine speech, by pre-arrangement, the students arose to make their statements one by one whenever the ambassador resumed his comments; the effect was much more prolonged.
Second, the police reaction in San Diego was legally and politically maladroit. While Rackauckas in Orange County prosecuted the students for misdemeanor conspiracy—an unprecedented move in this context that drew considerable criticism of being overkill, the police in San Diego charged their four culprits with felony conspiracy to disturb the peace. As one observer noted, that was an interesting move in light of misdemeanor conspiracy to obstruct justice charges brought against a San Diego deputy district attorney and a San Diego police officer for allegedly arranging to have the latter fix (actually destroy) a traffic ticket issued against the former.
Third, the California Supreme Court has held that the crime of disrupting a public meeting cannot, under the First Amendment, be applied to heckling a politician making a political speech, whereas it can be used against those who persistently interrupt the kind of governmental or other public meetings where there are fixed expectations of order and decorum. As to the former setting, the court stated:
Audience activities, such as heckling, interrupting, harsh questioning, and booing, even though they may be impolite and discourteous, can nonetheless advance the goals of the First Amendment. For many citizens such participation in public meetings, whether supportive or critical of the speaker, may constitute the only manner in which they can express their views to a large number of people; the Constitution does not require that the effective expression of ideas be restricted to rigid and predetermined patterns.
In re Kay, 1 Cal.3d 930 (1970). But in the latter setting, the court stated:
Under most circumstances, of course, ordinary good taste and decorum would dictate that a person addressing a meeting not be interrupted or otherwise disturbed. The Constitution does not require that any person, however lofty his motives, be permitted to obstruct the convention or continuation of a meeting without regard to the implicit customs and usage or explicit rules governing its conduct. . . The constitutional guarantees of the free exercise of religious opinion, and of the rights of the people peaceably to assemble and petition for a redress of grievances, would be worth little if outsiders could disrupt and prevent such a meeting in disregard of the customs and rules applicable to it.
In re Kay thus would have almost certainly prevented even a misdemeanor prosecution of the San Diego "Mic check" chanters, but it was of little comfort to the Irvine students who clearly were prepared not only to needle or annoy a speaker in an academic setting with settled standards of civility toward guests of the university, but to shut him down altogether.
The Irvine students should not have been prosecuted for conspiracy. They and their organization had already been disciplined by the university to a degree that probably would have been effective to dissuade a repetition. But the fact that the San Diego Occupy party was not prosecuted should not be taken as evidence of unlawful discrimination. One D.A.'s overreaction does not demand repetition by another.
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