The Raas Mahotsav Festival is celebrated in November every year at Majuli in the name of Lord Krishna with infectious fever. Everybody is involved in the festival. The various monasteries of the island stage various interpretations of Krishna's life by using folk dances, masks, puppets, songs and dance, all enrolled in a charming riot of colors.
During the four-day festival that starts from the Raas Purnima day, the Island transforms in to a divine place. During the Raas festival, Majuli becomes a veritable place for pilgrimage.
Received at Guwahati airport and later drive to Tezpur(180kms/05hrs). On arrival check in at hotel for overnight. Evening option to explore Tezpur City (time permitting).
After an early breakfast proceed to Ziro in Arunachal Pradesh (320 km/ 08-09 hrs). Driving along the Ranga river, enter the extensive foothills of the Himalayas. The mountain passes through densely forested hills and gradually keeps gaining altitude by 6000 feet. En-route visit Nyishi tribal villages. Overnight at Ziro.
Full day Ziro valley sightseeing including Apatani tribal villages like Hong, Hari, Hija, local market. Everywhere we go, we are warmly welcomed. As E.T. Dalton noted in 1845 "The men do not rejoice in much drapery, they wear a girdle of cane work painted red which hangs behind in long bushy tail." Just as the tail is the distinctive part of the male dress, so is the nose plug peculiar to the Apatani women. It is the ambition of each woman to wear the largest possible nose plugs, which are made of wood. Both sexes extensively tattoo their faces. Each of the sect has distinctive features. Their hats, clothes, ornaments, language and even physical features are totally different. Overnight at Ziro.
Hong village - Hong village is counted as the second biggest and most organised tribal villages in Asia. The unique feature of the Appertain tribe is the tattooing of the women's faces and their nose plugs, which you will find different from the other tribes.
Post breakfast we drive for Majuli (approx 06 hrs) including ferry crossing. Majuli - the largest inhabited river island in the world and famous for the Vaishnavite Satras or monasteries (Kamalabari Satra, Auniati Satra, Benganti satra, and many more) and culture. It is nestled between the confluence of the Subansiri and the Brahmaputra River. Visit the monasteries and interface with the tribes on the island. Overnight at Majuli (basic accommodation).
MAJULI ISLAND - Majuli Island-A World Heritage Site, is located in the Brahmaputra River and is the largest inhabited riverine island in the world. The island has long served as a monastic retreat to the Vaishnavite community and is known for its beautiful rural setting and traditional Assamese and Mishing architecture. Majuli, is the largest freshwater river island (1250 sq km) in the world and is contesting for a position in the "World Heritage" list. It is located 20 kilometers from the city of Jorhat, Assam.
The Mishings - The Mishings belong to the Tibeto-Burman clan of the Mongoloid race. It's not known exactly where they migrated from, but it is believed that they were dwellers of the hills of present day Arunachal Pradesh. They continued their practice of living in thatched houses raised on bamboo stilts, known as chang ghars.
Auniati Satra : Founded by Niranjan Pathakdeva, the Satra is famous for "Paalnaam" and Apsara dances. Also remarkable is it's extensive assortment of ancient artefacts, Assamese old utensils, jewellery and handicrafts.
Shamaguri Satra - The Satra is famous worldwide for it's Mask-making tradition. Henghul Haithal Painting: The masks and boats are painted with a special coloring matter called Hengul Haithal. This painting process is called Hengul Haithal painting. Hengul means vermilion and Haithal means the yellow orpiment. Hengul Haithal is a mixture of minerals, vermilion and yellow orpiment, indigo and pale soi. The Sattra Institute of Majuli is famous for this painting. It is used in making masks and wall paintings.
Full day exploring the Majuli Island. Evening enjoy Raas Festival at Majuli. Overnight at Majuli.
After breakfast ferry across to the mainland and drive to Kaziranga(80kms/02hrs). Check in at hotel for 02 nights.
KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK - Kaziranga National Park - is a World Heritage Site, where more than 75% of the world's total population of the great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros can be found. The park is one of the oldest parks of Assam and lies on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River. Besides rhinos, Elephants, Royal Bengal Tigers, the Asiatic Water Buffalo, Swamp deer, Barking deer and Hog deer can be seen. About 400 species of birds are found in Kaziranga National Park. To name a few- Great Hornbill, Swamp Francolin, Pallas Fish Eagle, Greater Adjutant Stork, Pied Falconets, , Long Billed Vulture. There is no telling what one might find in Kaziranga but it is always a great experience. The specialty here is the Blue naped pitta among a host of Raptors and Waterfowl. The adjoining buffer areas are worth a try too, as numerous rare sightings are reported regularly.
Note: The park remains open from 2nd Oct to 30th April.
We spent the full day exploring the beautiful forests and grasslands of the National Park with morning 01 Elephant Safari followed by 01 Jeep Safari post breakfast. Post lunch enjoy another Jeep Safari. Overnight at the hotel.
ELEPHANT SAFARI: Elephant Safari: Approximately 45 mins duration 05.30 to 06.30 06.30 to 07.30 Elephant safari for foreign nationals are held only on Kaziranga Range, Kohora (Central Range) Allocation of elephant riding seats and timings are regulated by the forest department, Kaziranga National Park, Government of Assam. The tickets for the same are issued only on the previous evening of the ride after 7:30 PM. subject to availability. It starts very early in the morning and continues for approx 45 minutes.
The Central Range passes through the entire habitat spectrum from ox-bow lakes, savannah woodland to swamp forests. It is very good for mammal sightings as well as for birds (Blue-bearded Bee-eater, Great Hornbill, Rufous Woodpecker). While driving along the trail, one can see rows of Indian Roofed and Tent Turtles (Kachuga tecta and Kachuga tentoria). Water Monitors Varanus salvator are sometimes spotted in the beels.
The Eastern Range abounds in water birds such as bar-headed geese, falcated duck, grey-headed lapwing and spot-billed pelican (a colony of 200 pairs of this globally threatened species nesting on the Bombax trees can be found here).
The Western Range has the highest density of rhinos as this part of the park is swampier. It has grassland birds and raptors (swamp francolin, pallas's fish eagle etc). Smooth Indian Otters (Lutrogale perspicillata) can sometimes be seen fishing in it's ox-bow lakes.
Post breakfast drive to Kohima (215 kms / 05 hrs). On arrival check in at hotel for 03 nights. Later we visit 2nd World War Cemetery - Explore what is perhaps one of the most scenic cemeteries in the world, which includes an outline of the famous tennis court which was fought over between the British and the Japanese in 1944 and local market. Overnight at the hotel.
Kohima - Kohima, situated in the south at an altitude of 1444 m above sea level, is the capital city of Nagaland. Kohima is centrally located - on the West Assam, Wokha district on the North, Zunheboto and Phek districts on the East and Manipur state on the South. The Angami, Rengma and Zeliangrong communities mainly inhabit Kohima District.
KOHIMA WAR-II CEMETERY: In World War II, a number of officers and soldiers killed in and the War Cemetery is built in memory of them. Formerly known as Garrison Hill it is designed as a series of terraces with magnificent stone steps. There are 1421 slabs erected in memory of soldiers who were killed in the Battle of Kohima viz. the 18 plots of the cemetery. The cemetery is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Post breakfast we drive to Khonoma (45 mins) inhabited by the Angami tribe. Later back to Kohima and overnight at the hotel.
Khonoma Village: Located 20 kms West of Kohima is Khonoma village.The village referred to as "Khwünoria" by the residents is estimated to be around 700 years old and is surrounded by hills that are as high as 9000 ft. It was here that the Naga warriors made their last stand against the British in 1879. The village is named after a plant locally known as "Khüno" that grows in the area. The alder tree (Alnus Nepalensis) is found in abundance in this region. Khonoma is famous for its management of jhum (shifting agriculture) fields with alder trees, which fixes nitrogen in the soil and checks soil erosion. With its mission "Green Khonoma", it has become the Model Village for eco-tourism. The Village Council has made it mandatory for every household to have dustbins. Once a month, sanitation drives are carried out and the community's garbage is burnt. The ashes and residue are then used as manure. The combination of rich bio-diversity and stunning landscape makes Khonoma an excellent candidate for eco-tourism.
In time transfer to Dimapur airport (80 kms / 02 hrs) to board flight for onward destination.


Fishing vessel Panormitis, our rescue boat.
After a lovely two weeks in Turkey we left Bozborun, slightly perturbed by a loud knocking sound as the anchor came up. We quickly attributed it to the dinghy hitting the bow as it swung forwards and happily set sail for Symi, Greece. We had the sails up the whole way.
After completing the paperwork formalities, we set off to deliver Josh and Erin the 50 miles to Kos, as the winds were forecast to be favourable. After a fairly slow and hot start out of Symi bay, we were soon tonking along in strong winds at 7.5kts. Almost as soon as the wind appeared, it died and came only in fits and starts. On starting the engine there was a terrible noise and on further investigation black oil and sea water were gushing into the engine bilge. On selecting forward or reverse gears there were awful grinding and grating noises. The engine would not help us. The swell was too great to deploy the dinghy. Oh, bugger!
The swell was rapidly pushing us closer to the rocks. Finally, we were resigned to the fact that we would need an emergency tow.
Whilst the option to call for help is well-organised and the coastguard response prompt and professional, the consequences of calling them out can be far-reaching, as we were soon to discover.
Once you have called them, their obligation is to organise a tow to the nearest safe harbour. In our case this was to be Symi, a harbour where we knew we would not be able to be repaired as there are no haul out facilities for yachts. Once in the harbour, they impound your boat and take your documents until such a time as you have had the problem fixed.
We already had an offer from the fishing boat that brought us back to Symi, to tow us to Rhodes. But the paperwork involved in issuing a Towing Certificate is significant. It transpired that the fishing boat did not have sufficient horse power on its papers to comply with the Ministry of Port Police regulations.
Another boat that was willing to tow us was found and negotiations ensued AND he had the required horsepower, too. But no, this was still not adequate. The Port Police were now insisting that we use a professional tug boat company from Rhodes. The quote for this service was 750 Euros an hour plus VAT for a job that will probably take about ten hours. A quick calculation gives a total fee of around E10000!
We tried every possible tack. Wonderful friends and neighbours from our winter mooring base in Sicily offered messages of support and suggestions as to how we should proceed.
So, we tried to make a temporary repair guided by clear instructions and diagrams from Allan and Bruce. Ian dived under the boat to fill the hole in the sail drive with epoxy putty and cover it with self-amalgamating tape. We pumped out burnt oil and sea water from the gear box and replaced it with bio-degradable vegetable oil. Now we had two methods of propulsion and a working mast and sails but the necessary certification could not be granted even to let us go to Rhodes for proper repairs.
Inevitably we toyed with the idea of absconding to Turkey about 10 miles away but the harbour here in Symi is small and everyone knows our predicament due to effective jungle drums. The port police and the coastguard have offices on either side of the entrance to the harbour. The harbour is at the head of a huge bay, the sheer size of which would hamper our chances of a rapid departure without being seen.
We did not want to be arrested!
So we continued with discussions and negotiations about a tug boat.
We managed to whittle the price down a bit but it was still a massive amount. We had no option but to agree to the charge being held to ransom, as it were.
The port police added in hurdles every time we spoke. We were told that the first towing certificate we received from our surveyor had expired so he would need to issue a new one.
Next, we are told that the Captain of the tug boat would only be given permission to leave Rhodes once the Port Police had viewed the latest weather report and agreed that it was safe to tow us and that the whole operation must be completed within a twelve hour time frame.
Additionally, we are not allowed to have our boat papers back until this permission has been given and the Captain of the tug boat had signed some paperwork and been fully rubber-stamped in the Port Police office here in Symi. A process that was bound to take time, for which we would be paying!
Pipinos Tug Boat looking small next to the huge cruise ship!
To add to the irony of the situation, the tug boat was HUGE. It was 31m long, 11m wide and weighs 400T. It had 4500HP engines. It was so big that it couldn't even enter the harbour in Symi to pick us up. So, we had to manoeuvre out in to the bay using our temporarily fixed engine, to the precise point from which we could easily sail! Hmmm? When we arrived in Rhodes we would be dropped near the boat yard and would have to motor in to the slips. Talk about a sledgehammer to crack a nut. The rigid following of procedures and rules to the letter, with no logical thought about the type of boat and the individual circumstances, has been incredibly frustrating and stressful.
Tug boat 50m ahead and pulling our carefully rigged bridle.
The weather was kind to us and the swell was a minimal 60cm, even in the Rhodes Channel. We arrived within four hours and the tug was able to drop us very close to the slips.
In Rhodes, in the slips of Nereus Boatyard. Huge cruise ship on the far side of the bay.
The yard stayed open a little later than normal and we were soon in the cradle and lifted out on the hard.
Twenty days after breaking down we had arrived in Rhodes.
In the cradle, on the hoist. Wise lifts are made in Cullingworth near Bradford!


2018-19: Placed eighth in the 200 IM with a time of 2:21.37 at the Worcester City Championships.
2017-18: Placed tenth at the NE10 Championships (2/10) in the 200 breaststroke with a time of 2:29.90… Placed fifth at the Gompei Invitational (12/02) in the 50 freestyle with a time of 26.93.
2016-17: Swam personal best times at the NE10 Champs in the 50 Free as well as the 200 Back in times of 26.54 and 2:16.27 respectively... Helped her team capture 12th place in the 400 Free Relay at The Harold Anderson Invitational.
Prior to Assumption: Swam at Bishop Feehan high school… Was a State Champion for swimming five years in a row… Was named All-Conference 2012-2015 and a Sun Chronicle All-Star in 2015… Volunteered to lead retreats and helped at Santa Shop where students donate thousands of gifts to families in need.
Personal: Daughter of Jen and Chris Nitso… Born on Nov. 4… Has one sibling Grace (16).
Fun Facts: Favorite athlete: Missy Franklin…Dream job: Child Life Specialist... #1 Song on her iPod: Girls Just Want to Have Fun by Cyndi Lauper... If she could meet anyone, living or dead: Jennifer Lawrence... Favorite sports memory: Making memories with my teammates in and out of the pool.


As part of its goal to acquire additional 10 million customers in a year by opening offline stores in various cities, leading home shopping company Naaptol on Sunday opened a franchise store here – its first in Telangana.
It had already established stores in Indore, Thrissur and Ahmedabad and plans to open them in Jaipur and a few other cities by the end of this year.
Naaptol CFO Yusuf Khan inaugurated the Hyderabad store, which has come up in the commercial hub of Ameerpet.
People can now step into the store to purchase apparel, footwear, accessories, electronic devices including mobiles and laptops, home and kitchen appliances, health products and items across a range of categories, all under one roof.
The brick-and-mortar store offers attractive combos, deals and discounts that will be in sync with the product pricing offers as shown on television, the company said in a statement.
"We aim to provide a robust offline network to our buyers through a combination of offline stores as well as our fulfilment centres spread across 26,000 pin codes in the country," said Khan.


text:
package alluxio.shell.command;

import alluxio.shell.AbstractAlluxioShellTest;
import alluxio.shell.AlluxioShellUtils;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.TreeSet;

/**
 * Integration tests for help command.
 */
public final class HelpCommandIntegrationTest extends AbstractAlluxioShellTest {

  /**
   * Tests help which given command doesn't exist.
   */
  @Test
  public void helpNotExist() throws IOException {
    Assert.assertEquals(-1, mFsShell.run("help", "notExistTestCommand"));
    String expected = "notExistTestCommand is an unknown command.\n";
    Assert.assertEquals(expected, mOutput.toString());
  }

  /**
   * Tests help command with given command which exists.
   */
  @Test
  public void help() throws IOException {
    Assert.assertEquals(0, mFsShell.run("help", "help"));
    HelpCommand cmd = new HelpCommand(mFileSystem);
    StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
    PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(stringWriter);
    HelpCommand.printCommandInfo(cmd, printWriter);
    printWriter.close();
    String expected = stringWriter.toString();
    Assert.assertEquals(expected, mOutput.toString());
  }

  /**
   * Tests help command without given command.
   */
  @Test
  public void helpAllCommand() throws IOException {
    Assert.assertEquals(0, mFsShell.run("help"));
    final Map<String, ShellCommand> commands = AlluxioShellUtils.loadCommands(mFileSystem);
    String expected = "";
    SortedSet<String> sortedCmds = new TreeSet<>(commands.keySet());
    for (String cmd : sortedCmds) {
      ShellCommand command = commands.get(cmd);
      StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
      PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(stringWriter);
      HelpCommand.printCommandInfo(command, printWriter);
      printWriter.close();
      expected += stringWriter.toString() + "\n";
    }
    Assert.assertEquals(expected, mOutput.toString());
  }

  /**
   * Tests help command with redundant args.
   */
  @Test
  public void helpRedundantArgs() throws IOException {
    Assert.assertEquals(-1, mFsShell.run("help", "Cat", "Chmod"));
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
const _ = require('lodash');
const request = require("request");
const checkJwt = require('./../checkJwt');
const config = require('./../../config');
const models = require('../models');
const net = require('net');
const cache = require('apicache').middleware;

function getLastHints(callback) {
  models.Hint.findAll({
    include: [{
      model: models.HintType,
    }, models.User, models.Subarea],
  }).then((hints) => {
    const groupedHints = _.groupBy(hints, 'Subarea.name');

    const groupedHintsList = [];

    const sort = _.keys(groupedHints).sort();

    for (const i in sort) {
      groupedHintsList.push(groupedHints[sort[i]]);
    }

    const sortedHints = _.map(groupedHintsList, (groupedHint) => _.sortBy(groupedHint, ['createdAt']));

    const lastHints = _.map(sortedHints, (sortedHint) => _.last(sortedHint));

    callback(lastHints);
  });
}

/**
  Perform a call to Projection, a location prediction API.
*/
router.get('/', checkJwt, cache('1 minute'), (req, res) => {
  getLastHints((lastHints) => {
    // Prepare object array for Projection API.
    const requestBody = {
      lastLocations: _.map(lastHints, (hint) => {
        return {
          subarea: hint.Subarea.name.toLowerCase(),
          location: [hint.latitude, hint.longitude],
          timestamp: hint.createdAt
        };
      })
    }

    try {
      // Perform request to Projection API over a socket.
      const client = new net.Socket();
      client.connect(config.divinity.port, config.divinity.ip, () => {
        client.write(JSON.stringify(requestBody));
      });

      // Receive data
      let data = '';
      client.on('data', (chunk) => {
        data += chunk;
      });

      // Send data to client on response end.
      client.on('end', () => {
        try {
          const parsedData = JSON.parse(data);
          // Send data to client
          res.send(JSON.stringify(parsedData));
        } catch (error) {
          res.status(500).send(error);
        }
      });

      client.on('error', (error) => {
        res.status(500).send(error);
      });
    } catch (error) {
      res.status(500).send(error);
    }
  });
});

module.exports = router;


text:
Akshay Kumar is a fine actor and a wonderful human being.- Cinema express
Akshay Kumar is a fine actor and a wonderful human being.
Suresh Prabhu meets Akshay and Bhumi
Express Features
Published: 21st May 2017
Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu met Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar and says that he appreciates the actor's effort to spread awareness about Swachh Bharat through their forthcoming film Toilet: Ek Prem Katha. Prabhu on Tuesday took to Twitter, where he shared a series of photographs of the meeting with the two actors. He also praised Akshay and called him a fine actor and wonderful human being. "Pleasure meeting Akshay Kumar, fine actor, wonderful human being. Appreciate his efforts to spread awareness about Swachh Bharat through cinema," Prabhu captioned the image. The National Award winning actor also shared a few photograph from Prabhu's office and said that he is looking forward to associating and making a difference. "Thank you so much for your kind words and time Sir. Looking forward to associating and making a difference. Swachch Azaadi," Akshay tweeted. The movie delves on the need for toilets for sanitation in the country, and this message is conveyed via a love storyR ailway Minister Suresh Prabhu met Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar and says that he appreciates the actors effort to spread awareness about Swachh Bharat through their forthcoming film Toilet: Ek Prem Katha. Prabhu on Tuesday took to Twitter, where he shared a series of photographs of the meeting with the two actors. He also praised Akshay and called him a fine actor and wonderful human being. "Pleasure meeting Akshay Kumar, fine actor, wonderful human being. Appreciate his efforts to spread awareness about Swachh Bharat through cinema," Prabhu captioned the image. The National Award winning actor also shared a few photograph from Prabhu's office and said that he is looking forward to associating and making a difference. "Thank you so much for your kind words and time Sir. Looking forward to associating and making a difference. Swachch Azaadi," Akshay tweeted. The movie delves on the need for toilets for sanitation in the country, and this message is conveyed via a love story

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Konkan Railway Recruitment 2017 Walk in for Senior And Junior Technical Assistant Posts: Konkan Railway Corporation has Officially released the Employment Notification for the Recruitment of 14 Senior Technical Assistant and Junior Technical Assistant Posts Notification for Eligible aspirants. Konkan Railway Invites the application for Junior And Senior Technical Assistant Posts through Walk in Interview Process. All eligible aspirants must attend the interview on 13th December 2017. Latest Railway Job Openings in Konkan Railway Corporation Limited. Konkan Railway Advt No.Co/p-R/14-C/20107 for Technical assistant posts apply Offline prescribed Application format. You can check More Railway jobs. Candidates must have passed in Degree or Diploma in Civil Engineering from the recognized university they are eligible for this Posts.
Konkan Railway is the Subsidiary of Indian Railways (IR). It Operates the Konkan railways and Its headquarters in CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai. It came into Existence on 26th January 1998. Konkan Railway Department has Issued the Employment Notification through its official website www.konkanrailway.com. Applicants must check Eligibility details through its Official Notification.
Senior Technical Assistant: Candidates must be passed the Degree in Civil Engineering with Minimum 60% of marks from recognized University.
Junior Technical Assistant: Candidates must be passed in Diploma in Civil Engineering with Minimum 60% of marks from recognized University.
Age limit: Contenders age Limit should be as per the Konkan Railway Rules.
Selection process: Applicants who are interested in Senior and Junior Technical Assistant posts they will be Selected based on the Interview Process.
Date Of Interview: 13th December 2017.
Konkan Railway Recruitment 2017 – Mechanical ECE Civil Electrical Engineering Vacancies: Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) has Released new Recruitment Notification No. -CO/P-R/06/2017 for Graduate Engineer ( Mechanical Electrical Civil, Signal & Telecommunication )as Assistant Engineer Job. A large Number of Engineer Aspirants are eagerly waiting for Railway Engineer Recruitment Notification 2017. Many Aspirants are starting applying for Konkan Railway Recruitment 2017. The Railway corporation has going to recruit the passionate and young & Dynamic Graduate Engineers – Assistant Engineer Job through Gate Score on regular Basis. For More Railway Jobs. The Candidate should possess the Bachelors in Degree in Engineering or Technology with 65% marks from Recognized University. Eligible Aspirants can apply for Konkan Railway Recruitment 2017.
Essential Qualification: The Candidates Should possess the Regular Bachelors Degree In Engineering/ Technology with Minimum 65% marks from Recognized University. The candidate should have2017,2016,2015 Valid GATE score. The Candidate will have to pass in the Prescribed Medical Examination for Fitness as per Railway standards conducted by Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd.
Age Limit: The Candidate Age should Not Exceed 25 years as on 01-01-2018. Age Relaxation details as per Govt Rules for OBC candidates – 03 years and SC/ST candidates – 5 years Applicable.
Hiring Process: All Eligible Candidate will be selected based on GATE Rank score, Group Discussion, Presentation, Interview Performance.
Examination Fee: the General candidates has to pay the Examination fee 500/- through demand draft in favor of FA & CAO/KRCL Payable at Navi Mumbai. There is no fee for SC/ST candidates.
Last Date of Hard Copy Application Submission: 14th August 2017.


text:
Q: Is using a single class as both a Context Manager and a Decorator frowned upon? I heard a discussion between 2 developers, one was against having the same object serve both as a context manager and a decorator.
His argument was that decorators are meant to enhance\wrap a function, and context managers simply manage data or state when performing an action.
Is there a common agreement\disagreement about this?
I personally like having both options in a single object.
Here's a rough example of what I mean:
class Example(object):
    """Context manager AND decorator"""
    def __enter__(self):
        return "Entering"

    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return "Exiting"

    def __call__(self, func):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            with self:
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapper

with Example():
    # run something
    some_function()

@Example
def some_function():
    pass

A: This was more of a debate than a question with an specific answer.
Someone mentioned an example from one of the built-in Python modules: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.9/Lib/unittest/mock.py
I'll accept this as an answer since I was mostly looking for opinions on this.
Thanks to those who commented!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When Edelrid designs a new product, they create strict and purposeful goals. For their newest locking carabiners, the entire goal was to create a locker that could easily rotate through eyelets, like a bolt hanger or belay device.
The result: a low-profile "Slider" locking mechanism. To open: push in and slide down. The sliding mechanism is made out of steel so it is quite robust and is virtually impossible to open by rubbing against rope, slings, or rocks, without human assistance. This is mainly because the slider is slightly recessed into the gate. Yet it works well with gloves, and can even be opened when you're clipping a rope (check out the video above at 1:14). The gate itself is also quite strong, even a 1kN load on the gate will not open it.
Although the Slider carabiners were not explicitly designed to work well in winter, they happen to excel in cold and icy conditions. Watch the video above or click to see Daniel talk about one bad weather day climbing with a bunch of guides whose locking carabiners froze while the Slider carabiner continued to function.
Best Use: Belay carabiner, or anchor 'biner.
Note: This was the first locking HMS carabiner to freely rotate in a belay device or anchor system. Keylock closure reduces snagging and hot forged body increases the strength to weight ratio.
Best Use: Belay carabiner with the added safety of an anti-rotation spring to prevent cross-loading.
Note: Works great with all belay devices.
Best Uses: Connecting the climbing rope to your harness.
Great for tying into the rope while mountaineering, glacier walking, rigging, and for groups top-roping on multiple ropes keep the Safelock on the rope versus tying in). Also a great asset for soloing with a GriGri (WeighMyRack does not condone this method, nor does Petzl or Edelrid).
Note: This locking carabiner is not recommended for use with the Mega Jul or Micro Jul. It's actually not recommended for belaying with any kind of tubular belay device. This is because the belay device wire should be able to move freely in the carabiner, yet the anti-rotation spring is too high and will prevent free movement. The Strike Slider FG would be the preferred anti-twist belay carabiner.
Geek Out: Design-wise the Safelock carabiner is actually the most impressive carabiner in the Slider series because one spring operates the anti-twist/rotation, the gate closure, and the locking of the gate. This means less machining and fewer parts, yet more functionality and safety. Coincidentally, this 'biner is also the first HMS carabiner with two independent automatic locking mechanisms, yet they're run by the same spring.
Best Use: As a quickdraw carabiner for sketchy/runout bolts or on traverses and wandering routes.
Note: Like many of Edelrid's most innovative products, there's a steep learning curve to feel solid. Spend the time and you'll be able to one-hand clip the Pure Slider much faster than it would take to lock the barrel-gate of a traditional locker. Click to see a video queued to Daniel clipping the rope one-handed (with the Pure Slider). The last time we counted the Pure Slider was also the lightest autolocker locker on the market, by 8 grams.
Or, check out more new and innovative gear by heading over to our post covering all the latest gear from the Winter Outdoor Retailer Trade Show.
Write us any questions about these 'biners in the comments and we'll get you the answers!


The minute I get a big head and start acting like the big man on campus, it's all downhill from there.
I keep a lot of my old baseball hats, and if you look in the hats I've had since I started pitching, you'll see 'Philippians 4:13' written on the brim. That's the Scripture that gets me through the day because sometimes you can't do it all by yourself. You can't do it on your own, so you lean on Him.
What makes me unique is that I'm normal.


Our apartment sea side impresses with a living room with kitchenette in the large glassed-in porch. From the white door you step out on the wooden balcony and watch the hustle and bustle on the promenade. The blue sea shines through the old pine trees. The beach entrance is right in front of the villa. Perfect for families: in addition to the bedroom there is a small children's room with two single beds. Cuddly pillows and blankets spread comfort and maritime ambience. And to the wellness area and the restaurant 1900 in the Aurelia Hotel St. Hubertus is only a few steps away. If you prefer a little independent holiday, you will find the right travel accommodation in our beautiful apartments. Ideal for families!With a small kitchenette, you have the choice of preparing your own meal or making tea. The separate bedroom creates privacy. Again, you will find all the amenities of our other room types.


Point-to-Point horse racing is a longstanding tradition proudly kept alive in Ireland for the past 250 years and is frequently the starting ground for the new future young stars of the racing circuit. The North Galway Hunt host their annual Point-to-Point fixture in early March each year at Michael Cunningham's Land in Golden Park, Belclare which is situated just off the N17 between Galway city (33km) and Tuam (7km), and is considered by Point-to-Point experts to be very safe and ideal location for racing, as the land supports a level course with no rise or descent on the circuit.
Point-to-Point racing has been described as the lifeblood of the racing industry in Ireland. For many it is their first introduction to racing, either as participants or as spectators. Many of today's riders, owners, trainers and officials all received their first taste of racing on the Point-to-Point circuit. The North Galway Point-to Point have had the honour of hosting the maiden race in Belclare for many years, famously won by the legendary 'Best Mate', before going on to win three Cheltenham Gold Cups and 'The Thinker' who also ran at the North Galway Point-to-Point and subsequently won a Gold Cup race.
We are very lucky that our fixture typically draws a large entry with trainers coming from all over the country to run their horses with us. The continued success of the Point-to-Point in Belclare is much to the credit of the North Galway Point-to-Point Committee who work hard to make this annual sporting event an enjoyable and safe day for participants and spectators alike on the eve of Cheltenham.
From the M50, at junction 7 use the left 2 lanes to merge onto the N$ towards Sligo/Westport/Galway/N6/N5. Keep right and continue on the N4 and then the M4. Follow signs for Sligo/Westoport/Galway. Continue onto the M6, follow signs for Galway/Atlone. At junction 18. exit towards Sligo. Continue onto the M17. At roundabout, take 1st exit onto Galway Rd/N83. Turn right onto R333 to Belclare village. The Point-to-Point course is approximately 2 kms from the village and will be well signposted.
Take the N84/Headford Rd. Take a right onto the R333. The village is on the R333 road approximately 7 kms from Tuam, Co. Galway. The Point-to-Point course is approximately 2 kms from the village and will be well signposted.
Knock Airport is only a 30 minutes' drive, Shannon airport is only a one hour drive on the M18 and Dublin airport is two and a half hours away with excellent road links from all airports.
We are very lucky to have a hard-working committee who volunteer a lot of their spare time in the lead up to the point-to-point. The North Galway hunt is known for its friendliness and is very welcoming to visitors and spectators.
Our free carpark is a great place to bring your own food and have a picnic from the booth.
If you are still feeling peckish during your days racing we have a mobile fast food supplier that serve fish, burgers, tasty chips, tea and coffee to keep you full for the day. Soft drinks may also be purchased from our caterers.
We have a choice of drinks on offer, from teas and coffees to soft drinks served to you from our outside catering vendors.
Yes, we allow dogs to attend the point-to-point, but would ask that they are kept on their leads at all times and in the company of their owners whilst at the track.
Yes, we welcome picnics, however if you would like to avail of our on-course catering options we have to keep everyone fully fed at the races.
Children are most welcome and must be accompanied by a responsible adult. We are lucky enough to have wide open spaces for children to play in a safe enviroment. We always try to make sure it?s a safe fun family day out for all.
No, we do not provide an ATM but we our only a short drive from the town of Tuam which has ATM facilities.
Maiden Race For 4-Y-O For Certified Hunters aged 4 years old only, maidens at starting, the property of subscribers to any Hunt in Ireland. Mares Allowed 5lbs.
The Pat Doyle-trained and Gigginstown House-owned BLOODSTONE will look to go one better at the second time of asking having finished second to Ferny Hollow on his debut start in Knockanard, with the winner of that race having subsequently fetched a big sum at the sales. The Mouse Morris trained-Captain Tom Cat also made his debut in that Knockanard maiden finishing just three lengths behind Bloodstone and has to be respected, with the market giving a good guide to the newcomers.
THATS THE TRUTH looks to be the one to watch in this contest. The daughter of Darsi was defeated by eight lengths on her debut at Ballinaboola by The Three Wizards who looked a smart sort. The Sean Doyle-trained mare responded well to pressure around Ballinaboola in a strongly run race that recorded the fastest time of the day. Bannixtown Glory has run three fine races this year, coming second in her last two starts. She was beaten by the impressive Thunder Dragon on her second run in Punchestown and could be in with a shout here.
Carrying the colours of Leo McCardle, FORTH WORTH TEXAS has put up three noteworthy runs to date. The Colin Bowe-trained mare was impressive when winning the mares winner of two race at Kirkistown by a distance of eight lengths and can follow up here. Cream Sparkles looks to have a chance here too, coming off the back of a four length victory at Tyrella last weekend. She seems to be improving with each outing. Quarry Lil looked to be a nice sort when winning on debut at Ballyvodock in early February, whilst Rosfoyle is not without her chances either.
DEFUTURE IS BRIGHT looks to be the one to watch here. The Ellen Doyle-trained gelding was second in a thrilling race finish to Picahana in Moig South in November. The French-bred gelding Poncherello could be in with a chance also, having had a commendable debut run in Lisronagh last November finishing four lengths behind West Cork. The Strap Man is also not without his chance having finished second on his debut run to the vastly more experienced Rainbow Chaser at Punchestown three weeks ago.
For Certified Hunters aged 5 years old and upwards only, maidens at starting, the property of subscribers holding a valid Hunter Certificate to the following Hunts: Galway Blazers, East Galway, Sligo, North Galway and Roscommon. Mares allowed 5lbs.
THE BONNY BOY finished third on his last start in Knockanard when beaten by a distance of five-and-a-half lengths and he would could be a leading contender here. The Germany mare Think Of Me is one with plenty of experience having returned from the track in 2017. The Brian Cawley-trained mare ran well at this track in March 2018, finishing third just two-and-a-half lengths adrift on that occasion and should run a similar race again here.
For Certified Hunters aged 7 years old and upwards only, maidens at starting, the property of subscribers to any Hunt in Ireland. Mares Allowed 5lbs.
VINNIES NEPHUE made his second reappearance on the point circuit at Kilfeacle in January, when the Alkaadhem gelding ran a very pleasing race to finish second behind Carrigmoorna Pine. He could be the one to follow in this. The JP McManus-owned Blue Templar has vastly more experience than Vinnies Nephew as an ex track horse. The Enda Bolger-trained gelding had multiple placings last spring, whilst Jean Lecroix is a lightly raced seven-year-old, who finished fourth in Kildorrery a fortnight ago.


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Carbon Tax, NASA, SBSP, Social Security, solar power, Sovereign wealth fund, space exploration
A CARBON TAX FUELED SOCIAL SECURITY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND
To industrialize the inner solar system. Only a Carbon tax can both stabilize and reduce atmospheric CO2 and sustainably fund a social security system invested in the world capital markets on behalf of Future new-born children.
CTC_Carbon_Tax_Model 2019
State pension and social security schemes, including the American social security system, are under stress due to demographics and underfunding, and in the same breath according to measurements conducted by Keeling our planetary civilization is placing into the atmosphere more CO2 than has been present in the atmosphere in the recent geological past( Keeling 4 ). [TU1] Investing carbon taxes in the world's capital markets for newborn children in a new transitional social security system holds out the promise of shoring up the existing social security system, but also creating a new sustainable social security system. A sustainable social security system is one that would not require tax increases so large in the future as to consume the entire federal budget, which is spent on defense, education, infrastructure and research and exploration, together called the discretionary budget. Failing to create a sustainable social security system means in the future retirees not receiving the full promised benefit. Investing taxes over time puts to work the magic of compounded growth rates in the worlds capital market places instead of taxing future taxpayers for future social security benefits. Only a tax on carbon is uniquely able to stabilize and reduce both the rate we are producing CO2 and to prefund existing and future social security schemes. Failing to enact a carbon tax will result in a century's time, flooding of the worlds coastal plains where most of the Earth's population lives and in climatic changes that might lead to crop failures and mass starvation. The American Social Security system is a pay as you go system with distinct parts created over time, starting with the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance trust funds which came into force in 1940(OASIDI), along with the Disability Trust fund in 1956(DI) and Medicare in 1965(112th Congress 145 PDF). Pay as you go system is where a current social security beneficiary receives their benefit[TU2] from current taxes from people who are still working, the [TU3] surplus in fact buffers a pure pay as you go system with added income production something that may confusing to many. The Second World War provided with its mass production of armaments full employment for woman and minorities for the first time, as large numbers of the male workforce saw wartime military active duty (Herman 2). Full war-time employment benefited the new pay as you social security system as the economic boom that followed the war saw 16 million military personnel leave the service and become eligible for the generous educational benefit known as the GI bill(Rai). [TU4] 4 years of war also saw pent-up consumer demands for housing and household goods that were rationed during the war (Hyman 3). In the 18 years after the war, a record number of births occurred that we now call the baby boom generation (OASIDI 10). It is this demographic bubble born between 1946 and 1964 that saw many more workers paying into the pay as you go system then there where retirees receiving benefits. The pay as you go social security system developed a surplus.
The Discretionary budget, the creative force in our economy
At the end of the 1960's, that vast demographic bubble of the baby boomers entered the world of higher education and work, adding creative energies to that of the generation born just before that ushered in the Apollo program at 5% of the federal budget in 1966. The Apollo program of exploration along with the Vietnam War and President Johnson's "Great Society" enactments brought, "Government spending as a percent of GDP to its highest levels
Since the Second World War" (HISTORICAL TABLES 11). In the early 1970's government spending as a percent of GDP started to drop, a compelling graph that depicts this overall drop in government spending is to be found in the "CBO's 2011 Long-Term Budget Outlook" (Meyerson, Page, Topoleski, Figure 5.2 59). Post world war spending in the late 1960's reached new heights in the sciences with the green revolution (CGIAR) and the exploration of the oceans and the inner space of the atoms (Federal obligations Table 1). These achievements along with the federally funded University research system and the arts and public broadcasting helped make our civilization on this continent what it is today (Public Broadcasting Service). These achievements may well be what have allowed our species on this planet to survive on this planet so far with 7 billion inhabitants. Compellingly all of these achievements were done with spending from the discretionary budget that shares and competes with spending from the social security and health care systems. We will now discuss how mandatory spending [TU1] programs such as health care and social security will become a greater portion of the GDP in the future and how this may put pressure on the discretionary budget in the times to come. At this point, we should discuss how this spending [TU2] level was achieved in the 1960's and the relationship to the social security trust fund, which represents Federal Insurance Contributions Act, paid over the decades. Two of presidents Johnson's "great society' [TU3] programs where Medicare and Medicaid, establishing the Medicare Hospital Trust Fund in 1965 (overview history ).This surplus or the trust fund is invested in federal debt instruments or special interest rate treasury notes (Trust Fund Data Investment Holdings). The SSI trust fund is an important purchaser of federal debt and does not own any other kind of investment so the trust fund is itself a part of the national debt. As the surplus is exhausted, future taxpayers will have to redeem those treasury notes to pay future benefits or future taxpayers will have to borrow more in the form of future federal debt increasing the percentage of federal debt payment as a percent of GDP. As the Baby Boom generation enters retirement age, the demographic bubble in 2010 started to draw out of the trust fund more funds than is entering the trust fund in payroll taxes (OASIDI overview). In 2017, the rate of trust fund depletion will exceed the earnings from the interest on the treasury notes leading to fund exhaustion in 2037(OASIDI overview). When the trust fund surplus is exhausted, there will be only enough workers to pay beneficiaries two-thirds of the promised benefit levels. Future tax payers will have to redeem these notes that now amount to over $2 Trillion (SSA table) and as we shall see face a larger burden of increasing annual payments of interest on the national debt as a percentage of GDP((112th Congress 145 Summary figure 1). Future federal expenditures on "mandatory" items such as Social Security and Medicare will become a larger portion of future GDP, from 13.3% to 14.3% of GDP and 1.4% to 2.5% national debt payments as stated in a summary of the CBO Budget outlook 2012 to 2022. This discussion will now turn to that portion of GNP that we [TU4] spend on the national debt interest payments. The CBO's 2011 Long Term budget outlook's argument is that GNP is reduced by federal debt owed to foreigners ("congressional budget Office" 27), "GNP is reduced by net flows of interest and profits to foreigners And therefore better represents the resources available to U.S. households"……………………………. because part of the growing budget deficits projected for coming years would Be financed by inflows of capital from other countries." Capital loaned to the American government from overseas represents interests earned to that country's GNP. For this discussion, it is well to remember the opposite is true, assets owned outside the United States-by-United States citizens and earnings from those assets are a part of the American GNP, an important concept later on as we discuss sovereign wealth funds. An alarmist view held by Brookings Institute Author Julia B. Isaacs who uses CBO budget data to claim in 2050, Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid will rise to 18% of GDP, displacing the discretionary budget in its entirety (Isaacs 2). The GPO studies do not confirm such an alarmist view, but mandatory spending will tend to crowd federal spending on the "discretionary" budget in the future out to 2037 and beyond(CBO). (112th Congress 145 PDF). There have been innumerable studies by the Social Security Administration (SSA), Congressional Budget Office (CBO), AARP[TU5] Public Research Institute (Shelton, Alison) to determine or to suggest to lawmakers what could be done to prevent the trust fund surplus from depleting at 2037. Several are attractive in that they have the trust fund at 75 years from the present with stable or raising trust fund levels, called "Sustainable solvency" by the AARP/GPO/SSA researchers. Several combination of these ideas stabilize the trust fund beyond 75 years (Shelton, Alison Table 1 ).Many of these ideas have been researched by the AARP together with the congressional budget office and the chief actuary of the social security administration. We will not discuss all of them here as many of them penalize future beneficiaries with benefit cuts, a position we do not hold. The AARP study states that an increase of the FICA tax from today's 12.4% to 14.1% would maintain a surplus through 75 years from the present, or "sustainable solvency". Ms Allison's paper discusses several alternatives to the 14.1% rate including taxing all earned income above the current maximum rate of $120,000 with a 3% FICA tax. Additional Benefits would be paid based on the new high income FICA rate (Shelton, Alison 2).The taxes from all income levels above the current maximum level of $120,000 would increase the social security surplus but the added benefit would start to diminish the surplus after 75 years. The CBO's version places FICA taxes on earned income above the current maximum without a benefit increase (GPO policy options table 2).It should be noted that combinations of all of the above short of raising the FICA payroll tax to 14.1% could reach stated objectives of a 75-year sustainable solvency so why should we try to achieve more?
The Carbon Tax and social policy
The second major thesis of this paper is that society that is distracted by social inequality, poverty and low wage income will always find it difficult to sustain interest in exploration and economic utilization of our solar system.We propose to solve for these challenge of social inequality by dividing the $500 Billion annual Carbon Tax into two portions,$250 Billion per annum invested in the carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund and is untouched for 76 years.The second annually collected $250 Billion is refunded annually through the use of the child tax credit,standard deduction,bridge card and other social programs.This is advocated by a Brooking s study THP_15WaysFedBudget_Prop11
CTC_Carbon_Tax_Model (4) (version)
Utilizing the CTC Carbon tax calculator we use the remaining $250 Billion per annum to refund to the taxpayer according to principles laid out in CBO and Brookings institute studies that advocate for returning carbon tax based on income.
11-13LowIncomeOptions (1)
43724-LowIncomeOptions_Dinan
Social security research studies to invest trust funds in the capital markets
AARP and the social security office of the chief actuary have studied the option of investing a portion of the trust fund in commercial paper or stocks and bonds. Investing 15% of the trust fund surplus would close the surplus gap over 75 years by only 9%. Investing 45% of the trust fund would reduce the shortfall by 26%. Investing often is about timing of the investment as well as how long a time investments are held. 2037, the year the trust fund exhausts its surplus is as of 2012, 25 years away(Unknown. Assets.aarp.org, 2013. Web. 24 Jan 2014. <http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/i3_reform.pdf>).i3_reform Is it too late or too dangerous for this type of solution? The trust fund surplus owns special high yield treasury notes (Office of the Chief Actuary trust fund data), do stocks and bonds really outperform the 5% return of the treasury notes? Have stocks and bonds performed as well over 75 years? 07-01-ssoptions_forweb A compelling article by Amanda Cox concerning a book by Ed Easterling tells part of the story, "In Investing, it is When You Start and When You Finish" (Cox, Amanda). The new York times article's interactive info graph depicts a color coded triangle the with years 1920 through 2010 as start years to invest a hypothetical $10,000 and by counting 20 years across the triangle to a calculated return or loss. Some twenty year periods yield no or little gain while others display a twenty-year boom cycle, in all a 4% to 5% gain over 90 years. The lesson to be learned from Mr. Easterling's article is that 25 years from now that represents trust fund exhaustion may not be a safe enough interval to guarantee a return. We should read with caution Mr. Easterling's article, it assumes a privately owned account, invested in the Wilshire 5000 a large cap index fund, dividends paid out, a management/brokers fee paid out, taxes paid and a 45 year working lifetime. A pension fund and government pension funds pay less of or none of these expenses, is perpetual, does not pay taxes, and reinvest dividends. Modern fund managers diversify their portfolio into domestic and world emerging markets and "small cap" stocks. Small-capitalized stocks are the smaller faster growing company. We would make the argument that raising the FICA tax to 14.1 percent and investing this amount along with a 3% FICA tax on high wage earners (with a future benefit increase) in the capital markets would, over long periods perform better than treasury notes. Investing 45% of the existing surplus along with the suggested tax increases would create a social security trust that would have a large enough trust balance to provide for cost increases in the Medicare trust fund. carbon tax-SSI-retirement-calculator We argue that using the Carbon tax calculator, that $ 250 Billion per annum should produce in 67 years a $ 88 Trillion carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund invested in the worlds capital markets. 77 years after the founding of the Carbon tax social security fund and ten years after payments begin 44 million retirees should be receiving a $1,500 per month supplementary social security benefit in addition to the existing social security system payments. 77 years after carbon tax enactment $ 1,500 monthly payment X 44 million people represents a $ 800 Billion additional injection into the economy! SSI retirement-excel-Final Carbon tax children pay into the existing social security system so that those of us alive today may receive the traditional existing social security benefit.The SNAP or food stamp program represents a 73 Billion annual program, half of these people are elderly or disabled.70 years after carbon tax enactment few of the elderly would be below poverty level or any where near poverty levels.This saves the taxpayers of the future these costs. 04-19-SNAP 7-29-13fa The Total of HUD housing programs in 2013 is $34 Billion, half of which goes to disabled and elderly beneficiaries.70 years after carbon tax enactment few of the elderly would be below poverty level or any where near poverty levels.This saves the taxpayers of the future these costs 7-17-13hous
Examples of invested sovereign wealth funds/social security systems
National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust
In 2001, congress created the NRRTT or the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. Over a two-year period, treasury notes were redeemed and index stocks such as the Wilshire 5000 where purchased (Kevin Whitman Social Security Bulletin Vol. 71, No. 2, 2011). Railroad workers are not covered by the social security system. The stock portfolio is invested to provide a social security equivalent benefit and an additional annuity (Kevin Whitman Social Security Bulletin Vol. 71, No. 2, 2011). reportFY2012 appendicesFY2012 reportFY2011
The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board
The Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board like New Zealand will not be called to pay a small portion of Canadian beneficeys until 2021 so that it might grow in value over the next ten years. Similar to the New Zealand plan the Canadian pension plan is funded with government surpluses and a payroll tax. 17 million contributors and a $148 Billion in fund assets equal $8,705 per contributor. cpp25_e CPPIB_ARsummary_2011
The Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
The Alaska permanent fund corporation or APFC is mandated by the constitution of the state of Alaska with the responsibility of investing fossil fuel royalties into a fund invested in the world capital markets. According to the APFC annual report, "beneficiaries of the Fund are the State of Alaska and all present and future generations of Alaskans". The APFC must invest the principal in perpetuity and inflation-proof the growth of the principle (Annual report 26). In the last 27.5 years, the Alaska permanent fund has averaged 9.1 % growth rate. The Alaska Permanent Fund assets in 2011 were $40 Billion, or $56,000 per Alaskan. The Alaska permanent fund corporation is our introduction to the carbon tax based sovereign wealth fund that has many goals not exclusively pension related. APFC Annual Report 2011
Norwegian Government Pension Fund
Despite its name the Norwegian Government Pension Fund is not legally obligated to any state pension plan but is a "general savings" plan that could be used in the future(general pension plan box 2.1) the Norwegian Government Pension Fund has over $600 Billion in assets. The fund was established in 1969 to benefit from North Sea oil discoveries and the fund's assets are a testament to the power of growth compounded over many decades. If divided between each Norwegian citizen this would equal more than $100,000 per person. The Norwegian government has an ethical investment policy in place that forbids investment in manufactures of mass destruction, cluster bombs and mines, tobacco. Future corporate governance policies in company's equities shall include growing the global economy to end hunger and to invest sustainably to further the environment (Strategy). All of these fossil fuel based sovereign wealth funds have the luxury of externalizing the "carbon tax" to consumers outside their territories as is the case with the sovereign wealth funds in the middle east. The sovereign wealth funds discussed so far are signers of the Santiago declaration that governs fund transparency in disclosure to the public. Fund annual reports, fund investments, and fund governance must be open for all to see. The funds discussed so far all have rules of governance and are run by independent managers who report the annual results to a governing board. Independent managers may mean a reduced political interference in investments from politicians but this does not mean a fund need be free from ethical and policy considerations in where to invest or in corporate governance in companies, it owns shares in. Governance of the Carbon tax Sovereign wealth fund We propose that a permanent joint committee of the Federal Reserve Board and the social security trust fund board would provide stability to the fund and to the funds uses.The funds uses over decades would be vast as described below.Fund investments could provide full employment and could be trimmed back during times of inflation.The fund could be a stabilizing force during times of crises.
Carbon tax that serves a dual purpose
Keeling among many other scientists report on the recent and substantially large increases in atmospheric CO2 levels in the last century and as compare to the last 400,000 years( Keeling)The cap and trade ideas over putting a market place price on carbon emissions is showing some doubt in light of dishonest third world transactions and lack of transparency. Even here in the first world the dishonesty and lack of regulations in our recent securities markets collapse puts cap and trade as suspect. The carbon tax center advocates that a carbon tax at the point of extraction from its source is the more honest and transparent form of market price on carbon that would influence the consumer to reduce consumption (Carbon Tax Center) . We have used the carbon tax interactive excel spreadsheet by Komanoff to exhaustion in an attempt to model a gradually increasing carbon tax level(Komanoff spreadsheet). The goal was to model a carbon tax that reduced CO2 emissions or reduce carbon consumption by consumers but that also did not result in a drop in revenue from a carbon tax decades from now. Several scenarios used by Komanoff sharply increase carbon taxes and CO2 production but by 2032 the carbon tax starts to fall very slightly. The reason for preserving the carbon tax revenue over time is to invest it in the capital markets to endow future newborn children who would draw a supplemental social security benefit from it in 65 years time. Lessons learned from the sovereign wealth funds discussed above are that it would take a century of compounded growth to replace any existing pay as you go system. Online calculators such as (moneychimp) and (Vertex42) confirm this. First we must discuss carbon tax and revenue levels Using the Komanoff carbon tax calculator. With a starting tax of $6 per ton of CO2 and raising by $2 per ton per year and a stable 20 cents per gallon on all liquid motor fuels in all years (not heating oil)results in, $69 $108 $146 $184 $222 $260 $298 $335 $372 $408 $446 $483 $559 $558 Billion in each of the 14 years. Adjusting motor fuel taxes upward or other combinations of the carbon tax could offset CO2 emissions levels falling after 14 years. In the alternative, we could simply never allow the carbon tax to reach levels of over 500 billion per year. We seek a balance with CO2 reduction and at least 90 years of a $300 Billion per year carbon tax for the proposed social security sovereign wealth fund. Utilizing moneychimp and investment calculators, we assume 3 years after enactment of a carbon tax to have available $200 Billion per year every year for allocation to that year's newborn child. Roughly, 4 million newborn children are born every year in the United States and this would equal to $50,000 per child. The child would not have an ownership interest; this represents an endowed principle to all future children. $50,000 at 7.5% minus 3% inflation rate will grow to $825,000 in 65 years enough for a modest retirement if we meant to deplete this amount over a twenty-year retirement but we do not intend this. All of these carbon tax children must pay their 14.1% payroll tax to the pay as you go system and we are trying to grow a new social security system after the carbon tax revenue dwindles. The way forward is to maintain the existing SSI system for at least twenty years after the first carbon tax child reaches 65. At 65 the first carbon tax fund child would be entitled to 10% of the interest earned off the $825, 000, this would only be $7,000 but this is a supplement to the normal pay as you go benefit, which is the intent of the Canadian, New Zealand, and Norwegian funds. The $825,000 must be made "safe from inflation" in the words of the Alaska permanent fund so that over the 20 years of retirement of the first carbon child the $825,000 will grow slowly to $1,700,00, even after accounting for 20 years of reduced earnings due to benefits payments. Assuming that this beneficiary has had two children and 4 grandchildren or 6 people dividing by $1,700,000 equals $280,000. In reality, we think a combination of carbon taxes, the 14.1 % payroll taxes that now accrue to the invested fund after the pay as you go beneficiaries have passed away, and the inflation-protected principle will allow for a perpetual fund in the next century that no longer needs carbon taxes. Macroeconomics; (A) (1)Real growth rates of a fund that equals 1/5th of the world GDP in 70 years will never be more than a few percent above inflation if invested solely in terrestrial market securities and infrastructure. The fund may grow much faster in the early years though due to worldwide market opportunities and diversity in investments. (A)(2) The fund will not grow fast and large enough to replace social security payroll taxes in until at least 85 years after enactment, therefore it will be for the first 50 to 60 million carbon tax children will receive a supplemental benefit from the carbon tax sovereign wealth fund and they will pay into the existing pay as you go social security system. The supplemental benefit may free many from poverty and may free the government and future tax payers from paying for poverty programs for the elderly. The carbon tax children therefore will continue to pay into the existing social security system and receive a benefit from the existing system that itself needs repairs. (A)(3) We would repair the existing social security system by enacting a 1.8% FICA payroll increase; the increase would also be invested in the world capital markets. The CBO and AARP research shows this extends the solvency of the system beyond 70 years from now. (B)(1) the carbon tax center is made up of some bipartisan elected officials who argue that a $500 Billion per year carbon tax has to implemented gradually and that all of it must be returned each year to the tax payers in some fashion, we would not adhere to this exactly (B)(2) We would agree with this approach with several provisos; The carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund would accrue $250 billion per year for decades so this would leave $250 Billion to refund every year, we would refund it in a progressive fashion, we would base refunds on the child and work credits combined with a larger standard deduction for the upper middle class. A larger percent of poor and working poor would pay no taxes; middle class folks would receive some relief. Middle class citizens based on the number of children in the family would benefit from both child and work credits and a larger standard deductions. (C)(1) The carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund and investment and industrial policy; The government of France has since the second world war owned a large fraction of the nation's economic output much like the UK. Both nations go through cycles of how much of the economic output is owned by the citizens and how much is private sector. France; banking and energy, the UK energy and healthcare system. We shall discuss here the French power distribution company and the nuclear reactor building entities. Since 1974 the French state industrial policy has been to free the nation from fossil fuel dependence, the French did so with a massive building project of over 50 nuclear power plants, these power stations have been amortized on a commercial basis with power sales to the people of France. This includes the cost of plant and operations but not the fuel cycle. The French state has differed into the future the costs of reprocessing all of the spent waste and any geological burial of whatever might be left. Here the interests and technology of the French state and the United States and Canada converge into a unique synergy. (C)(2) Conventional reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel back into conventional nuclear fuel has economic limits as the French might admit; there is a third interim option that might act as a bridge to future reactors that can burn all nuclear waste as fuel. The third option offers a chance to burn spent fuel from existing reactors to a low degree of destruction but complete amortization of plant and equipment through power sales. This opportunity has many attributes to offer; one is that building 50 to 70 heavy water reactors over 20 years is a major economic stimulus. Heavy water reactors burning spent fuel is "de facto" interim storage of spent fuel from existing reactors!50 to 70 reactors built over 30 years would take a century to burn the spent fuel from our nation's 105 PWR reactors. This 'buys" us time to decide the next step! Burning the spent PWR fuel in a fleet of heavy water reactors also pays a consumer fee into the decade's old civilian nuclear waste trust fund. This fund now has $30 Billion in assets currently; we argue that the this fund with future payments from nuclear rate payers from heavy water reactors should be governed and invested by the social security sovereign wealth fund, why? By deferring a geological disposal by a century, we allow the civilian waste trust fund to grow into hundreds of billions of dollars and this to allow a future decision as to what to do as to investing in a follow on technology. Indeed a century of earnings growth allows the civilian waste trust fund to become a builder and investor in that next generation reactor along with the carbon tax sovereign wealth fund. nuclear-spent-fuel-trust fund-calculator (C)(3) what would be that next generation reactor? We argue that the heavy water reactor can use on site the spent fuel from the PWR reactor, therefore we would collocate heavy water reactors with the existing PWR reactors. so it is with the molten salt reactor.
Carbon tax invested in a fleet of heavy water and molten salt reactors on behalf of all future new-born children
Taxing carbon to build a carbon free fleet of nuclear reactors that pays a dividend to all future new-born social security recipients 70 years from now we believe is an elegant solution, it is the ultimate in industrial policy and Keynesian models.We argue that investing less than 10% of the$250 Billion per year of the carbon tax in a reactor program and 10% of the earnings of the $250 Billion invested the world's capital markets in a reactor program solves multiple societal issues; namely Carbon Emissions, pre funded future social security benefits and a $ Trillion nuclear build program that primes Americas employment rates for decades.
Investing a carbon tax into a social security sovereign wealth fund for unborn children of the future and building nuclear reactors with the invested funds is the beauty and ultimate irony of this plan
Carbon tax wealth fund
carbon tax-SSI-retirement-calculator
Carbon tax wealth fund document discusses the prudent person rule, never invest more than 5% of a retirement funds asset in more than one asset, this means a slow nuclear reactor build-up leading us to rely more on the carbon tax to reduce Co2 emissions. On the other hand, a slow reactor build-up and a fast build-up of investments in world capital markets in the early years should improve small-cap and emerging markets growth rates for the carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund. We also believe an early rapid reactor build up in the early years could yield an inflationary environment. (Overly exuberant reactivity build the program!) Outside the American nuclear reactor build program would be to build a fleet of reactors outside the United States but due to the 5 % rule this could not occur until 20 years after carbon tax enactment. SSI retirement-excel-Final 16 to 19 years after enactment of a $250 billion carbon tax invested growth equals the annual tax carbon tax. The CTC carbon tax model predicts a decline in Co2 emissions so we compute a total of $14 Trillion in carbon taxes over 30 to 40 years which should yield a total of $88 Trillion in 70 years.Google predicts a 3% world GNP growth rate the next 70 years, how do we predict a sovereign wealth fund that is 1/3rd "more" of what the world GNP would otherwise have been? what is the economic effect of 70 years of taxation investment in the world and national GNP? If the sovereign wealth fund is 30% of the world's GNP over 70 years is this a real increase of world GNP growth rate? or has this investment "displaced" or been diluted by the google predicted 3%? We predict not, The social security sovereign wealth fund becomes brick and mortar investments over the decades, indeed carbon tax avoidance by consumers inside the unite states leads to growth, growth fueled by the employment of the armies needed overtime to build American domestic reactor fleet.For the world economy, this might mean a growth rate of 4% over 70 years instead of 3%.
Space-based solar power fleet a $1 Trillion bet
We would want to model a $250 Billion carbon tax VS a Space-based solar power system, such a system is by all measures a very expensive system to deploy. A $250 Billion per year carbon tax is such a subsidy to a SBSP as it would be to any green terrestrial system. we need a consumer of services to build such a system outside the SBSP and that would be a worldwide agreement to explore the inner solar system. ISS partners agree to use commercial models to field a human Mars project, this Fields a fleet of fuel depots and ion tugs. These are needed due to economic studies that indicate that earth deployed SBSP systems are not economical, Lunar resource-based SBSP might be.The Lunar resource-based SBPS would still be a program 4 times larger($ 500 Billion ?). NSSJOURNAL_AnalysisOfONeill-GlaserModel_2011 The NSS Journal is most likely guilty of SBSP exuberance! but perhaps a case can be made for the Carbon tax social security sovereign wealth fund owning a 15 to 20 % of all of the service providers to this project but the SBSP system itself after 70 years generates positive cash flow but can never recover the initial capital costs. aerospace Soresini
A $88 Trillion Social security sovereign wealth fund,its effects explained in Macroeconomic theory? It should be obvious that it would not be possible to invest such large sums inside the united states, particularly ten to 15 years after enactment when the earnings on the fund would exceed the carbon tax itself or $1 trillion per year.Mutual funds invested in small caps have historically have been challenged in keeping up high earnings when they become too large why? the social security sovereign wealth fund would in 20 to 30 years become a significant percentage of the worlds GDP what happens to world GDP in this case? an increase?The fund's initial investment has to come from somewhere, taxation.$250 billion per year is refunded to the people in my plan the other $250 billion goes into the fund.My thoughts are that investing in nuclear might provide a low return but it also might moderate inflationary tendency of spending too much in construction in the American economy in any given year Steigum
12 carbon tax gale 11-13LowIncomeOptions I propose something similar to the carbon tax center refunding the tax but only to the poorer among us
ANNUAL REPORT 2011 [TU6] SUMMARY." Canadian Pension Plan (CCP) Investment Board. CCP Investment Board, 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.cppib.ca/files/PDF/CPPIB_ARsummary_2011.pdf>. Actuarial Publications; Proposals Addressing Trust Fund Solvency. Office of the Chief Actuary, 2 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ssa.gov/oact/solvency/index.html>. Actuarial Publications; Provisions Affecting Trust Fund Investment in Marketable Securities. Office of the Chief Actuary, 10 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/solvency/provisions/investequities.html>. Carbon Tax Center. Ed. James Handley. Carbon Tax Center, 2012. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://www.carbontax.org/>. Cox, Amanda. "Metrics; in investing, it's when you start and when you finish." New York Times 2 Jan. 2011: 4(L). Gale Power Search. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Federal obligations for research and development, by character of work, and for R&D plant: FY 1951–2009 TABLE 1. (Corrected August 2011)."National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics. National Science Foundation, Aug 2011. Web. 22 Feb 2012. <http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10305/pdf/tab01.pdf Frequently asked questions." Carbon Tax Center FAQ's. Ed. James Handley. Carbon Tax Center, 2007. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. . Geithner, Timothy F., Hilda L. Solis, Kathleen Sebelius, Michael J. Astrue, and Charles P. Blahous III. "A SUMMARY OF THE 2011 ANNUAL SOCIAL SECURITY AND MEDICARE TRUST FUND REPORTS." Office of the Chief Actuary. Social Security Insurance, 2011. Web. 21 Dec. 2011. . Goss, Steve, Alice Wade, and Chris Chaplain. "Estimated Financial Effects of Several Social Security Reform Options." Office of the Chief Actuary. Social Security Insurance, 19 June 2008. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ssa.gov/oact/solvency/AARP_20080619.pdf>. "Gross Domestic Product." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 383-384. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Komanoff, Charles. "carbon tax spreadsheet." Carbon Tax Center. Ed. James Handley. Carbon Tax Center, 2007. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://www.komanoff.net/fossil/CTC_Carbon_Tax_Model.xls>. Herman, Arthur. "The Ultimate Stimulus? World War Two and economic growth." Weekly Standerd. 12 Sept 2011: n. page. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ultimate-stimulus_592145.html>. Hyman, Louis. "How Did World War II End the Great Depression?: Echoes." BLOOMBERG 16 Dec 2011, n. page. Print. <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-16/how-did-world-war-ii-end-the-great-depression-echoes.html>. "HISTORICAL TABLES." Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2005. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005. Web. 10 Mar 2012. . Kelling,. "KEELING CURVE LESSONS." Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 2012. Web. 22 Feb 2012. <http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons_4.html>. Lind, Michael. "How conservatives lie about government." SLATE 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2012.<http://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/how_conservatives_lie_about_government>. OASIDI Board of Trustees, . "2011 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance." Social Security Administration. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011. Web. 22 Feb 2012. <http://www.ssa.gov/oact/tr/2011/tr2011.pdf>. tr11summary tr11summary "overview history." Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar 2012. . "CBO's 2011 Long term outlook." Congressional Budget Office. CBO, n.d. Web. 10 Mar 2012. . Public Broadcasting Service and Subsidiaries,. "PBS/2010/Annual Report." consolidated financial statements and independent auditors' report. Public Broadcasting, 2010. Web.22Feb2012.<http://www.pbs.org/about/media/about/cms_page_media/29/2010PBSFullFinancialReport.pdf> Shelton, Alison. "Reform Options for Social Security." AARP Public Policy Institute. AARP Public Policy Institute, Apr. 2008. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. . "Social Security Policy Options; A CBO Summary." United States congress; congressional budget office. Congressional budget office, July 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. . Social Security Policy Options; A CBO Study." United States Congressional Budget Office. Congressional Budget Office, July 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/115xx/doc11580/07-01-SSOptions_forWeb.pdf>. Shelton, A.. "Reform Options for Social Security." Reform options for social security. AARP Public Policy Institute, 2008. Web. 10 Mar 2012. <http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/i3_reform.pdf>. Rai, K.. "Did the gi bill of 1944 produce persistent effects on the us economy?." Virginia.edu. N.p., 2009. Web. 10 Mar 2012. <http://people.virginia.edu/~kr9c/print/imfprint/gijobmkt.pdf>. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. <http://www.swfinstitute.org>. The Alaska Permanent Fund 2011 Annual Report." The Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation. The Alaska Permanent Fund, 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://www.apfc.org/_amiReportsArchive/APFC%20Annual%20Report%202011.pdf "The CGIAR at 40 and Beyond Impacts that Matter for the Poor and the Planet." ." Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 2011. Web. 12 Mar 2012. <http://www.cgiar.org/pdf/cgiar@40_final_LOWRES>. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, . "Twenty-Fifth Actuarial Report on the Canada Pension Plan." Actuarial Report 25th of the Canada Pension Plan as of December 31 2009. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2010. 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[TU5]For the first AARP state the entire name and put (AARP)
[TU6]Work Cited /reference page
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A CARBON TAX FUELED SOCIAL SECURITY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND; 2.0 | Yellow Dragon, a mission to Venus
A CARBON TAX FUELED SOCIAL SECURITY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND; 2.0 macroeconomic effects on a Nuclear power plant build program | Yellow Dragon, a mission to Venus
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Annual check-ups and vaccinations are just as important for teens. Are you familiar with the recommended immunizations for teens?
Age-Appropriate chores for kids and window cleaning tasks for the whole family. The family that cleans together builds stronger family bonds.


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Myrlie Evers-Williams to speak during Black History Month at W&L
Published Saturday, Feb. 7, 2015, 11:40 am
Front Page » Events » Myrlie Evers-Williams to speak during Black History Month at W&L
Myrlie Evers-Williams, author, civil rights activist and past chair of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), will be the keynote speaker for Black History Month at Washington and Lee University. Her talk will be Tuesday, Feb. 10, at 7 p.m. in the First Baptist Church with a reception to follow.
The title of Evers-Williams talk is "Tomorrow's Leaders: Their Voices, Our Journey." It is free and open to the public.
Evers-Williams was the first female to chair the nation's oldest civil rights organization. She helped the NAACP at a time of debt and poor image from a scandal involving former executive director Benjamin Chavis's use of funds to get rid of a sexual harassment lawsuit. Her frankness and optimism helped the organization begin anew.
She met Medgar Evers, then Mississippi state field secretary for the NAACP, when they were in college. They worked to organize voter-registration drives and civil rights demonstrations. In 1963, Evers was shot by a sniper in front of their home.
Evers-Williams earned her bachelor's degree at Pomona College and in 1967, she co-wrote a book about her murdered husband, "For Us, the Living." She continued to make numerous personal appearances on behalf of the NAACP.
She remained active in civil rights work and politics, running unsuccessfully for Congress in 1970 and serving as commissioner of public works for Los Angeles in 1987. She also worked for an advertising agency, and she was the director of community affairs for a Los Angeles corporation. In 1988, she became the first black woman to be named to the five-member Board of Public Works by Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, where she helped oversee a budget of nearly $1 billion.
After her term as NAACP chair ended in 1998, Evers-Williams decided to establish the Medgar Evers Institute to promote education, training and economic development.
In 1999, she published her memoir "Watch Me Fly: What I Learned on the Way to Becoming the Woman I Was Meant to Be," which charts her journey from being the wife of an activist to becoming a community leader in her own right.
Evers-Williams has continued to preserve the memory of her first husband with one of her latest projects, serving as editor of "The Autobiography of Medgar Evers: A Hero's Life and Legacy Revealed through His Writings, Letters and Speeches" (2005).


The southern states of the USA are an ever-changing variety of scenery, people and lifestyles. From the unhurried feeling of life in the sunshine of Florida and its wonderful varieties of seafood, through the old southern charm of Louisiana and the creole cooking of gumbo and jambalaya, to the warmth of the Texan summer and the delights of international TexMex dishes and onward through the desert to California, vibrant, stimulating, and home to about every flavour of food in the USA.
You can cruise into the Caribbean from New Orleans or the Pacific from Los Angeles. There's the Albuquerque Balloon Festival, or Memphis and Graceland, grand steamboats on the Mississippi and of course the spectacular rift in the ground called the Grand Canyon. Everywhere you are there is something exciting to do.


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