text:
\section{introduction}
In condensed matter physics, one of the most important area of investigation is into
the transport properties of solids under magnetic fields.
The recent discovery of extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) in non-magnetic materials
has attracted attention not only for interests in its physical mechanism but also its possible application
in magnetic sensors.
Several non-magnetic semimetals, with nearly compensated and highly mobile
electrons and holes, have been known to exhibit XMR, such as WTe$_2$ \cite{Ali}, Cd$_3$As$_2$ \cite{Liang},
TaAs \cite{Huang}, and NbP \cite{Shekhar}.
Although several mechanisms, such as topologically protected back scattering \cite{Liang},
have been proposed to explain XMR, the exact origin still remains unclear.

Black phosphorus (BP), the target of this study, is one of the stable forms of phosphorus (P) and
known as a high-mobility semiconductor at ambient pressure.
BP has an orthorhombic crystal structure with distinctive layers in the $ac$ plane,
as shown in the lower image of Fig. \ref{fig1};
these layers consist of puckered honeycomb monolayers called phosphorene \cite{Hultgren}.
Phosphorene is recently shed light on the application to electronic devices owing to its high mobility and appropriate band gap ($\sim$2 eV) at the $\Gamma$ point \cite{Li}.
The interlayer coupling along the $b$-axis causes changes in the dispersion along the $\Gamma$-$Z$ path,
thereby resulting in bulk BP having a narrow direct gap ($\sim$0.3 eV) at the $Z$ point \cite{Takao, Asahina}.
The band gap can be further reduced by applying hydrostatic pressure,
as the layers are weakly coupled by the van der Waals force.
Suppression of the band gap has been observed in transport and optical measurements under high pressure \cite{Okazima, Akahama, Akahama_1986}.
Recently, a pressure-induced semiconductor to semimetal (SC-SM) transition was directly observed
through the emergence of Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations,
and the existence of at least two small Fermi surfaces are suggested in the semimetallic state \cite{Akiba, Xiang}.
In this state, BP showed giant
and non-saturating magnetoresistance ($\sim$10$^5$ \% at 14 T) \cite{Akiba},
which is a feature frequently seen in nearly compensated semimetals \cite{Ali, Liang, Huang, Shekhar}.
By applying a conventional two-carrier model to compensated semimetals,
we can explain the effect of non-saturating positive transverse magnetoresistance
regardless of their topological properties.
Therefore, in this class of materials, careful two-carrier analyses are crucial in distinguishing
non-trivial effects from conventional ones.
In this context, we measured the magnetotransport properties of BP under hydrostatic pressure, and analyzed the results based on a two-carrier model.

\section{experiments}
Single crystals of BP were synthesized under high pressure \cite{Endo}.
The resistance ($\rho_{xx}$) and Hall resistance ($\rho_{yx}$) of samples that had average dimensions of
1.5 $\times$ 1.0 $\times$ 0.1 mm$^3$ were measured simultaneously by a standard five-probe method.
Gold wires of 30 $\mu$m diameter were attached to the samples with a MRX-713J carbon epoxy.
A high pressure environment was created by a piston-cylinder-type pressure cell,
and Daphne 7373 was used as a pressure medium.
The pressure ($P$) in the sample space was monitored by the superconducting-transition temperature of Pb, which had been mounted together with the sample.
The magnetotransport properties were studied in magnetic fields of up to 14 T and temperatures
above 2 K using the Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS, Quantum Design).
The measurements below 2 K were carried out using a dilution refrigerator and superconducting magnet
(Oxford Instruments).

\section{Results and Discussion}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig1_resize.eps}
\caption{The temperature dependence of the resistivity along the $c$-axis ($\rho_{c}$) at various pressures.
The upper left inset shows the pressure dependence of the resistivity ratio between 300 K and 2 K
[$\rho_{c}$(300 K) / $\rho_{c}$(2 K)].
{\color{red}{
The upper right inset shows the pressure dependence of the resistivity along the $c$- ($\rho_{c}$) and
$a$- ($\rho_{a}$) axes at 2 K.
}}
The lower image shows the crystal structure of BP and the corresponding crystal axes. \label{fig1}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig1} shows the temperature ($T$) dependence of the resistivity along the $c$-axis ($\rho_c$) at various pressures.
The behaviors at 0.13 and 0.29 GPa are typical of extrinsic semiconductors \cite{Akahama, Hummel}.
In the high-temperature region between 300 and 200 K, the resistivity increases
as the temperature decreases,
which can be regarded as a reduction in the number of carriers that are thermally activated
\textit{via} the excitation across the band gap.
In the middle-temperature region between 200 and 50 K,
the reduction of $\rho_{c}$ as the temperature decreases can be interpreted as an enhancement
in the mobility
caused by the suppression of lattice vibrations in this temperature region.
The steep increase in resistivity below 50 K can be attributed to both the suppression of thermally excited
carriers from the impurity levels and Anderson localization \cite{Baba}.
Enhancements of $\rho_{c}$ below 50 K and above 200 K are suppressed as the pressure increases,
and the temperature dependence becomes metallic across the entire temperature range above 1.38 GPa.
The upper left inset in Fig. \ref{fig1} shows the pressure dependence of the resistivity ratio
between 300 K and 2 K [$\rho_{c}$(300 K) / $\rho_{c}$(2 K)].
The slope of the ratio changes at around 1.2 GPa, which is where
the magnetoresistance starts to increase [as shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(a)]; this is consistent with
the previous report \cite{Xiang}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig2_resize.eps}
\caption{
(a)The resistivity ($\rho_{xx}$) and (b)Hall resistivity ($\rho_{yx}$)
as a function of the magnetic field that is applied along the $b$-axis at 2, 15, and 30 K
under $P=0.29$ GPa.
The inset of (b) shows a magnified view of the weak magnetic field region below 2 T.
(c)The Hall conductivity ($\sigma_{xy}$) at 2, 15, and 30 K, as
calculated from both $\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{yx}$ using Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy}).
Dashed lines indicate the fitted curves based on the two-carrier model (see text).
The temperature dependence of the (d)densities ($n_{h1}$, $n_{h2}$) and (e)mobilities ($\mu_{h1}$, $\mu_{h2}$)
of the holes estimated by the two-carrier model fittings at 0.29 GPa.
The error bars are smaller than the diameter of the circles.
\label{fig2}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The transport properties in the semiconducting state at 0.29 GPa are worth particular attention.
Figure \ref{fig2}(a) shows $\rho_{xx}$ at $T=2$, 15, and 30 K as a function of the magnetic field
that is applied parallel to the $b$-axis.
$\rho_{xx}$ first decreases below 2 T and then increases as the magnetic field increases at 2 K;
it then monotonically increases with the magnetic field at 15 and 30 K.
Negative magnetoresistance below 2 T at 2 K is ascribed to the
suppression of the two-dimensional Anderson localization \cite{Baba, Strutz}.
Figure \ref{fig2}(b) shows $\rho_{yx}$ at 2, 15, and 30 K.
Non-linear behavior below 2 T becomes pronounced as the temperature
increases, as shown in the inset of Fig. \ref{fig2}(b);
this agrees well with the previous report \cite{Hou}.
This non-linear behavior suggests that multiple kinds of carriers exist,
and that they have different densities and mobilities.
Since $\rho_{yx}$ is always positive from 0 T to at least 14 T,
the majority of the carriers can be considered to be holes.
Figure \ref{fig2}(c) shows the
Hall conductivity ($\sigma_{xy}$)
as calculated from both $\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{yx}$.
$\sigma_{xy}$ is defined by $\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{yx}$:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}=\frac{\rho_{yx}}{\rho_{xx}^2+\rho_{yx}^2}.
\label{eq_sigmaxy}
\end{equation}
{\color{red}{
Here, Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy}) is for the isotropic case with $\rho_{xx}=\rho_{yy}$
and $\rho_{xy}=-\rho_{yx}$ in the original definition:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}=\frac{\rho_{yx}}{\rho_{xx}\rho_{yy}-\rho_{xy}\rho_{yx}}.
\end{equation}
In the case of BP, It has been reported that the resistivity along the $a$-axis ($\rho_{a}$) is approximately
10 times larger than $\rho_{c}$ at ambient pressure \cite{Akahama_Hall}.
We actually observed the anisotropy in the semiconducting state as shown in
the upper right inset of Fig. \ref{fig1}.
Since $\rho_a/\rho_c$ was found to be nearly constant as functions of temperature and
magnetic field, we utilized the isotropic two-carrier model and focus on qualitative change in the
parameters in the semiconducting state.
The upper right inset of Fig. \ref{fig1} also shows that BP becomes nearly isotropic at pressures above 1.2 GPa.
Therefore, isotropic two-carrier analyses becomes more accurate in the semimetallic state.
}}
By assuming two kinds of carriers (labeled 1 and 2) with densities ($n_{1,2}$) and mobilities ($\mu_{1,2}$),
we can obtain $\sigma_{xy}$ \cite{Soule}:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}=eB\left(\pm \frac{n_1\mu_1^2}{1+\mu_1^2B^2}\pm \frac{n_2\mu_2^2}{1+\mu_2^2B^2} \right).
\label{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole}
\end{equation}
In this equation, $e>0$ is the elementary charge and $B$ is the magnetic flux density, respectively.
The plus and minus signs in Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole}) should be taken into consideration
when the corresponding carrier is a hole or electron, respectively.
It should be noted that the signs of $\rho_{yx}$ and $\sigma_{xy}$ are the same in this formulation.
Our discussion of the result in the semiconducting state assumes the coexistence of two kinds of hole
carries [\textit{i.e.}, plus signs are taken in Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole})].
The dashed lines in Fig. \ref{fig2}(c) show the fitted curves of $\sigma_{xy}$,
based on Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole}), and we
adjust for the four fitting coefficients; namely,
the densities ($n_{h1,h2}$) and mobilities ($\mu_{h1,h2}$) of the hole carriers.
The temperature dependence of these coefficients is shown in Figs. \ref{fig2}(d) and (e).
For simplicity, we ignore the effects of the Anderson localization that are observed at 2 K.
We can see that the carrier densities ($n_{h1,h2}$) increase with increasing temperature, which can be explained \textit{via} the
thermal excitation of carriers from the impurity levels.
The mobilities ($\mu_{h1}$ and $\mu_{h2}$) also increase with increasing temperature,
which is consistent with the
positive temperature coefficient of the Hall mobility that had been observed at ambient pressure up to 20 K
 \cite{Akahama_Hall}.

Here, we comment on the statistical error accompanying the two-carrier fit.
Eguchi \textit{et al.} recently pointed out that there is a large uncertainty in the fitting coefficients
of the two-carrier model analyses of the resistivities ($\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{yx}$) \cite{Eguchi_PRB, Eguchi}.
We also recognized that there are significant errors in the fitting coefficients in the analyses of resistivities,
and so we adopted a fitting to the Hall conductivity ($\sigma_{xy}$).
The parameters we obtained had a much lower error and resulted in physically reasonable behavior, as mentioned above.
One important point to make is that, contrary to that of previous report on BP \cite{Hou},
our experimental results cannot be reproduced by
assuming the coexistence of electrons and holes;
our results indicate that the existence of two kinds of hole carriers with different densities and mobilities is crucial to reproduce the experimental results.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig3_another_resize.eps}
\caption{
(a)The pressure dependence of $\rho_{\mathrm{R}}(B)=[\rho_{xx}(B)-\rho_{xx}(0$ T$)]/\rho_{xx}(0$ T$)$
from 1.01 to 2.24 GPa at 2 K.
(b)The pressure dependence of the Hall resistivity ($\rho_{yx}$) at 2 K.
(c)The magnified view of $\rho_{yx}$ below 2 T.
(d)The pressure dependence of the hole ($n_h$) and electron ($n_e$) densities with vertical error bars.
(e)The pressure dependence of the hole ($\mu_h$) and electron ($\mu_e$) mobilities with vertical error bars.
(f)The experimental (filled red circles) and
simulated (open black circles) values of $\rho_{\mathrm{R}}(14$ T$)$.
\label{fig3}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Next, we show the magnetoresistance and Hall resistance near and above the SC-SM transition pressure.
Figure \ref{fig3}(a) shows $\rho_R (B) \equiv [\rho_{xx }(B)-\rho_{xx} (0$ T$)]/\rho_{xx} (0$ T$)$ at 2 K at several pressures from 1.01 to 2.24 GPa.
The details about the SdH oscillation superposed on $\rho_R (B)$, meanwhile, will be discussed later.
We do not see any tendency of saturation in $\rho_R (B)$ until at least 14 T in the semimetallic state.
The magnetoresistance effect reaches its maximum value of $\rho_R (14$ T$)\cong 8000$ at 1.75 GPa and then decreases with increasing pressure, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(f);
meanwhile the $\rho_{c}$ at 2 K is monotonically suppressed by pressure,
as shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}.
Figure \ref{fig3}(b) shows $\rho_{yx}$ at 2 K from 1.01 to 2.24 GPa, and it
shows non-linear behavior at all pressures,
which suggests a contribution from multiple kinds of carriers.
The sign inversions of $\rho_{yx}$ were observed at this pressure region below 2 T,
as shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(c), which agrees with the previous report \cite{Xiang};
this sign inversion in $\rho_{yx}$, however, cannot be recognized at 0.29 GPa, as shown in
the inset of Fig. \ref{fig2}(b).
The magnetic field where the sign inversion takes place systematically increases with increasing pressure.

In order to extract quantitative information about the semimetallic BP, we analyzed $\sigma_{xy}$ at 2 K based on the isotropic two-carrier model.
{\color{red}{
As shown in the upper right inset of Fig. \ref{fig1}, the anisotropy between $\rho_{a}$ and $\rho_{c}$
at 2 K becomes small above  1.2 GPa at zero field.
In addition, the magnetoresistance along the $a$- and $c$- axes was reported to be less anisotropic
in the semimetallic state \cite{Xiang}.
}}
We can reasonably reproduce $\sigma_{xy}$ by assuming the coexistence of electron and hole carriers
at pressures from 1.01 to 2.24 GPa
[opposite signs between the first and second terms are taken in Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole})].
Curve fittings were carried out in the magnetic field from 0 T to 4 T where the effect of the
quantum oscillations is negligible.
Figure \ref{fig3}(d) shows the pressure dependence of the electron ($n_e$) and hole ($n_h$) densities
with vertical error bars;
both $n_e$ and $n_h$ monotonically increase with increasing pressure,
which indicates that the Fermi pockets became larger due to the enhancement of the band overlap.
This result shows that carrier density is continuously controlled by hydrostatic pressure
in semimetallic BP.
It is also shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(d) that $n_{e}$ and $n_{h}$ have similar values at all pressures,
which indicates the nearly compensated semimetallic nature of BP.
Figure \ref{fig3}(e) shows the pressure dependence of the electron ($\mu_e$) and hole ($\mu_h$) mobilities
with vertical error bars;
The $\mu_{e}$ and $\mu_{h}$ have similar values at 1.01 GPa, while $\mu_e$ becomes
more than 10 times larger than $\mu_h$ above 1.28 GPa.
The coexistence of electrons and holes,  and the large difference between $\mu_{e}$ and $\mu_{h}$, reasonably explains the sign inversion of
$\rho_{yx}$ that is shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(c).
In the electron-hole two-carrier model, $\sigma_{xy}$ is represented by Eq. (\ref{eq_sigmaxy_ele_hole}):
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}=eB\left( \frac{n_h}{\mu_h^{-2}+B^2}-\frac{n_e}{\mu_e^{-2}+B^2} \right).
\label{eq_sigxy}
\end{equation}
In the strong-magnetic field limit ($\mu_{e,h}^{-1} \ll B$), Eq. (\ref{eq_sigxy}) can be simplified:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}\sim \frac{e}{B}(n_h-n_e).
\label{eq_sigxy_high}
\end{equation}
This equation indicates that the sign of $\sigma_{xy}$ is only determined by the carrier imbalance,
$n_h-n_e$.
$\sigma_{xy}$ is always positive in the strong-field limit in the present case,
since $n_h > n_e$ holds at all pressures.
In the weak-magnetic field limit ($\mu_{e,h}^{-1} \gg B$), on the other hand, $\sigma_{xy}$ is represented
by the following equation:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{xy}\sim eB(\mu_h^2 n_h -\mu_e^2 n_e).
\label{eq_sigxy_weak}
\end{equation}
As can be seen, the sign depends also on the mobilities. Since $n_e \simeq n_h$ and $\mu_e^2 > \mu_h^2$ in the present case, $\sigma_{xy}$ is negative in a weak magnetic field.
Therefore, the sign inversion takes place in a magnetic field where the first term is equal to the second term in Eq. (\ref{eq_sigxy}).

Here, we discuss the XMR of semimetallic BP.
In the present model, $\rho_{\mathrm{R}}(B)$ is represented by the following equation \cite{Sun}:
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\mathrm{R}}(B)=\frac{B^2n_e n_h \mu_e \mu_h (\mu_e+\mu_h)^2}{(\mu_e n_e+\mu_h n_h)^2+B^2\mu_e^2 \mu_h^2(n_e-n_h)^2}.
\label{eq_rhoR}
\end{equation}
In the case of a completely compensated semimetal ($n_e=n_h$), $\rho_{R}(B)$ can be reduced to $\mu_e \mu_h B^2$;
the resistance continuously increases without showing saturation within the classical model.
In the present case, however, incomplete compensation leads to the saturation of $\rho_{R}(B)$ to a finite value.
We calculated $\rho_{R}(14$ T$)$ by Eq. (\ref{eq_rhoR}) using $n_{e,h}$ and $\mu_{e, h}$, as shown in Figs. \ref{fig3}(d) and (e).
The open circles in Fig. \ref{fig3}(f) show that the calculated $\rho_{R}(14$ T$)$
is smaller than the experimental values at all pressures, and it
cannot reproduce the peak structure at 1.75 GPa.
Therefore, the observed XMR in BP involves some additional physics beyond the conventional two-carrier model for nearly compensated semimetals.
Additionally, the observed large longitudinal magnetoresistance, which is shown later,
cannot be explained through this semi-classical approach.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig4_resize.eps}
\caption{
{\color{red}{(a)The pressure dependence of $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$ at 2 K in magnetic fields along the $b$-axis. The data were vertically offset for clarity.
The inset shows the temperature dependence of the FFT spectra at 1.43 GPa.
(b)The pressure dependence of the FFT spectra of $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$ from 1.43 to 2.24 GPa at 2 K.
The major and minor peaks are indicated by the red and blue arrows, respectively.
Several additional peaks which appear at 1.43 and 1.54 GPa are indicated by the green arrows.
Each magnitude of the spectrum is normalized by the amplitude of each major peak
and vertically offset for clarity.
The pressure dependence of the peak frequencies in magnetic fields along the (c)$a$-, (d)$b$-, and (e)$c$-axes. In all of the field directions, the major peak with a large FFT amplitude (red),
and the minor peak with smaller one (blue), were observed.}}
\label{fig4}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

{\color{red}{
Now, we focus on the SdH oscillations and the Fermi surfaces of the semimetallic BP.
Figure \ref{fig4}(a) shows the pressure dependence of $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$ at 2 K in magnetic fields
applied along the $b$-axis.
As the pressure increases, oscillatory structure becomes more prominent, and the frequency clearly
becomes larger.
Figure \ref{fig4}(b) shows the pressure dependence of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectra from 1.43 to 2.24 GPa at 2 K.
FFT was carried out for $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$ shown in Fig. \ref{fig4}(a) with Hanning window function.
We identified two frequency peaks marked with red (referred to as a major peak)
and blue (referred to as a minor peak) arrows.
The Major peak first becomes discernible at 1.43 GPa with a frequency of about 5 T,
while the minor peak appears at 1.75 GPa with a frequency of about 9.5 T.
Both frequencies become large as pressure increases, which is consistent with the pressure dependence of the carrier densities estimated from the two-carrier analyses [Fig. \ref{fig3}(d)].
Although SdH oscillation-like structures can be seen in $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$
at 1.28 and 1.38 GPa, we cannot define the reliable frequency due to the limited number of cycles of the oscillations.
We also note that there are some additional structures at higher frequencies than that of major peaks
as marked by green arrows at 1.43 and 1.54 GPa in Fig. \ref{fig4}(b).
Since these peaks do not show systematic dependence on temperature as shown in the inset of Fig. \ref{fig4}(a), we focus on the other two peaks in the present discussion.
In all of the orientations,
two branches, with larger and smaller amplitudes are observed
as shown in Figs. \ref{fig4}(c) to (e);
they will be also referred to as the major and minor peaks, respectively.
We can estimate the SC-SM transition pressure as 1.2-1.4 GPa where FFT frequencies for the magnetic field along the three principal axes ($F_{a-c}$) becomes zero
by extrapolating from the data shown in Figs. \ref{fig4}(c)-(e).
Since we did not find any other peaks down to the lowest temperatures in this study [as shown in
Fig. \ref{fig5}(b)],
we attribute these two frequencies to that of the quantum oscillations from the electron and hole
Fermi pockets.
We cannot, however, identify which frequency corresponds to the electron/hole pocket for
all of the three field directions.
}}

The first-principles calculation from a previous report predicted that semimetallic BP has
one anisotropic biconcave hole pocket at the $Z$ point, and four relatively isotropic electron pockets on the $\Gamma$-A path \cite{Akiba}.
For the nearly compensated condition, the total volume of the electron pockets should be equal to
that of the hole pocket.
For the sake of simplicity, we approximate the Fermi surfaces as spheroids that are characterized by three axes, $L_a$, $L_b$, and $L_c$; \textit{i.e.}, the Fermi surfaces are represented in the reciprocal space by
$(k_a/L_a)^2+(k_b/L_b)^2+(k_c/L_c)^2=1$.
Here the $a$-, $b$-, and $c$-directions in the real space correspond to the $k_a$-, $k_b$-, and $k_c$-
directions in the reciprocal space.
From the first-principles calculation, the anisotropy of the hole pocket is estimated as $L_a:L_b:L_c=21:13:3$ at 2 GPa \cite{Akiba}; as a result, the ratio of the cross-sections perpendicular to the $a$- ($S_a$), $b$- ($S_b$), and $c$- ($S_c$) axis is $S_a:S_b:S_c=13:21:91$.
By assuming that the major peaks originated from the hole pockets
{\color{red}{and using extrapolated $F_{a, b, c}$ at 2 GPa
[indicated with dashed lines in Fig. \ref{fig4}(c)-(e)],}}
the hole density calculated from the volume of the spheroid is about $2.6\times 10^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$,
which is the same order of magnitude as that derived from the two-carrier analysis shown in Fig. \ref{fig3}(d).
In addition, this identification results in the relationship $S_c > S_b > S_a$,
which was suggested by the theoretical
calculation.
In this case, however, the electron pocket has an almost identical volume to that of the hole,
even for one pocket,
which does not match the first-principles calculation.
{\color{red}{Recently, several theoretical studies reported different band structures of BP in the semimetallic state,
which also could not reproduce the observed SdH frequencies in the present study \cite{Gong, Zhao}.
Additional information, such as an angle-resolved SdH measurements and its careful comparison
with theoretical studies, are necessary for determining
the structures of the Fermi surfaces in BP.
}}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig5_resize.eps}
\caption{
(a)The temperature dependence of the resistivity along the $a$-axis ($\rho_{a}$) at 1.80 GPa down to 43 mK.
The inset shows the temperature dependence of $\rho_{a}$ below 1 K under various magnetic fields along
the $a$-axis.
(b)The magnetoresistivity ($\rho_{zz}$) at 100 mK and 1.5 K in the longitudinal configuration
($B \parallel I \parallel a$).
\label{fig5}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Finally, we focus on the magnetotransport properties at lower temperatures,
which was achieved through the use of a dilution
refrigerator.
Since semimetallic BP is an ideally clean low-carrier system,
shielding of the Coulomb interaction will be weaker than in ordinary metals.
In order to look for anomalous quantum states caused by the charge correlation in this electron-hole system,
we studied the magnetoresistance of BP at low temperatures.
Figure \ref{fig5}(a) shows the temperature dependence of $\rho_{a}$ at $P=1.80$ GPa in various fields
that were
applied along the $a$-axis.
No anomalous features in the $\rho_{a}$-$T$ curves were observed down to 43 mK.

Figure \ref{fig5}(b) shows longitudinal magnetoresistance ($\rho_{zz}$) at $T=100$ mK.
The observed profile is almost identical to that observed at $T=1.5$ K.
No additional components in the oscillation can be identified down to this temperature.
High field studies on clean elemental semimetals of bismuth and graphite show anomalous behavior in the
vicinity of the quantum limit state
{\color{red}{\cite{Brandt, Kuchler, Tanuma, Iye_1982, Yaguchi_PRL, Fauque, Akiba_graphite}}}.
In the case of semimetallic BP, we do not find any features indicating a phase transition up to 17 T.
This result shows XMR with
{\color{red}{$\rho_{R}(17$ T$)=100$}}
even in the longitudinal configuration.
According to a conventional Drude-type formulation, $\sigma_{zz}(=1/\rho_{zz})$ is insensitive to $B$ and
described by the following equation:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{zz}=\dfrac{n_h e^2 \tau_h}{m_h}+\dfrac{n_e e^2 \tau_e}{m_e}.
\end{equation}
In this equation, $\tau_{h(e)}$ and $m_{h(e)}$ represent the relaxation time and the effective mass
of the holes (electrons), respectively.
Since the observed SdH oscillations can be analyzed using fixed values of $n_{h, e}$ and $m_{h, e}$,
we have to introduce a field dependence of $\tau_{h, e}$ so as
to reproduce the observed longitudinal magnetoresistance in this classical framework.

\section{conclusion}
We investigated the transport properties of black phosphorus under pressure.
In the semiconducting state at 0.29 GPa, the existence of two kinds of hole carriers that have different
densities and mobilities is crucial to reproduce the experimental results.
Above 1.01 GPa, the electron-hole two-carrier model consistently explains the transport properties.
In the semimetallic state above 1.43 GPa, it is quantitatively shown that approximately the same number of electrons and holes contribute to the transport, and that their densities become larger as pressure
is increased.
Additionally, the mobility of the electrons is about ten times larger than that of the holes,
which explains the sign inversion seen for $\rho_{yx}$.
The analyses made through a conventional two-carrier model were found to be insufficient in explaining
the extremely large magnetoresistance observed in semimetallic black phosphorus under high pressure.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Y. Fuseya for valuable discussion and comments
{\color{red}{and L. Zou for showing us in detail results of band calculations}}.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15K17700.
K. A. was supported by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow (16J04781).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
K and K
Michiko Kakutani of the New York Times reviews books like the smartest kid for a junior college bi-weekly student newspaper, which is to say that her insights, her scorn, her depth of field would be amazing for an eighteen year old in any decade. What is amazing for an eighteen year old, though, seldom amazes anyone when the same level of aptitude and attitude are displayed in mature adults; you think experience along the way to one's thirties and beyond would have seasoned the fact-obsessed certitude with a personality and a weariness of making statements that are applied like nails to a coffin. This, of course, sets up those who continue to read her to have expectations that she will someday come into her own and develop the qualities one desires in a critic--real passion, a lively, unstrained prose style reflective of a personality that wants to talk to you, and, if it's not asking too much, insights, conclusions and judgments that break away from the clichés and tropes that often, too often pass for commentary. This blossoming is not forthcoming for Kakutani, who remains an underachiever in the assessment of of other people's work. Her views are so frail in presentation,so inch-deep in investigation that she does not seem that could withstand a conversation with someone wo politely disagreed with. Kakutani seems like she would sulk, cast her eyes down, puzzled about why she is being attacked. She does not sound as if she cares about the books she's tasked with giving an opinion on, and there is mechanical movement to her columns, a method she's seemingly developed in order to dispatch her obligations as soon as possible.She gives you the feeling that she looks forward to getting away from the computer and easing into bunny slippers , cocoa and a dvd she is finally getting around to watching. Pauline Kael cared about the movies she wrote about, and though she faltered toward career's end with messy pronouncements and idol worship, at her best she convinced you that movies were important and had you talking about the issues she's raised.Hers was a passion that would bring you to a tavern after a movie where you would argue with her until the late night about the merits or demerits of a particular director's work. Kael was the sort you thought would continue the argument you just hung up with the first person to come to her door--the mailman,the landlord, homicide detectives--or with whoever chanced to give call at home; her engine was always goined, revving itself for another contest of who had the quickest wit. Kakutani just makes you wonder again and again how any reviewer could make reading books or writing reviews about them seem like such a joyless way to spend one's time.
Labels: Critics
Sam Yorkie 8:01 AM PDT
Two men in suits are choking each other on a rooftop while someone is playing a tenor saxophone down the street -- WHA--??

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I use ST in Idris to get the functionality of ReaderT r Maybe a? I've read the Control.ST tutorial several times, but I am still not clear on how to use it to implement the kind of effects I would use monad transformers for in Haskell. My specific case is that I want to have something with the same functionality as ReaderT r Maybe a; specifically, the following functions:
ask :: ReaderT r Maybe r
local :: (r -> r') -> ReaderT r Maybe a -> ReaderT r' Maybe a
runReaderT :: ReaderT r Maybe a -> r -> Maybe a

How can I use Control.ST (and the stuff in it) to implement something like this?

A: So the first thing to do is to define an interface to describe the resource managed by the Reader and primitive operations on this resource:
interface Reader where

We define a custom type for read resources, to control access to them.
  Read : Type -> Type

We then need a way to introduce and remove read resources:
  setRead   : a -> ST m Var [add (Read a)]
  unsetRead : (env : Var) -> ST m () [remove env (Read a)]

And of course, ask and local:
  ask : (env : Var) -> ST m () [env ::: Read a]
  local : (env : Var) -> (f : r -> r') ->
          ST m a [env ::: Read r'] ->
          ST m a [env ::: Read r]

From there, we can define runReaderT that insert the resource, run a computation that depends on it and delete it:
runReaderT : Reader m =>
             ((env : Var) -> ST m a [env ::: Read {m} b]) -> b -> ST m a []
runReaderT f x = do
  e <- set x
  res <- f e
  unset e
  pure res

We can now move on to the implementation, relying on State:
implementation Reader Maybe where
  Read = State

  setRead x = do
    env <- new x
    pure env

  unsetRead env = delete env

  ask env = read env

  local env f st = do
    r <- ask env
    write env (f r)
    x <- st
    write env r
    pure x

And then, you're ready to play with it:
runReader : (Applicative m, Reader m) =>
            ((env : Var) -> STrans m a [env ::: Read {m} b] (const [env ::: Read {m} b])) ->
            b -> m a
runReader f x = run $ runReaderT f x

incrementRead : Reader m => (env : Var) -> ST m Nat [env ::: Read {m} Nat]
incrementRead env = pure $ 1 + !(ask env)

test : Nat -> Maybe Nat
test y = do
  x <- run (runReaderT incrementRead y)
  guard (x >= 42) *> pure x

Hope it helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Facility Closure
The Virginia Experience
VT Series Subscriptions
Champaign Park District
Champaign Parks Foundation
AN EVENING WITH LYLE LOVETT & ROBERT EARL KEEN
« GET OUT (2017)
THE O'JAYS »
Date/Time(s): Thur, Oct 11, 2018 – 7:30pm (doors open at 6:30pm)
Tickets: $39.95/$49.95/$59.95/69.95
On-Sale Date: Fri, July 20, 2018 – 10am
A singer, composer and actor, Lyle Lovett has broadened the definition of American music in a career that spans 14 albums over three decades. Coupled with his gift for storytelling, this Texas-based musician fuses elements of Americana, swing, jazz, folk, gospel, and blues in a convention-defying manner that breaks down barriers. Among Lovett's many accolades are included four Grammy Awards, the Americana Music Association's inaugural Trailblazer Award, and being named Texas State Musician. His recorded works, rich and eclectic, are some of the most beloved of any living artist working today.
Now three-decades on from his debut release and with nineteen albums to his name, Robert Earl Keen remains as inspired by his muse as ever. From his humble beginnings on the Texas folk scene, he's blazed a trail that's earned him living-legend status in the Americana world. He was a relative unknown at the release of his second studio album in 1989, but after the recording of 'Whenever Kindness Fails' on his 1993 album A Bigger Piece of Sky, the secret was out on Keen's credentials as a songwriter's songwriter. In 2012, he was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame along with his college buddy, Lyle Lovett.
Virginia Theatre
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GORDON LIGHTFOOT – The Legend in Concert
STEVEN BALL, Wurlitzer Pipe Organ
Shows & Tickets
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Help us maintain the Virginia Theatre, our wonderful parks, and facilities.
Donate to the Champaign
Parks Foundation >>
© 2019 Virginia Theatre. All Rights Reserved. | Site maintained by ThirdSide, Inc.


text:
<%#
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 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

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 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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-%>
(function() {
    'use strict';

    angular
        .module('<%=angularAppName%>')
        .config(stateConfig);

    stateConfig.$inject = ['$stateProvider'];

    function stateConfig ($stateProvider) {
        $stateProvider.state('docs', {
            parent: 'admin',
            url: '/docs',
            data: {
                authorities: ['ROLE_ADMIN'],
                pageTitle: 'global.menu.admin.apidocs'
            },
            views: {
                'content@': {
                    templateUrl: 'app/admin/docs/docs.html'
                }
            },
            resolve: {
                translatePartialLoader: ['$translate', function ($translate) {
                    return $translate.refresh();
                }]
            }
        });
    }
})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


(Atheniensis), Philochorus: Philochori Atheniensis Librorum fragmenta a Carolo Gotthold Lenzio collecta digessit et animadversionibus illustrata edidit Carolu Godofredus Siebelis. Hrsg. von Karl Gotthold Lenz, Carl Gottfried Siebelis. 1811.


Main Paul-Apollos Relationship and Paul's Stance toward Greco-Roman Rhetoric: An Exegetical and Socio-historical..
Research into the social and rhetorical background of the Corinthian church, shows that the Corinthians were evaluating their leaders based on their rhetorical prowess, seeking to associate with those who would enhance their status and honour. The coherence of Paul's argument in 1 Corinthians 1--4 is evaluated, particularly by showing how Paul's discourse of the cross and Sophia relate to the issue of the dissensions in the Corinthian ekklesia. Once demonstrated that there is a misunderstanding of wisdom amongst church leaders at the basis of the dissensions, a redefinition of the wisdom offered in Corinthians is required. In what could be considered the locus of Paul's theology of proclamation (i.e., 1 Corinthians 2:1--5), he rejects any employment of worldly wisdom in his proclamation of the cross for theological reasons and will not allow himself or other leaders to be drawn into this game of personality cult and honour enhancement. Such conclusions then raise the question of the role played by Apollos' name in Paul's argument against dissensions. After a review of several possible views, it is concluded—based primarily on exegetical grounds and refusing to engage in hermeneutical speculations—that Paul had a congenial relationship with Apollos. If any distinction is drawn between the two, it was solely the Corinthians' fault, who viewed their preachers in competitive rather than complementary terms.


Princess Ariel, Princess Aschenputtel & Princess Rapunzel Hintergrund. . HD Wallpaper and background images in the Disney-Prinzessin club tagged: disney princess disney princess wallpapers the little mermaid princess ariel cinderella tangled princess cinderella princess rapunzel.


text:
Johannes Osberghaus (* 9. August 1932 in Wuppertal; † 13. Dezember 2017) war ein deutscher evangelischer Kinderevangelist und Autor vor allem christlicher Kinderhörspiele sowie Bücher zur Kirchlichen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit. In seiner jahrzehntelangen Arbeit als leitender Redakteur des Kinderfunks im Evangeliums-Rundfunk produzierte er mehr als 2500 Sendungen und wurde auch als Onkel Johannes oder unter dem Spitznamen Ossi bekannt.

Leben
Osberghaus erlebte mit 14 Jahren unter der Verkündigung des Wiehler Pfarrers Arno Pagel eine Hinwendung zum christlichen Glauben. 1950 übernahm er das elterliche Schuhgeschäft in Wiehl, das er aber verkaufte um von 1956 bis 1960 am Missionshaus Bibelschule Wiedenest eine theologische Ausbildung zu absolvieren. Danach war er als Kinderevangelist der Deutschen Zeltmission bundesweit engagiert. 1971 wurde er Redakteur beim Evangeliums-Rundfunk in Wetzlar. Hier leitete er bis 1992 den Kinderfunk. In dieser Zeit schrieb er zahlreiche Hörspiele und über mehr als 2500 Radiosendungen für Kinder. Seine Hörspielfassungen mehrerer Bücher von Patricia St. John wie Das Geheimnis von Wildenwald gehören heute zu den christlichen Kinderklassikern. Von 1992 bis zum Eintritt in den Ruhestand 1995 war er als Reisesekretär des Bibellesebunds tätig. Außerdem betreute er von 1999 bis 2004 die Kindersendungen beim Missionswerk Werner Heukelbach in Bergneustadt. Zusammen mit Ruth Frey und Else Diehl gründete er den "Arbeitskreis für missionarische Kinderarbeit".

Osberghaus verfasste sieben Praxisbücher für die Arbeit mit Kindern und Teenagern mit Ideensammlungen an Spielen, kreativen Aktionen, Rätseln und Geschichten.

Er war Vater von sechs Kindern und lebte von 1992 bis zu seinem Tod 2017 in Wiehl.

Veröffentlichungen

Hörspiele

Bücher

Mitwirken bei Andachtsbüchern

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sachbuchautor (Theologie)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Hörspielautor
Evangelikaler
Deutscher
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 2017
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
//=================================================================================================
// Copyright 2014-2015 Dirk Lemstra <https://graphicsmagick.codeplex.com/>
//
// Licensed under the ImageMagick License (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
// compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.imagemagick.org/script/license.php
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the
// License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
// express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//=================================================================================================
using System;
using System.IO;

namespace GraphicsMagick
{
	//==============================================================================================
	public static class GraphicsMagickAnyCPU
	{
		//===========================================================================================
		private static string _CacheDirectory = Path.GetTempPath();
		//===========================================================================================
		public static string CacheDirectory
		{
			get
			{
				return _CacheDirectory;
			}
			set
			{
				if (!Directory.Exists(value))
					throw new InvalidOperationException("The specified direcory does not exist.");
				_CacheDirectory = value;
			}
		}
		//===========================================================================================
	}
	//==============================================================================================
}


We believe that the gospel is a message for all people, in all places, at all times. But the gospel began in a certain place, at a certain time, among a certain people, the Hebrew culture of the first century. And as the message was carried out from Jerusalem, it encountered the two dominant cultures of the first century Mediterranean world: The Greeks and the Romans. And in all three of these cultures, there was something foolish, something scandalous about the gospel.
We know from the Gospels, that Jesus experienced a great deal of rejection among his own people, the Jews. As Paul notes, the Jews sought signs. And apparently, Jesus failed to deliver signs in the way that they were expecting. That might sound strange to us, since we know the gospels are full of the miracles of Jesus. But many Jews expected big, spectacular signs, and Jesus didn't do many of those. For example, there was a man some years before Jesus who claimed to be the Messiah. He claimed that at his command the waters of the Jordan River would be stopped, just as they had when Joshua led the people into the Promised Land. Thirty thousand people went down to the Jordan to see if it would happen. It didn't, by the way.
By comparison, most of Jesus' miracles were much more "low key." He healed, but often he only did so in front of his own disciples or a small number of people. Sometimes he even took people away by themselves so no one would see the healing. He walked on water. That was pretty spectacular. But only the disciples were there saw it. When Satan tempted him to jump from the roof of the Temple and be carried to the ground by angels, Jesus declined to draw attention to himself in that way.
But of course the real scandal to the Jews was the cross. Deuteronomy 21:23 said that "anyone who was hung on a tree was cursed by God." We understand that Jesus bore the curse of sin on the cross so that he might bear the penalty of our sins and heal us, but many could not get past the idea of a Messiah on a cross. The Old Testament foretold of a suffering Messiah, but most Jews either explained away those passages or just ignored them. They could only conceive of their Messiah as a conquering Savior.
To the Greek mind, the gospel was pure foolishness. The Greeks believed that God was pure spirit. They believed that only spirit was good, and anything physical was bad. So the thought of God becoming a man was pure foolishness.
They also conceived of a God who was completely detached from the world. The idea of God suffering or feeling anything just didn't compute for them.
And the Greeks also loved wisdom. Especially, they loved sophistication and eloquence. The gospel was just too simple to impress them.
As for the Romans, they valued status and power above all else. Jesus had neither. The thought of God becoming a simple man, a peasant was foolishness to them. And especially, the thought of God dying on the cross, an emblem of weakness and insignificance, they just couldn't take it.
So all three of these cultures found something about the gospel to "trip over," some reason it just couldn't be true. That shouldn't be a surprise. The gospel is still foolishness to many people. It doesn't fit with our society's values either.
Many people in our society believe in materialism. They seek after success, power, and wealth. They think these things will give them security and meaning. And Jesus had none of them.
Some people in our society believe in a very scientific view of the world. For them the Christian story becomes foolishness because the dead don't rise, people can't walk on water, healing comes from medicine, not prayer, and man comes from evolution, not a Creator God.
Some people in our society identify themselves as atheists. Atheism is actually one of the fastest growing "religious persuasions." And at least my experience has been that many people who hold to atheism look down on people of any religion as foolish, backwards, ignorant.
Consider this: Can all the wisdom of the world bring us into a right relationship with God? Paul sure didn't think so. Verse 21: God in his wisdom saw to it that the world would never find him through human wisdom.
How many different ideas of God and how many different ways to God have been conceived by the human mind? Today there are about a dozen major world religions, plus dozens of minor ones. And that's to say nothing of all the religious systems that have come and gone from the face of the earth. And it's to say nothing of all the philosophies, humanism, communism, existentialism, and so on, that would not identify themselves as a "religion" but which nonetheless seek to find ultimate meaning.
That would seem to indicate that we need help from outside of ourselves. We need help from God to know God. If God is truly the Creator of the universe, and we, with all our intellect, understand only the smallest part of the universe, then doesn't it make sense to think that we need a revelation from God to know God?
Obviously there are many things that we can understand, even about God, from his creation. That's what Psalm 19 is trying to tell us: The creation declares the greatness of God. But if we are to know God intimately and personally and know the way to God, then we need a revelation from God. And the revelation from God is Jesus Christ, and Christ on a cross.
That may be foolishness to the world. But it is also a powerful message about God. God is a God of love, love that we can't even conceive of. We can't learn that from looking at the stars! We need God to show us that, and he has in Jesus.
than the foolishness of God. What single event, what single occurrence has changed the world more than the cross? Has anything changed your world more than the cross?
Now this passage is not meant to decry human wisdom. It's not meant to put down our quest for understanding. God created us with a curiosity and a desire to know and understand the world around us. And unfortunately, there have been some Christians who have taken an "anti-intellectual" stand. I remember hearing one time about a church where the pastor told all the people to bring all the books from their homes other than the Bible to burn them. I don't think that honors God at all. God created us with minds to question and seek to understand the world around us.
Many of the best minds in history have been believers. The great astronomers Copernicus and Galileo were believers. Francis Bacon, who established the principles of the scientific method was a Christian. Gregor Mendel, the founder of the study of genetics was a monk. The Puritans, who are often mischaracterized for their rigor and general lack of enjoyment of life, were actually very interested in science. Jonathan Edwards, remembered as one of the greatest preachers of pre-Revolutionary America was fascinated with the study of insects. They believed that if God is a God of order, then we can understand the order of his creation.
But there are limits to human wisdom. There are limits to what we can understand without a revelation from God. We can understand how things happen, but we can't understand why without God. And if we want to understand the deep mysteries of God, we need to turn to what God has revealed about himself.
And the greatest revelation of God is Jesus Christ on the cross. It reveals a God who loves us so much that he would become just like us and even die for us. The world might call it foolishness, but that foolishness has changed my life. And I hope it's changed yours.


text:
City of Mystics Nurtures IDF Soldiers With Resolve
Safed, Israel
Reported by Natalie Ling
Ranked top in the world, Israel's Defense Forces has to its credit some of the most sophisticated technology, military minds and training programs in the world. But in 2006, as the second Lebanon war with Hezbollah came to a bitter end, an internal investigation revealed a lackluster performance by the IDF.
The reason? Poor motivation on the part of its soldiers. In an academic paper on The IDF and the Lessons of the Second Lebanon War, its author, Amir Rapaport writes that "The process of drawing lessons from the war was the most comprehensive and thorough in Israel's history." An external investigation, The Winograd Commission, conducted at the same time, produced similar findings.
Young Israeli soldiers traditionally imbued with deep resolve to fight for their homeland and their family's security, had not been raised with the same personal awareness of Israel's existential vulnerability and the historic bond of the Jewish people to its land. Sociologists may offer many explanations for this shift, not least of which might be Israel's economic success that now competes for the passion of its young people as Israel's survival once did.
"Seeking peace or managing the conflict must come from a position of social, political and military strength, and through the ability and willingness to fight for the state, its values and the security of its population . . . ," resolved the Winograd Commission report.
Addressing the challenge, the Education Corps of the IDF reached out to various institutions, among them the Yitzchak Rabin Center, Yad VaShem and Ascent IDF, to create educational programming around values of Jewish life and continuity, nurturing soldiers with the inspiration for a compelling vision of their mission as defenders and protectors of the Jewish state.
According to a government report released in 2012, Ascent, a Chabad center and hostel in Safed, well-traveled by some 12,000 IDF soldiers a year, has created the most popular program, responding to the challenge with marked results.
Open to soldiers serving in elite IDF unites, the program is directed by Rabbi Doron Haggi. As the liaison between Ascent and the Education Corps, Haggi found that the motivational challenge applies to soldiers at all levels. When the commander of an elite unit of fighter pilots at Ascent chose a workshop on motivation over others that offered positive thinking and leadership, Haggi was surprised.
"I didn't think that an elite unit would need help with something like motivation," he said. The commander explained that "the soldiers have self-motivation, but he wants them to have a sense of shared motivation. 'I want them to know what they are fighting for,' he told me."
Ascent offers an immersive experience that establishes a deep appreciation for a shared community and shared vision. Workshops, lectures, and a Shabbat program that ties spiritual to physical, individual to the collective, and the personal to the national in an impactful way. Soldiers are embraced with warmth and love by local families at their respective Shabbat dinners, and the experience helps them connect the dots to their mission on the battlefield and in their army bases.
Experiencing Unity, Love of the Homeland
"During this educational Shabbat we learned very important values directly connected to our everyday operational activities such as the meaning of the term "team," the importance of "togetherness," love of our homeland," wrote the captain of a navy unit in a letter to Ascent dated March 27,2014.
One First Class Sargeant said, "I gained so much from Shabbat at Ascent. I think that every soldier that comes to Tzfat comes to a state of reflection with himself, his friends and his team, which leads to better motivation in their army service."
Haggi recalls the shift experienced by a female commander who had attended the Shabbat program with different units on three occasions. The third time, she participated at a meal at Haggi's house, where each person was asked to share their feelings.
"She said that the first time she came to Ascent, she could not get past the external differences that made her feel distant from the religious people around her. But she becoming aware of her own intolerance, she began to self-reflect. The second time she attended, she tried to listen and by the third time, she raised awareness among her own friends and colleagues of their own judgmental attitudes towards religious people that often go unchecked.
The spiritual city of Safed, says Haggi, is the city of unity. "We remind the soldiers that spirituality is the ability to be together. 'Yachad' [together] is an acronym for 'Yesh Chilukey De'ot' [There are differences of opinion]. Being together is the ability to contain differences."
In a land where tensions run high and cultures collides, Ascent is creating opportunities for the IDF's Jewish soldiers to connect with their heritage and strengthen their identity. Despite a two billion dollar cut to the IDF's budget last year and the consequences it has for the Educational Corps, Ascent is expanding. With the recent purchase of a hotel opposite its original premises, it hopes to host some 200 soldiers a day.
Sometime after a navy seal unit attended Ascent's Shabbat program, Haggi received a letter from the commander. The unit, he explained, had captured an Iranian boat headed to Israel with a large shipment of weaponry a week after they had been to Ascent.
"The Shabbat was very meaningful for team unity and strengthened feelings of loyalty and commitment among the soldiers... " the commander wrote. "It is important to note that this Shabbat weekend preceded a series of highly significant military operations for the State of Israel which we took part in recently, and no doubt this Shabbat contributed to the unity and cooperation of the team."
Edited by S. Fridman
Raanan Isseroff
When you have a government that doesn't intend to win any war and worse- purposely loses wars, then yes, demoralization will occur. An army is only a function of its leaders.


Socket-type speed control reversible motors: 6W - 15W - 25W - 40W (Gear head and induction motor are sold separately). Product sets consisting of special reversible motors, and socket-type speed controllers that can adjust the motor speed. Speed controllers are compact and multifunctional. Controllers, special motor and condenser must be wired external.
Product sets consisting of special reversible motors, and socket-type speed controllers that can adjust the motor speed.


text:
Q: Total Law of Probability Question In a community $25\%$ of the residents are smokers. Suppose $30\%$ of the smokers claim that they don't smoke, and all non-smokers say they don't smoke. What is the probability that when someone says that he does not smoke, he is telling the truth?
Using the total law of probability,
$$P(A \hspace{.1cm} \text{and} \hspace{.1cm} B^c) = 0.25$$
$$P(A \hspace{.1cm} \text{and} \hspace{.1cm} B) = 0.85 + (0.3*0.25) = 0.925$$
$$P(A^c \hspace{.1cm} \text{and} \hspace{.1cm} B) = 0.85$$
from here, I'm stuck because my thought was to take the total number of people claiming they don't smoke over the number of people who don't smoke but that gives a probability greater than $1$ which is incorrect. Any tips?

A: Just a tip.
Start with $400$ residents.

*

*$300$ don't smoke

*$30$ do smoke and claim that they don't smoke

*$70$ do smoke and admit

How many claim that they don't smoke? And how many of them are speaking the truth on that?

A: Let $A$ be the event that the person does not smoke; let $B$ be the event that the person claims not to smoke.  Then the probability the person is telling the truth is
\begin{align*}
P(A \mid B) & = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}\\
            & = \frac{P(B \mid A)P(A)}{P(B \mid A)P(A) + P(B \mid A^C)P(A^C)}
\end{align*}
We are given $P(A^C) = 0.25$, $P(B \mid A) = 1$, $P(B \mid A^C) = 0.3$.  Use $P(A) = 1 - P(A^C)$ to determine $P(A)$.

A: 30% of the 25% who smoke say they don't smoke. This means that 30%*25%=7.5% of the members of the community are lying, by saying that they don't smoke. 75% of the people in the community actually don't smoke. So the total percentage of people who say they don't smoke is 75%+7.5%=82.5%. As the percentage of people who actually don't smoke is 75%, the probability that somebody claiming that they don't smoke is telling the truth is 0.75/0.825, which is around 90%.


Psalm 121 Response "My help comes from the Lord"
So I am inviting the viewer of this video, or the viewers to the Private Mass of Pope Peter the Last. This Private Mass is a very special Mass because at this Mass I am going to invite the 100 million plus souls of the Unborn - Which are the suffering souls, the Unborn - which are the souls in Limbo to actually give the responses at this Mass. These are real souls. Probably not something people think about too much with all the tolerance of abortion laws in this current generation. But you are not going to hear any responses at this Mass because I am inviting over 100 million souls of the Unborn to this Mass to respond. So if you listen carefully with your gift of spiritual hearing, if you have that, you might hear their responses; and it might be quite loud. So, I am going to begin.
Almighty and Eternal Father in Heaven Most High True God, we turn to you in a special way, at this Mass, to look with compassion and Mercy on the Unborn, and to look at the world and this current generation – generation of souls that is, with your Justice and your discipline. Amen.
Now, I did not choose theses scripture passages; Jesus did for today's Mass, as He always does for us; and I am going to unpack them a little bit for You. The first reading from Exodus, reminds us of Moses praying for Israel, when they fought Amelek, and what Moses learned was that when his 'hands were raised in prayer', Israel prevailed; and likewise when 'His hands were lowered', the battle went to Amelek. So the message here in the first reading is quite simple: Persevere in prayer, and in righteousness - doing God's will (quite simple) Are psalm today reminds us that our help comes from the Lord, which is another reminder of why we should be praying - for help - for the things we truly need. It also reminds us that the Lord is our keeper, not our retirement plans or security in the world. God is our keeper because He is the only One who can keep us for Eternity. Nothing of this world, can. It even says "the Lord will keep your life" if you turn to Him, of course.
The second reading from Timothy is a reminder to Preach the Truth to people. It says, "Be urgent in season and out of season. Convince, Rebuke, Exhort. Be unfailing in patience and in teaching."[Timothy 4: 2b] It is referring to teaching the truth to people who need to hear the truth. But then it is talking about these end times (here – this is 2 Timothy 4:3 - "The time is coming when people will not endure sound teaching; but having itching ears, they will accumulate for themselves teachers, to suit their own likings." What that means is when – there is coming times when, (referring to from when this was written), coming times when, people are going to be influenced by the spirit of the world, and want, not what God wants, but what they want and they are going to find people who will reflect their own desires – back at them - 'teachers who suit their own likings'.
All these readings are kind of building up to our Gospel from Luke, today. Luke 18. It talks about the widow and the unrighteous judge. This Gospel, surprisingly enough, to most people, is actually referring (Jesus being God can see the future; He was actually referring specifically - quite specifically) to the time, when abortion would be made legal - starting, especially in North America around 1973, this whole parable of the widow and the unrighteous judge. Remember in the parable, the judge did not care about God and he did not regard man and so what happened - the widow, the woman, petitioned the unrighteous judge for something that would offend God, and would have to do with people. And yes that is actually specifically referring to abortion in the End Times, when women would petition the justice system, world wide, to be able to kill the innocent children in their wombs; and the unrighteous judge in the parable, simply got warn out, from all the badgering and finally gave in; and that is exactly what happened with the abortion laws around 1973 - all of a sudden what was horrific and unthinkable, became legal. Abortion is so horrific I know there are people in Africa, when this was first legalized in North America, that did not even have a word for the act of abortion. It was absolutely unfathomable and unheard of - that people could conceive of such an evil. And yet through the badgering of women to the unrighteous judges, in our justice system, this was made, of course, legal; and just how far has this gone? This wicked act of abortion?
Well 2013 - today is February the 16th. Just two days ago, I was looking at BBC (Valentines Day, February the 14, two days ago); and I came across in the US and Canada section on BBC, online, this interesting article. I will show it to you. It is called 'morning after pill use rises in the United States'. Now what is really significant about this ad- is Valentines Day is, well, a day of – probably the day known to be the day when romance is celebrated throughout the world. And here you have BBC reminding people about, the morning after pill. Is this a coincidence on Valentines Day- a day of Romance, that they are saying, "hey be mindful of this contraception should you think you conceive a child, perhaps, on Valentines Day, in your romantic acts, being mindful that you have this – this option of murdering the child in your womb?" On Valentines Day! This – this is beyond sick! It is beyond demented - this type of thinking; and what makes it even worse (you would think that was bad enough what makes this worse) is that there is a picture of a young woman smiling as the pharmacist hand her something. 'Here use this to kill the child you think you might have in you womb, and be happy about it.' Well! Pretty horrific.
Oh By the way these stats – I am going to go over these stats. It is right in the article (while we are on that topic) It says here that 1 in 4 women aged 20 to 24 (this is in the US) had used the drug, had used the morning after pill, had decided to kill whatever life was in their wombs; and it was 1 in 9 women overall and that's a Center for Disease Control Study, US CDC survey results. That is what the article is about.
Now let us hear it from the other side.
That is the woman's point of view – that is the societal point of view - that is our current culture - that is this End Times culture thinking.
Now let us listen to the Unborn. It might surprise you to know that the unborn came to visit my wife and I and spoke to us.
"The RU486 pill, is just as evil, because our "mothers", are pregnant with us! And we are 'conceived, in her womb'. And she 'slips, this pill inside her', and never knows, if we were there, or not! She doesn't even need to know, if she was pregnant with us! We feel our "mothers'" hearts, then, 'a cold wind'! - 'blows over us', and we are rejected. And the life, that had just been conceived, is 'snuffed out'. And then we are in the dark. And then we find ourselves, in, 'this place'." (referring to Limbo). You can read more about that on our website.
We, (as in myself) and the unborn souls in limbo - we ask the Most High True God to bring about the end of this Era. We ask the Most High True God to bring this wicked generation of souls to it's knees. we ask the Most High True God to make an example of that diabolical institution in Rome before all of Heaven and Earth. (that is of course as they begin to start the process of electing a new antipope, to deceive the people.) Amen.
Jesus said: [Earlier in the day]: These Mass intentions, are 'very important', My Son –'straight from Heaven'. You have received them from the lips, of God, the Eternal Father, in Heaven. And He means every word 'that he proclaims'. I am 'the word' – of Life, and I have been nourishing, your soul, for this 'moment in time' – especially, to bring 'that wicked institution, 'to an end.'- and this current generation, to its knees. Yes I am patient; and forbearing; and My Mercy is endless! But! When souls refuse My Mercy, then Justice is the only option left. And Discipline, can be expected! People are 'ruthless'- in their dealings with their fellow man; and they are brutal, to themselves. By seeking, to harbor grudges, against one another; and they show Me no Mercy – because they refuse to show themselves any mercy. And so it has come to this. I told you "I am closing this Era. And I mean every word. Now witness, the 'fullest manifestations' of My Justice, on this current Generation.
Jesus said: [After Mass] My son, well done good and Faithful Servant. For God the Eternal Father in Heaven, is quite pleased with you - pleased with the Mass intentions that were offered. But do not be anxious, for, the soul's choices – nor allow him to remove your peace. The frustration – you are experiencing now, is the same, that I experience, when souls refuse to cooperate with Me. You know what it is now My son, What I go through. For I bled for souls! Do they show Me, any gratefulness in return? Many of them do not. They take 'the shedding of My blood for granted'. And you rent your heart and soul – out – to that soul. And he does not receive – even after everything that has been given to him. He still makes excuses, to embrace the demons. Don't expect anything But My hand upon him. For this generation of souls is coming to an End.


I Am An Entrepreneur: Meet. Share. Connect.
Join us for a panel discussion on the following entrepreneurial topics: startups, web development and maintenance, financial literacy, legal considerations, and marketing. Bring your questions and business cards for the Q & A and networking segments. Meet, share, and connect with like-minded individuals and leave with a valuable experience to share! Also, learn about Charlotte Mecklenburg Library programs and service offerings!


text:
Hope, social mobility and personal emancipation: what does the future hold for mature students in English Higher Education?
Is Higher Education a means to achieve personal fulfilment and social mobility for mature students? Whatever HE might offer, fewer older students are entering HE in England and many universities have closed their lifelong learning centres. The total number of mature undergraduate entrants to universities (those commencing their courses aged 21 or over) fell by 40% from more than 400,000 in 2010/11 to fewer than 240,000 in 2017/18. That decline was before the pandemic, which has exacerbated structural inequalities in society that higher education needs to address now more than ever. The ruction of the pandemic provides an urgent opportunity to examine how that decline might be halted and how HE can best serve mature students in the future. Sharon Clancy and Nalita James, two leading researchers in this field, will lead our discussion at this seminar, which will focus on what form adult education in HE should take if it is to be transformative for mature students. Please join us to be part of that discussion.
A Pedagogy of Hope for Mature Students? Adult Education in a Post-Pandemic Era
Dr Nalita James, University of Leicester
Across the globe, the spread of COVID-19 has led to profound changes in social interaction and organization, and the higher education sector has not been immune. The normalization of emergency online learning, or justifications of widespread and mandatory online learning protocols on grounds of crisis response, precludes the very possibility of productive debate on the value of education, particularly for adult students. This paper will examine how this 'normalization' can create a form of adult education that perpetuates structural inequalities of class, race, and support. It will encourage discussion about what a post-pandemic pedagogy might look like, and how as educators, we can embody an ethic of hope. Moving beyond simple optimism, what specific strategies and practices can we adopt to engage mature students? How can we balance compassion and flexibility on one hand with requirements and 'rigour' on the other? How can we do so in a way which keeps our mature students, and their learning at the centre of what we do?
Dr Nalita James is Associate Professor in Education at the University of Leicester. Her research and teaching focus broadly on sociological issues of inequality in education. In particular, she is interested in access to, and experiences of continuing education. She has written widely on theory and research in adult education and lifelong learning. Nalita has just stepped down as Chair of SCUTREA and is currently co-chair of the Taylor and Francis journal, Studies in the Education of Adults. She is currently working on a Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government-funded project looking at the impact of community-based ESOL on social integration in Leicester.
Mature Learners in Higher Education – the 'all-too invisible' travellers in a 'mapless journey'
Dr Sharon Clancy, University of Nottingham
Social and economic equality has been reimagined in recent times in terms of social mobility. Individual "success" is increasingly equated with moving beyond one's community of origin and entering Higher Education. Whilst growing numbers of people study in HE, 49% in 2015/16 (HEIPR)[1], "there has been no trend of improvement in the gap in Russell Group attendance by socioeconomic status" (Sutton Trust, 2017) and there has been a dramatic decline in part-time and mature learners over the past 7 years. Entering such institutions can lead to a struggle with an inexplicit and often 'hidden' cultural and academic hegemony, particularly for those from non-traditional backgrounds. I argue for reclaiming community as a tool for personal emancipation and social and cognitive justice.
Dr Sharon Clancy is Assistant Professor in educational leadership at the University of Nottingham. Her PhD, writing and research focus on adult education, historical and contemporary, particularly issues of class, culture and social justice. Sharon was Head of Community Engagement at the University of Nottingham between 2007 and 2013 and Senior Research Fellow on ENLIVEN between 2016 and 2019. A voluntary sector leader before entering academia, she was previously CEO of Mansfield Council for Voluntary Services.
[1] The HEIPR continues to increase, reaching 49% in 2015/16 up from 42% in 2006/07, from Department for Education Participation Rates In Higher Education: Academic Years 2006/2007 – 2015/2016 (Provisional), SFR47/2017, 28th September 2017
Network: Technical, Professional and Vocational Higher Education
Date(s): Friday, 22 January 2021
Times: 11.00 - 12.30


A mix in between Grimes and Patrick Wolf, Melbourned-based new artist Yollks shared her debut track "Return To Sender" a few weeks ago, grabbing our attention thanks to her sensibility and incredible song-writing.
Her approach to pop music is through experimentation with her own voice and sounds creating a melting-pot of electronic vibes, lo-fi music and dream-pop. Being inspired by eggs, memes and nostalgia, Elle Tayla (her name in mogul life) took some time to answer to some of our questions.
I'm just your typical egg-loving girl who likes making dreamy beats.
I learnt guitar for quite a few of my high school years and taught myself how to sing when I hit year 10. But it was only after I moved to Melbourne a few years later that I started to teach myself how to use programs like Logic and equipment that would allow me to record and produce the music that I wanted to make.
It's just a reference to eggs and I threw a double "L" in there because my name "Elle" has two "Ls" as well.
Overall I'd describe it as dreamy and lo-fi. But a review recently came out that described my music as "dark dance" electronica which is also pretty spot on.
What can you tell us about your first release "Return To Sender"?
It got a bit of everything, synths, vibes, ambience, angst. It's a nostalgic song about letting go.
Australia is getting a lot of attention thanks to their amazing approach on pop music. Why do you think Australia exports so many good pop songs?
I think we just have a community that thrives off live music and the social aspect of going to gigs and festivals. Especially in Melbourne. From there it makes it so easy for musicians to befriend one another, refer each other to places and people that can help them out and get their music out to the public.
How does your country influence your music?
I just love getting inspired by what my peers are doing and making. I think it's easy for people to look at someone who's doing really well or making really great tunes and feel jealous or envious, but for me I like to draw inspiration from people like that instead because then it's always going to result in me improving and stepping up my game.
What can you tell about your future, Yollks?
There are a lot of memes involved.
More tunes and more gigs!
What advice would you give to young artists who are about to release their debut track?
Promote it! Don't be afraid to hit up blogs and media and get them to review it/post about it.
Do you have any songs to recommend us right now?
"Wooden Moon" by HUIAS is always a fave of mine.
You can follow Yollks on Facebook, Soundcloud and Instagram.


text:
Ефимовцы  — деревня в Кирово-Чепецком районе Кировской области в составе Чепецкого сельского поселения.

География
Расположена на расстоянии менее 3 км на юг-юго-восток по прямой от юго-западной границы центра района города Кирово-Чепецк.

История
Известна с 1802 года как деревня Желдыбинская с 3 дворами. В 1873 году здесь (Желдыбинская, или Басиха малая) дворов 4 и жителей 26, в 1905 (Желдубинская или Ефимовцы) 4 и 29, в 1926 (уже Ефимовцы) 6 и 32, в 1950 8 и 25, в 1989 уже не учтено постоянных жителей. Ныне имеет дачный характер.

Население
Постоянное население составляло 2 человека (русские 100%) в 2002 году, 0 в 2010.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Кирово-Чепецкого района


This product is made from nylon on the outside and polypropylene on the inside and is finished in a attractive black color. It features 5 compartments, soft shell, zipper closure, and is targeted towards both the genders to be used when backpacking. Furthermore, it is recommended to be kept away from extreme heat, fire and corrosive liquids to avoid any form of damage.