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Mosquitoes Serve One Crucial Purpose That Most People Never Consider
By Jordan Donohue
You're enjoying a lovely day in the park when you hear a faint buzzing in your ear. The sound gets louder, and as you swat blindly, you feel a pinch on your arm. Then another. All of a sudden you're itching wildly, which forces you to evacuate the great outdoors.
The almost imperceptible pests known as mosquitoes seem to be designed to ruin the lives of humans. It would be great to do away with them but those little bloodsuckers serve some surprisingly important purposes. They get a bad rap, but the truth about these pests is more complicated.
Not all mosquitoes are created equal. Out of the 3,500 different species of mosquitoes, less than 100 go after humans. The rest are on a strict nonhuman diet. It does seem what they lack in numbers, they make up for in tenacity.
The harm of a mosquito bite is normally benign. For most of us, the itch can be solved by covering our selves in anti-itch lotion and spending the summer indoors. However, there is a chance that the tiny bites can be deadly.
Incredibly, the mosquito is the deadliest animal in the world. Recent statistics upgrade the previously annoying pest to a murderous status. About 725,000 people die from mosquito-related illness every year.
Sharks, which we've been conditioned to fear, are downright adorable compared to mosquitoes, killing less than ten people per year. Some species of mosquitoes spread the lethal illness malaria, which kills over 600,000 people annually.
Other illnesses spread by mosquitoes include dengue fever and yellow fever. One of the scariest things about the bugs is the difficulty in curbing the population. During peak season, they outnumber humans on Earth. Malaria nets and bug spray can only do so much.
So far, these bug-eyed biters have gone from annoying to deadly. It seems like the only good deed committed via mosquito was bringing back dinosaurs by being preserved in amber for thousands of years, Jurassic Park style. And even that was a double-edged sword.
But on the mosquito manifesto, there are few things to do right behind annoying and murdering humans. In their own way, they are helping to maintain the suffering ecosystem on Earth. Chances are, you've heard about some of our environmental issues.
Currently our Earth is undergoing some ecological woes. One notable cause revolves around "saving the bees." In order to understand the niche importance of mosquitoes, it helps to have a quick refresher on ecology 101.
See, habitat loss, beekeeping practices, and malnutrition are just some of the risk factors effecting our bee population today. And what happens if we lose the bees? A lot of really bad things. Namely the loss of crucial crops.
Bees are master pollinators, which allows many types of flowers and plants to flourish. You can thank bees for apples, almonds, avocados, pumpkins, and countless other things that rely on bee pollination to grow. Without bees, we would be out some of our favorite foods.
The thing is, while bees are crazy important, they aren't the only ones pulling some serious ecological weight on the bottom of the food chain. Our foe, mosquitoes help out quite a bit in the pollination process as well.
That's right. Mosquitoes are active pollinators. They don't just spend their short lives plotting the end of mankind. They are the spindly-legged sidekicks to the crucial work of the bee. The most important part of a mosquito's diet isn't even the blood of its enemies.
Plant sugar, or nectar, is the crucial life force behind mosquitoes. They're always out on the town, or more accurately, the garden, searching for nectar from various flowers and plants. In turn, this makes them pretty effective pollinators.
This might be news, but mosquitoes have been pollinating for centuries. There is evidence of rapid evolution in mosquito populations corresponding with flowering plants. Using vision and smell, they can detect flowers to pollinate. There is something even more mind blowing about this.
Warren Photography
Scientists have discovered that some of the smells that come from plants are the same smells that come from humans. Researchers believe mosquitoes might've mistaken humans for flowers because of the similar scents, which could be the origin for mosquitoes sucking blood from humans.
Maybe, they aren't inherently evil. They might just be misunderstood, flower-loving creatures who got an accidental taste of blood and couldn't shake the habit over the last couple hundred thousand years. In addition to being pals with the bees, they do other helpful things.
Mosquitoes help create biomass when they breakdown or are eaten and turned into waste. Their decomposing microbes become nutrients for plants. Alaska has about 96 millions pounds of mosquito biomass, helping vegetation grow. Don't feel too guilty about your mosquito misgivings — they aren't saints.
Mosquitoes aren't well liked in the insect community. They exploit insects such as ants for their "honey dew" which is plant sugar already processed by the ant. Mosquitoes sniff them out and aren't exactly polite about acquiring the goods.
The mosquito inserts its mouth parts into that of an ant and lays it's antennae on the ant's head. This maneuver causes the ant to regurgitate its honeydew and the mosquito has a free feast. They probably fly away without so much as a thank you.
There is much more to mosquitoes than meets the eye. They have some fundamental flaws that make them no fun at parties, but like bees they play a vital role in our ecosystem. That's why one family was so careful about how they handled their own "bee" problem…
At first, married couple Bob and Linda van der Herchen weren't bothered by the curious sounds they occasionally heard coming from their attic. Believe it or not, the sounds went on for years.
Mogaznews En
Now, upon hearing a bizarre noise coming from the vacant space just above your head, you'd think you'd be racing to get the house checked out. But Bob van der Herchen isn't like most people.
Curiouzly
Considering Bob is in the removal business, he's not skeeved out to get down and dirty with nature's little pests. He just wasn't motivated to get down and dirty with the one not paying rent in his attic. He usually works with bees, but Bob's no exterminator.
Bob owns the Bob van der Herchen Bee Removal & Rescue company, which aims to humanely remove honey bees from people's properties and relocate them to a safer space. It's an important job since bees play a vital role in our ecosystem.
In fact, Bob cares so deeply about respecting bees that he's visited schools to share the story of his company and the importance of bees with eager children. Bob knows bees, and he knew there weren't any queens or trusty drone bees infesting his attic.
New Ravel
"I didn't think much of it. I thought maybe it was rats," the bee expert said when asked about why he never thought to go up into the attic and see for himself. Luckily, there was someone else who was a bit more curious.
Bob and Linda's son, Adam, was a real worrywart. While his parents leisurely ignored the rustling above their noggins, Adam himself couldn't take it anymore; especially considering his bedroom was directly underneath the attic.
Tired of letting his own imagination run away with him, Adam knew it was time to get to work on solving this problem. He went to investigate the repetitive commotion, which led him to the utility room. Dun, dun, dun!
VideoBlocks
While in the utility room, Adam looked above him, having witnessed blurred movement through the old slats of the ceiling. He got a quick peek at the dreaded infiltrator and was shocked. He sure wasn't expecting a guest of this caliber.
Adam rushed to tell his mother what he saw in the attic, which led her to take the frightening matter to Facebook. Linda posted a status that exclaimed "Home alone? Maybe, maybe not!"
When Bob finally decided to involve himself in this game of Clue, he witnessed the squatter as well, but this time on camera. Needless to say, the footage would've given John Carpenter a run for his money.
The van der Herchen family eventually resorted to calling animal control, but by the time an officer arrived to their home, the creature had already ventured far away from the ceiling opening, making the officer's attempts to retrieve the invader a failure.
Absolute History
Despite the failed capture mission, the Sarasota Animal Control officer saw enough to relay to the van der Herchens that their uninvited guest was, in fact, a giant, potentially dangerous snake. Gasp!
WNEP-TV
The officer identified the slithering serpent as a diamondback rattlesnake, whose venom packs an often fatal punch. In the eloquent words of this animal control officer, "That's a big old boy right there; that guy will kill you." We couldn't have said it better ourselves.
If animal control couldn't snatch the deadly snake, then who could? The van der Herchens even contacted their fearless, daredevil nephew to put him up to the challenge, but his attempts led to defeat as well. That's when the family had one last idea.
They contacted Mark Lampart, a friend of a friend, via Facebook. Mark is no stranger to fearsome predators, as he's posed with some of the world's most dangerous specimens on multiple occasions, making him the right guy for this job!
He took on the mission with full force, dedicating several hours to finding the pesky viper. When he discovered a large piece of dry, shed skin lying around the attic, Mark concluded that the snake was living with the van der Herchens for quite some time.
After what felt like a never-ending battle of Mammalia versus Reptilia, Mark, the snake whisperer, nabbed the snake's tail and yanked it from the ceiling's insulation. It turns out that the animal control officer wrongfully identified the culprit.
It was just a Colombian red-tailed boa constrictor. While the reptile is still considered dangerous, it's not venomous. Boas have sharp fangs, but it's their bodies that pose a danger. They use their muscles to restrict oxygen intake and blood circulation of other animals.
So how did this big boy get in the van der Herchen attic? Well, younger boas are semi-arboreal, meaning they can climb trees. "Animal control said it got on the roof from tree branches," Linda disclosed to her Facebook friends.
Thankfully, no one was wounded by the likely escaped exotic pet. If we have anything to say, it's that the van der Herchens should demand that boa hand over years' worth of rent! Snakes all over Florida are getting bolder.
ABC4 News
In the Sunshine State, they've made their homes where they shouldn't, and none more so than the Burmese Python. They will eat anything from mice to adult deer, and as of a couple of decades ago, nobody in Florida even knew about them.
As their name suggests, the reptiles are native to Asia's tropics, but they were now running wild all over the Everglades. Scientists theorize that following the destruction of Hurricane Andrew, pythons escaped from a zoo and bred like wildfire.
Frank Mazzotti didn't know quite where the snakes came from, but he was determined to stop them from spreading into densely populated areas, like Miami. The biologist swore to throw everything and the kitchen sink at them. But would that be enough?
Everglades locals tried all kinds of tricks to root out the serpents. They put snake-sniffing dogs out in the marshes and even set loose radio-equipped "Judas snakes" to hopefully reveal their home base. The pythons only continued to grow.
FL Keys News
Word got around that the reptiles took over an abandoned Nike missile site. While that in and of itself didn't threaten anyone, Floridians feared that if left unchecked, the pythons would breed at an incredible rate.
The Bohemian Blog
Who knew — it could've only been a matter of time until the snakes expanded beyond the missile base and started showing up in places that were more…personal. The stakes were dire, but Frank learned of one group that could help.
Deep in the forests of southern India, the Irula people have mastered snake catching. They see it as an art and take the practice incredibly seriously, even after India has slapped strict regulations on snake trading.
In recent years, the Irulas have captured poisonous reptiles for the purpose of producing antivenoms. Clearly, there was nobody on Earth more qualified. But how could Floridians convince this tribe to help a community on the other side of the world?
Frank and his herpetologist pals managed to make contact with the Irulas, and to their surprise, the snake-catchers showed interest in helping them. Granted, the Floridians would have to shell out thousands of dollars and agree to some unusual methods.
Hard as it was to believe, the Irulas didn't use any state-of-the-art tools for finding and capturing snakes. Instead, their weapon of choice was something found in any garage: a tire iron.
Contrary to what you might think, they didn't intend these tire irons for a Simpsons-style Whacking Day. The Irula used them to clear a path through the brush and pick up snakes, but ultimately they tried to capture the reptiles alive when possible.
Simpsons World
So, Frank welcomed the best Irula hunters, Masi Sadaiyan and Vadivel Gopal, to the Everglades. While both men were in their 50s, they were at the top of their game. But the Floridians got nervous when the Irulas said they'd never before hunted snakes so large.
However, Masi and Vadivel smiled when they shared this fact. They were eager for the challenge, the chance to put their skills to the ultimate test. Granted, their brand of animal control was not without its risks.
From the start, the Irula's tactics puzzled Frank and his friends. They insisted on marching blindly through the thickest part of the swamp. When a snake's trail ended, Masi and Vadivel made everyone sit down, pray, and smoke a cigarette.
Frank's hopes began to wane until one of the Irula's pointed to a shimmer in the mud. Brandishing their trusty tire irons, Masi and Vadivel scooped up a fully-grown python! That was only the beginning.
With a few more captures under their belts, the Irulas fearlessly plunged into an old missile shaft where herpetologists spotted a nest. The sharp-eyed hunters grasped a muscled python tail and spent hours wrestling it out of tree roots.
In that one afternoon, the hunters pulled out four monstrous pythons from the overgrown missile shaft. They soon brought their total up to 14 over their first two weeks. While the Irulas couldn't stay in the Everglades forever, they did the next best thing.
Masi and Vadivel shared their wisdom with the local wildlife management team, which never could've located these pythons with conventional techniques. The Irula knowledge could stem the invasion, so the Floridians wanted to give them something in return.
Besides paying the Irulas over $4,000 per python, the Floridians wanted to give them the real American experience. In between expeditions, they watched NFL games and ate hot dogs at Arbetter's, their favorite greasy spoon.
Roadfood Forums
After a month, the Irulas returned to India feeling invigorated by the hunt of their lives. The Floridians knew they were quite fortunate to find experts to turn back the snake invasion, but of course, it wasn't always possible to have heroes on hand.
Sometimes, everyday people have to use their wits to survive a deadly animal encounter. In the spring of 2017, a mother of four named Bianca Dickinson drove her youngest child, Molly, to the end of the long driveway cutting through her ranch in Victoria, Australia. There, she'd meet a snake.
Bianca Dickinson / Facebook
But first, to pass the time while waiting for the school bus to drop off her older kids, Bianca had two-year-old Molly pose for a few photographs. For 15 minutes, the duo played and snapped silly pictures — until the fun came to an abrupt halt.
Bianca Dickinson / Daily Mail
With the school bus in view down the road, Molly posed for one last photo beside a wire fence. She wore a huge grin and pointed behind herself, towards the grass blowing in the wind. It was the perfect photo… or was it?
"I was looking through my camera lens and was looking at my daughter," Bianca told ABC Australia. "I saw something move in the corner of my eye and actually thought it was bark coming off the tree." But it wasn't bark.
Doug Hyland / Purdue
What Bianca first assumed to be tree bark was actually an eastern brown snake, aka the second-most venomous snake in the entire world. And it was slithering right behind her little girl!
Venom from the eastern brown snake can paralyze victims and make their blood so thin that it seeps through their pores. Without immediate treatment, a single bite from this critter can send you to an early grave — and it has enough venom to kill 20 adults.
So it was no surprise Bianca's insides twisted into a cold heap when she saw one of these snakes just inches away from her baby girl. "I think [the snake] was touching her boots," Bianca said. "It was that close." But what could she do?
"All my instincts wanted to run and pick her up and scream and run away," Bianca said. However, that move, she knew, could've had deadly repercussions. If she did that, there was a chance the snake would feel threatened — and strike.
The Sydney Morning Herald / YouTube
Complicating the situation, Bianca had to convey to her daughter that there was a big, deadly snake behind her and not to make any sudden movements or take any violent steps backward…
So what did the mother do? She just froze. In doing so, she communicated non-verbally to Molly that she should do the same. "Luckily," Bianca said, "she copied me." And the snake?
Much to Bianca's relief, the eastern brown snake slithered away, leaving Molly unharmed. As it disappeared into the tall grass, the school bus dropped off her three older children. But Bianca's panic hadn't subsided yet…
"I just started yelling at my other three kids to get in the car," she said. "I got in the car and I was shaking." And who could blame her? Her kids immediately noticed she wasn't quite right.
While on the drive back up the driveway, her 13-year-old daughter, Imogen (far left), asked, "What happened? Did you see a snake, mum?" Bianca nodded. "Yes," she told the kids, and "it was at least two meters." Her kids didn't buy it.
"Oh mum, it wasn't that big!" Imogen said. But naturally, mother knew best. Back at home, she pulled out her camera and showed her kids the venomous reptile that'd come within inches of their little sister. And it shook them all.
After seeing just how close Molly had come to the wrong end of a snake, Bianca's older three kids didn't want to go outside anymore. Worse, in showing the kids the photos, Bianca uncovered another nasty shock…
She'd been taking pictures of Molly for a while before the school bus showed up, and when she reviewed those photos, she learned just how long the snake had been in striking distance. The eastern brown snake posed beside Molly in three photos!
In the aftermath, Bianca couldn't look at those now-infamous photos and didn't sleep well for weeks. "Every time I shut my eyes I see that big snake and what could have happened," she said. "I see Molly being taken away in an ambulance."
But how did the two-year-old react to her brush with death? Well, when Bianca showed her daughter the photo, the toddler considered it for a moment. And then she said the funniest thing…
"That's me!" Molly said gleefully, pointing at herself, blissfully unaware of the snake in the photo. Bianca couldn't help but laugh. At least one of her kids wouldn't end up scarred by the moment!
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Nantong Vigour Brush Co., Ltd. has been a leading shaving brush manufacturer in China since 1982. We are specialized in making mid and high grade shaving brushes including hog bristle brush, badger hair brush, synthetic hair brush, we also make high grade shaving razor, shaving set etc. Our mission PRIMESHAVE explains itself for our quality and standard.
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Record screen, create demos, tutorials, training videos, and interactive HTML5 elearning contents.
Create HTML5 animations and interactive contents which run on any platform and device without coding skills.
Race to the Treasure has been known as one of the popular games that many people love. Today, we'll go through the detailed procedure to create this eLearning game with all-in-one screen recorder, video editor and eLearning authoring software – ActivePresenter 7.
Learn how to create a drag-and-drop eLearning game called Vegetable with ActivePresenter 7. This can be done using the Drop Area feature.
Flexible layout uses relative units and different types of positioning to adapt the document content to the browser window size. This tutorial shows you how to use flexible layout to relatively position and resize elements.
It's simple to create HTML5 animation and interactive web content with Saola Animate. The software provides a powerful set of animation features that ease the animation task. At the same time, it lets you do the most common interactivity without coding.
Once your animation is complete, you'll want to export it for final delivery. This tutorial presents how to export animation to HTML5 in Saola Animate.


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In looking for someone to repair my garage door,I looked in the phone book and saw PGD's ad. It looked like a good place to start. A "real person" really did answer the phone, took my information, and surprise, surprise,could come that same day. The knowledgeable technician was on time(a little early) and explained the problem, gave me a price quote, and got to work. The job was finished in a couple of hours, and this was all in ONE day!
Very professional and transparent in pricing. I will definitely recommend to a friend.
Jonathan was right on time for appointment; he is very personable and friendly. Very pleased with his knowledge and explanation as to why garage door was inoperable. Possibly a lightning strike as we've had some bad storms the past couple weeks. Explained two options of replacement units and I chose the one without the battery pack. Job was completed in little over 1-1/2 hours. Extra thanks to Jonathan for programming my car opener on the sun visor. Will use Precision Door Service in the future if needed and highly recommend their services to others.
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Had a garage door opener stop working on a Sunday night. Called Monday morning and set up an appointment for Tuesday a.m. Guido called me an hour before he was to arrive, arrived right on time, diagnosed the problem, and had it fixed in two hours. Very pleased.


Last night, Heineken released the first installation of this year's #Heineken100, an exclusive seeding program partnering the beer brand with fashionable retailers in five different cities to create 100 exclusive, limited-edition items only available to a select group of 100 influencers around the world.
To kick-off the 2015 program (now in its 6th year), Heineken teamed up with KITH NYC owner Ronnie Fieg to design a sleek three-piece sweatsuit. The collection features a full-zip sweatshirt, a pair of hybrid short-jogger pants and a modern t-shirt.
The collaboration follows this year's program theme of designing gray jersey-knit home and apparel products.
Additional products will be released through the end of the year, in partnership with Union in Los Angeles, Alchemist in Miami, RSVP Gallery in Chicago and Concepts in Boston. Five lucky guests in each city will have the opportunity to win pieces from the limited-edition program.
For the first time ever, in addition to custom goods, the program has expanded to include a #Heineken100 City Guide, along with local activations in each of the five markets, for ages 21 and over. Created by the #Heineken100 retailers and HighSnobiety, the #Heineken100 City Guide highlights the favorite locales of its culturally connected partners.
The next product collaboration is set to drop in September with a launch event at Union in Los Angeles. RSVP Gallery in Chicago will follow in October, followed by Alchemist in November. Boston's Concepts will round out this year's collection with the launch of its collaborative product in December.
The #Heineken100 x KITH NYC collection will be seeded to 100 select influencers from around the world (Photo Credit: Heineken).
HEINEKEN USA Inc., the nation's leading upscale beer importer, is a subsidiary of HeinekenInternational BV, the world's most international brewer. European brands imported into the U.S. include Heineken, the world's most international beer brand, Strongbow Hard Apple Ciders, Desperados, Amstel Light, and Newcastle Brown Ale. HEINEKEN USA also imports the Dos Equis Franchise, Tecate Franchise, Sol, Indio, Carta Blanca and Bohemia brands from Mexico. For the latest information on our company and brands, follow us on Twitter @HeinekenUSACorp, or visit HEINEKENUSA.com.
Ronnie Fieg is the owner and designer of Kith NYC, a retail boutique with locations in NoHo and Brooklyn. Within the past two years the brand has grown into a private sportswear label producing seasonal collections. Ronnie grew up in Queens, and has resided in the New York City area throughout his life, offering him experiences that have made his brand deeply rooted in genuine New York spirit.


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Ann Arbor - East
Ann Arbor - West
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In 1911, 20 year old George was living with his widowed mother Jane and younger sister Rosina at 4 South Terrace, Southampton. He was working as a painter's labourer and was likely to have been financially supporting his family.
A decade earlier, George was living with his father George, a general labourer, and sister Rosina at the South Stoneham Union Workhouse, in West End, Southampton.
George joined the Royal Field Artillery as a Driver and entered the French theatre of war on 12th July 1915. He was serving with C Battery in the 78th Brigade when he died on 26th October 1918. George is buried at Southampton Old Cemetery.


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Get PHONECOcontact information, plus see product reviews we've published about the company.


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Aboriginal Rock Art and the Native Mounted Police
10/12/2019 .Reading time 11 minutes.
By Noelene Cole Image making, an ancient and universal human practice, was revolutionised when photography became more portable and affordable in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although it was initially conceived as a means of objectively representing reality, photography was soon recognised as a powerful, persuasive medium of visual communication. Hence, for the […]
Violent Etymologies
By Heather Burke A map is a frail thing, although the politics that underlie its construction and naming practices are not. In 2017 Queensland removed several racist place names from the map, prompting debate over whether memorials to Robert Towns and John Mackay—the namesakes of both Townsville and Mackay—should tell their history more fully, given […]
Goodie or Baddie? Frederick Walker, the First Commandant of the Native Police, 1848–1855
By Bryce Barker As can be seen from reading about Stanhope O'Connor, Wentworth D'Arcy Uhr and Thomas Coward, the lives and circumstances of the officers in the Native Mounted Police (NMP) force were complex and multi-faceted. However, many accounts of individual officers often portray them as either 'genocidal murderers' or 'stalwart keepers of peace on […]
William Nichols, the NMP and the Murder of Aboriginal People at Irvinebank in 1884
By Lynley Wallis In an earlier blog post I wrote about the challenges of finding contemporary physical evidence of deaths from the colonial frontier, and why such efforts are often akin to looking for a needle in a haystack (cf. Litster and Wallis 2011). Despite this, there are some rare instances where the specific location […]
Moments of Red
08/11/2019 .Reading time 8 minutes.
By Heather Burke When I imagine the Australian "outback" I think of the paintings of Tom Roberts or Frederick McCubbin and the relatively restrained colour palette they used to represent the landscape. While certainly complex, these colours are relatively dull and reflect the olive greens, straws, ochres, purples and blues of eucalypt, grass, rock and […]
Needles in Haystacks: Why Finding Massacres in the Australian Archaeological Record is So Challenging
By Lynley Wallis The publication of a map showing frontier massacre sites across Australia by eminent historian Professor Lyndall Ryan has generated enormous public interest in the past 12 months (Figure 1). The map represents a wonderful resource with substantive research behind it. However, users should be aware that the "massacre locations" shown on it (and most […]
All for one and one for all
By Tony Pagels Before the development of the centrefire cartridge in 1866, the Native Mounted Police (NMP) were issued with a variety of muzzle and breech loading percussion weapons. This assortment of weapons caused confusion regarding ammunition, so the solution was to arm all personnel with the same weapon (QSA846918 In letter 73/2320). The decision […]
The Social Capital of Officers in the NMP
By Heather Burke In the 1960s French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu offered an influential framework for thinking about the social differences between people. Going beyond straightforward economic theory, he argued that there are three forms of capital that enable society to function and to create the social structures under which we all live. These can theoretically be […]
The Arms Race
By Tony Pagels 'The Unwanted Arm' blog post detailed the introduction of the Westley Richards double-barrelled, breech loading, 20g pinfire carbines purchased in 1867 to replace the antiquated percussion cap, muzzle-loading carbines issued to the Native Mounted Police (NMP). The weapon that superseded the Westley Richards pinfire carbines was the Snider artillery carbine (Figure 1), […]
Who Were the Officers of the NMP?
By Cherrie De Leiuen In a previous blog we discussed the project's online database, which holds both the archaeological and documentary evidence that has been collected and will be accessible to the public later in 2019. One database category that is explored in more detail in this post is the NMP officers. At present (April […]


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Future Projects.
Below is a sampling of the projects we intend to pursue, and expand, now that we'll be operating as a nonprofit.
The McSweeney's Poetry Series
The ninth book in our poetry series, Daniel Khalastchi's Tradition, will be out next April; we have several volumes lined up to follow it, and we're eager to add more. We see this series growing in the years to come, with full-time editors, a support staff, a dedicated website, and additional, larger-scale projects, such as anthologies and collections in translation, alongside the core series.
Over the years, McSweeney's has translated and published great fiction and nonfiction by Michel Houellebecq, Javier Marías, Alessandro Baricco, and Marcos Giralt Torrente, and many others. Next year, we'll be bringing out a new story collection by Chilean author Alejandro Zambra, and a novel by Croatian novelist Olja Savicevic. We intend to redouble our efforts in this area; with additional funding, our editors will be able to go in search of great works from all over.
Major Collaborations in McSweeney's Quarterly
In recent years, we've made our quarterly a home for ambitious experimental anthologizing—we've given over full issues to last spring's all-Latin-American-crime lineup, British novelist Adam Thirlwell's serial translation project, and a celebration of the editorial work of Ray Bradbury and Alfred Hitchcock. Farther down the road, other special issues await the support they need—a compilation of writing on American waterways with contributions from journalists, novelists, poets, and essayists, edited by a major American novelist; new art-centric anthologies, in collaboration with photographers and graphic novelists; and more.
Marlon James's Anthology of Caribbean Fiction
For the past two years, acclaimed Jamaican novelist Marlon James has been collecting work from Cuba, Haiti, the Virgin Islands, Suriname, and his home country, in an effort to create a definitive anthology of recent Caribbean fiction. The project has been operating on a shoestring budget; we want to give the collection the space and the resources it needs.
Stories upon Stories
Originally published in Italian and edited by Alessandro Baricco, this wonderful collection of classic stories re-interpreted by contemporary writers is due out from us late next year. It's massive, fully illustrated, and includes work by Baricco, Umberto Eco, Yiyun Li, Ali Smith, and Abraham Yehoshua. The book has been almost ready to go for some time, but budgetary constraints have hindered its release—we're excited to bring it out into the world at long last.
The first-ever collection of writing by the women of South Sudan
Nyuol Tong, who edited our first collection of South Sudanese fiction—There Is a Country—will return with this second volume, concentrating on women writers. A note from Nyuol:
This collection of South Sudanese fiction and nonfiction aims to provide a crucial glimpse into the feminine experience in a country whose public rhetoric and media is dominated by hegemonic masculinity. The stories in this collection will endeavor to reveal a vital aspect of the female spirit unique to South Sudan—a country that is both new and, from a cultural heritage sense, very old. Each story will explore who contemporary South Sudanese women are, and how their humor, habits, and goals distinguish them and connect them to women everywhere.
The Rebirth of the Collins Library
Almost a decade ago, noted author and memoirist Paul Collins created a wonderful series that resurrected long-out-of-print titles, from the classic of unintentional humor English As She Is Spoke to David Garnett's Lady Into Fox. Over the past few years, the series has been dormant, but we'd love to resurrect it and keep bringing Collins's discoveries into print.
Long-form journalism in the Believer
The Believer begins its new bimonthly schedule next year, with each issue 112 pages or more, and will now feature cover stories of a length and depth never before possible. The Believer has always published excellent and well-reported journalism, but with the ability to seek grant funding, and partner with nonprofit journalism organizations, we'll now be able to increase our commitment to the form, and to give long-form literary journalism a forum it needs and deserves.
Voice of Witness
Voice of Witness has, for almost ten years now, been publishing groundbreaking books of oral histories—books that illuminate human rights crises around the world in uniquely powerful ways. Voice of Witness has been its own 501( c )(3) for years now, but its books have always been published by McSweeney's. Now, with both organizations being nonprofit agencies, far more possibilities exist to collaborate on more ambitious projects—including wider distribution and greater outreach.
This is just a sampling of the projects in the works. Watch this space for news about new undertakings.


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The prescription medicine belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. 5mg (or flupenthixol, an antipsychotic) and melitracen 10mg (a tricyclic antidepressant). Etizolam abuse has been reported as a problem in Japan. Etizolam is known to cause anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, and muscle relaxation effects on administration and has been prescribed for medical use in such cases as well. 2 mg of etizolam (my dose ). New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are chemicals sold as recreational drugs under names like research chemicals or legal highs. Alcohol is a chief example of a sedative commonly used for recreational rather than medical purposes. Etizolam should be used with great caution in paediatric patients under the supervision of a doctor. Clonazolam is a designer benzodiazepine which has gained much recognition in the last couple of years as a research chemical and recreational drug, similar to Etizolam. Doctors recommend a dosage of 1-2 mg Etizolam daily during bedtime for patients who have insomnia (inability to sleep). It possesses amnesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle. 13: Etizolam Page 3 problems and social harm. I've had chronic insomnia and anxiety for years, so the use of Etizolam for these will be addressed as well. Etizolam works similarly to these drugs by acting on the same set of receptors and producing the same kinds of psychoactive effects. Euphoric effect at high dosage is the first cause of its recreational use that has determined a wider distribution in the illicit market. Etizolam (marketed under many brand names) is a etizolam vendor thienodiazepine derivative which is a benzodiazepine analog. How this melded with the subconscious always fascinated me, how things could be perceived as an essence, and how these things would be stored in my mind as these perceived essences. The greater dose can cause the full range of effects but come with adverse side effects as well which include serious injury or death in severe conditions. Learn more about Procaine uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain Procaine. 5 milligrams, 1 milligram, and two milligrams. The standard maximum dose for adults is 2 mg per day, but a dosage of 1 mg or 0. The chart below outlines approximate duration times in human urine. Etizolam is an anxiolytic drug with a pharmacologic profile similar to classic benzodiazepines like Xanax. Tianeptine Dosage: Pills for this drug most often come in a 12. The recommended dosage for Etizolam in adults is 0. Welcome to TripSit Factsheets. It's free rated so you can top up if when you run out of credit. Developing tolerance means that more of the drug is needed to get the same effect. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed. i've managed to find a steady supply of them @ $1/pop. The historicism without man Elwin klonopin m c 15 went into the wounds wounds mongers semper. It is an addictive drug with numerous serious side effects which is why physicians in the aforementioned countries often prescribe this drug in small dosage intervals to decrease chances of developing a side effect and dependency. To know for sure if you or another person will SHOW UP CLEAN, perform a drug test! Often drug users ask about detoxing or detoxification information and/or what is required to pass a drug test. It possesses amnesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle. Smoking is bad for your health. Etizolam is highly addictive. While clonazepam can be better for use in functional situations. The length of time it takes for etizolam addiction. i actually forgot about etizolam over the weekend. Recreational use of nitrous oxide has not always been common. The threshold dose is between 0. Alcohol/drug addiction. Withdrawal after long term use must be approached by a gradual tapering down of dosage and not abrupt withdrawal. Addionally, the amount of ethanol present in a given Etizolam dose within reasonable recreational levels will, at the most, be only slightly more than two-thirds of a standard drink (that being 1. The third case was a 23-year-old male who presented himself to the ED with palpitations and anxiety, after using 2 g of eth-. If you have been using etizolam for recreational or other reasons, it is possible to taper your dose as you would a benzodiazepine. And let me just say the withdrawal from this drug is just as bad as heroin and I'm on day 5 and still am sore sweaty cold and with out etizolam don't think I could have made it this far ""But then of course curiosity got the best of me and I took a big dose. 5 mg Common 1-2 mg Strong 3-4 mg Heavy 5 mg +. Etizolam abuse that leads to dependence or addiction is dangerous and must be addressed immediately. Uses of Etizolam Powder. Etizolam (marketed under many brand names) is a thienodiazepine derivative which is a benzodiazepine analog. The main purpose of Etizolam is research; it is readily available at certain websites and is labeled as a research chemical. Etizolam-The recommended adult dosage for Etizolam is three milligrams a day. The effects of moderate dosage last for 4-6 hours among the majority of the users. Ask your purchase Etizolam online care provider if Alkeran may make with other people that you take. •Recreational, non-medical tianeptine users suggest that significant withdrawal effects resembling those of other typical opioid drugs (including but not limited to depression, insomnia, cold/flu-like symptoms) manifest following prolonged high dose usage. Max single dose = 750 mg (If over 60 years old, 500 mg) Anecdotal Dosages I Found: –LiftMode. A molecule of Etizolam is different in comparison with a benzodiazepine and here the benzene ring is not present. The toxicity in etizolam is just one of many causes that lead to overdosing from this potent drug. It is used for the management of anxiety and short-term treatment of insomnia (sleeplessness). How this melded with the subconscious always fascinated me, how things could be perceived as an essence, and how these things would be stored in my mind as these perceived essences. Etizolam is an anxiolytic drug with a pharmacologic profile similar to classic benzodiazepines like Xanax. it seems i only remember to take it when i actually need it, which is wonderful. Hey there! I know everyone is different and was wondering recently what everyone's dose is when they want to use it recreationally. The recommended dose of Kratom is low to moderate. 5mg 1-2mg 3-4mg 5mg+. Redstormscientific. Do not use Etizolam while taking pain medications. A gradual taper strategy when stopping etizolam is also recommended to ease any withdrawal effects. A lot of the others are either not much fun/very recreational. Alcohol/drug addiction. Side effects are said to be mild or moderate, depending on the therapeutic dose given for specific conditions; the most common effect of etizolam is sleepiness during daytime hours. The drug can cause appetite enhancement though this effect doesn't appear in all of the users. The suggested dosage for panic disorders is 0. 5mg (or flupenthixol, an antipsychotic) and melitracen 10mg (a tricyclic antidepressant). In spite of Etizolam being there for many decades, it's currently acknowledged by many people as one of the most effective recreational drugs. Clonazolam is stronger with its positive and negative effects. However, the drug also has been found in powdered form and soaked into blotter paper like LSD. His temperature is over 107 and you are going to do something about it. Narcolepsy is a condition that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and a tendency to fall asleep suddenly in inappropriate situations (sleep attacks). Cheap etizolam online, etizolam dosage, etizolam best price, etizolam order online, etizolam discount, where can I buy etizolam in UK. 5 mg twice daily. It possesses amnesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Recreational viagra dose 100mg websites cicialis generic We found a small black box viagra exactly that holds money that we use for ours. She received a single dose of 5 mg of oral diaz-epam. The dosage should not exceed 1mg in a day. Have yet to drink the beer but most likely will soon. USAGE: Xanax is in a pill form and has to be taken orally with a glass of water. Although canadians Etizolam online should monitor their offices during, and one dose after, the infusion, these problems can use up to 24 hours after the treatment. Their higher dose is 500 mg – 750 mg up to twice daily for better sleep, along with the effects noticed at the smaller dosages. Mostly teens are abusing etizolam when going to parties using etizolam as a recreational drug with other control substances, including alcohol. Welcome to TripSit Factsheets. You do want to split the dose up to ensure the body has a consistent supply of the drug. Due to competitive price and high quality. Physical Effects shown by Etizolam are: Dizziness; Increase in Appetite. Know Etizolam uses, side effects, dosage, contraindications, benefit, interactions, purpose, drug interactions, precautions, warnings only on | Practo. Light doses of the drug range from 0. The controversial 1995 movie Kids shows one of the characters using it, but the popularity of the gas has increased dramatically in. It has a good safety profile, though regular heavy use can cause physical dependence and contribute to certain medical conditions. I prefer pills for phenibut. It is a substance of abuse, however. It can cause an immune reaction that can cause It may be possible to use stimulants (such as cocaine or heroin) while taking Etizolam. I really dislike recreational use of benzodiazepines or their derivatives but I thought I'd give etizolam a try. Mostly teens are abusing etizolam when going to parties using etizolam as a recreational drug with other control substances, including alcohol. Mouseover technical terms. Phenibut is a chemical that is used to treat nervous system ailments like insomnia (sleeping sickness), anxiety, depression, alcoholism, and stress. Average recreational dose starts at 2mg; 3mg is a heavy dose. Etizolam Abuse and Treatment Options Etizolam is the generic name for a medication related to benzodiazepines. Etizolam-The recommended adult dosage for Etizolam is three milligrams a day. For more information, kindly contact us. How to use the Latuda. I have them to have similar effects to valium which appear to have some fun factor. Re: Etizolam does it realy have recreational value ? I suppose it depends on where one sources from. Etizolam is commonly used for inducing calm and relaxation. Below is the guideline for proper administration. Xanax Dosage. Etizolam[1] (marketed under the brand name Etilaam, Etizola, Sedekopan, Pasaden or Depas) is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. These include lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. The etizolam molecule differs from a benzodiazepine in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring. Injecting it is rough on veins and can be followed by a burning sensation. Because of its high potency rate, its human consumption is illegal. Our Wesite and Blog content is for the sole purpose of educational and entertainment purposes only. Here is what can be experienced when taking Etizolam orally: Effects Of *1 Mg. While this drug does have recreational effects, I use it mainly as a comedown aid. Etizolam can be a prescription medication rather than for recreational usage. Kratom county vendor appeared in the market in 2010. <insert manic paragraph describing our speedy community in vivid detail, describing at great length the community, the rules, the daily goings-on etc. He then up the dose gradually each day and ended up using 2. AH-7921 is a structurally unique synthetic opioid analgesic that has recently entered the drug arena in Europe, the USA, and Japan. The physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome of Nimetazepam also adds to the addictive nature of Nimetazepam. It has since become extremely popular due to its low cost, high levels of products and a wide range of applications. The best effects show up between 2-5mg. Dosage and Over-Dose of Etizolam The dosage of the drug ranges from 0. 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This medicine should be used with caution if you have an impairment of normal liver or kidney function. "Street" benzodiazepines, such as etizolam, which have flooded the market across the UK over the past few years, were implicated in 57% of the deaths. 05 mg tablet thrice, sometimes the dose is increased but at any cost the total is not to be raised above 3mg. 5 mg three times a day) and users may benefit from the neurogenic, neuroprotective and antidepressant properties of the drug without having to worry about addiction and withdrawal symptoms. The drug can cause appetite enhancement though this effect doesn't appear in all of the users. Etizolam dosage. We can recommend and ship out several distinct brands, depending on customer's preference. In 2003, manufacturing rights were purchased by Watson Pharmaceuticals and by 2012, Watson acquired the pharmaceutical company Actavis and opted to switch their company. 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Although canadians Etizolam online should monitor their offices during, and one dose after, the infusion, these problems can use up to 24 hours after the treatment. For mild effects, a dose of 0. if i were using xanax in this situation i would have probably eaten my entire supply already. Etizolam (marketed under many brand names) is a thienodiazepine derivative which is a benzodiazepine analog. Since etizolam is not regulated in the United States, it is tough to know what is contained in the drug you are taking and how the dosage may impact you. , 1-2 mg as well. He has found that if tolerance is kept under control then 62. I have a tendency to self medicate like that. History of Etizolam. It is avail in the dosage like 20mg, 40mg, 60mg, 80mg and 120mg tablets in Latuda Canada pharmacy. Large profits are made by cutting Cocaine to increase its volume. I've also gone through moderate-heavy use of benzodiazepines, and the dosage that I take is not recommended. 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Etizolam is not commonly prescribed and is not recognized as a controlled substance in many parts of the world, which has led to its rise as a popular research chemical substitute for pharmaceutical benzodiazepines, typically those that are sought after for their recreational effects. It belongs to a group of drugs called. Heroin, methadone or codeine were implicated 86% of deaths. Appropriate dose adjustments and monitoring of liver/kidney function during treatment are recommended. Our website is not meant to replace medical or legal advice. The extended-release form of tapentadol (Nucynta ER) is for around-the-clock treatment of pain that is not controlled by other medicines. Etizolam: Drugs like Valium and Xanax are chemically benzodiazepines and used to treat the anxiety or insomnia by working on the central nervous system that relaxing the muscles, sedate them and produce quality sleep. I volumetrically dose 3mg of etizolam when I begin to feel overwhelmed by the stimulant after effects of other substances. Etizolam Buying Guide and Trusted Vendors Reviews. Etizolam is an adequate anti-anxiety medicine which is similar to the benzodiazepine class of drugs. Alprazolam vs Etizolam. Annex 1: WHO Questionnaire Agenda Item 4. Very very rarely for recreational purposes. 5mg (or flupenthixol, an antipsychotic) and melitracen 10mg (a tricyclic antidepressant). LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) Commonly known as acid, is a synthetic hallucinogenic drug whose production has been commercially banned since the 1970s. Uses of Etizolam 1) Anxiety. A patient commonly begins with 0. I find it quite recreational and less sedating. Side effects are said to be mild or moderate, depending on the therapeutic dose given for specific conditions; the most common effect of etizolam is sleepiness during daytime hours. 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text:
©2018 by Fun Book of Fatherhood. Proudly created with Wix.com
Interviews / Speaking Engagements
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Apollo Theatre Historian and Director of Tours
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Author of "The Creative Writer's Companion"
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"A story well told, with humor and sensitivity by the father awarded the first paternity leave from the New York City Board of Education 45 years ago."
Past National President and Board Member, NAACP
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Wild parenting advice from the first man to win a paternity leave suit
If the problems of parenting have got you down, you might seek comfort in knowing the animal kingdom has very similar problems, and you are in good company in the most expansive sense.
https://mashable.com/article/first-paternity-leave-parenting-advice/#AVX7AyHUCPqS
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In 1973, Jerry Cammarata made history by becoming the first father in the United States to fight for and win paternity leave from the New York City Board of Education. As a result of the national attention he received, Dr. Cammarata was appointed to the White House Conference on Families by President Carter and later served as Commissioner of the Department of Youth and Community Development under New York City Mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg.
https://motherhood-moment.blogspot.com/2018/09/book-nook-fun-book-of-fatherhood.html
Here's How a Father and Educator Deals With Temper Tantrums
Temper tantrums are simply the worst. Not only do they often involve lots of tears and distressing noises, but they can seem unpredictable or worse, unstoppable, making them all the more frustrating and worrisome to deal with. If you're a parent of a toddler, then you know this all too well. And while eliminating temper tantrums completely isn't an option (sad, but true), there are definitely ways to slow them down and repurpose them into learning opportunities for both you and your child. It's all about striking the balance between accommodating their needs without spoiling them. If you're wondering how exactly that can be done, you're in good hands.
https://www.mydomaine.com/how-to-handle-toddler-tantrums
5 Best Parenting Books For New Dads Of All Time
It seems that all the advice out there for parenting is aimed at mums. It's easy for new dads to feel lost and alone when approaching parenting.
But fear not, we are here to help. We've rounded up the top parenting books for men.
https://fupping.com/taegan/2018/08/19/5-best-parenting-books-for-new-dads-of-all-time/


text:
title: Duality
published: 2016-03-04
modified: 2016-03-04
tags: duality
type: concept
showTOC: True
---

# Summary

## Duality

These problems are dual.
\begin{align}
\min_{f_i\le 0, Ax=b} f & \lra \max_{\la \ge 0,\nu} \ub{\min_x \ub{f+\la^T\vec{f} + \nu^T (Ax-b)}{\cal L(x,\la,\nu)}}{g(\la,\nu)}\\
\max_{f_i\ge 0, Ax=b} f & \lra \min_{\la \ge 0,\nu} \ub{\max_x \ub{f+\la^T\vec{f} - \nu^T (Ax-b)}{\cal L(x,\la,\nu)}}{g(\la,\nu)}
\end{align}
In (1) the $f_i$ are convex; in (2) they are concave. In (1), we have dual$\le$primal:
$$
\min_{f_i\le 0, Ax=b} f \ge \max_{\la \ge 0,\nu} \ub{\min_x \ub{f+\la^T\vec{f} + \nu^T (Ax-b)}{\cal L(x,\la,\nu)}}{g(\la,\nu)}
$$
Note: $f^*(y)=\sup_x y^Tx - f(x)$ is the conjugate or **Legendre transform**. It is convex, and for convex functions, the double conjugate is the original function.

**Slater's constraints**: Equality holds if the problem is strictly feasible: there exists $x$ such that $f_i(x)<0, Ax=b$. Linear inequalities are allowed to be non-strict, $f_i(x)\le 0$.

## KKT conditions

The KKT conditions are (here $h=Ax-b$)

1. (derivative 0) $\nb f+\sum \la_i \nb f_i + \nu^TA=0$.
2. (constraints satisfied)  $\la \ge 0, f_i\le 0, h_i=0$.
3. (complementary slackness) $\la f_i=0$.

Interpretation:

* If $x,\la,\nu$ satisfy the conditions, then $x$ and $(\la,\nu)$ are primal and dual optimal (and $x$ is a minimizer of $\cL(x,\la,\nu)$) and the optimal values are equal.
* Conversely, if $x$ is any primal optimum, $(\la, \nu)$ is any dual optimum, and the optimal values are equal, then KKT holds. (Proof: $f(x) = g(\la,\nu) \le f(x)$.)
* If Slater's condition is satisfied, $x$ is optimal if and only if there exist, $\la,\nu$ that satisfy KKT conditions.

<!-- (If $h_i\ne 0$,
If $f_i(x)>0$, then it would have been strictly better for P1 to choose $\la=0$. If -->

## Examples

1.  Linear programming (equality when there exists a feasible solution)
    \begin{align}
	\min_{Ax=b,x\ge 0} c^Tx &= \max_{\la\ge 0, A^T\nu\ge -c} -b^T\nu\\
	\min_{Ax\le b} c^Tx &= \max_{\la\ge 0, A^T\nu=-c} -b^T\nu.
	\end{align}

### Dual functions

(Check this.)

Function|Dual
---|---
$u\ln u$|$e^{v-1}$
$\ve{x}$|$\begin{cases}0,&\ve{y}_*\le 1\\ \iy,&\text{else}\end{cases}$
$\ln \det(X^{-1})$|$\ln \det(-Y)^{-1}-n$

# Proofs and intuition

## Weak duality

Given a dual feasible $\la,\nu$, choose $x=x^*$. Then
$$
g(\la,\nu) \le f(x^*) + \sum \la_i \ub{f_i(x^*)}{\le 0} + \nu^T \ub{(Ax^*-b)}{=0}\le f(x^*).
$$

(Convexity not needed here.)

## Strong duality

1.  Express in terms of graphs. Let
    \begin{align}
	\mathcal G &= \{(\vec f, \vec h, f)\}\\
	\mathcal A &= \mathcal G = (\R_+^m \times \{0\} \times \R_+).
	\end{align}
	Then
	\begin{align}
	p^* &= \inf_{(u,v,t)\in \mathcal G, u\le 0, v=0} = \inf_{(0,0,t)\in \mathcal A} t\\
	g(\la,\nu) &= \inf_{(u,v,t)\in \mathcal G\text{ (or }\mathcal A)} \an{(\la,\nu, 1),(u,v,t)}.
	\end{align}
	Each value of $g(\la,\nu)$ gives the $t$-intercept of a nonverticl supporting hyperplane $\an{(\la,\nu,1), (u,v,t)}\ge g(\la,\nu)$.
2.  Weak duality (again). Set $(\la,\nu)=(0,0)$ to get $g(0,0) = \inf_{(u,v,t)\in \mathcal A} t \le \inf_{(0,0,t)\in \mathcal A} = p^*$.
3.  <!--We've interpreted $p^*$ as an "extreme" point of $\mathcal A$. Now we reinterpret the dual optimum.-->
	The idea is that there exists a supporting hyperplane tangent at $(0,0,p^*)$. To make this precise we separate $\mathcal A$ from a ray
	$$ \mathcal B = \set{(0,0,s)}{s<p^*}.$$
	Note $\mathcal A,\mathcal B$ are disjoint.
	There is a separating hyperplane
	$$ (u,v,t)\in \begin{cases}\mathcal A\\\mathcal B\end{cases} \implies \wt \la^T u + \wt \nu^T v + \mu t \begin{cases}\ge \\ \le \end{cases} \al.$$
	By definition of $\mathcal A$, $\wt \la \ge 0, \mu\ge 0$. The second part in the equation gives $\mu p^*\le \al$.
4.  Case $\mu>0$: Going back to the definition of $\mathcal A$, we get $L(x,\wt \la/\mu, \wt \nu/\mu)\ge p^*$. Then $g(\wt \la/\mu, \wt \nu/\mu) \ge p^*$.
5.  Case $\mu=0$: Applying the hyperplane inequality to the point $\wt x$ satisfying Slater, $\sumo im \wt \la_i f_i(\wt x)\ge 0$. Get $\wt \la=0$, $\wt \nu\ne 0$. Assume $\rank A=p$ (what if this is not true?) Then there are points with $\wt \nu^T (Ax-b)<0$, contradiction. (Slater shows the hyperplane cannot be vertical.)

(I don't have intuition for this proof.)

## Intuition

Think of the dual as (1) relaxing the strict conditions that $f_i\le 0$ and (2) being a game. If you fail to meet the constraint $f_i\le 0$, you are penalized by cost $\la_if_i$ (and you gain money from constraints that are met). The adversary first sets "shadow prices" $\la_i,\nu_i$, the cost for violating the constraints, and then you choose $x^*$. Duality says you can't do better in this game. (You can do just as well by choosing your original $x^*$; this is weak duality.)

Let $p^*(u,v)$ be the optima under constraints $f_i\le u_i,h_i=v_i$. The sensitivity to the constraints are given by the dual optima. We have the following (the derivative equations hold if $p^*$ is differentiable).[^f1]
\begin{align}
p^*(u,v) &\ge p^*(0,0)-\la^{*T} u - \nu^{*T} v\\
\pd{p^*}{v_i} &= -\nu_i\\
\pd{p^*}{u_i} &= -\la_i.
\end{align}

[^f1]: Otherwise maybe an inequality? Multiple dual optima are possible.

# Applications

von Neumann minimax theorem.
$$
\min_{1^T p = 1,p\ge 0} \max_{1^T q =1,q\ge 0} p^TAq = \max_q\min_p...
$$
Proof: Write the LHS as $\min_{p\ge 0, 1^Tp=1, P^Tp \le t\one}t$ and use strong duality.

# Review

1. Give the dual problems for $\min_{f_i\le 0, Ax=b}f$. Ditto for $f_i\ge 0$.
1. What is weak duality? Prove it.
1. Give Slater's conditions for equality (strong duality).
1. Give the KKT conditions.
1. What is duality for linear programming?
1. Give intuition for duality. Explain what "shadow prices" are. What quantities represent sensitivity to constraints?

# Questions

If $x$ is a primal optimal, is there necessarily a $(\la,\nu)$ that satisfies the equations? I think if $x$ is primal optimal and $(\la,\nu)$ is dual optimal, $(x,\la,\nu)$ does not necessarily satisfy. Check this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Intel Cilk Plus code example with cilk_for keyword cilk_for is a keyword of Intel Cilk Plus, and we can use it following way:
cilk_for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
{
    do_work(i);
}

I need some more example codes of Intel Cilk Plus with cilk_for keyword.

A: That's pretty much all there is. A cilk_for loop is one of the easiest ways you can parallelize your code. Things to watch out for:

*

*Don't try to size your loop to the number of cores. Tuning your code like this is inherently fragile. Instead, expose the full range of your data in the for loop and let the Cilk Plus runtime worry about scheduling the loop iterations.

*Beware of races! If you haven't tested your application with a race detector like Cilkscreen or Intel Inspector, you've probably got races slowing you down (at best) and generating anomalous results.

*cilk_for loops (examples) are implemented using a divide-and=conquer algorithm that recursively splits the range in half until the number of iterations remaining is less than the "grainsize". The runtime calculates grainsize by dividing the range by 8P, or 8 times the number of cores. This is a usually a pretty good value - Not too much so there's excess overhead, not too little so you're starved for parallelism.  You can specify the grainsize using a pragma of the form "#pragma cilk grainsize=value", where "value" can be a constant or an expression. But our experience is that there are some specialized places where the correct grainsize is 1, and in most others you're best off using the default.

*If your code is accumulating a result, consider using reducers instead of locks. Reducers provide lock-free "views" of the data that get merged automatically by the Cilk Plus runtime so that sequential ordering is preserved.

Barry Tannenbaum, Intel Cilk Plus Development

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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