text:
Tulsa: 'A cover-up happens because the powers that be are implicated'
By Janine Jackson (Posted Jun 12, 2021)
Originally published: FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting) on June 9, 2021 (more by FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting)) |
Empire, History, Inequality, Media, RaceUnited StatesInterviewTulsa
Janine Jackson interviewed Free Press's Joseph Torres about media and the Tulsa Massacre for the June 4, 2021, episode of CounterSpin. This is a lightly edited transcript.
Tulsa, 1921
Janine Jackson: The night just passed of May 31 into June 1 marks a deeply painful anniversary in the lives of Black Americans. Listeners will have heard, some for the first time, of the 1921 massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma—18 hours of terrible violence in which at least 300 women, men and children were murdered. Their killings sparked by a newspaper article about a 19-year-old Black shoeshiner, Dick Rowland, falsely accused of assaulting a 17-year-old white girl, but kindled by the white supremacy endemic in U.S. society and culture. Businesses, churches, doctor's offices and groceries in the area known as Black Wall Street or Little Africa were destroyed, along with the homes of more than 10,000 Black Tulsans.
Afterward, papers like the Tulsa World explained things in ideas listeners will recognize, even if the language is outré. Mayor T. D. Evans was quoted:
Let the blame for this Negro uprising lie right where it belongs—on those armed Negros and their followers who started this trouble and who instigated it. And any persons who seek to put half the blame on the white people are wrong, and should be told so in no uncertain language.
The newspaper called on "the innocent, hardworking colored element of Tulsa" to "cooperate fully and with vast enthusiasm" with officials, and "band themselves together for their own protection against this element of non-working, worthless Negros." And, yeah, there's a lot more.
So who decides what we know about Tulsa, and what we retain of what we're supposedly learning now—and, then, how that changes anything? We're joined now by Joseph Torres, senior director of strategy and engagement at the group Free Press, and co-author with Juan González of the crucial book News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media. He joins us now by phone from Maryland. Welcome back to CounterSpin, Joe Torres.
Joseph Torres: Thank you, Janine. Thank you for having me.
Tulsa World (6/1/1921)
JJ: Listeners will feel the thud of recognition to hear that after the massacre in Tulsa—in which 300 overwhelmingly Black people were killed, and some 800 shot or wounded—the headline of the Tulsa World was "Two Whites Dead in Race Riot."
The story of Tulsa, of Greenwood, then as now, is, importantly, a story about media: about what newspapers told people, and they believed, at the time; and then, afterward, what folks were told to remember and told to forget. You wrote about it recently for Free Press, and I would refer listeners to that piece, but talk a little, if you would, about the role of journalism in the Tulsa massacre.
JT: The role of the two main daily papers—the Tulsa World, which was the morning paper, and the Tulsa Tribune, the afternoon paper—were critical. The Tulsa Tribune, for example, in the so-called light that sparked the massacre, but in the initial days afterwards as well, and in going forward in the cover-up, making sure the story is basically forgotten in our society.
Joseph Torres: "When we think about white power structures in our society, when we think about hierarchies…the media companies are a part of that system, always have been."
So the Tulsa Tribune was owned by a publisher named Richard Lloyd Jones. When we think about white power structures in our society, when we think about hierarchies and white racial hierarchies in the society, the media companies are a part of that system, always have been, and this was a case in point. So the paper is very sympathetic, the Tulsa Tribune, to the KKK, basically prints an advertisement about the KKK's plans to come into Oklahoma. And then it focuses its coverage, more so in May, on issues of crime and criminality; they normally ignored Black folks in Tulsa, unless it dealt with crime.
JJ: Mmm-mm.
JT: But they started focusing more on a campaign of Black lawlessness in the Greenwood district. But the night, as you mentioned in the intro, the May 31 headline of the false attack of Dick Rowland on a white teenage girl, lights the spark that results in a white mob heading down to the courthouse to demand that Rowland be handed over to them and basically lynched.
JT: There's an editorial that many believe was actually published in that paper as well, that was predicting a lynching that night. But that editorial, in years later, and also that front-page story about the alleged rape, disappeared from the microfilm when they went to record the paper for historical purposes. But eyewitnesses and folks who were alive at the time remember that editorial.
JJ: Right.
JT: So there was this daily news story that was very sensational in its details of this alleged rape, and then predicting a lynching that night, lit the match of thousands of white people actually going to the courthouse, and the massacre itself. Thousands of white people invaded Greenwood and torched the whole place.
And then, following that, the Tulsa World—which is still in existence today; it's still the daily paper in Tulsa—all this language, both papers are saying, you know, "We've got to get rid of these 'bad n-words'" in their community, right?
Tulsa Star publisher AJ Smitherman
JT: It was a purposeful attempt to blame Black folks, because what happened as well, the last important detail, is that there was never a person who was lynched in Tulsa, I believe, who was Black, to that point. And so Black residents grabbed their arms—a lot of them were former World War I veterans—and they went down to the courthouse and asked the police if they needed help to protect Dick Rowland from being lynched. They were declined twice.
And so the newspapers blamed Black folks, who brought their guns to try to protect someone from being lynched, as the "agitators" of this, and that's how they framed it: It was the Black community that was the reason this happened, and it brought great shame on Tulsa; now the Tulsa white community was responding and trying to rebuild, and Black folks needed to be very appreciative of this effort, and get rid of—as you were mentioning—those leaders that they followed.
And a lot of those leaders, including two Black newspapers, were burned down as well: the Tulsa Star and the Oklahoma Sun. [Star publisher] A.J. Smitherman was a very prominent member of the Black community in Tulsa, a very powerful person, and he eventually fled the state because he was actually charged, the Black folks in the community were charged, for instigating the massacre. And A.J. Smitherman left the state and he printed papers in Buffalo, New York, where he died.
JJ: You talk about the erasing of the incendiary editorial. And there's been a kind of general erasure of what happened in Tulsa. It's kind of strange to hear folks saying "the little-known," you know, "this invisible history," and I think, 'Well, I know a lot of Black people who've been knowing about Tulsa." But it's true that it is, more widely speaking (or, among white people), it is hidden history. And that has something to do with media, too. I mean, there's just been a lot of silence around this story.
JT: Yes, it was an intentional campaign. The Tulsa Tribune, which no longer exists, didn't mention the massacre until 50 years later; there were efforts to cover it up. There was this white reporter, back in 1971, who was asked—unbelievably, by the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce—to write something and commemorate what happened on the 50th anniversary. And he started researching this story. And he started getting basically threatened by strangers that would approach him on the street and tell him not to write the story; calls to his house; someone wrote on his car windshield with a bar of soap, "Better look under your hood," I believe was written, right?
JJ: Wow.
JT: One of the things he stated in interviews is that there were still people who were alive, who might be very prominent members of the community, who actually took part in the massacre. And you just think about it: The children of those folks, because thousands of people, literally, took part in this massacre, everyday folks in Tulsa, and police deputized—we might be declined, Black folks, from trying to protect Dick Rowland, right—they deputized white folks to go into Greenwood, set the place on fire, which they did. And then they put thousands of Black folks in concentration camps following that; they just rounded up everybody. And so a lot of these folks' children still may be alive as well, and grandchildren.
So you can see how a cover-up happens, right, because the powers that be in the city are going to be totally implicated. And for the newspapers, obviously, they played a role; they played a role in there. Matter of fact, when that publisher died, there was no mention in the paper at all of his role in the Tulsa massacre.
So this is how it happens. And how is this really different than what Nikole Hannah-Jones is going through on the issue of tenure in North Carolina? And all this attack against critical race theory; it's all the same thing. We have to keep that stuff buried in the past and not remember it, because if we remember it, there's a potential that you have to, when you reconcile with something, it can be a call for repair, right?
JJ: Yep.
JT: And folks don't want to address the "repair" part, like: What do reparations look like? How do you make a community whole like Greenwood? It was a community that was self-sustaining, that had everything it needed in that community, and it was destroyed.
Again, you need a narrative, right? That's the whole thing with media: You need narratives. You need narratives to dehumanize people, you need narratives to justify the massacre of people, and then you need narratives to talk about how white folks in this community were coming to the aid of those who were harmed, and they're the ones who are the heroes in the narratives.
And often, not telling the story is— not only do you need a narrative to give you political cover, but then, not telling the story is another way of just total erasure, right?
JJ: Absolutely.
JT: Of course.
JJ: Yeah.
JT: It's still going on: This whole 1619 struggle, just to recognize very basic facts in our nation's history, and you can see the backlash. Because at the end of the day, in my personal opinion, the question is whether a multiracial democracy, which democracy has never been fully realized, is actually possible? Right?
And when you have to reconcile with these stories in history, there's going to, of course, be calls for repair, you know? And that's one thing we don't want to do as a country, right? We don't want to repair. I believe even Joe Biden (correct me if I'm wrong) yesterday, when he went to Tulsa, he didn't even mention anything about reparations for… There are three living survivors; they are three Black folks—who are 107, 106 and 100—who survived the massacre, and one of them, Ms. Fletcher, testified in Congress that she is still financially struggling.
JJ: Viola Ford Fletcher, 107 years old…
JT: Yes.
JJ: …she was seven, saying she's slept with the lights on ever since, "because if I don't have the lights on, how, how will I see to get out of my house?" It's too much to even get your brain around the harm—and it's living history.
Wall Street Journal (5/29/21)
So I just want to come back to that question of bringing it into the present, because, OK, right now, there are stories on stories on this. Some are folks like DeNeen Brown, who's been on it for decades, right? And then, OK, here's the Wall Street Journal, talking about multigenerational reverberations on family wealth in Tulsa. Here's USA Today, talking about how, oh, you know it's "not just Tulsa"; "racist mobs" (that's their language) have been a "widespread and constant concern." We've got TV projects with LeBron James; we've got curricula.
All right. So everybody who is invested in wanting this country to change knows that you take your shot when there's an opening; we need understanding all the time, but you take your shot where there's an opening.
But right now, it seems like we're saying, "Look at Tulsa: It's an example of the depth and the breadth of the hatred, of the intergenerational harm…"
JT: Right.
JJ: "…of the lie, and of the silencing and gaslighting and censoring."
And I fear that what some folks are taking via the media is, "Tulsa, what a crazy exceptional episode in U.S. history," you know, "Thank goodness, we aren't like that anymore."
It matters, not just to tell the story, but to show that it's not just story, you know? And so I'm just wondering, like—I'm not negative on it; I appreciate the attention…
HBO's Watchmen
JJ: …I appreciate the spotlight; my question is: What's going to be left behind when media move away, when they're not talking about Watchmen, when they move away from the story of Tulsa, what's going to be the sediment? What's going to be learned from it?
JT: Yeah, that's the thing. I feel privileged and honored to be able to work on a project called Media 2070 that the Black Caucus at Free Press created, which calls for media reparations for the Black community. And a part of reparations is reconciling and repair.
For us, for myself, speaking for myself, the idea is that we have to address narratives in the history of anti-Black racism in the media system, and narrative that's been intentionally weaponized in order to further white racial hierarchies in society.
When you think about the federal government now, when we think about broadcasting, we think about broadband, it's been a policy of exclusion; it's been a policy of excluding Black folks and other communities of color from ownership of our nation's infrastructure. Powerful institutions have been created by using our public airwaves, by the roads that we dig up, and the broadband that we lay underneath the ground, and that's our rights of way, have been used to generate great wealth, and cause great harm to our communities by the stories that these institutions tell.
JJ: Media 2070—which is a project that I'm also a part of…
JJ: —it begins, at least, with dialogue, and with an understanding: Corporate news media are forever telling us we're doing a "racial reckoning" in this country. And you think, "Well, what does that mean, an actual 'reckoning'?" It has to mean a really dry-eyed, clear conversation that includes actual history, and not whitewashed history.
And that's why I think Tulsa is a chance for news media, to say, "How seriously are you going to do this? Are you going to really tell the truth? Are you going to really lift this up and continue to acknowledge the lessons that come from this?" Or are you going to say, "This is a weird exception that happened in history, and we're only going to remember it now because it's the 100th anniversary"?
Philadelphia Inquirer (6/6/20)
JT: Well, yes, that's how this stuff often works. People are much more comfortable with stuff that happened in the past, right? As opposed to dealing with their own—you know, the news media have to deal with their own hierarchies, the idea of, over the year since George Floyd as well, the racial uprisings that began to happen last year, including newspapers, like the New York Times and the Tom Cotton editorial, and the Philadelphia Inquirer firing its editor after the whole "Buildings Matter, Too" headline.
JT: The idea is that even news institutions are invested in a white racial hierarchy, and so it's difficult for them to want to address anti-Black racism when they have to address their own hierarchies. And so we have to do that to reduce harm, right?
But also, can we also dream of a world where we have an abundance of resources that fund Black-owned media platforms that control the creation and distribution of their own narratives, and that are tethered to serving their community? We have to dream of these new possibilities, while also trying to prevent further harm from happening from these institutions that continue to harm us.
It's always a struggle to hold folks accountable, to hold institutions accountable; that's what we have to continue to do. And I don't know how you feel, Janine; you've been doing this for a long time. But at times I feel hopeful, in the sense that we're actually having this debate. I hate to see Nikole Hannah-Jones struggling just to get tenure, but there is a public fight happening.
JJ: Absolutely. I think we're ahead of where we've been. I think we've got a lot of forces that we can marshal as we push forward.
Free Press (5/27/21)
JT: Yeah. So that's what we're trying to do with Media 2070. And we had this press briefing for Media 2070 with the new Tulsa Star, which is the new platform for covering the community. So there are a lot of folks doing amazing work out there, amazing journalists who are doing justice-based journalism, movement-based journalism.
There are a lot of folks who are trying to use journalism for a force of good, and of course a lot of journalists of color and Black journalists who work at our major media institutions, who are doing their best against tough cultural circumstances within their newsrooms to continue to make sure these stories are told. All the stories we're seeing now, which is a good thing, about Tulsa, it's because folks are really advocating in newsrooms to make sure this story is not forgotten.
JJ: We've been speaking with Joseph Torres. He's senior director of strategy and engagement at the group Free Press, and co-author of the necessary book, News for All the People. His piece on Tulsa is up on FreePress.net. Joe Torres, thank you so much for joining us this week on CounterSpin.
JT: Thank you, Janine, appreciate it. Thank you so much.
About Janine Jackson
Janine Jackson is FAIR's program director and producer/host of FAIR's syndicated weekly radio show CounterSpin. She contributes frequently to FAIR's newsletter Extra!, and co-edited The FAIR Reader: An Extra! Review of Press and Politics in the '90s (Westview Press). She has appeared on ABC's Nightline and CNN Headline News, among other outlets, and has testified to the Senate Communications Subcommittee on budget reauthorization for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Her articles have appeared in various publications, including In These Times and the UAW's Solidarity, and in books including Civil Rights Since 1787 (New York University Press) and Stop the Next War Now: Effective Responses to Violence and Terrorism (New World Library). Jackson is a graduate of Sarah Lawrence College and has an M.A. in sociology from the New School for Social Research.
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The New Zealand economy advanced 0.6 percent on quarter in the fourth quarter of 2017, matching the expansion in the previous period but slightly below the 0.7 percent growth expected by consensus.
Manufacturing output edged down 0.1 percent after expanding 0.7 percent in Q3. Meantime, construction lost steam in Q4 (0.7 percent vs 3.5 percent) and primary industries plunged 2.4 percent after remaining unchanged in the previous quarter, with agriculture contracting 3.2 percent (vs -0.4 percent in Q3).
In contrast, utilities rebounded 1.5 percent after plunging 1.9 percent, whereas services grew further (1.1 percent vs 0.6 percent in Q3) nudged by wholesale trade (2.2 percent vs 0.7 percent) and retail trade & accommodation (1.6 percent vs 0.0 percent).
Year-on-year, GDP expanded 2.9 percent, also below consensus expectations of 3.1 percent growth and the slowest growth rate since September of 2014.
The New Zealand economy advanced 1.0 percent on quarter in the second quarter of 2018, above 0.5 percent in the previous quarter and market expectations of 0.7 percent. It was the largest quarterly rise in two years, as 15 of the 16 industries expanded.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.5 percent on quarter in the first quarter of 2018, below the 0.6 percent for the previous quarter and matching market expectations.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.6 percent on quarter in the three months to September of 2017, slowing down after an upwardly revised 1.0 percent expansion in the previous but above expectations of 0.5 percent growth.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.8 percent on quarter in the second quarter of 2017, gaining steam after an upwardly revised 0.6 percent expansion in the previous and matching expectations. The expansion was boosted by services and manufacturing while construction and mining contracted.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.5 percent on quarter in the first months of 2017, gaining steam after a 0.4 percent expansion in the previous period but still below market expectations of 0.7 percent, as construction surprised negatively falling 2.1 percent on quarter with all building sectors booking a fall.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.4 percent on quarter in the last three months of 2016, slowing from a downwardly revised 0.8 percent growth in the previous period and below market expectations of 0.7 percent. It is the smallest expansion in six quarters, as services slowed and agriculture and manufacturing contracted.
The New Zealand economy advanced 1.1 percent on quarter in the third quarter of 2016, higher than a downwardly revised 0.7 percent expansion in the previous period and beating market expectations of 0.9 percent. It is the highest growth rate in three quarters. The expansion was broad-based, with thirteen of the sixteen industries rising, while the main weakness came from agriculture.
New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.9 percent in the second quarter of 2016, following an upwardly revised 0.9 percent gain the in previous quarter and missing market expectations of a 1.1 percent growth. Construction and services drove the expansion while mining contracted for the third quarter.
New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.9 percent in the second quarter of 2016, following an upwardly revised 0.9 percent gain the in previous quarter and missing market expectations of a 1.1 percent growth, driven by construction and services sector.
New Zealand economy advanced a seasonally adjusted 0.7 percent in the three months to March of 2016, following 0.9 percent expansion in the previous period and above market expectations of a 0.5 percent increase. The latest growth was driven by the construction and health industries, but partly offset by decreases in the primary industries and manufacturing. Year-on-year, the economy expanded 2.8 percent.
New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.9 percent in the three months to December of 2015, the same pace in the previous quarter and beating market expectations of a 0.6 percent growth, boosted by services and construction.
New Zealand economy advanced a seasonally adjusted 0.9 percent in the three months to September of 2015, following a downwardly revised 0.3 percent growth in the previous quarter and beating market expectations of 0.8 percent. It was the highest level since the third quarter of 2014, driven by growth in the service industries and manufacturing.
The New Zealand economy advanced 0.4 percent on quarter in the three months to June of 2015, up from a 0.2 percent expansion in the first quarter but missing market expectations. While the agricultural sector and mining rebounded, a slowdown in construction and falls in transportation and manufacturing dragged growth down.
New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.2 percent in the first quarter of 2015, following a 0.8 percent growth in the previous quarter, as primary industries showed the largest contraction since September 2010.
New Zealand's GDP rose a seasonally adjusted 0.8 percent in the last quarter of 2014, following a revised 0.9 percent expansion in the previous quarter, boosted by spending from international tourists.
New Zealand economy grew a seasonally adjusted 1 percent from June to September period, up from 0.7 percent expansion reported in the previous three month period driven by gains in agriculture and mining.
The New Zealand economy advanced at a seasonally adjusted 0.7 percent in the second quarter of 2014, slowing from a 1 percent expansion in the previous period but beating market expectations. Services made up about two-thirds of the economy and the biggest increases were in industries that include advertising, employment services, and software development.
The New Zealand economy advanced at a seasonally adjusted 1.0 percent quarter-on-quarter in the first three months of 2014, unchanged from a revised 1.0 percent increase in the previous quarter. The construction sector posted the largest gain in fourteen years, being responsible for two-thirds of GDP growth this quarter.
New Zealand economy advanced 0.9 percent in the last quarter of 2013, slowing from a revised 1.2 percent in the previous three-month period. Strong growth in manufacturing was not enough to offset a drop in architectural and engineering services and a fall in dairy and livestock production.
In the third quarter of 2013, New Zealand economy expanded 1.5 percent over the previous quarter, the largest increase since the December 2009 quarter. The strong increase in dairy production was the main contributor to a 17.0 percent rise in agriculture, the largest in more than 25 years.
In the second quarter of 2013, New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.2 percent over the previous quarter, after a rise of 0.4 percent in the first three months of 2013, as the effect of the drought continues to hurt agricultural production. Agriculture fell 6.4 percent due to lower dairy production, while sheep and cattle farming also fell.
In the first quarter of 2013, New Zealand economy expanded a seasonally adjusted 0.3 percent over the previous quarter, after a rise of 1.5 percent in the last three months of 2012. While the Canterbury rebuild boosted activity for construction and related services, the 2013 drought hit milk production.
New Zealand GDP rose 1.5 percent in the December 2012 quarter, the strongest quarterly growth since December 2009.
Economic activity, as measured by gross domestic product, was up 0.2 percent in the September 2012 quarter, according to a release by Statistic New Zealand. This growth follows revised growth of 0.3 percent in the June 2012 quarter.
The New Zealand economy grew by 0.6 percent in the June 2012 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on September 20. This latest result follows economic growth of 1.0 percent in the March 2012 quarter.
The New Zealand economy grew by 0.3 percent in the December 2011 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on March 22nd. This latest result follows economic growth of 0.7 percent in the September 2011 quarter.
New Zealand Gross domestic product was up 0.8 percent in the September 2011 quarter, following a 0.1 percent increase in the June 2011 quarter. The increase in the latest quarter is the fourth consecutive quarter of growth following a decline of 0.1 percent in the September 2010 quarter.
New Zealands economic activity was up 0.1 percent in the June 2011 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on September 22. This follows a revised increase of 0.9 percent in the March 2011 quarter. Economic activity for the year ended June 2011 was 1.5 percent higher than for the June 2010 year.
New Zealand gross domestic product, rose 0.8 percent in the March 2011 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on July 14. This follows a 0.5 percent increase in economic activity in the December 2010 quarter.
New Zealand gross domestic product (GDP) was up 0.2 percent in the December 2010 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on March 24. This increase in economic activity follows a fall of 0.2 percent in the September 2010 quarter.
New Zealand's GDP declined 0.2 percent in the September 2010 quarter, Statistics New Zealand said on December 23.
Statistics New Zealand figures published on September 23 showed the GDP rose 0.2% in the three months to June, following a 0.5% rise in the March quarter.
New Zealand's economy grew at the fastest pace in two years in the fourth quarter as consumer spending, manufacturing and house construction increased.
New Zealand GDP Posts Minor Q3 Expansion?
New Zealand's economy grew 0.2 percent in the third quarter of 2009, but by less than expected.
New Zealand emerged from its worst recession in three decades, unexpectedly expanding for the first time in six quarters on rising consumer spending and exports of logs and dairy products.
In the first quarter of 2009, New Zealand's economy shrank by 2.7 percent from a year earlier, the most in more than 18 years. And although some indicators suggest that the worst is over, the country has yet to show evidence of sustainable growth.
New Zealand's economy shrank for a fifth straight quarter as consumers and businesses cut spending, extending the worst recession in more than three decades.
In the last quarter of 2008, New Zealand's economy shrank by 1.9 percent from a year earlier, the most in more than 16 years. What is behind this slump and what can be done to stop it?
New Zealand's economy shrank last quarter by the most in more than 16 years as home building tumbled, exports fell and businesses cut spending.
Since July, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand has slashed interest rates by 475 basis points. However, in our opinion these rate cuts may not bring the expected relief.
New Zealand's economy contracted for the third straight quarter, extending the nation's first recession in 10 years and adding to the prospect the central bank will cut interest rates to a record low next month.
New Zealand's economy contracted last quarter, driving the nation into its first recession in 10 years and adding to the prospect the central bank will cut interest rates to a three-year low next month.
Is New Zealand in Recession?
After a 10-year economic boom, New Zealand is about to become the world's first developed nation to fall into recession. Previously, one of the fastest growing economies in the world, New Zealanders face high consumer debt, falling property markets and rising inflation. Indeed, it is estimated that gross domestic product shrank by 0.3 per cent in the first quarter of 2008 and it is likely that the economy will slow further in the next three quarters of 2008.
New Zealand's economy contracted in the first quarter, putting the nation on the brink of a recession as soaring credit costs damp domestic demand and a drought crimps exports.
New Zealand's economic growth accelerated in the fourth quarter, reaching the fastest annual pace in three years as it exported more butter, cheese and crude oil.
New Zealand's economy grew at the slowest pace in a year in the third quarter as record-high interest rates curbed consumer spending and a rising currency crimped exports.
Economic activity increased 0.7 percent in the June 2007 quarter. In the year ended June 2007, the economy grew 2.2 percent.
GDP growth picked up towards the end of 2006 after having steadily slowed over the previous two years.


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All the apartments at the Gregory's Studios include a kitchenette and a refrigerator.
For those who enjoy exploring local dining options, there is a good selection right on your door step. Paleokastritsa town centre is within an easy 10 minute car ride.


As explained in the previous post, I received new robot design which is under development by Mats Høvin a while ago. While working on a summer-project which is highly related to my master thesis & receiving some tips discussing the new design with some friends*, I came up with some new ideas regarding climbing solutions.
My idea is a very simple grip for each foot which gives the climbing robot the ability to hang on a nail(bolt) on the wall. The curved(bent) part in the middle will be where the robot would grip the nail. I am thinking of using a flex sensor there to receive a signal every time a foot is hanging to a bolt. Meaning if we want to make a move at a time, before moving the foot, we should receive 4 bent resistor signals from the robot feet and while moving, all the way we should be receiving 3 bent resistor signals from other three remaining hanging feet.When we are finished with moving our foot to the new point of griping, we should again receive the 4th signal again … I am still working on this idea and going to discus it as soon as my supervisor is back from his holiday.


You may notice that our blog has a new look to it! We are happy to announce we have moved over to a wordpress.com blog. You can now leave comments on our posts, search by tags, categories, and archives, and you can even follow us if you have your own WordPress blog!
If you want to head back over to the Incredible Years® main website, click the "Return to Incredible Years Website" link at the top right hand corner of the window.
We'd like to continue our tutorial of our new website by finishing up the exploration of the home page. If you subscribe to our newsletter, you will have already seen this, but repetition never hurts!
We've already shown you the main navigation buttons in the top section of the home page, as well as the overview video. But there are more important links if you SCROLL DOWN on that page. If you are already an Incredible Years® Group Leader, Peer Coach, Mentor or Trainer, you will want to utilize this section!! This is where the resources and certification information now live.
Even further down you will see information on Incredible Years® books and upcoming Trainings!
Thanks to all of you who have provided feedback over the last couple weeks, we appreciate the very positive remarks we have been receiving and continue to ask you to let us know your thoughts!
Stay tuned – in the next couple of days we will feature our FIRST GUEST POST from Carolyn Webster-Stratton, developer of the Incredible Years® – she will be providing a summary of an exciting new meta analysis that has just come out about the Incredible Years® programs.
Categories: Guest Blogging, New Website, News | Tags: guest bloggers, New Website, Tutorial | Permalink.


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Recovery Story: Patrick Kelley, Photographer to the Commandant of the Coast Guard
April 3, 2015 at 4:31 PM ET by ONDCP Staff
When Coast Guard Petty Officer Patrick Kelley met Director Michael Botticelli last November on a flight to Panama for an Interdiction Committee meeting, they instantly bonded over their similar past: Both men are in long-term recovery from alcohol use disorders.
When Coast Guard Petty Officer Patrick Kelley met Director Michael Botticelli last November on a flight to Panama for an Interdiction Committee meeting, they instantly bonded over their similar past: Both men are in long-term recovery from alcohol use disorders. For Kelley, Botticelli's journey from alcoholic to 26-years-sober Director of National Drug Control Policy was inspiring – so much so that he decided to share his own recovery story with the Office of National Drug Policy.
Two years ago, Kelley was in a dark place. His marriage was failing, and he found himself routinely drinking to excess, alone. He was hesitant to admit his alcohol problem to his Coast Guard colleagues because he worried that admitting he had an alcohol use disorder would damage his reputation or force him out of his job.
After his decade-long struggle with alcohol culminated in one awful night, Kelley finally opened up about his substance use disorder and sought help within the Coast Guard community. He was amazed by the response: His friends and peers rallied around him and helped him into treatment. His biggest fear had been getting kicked out of the Coast Guard, but the opposite happened. He found that the Coast Guard has a compassionate, evidence-based response to service members in need of treatment for substance use disorders.
In November 2014, the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters established a 12-step support group that helps ensure that service men and women struggling with substance use disorders don't have to feel isolated when seeking treatment.
Director Botticelli sat down in March with Rear Admiral Maura Dollymore, the Coast Guard's Director of Health, Safety and Work-Life, and other senior staff for a Coast Guard Prevention and Treatment roundtable discussion. At the meeting, Coast Guard leadership talked about the newly formed support group that helps service members like Kelley through treatment, and Director Botticelli offered his support for the Coast Guard's prevention and treatment initiatives.
Watch Patrick Kelley's story, and share it with someone you know:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Google employees choosing to permanently work from home could get pay cuts
Working from home permanently would cause different changes in pay for Google employees based in the same office before the pandemic, with long commuters hit harder, according to a company pay calculator seen by Reuters.
It is an experiment taking place across Silicon Valley, which often sets trends for other large employers.
Pay cuts have also affected facebook and Twitter employees who want to work remotely and moved to less expensive areas, while smaller companies including Reddit and Zillow have shifted to location-agnostic pay models, citing advantages when it comes to hiring, retention and diversity.
Alphabet Inc's Google stands out in providing employees a calculator that allows them to see the effects of a move. But in practice, some remote employees, especially those who commute from long distances, could experience pay cuts without changing their address.
"Our compensation packages have always been determined by location, and we always pay at the top of the local market based on where an employee works from," a Google spokesperson said, adding that pay will differ from city to city and state to state.
One Google employee, who asked not to be identified for fear of retaliation, typically commutes to the Seattle office from a nearby county and would likely see their pay cut by about 10 percent by working from home full-time, according estimates by the company's Work Location Tool launched in June.
The employee was willing to work remotely but decided to keep going to the office – despite the two-hour commute. "It's as high of a pay cut as I got for my most recent promotion. I didn't do all that hard work to get promoted to then take a pay cut," they said.
Jake Rosenfeld, a sociology professor at Washington University in St. Louis who researches pay determination, said Google's pay structure raises alarms about who will feel the impacts most acutely, including families.
"What's clear is that Google doesn't have to do this," Rosenfeld said. "Google has paid these workers at 100 percent of their prior wage, by definition. So it's not like they can't afford to pay their workers who choose to work remotely the same that they are used to receiving."
Screenshots of Google's internal salary calculator seen by Reuters show that an employee living in Stamford, Connecticut – an hour from New York City by train – would be paid 15 percent less if she worked from home, while a colleague from the same office living in New York City would see no cut from working from home. Screenshots showed 5 percent and 10 percent differences in the Seattle, Boston and San Francisco areas.
Interviews with Google employees indicate pay cuts as high as 25 percent for remote work if they left San Francisco for an almost as expensive area of the state such as Lake Tahoe.
Putin threatened to kill me with missile attack: Boris Johnson


It might be stressful to offer real estate, even more in case it's your own home. In the event you aren't sufficiently knowledgeable, the whole process can be hard. You really need to increase your knowledge and understanding about the whole process of selling, so that you can increase the likelihood of success and save yourself a number of headaches. Please read on for more information how you can easily sell your house.
Probably the most probable cause can be your selling price. In order to get buyers flocking to your house, you should set an amount that pleases them as well as you may.
Small changes in your kitchen will pay off handsomely inside your home's value and appeal. Obtain one new appliance being the focus point of the updated look. Hanging storage and kitchen islands may also be updates that happen to be very popular. Painting your cabinets is definitely an inexpensive upgrade that can make as significant a big difference as replacing them would.
Have your home's heating and air conditioner systems checked for proper working order prior to deciding to placed the home available on the market. Buyers generally do not want to purchase a house that will require an immediate large investment, like purchasing a furnace, thus if your heater and AC are perfect, it really is more appealing to potential customers.
Generally in most areas of the country, the demand for housing fluctuates as outlined by seasonal variations. If it is true inside your region, seasonally-themed decorations will make your property appealing to prospective buyers. Clean up any fallen leaves to create your yard look very appealing.
To sell your home at it's maximum price, you may want to try and build a bidding war. Should your prices are slightly lower compared to similar homes in your neighborhood, you might hear from plenty of interested people. More people arriving to view your home will lead to a heightened likelihood you will get multiple offers on the property, which can lead to you obtaining a sale price which is nearer to your original selling price.
Under-price your house if you want to sell it off quickly. Price your property at least 10 % below the listing price of the cheapest comparable house in your town. Potential buyers who wish to transfer to the location is going to be excited about the cost, and will also be eager to look at your house.
Both those buying property, and those selling, could make better deals when they set goals before entering the marketplace. Buyers is likely to make better decisions when they really know what they may afford and what they already want. Similarly, sellers should identify the best price they're willing to accept and be prepared to stick to it to help keep from yielding to future desperation to generate a sale.
When you are well-informed about the real estate market and also the selling process, selling your house will end up less stressful. Discovering how just to go through the motions in proper order is a big help. It will help you greatly when you use the recommendations from this article in your real estate selling ventures..
Home businesses may be risky, but are often profitable. Many people imagine working from your home. For your own boss however, you must give yourself a break and think of yourself professionally, when you hope to have success. The advice inside the article below is priceless.
You must be able to talk about your business to others. If you're able to tell others what your business is about in a few sentences, you may impress people when you're conversing with them. Making your soundbite a long time will lose the interest of potential customers.
Your potential customers will likely be happier if you do well at customer satisfaction. Pack just a little something extra using their orders, or write them a great thank-you note, letting them know how grateful you will be with regard to their business. Customers prefer to feel acknowledged for his or her business.
You need to show your customers that you just value them as well as their patronage.
In case you are having difficulty selecting a product for your own home business, think about what you can use in your daily life. Make an attempt to determine the needs of your consumers prior to select a product. Chances are, if you could utilize something in your daily life, others can use it too.
Will not quit the day job once you begin your home business. Most likely your new business will never generate a profit for quite a while, and it is advisable to have regular income out of your current job in that time. Using a source of income while waiting to produce profits from your new business is an excellent thing to do.
Select a business name which implies something for your needs. Start with purchasing a domain name for your personal website. Registering a domain name is relatively cheap and prevents somebody else from utilizing the name you want. Just set up one page for the present time till you decide if you wish to expand to some full website.
Be compliant with all of local ordinances and zoning laws. It can save you yourself needless embarrassment and prevent fines at the same time. Keep a low profile. Keep noise and traffic as low as possible, and don't put large signs on the lawn or before your own home. Stay invisible.
Getting the support of friends and relations will likely increase the chances of succeeding in your house business. Owning your home business may be stressful, and it will use up a lot of your time and efforts. Be sure that your family members are on board and they are able to lend their support with your home-based business, otherwise it will probably be extremely hard to be successful.
When you are developing a product on your own, make sure you determine your production costs so you can price the finished product appropriately. Wholesale sellers often offer their products and services at twice the fee so they are. To obtain the retail charge, multiply the wholesale price by two. Sometimes following this rule is not ideal. Ensure that your pricing is a thing that benefits both your client and you also.
Don't quit every day job before starting your home business. Because it may take a long time for your business to make a profit, keeping your current position is very recommended. Having another source of income while waiting to develop your brand new business is vital.
Locate a niche for your business. Seek out those businesses and folks that are most likely to profit out of your products. Selling becomes simple next. Speak to your family, friends or business associates about the niche you are interested in. Then, hit them up for referrals. Head to trade events related to your industry and look at who seems to be buying. Then, make sure you reach out to this audience.
Build a fund for emergencies to aid guard your business's financial well-being. It will be possible to pay any surprise expenses with an emergency fund, that will assure your company continues to run smoothly. Only withdrawal money in the emergency fund when an urgent situation occurs though. Remember you are only borrowing money from yourself.
Know the market you might be entering before you start your home business https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZUkz1Owk10 You must attract a big market that has not been penetrated if you wish to succeed. Design your web site based on the way the potential audience prefers to interact with their online choices.
Make sure to put aside a particular work space at your residence. It is important that your property include enough space to help keep your work organized. A little bit organization goes very far in most home-based business environments, and this is basically the most reliable option.
Usually do not pass up opportunities to promote your home business, it is like leaving cash on the table. During times of conversation, and something relevant to your businesses arises, be sure you leverage the topic. Take business card printing together with you anywhere you go in order to hand them out to potential partners or clients.
Start small along with your new venture, and set up goals that happen to be reasonable therefore you won't be disappointed.
Have you got a great item that will garner interest? Could you succeed in the industry as an honest businessman or businesswoman?
This article mentioned previously that another recession is arriving so we are now in the depression. You may wonder how yourself and your family will make it. Begin using these tips you've learned to help you increase a property business that can make an actual difference..


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The Sag Harbor Express
Home A Conversation With A Conversation With Dennis Fabiszak
A Conversation With Dennis Fabiszak
Madeline Hinderstein
Dennis Fabiszak. Richard Lewin photo
This Saturday, August 11, at 5 p.m. the East Hampton Library will host its annual Author's Night in Amagansett. The event brings together authors for an evening of book signing, cocktails and dinner parties to benefit the East Hampton Library. The Express sat down with Dennis Fabiszak, event co-chair and director of the East Hampton Library, to discuss the upcoming event and future programming for the library.
This year's Authors Night has a new location and will be held at the "555" field in Amagansett instead of the library grounds or another location in East Hampton Village. Why was it important to find a new venue for the annual event?
It was held at the library for the first eight years. A private property for five years after, which was a 4-acre piece of land. The event has grown so much and we outgrew the space. We'd bus people that couldn't park on the field and it became too difficult so we thought a bigger field was better. We also do a children's fair the next day, and the larger site is better for that too. Everyone can park on the same field and it's safer and more convenient.
This year's Authors Night, as per usual, features a variety of authors who will have signed copies of their work available for purchase. What are some of your favorite authors that will be at this year's event?
Bob Caro is an all-time favorite and he's been one of our co-chairs for years. He's a two-time National Book Award winner and I'm looking forward to see when he's coming out with his next book. Lee Childs I'm really excited about. Dr. Ruth Westheimer is back this year. For anyone who hasn't met her, it's a must.
Alec and Hilaria Baldwin are honorary co-chairs, as well as featured authors this year. The Baldwin Family Foundation have been big supporters of the East Hampton Library. What kind of impact has that support had on the library's ability to expand its programming?
The Baldwin Family Foundation funded the Baldwin room in the library 2014. Almost all of programming takes place in there and in addition they've donated more than half a million dollars in funds to put towards programming and materials. They're great supporters and they're old-school library users. They bring their kids and have both worked on their books there. They really believe in using the facility. It's a great partnership.
Author's Night is the biggest single fundraiser for the East Hampton Library. What are some of the programs this event supports and is there new programming in the works for next year?
We've started doing some physical programming like tai chi, yoga and yoga for kids and we've also increased our literacy program. The high school programming department has doubled its budget. It can be an everyday place just for high school students. We have SAT/ACT prep, team building, and bullying awareness. We're trying to be an additional education source for high school students and a home away from home where they can grow.
I'm reading a couple of different things. I have lots of book galleries. I'm reading Wednesday Martin's book "Untrue." She'll be talking at the one of dinners at Author's Night.
East Hampton Library's Author's Night will be held on Saturday, August 11 at 555 Montauk Highway in Amagansett. For more information, visit authorsnight.org.
Authors Night
East Hampton Library
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Madeline Hinderstein is an intern at The Sag Harbor Express and studies Communications & Rhetorical Studies at Syracuse University.
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Express Sessions: Paid Parking In Sag Harbor, East Hampton Village May Begin This Spring
FEATURED Bill Sutton - January 21, 2021
If all goes according to plan, the villages of Sag Harbor and East Hampton will implement new smartphone app-based paid parking in certain areas...
East End Residents Face Difficulty, Anxiety In Scheduling Vaccination Appointments
FEATURED Michael Wright - January 20, 2021
Frustration at the hurdles to securing a COVID-19 vaccination appointment, even one months down the road, reached fever pitch this week as New York State struggles to match a trickle of vaccine supply to the flood of demand.
Community Michael Wright - January 20, 2021
Ms. Murillo Cruz died en route to the hospital following the accident, just before noon on January 13. Her two children, ages 1 and 4, were airlifted to Stony Brook University Hospital hospital, but did not suffer life-threatening injuries and were both discharged over the weekend, according to a family friend.
Jeanelle Myers: Assemblages & Collage Opening Reception
Southampton Town Earth Day Electric & Hybrid Car Expo
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Hemphill to East Mayfield. New Designation.
From Hemphill to Pineland (Sabine County). Extended from East Mayfield to Pineland.
From Hemphill southwestward to a point on FM 1 in Pineland, and from another point on FM 1 in Pineland, westward to a point on US 96, a distance of approximateIy 33.3 miles. (San Augustine and Sabine Counties) Extended westward approximately 9.0 miles from US 96 to end of FM 2379; FM 2379 cancelled and combined adding approximately. 8.2 miles; FM 1965 cancelled and combined adding approximately 5.1 miles.
From SH 147 near Broaddus eastward to FM 1 in Pineland; and from another point on FM 1 in Pineland, northeastward to SH 87 in Hemphill; and from another point on SH 87 in Hemphill; eastward to a road intersection; a total distance of approximately 33.9 miles. (San Augustine and Sabine Counties) Extended eastward along Flag Pole Rd from US 96 to FM 1; section along Maple St. in Pineland from US 96 to FM 1 to be removed from the designated highway system.
From SH 147 near Broaddus, eastward to FM 1 in Pineland; and from another point on FM 1 IN Pineland, northeastward to SH 87 in Hemphill; and from another point on SH 87 in Hemphill, eastward a total distance of approximately 36.3 miles. (San Augustine and Sabine Counties) (New Description) Extended eastward approximately 2.5 miles.
From SH 147 near Broaddus, eastward to FM 1 in Pineland; and from another point on FM 1 in Pineland, northeastward to SH 87 in Hemphill; and from another point on SH 87 in Hemphill, eastward approximately 7.5 miles to Lows Creek Marina, a total distance of approximately 36.9 miles. (San Augustine and Sabine Counties) (New Description) Route extended eastward appproximately 0.1 miles to Lows Creek Marina.


So many times, we think pastors are above the need for pastoral care. The assumption is that they've got it together enough to be counseling and caring for others.
But pastors need pastoring, too. They need people who will care for them regardless of their title, who can offer encouragement, support, and compassion with no return expectations attached.
I have always admired my husband for being a great pastor to other pastors and leaders. For some reason, people in ministry know they can come to him for a listening ear, a word of encouragement, or a loving exhortation for their own lives.
If you are a pastor, who is your pastor? And is your church providing pastoral care for your own leaders?


Libraries are usually quiet places, but while the Minneapolis Central Library might be silent inside, Cesar Pelli's striking design is no shrinking violet. The arresting steel-and-glass structure, located in a busy downtown district, brandishes a 90-ton beam that runs through the building and juts out into the cityscape.
According to Pelli, "The wing gives the building character, makes it civic. It immediately tells you the library is here when you come up Nicollet or Hennepin." Working with local Hunter Douglas partner Jim Tegan of Tegan Marketing, the architects specified interior and exterior Hunter Douglas' Luxalon® metal ceilings to cover the wing. Their smooth, uniform surface reflects light and helps create a luminous glow, and perforated planks enhance acoustical absorption for the interiors.
A cathedral-like, five-story atrium complements the building's grand architectural gestures, but also welcomes in ample natural light. Sky bridges criss-cross the space, giving visitors easy access among areas and providing panoramic views. "I wanted it to feel welcoming, warm, luminous," says the architect, adding that every visitor should think: "This is my library" when they enter the space.
To complete that feeling, Pelli incorporated ample amenities, including a convenient underground garage, cozy fireplaces in the reading areas, an art gallery, an auditorium, 300 public computers, a café, a bookstore, a cultural center, and 25 meeting rooms. In the meeting rooms, Pelli specified Techstyle® acoustical ceilings by Hunter Douglas to help ensure quiet for those inside (and out). Their VOC-free construction also preserves indoor air quality.


Last night Nora attended yet another prom!
This one was for Thomas Johnson High School, where Nora attends the ACA program with a close friend of her's; Ben Mathis. The theme was Tokyo Dreams and Nora did a neat oriental look for her hair and wore the same dress as she did to Catoctin's prom. She was beautiful. The two of them decided to go as friends and it was such a neat night! Ben's father, Mike, dressed up in a tux and chauffeured them around. They picked Nora up at our house and did the flower exchange. Then we headed to Frederick's Baker Park where Mike also took some beautiful pictures that looked professional!
Nora was SO pretty, and I didn't cry until I got home, so Nora didn't get to laugh at me this time. She said the music was much better and she had a good time!


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We Must Be (The Piano Track) feat. Mr V
Artist Pirupa
Release date 26 Sep 2018
Label Crosstown Rebels
Catalogue CRM203
Buy On Juno
We Must Be (The Piano Track) feat. Mr V (Vocal Mix)
We Must Be (The Piano Track) feat. Mr V (Dub Mix)
Italian producer Piero Pirupa's musical CV is nothing short of impressive. So it's no surprise that his next production has found a home on Damian Lazarus' Crosstown Rebels, enlisting the vocal talents of New York's Mr.V.
Influenced by the sounds of 80s and 90s Chicago, Pirupa worked tirelessly on this EP to reach a version he was happy with. After seeing the reaction from dancefloors around the world, he decided to send it to Carl Cox and Damian Lazarus. Pirupa explains: "Since the day I sent it they have never stopped playing it in all their sets. I'm very excited. It's a very special track for me."
We Must Be (The Piano Track) breathes new life into today's dance music with a message from a bygone era. It harks back to the golden age of house music with its lush piano topline and positive message sung by Mr.V. Happiness simply emanates from this production. With lyrics such as "we must be all in this together, we must live to respect one another" and "this is the plan to make us unified" it takes clubbing back to a time when everyone came together on the dancefloor regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation or religion.
Pirupa's rise to the top has been relentless. He's built a solid reputation in the industry releasing on respected labels such as Drumcode, Desolat, Relief, Elrow Music and Saved Records, as well as his own label NONSTOP, which was awarded the accolade of being one of Beatport's Breakthrough Underground labels in 2015. He's been billed alongside heavyweights such as Carl Cox, Sven Vath, Richie Hawtin, Luciano, Pete Tong, Marco Carola, Steve Lawler, Deep Dish, Nic Fanciulli and John Digweed. Pirupa's production talents have seen him remix for the likes of Jamiroquai, Junior Jack and Sharam.
Crosstown Rebels Mr. V Pirupa Techno
Doomed To Live Remixes
Mokadelic
Her Moon
Tibi Dabo
Heart of Sky Remixes
All I Need To Get High
Avidus
Stardancer
Ae:ther


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©2018 by Redgina Hill Consulting. Designed by Eyedea Studio
Redgina Hill Consulting, LLC offers a variety of diversity and inclusion consulting services for corporations, foundations, non-profits, government agencies, and educational institutions. We focus on both organizational and individual solutions.
ABOUT RHC
Redgina Hill, Founder and CEO, currently serves as the executive director of inclusion and equity for Saint Mary's College in Notre Dame, Indiana. In her role, she defines and cultivates diversity, equity, and inclusion as an institutional and educational priority. Mrs. Hill received her Bachelor of General Studies in 2006 from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. She received her MBA with a specialization in Accounting in 2010 from Indiana Wesleyan University. She is currently finishing her Doctorate in Higher Education from Azusa Pacific University in Azusa, California where she was the recipient of the 2015 Social Justice Fellowship, 2016 Carolyn Juillerat Memorial Scholarship for Servant Leadership, and Vice President of the Black Doctoral Student Association.
Tyler Grant holds a BA in International Studies from Bethel University in Indiana and an MA in Global Development and Justice from Multnomah University in Oregon. He has worked in a variety of capacities for domestic and international non-profit agencies focused on providing resources to vulnerable communities, overseeing program and policy work in Uganda and India as well as with the American Red Cross. He currently serves as Director of Global and Community Engagement at Bethel University and lives in South Bend with his wife, Ansley – a second grade teacher for South Bend Community Schools – and their four-year-old daughter. Together they are called to community building through justice, peace, and courageous conversations.
Want to experience the expertise of Redgina Hill Consulting, LLC for yourself?
Contact us today and let's discuss what we can do for you.


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U.S. Air Force Plant 44
< Return to Superfund Site | U.S. Air Force Plant 44
U.S. Air Force Plant 44 | Site History
Revised on: December 14, 2017 - 10:54am
1950s: This site is a federally-owned weapons manufacturing facility operated under contract by the Raytheon Company (formerly Hughes Missile Systems). The facility occupies over two million square feet of buildings. Past waste disposal practices included: industrial wastewater treatment, storage, and disposal; discharge of wastes into unlined surface impoundments; and land disposal of industrial wastewater, spent solvents, and dilute and concentrated acids and alkalines. Waste disposal practices led to widespread soil and groundwater contamination at the site. Resulting groundwater contamination has spread northward beyond the project area boundaries because of the regional groundwater flow gradient.
Groundwater contamination was first noted in the early 1950's when elevated levels of chromium were detected in a municipal water supply well near AFP-44 and when residents near the TIA complained about water quality problems in their private wells.
1976: The State of Arizona closed a well at AFP-44 due to high levels of chromium.
1981: The EPA and the Arizona Department of Health Services identified VOCs in the upper zone of the regional aquifer beneath the TIA. Beginning in 1981, the City of Tucson closed all municipal wells that exceeded the state action level for trichloroethene (TCE), the primary groundwater contaminant, and notified private well users of the potential risks.
1983: The TIAA Superfund site (which includes the APF-44 project area) was added to the NPL on September 8, 1983. Soon thereafter, the USAF began an extensive investigation of groundwater contamination at the AFP-44 site, which revealed high levels of TCE in the groundwater.
1985: The USAF issued a Record of Decision (ROD) for the regional groundwater at AFP-44.
1987: A large-scale pump, treat, and reinjection system was constructed. This system was installed to provide containment and remediation of regional aquifer groundwater contamination.
1991 - 1992: An remedial investigation (RI) of soil contamination at AFP-44 was conducted with supplemental field work being completed in 1993 and 1995.
1993: A risk assessment was performed to identify soil sites that required remediation
1995: Beginning in 1995, nearly 57,000 tons of metals-contaminated soils (cadmium, chromium, and lead) have been excavated and removed from the site.
1994 - 1997: A feasibility study (FS) for soil remediation was completed. From 1994 to 1996, Dual-Phase Extraction (DPE) systems were installed to treat VOC-contaminated soils and groundwater. In 1996, large-scale SVE systems were built to remove VOCs from soils. In 1996 and 1997, the USAF produced a new ROD that specified SVE treatment of VOC contaminated soils at AFP-44.
2000: In September, one source area (Site 1) was closed after vadose zone contamination was reduced to a level where groundwater would not be impacted above the maximum contaminant level (MCL).
2002 - 2004: During the spring and summer of 2002, 1,4-dioxane was discovered at the site in concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 54 parts per billion (ppb). In 2004, an additional monitor well at AFP-44 yielded a 1,4-dioxane concentration of 600 ppb.
At Site 2, post-SVE monitoring was completed. Vadose zone contamination was reduced to a level that will not impact groundwater above the TCE MCL.
2006: The U.S. Geological Survey Arizona Water Science Center and the USAF Aeronautical Systems Command sampled several wells in July to investigate 1,4-dioxane contamination in groundwater west of AFP-44 and to further define the extent of the 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume. In the 34 wells sampled, 1,4-dioxane concentrations ranged from non-detect to 11 ppb.
2007: On July 13th, the EPA issued an order to the USAF and Raytheon to design, build, and operate an advanced oxidation treatment plant at AFP-44 to treat TCE and 1,4-dioxane. This plant would replace the existing treatment plant. EPA issued this order using provisions from the Safe Drinking Water Act. Additionally, in April, EPA issued a draft settlement agreement to the USAF to initiate a focused RI/FS of 1,4-dioxane.
Late in the year, the USAF submitted a revised draft FFA to EPA.
2008: The advanced oxidation treatment system upgrade was delivered to AFP-44 in June, and the USAF proceeded with installation of the system.
Since 1996, the DPE System had pumped and treated shallow groundwater and lowered the water table to expose more of the vadose zone to soil vapor extraction (SVE) treatment. In early 2008, the DPE system was evaluated for operational efficiency and it was determined that it was no longer effective. The DPE system was shut down on November 1, 2008. Together, the DPE and SVE systems removed approximately 107,514 pounds of VOCs from subsurface soils.
The USAF completed the Phase I focused RI of 1,4-dioxane. The Phase I focused RI for 1,4-dioxane included data acquisition and management, review of historical reports and models for the TIAA site, and evaluation of 1,4-dioxane water quality data collected by the USGS. In October, the USAF submitted to the agencies a Shallow Groundwater Zone Remedial Process Optimization (SGZ RPO) Work Plan. The work plan included installation of new monitor wells to further characterize the shallow groundwater zone.
2009: In September 2009, the advanced oxidation treatment system became fully operational. This HiPOx™ (High Pressure Oxidation) treatment system was designed to remove 1,4-dioxane, but also effectively removes VOCs This new system replaced the air-stripping treatment system that was built in 1987.
The USAF submitted to the agencies a work plan for a Phase II focused RI of the 1,4-dioxane. They also submitted a final Shallow Groundwater Zone Remedial Process Optimization work plan that included rotosonic drilling of five boreholes and two or three wells for further characterization of the shallow groundwater zone.
EPA drafted a FFA and requested comments from the USAF and the ADEQ. This agreement would establish a procedural framework and schedule for developing, implementing and monitoring appropriate response actions at the site. The USAF, EPA, and ADEQ reviewed information pertaining to the status of solid waste management units (SWMUs) at AFP-44 as these would also be covered under the proposed FFA.
2010: Several activities of the Phase II focused remedial investigation (FRI) were completed to further define the nature and extent of 1,4-dioxane in the groundwater within Tucson Airport Remediation Project (TARP) and at AFP-44. These activities included: documenting potential sources of 1,4-dioxane; compiling and reviewing existing information related to 1,4-dioxane in groundwater; and identifying data gaps for defining the extent of the 1,4-dioxane contamination in the Regional Aquifer. The USAF also further investigated an area of higher TCE contamination near monitor will EPA-03. As a result, ADEQ, EPA, and the AF agreed upon two locations where monitor well pairs would be installed to help assess the extent and degree of groundwater contamination near EPA-03.
In-situ pilot studies were continued to evaluate the use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to degrade VOCs in groundwater beneath site DP-02 (FACO Landfill) and site DP-03 (Inactive Drainage Channel Disposal Pits). Also during this time period, an evaluation was performed of aerobic biodegradation of TCE and 1,4-dioxane in groundwater. Results of this evaluation and additional studies would be presented in the focused FS for 1,4-dioxane.
2011: In September, the AF signed a FFA with EPA and ADEQ to clean up AF-owned property at AFP-44. Under the terms of the agreement, the AF will work with EPA and ADEQ to remediate areas impacted by AFP-44 south of Los Reales Road. The agreement provides for regulatory oversight of the Air Force's Superfund work at AFP-44. This agreement will ensure that EPA and ADEQ will continue to have an active role in the investigation and cleanup performed by the AF. It also provides a framework for the work to be done and a schedule for all the work required at the site.
To help determine the mechanism by which chromium may be attenuating in the subsurface at Building 801 area, the AF collected soil boring and groundwater samples. The data will be validated and a geochemical evaluation of these data will be presented in the upcoming focused FS report.
Several activities of the Phase II 1,4-dioxane FRI were completed to further define the nature and extent of 1,4-dioxane in the groundwater within the TARP and at AFP-44.
2012: The AF entered into a Performance Based Remediation initiative to maximize the effectiveness of remedial actions at AFP-44. As part of this initiative, the AF hired a new contracting team in late summer. The contracting team was tasked with performing expedited field investigations and treatability studies to provide the AF with alternative remedial. The AF also proposed revisions to Appendix F (Site Management Plan) of the FFA.
2013: The AF continued to investigate offsite 1,4-dioxane groundwater contamination north of AFP-44 (North of Los Reales Road). Once the nature and extent of offsite 1,4-dioxane contamination is defined, technologies will be evaluated to address the groundwater contamination. The AF completed work plans to perform expedited field investigations and treatability studies for alternative remedial actions at AFP-44, which were evaluated and approved by ADEQ and EPA.
2014: The Air Force issued a Proposed Plan for No Further Action (NFA) at the 1980s Pistol Range. The original public comment period was 09/17/2014 to 10/16/2014. In response to community concerns, the comment period was extended to 12/4/2014. The Air Force also began treatability studies to determine the effectiveness of hydraulically fracturing and in-situ treatment of groundwater contamination within fine-grained units underlying AFP-44.
EPA Remedial Project Manager
EPA Community Involvement Coordinator
ADEQ Project Manager
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