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«Че́шская хро́ника» () — первая хроника на латинском языке, в которой была последовательно и относительно полно изложена история Чехии. Написана предположительно в 1119—1125 годах Козьмой Пражским.

В рукопись вошли сведения об исторических событиях в чешской земле с древнейших времён по первую четверть XII в. При этом «Хроника» не ограничивается чешской национальной историографией, раскрывая также вопросы взаимоотношений различных европейских государств в X—XII веках.

Автором хроники был декан капитула собора Святого Вита в Праге Козьма Пражский. Являясь ценным историческим источником, особенно в части, касающейся событий, современником которых был Козьма, «Чешская хроника» во многом задала направление последующего развития чешского летописания. Работу над хроникой летописец вёл до своей смерти в 1125 году. Несмотря на некоторые неточности и яркое выражение собственной позиции автора, высокий для той эпохи научный уровень и важность описанных в ней событий выдвигают Козьму Пражского в число одних из самых значительных летописцев средневековой Европы.

«Чешская хроника» Козьмы Пражского, наряду с «Повестью временных лет» Нестора и «Хроникой и деяниями князей или правителей польских» Галла Анонима, имеет фундаментальное значение для славянской культуры и входит в число важнейших источников по истории Чехии и соседних с ней государств.

Содержание хроники
«Хроника» состоит из трёх книг. В оригинальных списках заглавия и нумерация глав отсутствуют, однако в издании Бретхольца была введена нумерация глав арабскими цифрами.

Первая книга охватывает историю Чехии, начиная с древних времён и до 1038 года. Книга содержит 2 предисловия и 42 главы. Козьма посвятил её канонику Пражского капитула Гервазию. Описание языческого периода в данной книге основано на древних преданиях, которые во время жизни Козьмы ещё сохранялись в народной памяти. Многие из этих сведений легендарны, но в основе некоторых из них лежат исторические факты. Только при описании начала распространения христианства автор начинает использовать письменные источники, часть из которых указана, а часть так и осталась неизвестной.

Книга начинается со всемирного потопа. Далее Козьма приводит легенду о том, что название Чехии связано с именем легендарного праотца Чеха. Затем он описывает легендарную историю Чехии. При этом в «Хронике» отсутствует какая-либо информация о прежних обитателях Чехии, а также информация о прежних местах обитания чехов. Хотя какая-то историческая основа в этих сказаниях присутствует, но в этой части достоверных исторических фактов очень мало. По мнению исследователей, ряд событий и имён выдуман самим автором. Только начиная с 14-й главы (крещения князя Борживоя I) повествование опирается на письменные источники. Заканчивается книга смертью князя Яромира (4 ноября 1038 года).

Вторая книга охватывает период с 1039 до 1092 года и описывает правление чешских князей, начиная с Бржетислава I. Она заканчивается смертью Вратислава II. Книга состоит из предисловия и 51 главы и посвящена Клименту, аббату Бржевновского монастыря. Вторая книга основана на сообщениях очевидцев, а также на личных наблюдениях Козьмы, о чём он сообщает в предисловии. При этом данная книга содержит ряд хронологических и фактических ошибок, а также некоторые умолчания.

Наиболее достоверной и подробной является третья книга, охватывающая период с 1093 до 1125 года. Она состоит из предисловия и 62 глав. Автор является очевидцем описываемых событий, однако при изложении фактов он выражает свою политическую позицию, а также старается избегать критики правителей княжества. Начинается книга описанием правления князя Бржетислава II и заканчивается первым годом правления князя Собеслава I — 1125 годом. В этом году Козьма умер, о чём в конце хроники была сделана последняя запись.

Стиль и язык хроники
«Хроника», как и большинство других европейских хроник того времени, была написана на латыни. Сам автор называл свой язык «сельским», однако, по мнению позднейших исследователей, язык, которым написана хроника, находился на том же уровне, на котором писались большинство произведений того времени. При этом Козьма использует как латинские слова и выражения классического периода, так и термины средневековой латыни. Кроме того, встречаются и греческие слова.

Как и многие другие хронисты того времени, Козьма в своём произведении сохранил традиции античных авторов. По его собственным словам, он относился к «Хронике» как к героическому эпосу. Нередко автор использует мифологические и библейские сюжеты, а также античную поэзию. Иногда он указывает цитируемых авторов, однако чаще цитаты даются без упоминания имён. Для изображения битв используются трафаретные приёмы. В ряде мест Козьма подражает Гомеру, а также чувствуется сильное влияние на автора произведений Гая Саллюстия Криспа, Тита Ливия и Боэция. Вместе с тем, сильно влияние и традиций средневековых хронистов, в первую очередь Регино Прюмского.

Язык, которым написана «Хроника», отличается живостью и выразительностью, несмотря на некоторую риторику. В тексте хроники встречается как прозаический текст, так и рифмованный, для которого используются разные стихотворные формы (чаще всего — гекзаметр). Одним из применяемых Козьмой риторических приёмов «Хроники» является использование прямой речи.

Источники для создания хроники

На момент создания «Чешской хроники» существовали и другие сочинения по истории Чехии. Однако сочинение Козьмы Пражского было первым последовательным и сравнительно полным её изложением.

В предисловии к первой книге Козьма упоминает о том, что «Хроника» была написана во времена правления императора Генриха V (1105—1125), папы Каликста II (1119—1124) и князя Владислава I (1110—1125). На основании этого, первоначально сложилось мнение, что «Хроника» была создана в период между 1119 и 1125 годами. Однако в современной историографии считается, что «Чешская хроника» является итогом многолетнего труда автора, а указание на время правления отражает только период работы над окончательной редакцией, которую прервала только смерть автора в 1125 году.

Поскольку Козьма Пражский получил хорошее образование, он был знаком с классической литературой, западноевропейскими хрониками, чешскими и польскими анналами. Для событий X—XI веков основными источниками послужили жития различных святых, а также Пражские и Краковские анналы. Кроме того, он использовал различные документы из архива Пражского епископства, поскольку он занимал достаточно высокое положение в Пражской церкви и имел к ним доступ. В число этих документов входили папские буллы, императорские грамоты, списки епископов, а также некрологи, содержавшие даты смерти князей и членов их семей. Часть этих документов сейчас утрачена.

Среди упомянутых самим Козьмой источников можно отметить следующие:
 привилегии Моравской церкви: по мнению исследователя В. Регеля, имеется в виду грамота моравского архиепископа, датированная 880 годом;
 эпилог Моравии и Чехии: не установлено, какой источник имеется в виду;
 «Житие святого Вацлава»: по мнению исследователей, имеется в виду «Crescente fide», которое было опубликовано в «Fontes rerum Bohemicarum», T. I. Praha, 1873, str. 183—190.

Среди других источников следует отметить не сохранившиеся древние Пражские анналы, «Список епископов Пражской церкви» и некрологи собора св. Вита. Также Козьма использовал известия из «Хроники» Регино Прюмского, хотя нигде и не упоминает данный источник. При этом некоторые исследователи, вслед за И. Лозертом, обвиняли Козьму в плагиате из произведения Регино, однако после исследований Душана Тржештика мнение о плагиате было опровергнуто.

Достоверность данных хроники

Большинство исследователей «Хроники» отмечали, что Козьма Пражский был добросовестным летописцем. Этим он отличается от некоторых позднейших хронистов. Своей целью при написании «Хроники» Козьма видел воссоздание славного прошлого чешского народа. Для этого он старался отбирать наиболее достоверные факты. При этом он, в большинстве случаев, всегда указывал, где он использовал народные предания, а где — исторические источники (на которые он периодически ссылается) или «рассказы свидетелей, достойных доверия». Кроме того, автор строго разделяет историю Чехии — до и после введения христианства. Для дохристианской Чехии Козьма Пражский не стал датировать события, даты появляются только начиная с правления князя Борживоя I.

При всех своих достоинствах, «Хроника» в некоторых местах содержит ошибки и неточности. Описывая некоторые события (по большей части при освещении «мифологического периода»), автор отходит от своих принципов. По мнению позднейших исследователей, некоторые легенды были выдуманы самим Козьмой. Кроме того, при изложении событий исторического периода иногда присутствуют ошибки в хронологии, причём даты «Хроники» иногда расходятся с датами анналов, которые использовались самим Козьмой. В первую очередь, это касается истории Пражского епископства, которое было основано князем Болеславом I Грозным. Козьма сам упоминает о том, что папа Иоанн XIII даровал грамоту об основании епископства во время правления Болеслава. Однако Козьма не скрывает своего отрицательного отношения к Болеславу I, который был убийцей своего брата, святого Вацлава. И, поскольку в использованных Козьмой анналах был указан неправильный год смерти Болеслава I (967, а не 972 год), автор «Чешской хроники» отнёс основание епископства к периоду правления Болеслава II Благочестивого, сына Болеслава I, произвольно указав 967 год как дату выбора первого епископа. В действительности, первый епископ Детмар был утверждён в 973 (по другой версии в 975) году. Существуют и другие неточности в хронологии.

Кроме того, в ряде случаев Козьма Пражский не был беспристрастен. Так, в «Хронике» отсутствуют упоминания о Сазавском монастыре, в котором проводились славянские литургии. Козьма, который был ярым католиком, отрицательно относился к «схизматикам». Также в «Хронике» полностью отсутствуют упоминания о польском князе Болеславе I Храбром. Образы многих правителей Чехии искажены. Кроме упомянутого выше Болеслава Грозного, сильно чувствуется неприязнь хрониста к князю Вратиславу II. Также в «Хронике» опущены военные успехи князя в 1074—1081 годах и не сообщается о его смерти. Эта неприязнь имеет несколько причин. Козьма был сторонником пражского епископа Яромира, который серьёзно враждовал с Вратиславом. Кроме того, Козьма считал Вратислава приверженцем сазавских схизматиков. Ещё одной причиной было то, что Вышеградский капитул, основанный Вратиславом, был серьёзным конкурентом Святовитского капитула, к которому принадлежал сам Козьма. Для обоснования своих взглядов Козьма приводит поддельную папскую грамоту о запрете славянского богослужения.

Во многом все неточности и ошибки «Чешской хроники» связаны с тем, что Козьма выступал защитником интересов пражского капитула. При этом он был поборником сильной княжеской власти и сторонником независимости чехов. Эта позиция нашла отражение в хронике, когда автор выступает против феодальных междоусобиц. Кроме того, из текста видно, что Козьма наиболее симпатизирует тем правителям, которые укрепляли христианство и занимались борьбой с язычеством. Вместе с тем, следует учитывать то, что автор опасался говорить правду о правителях Чехии, о чём сообщает прямо. Особенно сильно виден субъективизм автора в третьей книге.

Однако в целом «Хроника» является ценным историческим источником, причём не только по истории Чехии, но также по истории ряда соседних государств (Германии, Польши, Венгрии). При этом многие её сведения уникальны. «Хроника» Козьма Пражского, наряду с «Повестью временных лет» Нестора и «Хроникой и деяниями князей или правителей польских» Галла Анонима, имеет фундаментальное значение для славянской культуры и входит в число важнейших источников по истории Чехии и соседних с ней государств.

Исследования хроники

Рукописные списки «Чешской хроники»

Оригинал «Чешской хроники» не сохранился, в 1923 году Б. Бретхольц на базе сопоставительного исследования 15 списков составил классификацию списков, разделил их на три группы: A, B и C. Впоследствии были обнаружены некоторые отрывки и фрагменты, не учтённые в этой классификации. В дальнейшем точность деления на три группы подвергалась критике со стороны Марии Войцеховской, однако полноценная замена не была предложена. После Второй мировой войны Лейпцигский и Дрезденский списки длительное время считались утраченными, в настоящее время оба списка найдены, хотя Дрезденский список критически повреждён пожаром. Страсбургский список полностью утрачен в результате пожара в 1870 году. Стокгольмский и Будишинский списки в оцифрованном виде общедоступны.

История исследований

В XII—XIII веках сведения из «Хроники» Козьмы Пражского часто заимствовались другими хронистами. Начиная с XIV века, хронисты пытались дополнять и интерпретировать сведения «Хроники» в соответствии со своими политическими взглядами. Однако при этом, на протяжении всего средневековья, «Хроника» Козьмы считалась основным источником по древней истории Чехии, а сведения из неё использовались без всякой критики.

Ситуация изменилась в конце XVIII века, в связи с выявлением многочисленных фальсификаций в «Хронике» Вацлава Гаека. Поскольку одним из источников для работы Гаека была «Хроника» Козьмы Пражского, то критическому анализу подверглась и она. Первым автором критического анализа «Хроники» стал Геласий Добнер, который отметил рациональное историческое ядро произведения. В дальнейшем Й. Пубичка, Франтишек Пельцель и Йозеф Добровский, видные чешские исследователи конца XVIII — начала XIX века, систематизировали сведения о Козьме Пражском, а также на основании различных списков создали единую редакцию «Хроники», которая была издана Ф. Пельцелем и И. Добровским. В XIX веке «Хроника» подробно исследовалась Ф. Палацким и В. Томеком. Палацкий первым указал на то, что в тексте «Хроники» присутствуют позднейшие интерполяции. Кроме того, он высоко оценил творчество Козьмы, показав его роль как основателя чешского летописания. Также Палацкий отметил, что «Хроника» имеет важное значение для того, чтобы воссоздать раннюю историю Чехии.

В работах ряда германских исследователей конца XIX — начала XX веков прослеживалась нигилистическая тенденция. Так, А. Дюмлер и В. Ватенбах считали «Хронику» не очень достоверным источником. Крайней позицией здесь стала работа историка И. Лозерта, который отрицал историческое значение «Хроники» Козьмы и обвинял его в фальсификации истории и плагиате. Однако эту позицию подверг критике другой германский исследователь, Бертольд Бретхольц, который пришёл к выводу о том, что заимствования Козьмы отражают большую эрудицию автора и являются широко распространённым среди хронистов того времени приёмом.

В XX веке исследованиями «Хроники» занимался чешский историк В. Новотный, который в своей работе «Чешская история» подробно рассмотрел «Хронику» Козьмы Пражского, попытавшись увязать её материал с основными моментами развития чешского государства в раннем средневековье. Также он привёл обширную библиографию работ, связанных с исследованием как «Хроники», так и её автора. Позднее исследованиями «Хроники» занимались чешские историки Ф. Граус, 3. Неедлы и Душан Тржештик, а также польские историки Б. Кшеменьская и М. Войцеховская. Из работ русской дореволюционной историографии большое значение имеет работа Василия Регеля.

Издания «Чешской хроники» на латыни и переводы
Первое издание «Хроники» на латыни было предпринято в 1602 году в Ганновере историком Марквардом Фреером, который на основании Страсбургского списка издал первую книгу сочинения Козьмы Пражского. В 1607 году Фреер выпустил второе издание хроники. В его основу был положен уже Стокгольмский список. Кроме того, в него вошли уже все три книги, однако в этом издании были ошибки, а также искажены имена собственные. В 1620 году второе издание «Хроники» Фреера было переиздано, отличаясь от него только титульным листом.

Следующее издание «Хроники» предпринял в 1728 году профессор Лейпцигского университета Иоганн Бурхард Менке, который включил её в состав «Scriptores rerum Germanicarum». За основу было взято второе издание Фреера, кроме того, были добавлены комментарии профессора К. Шварца.

В 1783 году чешские исследователи Франтишек Мартин Пельцель и Йозеф Добровский выпустили новое издание «Хроники». В данном издании, на основании шести известных в то время списков, была создана единая редакция «Хроники». За основу был взят Капитульный список. Для своего времени издание считалось образцовым.

Следующее издание в середине XIX века предпринял Рудольф Кёпке, включивший «Хронику» в состав «Monumenta Germaniae Historica». В этом издании уже было использовано 13 списков «Хроники», а за основу был положен Будишский список. Кроме того, в издании были обширные примечания, а также была добавлена вводная статья о Козьме Пражском и его произведении.

В 1854 году французский аббат Жак Поль Минь включил «Хронику» в состав первой части «Латинской патрологии» () — «Patrologiae cursus completus». Данное издание было перепечаткой издания Кёпке, при этом были допущены текстологические ошибки.

В 1854 году новое издание предпринял чешский историк Йосеф Эмлер. За основу было взято издание Кёпке, однако Эмлер использовал ещё шесть новых списков (Капитульный, Бржевновский, Роудницкий, Фюрстспбергский, Брпенский, Карловский). Кроме того, в издании были обширные примечания и вводная статья, в которой была дана характеристика всех использованных списков, а также была предпринята попытка интерпретировать различные события и даты «Хроники» по вопросам биографии Козьмы Пражского. При этом в издании впервые содержался перевод «Хроники» на чешский язык, выполненный К. Томеком.

В 1923 году новое издание «Хроники» в составе «Monumenta Germaniae Historica» предпринял Бертольд Бретхольц. В его основу был положен Будишский список. По сравнению с предыдущими изданиями был использован ещё и Брненский список. Особенностью данного издания было то, что Бретхольц в вводной статье привёл полную характеристику всех рукописных списков. Также он достаточно подробно осветил биографию Козьмы Пражского и дал характеристику литературных особенностей «Хроники». Кроме того, в издании приведены обширные текстологические комментарии, в которых представлены различные мнения по достоверности дат и разных моментов «Хроники». Данное издание долго считалось лучшим изданием «Хроники», однако в 1957 году польский исследователь М. Войцеховская провела новое сопоставление сохранившихся списков «Хроники» и подвергла издание Бретхольца серьёзной критике. В 1995 году это издание «Хроники» было переиздано в «Monumenta Germaniae Historica».

Кроме изданий «Хроники» на латыни, существуют её переводы на немецком, чешском, английском, польском и русском языках. На чешском языке первый перевод выполнил К. Томек для издания хроники Эмлером. Существуют ещё несколько переводов на чешский язык. Для изданий 1929 и 1947 годов перевод выполнил К. Грдина. Перевод 1947 года неоднократно переиздавался, редакторами были Мария Благова и Магдалена Моравова. Последнее издание вышло в 2011 году.

На русский язык хроника впервые была переведена в 1962 году в издательстве Академии наук СССР. За основу было взято издание Бретхольца. Перевод выполнил Генрих Санчук.

Публикации хроники
 На латыни

 На чешском

 На польском

 На немецком

 На английском

 На русском
 Козьма Пражский. Чешская хроника / Пер. и комм. Г. Э. Санчука. — М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1962. — 296 с. — (Памятники средневековой истории народов Центральной и Восточной Европы).
 Козьма Пражский. Чешская хроника // Козьма Пражский, Галл Аноним. Чешская хроника. Хроника и деяния князей, или правителей польских / Под ред. А. И. Цепкова. — Рязань: Александрия, 2009. — С. 9—248. — (Источники истории). — ISBN 978-5-94460-082-0.
 Козьма Пражский и продолжатели. Чешские хроники / Пер. с лат. и комм. И. В. Дьяконова, Г. Э. Санчука. — М.: Русская панорама, 2021. — 544. — (MEDIAEVALIA: средневековые литературные памятники и источники). — ISBN 978-5-93165-467-6.
 Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmos von Prag. Hrsg. von Berthold Bretholz // Monumenta Germaniae Historica. — Тomus II. — Berlin, 1923. — (Scriptores rerum Germanicarum. Nova series). — xcviii, 296 p.

Влияние хроники на чешскую историографию
«Хроника», законченная в 1125 году, получила широкую известность в Чехии. Она не раз переписывалась, а некоторые хронисты её продолжали. Так, пражский каноник Гервазий, друг и соратник Козьмы, дополнил «Хронику» вставками из Пражских, Краковских и Мецских анналов. Кроме того, он сделал литературную обработку «Хроники». Хроника дополнялась и в разных монастырях. Известны дополненные хроники Сазавского монастыря (доведена до 1162 года, кроме того, с 932 года были сделаны дополнения из истории Сазавского и Бржевновского монастырей на основе некрологов, анналов и актов этих монастырей), а также Вышеградского монастыря (доведена до 1142 года). Эти авторы известны в историографии как «первые продолжатели Козьмы».

Существуют также продолжения, доводящие изложение чешской истории до 1283 года. Наиболее обстоятельными были дополнения, сделанные пражским каноником  (доведена до 1167 года) и аббатом Милевского монастыря  (доведена до 1198 года, однако сохранилась только частично). Кроме того, есть цикл хроник, написанных анонимными авторами, которые имеют вид анналов, а также содержат подробные описания сюжетов. Эти сочинения являются разрозненными и не представляют собой единого целого, однако в них чувствуется сильное влияние творчества Козьмы Пражского. Этот цикл хроник, авторами которого, судя по всему, были представители пражского духовенства, в историографии называют «Вторыми продолжателями Козьмы».

Кроме продолжений, существовали хроники, написанные в подражание «Хронике» Козьмы Пражского. В них использовались сведения из сочинений Козьмы и его продолжателей. Одной из таких хроник была «», составленная в начале XIV века Петром Житавским. Её стиль во многом повторяет стиль «Хроники» Козьмы Пражского. Также на «Хронике» Козьмы Пражского основана созданная в начале XIV века рифмованная «Далимилова хроника» (доведена до 1310 года) — первое историческое повествование, которое было написано на чешском языке. В середине XV века была создана «Хроника» Франтишека Пражского (охватывает период от начала правления Вацлава I и до 1316 года), первые главы которой были основаны на «Вторых продолжателях Козьмы». Также «Хроника» Козьмы Пражского до 1125 года использовалась в «Хронике» Пршибика Пулкавы из Раденина, охватывающей события «от начала земли чешской» до периода правления короля Яна Слепого. При этом Пришибик Пулкава исправил некоторые ошибки Козьмы. Влияние Козьмы Пражского ощущается и ещё в двух хрониках XIV века: «Чешской хронике» флорентийца Джованни Мариньола, жившего некоторое время при дворе императора Карла IV (доведена до 1283 года), и «Хронике» Неплаха, аббата бенедиктинского монастыря в .

В XV веке популярность «Хроники» Козьмы Пражского снизилась. Во многом это было связано с Гуситскими войнами — Козьма был католическим священником, и сведения, сообщаемые им, были неприемлемы для сторонников преобразования церкви. Однако некоторые хронисты заимствовали сведения из «Хроники» Козьмы непосредственно или через заимствования «Хроники» Пулкавы (примером может служить «Хроника об основании чешской земли и первых её обывателях» Мартина Кутен из Шпринсберка). Также некоторые сведения из «Хроники» Козьмы заимствовал Вацлав Гаек из Либочан в своей «Чешской хронике», но в его работе было много фальсификаций истории, которые были разоблачены в XVIII веке. Одновременно ревизии подверглись и некоторые сведения из «Хроники» Козьмы Пражского.

См. также
 Вышеградское Продолжение «Чешской Хроники» Козьмы Пражского
 Сазавское Продолжение «Чешской Хроники» Козьмы Пражского
 Продолжение «Чешской Хроники» Козьмы Пражского пражских каноников

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

 Русский перевод «Чешской хроники» на сайте «Восточная литература»:

Чешские хроники
Рукописи XII века
Литература на латинском языке
Источники по истории Европы

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Breakfast is served at 07:30 most days for volunteer help that may be passing though. Coffee break at 10:30 by the meat shop, with a sweet to keep you till lunch. Lunch is at 12:00 noon for all working anywhere on the farm that wants to join us. You never know who you may see at the lunch table any day. Coffee break is around 4:00 at the main house and consists of ice coffee most of the summer and cookies. Supper is free range. Anything you may want, when you want from the kitchen. Bed time when the day is over and up again in the morning to start over.
The jobs are many and varied, depending on the season and weather. As farmers you must be handy at most things, to keep everything up and running your around. If you are passing through and stop to buy a pack of jerky or some steaks from the meat shop www.rainercustomcutting.com, be sure to say hi.
I am so grateful to have the Rainers as neighbours. Because of them my daughter has gotten to experience farm life first hand. Knowing where her food comes from and the hard work it takes planting, and weeding a garden, and the joy of picking and eating a carrot freshly pulled is priceless. Learning to care for animals and developing patience while leading a new calf or getting splashed with milk while bucket feeding is a good traded off for the best molasses cookies and fresh milk in the world. We love the farm and Karl and Debbie.


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Government Medical College, formerly known as Glancy Medical College, was established in 1864 in Lahore, British India and located to Amritsar, India in 1920.

History
In, 1947 India became a separate nation and was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Punjab was divided into East Punjab(India) and West Punjab (Pakistan). During this time GMCA was the only medical college present in Northern India. The college's original name Glancy Medical College was named after the former Governor General of Punjab and was renamed to its current name after independence.

The college is governed by Director Research and Medical Education, Punjab and is affiliated to Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot.

Campus

The college is on the Circular Road and Majitha Road in the holy city of Amritsar and provides training to 250 medical students every year. Besides it also trains post-graduate students in many specialties. The college also provides the B.Sc nursing degree to students for overall welfare of the medical field along with doctorate degrees.

A 9 Storey Bebe Nanki Mother & Child Care Centre and the Guru Teg Bahadur Diagnostic & Superspeciality Complex have been built and attached to the college in the year 2012 with partial funding from Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY).

Two separate complexes for the College of Nursing and the Swami Vivekananda Drug Deaddiction Centre have also been attached to the college.

The Ram Saran Das Prakash Wati Kakkar Children ward, Karam Singh Ward, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital and Sant Ram Dhall Hospital are no longer parts of Medical College as the land housing these Hospitals has been relocated to other institutes or sold. The departments housed in these hospitals have been shifted to Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, the Bebe Nanki Mother & Child Centre and the Guru Teg Bahadur Diagnostic and Super-specialty Complex.

Affiliated hospitals
 Guru Nanak Dev Hospital
 Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
 Bebe Nanaki Centre for Mother & Child Care
 SGTB Trauma Center
 Ram Lal Eye and ENT Hospital
 TB & Chest Diseases Hospital
 Swami Vivekananda Deaddiction Center

External links
 Official GMC, Amritsar Webpage
 Amritsar Medical & Dental Alumni Association of North America
 Amritsar Medical College Alumni Association (India)

Medical colleges in Punjab, India
Education in Amritsar
Science and technology in Amritsar
Educational institutions established in 1864
1864 establishments in India


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Israeli Court Rejects Hunger Striker's Appeal to Uncuff Him From Hospital Bed
Set to be released after sitting in jail for 14 years, Bilal Kayed was issued with an administrative detention order.
Almog Ben Zikri
Aug. 13, 2016 Updated: Apr. 10, 2018
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Bilal Kayed, of the West Bank town of Asira al-Shamaliya, was arrested in 2002 at the height of the second intifada.Credit: Courtesy
An Israeli court rejected on Thursday an appeal by Palestinian administrative detainee Bilal Kayed, who has been on a hunger strike for the past two months, and determined that he will remain cuffed to his hospital bed.
This Palestinian served out his 14.5-year sentence. Why is he still in Israeli jail?
Number of Palestinians detained in Israel without trial sees sharp rise
What a Palestinian parliament member learned in an Israeli prison
The court also rejected Kayed appeal to be examined by an independent doctor of his choosing. Kayed was placed under administrative detention immediately upon being released from Israeli jail after completing a prison sentence of 14 years, leading him to begin his hunger strike.
Be'er Sheva District Court Judge Aharon Mishnayot accepted the Prison Service's position that Kayed is cuffed to his bed at Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon for fear that he will escape or be abducted.
"I was convinced that the appellant's dangerousness, as well as the fact the he is hospitalized at a civilian hospital together with other patients without any of the security perimeters that exist in prisons, justify taking strict security measures, including certain cuffing," the judge wrote. "Upon finding that the appellant's appeal was made on a detailed and well-reasoned decision and while taking into account as much as possible the appellant's dignity and the medical treatment that he is receiving, I didn't see room for court involvement in this case."
As for Kayed's appeal to be examined by a doctor of his choosing in addition to the hospital's doctor, the judge ruled that the care provided by the team at the hospital, alongside frequent visits from Red Cross teams, are sufficient. "It's difficult to let go of the impression that the basis of the appeal is not sincere concern for the appellant's health, but an ulterior motive that isn't deserving of the court's aid," he wrote.
The Physicians for Human Rights organization that represented Kayed in his appeal said that it would appeal the decision to the High Court of Justice.
"In every hunger strike, we see how the state, with all of its systems, eats away more and more at the basic rights of the hunger strikers, who are administrative detainees who sometimes don't even know what they were detained for," said attorney Ola Shtiwi of Physicians for Human Rights. "In the last ruling, which is precedential and dangerous, Judge Mishnayot rules in contradiction to existing legislation and rulings, and is preventing the detainee from receiving expert medical consultation, consultation that previous hunger strikers received and which is the right given to any patient under the patient's rights law."
Regarding the decision to keep Kayed cuffed to the bed, his attorney said that the Prison Service's claims of him escaping are false, considering his medical condition and the presence of three guards and other security measures.
"The absurd claims for cuffing reveal the simple truth that the Prison Service's aim in cuffing Bilal is to break the spirit of the hunger striker. The court, unfortunately, seems to have chosen to cooperate with turning medicine into a tool in this game."
Kayed, 35, from the village of Asira al-Shamaliya north of Nablus, was arrested in 2002, during the Second Intifada, for his membership in the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. He was sentenced to 14-and-a-half years in prison for a string of security offenses, including terror attacks and attempted attacks. Hours before he was set to be released, he was issued with an administrative detention order for six months based on confidential material.
Palestinian hunger strike

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Television is no doubt still the best way to entertain us in India here. As a true Indian I also enjoy watching television and at times whenever I get time, I do watch some shows also. Last month some really good shows have kicked on various television channels. If you are looking forward to start watching a new show than this blog post is definitely for you.
Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai - This show is being aired on &TV and was started from 7th March. Story is of two sisters who got distant from each other with passage of time. Although show writers or any one hasn't stated that. But my feeling is that this show seems to be inspired from lives of Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhonsle. Show has the powerful star cast Pallavi Joshi, Amrita Rao, Aditi Vasudev, Deepti Naval and Zareena Wahab.
Dehleez - This show is being aired on Star Plus and was started from 14th March, 2016. Lot of radio promotions, mall promotions were done for this show. This is a love story amidst of court room drama, legal battles. If you are fond of love stories then do watch this show.
Ek Duje Ke Vaaste - A show with a predictable story line is being aired on Sony TV from 29th February, 2016. Story of show doesn't seem to be any new but still it has hold to it. At times you enjoy the clashes, fights, romance in the show. Another love story for you guys.
Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - This is another love story which is being aired on Sony TV and was started from 29th Feb. Story is about inner clashes mind and heart. The couple in this show have their relationship based on their inner battles. How they decide to go about their relationship with their inner battles. It is definitely an interesting show.
Not very keen on TV serials but 'meri awaaz hi pehchaan hai' might interest many viewers.


Back in early July, Microsoft released the first beta for its first major maintenance update for Windows 7 called Service Pack 1. To be honest, major is kind of a loaded word since there is not much to see on the client side of things. What you should expect is a collection of all updates that have been released for Windows 7 since the OS went to manufacturing July 22nd 2009. I decided to try out the RC to see what's new, but there wasn't really anything new at all, I did notice that the installation took longer than the beta, approximately 2 hours. The offline installer was used for the installation, since my Internet connection is unreliable and I have a few machines to update, if I need to reinstall Windows 7 RTM for some unknown reason, I don't have to download every single update for the machine. I have managed to work around even such a situation by keeping recent in tip-top shape system images of my system to avoid doing such as thing. System Imaging is now included in all editions of Windows 7 and I find it very handy and convenient.
Nothing of significance, the setup screen displays a 2011 Copyright instead of 2010 in the initial beta and as I noted early, it takes much longer to install, based on my experience on this particular system. The update was applied to a production Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit RTM system last updated in June of 2010. One welcome change that has been introduced is the SP no longer require that I remove Microsoft Security Essentials before proceeding with installation.
After the installation is complete, your computer will go through a series of restarts and that's it! My applications and devices are functioning just fine so expect a smooth experience, although its still pre-release software, so if you discover an issue, definitely send it in. If you are using Windows Server 2008 R2 though, which is Microsoft's Network Operating system, you will see significant new features and functionality such as a Dynamic Memory Manager and Remote FX. Microsoft has not provided any information about when the final release will be available but rumor say it should be here in Q1 2011, but I would like to implore again, a lot of what you will see in SP1 is already available to you through Windows Update. Windows 7 RTM today is a great release, so if you have not upgraded to it, its definitely the right time.
A couple weeks ago Microsoft released a healthy dose of updates for our Windows systems. Not everyone will welcome this with joy, since Windows Updates, although a very important part of your PC health, can interrupt your workflow when you least expect it. With the release of Windows Vista, Microsoft introduced major changes to its servicing and maintenance infrastructure. Windows XP and prior versions of Windows utilized the Windows Update Service page to manage and download the latest updates. Although updates can be downloaded automatically without any intervention since it is automatically set to do so, you might prefer to do so at a time more convenient for you.
In Windows 7, there are some small improvements, mostly visual, the main Windows Update page displays a large banner with quick information such as the amount of available and optional updates, in addition to information such as the total size of the updates. Updates can be reviewed and downloaded immediately. One of the nice features of Windows Update is, it now allows you to set any user privilege to download updates without the need for Administrator rights. If you are still running Windows Vista, you can also benefit from the new Windows Update experience, the Microsoft Update Team enabled support for Windows 7's predecessor as you can see in the above screenshot.
Windows Update is more organized and easier to navigate compared to the previous iteration, in Windows XP, you could only view updates through the web browser. You can view updates offline, updates are better organized too, for instance, updates are categorized whether it be an update that protects your computer from a vulnerability, adds stability, while Optional Updates provide features that are not necessarily needed, but can add functionality. Microsoft has added a Details Pane on the right of the Windows Update Explorer. When you click on an update it provides a description of the update such as the associated application or component with links to additional information.
As I noted earlier, installing updates can happen at the most inopportune time. For instance, you might leave your PC on overnight for whatever reason, whether you are downloading something or you are running a mission critical program. Windows Update by default does not realize this although Microsoft has refined the behaviour since the release of Vista with a Windows Update Notification dialog that gives you the option of delaying a restart needed to configure updates. This is of course is only when you are wide awake in front of your PC.
Select the option, Download updates, but let me choose when to install them.
Side note for users running Windows XP, you can also do this by clicking Start, right click Computer > click Properties > Automatic Updates (tab).
– Download and install the update manually – Although you can download Windows Updates through the Updates explorer they can also be obtained from http://www.microsoft.com/downloads All you need is the KB number and a simple search of the site, download the update and install manually.
– Disable your Antivirus utility temporarily – Certain Antivirus utilities are very sensitive and are designed to detect the slightest changes that are being made to the system, whether its updating system files or making changes to the Windows Security configuration. The Antivirus might think it is doing the right thing by preventing that update from going any further. So, disabling it temporarily while the updates are installing is always recommended, but always remember to re-enable after doing so.
– Make sure your date and time are correct – This is another gotcha for users, your date and time might be incorrect, which could be why you are not seeing the latest updates or why they are refusing to install correctly. Make sure your date and time are correct. You should also check the BIOS to make sure it is generating correct date and time. If it is not doing that every time you start your computer, it means the CMOS battery is dying or defective and needs to be replaced. You can do yourself, its quick and easy and the chip cost about US $1. If you are not comfortable doing it yourself, take your computer to a PC Servicing shop and let them do it for you.
Tip: Save the download to your desktop then run the installer. Follow all prompts.
2. Reboot, if not prompted to do so.
How can I tell if my computer is up to date?
Scroll down and look for the update that is causing problems, select it, right click it and then click Uninstall and Restart your system.
If you know that this update is problematic and your system functions just fine without it, you can hide the update, open the Windows Updates Explorer. Select the update that is listed, right click it and click the Hide menu. From now on, the update will not appear any more or install with other updates. If you believe that this is an update you might need to install, but you discover that it is problematic, well, it depends, if its a driver for instance, that means its provided by a third party, such as a video driver update or an update for your wireless adapter. My suggestion is to check the manufacturers website and download the latest driver from there or consult the developers support options to find out what is the best measure you should take in regards to updating that particular driver.
Open Control Panel, in the View By menu (top/right) select one of the icon views.
Click Troubleshooting. On the bottom of the screen, under System and Security, select the Fix problems with Windows Update troubleshooter. Follow the instructions.
You can also check the information in the following article.
Also, try reviewing the Windows Updates and install them in batches. For example, if you see 35 updates are available for download, don't download and install all 35 updates one time. Look at the smallest updates that range in KB's and install those first then restart your system. Do another 5, avoid hardware updates first along with .NET Framework updates, I notice these can affect how long updates take to install and configure on shutdown.
If Windows Update problems continue to persist, then its time to get your hands dirty.
a. Click Start, click Run, type %systemroot%, and then click OK.
Create a new folder called "SoftwareDistribution"
Restart your system and try updating your system again.
You can now Pin Hotmail on your Windows 7 Taskbar!
Last month Microsoft launched the innovative next generation version of its popular browser, Internet Explorer 9. One of the major highlights is the app centric experience IE 9 introduces. This makes it easy to access your favorite websites in Windows much easier while also providing unique co-branded experiences. The Windows Live Team are updating their various web properties and services to take advantage of all of Internet Explorer 9's cool features.
Windows Live Hotmail wave 4 now lets you not only pin to the Taskbar, but quickly access aspects of the service through a Windows 7 Jumplist. Tasks you can access include your Windows Live Home Page, Inbox, Calendar, Contacts and Send Mail.
Just as a reminder, if you don't know how to create a pin icon, simply hold down your left mouse button the icon for the URL in the Address Bar. Then drag it to the Windows 7 Taskbar.
I read/watched an interesting blog entry by Ben Rudolf of the Windows Team Blog about an option customers have at the Microsoft Store to have their PC's customized and optimized with Windows 7 and just the essentials installed called the Microsoft Signature. One of the things I have noticed over the past 3 years is the cut down of trialware that is included with most new PC purchases. A Dell Inspiron a friend received for back to school, included a small bundle of programs most users out of the box can immediately take advantage of. To get your PC configured this way, it must be purchased from the Microsoft Store, if you purchase your computer from another retailer, you will need to take it into your nearest Microsoft Store and have them configure it for you. One of things users don't like about OEM Windows installations is the trialware is often integrated with the recovery media, so even if you attempt to do a clean install, you are basically going to reinstall the same programs you are trying to remove.
…you can get Microsoft Signature on any PC purchased from the Microsoft Store. But what if you buy a PC somewhere else, but want the Signature Experience? That's where the other half of Signature – Microsoft Signature Upgrade – comes in to play. If you live near a store, you can bring in any Windows 7 compatible PC and the Store techs will do a clean install of Windows 7 (you'll need to buy a full retail copy, of course), migrate all of your data, and then apply the Signature configuration to it (i.e., set it up almost exactly like a Microsoft Store-bought PC). It's a great way to make your PC experience even better.
If you don't have the option of visiting a Microsoft store or don't live near one, here is a more cost effective method, create your own Signature Windows 7 PC!
Select the programs you don't want to have installed, then click 'Change/Uninstall' button on the Command Bar and follow the on screen wizard to uninstall it.
Repeat this process for other programs.
Once you have uninstalled the applications you don't need, restart your system.
Run disk clean up on the drive on which Windows 7 is installed.
Recommendation, download all these programs first before you start any installation.
Microsoft Security Essentials > Adobe Flash Player > Microsoft Silverlight > Zune Software > Windows Live Essentials > Adobe Reader.
(Please note, if your computer came with an Antivirus utility installed such as a trial version or you installed one yourself, uninstall it before installing Microsoft Security Essentials to avoid any conflicts.
Restart the machine if prompted. Go ahead and do the backup to the external hard disk. Follow the same procedure, change the name again to something else as to avoid overwriting that signature backup we just created.
There you go, no need to request OEM media and at the same time you are learning how to take charge of your own Windows 7 PC. For some novices or intermediate users, going to the Microsoft store might still be best if you are not comfortable with these suggestions I provided. The beauty of the Windows ecosystem is, you might just know a trusted family or friend that can guide you through this process.


Thurston Kitchen and Bath - Discover a Kitchen that is Uniquely Yours, Uniquely You.
Discover a kitchen that is uniquely yours, uniquely you.
Thurston Kitchen + Bath Denver is Moving to a New Location!!
Thurston Kitchen + Bath, a fixture in Colorado kitchen and bath design for 40 years, announces the acquisition of Kitchens at the Denver located at 761 Kalamath Street, in Denver, Colorado. "We are proud and excited to be adding Kitchens at the Denver to our Thurston Kitchen + Bath group of kitchen design showrooms throughout Colorado", said Mac McDonald, President of Thurston, Inc. headquartered in Aspen. McDonald further stated that "Kitchens at the Denver will be rebranded to become Thurston Kitchen and Bath - Denver and Thurston's present showroom located at 2920 East 6th Ave will be relocated to our new location on Kalamath Street." The staff at the current Thurston Kitchen + Bath store in Denver will relocate to the new location on Kalamath by April 30, 2017.
All showroom assets, at the present location on East 6th Ave., are for immediate sale. Each represents an excellent value in both style and pricing for clients seeking legendary Thurston design. An extensive renovation is planned for the new Thurston location in its role as the "flagship store" of the brand, which originated in Aspen in 1977. Renovation is planned to be complete by June 30, 2017.
No two Thurston Luxury kitchens are the same.
Each one shines with a warmth and personality all its own.
Once the process of creating your new kitchen begins, you'll appreciate the great communication we maintain with you before, during and after its completion. Watching your new kitchen or bath come to life will be a pleasure, because the journey is just as important as the destination.


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Q: How to calculate packet loss rate with scapy? I'm trying to calculate packet loss rate from youtube when a video is running.
I sniff packets one by one by Scapy, on eth0 and filter TCP packets with IP header.
To calculate packet loss rate, I should have a number of received packets and a number of sent packets (or excepted packets).
I can easily calculate the number of received packets, but I have a problem with sent packets from youtube.

A: I recommend you to try this:
Prepare simulated traffic with low, medium and high traffic. Sicen you will generate traffic you will know in advance total packets that will be sent.
1) First Capture all the traffic with tcpdump.
2) Second Capture all the traffic with scapy (avoid save packets to disk with python).
You will see the following:

*

*Low traffic 25% packet loss with scapy.

*Medium traffic 67% packet loss with scapy.

*High traffic 89%! packet loss with scape.

Source of data: Computer Security – ESORICS 2011: 16th European Symposium on Research computer security.
I tried my self and I got same results.
Without libpcap enabled scapy packet loss was 96%.
Remeber tcpdump is almost the perfect case to compare to.

A: It is a bit more complicated than that, you need to look at retransmissions (packets not acknowledged within their timeout limit).
You cannot see packets from the other side that were lost before they reached you. What you could do is look at the TCP sequence number and see if there are any gaps where you receive packets out of order.
This could be an indication of packet loss but is no guarantee. You may have to do some experimenting with the time limit of how much gap between two packets to allow before counting it as a retransmission and not just out of order arrival for other reasons.
I recommend reading as much as you can about the TCP protocol to understand the details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol

A: After more google search I found an article from the Cisco that explained how to approximate packet loss rate base on the bandwidth.
This is the link, that helps me I hope that can help you too.
Bandwidth, Packets Per Second, and Other Network Performance Metrics
Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Carlos Carbonell Pascual é o Treinador Nacional de Judô de Malta atual. Ele foi o primeiro treinador de judô espanhol a estar sendo responsável por equipe de Judô de outro país (a Malta) e também o primeiro treinador espanhol a ser concedido como um Treinador de Judô (Nível 5).

Biografia
Carlos Carbonell nasceu no Alcoy (a Espanha) no dia 14 de Dezembro de 1976. Filho de José Carbonell Carbonell e Milagros Pascual Doménech. Ele começou a praticar o judô no seu "Colegio San Roque y San Sebastián" em 1984. Em 1987, ele continua praticando o judô no "Club de Judo Alcoy", para melhorar-se neste esporte. Em 1998, ele decide ir estudar o TAFAD no Elche (a Espanha) e ele começa a preparar-se no Club de Judo do campeão Olimpica Miriam Blasco (ele representou este clube durante 3 anos na primeira divisão da Liga Nacional Espanhola). No ano 2000, ele recebe o diploma oficial como Instrutor de Judô do Real Federación Española de Judo. Em 2002, ele decide mover-se ao Reino Unido depois das recomendações do Club de Judo de Miriam Blasco. Eles aconselharam que ele fosse à Universidade do Bath que é a única universidade ao Reino Unido na qual um atleta pode combinar os seus estudos com a prática de judô.

Ele estudou um grau Foundation Degree in Science in Sport (Sports Performance). Ele estudou com campeões mundiais e medalhistas como Kate Howey ou Daniel Lascau bem como com alguns Diretores de Esportes da (EJU) (o presidente russo Vladimir Putin é o Presidente Honorário do EJU).

No fim do 2006, o Secretário Geral do EJU procurava um treinador da equipe de judô do seu país, a Malta, e na Universidade do Bath eles pensaram que Carlos Carbonell foi a pessoa direita para assumir esta posição.

Referências

"Entrenador en Malta", Ciudad de Alcoy (Spain) Newspaper Interview. (January 2008)

"El jurado designa 35 candidatos a los premios Centre d´Esports" Diario Información (Spain) (December 2007)

http://www.diarioinformacion.com/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2272_15_707372__Alcoy-jurado-designa-candidatos-premios-Centre-dEsports-Alcoy

"Su huella se agranda" Ciudad de Alcoy (Spain) Newspaper (October 2007)

"Carlos Carbonell comienza a dejar huella en Malta", Ciudad de Alcoy (Spain) Newspaper (June 2007)

"La selección de Malta de judo que dirige Carbonell logra destacar en Monaco", Diario Información (Spain) (June 2007)

http://www.diarioinformacion.com/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2076_15_641644__Alcoy-seleccion-Malta-judo-dirige-Carbonell-logra-destacar-Monaco

http://www.theindependent.com.mt

"Judo was again Team Malta's main source of inspiration following a second gold medal" "The Times" (Malta), (June 2007)
http://www.timesofmalta.com/core/article.php?id=264161

"Newcomers keen to extend Malta's success in judo", "The Times" (Malta) (May 2007)

"Un alcoyano es el nuevo seleccionador nacional de judo en Malta", Ciudad Alcoy (Spain) Newspaper (January 2007)

"Un alcoyano es seleccionador de judo de Malta" Diario Información (Spain) (January 2007)

http://www.diarioinformacion.com/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=1929_15_593813

Judocas da Espanha


We're all familiar with the charts produced by news events that cause a sudden and massive expansion in volatility, as shown below in this example from my blog archives.
However the majority of the time a news event results in a much less dramatic outcome.
So when a news event turns out to be a bit of a non-event, should we discard it as being insignificant and simply carry on with our prior directional bias?
As seen below on the Euro, news events from last Friday and then again on Monday produced candles which would not be considered significant, when comparing their range (H-L) with prior candle ranges.
While failing to lead to a sudden and dramatic change in environment, both events were still significant. In both cases, the news release still acted to change the sentiment within the market.
On Friday's chart you'll see that the news release acted to halt the downtrend and initiate a sideways trending market. And on Monday the news release initially stalled the downtrend, eventually leading to a reversal to uptrend.
How do I prepare for this potential change of environment?
I use standard opening range breakout theory on the trading timeframe news-event candle. So looking at Monday for an example, my initial bias for continuation of the downtrend is shown in red (below). However I'll also bracket the high and low of the news candle. In the event that price breaks the range low I would likely carry on with my existing bias, seeking pullback entries short. But if price breaks the high of the range I find myself in a conflicting situation; a bearish pre-news bias combined with a bullish post-news range break.
There are no hard and fast rules in this situation.
In the event of a clear and definite break of point A I may immediately reassess the bias as bullish and seek entry opportunity long. However in this example the breakout was weak. Conflicting information requires a period of caution where we stand aside and await clarity. In hindsight, failure of the break at A provided opportunity short, and failure to break the lows at B would have been an exceptional long entry. We don't trade hindsight though, unfortunately! Unless I get exceptional setups, in the event of conflicting post-news bias l prefer to stay on the sidelines until I see some conviction in one direction or the other. In this case, I'll reassess the bias as bullish on the break at point C, with the uptrend providing a nice pullback long at D.
Yeah, it's messy having two potentially conflicting bias. But that's trading. Just stand aside until you get some clarity.
Don't discount the importance of a news event if it produces only minimal impact on price. It can still act to change sentiment within the market. Watch for a range breakout to provide a more immediate assessment of that sentiment and consider whether it supports your prior bias, or warrants a period of caution until the sentiment is more clearly seen.


We used to believe that wrinkles were as certain as death and taxes, but not any more. Botox® Cosmetic, the popular fix for celebrities and everyday people alike, is now accepted as a safe, effective treatment for wrinkles on the forehead, between the eyebrows (frown lines), and in the "crow's feet" areas of the face.
Botox Cosmetic works by weakening the muscles that surround wrinkles so that the muscles relax and the overlying skin flattens. Unlike injectable fillers such as collagen and fat transfers that fill in wrinkles or depressions, Botox Cosmetic physically weakens the muscles so that the facial skin is smoothed, relaxed, and natural looking.
Dr. White's highly trained, licensed aesthetician, Lynda Ludwig, R.N., performs the Botox injections, carefully selecting the precise area of injection for the best results possible. Because the paralysis of the facial muscles is temporary, re-injection is usually necessary within 3 to 10 months.
Additional procedures that may enhance the results of Botox include Brow Lift, Eyelid Lift, Facelift, or Fillers such as Restylane®.
The specific risks and the suitability of Botox Cosmetic can be determined only at the time of your consultation with Scottsdale plastic surgeon Dr. White. All procedures have some degree of risk, but major complications are rare.
Learn more about Botox® Cosmetic Injections at the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery web site or the American Society of Plastic Surgeons web site.


30 Days of Geek: 12 – What area do you want to expand your skills into?
I can't really think of much to say here, other than that I'd love to continue expanding my skills. As a soon-to-be Ph.D student, I'd love to expand my researching abilities (papers papers whoo!) — hopefully resulting in an excellent thesis topic, and potentially an excellent thesis too. As a coder, I want to learn more skills and techniques to help achieve my ends quicker. But really, I'm pretty happy with the direction my geekery is headed, and expanding out in those directions is going to continue to be useful.


By: Ryan Bernardi – I'm sure Coach Wright would love to see a Boys Varsity team make it to playoffs since he has done so much over the years to help the many kids he has worked with.
By: Ryan Bernardi – The future in the auto industry is happening right before our eyes.
By: Ricky Mellick – what would happen if SLS dropped its sports and clubs?
By: Justin Nedzesky – Texting while driving: May be an accident waiting to happen.
By: Jillian Lesaca – Spread the word, to end the word – caling someone 'retarded' is NOT okay!


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Squad Mate Testifies In Marine's Iraq Deaths Trial
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com/2012/01/10/squad_mate_testifies_in_marines_iraq_deaths_trial/
January 11, 2012 4:54AM (UTC)
CAMP PENDLETON, Calif. (AP) — A former squad mate of a Marine implicated in the deaths of 19 Iraqis testified Tuesday that after a roadside bombing, the group raced to nearby homes, firing rounds and tossing grenades for 45 minutes, even though he said the Marines did not take gunfire, come across a single insurgent or find a weapon.
Still, former Cpl. Steven Tatum told a military jury at Camp Pendleton that he felt the squad did nothing wrong that day in the town of Haditha in 2005, when Marines killed 24 Iraqis, including unarmed women and children.
He said the squad feared insurgents were hiding in the nearby homes after the bomb exploded.
Tatum gave his account during the trial of Staff Sgt. Frank Wuterich, who led the squad and faces nine counts of manslaughter.
Military prosecutors have implicated the Camp Pendleton Marine from Meriden, Conn., in 19 of the 24 Iraqi deaths. He is the last defendant in one of the biggest criminal cases against U.S. troops from the war. One squad member was acquitted. Six others, including Tatum, had their cases dropped.
Tatum acknowledged that charges against him were dismissed in exchange for testifying.
He told military prosecutors during his testimony that squad members tossed grenades and shot rounds into rooms of Iraqi homes in the wake of the bombing that killed Lance Cpl. Miguel Terrazas and injured two others.
Immediately after the explosion, Tatum testified, the Marines came under small arms fire, but he did not know from where. Wuterich and another Marine fatally shot five Iraqis outside a white car near the scene then headed toward the closest home, Tatum said.
Before raiding it, Wuterich told him to "'treat the house as hostile,'" the former Marine testified. Tatum understood that to mean there were armed individuals inside and he did not need to identify his targets to attack.
Following his squad leader, Tatum said the Marines edged along walls with their weapons drawn. They tossed fragmented grenades into rooms. In a back room, Tatum said he joined Wuterich in firing rounds but was unable to see what he was shooting at because of the darkness and flying debris.
"I saw silhouettes of targets and that was really it," Tatum said, adding that it looked like there was a man standing or kneeling.
Then someone yelled a person had fled. The Marines rushed out to a neighboring house, tossing in grenades and shooting off rounds there as well. Tatum saw the body of an Iraqi man near the kitchen when he went in after his fellow troops.
While checking an empty room, Tatum said he heard movements in a back bedroom and then Wuterich firing his M-16. He went in to assist Wuterich, shooting at what he said were silhouettes, some big, some small.
"The only thing that gave me any indication there was a hostile act in there would be Staff Sgt. Wuterich firing sir," Tatum told military prosecutor Lt. Col. Sean Sullivan.
Wuterich also acknowledged that he did not positively identify his targets, three investigators testified.
Tatum returned later when the house had been determined to be safe and learned they had killed an unarmed woman and children in the room.
The defense says Wuterich believed insurgents were in the homes and that's why he ordered his Marines to shoot first and ask questions later.
The issue is whether Wuterich reacted appropriately as a Marine squad leader in protecting his troops in the midst of a chaotic war or went on a vengeful rampage, disregarding combat rules and leading his men to shoot and blast indiscriminately at Iraqi civilians.
Prosecutors in their opening statement Monday painted a picture of a young Marine with no prior combat experience losing control after seeing his friend's body blown apart.
Prosecutor Maj. Nicholas Gannon said the evidence will show Wuterich "made a series of fatal assumptions and he lost control of himself."
Wuterich has said he regretted the loss of civilian lives but believed he was operating within military combat rules.
The tragedy prompted tightening of those policies, with commanders demanding their troops positively identify their targets before firing.


PITTSBURGH, March 20, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- American Cable Association President and CEO Matthew M. Polka today announced an historic name change for the trade organization, which represents more than 700 smaller and medium-sized independent communications companies. The announcement was made to nearly 350 participants attending the association's 26th annual Summit, held at the Grand Hyatt in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday.
The new name is ACA – America's Communications Association (ACA). The new name reflects a leading position for the association in the fast-growing telecommunications industry, where technology is rapidly changing how information is provided to and used by consumers. The association's new day-to-day name, ACA Connects, further reinforces the value of the connections those communications enhance.
"It's all about the communications and connections our members provide," said ACA Connects' Polka. "Even though our industry and technology are changing so rapidly, fueled by our members' broadband deployments, what's most important for our members and their customers is the ability to communicate freely and connect in their homes and businesses in countless new ways. With this name change, we're recognizing that communication is the priority, not the medium."
ACA Connects continues its advocacy work in closing the digital divide for its members, including expanding broadband deployment in some of the most rural and fnancially challenging areas of the country, eliminating governmental barriers to investment, and providing increased access to high-performance connectivity.
This is the first name change for the association in 20 years, when the association changed its name from the Small Cable Business Association (SCBA) to the American Cable Association. With this change to ACA – America's Communications Association, the organization is going one step further to support the initialism of 'ACA' and to further exemplify its work in ensuring communications and connections are made between governmental policymakers, association members and the communities they serve.
"We chose our familiar name, ACAConnects, because it's easy to say and remember, and it's a great way to tie one name to our website, email addresses, social media and brand," said Polka. "But, more importantly, ACA Connects explains what our association and members really do. We connect, communicate, build relationships and work together with all, and that will never change."
To learn more, visit http://www.ACAConnects.org, ACA's new web address.
For use of ACA Connects name and logo, please see new Logo and Style Guide.


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"The Dispersion Effect" — Artists respond creatively to canceled UW travel
January 3, 2017 by Molly Bredehoft 1 Comment
When a long-planned study abroad trip to Turkey was cancelled two days before departure, a group of University of Wyoming art students and their professor rallied to make the best of the situation.
The artists broke up their group and set out for different destinations seeking inspiration. The result was displayed in the University of Wyoming Student Union's Gallery 234, late last year. Titled The Dispersion Effect, their exhibit was a direct result of travel plans not working out as intended.
Professor Doug Russell and the UW students who participated in "The Dispersion Effect." Photo: Molly Bredehoft
Doug Russell is an associate professor of Art at the University of Wyoming, where he is the coordinator of the drawing program. For several years Russell has taken students to Turkey to study the architecture, landscape, history, language, and culture there. They have created art from those experiences.
Doug Russel, Travel Drawing: Ibrahimpasa, Turkey. Colored pencil on paper, 2016. Photo courtesy of the artist.
In 2016, however, the proposed fifth year of the program, the trip was deemed unsafe and canceled by the University — 48 hours before departure. Students had spent a semester immersing themselves in the language, the arts and culture of Turkey, and otherwise preparing for the trip. The cancellation was devastating, and the disappointment major, according to several of the students involved.
Eventually the University helped the students by paying the penalty for re-booking flights to different countries of their choice. Instead of visiting only Turkey, Russell and students each chose a destination and dispersed in pairs or as individuals to various countries.The Dispersion Effect was their creative response to the travel experiences of summer 2016.
In Gallery 234, the space was utilized to display the art of each student and Russell. With a quick look around the room, the viewer could see the varying medias that energized the exhibition. The items varied from pencil drawings, monoprints, and ceramic tiles to sculptures made of metal, pewter, ceramic, and alloy.
The students' pieces comprised the majority of the exhibition. Cody Anderson's triptych of colored pencil drawings, It's pretty sketchy over there, isn't it?, nudges at the definition of safety in a foreign c
Doug Russell, Travel Drawing: Venice, Italy. Colored pencil on paper, 2016. Photo courtesy of the artist.
ountry — in his case, Spain and Italy. Kate Uhl's intaglio prints capture horses. The titles embody the dressage movement of each horse as seen in Germany and Austria: Traversale, Levade, and Courbette.
Katy Estes fashioned metal and enamel into a delicate container, informed by her travels in Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Italy. Three students went to Greece and, for a few days, Turkey. Naomi Peterson created her Turkish Tea Set made of ceramic and covered by a black slatted dome; the tea set peeks out from the enclosed garnish of metal. Cobalt blue, sky blue, and red colors are delicately painted in patterns on white tiles in Alyssa Mauer's Iznik Response 1 and 2. Darby Clark's video The Dispersion Effect provides a visual representation of her trip.
Russell's own work at the exhibition included three drawings, which presented a glimpse of his work influenced by studying the architecture of Cambodia, Turkey, and Italy. The three pieces from his collection of travel drawings include: Ibrahimpasa, Turkey; Beng Mealea, Cambodia; and Venice, Italy. All three are Inktense Prismacolor pencil on paper.
Travel Drawing: Venice, Italy makes the viewer feel as if in a canal boat floating down the waterways of Venice, wishing to float just a little further to see through a doorway that leads to the streets of the city. Gazing at a ruin positioned on a side of a cliff in Travel Drawing: Ibrahimpasa, Turkey, brings questions to mind. What took place here? Why build in this location?
Doug Russell, Travel Drawing: Beng Mealea, Cambodia. Colored pencil on paper, 2016. Photo courtesy of the artist.
Travel Drawing: Beng Mealea, Cambodia is a close look at a collapsed building or temple or wall that fell into a heap, the resting place of what once was sturdy. The beauty is in the devastation of what once was and in contemplation of the unknown why and how of things falling apart.
Stories of the students' and Russell's travel experiences and visual arts research were hidden in their pieces. The exhibit served as a way of recollecting the original Turkey-bound group and offered viewers a glimpse into each artist's journey through artwork. Where will these travelers and artists go next?
The Dispersion Effect, Gallery 234, University of Wyoming Student Union, was posted from Nov. 21 through Dec. 8, 2016.
This story was edited Jan. 3 to note the use of Inktense Prismacolor pencil by artist Doug Russell — Ed.
Cheney's 'vote of conscience' deserves respect
Lawmakers derail trapping regulations against Wyo's best interest
Oil and gas industry doesn't need another handout
Filed Under: Columns/Blogs, Studio Wyoming Review
About Molly Bredehoft
Nancy Gregory says
Fantastic!!!! Would love to have seen this!!!
City: Hot Springs
State of Residence: South Dakota


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35th America's Cup - 25th May - Postponement & Practise
Postponed Opening of the 35th America's Cup was announced due to expected high winds so the team got some more time on the water - some with dramatic results. © America's Cup TV
Video Producer: VR Sport Media
35th America's Cup - 27th May - Qualifying Round Robin 1
After all the training and talk, the 35th America's Cup has begun. Six races with all of the teams going into battle with the final duel starting in spectacular fashion with Land Rover BAR colliding with SoftBank Team Japan. © America's Cup TV
Day Two with six back to back races - Oracle Team USA showing their dominance in difficult conditions but they are beatable. Many of the Challengers are starting to show cracks and need to learn from their mistakes. © America's Cup TV
Third Day of the Qualifying Round of the 35th America's Cup. Superb day of racing with shocks, high speed flybys and umpire decisions... Interview with seven times AC legend, Paul Cayard, with his thoughts so far. © America's Cup TV
The second phase of the Round Robin Qualifying of the 35th America's Cup in Bermuda. The pressure is now building for all of the Challengers - today sees Land Rover BAR trying to stop their loosing streak, France trying to keep their hopes high of getting into the Semis and a rematch with Sweden ...
35th America's Cup - 1st June - Qualifying Round Robin 2
Winds are light and everyone at the 2nd Round Robin Qualifiers are tweaking their setup to ensure that they rise like a eagle out of the water instead of plunging like a stone. Some do and some don't with some even retiring. Everyone is under pressure to secure a place in the Semis. © America's C...
35th America's Cup - 2nd June - Qualifying Round Robin 2
Sit back and prepare for take off! It was the day at the 35th America's Cup that saw the first 100% flight time from start to finish. One boat knocked out and many teams begining to flex their muscles in preparation for the Semis. © America's Cup TV
35th America's Cup - 3rd June - Qualifying Round Robin 2
Final day of the Round Robin Qualifiers with all of the five Challengers. Groupama can look forward to some R&R on the beach and ORACLE have two weeks off after winning the Qualifiers overall getting the valuable point. But there is no rest for the remaining teams - as expected Emirates picks Lan...
35th America's Cup - 5th June - Challengers Playoffs - Semi Finals
First Day of the Clash of the Challengers - it's the Semi's and every point is gold dust. Land Rover BAR falls to earth flying too close to the sun loosing one of their wings, gifting Emirates two easy points and Japan vs Sweden looks like it will go to the wire after a very even damage inflicted...
"THE MOST EXHILARATING DAY OF SAILING I HAVE EVER BEEN INVOLVED IN!" Sir Ben Ainslie after the second day of the Clash of the Defenders. Big winds, high speeds and a pitch pole by Emirates - thankfully no-one was seriously injured. Right on the limit and possibly beyond...© America's Cup TV
35th America's Cup - 8th June - Challenger Playoffs - Semi Finals
It was a day of highs and lows for all of the America's Cup Challengers in the Semi Finals. The Kiwis with a controlling position over the Brits and Swedish needing to get their race face if they were to get even with the Japanese. © America's Cup TV
The last of the Challenger Semi Finals at the 35th America's Cup in Bermuda. Artemis Racing, helmed by Nathan Outteridge, is on a high and can they finish off Dean Barker's SoftBank Team Japan to take on Emirates New Zealand... © America's Cup TV
35th America's Cup - 10th June - Challenger Playoffs Final
So the last two Challengers standing - Emirates Team New Zealand vs Artemis Racing. The Kiwis dominated throughout the early stages but the Swedes must have been eating lots of meatballs as they are looking like the team on form coming into the final stage to take on the Defender. © America's Cup...
Super Sunday at the 35th America's Cup with the newest and brightest talent on the globe battling it out. Nip and tuck throughout the three races and never think it's is over until you cross the line. Artemis Racing have a mountain to climb but never count Outteridge out of the game. © America's ...
Emirates Team New Zealand win the Challenger Playoffs Final after a decisive win against Artemis Racing. The first race was abandoned due to light winds but the Kiwis looked a more superior team in the light winds shifty conditions. The Swedes were the rightful runner up and honourable at the end...
35th America's Cup - 17th June - The Match
So it has begun - the Challenger "Pistol Pete" vs the Defender "The Pitbull". Two races were sailed and two costly small mistakes gave the Kiwis the lead and quietened USA's growl. Burling and Ashby look in sync as always on Emirates Team New Zealand and Tom Slingsby seems exasperated after calli...
Day Two of the 35th America's Cup Match. The Pitbull's bark is worse than his bite - the Kiwi's speed and pointing ability in the light winds is light year's ahead of the USA. Minor mistakes from Oracle Team USA compiled with near perfect team maneuverers on Emirates means a thrashing. Both races...
Day Three of the 35th America's Cup Match. It looks like the five days hard work by Oracle Team USA may have paid off - if only they stopped making mistakes they would have been up there in both races. Burling took Race 5 and Spithill Race 6 - the Kiwi's spirits are high enough to poke the injure...
News Release - Day Four of the 35th America's Cup Match. "One mistake and just one race." USA keep making just one mistake and it's all over every time they get on the race course as the Kiwis are operating at 100% flight time. It's hard watching Jimmy being interviewed and keep repeating the sam...
IT'S OFFICIAL - EMIRATES TEAM NEW ZEALAND WIN THE 35TH AMERICA'S CUP. They put Oracle Team USA out of their misery with a single victory to take the "Auld Mug" from them. The new Defender has immediately accepted the challenge from Circolo della Vela Sicilia, who will be the Challenger of Record ...


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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В Военно-воздушных силах РККА существовало два 246-х истребительных авиационных полка:

 246-й истребительный авиационный полк (первого формирования)
 246-й истребительный авиационный полк (второго формирования)

История переименований
 246-й истребительный авиационный полк (первого формирования) начал формирование 04.05.1941 г. в составе 66-й истребительной авиадивизии Одесского военного округа (г. Запорожье). 27.10.1941 г. переименован в 295-й истребительный авиационный полк (согласно устному приказу начальника УТЦ ВВС Южного фронта полковника Комлева штабам 295 и 246 иап, входивших в состав УТЦ, обменяться номерами, печатями и штампами с оставлением личного состава и штабных документов).
 246-й истребительный авиационный полк (второго формирования) создан путём переименования 27.10.1941 г. из 295-го истребительного авиационного полка (согласно устному приказу начальника УТЦ ВВС Южного фронта полковника Комлева штабам 295 и 246 иап, входивших в состав УТЦ, обменяться номерами, печатями и штампами с оставлением личного состава и штабных документов).


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Home » Metro Amps Up Security to Protect Arcadia, Monrovia and Pasadena Public Transportation Residents
Metro Amps Up Security to Protect Arcadia, Monrovia and Pasadena Public Transportation Residents
With increased police presence, Metro claims that they will be able to cut down response times for crime from 16 minutes to five to six minutes.
– Photo by Terry Miller / Beacon Media News
With an increase in law enforcement aboard, Metro claims drastically shorter response times by utilizing LAPD
By Sadie Gribbon
Metro officially began the process of amping up Metro security by adding local LAPD law enforcement to patrol the rail and bus lines, ensuring the safety of Arcadia, Monrovia and Pasadena residents who use and rely on public transportation.
Just last week, Christopher Harrison Goodine was cited by two foot-beat officers from the Gold Line transit police for urinating in the station. When Goodine refused to identify himself, the officers arrested him and, upon searching his duffle bag after arrest, the officers found multiple weapons including guns, ammunition, rope and a machete-type knife.
Due to incidents like these, the number of people feeling unsafe on Metro has gone up over the last couple of years and Metro aims to fix it by utilizing the LAPD.
In Metro's Spring 2016 survey, 19 percent of riders did not feel safe riding Metro rail, while feeling generally the same about waiting for Metro to arrive; 18 percent felt unsafe in the station.
"Improving public transportation means making sure that all of our transit lines are safe to ride, so that Angelenos can move around our city, and connect with one another," said Mayor Eric Garcetti in a press release regarding heightened security on Metro. "This new approach puts more LAPD officers on patrol keeping our communities safe, and makes Metro a better transit system for all of our customers."
Metro and LA county are partnering up and using Measure M funds to mirror the transit systems in Oakland, Sacramento, Denver and Portland by working with outside agencies to provide a safer ride for commuters.
Measure M is a half-cent tax imposed on retail transactions that is aimed at improving transportation and easing traffic congestion. With extensions of Metro rail and bus lines to receive $29.9 billion in funds – more than any other Measure M projects – over the next 40 years, an increase of Arcadia, Monrovia and Pasadena residents using public transportation is projected. With more riders comes more need for security.
"This law enforcement partnership with Metro will not only bolster the LAPD's ability to respond and react to crime while protecting the commuting residents of Los Angeles, but it will also strengthen our commitment to relationship-based policing," said LAPD Chief Charlie Beck. "The men and women of the department will be able to have more interaction with Angelenos, which will hopefully continue to build bridges between the department and the public."
The plan for increased policing on the rails and buses is to have 314 security personnel aboard Metro over a 24-hour span. With increased police presence, Metro claims that they will be able to cut down response times for crime from 16 minutes to five to six minutes.
The bulking up on security for Metro lines became effective as of July 1, whether the increase will lead to less crime and a higher feeling of safety for commuters aboard and awaiting Metro is yet to be known.
Sadie gribbon Editorial Intern for Beacon Media News; fascinated by people and politics. Specifically concerned about America's homelessness crisis, politics and our failed attempts to fix people instead of structures.
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