text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
The three flavor neutrino oscillation framework consists of three mixing angles $\theta_{12}$, $\theta_{13}$ and $\theta_{23}$, two mass-squared differences $\Delta m_{31}^2$ and $\Delta m_{21}^2$, and the Leptonic Dirac CP phase $\delta_{cp}$. Although, most of the oscillation parameters have been determined to varying degrees of precision through a combination of accelerator, solar, reactor and atmospheric neutrino experiments, yet the leptonic CP phase $\delta_{cp}$ is still one of the least known parameters. Two long baseline experiments NO$\nu$A \citep{sanchez_mayly_2018_1286758, NOvA:2018gge} and T2K \cite{Abe:2017uxa} has been taking data both in $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ modes. Both the experiments have measured nearly same $\Delta_{32}$, they have disagreements in their measurements of $\sin^2{\theta_{23}}$, hierarchy as well as Leptonic $\delta_{cp}$. T2K prefers near maximal values of $\sin^2{\theta_{23}}$ in the higher octant (HO) while NO$\nu$A measures significantly higher value of $\sin^2{\theta_{23}}$ in the HO \cite{Abe:2017uxa, Nizam:2018got}. Although both the experiments prefer normal hierarchy (NH) over inverted hierarchy (IH), yet NO$\nu$A allows IH at 1$\sigma$. The tension between the data of the two experiments needs to explained and the whole neutrino physics community is waiting eagerly to get some answer. So neutrino physics is running in the precision era. In these days, the capabilities of the neutrino experiments have changed and the detectors are capable of precision measurements. The capabilities of such detectors can be used to probe new physics searches as well as its identification and disentanglement from the standard three neutrino paradigm.

Neutrino oscillation is one of the strongest hint of physics beyond the standard model. The smallness of neutrino mass is still to understand and there are different models to explain it. Non-unitarity (NU) of the neutrino mixing matrix \cite{ Goswami:2008mi, Antusch:2009pm,  Rodejohann:2009cq, Xing:2012kh,
Qian:2013ora, Li:2015oal, FernandezMartinez:2007ms, Escrihuela:2015wra, Parke:2015goa, PhysRevD.34.1642, Fernandez-Martinez:2016lgt, Blennow:2016jkn, Miranda:2016wdr, Ge:2016xya, Dutta:2016vcc, Dutta:2016czj, Escrihuela:2016ube, Dutta:2016eks, Fong:2016yyh, Tang:2017khg, Soumya:2018nkw, Martinez-Soler:2018lcy} is yet another interesting departure from the standard three-neutrino paradigm . It appears in the theory because of the type-I seesaw mechanism \cite{Valle:2015pba, Mohapatra:1979ia, GellMann:1980vs, Schechter:1980gr, Schechter:1980gr} which gives masses to the neutrinos via exchange of fermionic  messengers. Non unitarity of the leptonic mixing matrix may arise due to the effect of new physics at the high energy scale or at the low energy scale. In the high energy scenario, the non unitarity of the three flavor mixing matrix, which is also called indirect non-unitary effect \cite{Xing:2012kh, Li:2015oal, Fong:2016yyh, Blennow:2016jkn}, is because of the mixing of heavy right-handed neutrinos. Such neutral heavy leptons are much heavier than the standard neutrinos. The production mechanism of such heavy neutral leptons are not same as light neutrinos and any physical transition from the standard neutrinos to them
are kinematically forbidden. On the other hand, direct non-unitary effect can be seen at lower energy scale i.e. an energy which is much below the electroweak breaking scale. In this case, the light SM gauge group singlet leptons mix with the standard neutrinos. They also take part in neutrino oscillations and hence possible to measure their signature in the neutrino experiments.
It was the LSND experiment\cite{Aguilar:2001ty} which for the first time claimed oscillations driven by $\Delta m^2 \sim 1$ eV$^2$. It found excess in the positrons
which could be explained in terms of $\bar\nu_\mu \to \bar\nu_e$ oscillations driven by $\Delta m^2 \sim 1$ eV$^2$. This claim was also tested by MiniBooNE \cite{Aguilar-Arevalo:2018gpe} experiment which ran in both the neutrino as well as antineutrino mode. If nature has such heavy sterile states, it can leads to non unitarity of the $3\times 3$ leptonic mixing matrix. Because, this non unitarity is the generic nature of theories with heavy neutrinos irrespective of the range of heaviness. This formalism introduce a new non-unitary phase which being degenerate with the standard CP phase hampers the measurements at the far detector(s) of the long baseline experiments \cite{Goswami:2008mi, Antusch:2009pm, Escrihuela:2015wra, Dutta:2016vcc, Dutta:2016czj, Escrihuela:2016ube, Dutta:2016eks, Tang:2017khg}.

Most of the studies on non unitarity have been done considering the charge current (CC) measurements at the far detector of the long baseline neutrino experiments which generally measures $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_e$ and  $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{\mu}$ oscillations both in neutrino and anti-neutrino mode \cite{Escrihuela:2015wra, Dutta:2016vcc, Dutta:2016czj, Escrihuela:2016ube, Dutta:2016eks, Tang:2017khg}. Recently, neutral current measurements have been explored at DUNE \cite{Acciarri:2015uup} in the context of one light sterile neutrino \cite{Coloma:2017ptb, Gandhi:2017vzo}. Constraints on one light sterile neutrino has already been derived at DUNE and T2HK \cite{Abe:2015zbg} and can be found
in \cite{ Berryman:2015nua, Choubey:2016fpi, Kelly:2017kch, Choubey:2017ppj}. But non unitarity framework is much more general than one extra light sterile neutrino.

Here in this work, we have incorporated the neutral current measurements with the CC measurements to derive the model independent constraints on non unitary parameters. There already exists tight constraints on the non-uniatrity parameters that comes from weak interaction universality and lepton flavour violating processes (LFV) \cite{Fernandez-Martinez:2016lgt, Escrihuela:2015wra}. There are also model independent direct bounds on NU parameters coming from zero distance neutrino oscillations experiments such as NOMAD \cite{Astier:2001ck, Astier:2003gs} and neutrino oscillation experiments\cite{Parke:2015goa,Qian:2013ora}.

 In this work, we derive the model independent complementary bounds on NU parameters specially focusing the diagonal elements in the light of DUNE \cite{Acciarri:2015uup, Acciarri:2016ooe} and T2HK
 \cite{Abe:2015zbg} experiments. The non-diagonal NU parameters are already very tightly constrained \cite{Antusch:2009pm, Fernandez-Martinez:2016lgt, Blennow:2016jkn}. We also discuss the role of neutral current measurements to constrain these NU parameters at DUNE. We have found that NC measurements at DUNE help us to constrain $\alpha_{33}$ parameter much better than the charged current process and hence it is possible to achieve better constraint on $\alpha_{33}$ over the existing direct bounds from the neutrino oscillation experiments. We have then combined both DUNE and T2HK experiments to measure the bounds on the NU parameters and have found that the combining the two experiments can improve the results further.

 This paper is organised as follow: In section II, we have reviewed the non-unitarity framework considered in this work. In that section, we have elaborately shown the effect of CC and NC measurements in neutrino oscillation probabilities. In section III, we have specified the details of the experiments considered in this work. In section IV, we have presented our results. The conclusions are drawn in section V.

\section{Non Unitarity Framework}
\label{sec3}
In presence of non unitarity due to heavy sterile neutrino, the mass basis ($|\nu_i>$) remains orthogonal to each other, while the low energy effective flavor basis \footnote{For light sterile neutrino the flavor basis remains orthogonal i.e. $<\nu_{\alpha}|\nu_{\beta}> =\delta_{\alpha \beta}$.}($|\nu_{\alpha}>$), which is not orthogonal, can be represented as \footnote{Here we have not considered the normalization factor ($\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{(NN^\dagger)\alpha \alpha}}$) since it will cancel in the events calculations \cite{Antusch:2006vwa}.}
\begin{eqnarray}
|\nu_{\alpha}>= N^{*}_{\alpha i}|\nu_i>  ,
\label{flvor-mass}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N$ is a $3\times 3$ general matrix and can be represented as \cite{Escrihuela:2015wra}
\begin{eqnarray}
 N = N^{ NU}  U = \begin{bmatrix}
    \alpha_{11} & 0 &0 \\
    \alpha_{21} & \alpha_{22} & 0\\
    \alpha_{31} & \alpha_{32} & \alpha_{33}
  \end{bmatrix} U.\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Here $U$ is the standard unitary PMNS mixing matrix and $N^{ NU}$ contains the non unitarity part. Under the condition that all the diagonal element of $N^{ NU}$ are unity and all the off-diagonal element vanishes, then $N$ becomes the standard PMNS mixing matrix. The diagonal elements ($\alpha_{11}, \alpha_{22}$ and  $\alpha_{33}$) of $N^{ NU}$ are real and the off-diagonal elements ($\alpha_{21}, \alpha_{31}$ and  $\alpha_{32}$) are complex in general and can be expressed as $\alpha_{ij}=|\alpha_{ij}|e^{\phi_{ij}}$ for $i\neq j$. There are  three new phases $\phi_{21}, \phi_{31}$ and $\phi_{32}$ that arises in the mixing matrix $N$ in presence of non unitarity. The new phases, specially $\phi_{21}$ can play an important role in the long baseline experiments such as DUNE and T2HK. It affects the standard $\delta_{cp}$ sensitivity of these experiments significantly \cite{Dutta:2016vcc, Escrihuela:2016ube}. Here in this section, we analysis the effect of non unitarity on the neutrino oscillation probability.\\
In presence of non unitarity, the time evolution of the mass eigenstate in vacuum is:
\begin{eqnarray}
i\dfrac{d \mid \nu_i >}{dt} =  H \mid \nu_i>,
\end{eqnarray}
where $H$ is the free Hamiltonian in the mass basis and can be expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
 H = \begin{bmatrix}
    0 & 0 &0 \\
    0 & \dfrac{\Delta m^2_{21}}{2E} & 0\\
    0 & 0 & \dfrac{\Delta m^2_{31}}{2E}
  \end{bmatrix} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $E$ is the energy of the neutrinos and $\Delta m^2_{21}$ and $\Delta m^2_{31}$ are the solar and atmospheric mass squared differences respectively. After time t($\equiv$L), the flavor state can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
|\nu_{\alpha}(t)> =  N^{*}_{\alpha i} |\nu_i (t)> =  N^{*}_{\alpha i}(e^{-iHt})_{ij}|\nu_j (t=0)>.
\end{eqnarray}
Hence the transition probability from one flavor to another in presence of non unitarity can be written as :
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NU_prob_equn}
P(\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta}) = |<\nu_{\beta}|\nu_{\alpha}(t)>|^2=|N^{\ast}_{\alpha i}diag(e^{-i\Delta m^{2}_{i1}t/2E})_{ij} N_{\beta j}|^2
\end{eqnarray}
Now, the transition probability for $P_{\mu e}$ with non uniatity becomes\cite{Escrihuela:2015wra}
\begin{equation}
\label{Pme_V}
P_{\mu e} = (\alpha_{11}\alpha_{22})^2 P^{3\times 3}_{\mu e}+\alpha_{11}^2\alpha_{22}|\alpha_{21}|P^{I}_{\mu e}+\alpha_{11}^2|\alpha_{21}|^2,
\end{equation} where $P^{3\times 3}_{\mu e}$ is the standard oscillation probability and $P^{I}_{\mu e}$ is the oscillation probability containing the new extra phase due to the non unitarity in the leptonic mixing matrix. Here, $P^{3\times 3}_{\mu e}$ is given by :
 \begin{equation}
 \begin{split}
 P^{3\times 3}_{\mu e} = 4[\cos^2\theta_{12}\:\cos^2\theta_{23}\:\sin^2\theta_{12}\:\sin^2(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{21}L}{4E_{\nu}})+\cos^2\theta_{13}\:\sin^2\theta_{13}\:\sin^2\theta_{23}\:\sin^2(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{31}L}{4E_{\nu}})] \\ +\sin(2\theta_{12})\:\sin\theta_{13}\:\sin(2\theta_{23})\:\sin(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{21}L}{2E_{\nu}})\:\sin(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{31}L}{4E_{\nu}})\:\cos(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{31}L}{4E_{\nu}}+\delta_{cp})
 \end{split}
  \end{equation}

 And
  \begin{equation}
 \begin{split}
 P^{I}_{\mu e} = -2[\sin(2\theta_{13})\:\sin\theta_{23}\:\sin(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{31}L}{4E_{\nu}})\:\sin(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{31}L}{4E_{\nu}}+\phi_{21}+\delta_{cp})]\\
 -\cos\theta_{13}\:\cos\theta_{23}\:\sin(2\theta_{12})\:\sin(\frac{\bigtriangleup m^2_{21}L}{2E_{\nu}})\sin({\phi_{21}})
  \end{split}
  \end{equation}

Now from Eq. \ref{Pme_V}, we can draw the following points:
\begin{itemize}
\item At short distance ($\dfrac{\Delta m^2 L}{E} << 1$), we will get non-zero transition $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{e}$ in presence of NU if $\alpha_{21}$ is not zero. Since at the short distance, the appearance probability does not depend on energy or length, the excess of $\nu_e$ events exactly follow the $\nu_{\mu}$ flux pattern in case of heavy sterile neutrino. But that is not the case for light sterile neutrino in general.
\item If $\alpha_{21} \sim 0$, we will not get any excess of $\nu_e$ events at short baseline experiments. But even if $\alpha_{21}$ is very small, then at far detector, the appearance probability will be affected purely by $\alpha_{11}$ or $\alpha_{22}$. Therefore, the far detector at the long baseline will give us the unique capability to probe NU parameters than the short baseline.
\end{itemize}

 In presence of matter the flavor eigenstates interact with the matter coherently and the free Hamiltonian gets modified. In presence of non unitarity, the interaction Lagrangian becomes:
\begin{small}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{L_int}
\mathcal{L}_{int} = - \dfrac{g}{2\sqrt{2}} (W_{\mu} \bar{l}_{\alpha} \gamma^{\mu} (1-\gamma_5) N_{\alpha i} \nu_i) - \dfrac{g}{2 cos(\theta_W)}(Z_{\mu}\bar{\nu}_i \gamma^{\mu} (1-\gamma_5)( N^{\dagger} \rm N)_{ij} \nu_j) + h.c.
\end{eqnarray}
\end{small}
Therefore in the mass basis, the total Hamiltonian ($H_{mat}$) \cite{Antusch:2006vwa} of the propagating neutrino is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 H_{mat} = \begin{bmatrix}
    0 & 0 &0 \\
    0 & \dfrac{\Delta m^2_{21}}{2E} & 0\\
    0 & 0 & \dfrac{\Delta m^2_{31}}{2E}
  \end{bmatrix} + N^{T}\begin{bmatrix}
     V_{CC} + V_{NC} & 0 &0 \\
    0 & V_{NC} & 0\\
    0 & 0 & V_{NC}
  \end{bmatrix}N^{\ast},
\end{eqnarray}
where $V_{CC}=\sqrt{2} G_F  n_e $ and $V_{NC}=-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}G_F n_n$ are the charged current and neutral current matter potential respectively. Here $n_e$ and $n_n$ are the electron and neutron densities respectively \footnote{We consider that the electron ($n_e$) and neutron densities ($n_n$) are same for DUNE and T2HK and also for simplicity we consider constant matter density ($\rho=2.95$ gm/cc) for our simulated results.}. The Hamiltonian $ H_{mat}$ is hermitian and we can diagonalize it by a unitary matrix ($U_m$) as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{H_mat_dia}
 H_{ mat}= U_m \begin{bmatrix}
     a_1 & 0 &0 \\
    0 & a_2 & 0\\
    0 & 0 & a_3
  \end{bmatrix} U^{\dagger}_m ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $a_1 , a_2 $ and $a_3$ are the eigenvalues of $ H_{mat}$. Therefore, the transition probability ($\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta}$) becomes:
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta})=|<\nu_{\beta}|\nu_{\alpha}(t)>|^2 = | N^{\ast}_{\alpha i} ( U_{m} diag (e^{-i a_1 t} , e^{-i a_2 t},e^{-i a_3 t})  U^{\dagger}_m)_{ij} N_{\beta j} |^2.
\end{eqnarray}
Now most of the upcoming super beam neutrino experiments will measure their flux through near detector measurements. Therefore, in presence of non unitarity the expected events at the near detector differ from the actual events by a factor of $P(\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\alpha})=((NN^{\dagger})_{\alpha \alpha})^{2} $. For DUNE and T2HK, the main source of neutrino is the muon neutrino and hence the above factor, i.e. the normalization factor, becomes $((NN^{\dagger})_{\mu \mu})^{2} = ((\alpha_{22})^2 + |\alpha_{21}|^2)^2$. Depending on the values of $\alpha_{22}$ and $|\alpha_{21}|$, we will get different muon events compared to the simulated events without NU at the near detector. \textit{If $\alpha_{22}\sim 0.95$ and $\alpha_{21} \sim 0$, then there will be a mismatch of around $20\%$ events between the simulated and the actual events.} Therefore, the near detector measurements can in principle put tight constraint on the non unitarity parameter $\alpha_{22}$. Now, if we consider the near detector measurements, we can represent the transition probability \cite{Blennow:2016jkn}, $P_{\mu \alpha}$ as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{prob_n_f}
P_{\mu \alpha} = \dfrac{R_{\alpha}}{R_{\mu}}
\end{eqnarray}
where $R_{\alpha}$ and $R_{\mu}$ are the events at the far and the near detector respectively. We can represent the transition probability as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{P_amp}
P_{\mu \alpha} = \dfrac{P(\nu_{\mu}\rightarrow \nu_{\alpha})_{\rm far}}{P(\nu_{\mu}\rightarrow \nu_{\mu})_{\rm near}} = \dfrac{|<\nu_{\alpha}|\nu_{\mu}(t)>|^2}{((NN^{\dagger})_{\mu \mu})^{2}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore, if we consider the near detector information, then we have to use the normalization factor $((NN^{\dagger})_{\mu \mu})^{2}$ in the probability expression. But that is not the case for the simulated flux at the source. In this analysis, we consider both the cases i.e. the simulated flux at the source and the near detector measurements.

In presence of non unitarity, both the charged current and the neutral current events get modified. The neutral current events for $\nu_{\mu}$ beam in vacuum is proportional to
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NC_Heavy}
N^{NC}_{events} &\propto &\sum^{3}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}A(W \rightarrow \mu^{+} \nu_{i}) exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) A(\nu_{i} Z \rightarrow \nu_j)|^2\nonumber \\
& = & \sum^{3}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (N^{\dagger}N)_{ji}|^2.
\end{eqnarray}
In presence of matter the NC events will be proportional to
\begin{eqnarray}
N^{NC}_{events}  \propto  \sum^{3}_{k=1}|\sum^{3}_{i,j=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} ( U_{m} diag (e^{-i a_1 t} , e^{-i a_2 t},e^{-i a_3 t})  U^{\dagger}_m)_{ij} (N^{\dagger}N)_{kj}|^2,
\end{eqnarray}
where $U_m$ and $a_i$'s are defined in Eq. \ref{H_mat_dia}.

\subsection*{Light Sterile case:}

The $3\times 3$ PMNS mixing matrix will also become non unitarity in presence of light sterile neutrino. As shown in \cite{Blennow:2016jkn}, in presence of light sterile neutrino, the leading charged current transition probability among the active flavors will remain same as the non unitarity ( due to the heavy sterile ) if the the effect of light sterile is averaged out in the detector. The active flavor states in presence of light sterile neutrino can be represented as
\begin{eqnarray}
|\nu_{\alpha}>  =  u^{*}_{\alpha l}|\nu_{l}>=\sum^{3}_{i =1} N^{*}_{\alpha i}|\nu_i> + \sum^{n}_{J =4}\Theta^{*}_{\alpha J}|\nu_J>
\end{eqnarray}
where $u$ is a unitary mixing matrix and its dimension (n) depends on the number of sterile neutrinos. $N$ represents $3 \times 3$ active-light sub-block of $u$ and $\Theta$ represents $3\times n$ sub-block of $u$ that mixes active and heavy states. The vacuum transition probability $\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta}$ in presence of light sterile neutrino is given by \cite{Blennow:2016jkn}
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta})& =&|<\nu_{\beta}|\nu_{\alpha}(t)>|^2 =|u^{*}_{\alpha i}diag(e^{-i\Delta m^{2}_{i1}t/2E})_{ij} u_{\beta j}|^2\nonumber \\
& =&|\sum^{3}_{i,j=1} N^{*}_{\alpha i}diag(e^{-i\Delta m^{2}_{i1}t/2E})_{ij}N_{\beta j}  +  \sum^{n}_{J,K=4}\Theta^{*}_{\alpha J}diag(e^{-i\Delta m^{2}_{J1}t/2E})_{JK}\Theta_{\beta K}|^2\nonumber \\
& = &|\sum^{3}_{i,j=1} N^{*}_{\alpha i}diag(e^{-i\Delta m^{2}_{i1}t/2E})_{ij}N_{\beta j}|^2 + \mathcal{O}(\Theta^4)
\end{eqnarray}
The cross terms will vanish in the limit $\Delta m^{2}_{J1}L/2E >>1$ (where $L\equiv t$) since due to the finite energy resolution of the detector, the average over $L/E$ will make  $<sin(\Delta m^{2}_{J1}L/2E)>=<cos(\Delta m^{2}_{J1}L/2E)>=0$. Therefore, if we neglect the correction corresponding to order ($\Theta^4$), then the leading order transition probability $ \nu_{\alpha} \rightarrow \nu_{\beta}$, will be same as Eq. \ref{NU_prob_equn}.

In presence of the light sterile neutrino, the neutral current events also change from the standard events. Only the active flavors participate in the neutral current events. Therefore the neutral current events for $\nu_{\mu}$ beam in vacuum is proportional to
\begin{eqnarray}
N^{NC}_{events} &\propto &\sum^{n}_{j=1}|\sum^{n}_{i=1}A(W \rightarrow \mu^{+} \nu_{i}) exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) A(\nu_{i} Z \rightarrow \nu_j)|^2\nonumber \\
\label{NC_light}
& = & \sum^{n}_{j=1}|\sum^{n}_{i=1}u^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}u^{\dagger}_{j \rho} u_{\rho i}) |^2  \\
& = & \sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau} P(\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{\rho}).
\end{eqnarray}
Now from Eq. \ref{NC_light}, we can write

\begin{eqnarray}
N^{NC}_{events} \propto \sum^{n}_{j=1}|\sum^{n}_{i=1}u^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}u^{\dagger}_{j \rho} u_{\rho i}) |^2  \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
& = &  \sum^{n}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}u^{\dagger}_{j \rho} N_{\rho i}) +
 \sum^{n}_{I=4}\Theta^{*}_{\mu I} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{I1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}u^{\dagger}_{j \rho} \Theta_{\rho I})|^2 \nonumber \\
& = &  \sum^{n}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}u^{\dagger}_{j \rho} N_{\rho i})|^2 + \mathcal{O}(\Theta^4) \nonumber \\
& \simeq &  \sum^{3}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}N^{\dagger}_{j \rho} N_{\rho i})|^2 + \sum^{n}_{J=4}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}\theta^{\dagger}_{J \rho} N_{\rho i})|^2 \nonumber \\
\label{NC_light1}
& = &  \sum^{3}_{j=1}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (N^{\dagger}N)_{ji}|^2 + \sum^{n}_{J=4}|\sum^{3}_{i=1}N^{*}_{\mu i} exp(-i \Delta m^2_{i1}L/2E) (\sum_{\rho= e, \mu , \tau}\Theta^{\dagger}_{J \rho} N_{\rho i})|^2
\end{eqnarray}
Due to the presence of $\Theta^2$ term in Eq. \ref{NC_light1}, the neutral current events will not remain same as Eq. \ref{NC_Heavy} in the leading order. Therefore, the NC analysis will be different for light and heavy sterile case in the leading order. Here, in the rest of the paper, we consider light sterile analysis for the NC and CC measurements.

\section{Experimental and Simulation details}
\label{sec2}
In this work we have presented our results considering DUNE and T2HK experiments. The specifications of these experiments are as follow:
\subsection{DUNE}

 DUNE \cite{Acciarri:2015uup} is a
proposed future super-beam experiment at Fermilab, U.S capable to establish the existence of CPV in the leptonic sector. The facility is also capable to resolve the issues like mass hierarchy and the octant of $\theta_{23}$ in the neutrino sector. Here, the optimized beam of 1.07 MW - 80 GeV proton will deliver $1.47\times 10^{21}$
protons-on-target (POT) per year. The far detector of the setup will be placed at the Homestake mine in South Dakota. It is a Liquid Argon (LAr) detector of mass 40 Kt and the baseline is of 1300 km. The experiment will run for 7 years divided equally between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos. It corresponds to a total exposure of $4.12\times 10^{23}$
kt-POT-yr. All the details of the experiment like CC signal and background definitions,  detector efficiencies are taken from \cite{Alion:2016uaj}. The details of the NC events at DUNE are taken from \cite{Adams:2013qkq}.  The assumed detection efficiency related to the NC event is 90$\%$. We have used the migration matrices to reproduce the NC event spectra correctly. In a NC event, since the outgoing (anti-)neutrino
carries away a fraction of the incoming energy, hence due to this missing energy, the
reconstructed visible energy is somehow less than the total incoming energy. Hence, using a gaussian energy resolution function can not give accurate result. So, we have used the migration matrices from \cite{DeRomeri:2016qwo}. For the
NC  analysis, we take  5$\%$
and 10$\%$ signal and background normalization  errors respectively. All other details regarding the backgrounds and the NC measurements are taken from \cite{Gandhi:2017vzo}.

\subsection{T2HK}

The Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) \cite{Abe:2015zbg, Abe:2016ero, Abe:2018uyc} is the upgraded version of the Super-Kamiokande (SK) \cite{ Fukuda:1998mi} program in Japan. In this project, the fiducial mass of the SK detector will be increased by about twenty times. HK will have two 187 kt third generation Water Cherenkov detector modules which will be placed near the current SK site. The detector will be placed  at a baseline of 295 km from the J-PARC proton accelerator research complex in Tokai, Japan. T2HK has almost similar physics goals as DUNE such as measuring neutrino mass hierarchy, octant of $\theta_{23}$, measuring the leptonic CP phase etc.

In this analysis we have consider a beam power of 1.3 MW and the 2.5$^{0}$ off-axis flux for T2HK. The total fiducial mass considered is 374 kt which is due to two tank each of 187 kt. We have assumed a total run time of 10 years. Within these 10 years, neutrino will run for 2.5 years while anti-neutrino will run for 7.5 years. The assumed energy resolution is $15\%/\sqrt{E}$. We have matched the number of events used in this work with the TABLE III  and TABLE IV of ref. \cite{Abe:2016ero}. The signal normalization error in ${\nu_{\mu}}({\bar{\nu}_{\mu}})$ disappearance and ${\nu_e}({\bar{\nu}_e})$ appearance channel are 3.9\% (3.6\%) and 3.2\% (3.6\%) respectively. The background and energy calibration errors assumed in this work are 10\% and 5\%, respectively for all channels.

Throughout the analysis, we have fixed the true values or the best fit values of the neutrino oscillation parameters as given in \cite{Esteban:2018azc} unless stated. We fix the true values of the solar and the reactor mixing angles at $\theta_{12}=33.82^{\circ}$ and $\theta_{13}=8.61^{\circ}$ respectively. Assumed true value of the atmospheric mixing angle is $\theta_{23}=49.7^{\circ}$. The true value of the leptonic CP phase is fixed at $\delta_{cp}=217^{0}$. The mass square differences considered in this work are $\Delta m^2_{21}=7.39\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$ and $\Delta m^2_{31}=2.525\times 10^{-3}$ eV$^2$ respectively. The $3\sigma$ bounds on the NU parameters are taken from the neutrino experiments only and can be found at \cite{Escrihuela:2016ube}. We have prepared a non unitarity code for this work which is consistent with MonteCUBES's \cite{Blennow:2009pk} non unitarity engine. The results presented in this work are generated by incorporating our non-unitarity code with GLoBES \cite{Huber:2007ji,Huber:2004ka}.

\section{Results}

In this section, we present our results for DUNE and T2HK experiments. First, we discuss the effect of non unitarity on neutrino oscillation at the probability level and then at the $\chi^2$ level.

\subsection{Probability Plots}
In Fig.\ref{fig1} and Fig.\ref{fig2}, we show the effect of NU parameters on both the appearance and the disappearance probabilities at DUNE  in presence of matter effect. We consider one NU parameter at a time to disentangle the effect of a particular parameter from the rest but in the $\chi^2$ analysis we consider all the parameters. Again, to incorporate the near detector measurements, we have to consider the normalization factor \footnote{Only $\alpha_{22}$ and $\alpha_{21}$ will arise in the normalization factor for $\nu_{\mu}$ beam. Therefore, we consider the normalization factor for $\alpha_{22}$ and $\alpha_{21}$. We consider only one NU parameter at a time while generating the probability plots. Hence there is no difference between with and without normalization for other NU parameters.} $((NN^{\dagger})_{\mu \mu})^2 = (\alpha^2_{22} + |\alpha_{21}|^2)^2$, in the transition probability as in Eq.\ref{P_amp}. But that is not the case for the simulated flux. We have shown the probability plots both with and without the normalization factor. Wherever we use the normalization factor, we specify it in the plots.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
\hspace{-01.5cm} \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{diagonal_me}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{diagonal_mm}
\vspace{-01.2cm}
\caption{ Effect of diagonal NU parameters on appearance and disappearance channels considering one parameter at a time. All the non diagonal parameters are kept at zero. The plots are shown for $\alpha_{11}=\alpha_{22}=0.95$ and $\alpha_{33}=0.9$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

 We have shown the effects of the diagonal NU parameters on appearance and disappearance channels in Fig.\ref{fig1}. The red line corresponds to the standard $3\nu$ oscillation probability. The purple line corresponds to the case with $\alpha_{11}=0.95$. It is seen that $\alpha_{11}$ has significant effect on appearance channel. The cyan solid (dashed) line show the effect of $\alpha_{22}$ with ( without ) the normalization factor. In the appearance channel, $\alpha_{22}$ has significant effect irrespective of the normalization. On the other-hand, normalization abates the effect of $\alpha_{22}$ on the disappearance channel. But the effect of $\alpha_{22}$ without the normalization is significant in the disappearance channel. Therefore, if we consider the simulated flux, then both the appearance and disappearance channels will get affected by $\alpha_{22}$. The effect of $\alpha_{33}$ is very small on both the appearance and the disappearance channel and hence constraining it by these channels is not very fruitful.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hspace{-01.5cm}\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{non-diagonal_me1}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{non-diagonal_me2}
\center
\vspace*{-3.0cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{non-diagonal_mm}
\vspace*{-1.80cm}
\caption{Effect of non-diagonal NU parameters on appearance and disappearance channels.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

In Fig.\ref{fig2}, we show the effect of non diagonal NU parameters on oscillation probability allocating zero value to the diagonal parameters. Since with each non-diagonal parameters, there is a phase associated, we have shown the probability plots for a fixed value of the phase $\phi_{ij}$. In the left of the top panel, we show the variation of $\alpha_{21}$ while in the right of the top panel, variation of $\alpha_{31}$ and $\alpha_{32}$ has been shown. In the lower panel, we have shown the effect of all the three non diagonal parameters on disappearance channel. Even a small value of $\alpha_{21}$ can change $\rm P(\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_e)$ oscillation probability significantly almost for all the values of energy. The effect of the normalization factor is negligible in this case. If the phase $\phi_{21}$ is allowed to vary for a given value of $\alpha_{21}$, the probability deviates from the standard 3$\nu$ case specially around the oscillation maxima. The other two non-diagonal parameters $\alpha_{31}$ and $\alpha_{32}$ has negligible effect on the appearance channel. But for larger values of $\alpha_{31}$ (say around 0.1), we can see significant deviation from the standard case and has large phase dependency.
Form the plots in the lower panel, it is observed that the non diagonal parameters do not affect the measurements of the disappearance channel significantly. From all these results, we can draw the following conclusions:

\begin{figure}[!htb]
\hspace{-01.5cm} \includegraphics[width=0.54\textwidth]{P_ee}
\hspace{-01.5cm} \includegraphics[width=0.54\textwidth]{P_NC}
\vspace{-01.2cm}
\caption{ Effect of NU parameters on the Background neutrino oscillation ($\nu_e \rightarrow \nu_e$) and on the neutral current probability.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
\item Effects of $\alpha_{11}$ on the appearance channels are large compared to the disappearance channel.

\item The effect of normalization is crucial for $\alpha_{22}$ parameter. Depending on the normalization condition both the appearance and disappearance channel will contribute.

\item The effect of $\alpha_{33}$ is very small on both the appearance and disappearance channel.

\item Out of the three non diagonal parameters, $\alpha_{21}$ affects the appearance probability significantly. The effect enhances in presence of the phase.  Non of these parameters has any noticeable effect on disappearance probability.
\end{itemize}
In Fig.\ref{fig3}, we show the variation of $P_{ee}$  as well as NC measurements with energy as a function of NU parameters. $P_{ee}$ oscillation probability plays an important role in the background.  With the normalization \footnote{For $P_{ee}$ channel the normalization factor is $\alpha^{4}_{11}$.}, although the effect of $\alpha_{11}$ on $P_{ee}$ is negligible, yet the probability changes drastically for the same value of $\alpha_{11}$ if the normalization is switched off. Effect of $\alpha_{31}$ is small compared to $\alpha_{11}$ but it shows CP dependency. From the right panel of Fig.\ref{fig3}, we observe that in presence of $\alpha_{22}$ and $\alpha_{33}$, $P_{NC}$ oscillation probability decreases significantly from unity. But with normalization factor ( as $\alpha^{4}_{22}$ is in the denominator ) the NC probability becomes greater than unity. Therefore, when we consider both the parameters $\alpha_{22}$ (with norm) and $\alpha_{33}$ simultaneously there is a cancellation between $\alpha_{22}$ and $\alpha_{33}$ as shown by the pink line in the right panel of Fig.\ref{fig3}.

In the next subsection, we present our sensitivity plots to constraint the NU parameters.

\subsection{$\chi^2$ analysis}

To quantify the effect of of non unitarity at DUNE and T2HK, we have performed the $\Delta \chi^2$ analysis. We define the $\Delta \chi^2$ as:

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{chi2}
\Delta \chi^2 \simeq \sum_{i}^{\rm channels} \sum_{j}^{\rm bins} \dfrac{[N^{ij}_{\rm true}(\rm Standard) - N^{ij}_{\rm fit}(\rm NU)]^2}{N^{ij}_{\rm true}(\rm Standard)},
\end{eqnarray}
where, $N^{ij}_{\rm true}(\rm Standard)$ stands for the true events corresponding to standard three neutrino oscillation paradigm and $N^{ij}_{\rm fit}(\rm NU)$ represents the events corresponding to the new physics i.e. non unitarity. In the fit, we have marginalized over all the standard neutrino oscillation parameters in their 3$\sigma$ allowed ranges.  The standard CP phase ($\delta_{cp}$) is marginalized  over the full range. In addition to that, we have also marginalized over all the NU parameters in the ranges : $\alpha_{11}\in[1, 0.95], \alpha_{22} \in [1, 0.96], \alpha_{33} \in [1, 0.76], \alpha_{21}\in [0, 0.026], \alpha_{31}\in [0, 0.098]$ and
$\alpha_{32}\in [0, 0.017]$. The unknown cp phases $\phi_{ij}$ are marginalized over the full range i.e. $\phi_{ij}\in [0^{\circ}, 360^{\circ}]$. In this way, we choose the minimum $\Delta \chi^2$ for a selective NU parameter by marginalizing over all the standard as well as the remaining NU parameters.

In Fig.\ref{fig4}, \ref{fig5} and \ref{fig6}, we show the we show the capability of DUNE, T2HK and the combination of them, to probe the diagonal and non-diagonal NU parameters. The results are shown for two specific cases: with normalization factor (w norm) and without normalization factor (w/o norm). The plots captioned as `w norm' means that the norm factor is used for both background and signal. The term `w/o $\nu_e$ BG norm' stands for the case where the norm factor is not used for $\nu_{e}$ (and $\bar{\nu}_{e}$) background, but used for all other backgrounds. The term `w/o norm' stands for the cases where norm factor is not used for both background and signal. In the top panel of Fig.\ref{fig4} we have shown the sensitivity of $\alpha_{11}$ (upper panel) and $\alpha_{22}$ (lower panel) both for DUNE and T2HK. We have presented the results for CC measurements at T2HK and then for the combination of it with CC and NC measurements at DUNE, named as `COMB'. In Fig.\ref{fig5}, we have shown the constraints for $\alpha_{21}$ and in Fig.\ref{fig6}, obtained constraints are shown for $\alpha_{33}$ both at DUNE and T2HK. We draw the following conclusions from this analysis:\\

\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a11-D1}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a11-T1}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a22-D1}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a22-T1}
\caption{Constraints on $\alpha_{11}$ and $\alpha_{22}$ at DUNE and T2HK using CC measurements. We have also combined CC measurements at T2HK with the CC+NC measurements at DUNE. We call these combined results as `COMB'.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{\underline{Bound on $\alpha_{11}$:}} It is observed from the upper panel of Fig.\ref{fig4} that both DUNE and T2HK give lose constraints when we use the norm factor in the measurements. But, if the norm factor is not used in the $\nu_e$ (and $\bar{\nu}_{e}$) background only, then we can see a significant enhancement in the sensitivity in both DUNE and T2HK. This enhancement is because of the decrease in $\nu_{e}$ (and $\bar{\nu}_{e}$) background due to the exclusion of the norm factor. It also can be confirmed from the probability plots in Fig.\ref{fig3}. So it is important to point that $\nu_e$ (and $\bar{\nu}_{e}$) background is the main channel to constraint $\alpha_{11}$ parameter. From the plots we observe that DUNE can exclude all values of $\alpha_{11} \leq 0.94$ while T2HK can exclude all $\alpha_{11} \leq 0.95$ at 3$\sigma$ CL. So it is seen that T2HK can give slightly better constraints on $\alpha_{11}$ compared to DUNE. Combinations of the two experiments can improve the constraint further and at 3$\sigma$ CL, it can exclude all $\alpha_{11} \leq 0.965$.

\paragraph{\underline{Bound on $\alpha_{22}$:}} We observe from the lower panel of Fig. \ref{fig4} that the bound is very poor with norm for both DUNE and T2HK. Even their combinations with the norm is not improving the bounds. But without the norm, the bounds are improving significantly and adding NC with CC at DUNE is enhancing the bounds. It can rule out $\alpha_{22} \leq 0.978$ at 3$\sigma$ CL. Finally, when we combine both the experiments we get better constraints which is $\alpha_{22} \leq 0.988$ at 3$\sigma$ CL. It is observed from Fig.\ref{fig1} that disappearance probability for $\alpha_{22}$ decreases significantly if the norm factor is not applied. Therefore, the constraints on $\alpha_{22}$ is mainly coming from the disappearance channels.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\hspace{-01.5cm}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a21-D1}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a21-T1}
\caption{Constraints on $\alpha_{21}$ at DUNE and T2HK using the CC measurements. We also show the effects of combining CC and NC measurements at DUNE. Then we combine DUNE (CC+NC) with the CC measurements at T2HK.}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{\underline{Bound on $\alpha_{21}$:}} From Fig.\ref{fig5}, we observe that use of the normalization factor is not affecting the bounds on $\alpha_{21}$ like $\alpha_{11}$ and $\alpha_{22}$. But at DUNE, adding NC with CC, improves the constraints slightly. Combining T2HK with DUNE is improving the constraints further and at 3$\sigma$, the combination can exclude all $\alpha_{21}\leq 0.04$ \footnote{On $\alpha_{21}$, tighter constraints can be achieved in  short baseline experiments at Fermilab and related details can be found in \cite{Miranda:2018yym}.}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\hspace{-01.5cm}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a33-D1}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]
{a33-T1}
\caption{Constraints on $\alpha_{33}$ at DUNE and T2HK using CC measurements. We have also combined CC measurements at T2HK with the CC+NC measurements at DUNE.}
\label{fig6}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{\underline{Bound on $\alpha_{33}$:}} From Fig. \ref{fig6}, it is observed that NC measurements at DUNE is capable to improve the bounds on $\alpha_{33}$ compared to the CC measurements. Without the norm factor, combining NC with CC measurements at DUNE constraints $\alpha_{33}$ such that at 3$\sigma$ CL all values of $\alpha_{33} \leq 0.92$ are excluded. Use of the norm factor alleviates the sensitivity as the marginalization over $\alpha_{22}$ cancels the effect of $\alpha_{33}$ as shown by the pink line in the right panel of Fig. \ref{fig3}. In case of T2HK, CC measurements do not improve the bounds on $\alpha_{33}$. DUNE CC measurements give better bounds on $\alpha_{33}$ than T2HK both with and without the norm factor due to the large matter effect. Combination of this with CC+NC measurements at DUNE slightly improves the bounds. The bound on $\alpha_{33}$ that comes from the combination is $\alpha_{33}\leq 0.925$ at 3$\sigma$ CL.

\section{Summary and concluding remarks}

In this work, we attempt to derive constraints on non unitarity parameters at DUNE and T2HK specially focusing the NC measurements at DUNE. We have calculated the NC events in presence of both heavy and light sterile neutrino and have found that even in the averaged out regime of light sterile neutrino, the NC events are different from heavy sterile case in the leading order. In this analysis, we have found that $\nu_{e}$ background is the most dominant component in the measurements of $\alpha_{11}$ and hence this parameter will be better bounded by this background than the signal. In case of $\alpha_{22}$, NC measurement helps in enhancing the bounds further. We have also found that combining both DUNE and T2HK can improve overall bounds on all the NU parameters. Finally, we have found that NC measurements at DUNE helps in deriving better bounds on $\alpha_{33}$ over the CC measurements.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge Boris Kayser and Raj Gandhi for their valuable suggestions. We are grateful to Michel Sorel for providing us with the migration matrices used in this
work. The work of SR is supported by INFOSYS scholarship for senior students. We acknowledge the use of HRI cluster facility to carry out the computations in this work.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}

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People: Centennial Resource Development Inc (CDEV.OQ)
CDEV.OQ on NASDAQ Stock Exchange Capital Market
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Mr. Brent Jensen is Chief Accounting Officer, Vice President of the Company. Prior to that, Mr. Jensen served as Vice President, Finance and Treasurer of Whiting Petroleum Corporation ("Whiting") from March 2015 to March 2017. Mr. Jensen joined Whiting in August 2005 as Controller and became Controller and Treasurer in January 2006, and he was the designated principal accounting officer at Whiting from 2006 until his departure in 2017. Mr. Jensen was previously with PricewaterhouseCoopers L.L.P. in Houston and Los Angeles, where he held various positions in their oil and gas audit practice since 1994, which included assignments of four years in Moscow, Russia and three years in Milan, Italy. He has over 25 years of oil and gas accounting experience and is a Certified Public Accountant inactive. Mr. Jensen holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Restricted Stock Award, USD 1,091,380
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Mark Papa
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There are a lot of DO's and DON'Ts during pregnancy (DON'T eat Sushi, DO Drink plenty of water, DON'T (avoid) drink alcohol, DO get plenty of rest, you know what I am talking about).
– Winter or summer, I am always in favor of a good nursing tank top. It can be dressed up or dressed down, wear them in hot weather or layer in winter. Post-pregnancy, especially the first few weeks, are in the baby's warm environment (not to mention the hormones, oh dear, the hormones… I am sweating just from thinking about it).
– You can always add nice accessories to your look, like designer diaper bags, designed strollers, unique baby bags and more.
No more DO's and DON'Ts: right now, anything that makes you feel good is probably definitely a DO.. so head on and google best nursing tops / nursing tank tops or maternity nursing tops – there are plenty to choose from!
"Place your body here" – a short slideshow we prepared for you with practical wardrobe twists.
Upper arms like madonna's show them off with a sleeveless shirt.
'A' Shaped nursing dress, perfect for concealing a post partnum tummy.
This would be a good item to splurge on because you will probebly wear these for a bit after the baby is born… just like Peek-a-boo's basics!
You're thrilled about finally being pregnant, but you're less than excited about the idea of leaving your hip clothes behind in favor of sweats and tent dresses.
if you wear a lot of black and that makes you fell confident and comfortable, then don't start wearing pink just because your pregnant!
Today's moms-to-be are showing their bellies and breasts in cloths that are miles away from the large, lose maternity wardrobe our mothers used to wear.
If you just gave birth and you don't fell as comfortable with your tummy, the trick is to look for slightly looser styles which come in just under the bust, allowing the fabric to float over your tummy and match them with a pair for slightly more fitting-tailored bottoms.
Your metabolic rate increases by about 20 percent when your pregnant, which means that if everyone else is shivering you're just likely to be complaining about the heat.
Being in your baby's environment means the temperatures are relatively high(er).
Don't get carried away, though – too many layers or layers that are too loose and can look sloppy instead of sophisticated.
Nausea for most of the day (why is this called "morning sickness"??) is something I forget pretty fast once I reach the second half of my pregnancy but is a really big thrill kill for the first 4.5 months – that's about 130 days!!


text:
E. coli as a Model Organism
By Dr. Maho Yokoyama, Ph.D.
Escherichia coli is a rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacterium that is frequently used as a model organism. Factors such as its ability to grow fast using cheap media and availability of molecular tools to perform genetic manipulations are favorable for using E. coli as a model organism in molecular genetics.
Image Credits: martynowi.cz / Shutterstock.com
These tools include plasmids, which are fragments of extrachromosomal DNA that have the ability to confer various phenotypes to E. coli. Its use as a model organism is utilized in metabolic engineering, where the metabolism of E. coli is manipulated to produce specific products.
What is E. coli?
E. coli is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium which is typically around 1µm long and 0.35µm wide. It is able to survive with or without oxygen and thus is a "facultative aerobe". While it is able to grow fast without forming clumps in various inexpensive chemically defined media, it is not typically tolerant to very high or low temperatures or extreme acidity/alkalinity.
Its potential for fast growth, the number of molecular techniques for genetic manipulations available, and a good amount of knowledge about its genetics means that it has the versatility to be utilized in many ways. Also, E. coli mainly replicates asexually, meaning that modifications made to the genome are maintained and thus effects seen in these mutants are reproducible. These factors make E. coli a good model organism for molecular genetics.
What discoveries were made using E. coli as a model organism?
Several key discoveries in the field of molecular biology, including molecular genetics, were achieved using E. coli as a model organism. This includes an understanding of the genetic code, the mechanisms of DNA replication, the discovery of the genetic operon systems, and the creation of a genetically modified organism.
The E. coli genome
E. coli strains display variation in their pathogenic ability, from strains that do not cause diseases to those that cause severe infections, such as the enterohemorrhagic strain O157:H7. This is evident in the variations seen in E. coli genomes; studies have found that similarity between the genomes of E. coli strains K-12 (a laboratory strain), O157:H7 and CFT073 (a uropathogenic strain) is only 39%.
There are 16,000 genes found in all E. coli strains, which is its pan-genome. However, the core genome of E. coli (i.e. genes present in all strains) is less than 20% of the 16,000 genes in the pan-genome.
The rest of the genome thus is the "flexible genome"; this includes prophages, transposable elements and accessory genes, and they can be acquired horizontally. These genes can confer various phenotypes to E. coli, such as having a more flexible metabolism. This ability of E. coli to incorporate elements in the flexible genome makes it amenable to use as a model organism.
E. coli and its use as a model organism in metabolic engineering
There is a growing demand for a sustainable source of fuels and chemicals. This can potentially be achieved by using renewable sources such as biomass and wastewater as a starting source.
Because there are tools available to manipulate the genome of E. coli, it is a good candidate as a model organism for metabolic engineering; this is where E. coli is genetically manipulated so that it becomes able to produce desired chemicals from various sources during growth.
Modern techniques can be applied to optimize the production of engineered chemicals; this includes the integration of systems biology with metabolic engineering. For example, analysis of the proteins produced by an E. coli strain, or its proteome, can be used as a guide.
In a study, a proteomics approach was used to assess which E. coli membrane proteins were linked to phenylpropanoid tolerance and transport, and thus enabled the identification of potential target proteins which can be utilized in metabolic engineering.
Plasmids; increasing the potential of E. coli as a model organism
Plasmids are fragments of DNA separate from the chromosome, which can replicate itself. The main components of plasmids include the origin of replication and a selection marker such as a gene conferring antibiotic resistance. These plasmids can be manipulated, so a new phenotype can be conferred to E. coli strains by the incorporation of these modified plasmids.
How can plasmids be used to engineer an E. coli strain?
Plasmids can play a part in improving an E. coli strain in the eyes of metabolic engineering. A study by Rodriguez and co. used a modified plasmid to study shikimate production in E. coli.
Shikimate is a product which is formed as a part of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway. Shikimate is also the starting material for the production of an influenza treatment, therefore there is interest in finding efficient ways of producing it.
Rodrigues and co. modified an E. coli strain to be used as a model organism that can produce shikimate to study how this affects the overall metabolism of E. coli. They placed a plasmid into an E. coli strain which gave it the ability to use glucose to produce high amounts of shikimate.
They found that the modified E. coli strain utilized more glucose, but its growth was not affected. Further analysis showed that the increase in shikimate production reduced oxidative and fermentation pathways, indicating that there is a shift in overall metabolism caused by the production of shikimate.
Blount, Z. D. (2015) The Natural History of Model Organisms: The unexhausted potential of E. coli. eLife DOI: 10.7554/eLife.05826
Idalia, V.-M. N., and Bernardo, F. (2017) Escherichia coli as a Model Organism and Its Application in Biotechnology. Escherichia coli - Recent Advances on Physiology, Pathogenesis and Biotechnological Applications DOI: 10.5772/67306
Adamczyk, P. A., and Reed, J. L. (2017) Escherichia coli as a model organism for systems metabolic engineering. Current Opinion in Systems Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2017.11.001
Rodriguez, A. et al. (2017) Plasmid-encoded biosynthetic genes alleviate metabolic disadvantages while increasing glucose conversion to shikimate in an engineered Escherichia coli strain. Biotechnology and Bioengineering
All Model Organisms Content
Drosophila as a Model Organism
Zebrafish as a Model Organism
Discovery of a Novel Rodent Model for the Study of the Immunomodulatory Pathways of Human Smallpox
Devising a General Microbial Model Evaluation Framework for Microbiology Research
Dr. Maho Yokoyama
Dr. Maho Yokoyama is a researcher and science writer. She was awarded her Ph.D. from the University of Bath, UK, following a thesis in the field of Microbiology, where she applied functional genomics to Staphylococcus aureus . During her doctoral studies, Maho collaborated with other academics on several papers and even published some of her own work in peer-reviewed scientific journals. She also presented her work at academic conferences around the world.
Yokoyama, Maho. (2020, May 28). E. coli as a Model Organism. News-Medical. Retrieved on January 19, 2021 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/E-coli-as-a-Model-Organism.aspx.
Yokoyama, Maho. "E. coli as a Model Organism". News-Medical. 19 January 2021. <https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/E-coli-as-a-Model-Organism.aspx>.
Yokoyama, Maho. "E. coli as a Model Organism". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/E-coli-as-a-Model-Organism.aspx. (accessed January 19, 2021).
Yokoyama, Maho. 2020. E. coli as a Model Organism. News-Medical, viewed 19 January 2021, https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/E-coli-as-a-Model-Organism.aspx.


text:
'Zombie trailers' haunt a budding tourist town
A uranium town gone bust wants to rebuild, but derelict properties stand in the way
By Jessica Kutz High Country News
Thursday, March 1, 2018 7:39 PM
The community of Naturita and surrounding towns dealt with boom bust mining economies for decades and are finding ways to revamp the towns to attract tourists in lieu of relying on resources in the ground. One challenge has been clearing out and cleaning up abandoned trailers.
Brooke Warren/High Country News
John Riley, the mayor of Naturita, says that dealing with abandoned trailers in the town is one of his top priorities.
Dealing with the "junk trailers" is highlighted on a whiteboard in Naturita Town Hall.
The town of Naturita wants to rebuild, but derelict properties stand in its way.
A dead potted plant dangles from the ceiling of a derelict trailer in Naturita, a former uranium-mining town in western Colorado, its spindly tendrils reaching toward a large broken window. It is easy to imagine that someone once hung it there to give the room a cozy touch. I navigate around piles of old clothing and cassette tapes, Cheerios and uncooked pasta crunching underfoot. John Riley, the mayor of Naturita, stands by the door and picks up an empty Corona bottle. A few drops of stale beer trickle down his arm.
This mobile home is one of several abandoned after the nearby uranium mines closed in the early 1980s, spurring a mass exodus. Riley, who has lived here 53 years, has witnessed many such booms and busts. "It was a lifetime experience for most of them," he said about the local workers. "And then to be out of work, and not being able to pay their bills — one by one, they left."
Squatters and neighborhood kids have helped nudge these abandoned trailers ever closer to total squalor, but the process is accelerating. Years of harsh weather have ripped away the cheap siding; pieces of insulation blow throughout the neighborhood. As one resident noted, things have deteriorated to such a point that "even the squatters are not interested" anymore.
That's why in 2014, Riley, an older man with yellowish-white hair and a pocket full of pens, ran for mayor. "I wanted to get these things out of here and get things cleaned up a bit," he said. Not only are these "zombie trailers" a public health hazard, a breeding ground for rodents and other pests; their unsightliness impedes the town's budding tourism economy. But even though most everyone wants them gone, removing them has proved far more difficult than Riley or anyone else could have anticipated.
Abandoned properties are a common issue across the West, exacerbated by the extraction economy's periodic busts. County commissioners in New Mexico, for example, began talks last February to address the problem of uninhabited mobile homes attracting "children, pets and even packrats." In Douglas County, Oregon, a study was conducted to test ways to handle the blight.
In Naturita, the first hurdle — figuring out who owns the property — is difficult to clear. Many of these mobile homes were abandoned so long ago that their ownership details are murky, and it is very difficult, legally, to dispose of private property without the owner's consent. Town officials have tried to reach owners, but "we are just kind of playing a waiting game," said Mike Mortensen, a town councilman. To save the town the legal headache of dealing with property rights, Naturita passed a resolution that would fine abandoned-trailer-owners $50 a day, but the town hasn't been able to hire an ordinance officer to enforce it.
Financing the removals is another barrier. Naturita has struggled since the mines closed. Even if officials managed to secure titles and legally remove the properties, it would cost up to $6,500 for each trailer — a burden that would fall to the town.
Property taxes present their own catch-22. Owners pay higher taxes for vacant properties than they do for those that have "improved residential structures" like mobile homes. If a property owner removes a trailer, her property taxes could jump significantly. Montrose County Assessor Brad Hughes says it can be hard to tell whether a property should be classified as abandoned. "There is a really fine line as to what is considered usable and having utility and could be rented."
And so the zombie trailers remain, as defiant as ever. Still more properties have been abandoned in the last decade. According to Deana Sheriff, an economic development recovery coordinator who works with the West End Economic Development Corporation (WEEDC), a Naturita-based nonprofit, there are 17 abandoned properties in town alone. That number jumps to 35 when the surrounding area is included, and there are likely more that have yet to be identified.
Sheriff said there is growing urgency to resolve the issue. Naturita will face another economic downturn when the nearby Tri-State power plant and accompanying New Horizon coal mine shut down in 2022. But opportunities are on the horizon, including hemp production and rebranding the area as a tourism and recreation destination. There are already plans for a new brewery and a "glamping site" that would accommodate 30 upscale tepees on a plateau overlooking town.
In the meantime, WEEDC is applying for grants from The Telluride Foundation and the Paradox Trust, two nearby economic development organizations, to pay for the trailer removals. Naturita is also looking to partner with the neighboring town of Nucla to hire a code enforcement officer. "It is a fairly complicated problem," Sheriff said. "But I hope that we can have some kind of answer in the next six months."
This article was first published on hcn.org.
Scientists study uranium's impact in the region
Ute Mountain Utes blast House committee over testimony ploy
Company to assess uranium sites on Navajo Nation
The 26,000 tons of radioactive waste under Lake Powell
Lawsuit against White Mesa uranium mill is dismissed
Water from oil and gas drilling used on county roads
Rico museum remembers mining, railroad days


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Maybe These Davos Guys Have Some Good Ideas About Climate Change (They Do Not)
Davos season is a beautiful time of year when rich, powerful people gather in a Swiss mountain town to talk about Big Ideas. Ensconced in this familiar backslapping environment, they also occasionally tell us how they really feel about some of the most pressing issues facing humanity like rising inequality and the climate crisis.
I look at these things and see how the two are interconnected with a capitalist system that links fossil fuels with endless growth and governments increasingly untethered from citizens' needs and beholden to enriching the already rich while stoking culture wars to keep people divided. The people have benefited from this system, surprisingly, do not see that. And their comments at Davos make it clear they have every intention of continuing the culture wars while offering half fixes ("half" might be generous tbh).
Let's start with Steve Mnuchin, the current Treasury Secretary and future Bond villain. This the brain genius that insists the Trump tax cuts are good and will pay for themselves actually despite robust evidence pointing to the contrary.
Greta Thunberg's Message to Capitalists: 'Act as if You Loved Your Children'
Greta Thunberg is over it. The 17-year-old Swedish climate activist spoke at the annual World…
On Thursday, he took a shot at teen activist Greta Thunberg saying that "after she goes and studies economics in college, she can go back and explain that to us." I guess "that" is climate change and frankly, she's done a pretty good job explaining it to the world. The parts of Thunberg's speeches that make headlines are when she roasts bankers for being sociopaths that don't care about their children, but she also devotes huge chunks of her time on the global stage to correctly explaining the science behind her warnings (she also torched Mnuchin). And she also rightly notes the cost of inaction is much higher and more devastating than the cost of action, something backed up by [checks notes] thousands of economists.
Meanwhile the Trump administration has shown a very real failure to grasp the threat of climate change and is actively pursuing policies to make it worse. As it just so happens, I teach a class in the spring on this very topic. Steve, you have an open invite to attend if you'd like to learn some things and then go back and explain that to your Davos buds and deadbeat boss.
Mnuchin is far from the only rich fella going off at Davos. Outgoing CEO of BP, Bob Dudley, told CNBC that Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez "have a completely unrealistic idea of the complexity of the global energy system" while shooting down the Green New Deal. He also noted the world needs "less emissions, but all forms of energy."
Call me crazy, but it's pretty straightforward that fossil fuel companies like BP have spread climate denial and shot down climate policies while reaping huge profits. While Big Oil wants to pour money into carbon capture, there's currently no technology proven at scale to make fossil fuels carbon neutral. And that's to say nothing of the impact they have on the environment when, say, they spill into the ocean and poison life and destroy livelihoods. Nobody is saying ending their use is complex given how these companies have latched onto the world's economy like parasites. But the reason for disentangling them are pretty clear!
Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase, also popped off about socialism "eroding society" on CNBC (bless business news). He also said of millennials who are opening their hearts to socialism after growing up in a predatory capitalist system that "I honestly don't think they understand what socialism is." He also raised the boogeyman of Venezuela to show how socialist governments can poorly allocate resources (while failing to note there are massive issues with corruption and repression tied up with poor governance and not necessarily socialism). Funny as our current system has done a pretty shitty job with income inequality. U.S. inequality is the highest it's ever been. Inequality has also risen globally and climate change is one of the reasons (and it will only make things worse).
In related news, JPMorgan Chase is the world's single largest purveyor of loans for the fossil fuel projects driving the crisis. Between 2016 and 2018 the bank Dimon leads kicked fossil fuel companies $196 billion to finance the planet's destruction. Again, seems like a pretty poor allocation of resources!
It's been pretty clear for a while that the capitalists are not coming to save society or the Earth. The beauty of their Davos ramblings is at least it's become crystal clear what the plan is.
rockympls
It's become such a common refrain from Mnuchin all the way down to the Trumpbots that plague comment sections everywhere: "Read an economics textbook and get back to me," or "go and educate yourself on basic economics and you'll realize how wrong you are." Never mind the fact that the only economics education the vast majority of these buffoons have is the "common sense" ramblings spouted from Fox Business Channel between commercials for "Tac Glasses" and collectible silver coins. The ones that actually do have an education never offer any specifics as to why Greta Thunberg is wrong... probably because, at least in this case, she's right.


KOLKATA: Havells India on Wednesday announced entry into the personal grooming space with an aim to capture 25% market share in next three years, while drawing up plans to enter the baby care segment by June.
As part of this, it has already forayed into baby hair clippers for the first time in the country. Havells personal grooming products include electric shavers, beard trimmers, grooming kit, hair straighteners and dryers, and bikini trimmer.
The company will launch these products in all major cities and over 400 exclusive Havells Galaxies where consumers can touch and feel them. Havells also plans to sell them through e-commerce platforms. It also plans to tap the cosmetic, departmental and pharma stores for selling them. The personal grooming segment in India is currently estimated at Rs 1,500 crore and is growing at 25%-30% per annum.


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Most Canadians Oblivious to Acts Proposed by Western Premiers
November 11, 2022 November 10, 2022 By Mario Canseco
Half of residents (50%) agree with what Saskatchewan is trying to accomplish, while 39% feel the same way about Alberta's actions.
Vancouver, BC [November 11, 2022] – Few Canadians are actively following stories related to the recent pronouncements issued by the premiers of Alberta and Saskatchewan, a new Research Co. poll has found.
In the online survey of a representative national sample, 37% of Canadians say they are paying close attention to the Alberta Sovereignty Act.
Just over three-in-ten Canadians (31%) are following stories related to the Saskatchewan First Act "very closely" or "moderately closely"
The Alberta Sovereignty Act proposed by Premier Danielle Smith seeks to allow the province to refuse to follow specific federal laws if they are deemed not to be in Alberta's best interests.
The Saskatchewan First Act proposed by Premier Scott Moe seeks to confirm Saskatchewan's autonomy and exclusive jurisdiction over its natural resources.
"Half of Conservative Party voters in the last Canadian federal election (50%) are keeping an eye on news related to the Alberta Sovereignty Act," says Mario Canseco, President of Research Co. "The proportions are lower among Canadians who cast ballots for the New Democratic Party (NDP) (36%) or the Liberal Party (35%) in 2021."
Just over half of Canadians (51%) are concerned about the Alberta Sovereignty Act, while 45% feel the same way about the Saskatchewan First Act.
Half of Canadians (50%) think the Government of Saskatchewan is right to confirm its autonomy and exclusive jurisdiction over its natural resources, while 27% disagree with this notion and 22% are undecided.
On a regional basis, residents of Saskatchewan and Manitoba (60%) and Alberta (57%) agree with the principle of the Saskatchewan First Act, along with 48% of those who live in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.
Only 34% of Canadians think the Government of Alberta is right to refuse to follow specific federal laws if they are deemed not to be in Alberta's best interests, while 42% disagree with this assessment and 21% are not sure.
Just over half of Albertans (52%) agree with the ideals behind the Alberta Sovereignty Act. The numbers are lower in Saskatchewan and Manitoba (43%), British Columbia and Ontario (38% each), Atlantic Canada (34%) and Quebec (33 %).
Results are based on an online survey conducted from November 4 to November 6, 2022, among 1,000 adults in Canada. The data has been statistically weighted according to Canadian census figures for age, gender and region in Canada. The margin of error—which measures sample variability—is plus or minus 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.
Energy, Environment, Politics, Public Policy Canada
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Post 1: Reception - permanent or maternity.
Post 2: KS1 Teacher - permanent or maternity.
St Mary's RC Primary School are seeking to appoint two full time teachers, one for a Reception class and one for Key Stage 1 from September 2019.
We are looking for inspiring, nurturing and dedicated practitioners who are enthusiastic about delivering high quality teaching to our children.
Applications are welcomed from NQTs as well as experienced teachers.
have excellent interpersonal, management and organisational skills.
St Mary's RC Primary School, enjoys an enviable location overlooking a beautiful sandy beach. The staff community are highly dedicated and very supportive of each other. The pupils are delightful.
St Mary's RC Primary School is part of the St John the Baptist Multi Academy Trust. The School and Trust are committed to the Catholic ethos and supporting teacher's professional development. Teachers in the early years of their career will be supported with an additional package of CPD, release and support.
Completed applications to be returned to the school.
Interview dates: 30 April 2019.
St. Mary's RC Primary School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and requires all staff and volunteers to share and demonstrate this commitment. The successful candidate will be subject to pre-employment checks including an enhanced DBS with Barred check and satisfactory references.


The community puts its trust in the library board to make sure the library is operating the way it should. For example, the library board is familiar with the library's budget - where the money is coming from and how it will be spent. The board monitors monthly financial reports and approves the bills so they can be paid. The board also helps determine whether the community is satisfied with library service.


text:
Enter Competition
Webpicks
Creative Hotlist
©2019 Coyne & Blanchard, Inc. All rights Reserved.
Interactive / Mobile/Tablet / Entertainment
The Boxtrolls Slide 'N' Sneak
RED Games, a division of RED Interactive Agency, project design and development
Focus Features/Laika Studios/Universal Pictures, clients
"Cinematic and playful, it pushes the expectations of what an app can look like and delivers unusually charming entertainment." —juror Tali Krakowsky
"Beautiful illustrations, settings and actions. The only downside? I kept playing it when I was supposed to be judging other projects." —juror Eric Karjaluoto
Overview: The Boxtrolls: Slide 'N' Sneak is a mobile game that follows the storyline of The Boxtrolls film. Players help the Boxtrolls rescue their friends, who have been captured by the Red Hats. The game features simple tap and swipe controls: tap to jump and swipe down to slide. Combining well-timed slides and jumps can result in launching Boxtrolls high into the air and over obstacles, a satisfying effect that appeals to a wide audience of novices and seasoned gamers alike. The game uses the native gyroscope in mobile devices to provide a sense of depth. Menu scenes twist and move as the user tilts the device, creating a parallax effect that is both stunning and natural.
• The game is built in Adobe AIR running the Starling engine.
• Game play is enhanced by music, voices and sound from the movie.
• So far, the game has been downloaded well over a million times, and the average user plays for 30 to 40 minutes at a time.
Comments by RED Games, a division of RED Interactive Agency:
What was the most challenging aspect of the project? "We had to figure out how to create a mobile game that was an appropriate companion to The Boxtrolls, so it needed to be highly visual and incredibly detailed. In order to re-create Laika's unique animation style in a touchscreen experience, we opted to animate 2-D photographs of the actual mockettes used in the film. We used traditional animation techniques and relatively primitive technology to achieve the level of quality we strove for on mobile devices. Although this was more time-consuming, it was important to us that the Boxtroll characters appeared to be more than just static images in the game. This technique let us maintain the film's richly textured aesthetic and painstaking details in retina-quality graphics and create a mobile experience that truly represented Laika's style."
Are there any other technical features you'd like to call attention to? "We developed a new 2.5-D engine that allowed us to create 3-D parallaxing environments more efficiently. It's essentially a drag-and-drop tool that allowed us to quickly arrange and build scenes that have a realistic 3-D look and feel."
Were there any specific demands that made the project easier or harder? "We needed to design a game that was accessible and appealing to an audience consisting of casual gamers and nongamers, males and females. We decided to give users a simple set of controls that yield highly rewarding results. The game doesn't require complex inputs from users in order for the characters to perform exciting actions. You can be a low- to mid-skilled casual gamer and still feel like you can master this game."
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How to Make the Other Universal Monsters Scary Again
Time to bring the spooky back.
Image: Universal
Dracula. The Wolf Man. The Mummy. The Creature from the Black Lagoon. Frankenstein('s monster) and the Bride of Frankenstein('s Monster). They're all icons of cinematic horror, many for nearly a century—and that's the problem.
It's hard to be scared by things you've been looking at for 90 or so years, which are so omnipresent in pop culture they've inspired dozens upon dozens of copycats, are sometimes turned into laughingstocks, and have generally been neutered to the point where they can safely be put in children's cartoons and on cereal boxes. The Universal Monsters just aren't scary anymore, but they can be—and writer/director Leigh Whannell's The Invisible Man knows how.
The problem with most recent Universal Monster movies is that they're usually not even trying to be scary; instead, they're PG-13 action flicks like Tom Cruise's Mummy, Dracula Untold, Van Helsing, even the 1999 Mummy film and its sequels. When the movies try for horror (like 2010's The Wolf Man, starring Benicio del Toro) they fail, mainly because modern audiences don't have the suspension of disbelief anymore for magic curses, ludicrous science, or creatures that can somehow explode into a bunch of bats. These monsters aren't monstrous enough to be frightening by themselves—they need something more.
The new Invisible Man movie has more. It doesn't just bring H.G. Wells' classic novel into the modern-day, it ties what is honestly one of Universal's least intimidating villains to a very modern, unfortunately relevant, and nightmarish scenario—a woman being physically and mentally abused by her partner, and who can't get anyone to believe her. Much like Jordan Peele used horror to examine institutional racism in Get Out (which was also produced by Blumhouse), Whannell is using the Invisible Man to examine the horror of abuse and the difficulty women face when they speak out about their abusers. It's scary because it's so real, even if it involves a guy who invented a science potion to turn himself invisible.
This is the key. These classic characters should be used to tell stories that reflect modern fears, while still keeping the core of the classic monsters somewhere inside. After all, there's still something scary in all of them, buried deep in the cultural consciousness; it just needs to be augmented by connecting them to the things that scare us in 2020. Here are some of my ideas—please add yours in the comments! (And if you happen to work at Universal, DM me so we can discuss my screenwriting contract.)
Dracula is the ultimate movie monster. Many actors have portrayed the vampire in many ways: as a tragic character, a romantic lead, and a misunderstood hero at least as much as a straight-up villain, but the latter is where the horror lies. In Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula isn't just an evil bloodsucker. He moves to England to make it his feeding ground, but he also wants power. He easily becomes part of high society thanks to his aristocratic nobility, wealth, and immense charisma, which allows him to put people under his spell even before he bites them. He feeds almost exclusively on women, delighting in controlling them as well as killing them. He also revels in the pain his murders cause their loved ones when they return from the dead and begin feeding themselves, and have to be killed once again.
What makes Dracula so terrifying isn't his ability to turn into a wolf or slip through cracks or his inability to show up in mirrors. It's that he has an immense amount of power that he uses to commit acts of evil that only his victims and their loved ones know about. Because in society at large, he appears only to be an immensely charming member of the elite that people—especially ladies—swoon over. This is where a new Dracula movie needs to start, and if you want to make a modern movie about someone with tremendous power who can force people to do his bidding, who revels in performing acts of evil that almost no one knows about and is still charismatic and sexy as hell, Dracula needs to be owner and CEO of a Halliburton-esque military contractor to the government.
The Case for Calling All Vampires Draculas
Myths about vampiric creatures that rise from the dead to feed on the blood of the living predate…
It sounds silly at first, but think about this way: What if Marvel's Tony Stark never got ambushed by terrorists, but kept on being a war profiteer? He'd still be one of the richest, most powerful men in the world, and because of his good looks and charm, he'd still be a celebrity who could have practically anyone come to his beck and call. But while this alt-Tony probably still wouldn't care about the ramifications of his weapons manufacturing at all, this Dracula would revel in his ability to essentially commit horrific acts of violence in a way that isn't just legal but considered an act of patriotism by many. Dracula's cult of personality could bleed into an actual cult, where his company employees are secretly fanatic followers of their leader to the point where they're only extensions of his will. (Imagine an accounting department full of Renfields.) And while Dracula may have more reasonable, less comic book-y superpowers, he sure as hell still drinks blood.
When Dracula holds a lavish party to celebrate a new government contract, low-level Department of Defense employees Lucy Westenra and Jonathan Harker attend as lackeys of their boss who helped negotiate the deal. There, Dracula fixates on Lucy immediately, giving her most of his attention, to the confusion and dismay of the other guests. Lucy becomes immediately infatuated with the CEO and the two begin to see each other. Jonathan gets concerned as Lucy's infatuation becomes an obsession, and because she's begun growing ill with what doctors can only describe as some unknown form of anemia, as her body seems to be losing the ability to generate blood.
When Dracula whisks her away to give her the level of health care only afforded by the one percent, Jonathan isn't allowed to see her and gets even more concerned when the missing Lucy emails in her resignation, saying she's begun working for Dracula. Jonathan enlists a few friends, including his fiancée Mina Harker, to investigate, and they discover a disturbing number of murders tied to Dracula and his corporation, all hushed up by the CEO's power and money. Eventually, they discover Lucy seems to be alive, but may have possibly committed murder herself—and also that Dracula's new military contract is for a biological weapon with some very strange side effects. But how can Jonathan and his friends prove one of the most powerful, admired men in the world is secretly a monster, both figuratively and literally?
The Wolf Man
Both The Wolf Man and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are stories about the darkness that lurks in the hearts of people, but the former is the far more popular of the two. There's something very compelling about someone helpless to stop themselves from becoming a monster, which is why so many werewolf stories go the same Jekyll/Hyde route. So instead of focusing on the monster, let's focus on the curse—or, rather, the illness.
Humanity has a constant fear of modern plagues, and not without reason. Imagine a world where a werewolf virus spreads across the planet, but one that only affects 10 percent of the world's population. It's utterly undetectable until the full moon arrives and they transform. There's some real dread in wondering if you might have the virus and what horrors you might commit if you do, especially when it's discovered a werewolf bite is the only certain way to transmit the disease, even to someone who had been immune to it in its plague form. Even though the infected are perfectly normal human beings 96.66 percent of the time, they are feared, hated, and discriminated against, and the government isolates them from the general populace by putting them in quarantine camps.
The loss of their rights, jobs, and families drive some werewolves to fight back, but there's also an extremist movement led by a man named Larry Talbot, who finds the world's treatment of werewolves shows that civilized society is a lie and that all humans are essentially animals. As such, he and his followers are anarchists determined to turn as many people into werewolves as possible, killing those who try to stand in their way. It's eventually revealed that Larry is special; he maintains his identity and intelligence when he transforms into a wolf, effectively making him the alpha of his pack, which is also how he attracts so many to his cause. Between the plague, the injustices, and an army of werewolf fanatics, can civilization survive? To be fair, a lot is going on in this particular story, but I'm very open to studio notes.
What I think is most interesting about both Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein and the 1931 movie starring Boris Karloff is that when the creature awakes, it's instantly treated as a monster despite the fact it was purposefully made. In the novel, Dr. Victor suddenly realizes exactly what he's wrought and flees, while in the movie the monster freaks out when the doctor's assistant brings in a torch, which makes it appear it's going to attack the two scientists, and thus gets chained up in the dungeon. When the creature finally enters the outside world, it's childlike and doesn't know what's right, wrong, or its own strength; by the end, the creature becomes a monster because it's been treated like one. It's forced to fulfill a role prescribed to it by society, as a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy.
Guillermo del Toro Wishes He'd Taken Over Universal's Monster Movies (and So Do We)
Universal's plans for a shared universe of monster movies are all but dead after the creative team
Consider this: A man wakes up on an operating table with no memory of his past life or how he has gotten there. He asks what's happened, but the doctor and assistant examining him ignore his questions completely, and refer to him only as an experiment as if he were a literal lab rat. Over the next few weeks, they test and experiment on the man, often cruelly and painfully, and continue to refuse to acknowledge him as a sentient being. When the man tries to fight back to avoid what is essentially torture, he injures the assistant in his attempt. The doctor is hypocritically disgusted by the violence the man committed, calling him a monster, and the experiments get even more brutal.
Eventually, the man escapes but discovers everyone in the outside world also considers him a monster because of his hideous appearance. With his humanity denied for so long, the man embraces his fate and becomes a monster, taking what he needs to survive and killing at whim, all while plotting his horrific revenge against the doctor who created him against his will. This could be set in the 1800s or 2000s; all you need to think of is how society prescribes stereotypes on certain groups and unthinkingly (or otherwise) creates the circumstances that foster those stereotypes, and you have a hell of a modern, relevant movie.
The Bride of Frankenstein
This could work as a sequel to the Frankenstein movie above, but it could also be even more powerful as a standalone film. A woman wakes up and discovers she's been scientifically brought back to life, but with one sole purpose—as a mate for Dr. Frankenstein's first monster. She's essentially a sex slave, given no rights or agency whatsoever, a very real problem for women throughout recorded history as they were given away or practically (and literally) sold off for political alliances, financial transactions, and power reallocations for their fathers and husbands-to-be. That the Bride's very existence, her entire reason for being, is to be a man's mate takes this horrific idea to its most terrifying, awful extreme.
That Bride of Frankenstein Remake Might Be Coming Back From the Dead
The original movie's biggest message might've been "We belong dead," but the long-discussed Bride…
In the original Bride of Frankenstein movie—which is considered one of the greatest classic horror films and sequels of all time—the "bride" rejects Frankenstein's monster upon awakening, and the morose monster destroys the laboratory they're both in (after sending Dr. Frankenstein away to safety). There's a lot of ways the primary story of a new Bride of Frankenstein could go, but an ending where a man who wants to annihilate everything because a woman he thought he deserved rejected him is so modern and pertinent it's genuinely depressing.
Plenty of movies are about monsters created by something shitty we've done to the planet (e.g. Godzilla)—but climate change isn't just the most relevant, it's the most hard-to-grasp for many people, and that's exactly what a new movie could take advantage of. Forget the titular creature and his black lagoon for a moment, and let's have a movie that begins by examining the truly horrible effects rising temperatures would have on the world in general and aquatic life in particular.
Honestly, the real-world ramifications of climate change are terrifying enough to star in their own movie, but you can easily go with the trope where the natural world can't put up with humanity's crap any longer and decides to fight back. At first, increasing ocean levels and environmental destruction causing predator fish like sharks to come to areas they've never been before. Other fish mutate, becoming poisonous and rendering major water sources undrinkable. Then those terrifying monster-fish that live at the bottom of the ocean start coming to the surface, wreaking havoc on any boat or structure they can access. Some of these sea creatures can come on land using tentacles as legs. They have the intelligence of dolphins and recognize humans are the problem. The first of these creatures emerge from an atoll known as the Black Lagoon.
The Creature From the Black Lagoon Is the Best Universal Monster Movie and It Should Never Be Remade
Universal is remaking many of its classic horror movies, and creating a shared universe in the…
Still, the real danger will be climate change because as much as the fish are a danger, the destruction caused by rising temperatures and sea levels will be even greater (although the latter will allow the monster-fish easier access to coastal cities). It's a monster movie where the true threat isn't the monsters at all, but what we've done to the planet; the ambulatory, nightmarish sea creatures are only a symptom of a very real problem that needs a real solution, and that's where the real horror lies.
I…okay, guys, I just don't think there's a genuinely scary mummy movie out there.
They're just zombies wearing bandages, and zombies have been so prevalent in pop culture this past decade they're not particularly scary anymore. Of course, mummies can have weird ancient magic powers but those powers inevitably end up as horrible, goofy, unrealistic, and unintimidating VFX. I bet someone can come up with a mummy movie that channels modern anxieties, but that someone isn't me. Sorry, mummies!
What the New Invisible Man Did to Make Its Universal Monster Scary Again
The latest rebirth of the Universal Monsters happened so fast, you almost couldn't see it. Writer…
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io9MoviesHorror


5. Federal Tax Id Employer Identification Quantity FEIN – corporations or LLCs, employers, and, in some states, these companies which are also getting a Vendor's Allow are required to obtain a Federal Tax ID Number (FEIN) and a Enterprise License.
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The last choice for new people getting into the total time finance market, is to acquire as lots of the "no sponsorship required" licenses as potential. You, together with all different small businesses, might want to have these on your files with a view to function your small enterprise legally.
When you choose the Precise Expense Technique, you'll be able to deduct the enterprise portion of all of your automobile expenses for the year; comparable to fuel, oil adjustments, tires, repairs, insurance coverage, auto taxes, licenses, washes, parking and tolls, interest on your car loan, lease funds, and depreciation of your vehicle.
In 2012, Colorado voters overwhelming permitted a change to the state's constitution that allowed the sale and private consumption of marijuana for recreational use. So go to your local city corridor to figure out the well being permits you must function your business within the area. Contemplating the existence of larger minibus corporations, beginning your personal minibus firm could be challenging. We collect the license, allow, and tax registration applications identified for your corporation.
You can find out about registering your house business by visiting your city or county's web site on-line and in search of information regarding small business. If consultants are to be believed, test State and local governments to make sure you will not required permits or licenses.
Agriculture: If what you are promoting includes importing or transporting animals, animal products, biotechnology, and so on., you should apply for a permit from the USDA to legally operate.
Since I lately made the choice to create a home-based enterprise in Las Vegas, Nevada, I had to receive a enterprise license. I pressured a chilly smile as I was informed that in addition to the application, I wanted to fill out a Hearth Division Survey Form, a Child Support Compliance Statement or Exemption Form, get zoning approval (which will be achieved by visiting the office on the primary floor of the same constructing and having the applying stamped), register with the Nevada Division of Taxation (which can be accomplished on-line or at one in all two native offices and can probably cost you an extra charge), provide Proof of Rights to Business Property (that means provide a lease settlement or proof of possession or authorization to share space) and, PERHAPS, register with the Nevada Secretary of State.
Relying on the world where you might be positioned, you may have to secure just one or a number of licenses from different authorities departments. Federal Employer Identification Quantity (EIN) – Also known as a tax identification number, that is required for almost all kinds of businesses.
Keep in mind, if you are not comfy transacting on-line or don't need to do it in particular person, you can do so by way of mail by downloading the required varieties online (Service Ontario website) after which mailing it to them at the handle acknowledged on the varieties.
Basically, states require all small companies to have a business license for tracking functions. Other areas do not require permits but merely schedule periodic inspections of your online business to see in case you meet fireplace safety laws. Online-solely business – Contact us if in case you have questions about licensing for online-solely companies.
One of many things that medical billing companies don't like about DME software companies is how they nickel and dime them for almost the whole lot that comes with the software. If your small business has employees or is an organization, it is required that you receive an EIN. Hazardous waste disposal systems ensuring required state and federal authorities security requirements are maintained. Here are the 15 small enterprise licenses and permits you would possibly need for your online business.
If you wish to take probably the most streamlined approach to an Ontario enterprise registration, I highly advocate you register on-line via the Service Ontario site so that you can register your small business' identify and at the identical time register with other authorities to acquire relevant account numbers such because the Ontario Ministry of Income, tax account numbers, permits, etc.
Once you open a restaurant enterprise, there are lots of permits and licenses you may be required to have. It will probably aid you stay compliant with license agreements by ensuring you will have sufficient licenses for all the software that is used across your firm. Publish workplace boxes are also not ideally suited because supply corporations can not make deliveries there and generally a physical deal with is required when obtaining business licenses, permits, and so on.
Charges for businesses licenses fluctuate. The form is drafted referencing State laws regulating licensed companies for his or her State. In the event you sell items to EU consumers, you could be required to pay a VAT tax. After getting that out of the way in which, you'll be able to proceed to incorporating your small business and then acquiring the other relevant licenses and certifications wanted which might be particular to the nature of your corporation.
Salem is the capital and Portland is the largest city of Oregon. Virtually all small companies need some sort of small enterprise license or permit to legally function—that's a certain thing. Some companies require a federal license, corresponding to, manufacturing tobacco, alcohol or firearms. In many states, enterprise homeowners in sure occupations have to secure specific small enterprise licenses to function legally.


text:
require 'test_helper'

class SellerTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase

  test "Seller Types should not have names longer than 50 characters" do

    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.name = "a" * 51
    assert_not t.save

  end

  test "SellerType should not have blank name" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.name = ""
    assert_not t.save
  end

  test "Buyercalc can only be NOCALC or WEIGHT" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.buyercalc = 'TEST'
    assert_not t.save
  end

  test "Packercalc can only be NOCALC or WEIGHT" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.packercalc = 'TEST'
    assert_not t.save
  end

  test "Buyercalc can be NOCALC" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.buyercalc = 'NOCALC'
    assert t.save
  end

  test "Buyercalc can be WEIGHT" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.buyercalc = 'WEIGHT'
    assert t.save
  end

  test "Packercalc can be NOCALC" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.packercalc = 'NOCALC'
    assert t.save
  end

  test "Packercalc can be WEIGHT" do
    t = seller_types(:chickens)
    t.packercalc = 'WEIGHT'
    assert t.save
  end

  test "SellerType must be associated with an auction" do
    t = SellerType.new
    t.name = "Test"
    assert_not t.save
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub