John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail: "The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America." But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was signed.
After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for this printing has been lost, and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson's hand. Jefferson's original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress, are preserved at the Library of Congress. The best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, and signed primarily on August 2.
The issue of Parliament's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts (known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773. Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response. Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts. These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy. As the king wrote to North in November 1774, "blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent".
Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain, even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775, and some delegates hoped for eventual independence, but no one yet advocated declaring it. Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them, yet they still professed loyalty to King George, who they hoped would intercede on their behalf. They were disappointed in late 1775, when the king rejected Congress's second petition, issued a Proclamation of Rebellion, and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering "friendly offers of foreign assistance" to suppress the rebellion. A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776, just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator. Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England, and he argued in favor of colonial independence, advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule. Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress's thinking about independence; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss. Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine's enormously popular pamphlet.
Despite this growing popular support for independence, Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it. Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments, which included extralegal conventions, ad hoc committees, and elected assemblies, and they were bound by the instructions given to them. Regardless of their personal opinions, delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action. Several colonies, in fact, expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain, while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue. As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain, advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised. For Congress to declare independence, a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence, and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct (or grant permission for) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress. Between April and July 1776, a "complex political war" was waged to bring this about.
In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions, many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence. Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776. These "declarations" took a variety of forms. Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations, such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12, with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence. Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies, such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4, the first colony to do so. Many "declarations" were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence. A few came in the form of jury instructions, such as the statement issued on April 23, 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina: "the law of the land authorizes me to declare...that George the Third, King of Great Britain...has no authority over us, and we owe no obedience to him." Most of these declarations are now obscure, having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2, and signed July 4.
While political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence, a document was being written to explain the decision. On June 11, 1776, Congress appointed a "Committee of Five" to draft a declaration, consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut. The committee left no minutes, so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams, and they are not entirely reliable—although frequently cited. What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline that the document should follow, and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft. The committee in general, and Jefferson in particular, thought that Adams should write the document, but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally. Considering Congress's busy schedule, Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days, and likely wrote the draft quickly. He then consulted the others and made some changes, and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations. The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28, 1776. The title of the document was "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled."
Congress ordered that the draft "lie on the table". For two days, Congress methodically edited Jefferson's primary document, shortening it by a fourth, removing unnecessary wording, and improving sentence structure. Congress removed Jefferson's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies, in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution. Jefferson wrote that Congress had "mangled" his draft version, but the Declaration that was finally produced was "the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity," in the words of his biographer John Ferling.
A vote was taken after a long day of speeches. As always, each colony cast a single vote; the delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members, and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony's vote. Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence. The New York delegation abstained, lacking permission to vote for independence. Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean (who voted yes) and George Read (who voted no). The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence, which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole. The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by the Congress itself. Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee's resolution but desirous of unanimity, and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day.
On July 2, South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence. In the Pennsylvania delegation, Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained, allowing the delegation to vote three-to-two in favor of independence. The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney, who voted for independence. The New York delegation abstained once again, since they were still not authorized to vote for independence, although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress. The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention. With this, the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain. John Adams predicted in a famous letter, written to his wife on the following day, that July 2 would become a great American holiday. Adams thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated; he did not foresee that Americans—including himself—would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date that the announcement of that act was finalized.
After voting in favor of the resolution of independence, Congress turned its attention to the committee's draft of the declaration. Over several days of debate, Congress made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and, on July 4, 1776, the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication.
The Declaration is not divided into formal sections; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts: Introduction, the Preamble, the Indictment of King George, the Denunciation of the British people, and the Conclusion.
Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced. The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights, argues Reid, but is instead a legal document—an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists. Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel's The Law of Nations, the dominant international law treatise of the period, and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was "continually in the hands of the members of our Congress". Armitage writes, "Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood"; therefore, the primary purpose of the Declaration was "to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States". If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers, the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically, but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws.
After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4, a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap. Through the night, Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution. Before long, the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states. The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton, New Jersey and Easton, Pennsylvania. A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9.
The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4, 1776 under Jefferson's supervision. It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers. The slightly different "engrossed copy" (shown at the top of this article) was made later for members to sign. The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century. Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions.
During the writing process, Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin, and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee, who made a few more changes. Franklin, for example, may have been responsible for changing Jefferson's original phrase "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" to "We hold these truths to be self-evident". Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee. The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost, and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process, or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress's secrecy rule.
The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution, having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States. Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration, as did early histories of the Revolution. The act of declaring independence was considered important, whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention. The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution, and its language was not incorporated into that document. George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential, and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson's words. "In none of these documents", wrote Pauline Maier, "is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men's minds as a classic statement of American political principles."
Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it. These include the Haitian declaration of January 1, 1804 during the Haitian Revolution, the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811, the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816, the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818, Costa Rica in 1821, El Salvador in 1821, Guatemala in 1821, Honduras in (1821), Mexico in 1821, Nicaragua in 1821, Peru in 1821, Bolivian War of Independence in 1825, Uruguay in 1825, Ecuador in 1830, Colombia in 1831, Paraguay in 1842, Dominican Republic in 1844, Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836, California Republic in November 1836, Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849, Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835, and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters. The Rhodesian declaration of independence, ratified in November 1965, is based on the American one as well; however, it omits the phrases "all men are created equal" and "the consent of the governed". The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence, though it, like the Rhodesian one, omits references to "all men are created equal" and "consent of the governed".
Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration, that for some men to enslave others is a "sacred right of self-government".… Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust.… Let us repurify it. Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with it.… If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union: but we shall have saved it, as to make, and keep it, forever worthy of the saving.
Obverse: Eisenhower portrait, US national motto, "Liberty" on top, US Independence year (1776) and year of minting (1976). Reverse: Liberty Bell in front of the moon, country name, face value, two stars, and E pluribus unum (Out of many, one).
Dollar coin made of silver. Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence.
The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award–winning musical play 1776, and the 1972 movie of the same name, as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams.
The text of the Declaration was chosen to become the first e-book available on the Internet in 1971.
In 1984, the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names, places of residence, and occupations.
The signing of the Declaration is featured on the back of the United States two-dollar bill.
The One World Trade Center building in New York City is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed.
↑ The thirteen colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Jersey were formed by mergers of previous colonies.
1 2 "Declaring Independence", Revolutionary War, Digital History, University of Houston. From Adams' notes: "Why will you not? You ought to do it." "I will not." "Why?" "Reasons enough." "What can be your reasons?" "Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can." "Well," said Jefferson, "if you are decided, I will do as well as I can." "Very well. When you have drawn it up, we will have a meeting."
↑ "Did You Know...Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2?" (Press release). National Archives and Records Administration. June 1, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
1 2 McPherson, Second American Revolution, 126.
↑ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 162.
↑ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 200–02.
↑ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 180–82.
↑ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 241.
↑ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 224–25.
↑ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 241–42. The writings in question include Wilson's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson's A Summary View of the Rights of British America (both 1774), as well as Samuel Adams's 1768 Circular Letter.
↑ Hazelton, Declaration History, 13; Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 318.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 25.
↑ Rakove, Beginnings of National Politics, 88–90.
↑ Rakove, Beginnings of National Politics, 89; Maier, American Scripture, 33.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 33–34.
↑ Hazelton, Declaration History, 209; Maier, American Scripture, 25–27.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 30.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 59.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 671; Friedenwald, Interpretation, 78.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 48, and Appendix A, which lists the state and local declarations.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 679; Friedenwald, Interpretation, 92–93.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 69–72, quoted on 72.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 48. The modern scholarly consensus is that the best-known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic, the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, allegedly adopted in May 1775 (a full year before other local declarations); Maier, American Scripture, 174.
1 2 Jensen, Founding, 682.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 684; Maier, American Scripture, 37. For the full text of the May 10 resolve, see the Journals of the Continental Congress.
↑ Burnett, Continental Congress, 159. The text of Adams's letter is online.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 37; Jensen, Founding, 684. For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress.
↑ Rakove, National Politics, 96; Jensen, Founding, 684; Friedenwald, Interpretation, 94.
↑ Rakove, National Politics, 97; Jensen, Founding, 685.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 38.
↑ Boyd, Evolution, 18; Maier, American Scripture, 63. The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online at Yale Law School's Avalon Project.
↑ Jefferson, Thomas (July 4, 1776). "Declaration of Independence. In Congress, July 4, 1776, a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled". World Digital Library. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 41; Boyd, Evolution, 19.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 689–90; Maier, American Scripture, 42.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 689; Armitage, Global History, 33–34. The quotation is from Jefferson's notes; Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 1:311.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 42–43; Friedenwald, Interpretation, 106.
↑ Friedenwald, Interpretation, 106–07; Jensen, Founding, 691.
↑ Jensen, Founding, 694–96; Friedenwald, Interpretation, 96; Maier, American Scripture, 68.
↑ Friedenwald, Interpretation, 118; Jensen, Founding, 698.
↑ Dupont and Onuf, 3.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 97–105; Boyd, Evolution, 21.
↑ Burnett, Continental Congress, 181.
↑ Burnett, Continental Congress, 182; Jensen, Founding, 700.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 45.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 160–61.
1 2 3 4 Lucas, Stephen E. "The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
↑ "Index of Signers by State". ushistory.org – Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia. Retrieved October 12, 2006.
↑ "TO HENRY LEE – Thomas Jefferson The Works, vol. 12 (Correspondence and Papers 1816–1826; 1905)". The Online Library of Liberty. May 8, 1825. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
↑ Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, 221; Maier, American Scripture, 125–26.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 126–28.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 53–57.
↑ "The Three Greatest Men". Retrieved June 13, 2009. Jefferson identified Bacon, Locke, and Newton as "the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception". Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson's education and world view.
↑ Becker, Declaration of Independence, 27.
↑ Ray Forrest Harvey, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1937), 120.
↑ Wills, Inventing America, especially chs. 11–13. Wills concludes (p. 315) that "the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson's politics, not Locke's".
↑ Hamowy, "Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment", argues that Wills gets much wrong (p. 523), that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was, like Jefferson, influenced by Locke (pp. 508–09), and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke's influence, but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings (p. 514). See also Kenneth S. Lynn, "Falsifying Jefferson", Commentary 66 (Oct. 1978), 66–71. Ralph Luker, in "Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence" (The Virginia Quarterly Review, Spring 1980, 244–61) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration, but he also argued that Wills's critics similarly read their own views into the document.
↑ John Phillip Reid, "The Irrelevance of the Declaration", in Hendrik Hartog, ed., Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law (New York University Press, 1981), 46–89.
↑ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas, December 19, 1775, in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Albert Henry Smyth (New York: 1970), 6:432.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 21, 38–40.
↑ Gulf, C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150 (1897): "While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law, or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty.... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence."
↑ Wills, Gary. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, p. 25 (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002): "the Declaration is not a legal instrument, like the Constitution".
↑ Cuomo, Mario. Why Lincoln Matters: Now More Than Ever, p. 137 (Harcourt Press 2004) (it "is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement").
↑ Strang, Lee "Originalism's Subject Matter: Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution", Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, 2015.
↑ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", 242–43.
↑ Hazelton, Declaration History, 299–302; Burnett, Continental Congress, 192.
1 2 3 4 The U.S. State Department (1911), The Declaration of Independence, 1776, pp. 10, 11.
↑ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", 245–46; Hazelton, Declaration History, 208–19; Wills, Inventing America, 341.
↑ Hazelton, Declaration History, 208–19.
↑ Hazelton, Declaration History, 209.
↑ "TeachAmericanHistory.org: John Hancock" (PDF). Retrieved October 6, 2014.
↑ Malone, Story of the Declaration, 91.
1 2 Maier, American Scripture, 156.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 72.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 155.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 156–57.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 73.
↑ "The Declaration of Independence in World Context". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 75. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
↑ Jessup, John J. (September 20, 1943). "America and the Future". Life: 105. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
↑ Hutchinson, Thomas (1776). Eicholz, Hans, ed. "Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord, &c.". London: Liberty Fund. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 74.
↑ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 155–56.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 79-80. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 76-77. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
1 2 3 "The Declaration of Independence: A History". Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
↑ Malone, Story of the Declaration, 263.
↑ "Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
↑ "Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew". The Daily Telegraph. July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
1 2 3 Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "The Declaration of Independence". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. National Park Service. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
1 2 3 Boyd, "Lost Original", 446.
↑ Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 1:421.
↑ Becker, Declaration of Independence, 142 note 1. Boyd (Papers of Jefferson, 1:427–28) casts doubt on Becker's belief that the change was made by Franklin.
↑ Boyd, "Lost Original", 448–50. Boyd argued that, if a document was signed on July 4 (which he thought unlikely), it would have been the Fair Copy, and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson.
↑ Ritz, "From the Here", speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate. All of these copies were then destroyed, theorizes Ritz, to preserve secrecy.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 87–88; Maier, American Scripture, 162, 168–69.
↑ McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 178–79; Maier, American Scripture, 160.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 92.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 90; Maier, American Scripture, 165–67.
1 2 Maier, American Scripture, 167.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 82.
↑ Georges Lefebvre (2005). The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton UP. p. 212.
↑ George Athan Billias, ed. (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective. NYU Press. p. 92.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 113.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 120–35.
↑ Armitage, Global History, 104, 113.
↑ Palley, Claire (1966). The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control (First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 750. OCLC 406157.
↑ Hillier, Tim (1998). Sourcebook on Public International Law (First ed.). London & Sydney: Cavendish Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 1-85941-050-2.
↑ Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia (First ed.). Leiden and New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 0-7923-0811-5.
↑ McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 172.
↑ McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 172, 179.
↑ McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 179; Maier, American Scripture, 168–71.
↑ McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 180–84; Maier, American Scripture, 171.
↑ Detweiler, "Changing Reputation", 571–72; Maier, American Scripture, 175–78.
↑ Detweiler, "Changing Reputation", 572; Maier, American Scripture, 175.
↑ Detweiler, "Changing Reputation", 572; Maier, American Scripture, 175–76; Wills, Inventing America, 324. See also John C. Fitzpatrick, Spirit of the Revolution (Boston 1924).
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 176.
↑ Wills, Inventing America, 90.
↑ Armitage, "Global History", 93.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 196–97.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 197. See also Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups, Farmers, Woman's Rights Advocates, Socialists, and Blacks, 1829–1975 (Urbana 1976).
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 197; Armitage, Global History, 95.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 146–50.
↑ (1) Armitage, Global History, 77.
↑ Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan, 287.
↑ Mayer, All on Fire, 53, 115.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 198–99.
↑ Detweiler, "Congressional Debate", 598.
↑ Detweiler, "Congressional Debate", 604.
↑ Detweiler, "Congressional Debate", 605.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 199; Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 246.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 200.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 200–01.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 201–02.
↑ McPherson, Second American Revolution, 126–27.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 204.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 204–05.
↑ "Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865): Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897". Bartleby. p. 415. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
↑ Maier, American Scripture, 207.
↑ Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 100.
↑ Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 129–31.
↑ Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 145.
↑ Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 147.
↑ Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 39, 145–46. See also Harry V. Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided (1959) and A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War (2000); Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey, The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition (1970); and M.E. Bradford, "The Heresy of Equality: A Reply to Harry Jaffa" (1976), reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason (1979) and Modern Age, the First Twenty-five Years (1988).
↑ Norton, et al (2010), p. 301.
↑ "Modern History Sourcebook: Seneca Falls: The Declaration of Sentiments, 1848". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
↑ Flood, Alison (September 8, 2011). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64". The Guardian.
Mayer, David (2008). "Declaration of Independence". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 113–15. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.


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Great Egret (Ardea alba) perching on a dead tree branch. Sandy Camp Road Wetlands Reserve, Wynnum, Queensland, Australia. ILCE-7RM4 + FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3 G OSS 1/800sec | f/8 | ISO 500 | 768 mm (effective focal length)
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MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0050 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) with breeding plumage standing on a rock at the river's edge.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) with breeding plumage standing on a rock at the river's edge. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/2000sec | f/7.1 | ISO 400 | 399 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0049 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) with breeding plumage ruffling its feathers at the river's edge.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) with breeding plumage ruffling its feathers at the river's edge. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/2000sec | f/7.1 | ISO 400 | 375 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0043 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) headshot.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) headshot. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1600sec | f/8 | ISO 250 | 777 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0041 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) headshot with mouth open.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) headshot with mouth open. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1600sec | f/8 | ISO 400 | 610 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0040 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) with small fish catch.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) with small fish catch. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1600sec | f/8 | ISO 400 | 610 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0039 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) looking down on the hunt for fish.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) looking down on the hunt for fish. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1600sec | f/8 | ISO 320 | 900 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20211010_MMPI0076_0035 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) portrait.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) portrait. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/800sec | f/8 | ISO 400 | 900 mm (effective focal length)
Great Egret (Ardea alba) with breeding plumage standing on a rock at the river's edge. Oxenford Weir, Oxenford, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/640sec | f/9 | ISO 400 | 257 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20210609_MMPI0084_0010 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) perching on a streetlight.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) perching on a streetlight. , Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/800sec | f/7.1 | ISO 100 | 561 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20201004_MMPI0064_0007 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) with a small fish catch on a lake.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) with a small fish catch on a lake. Lake Eden, North Lakes, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/800sec | f/8 | ISO 320 | 900 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20201001_MMPI0064_0024 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) scratching its head on a pier on a lagoon.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) scratching its head on a pier on a lagoon. Lakeside Avenue Park, Springfield Lakes, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1000sec | f/8 | ISO 320 | 600 mm (effective focal length)
MMPI_20201001_MMPI0064_0023 - Great Egret (Ardea alba) standing on a pier on a lagoon.
Great Egret (Ardea alba) standing on a pier on a lagoon. Lakeside Avenue Park, Springfield Lakes, Queensland, Australia. Sony A7RIV + Sony FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3G 1/1000sec | f/8 | ISO 250 | 600 mm (effective focal length)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Unable to get access and refresh token after authenticating with Google API I followed this awesome tutorial to get the access and refresh tokens once the user logged in with their google account, but I always this response when I call GetAccessCode():
{
   "error": "invalid_request"
}

Here's my code:
var url = window.location.href;

if (url.indexOf("code=") > 0) { //Once the user signed in with Google
    var code_starts = url.indexOf("code=");
    var code = url.substring((code_starts + 5), url.length);
    alert("Code= " + code);
    GetAccessTokens(code);
} else if (url.indexOf("access_token=") > 0) { //Get the tokens, but I never get this far
    var at_starts = url.indexOf("access_token=");
    var exp_starts = url.indexOf("expires_in=");
    var access_token = url.substring((at_starts + 13), exp_starts);
    alert("AT= " + access_token);

    var rt_starts = url.indexOf("refresh_token=");
    var id_starts = url.indexOf("id_token=");
    var refresh_token = url.substring((rt_starts + 14), id_starts);
    alert("RT= " + refresh_token);
} else {
    GetAccessCode(); //If user opens the page, show him the consent screen
}

function GetAccessCode() {
   window.location = 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?redirect_uri=https://mywebsite.com/quickstart.html' + '&response_type=code' + '&client_id=' + clientId + '&scope=' + scopes + '&approval_prompt=force' + '&access_type=offline';
}

function GetAccessTokens(code) {
    window.location = 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token?code=' + code + '&client_id=' + clientId + '&client_secret=' + clientSecret + '&redirect_uri=https://mywebsite.com/quickstart.html' + '&grant_type=authorization_code';
}

Here I receive the invalid_request error.
I tried to get the tokens via an ajax request to not have to redirect the page again (bad UX):
    var red = 'https://mywebsite.com/quickstart.html';
    var options = {
       url: 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token',
       type: "POST",
       dataType: "json",
       data: "code=code&client_id=clientId&client_secret=clientSecret&redirect_uri=red&grant_type=authorization_code",
        complete: function (e) {
            alert(e);
            alert(e.status);
        },
    };
    $.ajax(options);
}

I tried it with headers, too:
headers: { "Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},

And I tried it this way, too:
$.ajax({
    url: "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token",
    type: "post",
    datatype:"json",
    contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8",
    async : true,
    data: {code:code, client_id:clientId, client_secret:clientSecret, redirect_uri:'https://mywebsite.com/quickstart.html', grant_type:'authorization_code'},
    success: function(response){
        alert(response); //I never get this
        var json = $.parseJSON(response);
    }
})
.fail(function(err) {
    alert("error" + err); //I get [Object object]
});

And a few other stuff, too.
Oh, and all the parameters have the correct value.
Any ideas?
Ps: The oauth playground shows that the corrent token url is https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v4/token but when I use it I get Not found in the browser.

A: After 3 days I did it. Thanks for the console.log tip, @Brunt!
$.ajax({
            url: 'https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v4/token',
            type: "post",
            datatype:"json",
            contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8",
            async : true,
            data: {code:code, client_id:clientId, client_secret:clientSecret, redirect_uri:'https://mywebsite.com/quickstart.html', grant_type:'authorization_code'},
            success: function(response){
                console.log("Response: " + response);
                console.log("AT: " + response['access_token']);
                console.log("RT: " + response['refresh_token']);

                access_token = response['access_token'];
                refresh_token = response['refresh_token'];
            }
        })
        .fail(function(err) {
            alert("error" + err); //[Object object]
            console.log("error" + err);
        });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Let's learn today how to open Reason inside Cubase. Reason is a brilliant recording software. It works as a massive collection of instruments, audio processors and rack extensions, capable of amazing music possibilities. However, musicians and producers didn't want to limit their resources to Reason. They wanted to use Reason's features along with other virtual instruments and plugins, as well as to record vocals and other instruments, such as guitars.
To make it possible, both Steinberg and Propellerhead developed a software protocol called ReWire, that in short allows data transfer between audio and music softwares. With the ReWire protocol a user can set Cubase as a host and Reason as a sound module. Let's learn how to do that.
This action will automatically set Reason to work in the rewire mode.
Remember to save the Reason project so that you can open it again whenever you want to keep working on your production.
To do that, just click on the track output from Cubase and then choose the Reason Kong source, as shown above.
Notice that if you play any key on your keyboard/midi controller, you will hear no sound at all. That's because we need to do one last step.
That's it! You can now open as many instruments as you want on Reason and then route each one to a Cubase midi channel just as we did. Notice that now you can use along with Reason's instruments any other VSTi or even record audio tracks such as vocals, guitars, etc.
Remember that you won't be able to close your Cubase file unless you close your Reason project first.


text:
Was life better before social media?
Life in the '90s, before social media, was drastically different than life today. People were overall happier, more creative, and less indulged in the lives of strangers. There was ample time to hang out with friends and family. Today, extensive use of social media can be a distraction and decrease work productivity.
What does social media do to your brain?
When social media users receive positive feedback (likes), their brains fire off dopamine receptors, which is facilitated in part by the VTA. Outside of the rewards systems, social media stimuli can affect the brain's decision-making and emotional processing functions.
What came before social media?
Bulletin Board System (BBS) emerges as one of the earliest known forms of social media, and remains popular and under development until the late 1990s.
What did people before Facebook?
The one that got away, Myspace is the pre-Facebook social network site that everyone remembers. Founders Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolf learned from Friendster's mistakes and prioritised Myspace's scalability in order to avoid the same fate as Friendster.
What was before Internet?
Dial-up. "The pre-Web Internet was an almost entirely text-based world." As internet protocols and technologies were standardized, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, universities, businesses, and even regular people started to connect over the internet.
What was life like before electricity?
Living Without Electricity In the early 1900s, before electricity, power to accomplish everyday tasks came from the labor of the entire farm family and their hired hands, plus horses and windmills. Occasionally stationary gasoline engines were used to run pumps, washing machines or other equipment.
Is it possible to live without social media?
It's possible to live without social media, even in a tech-focused world. Deleting your social media account is not an easy choice. Participation in Facebook and other platforms has been associated with having a better social life, more access to information and a better connection to the world in general.
How social media is changing?
Social media is changing. After repeated scandals around the impact of things like fake news, cybersecurity, and even technology addiction, major social platforms are making changes to the way they sort and display content. Their goal is to preserve privacy and human relationships through humane technological design.
Does social media make us unsocial?
Social media is making us a little less social. Social networking is making us antisocial in many indirect and not so obvious ways. Yes it is true that it has given us ways to reach out to a larger set of people and redefined the way we interact with each other. It helped us to know about how different people think.
How social media is bad for students?
Too much use of Social Media can have adverse effects on students' minds and they may also be exposed to bad posture, eye strain, physical and mental stress.
What came before TV?
It seems hard to believe, but in 1928, radio was not only the new but the only electronic medium; it was most families' primary source of entertainment, just as later they would turn to television, and then the computer.
What did people before screens?
Before the invention of these mechanical devices people played, sang, danced, recited and acted. Some people also performed illusions, juggling, acrobatics and similar arts. And, of course, there have been printed books since the 1400s and newspapers since the 1600s.
What was life like before TV?
Life was simple before television came about. People either worked or talked. Family and friends would gather around and tell stories or talk about daily events. At times they would find entertainment from print media.
Which technology is not a form of broadband?
Answer. Explanation: Dial-up is NOT a type of broadband Internet connection. The term broadband commonly refers to high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access.
Is social media making us anti-social debate?
While technology offers greater connectivity among people and things than ever before, it is really making people less sociable or even anti-social. We are forgetting the value of face-to-face interactions to create more important and sustainable relationships.
by Wilson Nicoleon 12/18/2021 Posted in Ideas for writing your essay


text:
Women Connect Jingle Mingle
Frank Abagnale presents on "Stealing Your Life"
Amanda Huggett
frank abagnaleevent recapaarp
Yesterday, former con man turned FBI consultant, speaker, author and inspiration for the famed movie Catch Me If You Can, Frank Abagnale visited Fargo to present to an audience of about 1,000 people on how to protect themselves from fraud and scams.
We were proud to host Abangale with the help and sponsorship of AARP North Dakota and their Fraud Watch Network. Abagnale captivated the audience with his tales of travel, forgery and deception, and ultimately arrest, extradition and time in prison. Of course that has since turned into sharing his expert knowledge with businesses, government organizations and crowds. Abagnale maintains he always knew he'd get caught, and today he uses his actions to excuse his prior actions by lecturing and writing on the subject. But the most important thing to him is to simply be a good husband and father. So what did he share about fraud today with us? With billions of U.S. dollars being lost in white collar crime and advancements in technology and ingenuity of thieves, Abagnale says it's more important than ever for consumers and businesses to stay vigilant. Frankly, some of the stats are scary.
$200 billion has been lost due to Medicare fraud
There is a victim of identity theft every two seconds
Children are sought-after victims of identity theft because criminals can use their identity for long periods of time before the theft is detected or credit is checked. (He recommends the service LifeLock to monitor children's social security number use.)
A projected $6 trillion will be lost from the world economy by 2020 due to cyber crime
There are 5,000 new phishing incidents every day
"Hackers do not cause breaches; people do!" Abagnale said. "Every breach happens because someone in a company or home does something they're not supposed to, or doesn't do something they were supposed to." Today's technology makes it easier than ever for hackers to locate access points in your home or business and use social engineering to breach your information and start collecting. Never assume it can't happen to you. Hackers wait for doors to open, and there are a lot of doors in the world today. But there are ways you can lessen your risk.
Catch some of these tricks he shared to outsmart scammers!
Never list your place or date of birth online (these are the two most important pieces of information scammers need to steal your identity)
Do not post head-on shots of your face on social media (something that could pass as an ID photo)
Shred all papers that contain valuable information with a secure micro-cut shredder (not a straight-cut or cross-cut)
Sign up for a credit monitoring service
Don't write checks or use debit cards; credit is everything and is the most secure form of payment (this way the liability is on the credit card company and not your own money)
The longer you are on the line with a robocaller, the more information they're collecting on you. Hang up and verify before telling them anything!
Don't use public WiFi to look up or send your valuable information (no wiring money or inputting your Social Security number in waiting rooms!)
"Every scam has a red flag. Any time I ask you for money or data, that's a red flag," he said. Abagnale advised when you get one of these calls and question its legitimacy, hang up, look up the listed number for the organization and call them directly to verify the request. "It's up to you to keep your information private," Abagnale urged. "You've got to be proactive, not reactive. No one else can protect you."
It's important for businesses to educate their employees on safety, set up protocols and minimize risk for the security of the entire company, too. "Education is the most important tool to fighting crime," he said.
He also shared that there is an effort to eliminate the use of passwords in the future. One company called Trusona is leading the charge to switch the world over to cell phone verification at places like an ATM or even your own TV. After all, "passwords are for tree houses," he said.
For more information and resources on fraud and protection, visit abagnale.com.
View more photos from the event on our Facebook page.
Thanks to our local media who covered Abagnale's visit:
Prairie Public: Frank Abagnale speaks to Fargo crowd on recognizing scams
WDAY: The man behind the movie, "Catch Me If You Can" visits Fargo
Check out these highlights from Twitter!
AARP Ambassador Frank Abagnale visits with AARP ND Fraud Watch Network volunteers today in Fargo. You can join a conversation with Frank at 5:20 pm CDT this afternoon during our teletown hall and Facebook Live. Join us on our Facebook page then! #FrankStealsFargo pic.twitter.com/3YpKklyQ7O
— AARP North Dakota (@AARP_ND) July 24, 2018
"Education is the most important tool to fighting crime," Frank Abagnale tells our media. Thanks for being here, @KVRRTV @WDAYnews and @prairiepublic! #frankstealsfargo pic.twitter.com/g3ZAc1y3BL
— Amanda Huggett (@FMWFAmanda) July 24, 2018
We're thrilled to help welcome Frank Abagnale to Fargo! @FMWFChamber pic.twitter.com/Ul1V20hh7E
— Livewire (@Livewire_Now) July 24, 2018
This place is PACKED! Frank Abagnale has such an interesting story. #FrankStealsFargo #CatchMeIfYouCan pic.twitter.com/gXqqtUGGA4
— Tyler Fischbach (@FMWFTyler) July 24, 2018
We are excited to hear Frank Abagnale share his store with the @FMWFChamber today! #CatchMeIfYouCan pic.twitter.com/MhVoSJlRSM
— Wanzek Construction (@WanzekConst) July 24, 2018


Ms. Thomas chairs Winston & Strawn LLP's privacy and data security practice, which numbers 25 lawyers. Her career path shows how many of her peers have migrated to cyberspace specialties through patent work. She was a trademark litigator at Gardner Carton & Douglas LLP (later absorbed by Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP), representing Beanie Babies maker Ty Inc. and dealing with child privacy issues stemming from chat-room traffic. "From there, I saw the bigger world of privacy," she says.
The Finland-born Ms. Thomas, 43, moved to Winston eight years ago, aiming to dovetail her practice with the firm's advertising clientele. Online behavioral advertising is part of her portfolio.
Rebecca Eisner, 52, took a different route. She handled privacy matters in Atlanta for credit-reporting firm Equifax until a family move brought her back to what is now Mayer Brown LLP. She focused on information technology and outsourcing, but as e-commerce gained steam, her purview broadened to data security as clients began to abandon on-premises data centers for cheaper but riskier off-site storage. So far, her clients, which include an unidentified utility company hacked by various vendors, have avoided financial repercussions beyond legal and notification costs, she says.


Learn more about window cord safety!
NEW YORK, NY – August 17, 2017 – October is National Window Covering Safety Month, a time of heightened public awareness of the potential strangulation hazards to young children from window covering cords. The Window Covering Safety Council (WCSC) and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) are urging consumers to check their window coverings for exposed or dangling cords which can pose a strangulation hazard to infants and young children. WCSC, CPSC and safety experts strongly recommend that only cordless window coverings or window coverings with inaccessible cords be used in homes with young children.
According to the CPSC, corded window coverings are one of the top five hidden hazards in American homes, with infants and children accidentally becoming entangled in window covering cords. To increase public awareness of window covering cord dangers, the WCSC and CPSC have again declared October as National Window Covering Safety Month.
Consumers can easily identify cordless window covering options available at major retailers across the country by looking for the Best for Kids™ certification label on the packaging of a large variety of products. In order to be eligible for this certification, manufacturers must submit their products to a recognized third party test laboratory for review and analysis to determine if they meet the Best for Kids program criteria. For products that meet the criteria, the lab sends a report to the company that these products may be labeled Best for Kids™.
Install only cordless window coverings or those with inaccessible cords in homes with young children. Replace window blinds and corded shades with products that are cordless or have inaccessible cords marked with the Best for Kids™ certification label. The label enables you to easily identify products best suited for homes with young children.
When window cords are present, ensure that all window cords are out of sight and reach, by shortening or moving them up and away, so that they are inaccessible to young children.
The Window Covering Safety Council (WCSC) is a coalition of major U.S. manufacturers, importers and retailers of window coverings dedicated to educating consumers about window cords safety. The Council also assists and supports its members in the industry's ongoing efforts to encourage the use of cordless products in homes with young children, its redesign of corded products and to support the national ANSI/WCMA standard for corded window coverings. WCSC's activities in no way constitute an assumption of any legal duty owed by its members or any other entity.


But never give up hope that it can get better either by T/H fading, or at least partial habituation. I will NEVER give up hope for this. If I did not have any hope, what was there to live for??
I am doing another hearing exam in 2 weeks to see if my hearing has worsened. I also changed my Ent after my last Ent said no to come back to her anymore for at least a year or so.
I am doing another hearing exam in 2 weeks to see if my hearing has worsened. I also changed my Ent after my last Ent said no to come back to her anymore.
How can you have volume 60 on your tv if you have severe H? volume 60 is SUPER LOUD on my tv. Usually I have my tv on 12, maximum 12-13.
It is super loud but I cant cover mine. I usually watch tv with volume 50 so I can cover my T somewhat my T. Yesterday I went to eat out (after not being in a resturant for a year). My T could be heard over everyone's voice. I had earplugs with me but the dishes clanking were tough on my ears with H.
I would like to add one more update, in the moring my tinnitus is close to silence, also my ears feels stronger than before, and I don't notice any clicks sensation some times a day, I will update after few weeks, let's see.
It's the same, recently I made a mistake. I went to a loud restaurant with ear plugs, which gives me spike for about 7 days, I am lucky that it comes back to baseline.
I am not going to take any chance with my hearing now for life time, even with earplugs they don't provide protection.
It's been 8 months now, will update when it gets down.
All my friends are going to Dubai, and I have cancelled it, and feeling so depressed about my condition.
Yup, Tinnitus will ruin your life permanently. Imagine that I was not able to go out with mild t, now with severe t its worse. My friends called me to go out with them today to the beach, but I am not able to. I am just soooo scared that it will get worse. I also cant focus with the high pitched dentist drill in my head that cant be masked by anything besides shower.
Yup, Tinnitus will ruin your life permanently.
i am agree with you but by changing lifestyle, we can live the remaining life, at least we are alive and don't have any serious life threatening desease, how much time you are in?
1 year. I got it when I was 27 when I graduated college. I didnt even have a chance to experience life and sadly i never will. Its just the way it is. I wish i had 20-30 years of life to enjoy....damn.
tinnitus is a serious life threatening disease, dont think it is not. If you have severe or catastrophic tinnitus then its bad.
I also got it at the same age as you, maybe you will get habituated after 2, 3 years.
How is it life threatening? Even if it's damn severe.
Why have you cancelled your holiday @Rohit Saluja ?
@dpdx I'm sorry but your outlook is contributing greatly. The volume has no impact on one's ability to ignore it or not. I'm 31. I was born with T and it was mildish most of my life. Parents would have to give me sleep medication as a young child because of it. My current masking is around 85 DB (it's dropped fairly recently, however to about 75) so I get it. I really know what it's like. I've never had a day of silence. But you know what? I've got a great family an amazing job and I do the things I want to. Am I careful? Yes. But tinnitus is really only as loud or intrusive as you let it be. I went on vacation last week and went two days without even noticing the 75dB screech in my head. It can be done, but not with this attitude.
You mean to tell me, you don't think it is any harder ignoring a smoke alarm going off then a faint sound of a clock ticking for example? I think most people would disagree with this, including me.
Yes, attitude has a say in this, but only to a certain extend.
You're in a trial for tinnitus reduction. Please don't give him that lecture.
You mean to tell me, you don't think it is harder ignoring a smoke alarm going off then a faint sound of a clock ticking for example? I think most people would disagree with this, including me.
Well, I think that is ridiculous (not you, but the notion) but you are entitled to your opinion.
But I gotta ask you this, cause now I am very baffled and confused @kelpiemsp why are you in this trial to lower your T, if it does not matter if your T is loud or mild, according to you? That makes absolutely no sense.
Why are you using masking sounds, as you have stated you did before the trial? if your T was not bothersome you wouldnt need masking.
I said I went two days and also...I am clearly not there yet, and didn't mean to imply I was. I have been on valium for ten years and am in a Tinnitus trial, so obviously I struggle...like hell.
But for the record I believe I would still struggle regardless of the volume because that is my personality...for now.
Which finds only a .27 correlation. That highest I have found is .45 but those studies do a poor job of accounting for time.
Sorry, but I am not gonna look at those reseachers. I don't need explanation to conclude that the statement that volume does not matter is utter nonsense.
I am sorry but I coped a lot better with Mild T. With this NO WAY!
So you say you struggle.....then I just don't understand how you can say loudness does not matter.
I struggle because of my mental state. After running all of the data on this website...you want to know what the single largest predictor of Tinnitus annoyance is? Social isolation not volume. You are welcome to call the earth flat, but these are the facts.
I struggle because of my mental state. After running all of the data on this website...you want to know what the single largest predictor or Tinnitus annoyance is? Social isolation not volume. You are welcome to call the earth flat, but these are the facts.
Just because some researchers say so does not make it a fact in my book. From reading on this page one can easily see that those who struggle heavily with their T is by far the ones who have it severe, that to me is a FACT that loudness do indeed matter very much.
I experienced mild, moderate,e severe, and very severe tinnitus. When I had VERY severe tinnitus for 2 weeks back in January I couldn't do my job, nor sleep, nothing, absolutely nothing!. Volume plays a hugeee role, the more intrusive tinnitus is the more problems. When T was mild I could read books, watch tv, even study, yes study. It was so tolerable that I even forgot it was there, now that is severe, it is very hard to ignore, add hyperacusis on top of that in both ears for 8 months and you got a disaster.
What has been found is that perceived loudness has no correlation with actual loudness or masking level. That is I can perceive a sound to be very loud, even if it is very easily maskable.


The Obama administration has proposed escalating US involvement in the Syrian civil war, asking Congress for $500m for the US military to train and equip "moderate" Syrian rebels.
The request to Congress on Thursday, heralded by Barack Obama's vow, made during a speech at West Point military academy, to step up assistance to a beleaguered Syrian force, comes as the administration searches for effective alternatives to the jihadist army that has carved out massive swaths of Syria and Iraq for an Islamic state.
Previously, US aid to the Syrian opposition that is fighting dictator Bashar al-Assad focused on non-lethal provisioning, while the Central Intelligence Agency focused on sending small arms and missiles to what the US calls the "vetted" Syrian moderates. Yet the Gulf Arab states have established an arms pipeline giving a substantive military edge to jihadist groups fighting Assad and one another.
Caitlin Hayden, the National Security Council spokeswoman, said in a statement that the requested aid would "help defend the Syrian people, stabilize areas under opposition control, facilitate the provision of essential services, counter terrorist threats, and promote conditions for a negotiated settlement."
US military training for the Syrians, three-and-a-half years into a conflict that has killed more than 150,000 people and recast the boundaries of the Middle East, is likely to take place in Jordan, where the US military already trains its Iraqi counterparts. It is also in line with Obama's desired template for counterterrorism, as unveiled at West Point, in which the US trains foreign security forces to assault terrorists themselves.
Accordingly, a long-delayed war funding package, known for years as the Overseas Contingency Fund and before that a "supplemental", includes $5bn for the administration's heavily promoted Counterterrorism Partnerships Fund.
Some $1.5bn of that would go into a "regional stabilization initiative" for Syrian neighbors Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey and Iraq.
The overall size of the wartime funding package, distinct from the half-trillion annual defense budget, is $65.8bn, down from $79.4bn. Much of that money will go to funding the Afghanistan war now that Obama announced that 2014 will not mark its end but rather the end of most US combat.
Yet the White House cautioned that despite a reduction in US troops, funding for the Afghanistan war will not "decline precipitously." Instead, according to a White House statement, "significant costs" will remain, both for the logistically complex and expensive process of removing personnel and equipment from Afghanistan and bolstering the Afghan security forces – a project with new salience after the US-trained Iraqi military was routed in Nineveh Province by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Isis).


text:
Why We Can't Predict Sunset Times Exactly
So, if we can calculate astronomical refraction to a gnat's eyelash, and we know the position of the Sun to a fraction of a second of arc, we should be able to predict when it will set tonight, with an accuracy of a fraction of a second of time, right?
Wrong. (Although that's a reasonable question.)
What do we need to know? Sunset occurs when the apparent position of the Sun's upper limb reaches the apparent horizon; so we need to know the positions of both the upper limb (as a function of time) and the apparent horizon.
Well, we certainly do know the Sun's geometric position accurately. And we know its diameter, too; so we can compute the true zenith distance of its upper limb accurately at any time. That's the easy part (i.e., the astronomical part) of the problem.
However, the apparent positions of both the Sun's upper limb and the visible horizon are affected by atmospheric refraction — but in somewhat different ways. And, to calculate refraction accurately, we need to know the distribution of temperature and pressure in the atmosphere accurately. That's the hardest part (i.e., the meteorological part) of the problem.
Another difficult part has to do with just where the apparent horizon is. If it's a sea horizon, the apparent horizon depends not only on the observer's position, but also on the height of the waves. If it's a land horizon, irregularities in the topography determine the geometric position where the Sun disappears. Given the heights of the eye and the physical horizon, we can calculate the dip of the apparent horizon — but we must take refraction into account.
Refraction and dip
If the lower atmosphere had a constant lapse rate, as I assumed for simplicity on the dip and distance to the horizon pages here, refraction might be tractable; for the effect of refraction from air below eye level on the dip of the horizon would be just one fourth of its effect on the Sun at the horizon. First of all, because rays are symmetrical about their lowest points, the Sun's horizon-grazing ray is bent as much beyond the horizon as it is between the eye and the horizon; so the bending between eye and horizon is half the total bending of the solar ray below eye level. But ray bending near the horizon adds very little to the dip, because of a perspective effect (see the discussion of parallactic refraction on the terrestrial refraction page); if the eye is low enough that we can assume the ray is an arc of a circle, this decreases the contribution of refraction to the sea horizon's dip by another factor of 2.
Thus, refraction near the horizon itself — i.e., near the sea surface — hardly affects the dip; but it affects the distance to the horizon, and the Sun's refraction, with full force. As a result, the dip turns out to be affected by the mean curvature of the ray; while the distance to the horizon, and the solar refraction, are affected by the (reciprocal of) the mean reciprocal of the curvature. So, in the real world, where the lapse rate varies with height, the dip depends on just the (arithmetic) mean lapse rate, while the Sun's refraction depends on the reciprocal of the mean reciprocal — i.e., the harmonic mean — of the lapse rate. (See my 1998 paper with George Kattawar on the dip diagram for technical details.)
Therefore, while we can find the dip from just the temperatures at eye level and at the sea horizon, without knowing the detailed temperature profile in between, the refraction of the setting Sun depends on all the details of the temperature profile. In general, the factor of four discussed above is a lower limit; if the ray curvature is similar to the Earth's curvature near the sea surface, the solar refraction can become very large, even though the dip of the sea horizon is hardly affected. (This actually happens in Fisher's Type B sunsets.)
Variations in dip and refraction
The variations in dip of the horizon are several minutes of arc, and are easily visible to the naked eye. For example, Riccò (1889, 1890) noticed the changes in apparent height of the sea horizon, compared to nearby architectural features, while looking out his office window.
As the variations in astronomical refraction at the horizon are larger than the dip variations by a factor of at least four, they clearly amount to a few tenths of a degree ordinarily, and sometimes reach a few degrees. These angles correspond to a minute of time or so at low latitudes, and several minutes at higher ones. In the polar regions, the observed times of sunrise and sunset can differ from predictions by several days; see the section of the bibliography devoted to the Novaya Zemlya effect.
So it is hardly surprising that the standard tables of sunrise and sunset times are given only to the nearest minute. That's about as accurate as we can expect a prediction to be. As G. M. Clemence, the Director of the Nautical Almanac Office, wrote in 1951,
… the indeterminacy is a geometrical one, and the refraction at any instant may differ by several minutes of arc from the most accurate value that can be calculated.
Evidently, the variability of refraction is the big problem. But can't we just use the atmospheric profiles measured by radiosondes twice a day to calculate the refraction accurately?
No. It turns out that standard meteorological instrumentation isn't accurate enough to allow the calculation of refraction very precisely, even at the astronomical horizon. And below it, at the apparent horizon, the refraction is still more sensitive to the details of atmospheric structure that are missed by the radiosondes, as Bruton and Kattawar explained in their papers of 1997 and 1998. In any case, the radiosondes aren't launched from sea level, but from (usually) airports, at locations many meters above the sea; so even if the instruments had perfect accuracy and unlimited resolution, they couldn't provide data for the most important part of the profile: where the sunset ray is horizontal — i.e., the part below eye level. (See my 2004 paper on low-altitude refraction for more details.)
For an excellent and thorough discussion of refraction near the horizon, see Fletcher's great article.
Waves and dip
An additional complication in computing the dip of the sea horizon is that the apparent horizon corresponds to the highest wave crests, where the air temperature is different from the sea-surface temperature. According to Freiesleben (1949), the typical height of the waves is 40 cm, and the apparent horizon occurs at a height of about 50 cm. (An English summary of this work appears in his excellent 1950 review paper, and another brief summary of his results appeared in English in 1954.)
This subject is discussed further in Lutz Hasse's thesis (in German; but summarized in English in 1964.)
Mirages and dip
Hasse (see above) was the first after Bravais (1853) to point out explicitly that anomalous refraction can even shift the apparent horizon above the apparent one — though "negative dip" had in fact been observed by several people, notably Koss & Graf Thun-Hohenstein (1901) and von Schrötter (1908). (Searching the bibliography for the phrase "negative dip" will produce several other examples.)
Hasse's unique contribution was to point out that a strong thermal inversion can produce a Kimmfläche or "horizon surface" above the horizontal. This "false horizon" can best be thought of as the upper edge of Wegener's blank strip associated with a superior mirage. If that mirage contains only an inverted image of the distant sea surface, it may not be noticed. However, as Wegener (1918) pointed out, this strip blocks the observer's view of the Sun (and other celestial objects); so its upper edge will be where the setting Sun disappears, if the strip's lower edge is hidden by the physical horizon. Because of the very great refraction at this false horizon, the sunset will appear to be greatly delayed.
A similar elevation of the apparent horizon can sometimes be produced by a distant layer of coastal stratus. If its upper surface is flat enough, it can be mistaken for the sea horizon. This may account for some reports of anomalously small refraction at sunset (i.e., early sunsets).
Also, if there is an inferior mirage at the horizon, the "last glimpse" of the Sun occurs a few minutes of arc above the apparent horizon. (See, for example, an animated simulation of an inferior-mirage sunset — or the same sunset at high resolution.) As the diurnal motion carries the Sun through 1 minute of arc in 4 seconds of time, that alone will make the sunset appear several seconds before the expected time.
Nominal Predictions
The standard predictions of sunset times are certainly useful to observers and green-flash hunters; just don't take them too literally, or expect more accuracy than they can deliver. They assume the true depression of the Sun's center is 50 minutes of arc; that's the sum of an average radius of 16 minutes, and a nominal horizontal refraction of 34 minutes.
The place to start is the Naval Observatory's website, which provides sunrise and sunset predictions for each day, and can generate tables for every day in the year. Dip of the apparent horizon is completely neglected; the calculations are for the astronomical horizon, not the apparent horizon. (See the "Notes" section at the bottom of the "Sun and Moon Data for One Day" page, which refers you to the page of "Rise, Set, and Twilight Definitions".) There's also a page telling you where to find more information about computing rise and set times.
Data are provided for U.S. cities only; but rising and setting times for the Sun, Moon, planets, and bright stars are provided for any place in the world at http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/data-services/mrst-world.
For arbitrary places on Earth, you can also get similar results from either the FAA calculator or NOAA's calculator.
Sarah Wahlberg has pointed out another page with many links to solar positional and other information. It leads to nominal predictions for moonrise and moonset, as well as twilight. Just be aware that these values are as arbitrary (and as inaccurate) as predictions of sunrise and sunset times.
© 2010, 2012, 2018 Andrew T. Young
Didn't find what you were looking for? Try the tables of contents or the glossary or the alphabetical index.
Back to the terrestrial refraction page


text:
Альберт Алтымышевич Кадыров (род. 30 января 1971 года) — киргизский политик и частный предприниматель, губернатор Джалал-Абадской области в 2009—2010 годах. В 2007 году избран депутатом в Жогорку Кенеш IV  созыва от фракции Ак Жол.Директор фонда развитии экологии Ошской и Баткенской областей 2008—2009 года. 2010 году занимал пост заместителя министра МЧС.Имеет два высших образования. В 2010 году занимал 47 место в списке «100 самых богатых людей Кыргызской Республики» по версии журнала Azattyk.

Примечания

Персоналии по алфавиту

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Stonebridge Offices Ltd welcomes the introduction of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (the "Act").
The aim of the Act is in line with our own values and we applaud any measures which seek to bring about greater transparency and scrutiny into our various supply chains, in order to combat slavery and trafficking activities. In accordance with the legislation, we are now looking to produce our Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement (the "Statement"), taking into account the introduction of various measures throughout our supply chain management which will be most effective at reducing the risk of slavery and trafficking activities being present within our business operations.
As our financial year end was 31st December 2015 we are not obliged to publish our Statement for the 2015 financial year, but we shall publish our Statement and details of the measures we will be introducing throughout 2016, well in advance of the legislative deadline.
We look forward to working with our partners, contractors, suppliers and other stakeholders to bring any necessary changes into effect, and then to review their effectiveness and consider any changes or additional measures which such a review highlights.


Sweet! I added my name to the invite list, and meanwhile I'll just try to finish these damn socks.
Hmmm. It won't even let me add my name to the invite list.... I'll try to remember it and check in to see when it's up and running so that I can join.
I wish I could knit something besides a scarf comprised entirely of knit or purl stitches.
Iconomy, we're in the same boat.
The same boat of scarves.
I just added my name to the invite list too.
I'll be glad to join as soon as my invite goes through (I'm estimating that will be September at this rate)!
I requested an invite early, so I'm already in, and have been addicted of late. I'm booksherpa on there as well.
Iconomy, Mulp, doubtful_guest, when you get in, I've started a group called "Fearless Knitters" for people looking to move beyond scarves. or to tackle whatever knitting demons keep them from trying something.
To non-knitters reading this thread, and perhaps wondering what could possibly interest them about this? Ravelry, if it invited the whole invite list today, would probably have over 10,000 users. That's after about 3 months, and is almost entirely word of mouth on knitting blogs. I predict that this site will be winning various "best of the web" awards in a year, not just for hobby sites, but for site design and community sites as well. It is a well-designed site with a ton of features and responsive founders. The only thing holding it back at this point is that it is run entirely by a husband (coder) and wife (knitter) team.
There are 10,024 people in line ahead of me, but I signed up on the 12th. Once I finally get my invite, I'd be very interested in a Mefi group.
booksherpa - I totally think Ravelry is socially/technologically interesting enough for Metafilter. It's incredibly well done already and I think it's part of the next evolution in "social networking websites" ---> social networking with a purpose. Along with API AJAXY goodness and a lovely interface to boot, behold the power of the knitterly community!
Ok given the beta nature of accounts right now, I guess I'll revisit the Metafilter Groups idea again in a few months once more people get in. In the meantime, feel free to add me as a friend in there!
Just added my name to the list as well...I'll look you guys up when I finally get an invite :) Maybe this will help do something about my wanting to mod the hell out of every pattern I work from.
Obsessive longtime knitter here (and willing coach, btw, for anyone who wants one). Am getting in line right now. Am also favoriting this page for the great day (whenever it may come) that I finally get in to Ravelry.
ObKnitContent: currently working on a cashmere hat for nobody in particular.
Desperately seeking invite to Ravelry, and yes I'd be down for a mefi group. Hook a sister up, anyone? Email is in profile.
Turtlegirl, unfortunately invites aren't available to hand out right now, otherwise I would have emailed about half a dozen friends already. :) If you go to http://www.ravelry.com you can add your name to the invite list. Casey and Jess have been overwhelmed by the number of people trying to join, and have been letting people in as fast as the site can handle larger number. It sounds like they'll be bringing some bigger/faster servers online soon, so cross your fingers! In the meantime, you can check where you are on the waiting list here.
* You are #17263 on the list.
* 11332 people are ahead of you in line.
* 1 people are behind you in line.
11,212 people are ahead of me. I'd be interested in a MeFi group when I get an invite.
Until then, I should have plenty of time to finish my socks. And gloves. And the hats... oh, and my shawl... (that's a lot of people ahead of me).
Welp. There are over 10000 people ahead of me on the invite list. I'm really shocked that there are that many knitters online. I don't know why I'm shocked. But, yes, I will join when I can join ravelry.
Other than Gmail (and of course the coveted and long gone free Mefi accounts) I can't really recall another website that has such an excited waiting line of potential users. Pretty cool.
Hey, LN, sorry, I assumed this was like other launches where the "in" crowd get a certain number of invites to give away. I signed up on the waiting list. Now to work on my summer project (a felted clothespin bag) while I wait.
BTW, on an unrelated note, if anyone has a spare invite to DOPPLR please hook me up. Thanks!
Is it for knitters only, or can crocheters get in on this action too?
MsMolly - it's both knit and crochet.
I'm in there! Username: webgoddess.
No, it's definitely for textile artists, Helga-woo. Weavers, spinners, dyers, everybody. See this comment over at techcrunch.
I'm there, too, but in my Professional GuiseTM as 'knitgrrl' -- friend me if you're already on!
Sounds fun- I've joined the waiting list.
Oh, my. I signed up for the waiting list today and there are already 351 people behind me in the queue.
By the time they get the 10,000+ ahead of me signed up, I should be finished all the socks I'm giving as Xmas gifts....?
Please. Don't share your needles. a'ight?
I'm on Ravelry as vanessarama and am definitely up for a MeFi knitters group.
I keep wobbling on the fence to join. I don't need another obsession but MAN I LOVE KNITTING.
C'mon, it'll be a while before everyone on the waiting list gets invited. Just add your name. What harm could it do?
First one's free, little girl . . .
All right! I created a group called "Metastitcher", trying to be a little more open-ended than just knitters (and dyers and spinners are welcome too!).
For those already a Ravelry member, I am pretty sure I sent you an invite into the group. For all others, see ya there soon!
I am on the invite list (and I spin, so other spinners, join too).
This is great! I am on the invite list, although there are 11,691 people ahead of me. Sad face.
Looking forward to joining other MeFites in knitting/crochet/stitchery fun!
I'm on a summer hiatus right now. Gardening and biking usually takes up my free time in the summer. When I pick it back up, I'll be working on dishcloths to send back to my old knitting group I left behind when I moved.
I wondered what possessed me to sign up on the waiting list today. Damn you, booksherpa!
heh. you're eventually sucked in, there's no point it denying the allure of wool.
I knit with superwash though, so...I guess I am really stuck.
It's amazing how large the waiting list is. Wow!
I finally got in just the other day. I hope this gets me out of my knitting doldrums.


text:
Mourinho: 'Chelsea are already Premier League champions'
It will be another return to Stamford Bridge for former Blues boss Mourinho when United travels to London for the quarterfinal of the FA Cup. United booked its spot in the last eight thanks to a 2-1 win at Blackburn Rovers on Sunday.
Mourinho's men are also set to face Southampton in the EFL Cup final on February 26. - Getty Images
Chelsea can focus solely on the FA Cup as it has already got the Premier League title in the bag, claims Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho.
And Mourinho has seemingly kicked off the mind games, with Chelsea eight points clear atop the Premier League table, and 12 ahead of United.
"Probably Chelsea can only think about that [the FA Cup] because I think they are champions and they have nothing else to fight for," Mourinho said after Zlatan Ibrahimovic came off the bench to score the winner at Ewood Park.
"The FA Cup is something I believe is important for them. I have to play St-Etienne [on Wednesday], I have to play the [League Cup] final, I have to play hopefully another opponent in the Europa League.
"I have to fight for a top-four position in the Premier League. I have so many things to think about. The match is in one month's time. I don't want to be speaking about it."
United has a gruelling fixture list, which includes a trip to Saint-Etienne for the second leg of its Europa League last-32 tie on Wednesday.
Mourinho's men are also set to face Southampton in the EFL Cup final on February 26.
FIFA awards: Lewandowski wins best player vote ahead of Messi, Salah
Pro Kabaddi: Pardeep, Surender star in U.P. Yoddha's 50-40 win over Puneri Paltan; Bengal Warriors beat Telugu Titans 28-27 in a thriller
Referee Mukansanga to lead all-female officiating line-up at Africa Cup of Nations
ISL 2021-22: Hyderabad FC vs Jamshedpur FC postponed due to COVID-19
A recipe for success: Sridhar outlines 'captain' Kohli's defining moments
Aus Open: Nadal launches Grand Slam record bid by steamrolling Giron
Vidit Gujrathi
Rajagopal Sathish
Former Ranji Trophy player offered ₹40 lakh for match fixing - reports
Ben Stokes opts out of IPL 2022 auction for England home summer: reports
Bumrah on Test captaincy: If given an opportunity, it will be an honour
Italian Roundup: Referee apologizes for apparent error in AC Milan loss to Spezia
AFCON 2021: Burkina Faso qualifies alongside Cameroon
IPL: Tata to pay Rs 670 crore for two years as title sponsor


and settles, surges and slides.
for scudding across the water.
A dog barks from deep in the silence.
keeps time. I have slept in so many arms.
consolation may leave one inconsolable.
except in the shallowest breathing places.
For us back then, to live seemed almost to die.
One day a darkness fell between her and me.
stood in the water glass at our bedside.
There is silence in the beginning.
The life within us grows quiet.
it cannot not exist ever again.
which most other animals can still speak.
The present pushes back the life of regret.
will have started sticking itself all over us.
to the makers if their pots cracked.
when we fall apart or we become whole.
Our time seems to be up – I think I even hear it stopping.
Then why have we kept up the singing for so long?
Because that's the sort of determined creature we are.
and then, harder by far, to be astonished.


Scroll below to enter to win a copy of book one in the London Chronicles series, A Secret Courage!
Growing up I never had a desire to be a missionary. In fact in church when missionaries to share I always prayed that I wouldn't feel God's tap on the shoulder. Honestly, I didn't want to leave my comfort zone.
Then God tricked me. Okay, not really, but my first venture into the world was when I joined two writer friends on a research trip through Europe. I was going for fun, but God had something else in mind. He wanted to show me the needs of others—mainly the need for Him.
Our research trip was all exotic foods, souvenir buying and sightseeing until we drove out of the Czech Republic on the day before I was due to leave Europe. Upon exiting the country I witnessed something that rocked me to the core. There were young woman standing in the misty rain on the side of the road leading out of the country, they were wearing thin dresses and holding umbrellas. When I asked my European friend, Anne, about it she told me they were prostitutes. Prostitution was illegal in Austria, and so these young woman would stand on the roads near the borders, waiting for men to come across the borders and take them into the woods.
At that moment my heart was crushed. I couldn't wrap my mind around what these beautiful woman had to face on a daily basis. Those women—and the need for Christ's truth in that country—stayed on my heart for years, and when my first three children entered the teen years I felt God nudging me to lead a mission trip there.
My husband, John, and I led the trip of 19 people—mostly teens—to the Czech Republic in 2009, having never even been on a mission trip before. We worked with the most amazing Czech church, and one night during a conversation with the pastor's wife we got on the topic of World War II.
As Gabi continued to share that night, it was the first time I'd heard of Nicholas Winton and his efforts to rescue the Jewish children of the Czech Republic. He was a mere man who heard of the need to help getting Jewish children out of the country, rolled up his sleeves and saved 669 of them, including Thomas.
At the time Gabi told me about Thomas I was busy with book contracts, and then John and I added to that busyness by adopting seven kids. But the story of the trains carrying children out of the Czechoslovakia didn't leave me, and "find Thomas Grauman" was on my to-do list for at least seven years.
Then came the moment when everything changed. When thinking about what novel I just "had to write" next, the story of the children on the trains rose to the surface. I got a contract for two World War II novels, and the second one A Daring Escape, shares this story.
Danger Closes In. Can the Children be Rescued?
As the threat of World War II looms on the horizon, American Amity Mitchell is living a comfortable life abroad as a tutor in England. Life changes when an urgent telegram arrives from her brother, Andrew, summoning her to Prague. Nazi forces tighten their grip on the country, and Andrew's efforts to help Jewish children escape Czechoslovakia grow desperate. Children's lives are at risk. Amity knows she can't ignore God's call to join her brother's cause.
Amity's boss, Clark, arrives in Prague, urging her to return. Soon, he too finds himself helping prepare kindertransports bound for the safety of England. With the sound of German tanks rumbling over cobblestone streets, Amity and Clark race to save innocent lives. Will their prayers for deliverance be answered?
A Daring Escape is a gripping tale of hope, self-sacrifice, and the power of unrelenting love overcoming unspeakable hate.


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