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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with milk yield in Argentinean Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows
María Agustina Raschia ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-43971,
Juan Pablo Nani2,
Daniel Omar Maizon3,
María José Beribe4,
Ariel Fernando Amadio2,5 &
Mario Andrés Poli1
Research on loci influencing milk production traits of dairy cattle is one of the main topics of investigation in livestock. Many genomic regions and polymorphisms associated with dairy production have been reported worldwide. In this context, the purpose of this study was to identify candidate loci associated with milk yield in Argentinean dairy cattle. A database of candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for milk production and composition was developed. Thirty-nine SNPs belonging to 22 candidate genes were genotyped on 1643 animals (Holstein and Holstein x Jersey). The genotypes obtained were subjected to association studies considering the whole population and discriminating the population by Holstein breed percentage. Phenotypic data consisted of milk production values recorded during the first lactation of 1156 Holstein and 462 Holstein x Jersey cows from 18 dairy farms located in the central dairy area of Argentina. From these records, 305-day cumulative milk production values were predicted.
Eight SNPs (rs43375517, rs29004488, rs132812135, rs137651874, rs109191047, rs135164815, rs43706485, and rs41255693), located on six Bos taurus autosomes (BTA4, BTA6, BTA19, BTA20, BTA22, and BTA26), showed suggestive associations with 305-day cumulative milk production (under Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with a false discovery rate of 0.1). Two of those SNPs (rs43375517 and rs135164815) were significantly associated with milk production (Bonferroni adjusted p-values < 0.05) when considering the Holstein population.
The results obtained are consistent with previously reported associations in other Holstein populations. Furthermore, the SNPs found to influence bovine milk production in this study may be used as possible candidate SNPs for marker-assisted selection programs in Argentinean dairy cattle.
Within Argentina's economy, the dairy industry is considered one of the most important and dynamic agrifood sector. Its structure is the result of a process of concentration and specialization of several years, with a decrease in the number of dairy farms and an increase in their productive scale [1]. Currently, this country has approximately 1.8 million dairy cows distributed in 11,750 productive units [2]. The average milk production for the period 2011–2015 was of 11,167.9 million of liters/year [3]. From the total milk production, approximately 7.5% is sold through the informal market and/or consumed by farm households, while 92.5% is processed as fluid milk or as manufactured dairy products [4]. As production capacity far exceeds the volume required to meet domestic demand, between 15 and 25% of the total milk production is sold to external markets [3]. Dairy production system is primarily based on extensive grazing; however, an increased use of supplements is giving rise to a mixed system. Regarding current breeding strategies, there is no national scheme with a single objective but each producer follows its own strategy. Furthermore, at present, no breeding strategies using genomic information are being applied at national level.
Most applications of genetic information in selection programs are preceded by analyses aimed at quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection, which should be conducted in the populations that are going to be used for genetic improvement [5, 6]. Only QTLs that are shown to have a significant effect on phenotype are subsequently used for selection [5]. In this context, extensive genetic research on lactation and milk production in cattle has been performed. Consequently, several countries implemented in their breeding programs or in their genetic evaluation systems the information made available on many candidate regions, QTLs, and genome-wide molecular markers, for genetic improvement on milk production traits. France [7], Germany [8] and New Zealand [9] applied marker-assisted selection programs in dairy cattle breeding. Furthermore, genomic selection strategies were implemented in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries [10].
The criteria for selecting candidate regions, genes, and markers combine information from different sources that support the candidate status of these regions. Key genes responsible for milk production or composition traits should be identified on the basis of a multidisciplinary approach combining different pieces of evidence such as gene location, gene expression profile, regulation of gene expression, function of coded protein, and previously reported associations between markers on the gene and the phenotypes under study. SNPs within genes directly, indirectly, or potentially related to those traits are convenient markers to use for the identification of causal loci.
Over the last decades, the advances in DNA technology have given rise to many high throughput SNP genotyping platforms, leading to automation and a significant reduction in costs. These advantages, along with the abundance and distribution of SNPs in the genome, facilitate studies on the statistical genetic association of neighboring alleles or linkage disequilibrium, with the objective to identify the location of genes influencing the variation in certain traits. Furthermore, SNPs are also important intrinsic candidates as causal variants of these traits [11,12,13].
To date, no studies in Argentinean Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows have reported associations between genetic markers and milk production. The objective of this study was to detect associations between SNP markers in candidate genes suspected to influence milk production and composition traits, and 305-day cumulative milk production, predicted for a representative population of Argentinean dairy cattle. The information obtained aims to improve milk production breeding programs.
Animals, blood samples, and phenotypic records
The animals used belonged to 18 commercial dairy farms owned by a single dairy company located in the central dairy area of Argentina. Blood samples were taken from 1618 cows comprising 1156 Holstein and 462 Holstein x Jersey crosses, and semen samples were obtained from 25 bulls (20 Holstein and 5 Jersey).
The phenotypic records consisted of data from the official dairy control obtained during the first lactation of the cows under study. All the animals were kept in similar feeding and sanitary conditions. The cows were machine milked twice a day and milk records were taken every ~ 40 days. Every cow included in this study had at least four dairy records during their first lactation. Procedures for blood samples collection and for milk production evaluation were approved by the Institutional Committee for Care and Use of Experimental Animals (CICUAE) of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) under protocol number 35/2010 and were carried out in strict accordance of the guidelines specified in the institutional manual.
DNA extraction
Fresh blood was obtained from the jugular vein of cows using EDTA as anticoagulant. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using a commercial kit (AxyPrep Blood Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit, Axygen Biosciences, Union City, CA, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Genomic DNA from sires was obtained from semen straws using a standard phenol-chloroform extraction. DNA quantity and quality were assessed by measuring DNA absorbance at 260 nm and evaluating 260/280 and 260/230 absorbance ratios, respectively, using a NanoDrop™ 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA).
Gene and marker selection
The candidate genes were selected by combining different sources of information available on databases and public literature. The chosen genes were those that met at least one of the following criteria, proposed by Ogorevc et al. [14]: 1) the gene encodes a protein directly associated with milk components or milk metabolism that exists in different genetic variants; 2) markers on the gene have proven association with milk traits; 3) the gene expression profile is related to the phenotype under study; 4) the gene is located within a cattle QTL for the studied phenotype; 5) miRNAs directed to the mRNA of the gene are expressed in bovine mammary gland and regulate its expression post-transcriptionally.
Three strategies were employed for marker selection: 1) markers from candidate genes previously found to be associated with milk production or composition traits; 2) markers from genes not directly related to milk production, but significantly associated with the phenotype under study; 3) newly identified SNPs by sequencing candidate genes on the evaluated sire population.
Primers were designed to amplify regions in 14 candidate genes: LEP, ABCG2, OPN, PPARGC1A, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, LGB, DGAT1, GH, GHR, PRLR, LTF, and PRL, using BatchPrimer3 [15]. The amplified region was sequenced both to check the existence of known polymorphisms and to discover new ones. Additional file 1 indicates primer sequences, GenBank accession numbers, length of the amplicons, and optimal annealing temperatures used.
The PCR reactions were performed using the enzyme Paq5000® DNA Polymerase and its reaction buffer (Agilent Technologies, Stratagene, Santa Clara, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Conditions for amplification were 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 20 s at 94 °C, 20 s at an optimal annealing temperature, and 1 min at 72 °C. Reactions were ended with a 72 °C, 5 min final extension stage. Amplified fragments from sire DNA were visualized in agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide and then sequenced using BigDye® chemistry (Perkin-Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol, on an ABI3130xl sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Sequencing reactions were conducted with the same primers as those used for PCR reactions, with a 1:10 dilution of the PCR product as template. Sequence traces assembly was performed with Gap4 [16]. The positions of the SNPs in the chromosomes were determined by mapping the SNPs including their 200 bp context against assembly UMD3.1 [17] using the Exonerate software [18].
Genotyping and quality control
Forty-six markers from 23 candidate genes were taken into consideration for the SNPlex genotyping panel design. Considered candidate genes comprised ARL4A (ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 4A), ETV1 (ETS variant 1), SNX13 (sorting nexin 13), LEP (leptin), LALBA (lactalbumin alpha), OLR1 (oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1), ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2), OPN (osteopontin), PPARGC1A (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha), CSN1S1 (casein alpha s1), CSN2 (casein beta), CSN3 (casein kappa), LGB (beta-lactoglobulin), DGAT1 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1), STAT5A (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A), GH (growth hormone), FASN (fatty acid synthase), GHR (growth hormone receptor), PRLR (prolactin receptor), UTMP (uterine milk protein precursor), LTF (lactotransferrin), PRL (prolactin), and SCD1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase). Selection criteria required nucleotide substitutions in those genes to involve only two possible bases and to map to only one position in the genome. Forty-six SNPs were proposed for custom assay design. However, seven of the selected markers were not included in the panel because they failed to meet the manufacturer's specifications. As a result, the designed panel consisted of 39 markers from 22 candidate genes to be genotyped with the SNPlex Genotyping System platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA; [19]) on the commercial population of Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cattle under study. Genotyping reactions and analyses were done following provider protocols using an ABI3130xl sequencer and GeneMapper v4.0 software (Applied Biosystems).
Call rate, as well as genotypic and allelic frequencies, were calculated for all genotyped SNPs. Genotyping quality assurance was performed using PLINK v1.07 [20]. Only the SNPs that satisfied the following criteria were retained: (a) minor allele frequency (MAF) > 5%, and (b) percentage of missing genotypes across all samples < 10%. After quality pruning, 22 SNPs were included in the analysis. Concerning animals, those with more than 10% missing genotypes across all SNPs were removed. Mendelian errors, accounting for all assigned genotypes that generate genotypic inconsistencies in sire-mother-daughter or sire-daughter familiar nucleus, were detected with PLINK and set to missing genotypes. As expected, loci in this population did not match Hardy-Weinberg postulates. Furthermore, SNPs associated with milk production might have been under selection pressure in the dairy population used and therefore they might not have been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). For the reasons previously stated, no consideration was given to deviation from HWE in the quality control test.
Prediction of 305-day cumulative milk production
Lactation curves were adjusted on the basis of days in milk production, through Legendre orthogonal polynomials of fourth degree [21]. All curves were treated as random regression models, which made it possible to adjust a lactation curve for each individual -random regression-, expressed as the deviation from an average population curve -steady regression- [22]. The 305-day cumulative milk production was predicted for 1618 cows with at least four production records during their first lactation (MJ Beribe, personal communication).
Statistical analysis and association test
Associations between each individual SNP and the 305-day cumulative milk production of 1346 cows (those that passed the genotype quality control criteria) were calculated using a general linear model in PLINK by the following equation:
$$ {Y}_{ijklmn}=\mu ++{b}_i+{yb}_j+{herd}_k+{SYFL}_l+{sire}_m+{SNP}_n+{e}_{ijklmn} $$
where yijklmn is the 305-day cumulative milk production previously predicted, μ is the overall population mean, bi is the breed fixed effect, ybj is the year of birth fixed effect, herdk is the farm fixed effect, SYFLl is the combined fixed effect of season and year of first lactation, sirem is the sire effect, SNPn is the effect of the SNP genotype, and eijklmn is the random residual. The breed effect comprised five categories: 100, 75, 50, 25 and 12.5% of Holstein genetic background. Cows with production records were born between the years 2000 and 2006, belonged to 18 different herds, and were sired by 20 Holstein and 4 Jersey bulls. The fixed effect accounting for the combination of season and year of first lactation considered four seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer) and five years (2004 to 2008). Association tests were conducted on the whole population (1346 cows) as well as on pure Holstein (978 animals) and on Holstein x Jersey crosses (368 cows) separately. The contribution of each covariate included in the model was checked by PLINK software for each association study performed, and only those found to have significant effects were considered.
To account for the risk of false positives due to the multiple testing problem, p-values were adjusted by Bonferroni correction and Benjamini-Hochberg procedure using PLINK. Bonferroni adjusted p-values < 0.05 were accepted to represent a proof of significant association, while Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values < 0.1 were considered as indicators of suggestive associations.
Student's t-tests were conducted to compare the 305-day cumulative milk production of cows with different genotypes, on each SNP detected as significantly associated with the trait under study.
Gene and marker selection and SNP panel design
Twenty-two candidate genes from bovine loci involved in milk production and composition traits were retrieved from literature [11,12,13, 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41] and different open access databases (PubMed, Cattle QTL Database, and Ensembl). The collected data included loci on 11 chromosomes (BTAs 4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 26), with the highest number of candidate genes on BTA6. The final list of 39 SNPs included in the SNPlex panel is indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 SNPs included in the SNPlex genotyping panel
DNA sequencing of the sires allowed us to detect previously reported SNPs in bovine LEP, ABCG2, OPN, PPARGC1A, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, LGB, DGAT1, GH, GHR, PRLR, LTF, and PRL genes. However, we did not identify any new SNP in these regions.
Five out of the 39 markers included in the panel were discarded (OPN3907, rs41255680, rs43691049, rs109487069, and rs208645216) because of genotyping errors/failure in the genotyping reactions. For the remaining 34 SNPs, the overall success rate, calculated as the ratio between genotype calls and genotyped loci, was 0.94. However, 12 markers were removed because they failed to pass call rate (rs109326954, rs109234250, rs41255685, rs41919985, rs109625649, CSN1_AB, and rs109019599) or MAF (rs43702337, rs43706475, rs433385179, rs43703017, and rs43703013) thresholds. The SNPs rs43706475 and rs433385179 were monomorphic in the study population. Call rate, MAF, and HWE p-value for these 34 SNPs are indicated in Table 1. Additional file 2 shows the genotypic and allelic frequencies obtained for the 22 remaining SNPs, considered for subsequent analyses. Frequencies were discriminated for Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows, without differentiating the degree in the cross.
An estimated 1.24% of the cows' assigned genotypes showed Mendelian inconsistencies with their parent genotypes and consequently were considered as missing genotypes in the subsequent analysis. After filtering on call rate, 1346 out of 1618 cows were conserved for the association test.
Prediction of 305-day milk production
When the whole population was evaluated, the phenotypic mean and the standard deviation for first lactation 305-day cumulative milk production predictions were 5967.38 and 880.52 kg, respectively. Furthermore, considering Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows separately, phenotypic means and standard deviations were 6191.27 ± 806.76 and 5427.73 ± 815.05 kg, respectively.
When performing the association study on the whole population, every effect considered in the linear mixed model used was significant. Even though no significant associations after Bonferroni correction were detected in this test, 5 out of the 22 SNPs assessed showed suggestive associations with the 305-day cumulative milk production (Table 2). Those associations were detected on bovine autosomes 4, 6, 19, and 26. The greatest number of associations was found on BTA4, with two associations (rs29004488 and rs43375517), while the other three chromosomes (BTA6, 19, and 26) revealed a single SNP associated with the trait (rs132812135, rs137651874, and rs41255693, respectively). These five SNPs correspond to nucleotide variations occurring in ARL4A, LEP, OPN, GH, and SCD1 genes.
Table 2 SNP markers associated with milk production
Regarding the Holstein subpopulation, the SNPs rs43375517, located in ARL4A (BTA4), and rs135164815, located in PRLR (BTA20), were significantly associated with 305-day milk production after Bonferroni correction. Furthermore, other four SNPs showed suggestive associations. Two of them, rs137651874 and rs41255693, were also detected when analyzing the total population, while rs109191047 and rs43706485 were only detected when considering the Holstein population for analysis. SNP rs109191047 is a synonymous substitution in GH gene and rs43706485 is a nucleotide variation in the 5′ untranslated region of LTF gene. This association test was performed using a linear model considering the fixed effects of breed, year of birth, sire, and the combined effect of season and year of first lactation. The fixed herd effect did not show to be significant in this analysis. When performing the association study on the Holstein x Jersey crosses subpopulation, the combined effect of season and year of first lactation was not found to be significant, so only the effects of the covariates breed, year of birth, sire and herd were considered in the model used. In this test, none SNP showed a Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value smaller than the false discovery rate used.
To illustrate the effect of each significantly associated SNP genotype on milk production, we compared 305-day cumulative milk production values of the cows with each of the three possible genotypes. As shown in Fig. 1, the cows with genotype GG in SNP rs43375517 (ARL4A) presented lower cumulative milk production than those with the other genotypes (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005 when comparing homozygous GG vs. heterozygous, and vs. homozygous CC, respectively). Regarding rs135164815 (PRLR), Holstein cows with genotype AA presented higher cumulative milk production than those with the other genotypes (p < 0.005 and p < 0.05 when comparing homozygous AA vs. heterozygous, and vs. homozygous GG, respectively). We further determined the population frequencies for the favorable alleles of these two SNPs found to be significantly associated with milk production. They were 0.34 for allele C of SNP rs43375517, and 0.88 for allele A of SNP rs135164815.
Effect of different SNP genotypes on milk production. Genotypes for SNPs from ARL4A (a) and PRLR (b) genes are shown in the x-axis and 305-day cumulative milk production (Kg) in the y-axis. Dot bars and white bars denote the whole population and the Holstein subpopulation, respectively. The number of animals presenting each genotype is indicated inside each bar. Homozygote GG for rs43375517 or AA for rs135164815 vs heterozygote, aap < 0.005; ap < 0.05. Homozygote 1 vs homozygote 2, bbbp < 0.0005; bbp < 0.005; bp < 0.05. Heterozygote vs homozygote CC for rs43375517 or GG for rs135164815, cp < 0.05
The economic relevance of lactation and milk production has given rise to numerous research studies on polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with these traits. In dairy cattle, much research has focused on the association of certain genetic variants of milk proteins with milk yield and composition traits [42]. Major milk protein genes have been identified in different genetic variants encoding similar proteins that are slightly different in chemical structure [38]. Based on this information, we selected 23 candidate genes identified in numerous independent studies that used the same or different approaches. Furthermore, we selected 46 SNPs among these candidate genes for the SNPlex genotyping panel design.
The quality control test performed considerably reduced the number of candidate SNPs, mainly because of a low call rate and failure in the genotyping reactions. However, the proportion of discarded SNPs was similar to that of previously reported studies which used the same genotyping system [43,44,45,46,47], even though some of them [43,44,45] set a less stringent minimum call rate than the one used in this study. Herein, SNPs rs109234250 and rs109326954, located in the DGAT gene, showed the highest percentage of missing genotypes (37.2%) and therefore we did not take them into account for further analysis, although DGAT is a major QTL for milk production traits. Likewise, we could not evaluate the association of LGB variants with milk yield as we removed the four SNPs within this candidate gene locus due to the genotyping errors in the reactions (rs41255680 and rs43691049) or low call rate (rs41255685 and rs109625649) that we found.
Based on the genotypes that passed the quality control criteria, the association test performed on the total population revealed that 22.7% of the SNPs evaluated (5 out of 22 SNPs) showed suggestive associations (adjusted Benjamini-Hochberg p-values < 0.1) with milk production. This high percentage was not surprising because the markers analyzed were located at candidate genes or regions, or they had been previously reported to be associated with bovine milk production or composition traits. To provide additional information and to detect associations which may only occur in either the Holstein or the Holstein x Jersey subpopulations, we performed separate association analyses discriminating animals by breed. Regarding Holstein x Jersey animals, no significant SNPs were identified after multiple testing correction. However, when testing the Holstein subpopulation, two SNPs, rs43375517 and rs135164815, reached significance. The former is located in the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of ARL4A gene. This SNP was previously associated with predicted transmitting ability for milk in Holstein bulls [32]. The latter SNP constitutes a missense mutation in PRLR gene, which was previously reported by Viitala et al. as influencing milk protein and fat yield [33]. We found that the individuals with better performance were those with CC genotype at locus rs43375517 and AA genotype at locus rs135164815. Furthermore, when performing the association test on the Holstein population, other four SNPs showed suggestive associations to milk production according to the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate test, These markers were rs43706485 in LTF gene, rs137651874 and rs109191047 both located in GH gene, and rs41255693 in SCD1 gene.
Three of the SNPs identified (rs135164815, rs41255693, and rs29004488) correspond to non-synonymous mutations in PRLR, SCD1, and LEP genes. These missense variations could directly affect the protein biological function. Another suggestive SNP, rs137651874, is an intronic variation of GH gene. This polymorphism could trigger an abnormal splicing of mRNA, i.e. making a normal splice site disappear or generating an alternative one, or it could be transcribed to small regulatory RNAs, like micro RNAs, which can regulate gene expression. The SNP rs109191047, a synonymous mutation of GH gene, although it does not alter the primary sequence of the protein, it could generate a cryptic or alternative splice site of mRNA, could affect the translation rate based on tRNA availability for the new codon, or could simply be in linkage disequilibrium with another SNP that actually affects the phenotype. The remaining SNPs detected, rs43375517, rs132812135, and rs43706485 are located in the 5'UTR of ARL4A, in the 3'UTR of OPN and in the 5'UTR of LTF, respectively, and could be affecting post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
There is abundant reported evidence that OPN, LEP, ARL4A, GH, PRLR, and SCD1 genes are associated with milk production and/or composition traits [26, 30, 32, 33, 41, 48, 49]. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed previously reported associations in other populations. Moreover, these results evidence the so-called "holsteinization" process, which has taken place in Latin America since the 1980s. In Argentina in particular, 65% of dairy cows are inseminated with Holstein semen imported from the United States and Canada. Consequently, it is not surprising that the associations found herein have been previously reported by other authors, based on the common genetic background being due to importations not only of semen but also of embryos and live animals from the northern hemisphere [50].
The approach followed in this study is a plausible way to explore SNPs affecting specific traits, such as milk production. Thereafter, these SNPs already proven to have a significant effect on the desired trait could be suitable as possible candidates for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Moreover, they could even help to develop low density/low cost customized genotyping panels containing a few hundred or a few thousand markers, to be routinely used assisting breeding programs. In the context in which this work was started and developed, it was more cost-effective to genotype a few SNPs on candidate genes than to perform large-scale genotyping. However, with technological advancement in terms of development, availability and cost reduction of high-throughput microarray genotyping, Genomic Selection (GS) has become more affordable. In fact, in several countries, it is customary to use GS based on low or medium density genotyping in dairy cattle breeding. According to genome-wide association studies and genomic selection estimations, dairy traits are affected by 2000–10,000 genes, with the concomitant implication that if many genes affect a trait, individual genes have small effects, thus limiting the efficiency of the MAS approach [51]. Hence, whenever possible, Genomic Selection should be used since it captures a greater amount of the phenotypic variance. However, in a context where economic resources are scarce, MAS would be still applicable.
This is the first study reporting associations between genetic markers and milk production in Argentinean Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows. It not only provides useful information to explore the most relevant genes contributing to the variation in bovine milk production, but also, and most important at country level, it might constitute a first step towards the design of selection programs aimed at increasing profitability of dairy operations by improving milk production performance of Argentinean Holstein and Holstein x Jersey dairy cattle.
BTA:
Bos taurus autosome
Genomic Selection
HWE:
MAF:
Minor allele frequency
MAS:
Marker-assisted selection
QTL:
Quantitative trait loci
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Blott S, Kim J-J, Moisio S, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Cornet A, et al. Molecular dissection of a quantitative trait locus: a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine substitution in the transmembrane domain of the bovine growth hormone receptor is associated with a major effect on milk yield and composition. Genetics. 2003;163:253–66.
Buchanan FC, Van Kessel AG, Waldner C, Christensen DA, Laarveld B, Schmutz SM. Hot topic: an association between a leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and Milk and protein yield. J Dairy Sci. 2003;86:3164–6.
Komisarek J, Dorynek Z. Effect of ABCG2, PPARGC1A, OLR1 and SCD1 gene polymorphism on estimated breeding values for functional and production traits in polish Holstein-Friesian bulls. J Appl Genet. 2009;50:125–32.
Rincón G, Islas-Trejo A, Casellas J, Ronin Y, Soller M, Lipkin E, Medrano JF. Fine mapping and association analysis of a quantitative trait locus for milk production traits on Bos taurus autosome 4. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:758–64.
Viitala S, Szyda J, Blott S, Schulman N, Lidauer M, Mäki-Tanila A, Georges M, Vilkki J. The role of the bovine growth hormone receptor and prolactin receptor genes in milk, fat and protein production in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle. Genetics. 2006;173:2151–64.
Kuss AW, Gogol J, Geldermann H. Associations of a polymorphic AP-2 binding site in the 5′-flanking region of the bovine β-Lactoglobulin gene with milk proteins. J Dairy Sci. 2003;86:2213–8.
Brym P, Kamiński S, Wójcik E. Nucleotide sequence polymorphism within exon 4 of the bovine prolactin gene and its associations with milk performance traits. J Appl Genet. 2005;46:179–85.
Khatib H, Schutzkus V, Chang YM, Rosa GJM. Pattern of expression of the uterine Milk protein gene and its association with productive life in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90:2427–33.
Liao Y, Du X, Lonnerdal B. miR-214 regulates lactoferrin expression and pro-apoptotic function in mammary epithelial cells. J Nutr. 2010;140:1552–6.
Farrell HM, Jimenez-Flores R, Bleck GT, Brown EM, Butler JE, et al. Nomenclature of the proteins of cows' Milk - sixth revision. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:1641–74.
Schennink A, Bovenhuis H, Léon-Kloosterziel KM, van Arendonk AM, Visker MHPW. Effect of polymorphisms in the FASN, OLR1, PPARGC1A, PRL and STAT5A genes on bovine milk-fat composition. Anim Genet. 2009;40:909–16.
Olsen HG, Nilsen H, Hayes B, Berg PR, Svendsen M, Lien S, Meuwissen T. Genetic support for a quantitative trait nucleotide in the ABCG2 gene affecting milk composition of dairy cattle. BMC Genet. 2007;8:32.
Mullen MP, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Diskin MG, Lynch CO, Berkowicz EW, Magee DA, MacHugh DE, Waters SM. Associations between novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Bos taurus growth hormone gene and performance traits in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93:5959–69.
Huang W, Peñagaricano F, Ahmad KR, Lucey JA, Weigel KA, Khatib H. Association between milk protein gene variants and protein composition traits in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95:440–9.
Chang SC, Chang PY, Butler B, Goldstein BY, Mu L, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of one-carbon metabolism and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver in a Chinese population. PLoS One. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235.
Davidson CM, Northrup H, King TM, Fletcher JM, Townsend I, Tyerman GH, Au KS. Genes in glucose metabolism and association with spina bifida. Reprod Sci. 2008;15:51–8.
Tran PX, Au KS, Morrison AC, Fletcher JM, et al. Association of retinoic acid receptor genes with meningomyelocele. Birth defects research. Part a. Clinical and molecular teratology. 2011;91:39–43.
Jimenez-Sousa MA, López E, Fernandez-Rodríguez A, Tamayo E, et al. Genetic polymorphisms located in genes related to immune and inflammatory processes are associated with end-stage renal disease: a preliminary study. BMC Med Genet. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-13-58.
O'Byrne MR, Au KS, Morrison AC, Lin JI, Fletcher JM, et al. Association of folate receptor (FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3) and reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1) genes with meningomyelocele. Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology. 2010;88:689–94.
Kgwatalala PM, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Hayes JF, Zhao X. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 3'UTR SNPs and their influence on milk fatty acid composition of Canadian Holstein cows. J Anim Breed Genet. 2009;126:394–403.
Fontanesi L, Calò DG, Galimberti G, Negrini R, Marino R, et al. A candidate gene association study for nine economically important traits in Italian Holstein cattle. Anim Genet. 2014;45:576–80.
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Meuwissen T, Hayes B, Goddard M. Genomic selection: a paradigm shift in animal breeding. Animal Frontiers. 2016;6:6.
We thank Irma Fuxan for careful technical assistance. We also would like to thank Las Taperitas S.A. for giving us access to phenotypic records databases and for enabling us to collect biological samples.
This study was supported by Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) grants PNBIO1131033 and PNBIO1131043, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) grant PAE37143, and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) CRPD3.10.28.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from Las Taperitas S.A. but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Las Taperitas S.A.
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto de Genética "Ewald A. Favret", Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
María Agustina Raschia
& Mario Andrés Poli
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta Nacional 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Argentina
Juan Pablo Nani
& Ariel Fernando Amadio
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, Ruta Nacional 5 Km 580, Anguil, Argentina
Daniel Omar Maizon
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino, Ruta 32 Km 4.5, Pergamino, Argentina
María José Beribe
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ariel Fernando Amadio
Search for María Agustina Raschia in:
Search for Juan Pablo Nani in:
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MAP and AFA conceived and designed the study. JPN collected blood samples. MAR and JPN performed DNA extraction. AFA selected candidate genes and markers to be considered for the SNPlex genotyping panel design. AFA also sequenced certain candidate genes on the evaluated sire population. MAR performed genotyping quality control. MJB adjusted lactation curves and predicted the 305-day cumulative milk production. MAR carried out the statistical analysis and association test. MAP and MAR analyzed and interpreted the data. MAR wrote the manuscript. MAP, AFA, JPN and DOM made substantial contributions and constructive feedback to the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to María Agustina Raschia.
Procedures employed for blood samples collection and for milk production evaluation were approved by the Institutional Committee for Care and Use of Experimental Animals (CICUAE) of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) under protocol number 35/2010 and followed the guidelines specified in the institutional manual.
Primer sets for PCR used for amplification of 14 candidate genes on sire DNA. (DOC 109 kb)
Genotypic and allelic frequencies obtained for the SNPs that passed the quality control. (DOC 62 kb)
Raschia, M.A., Nani, J.P., Maizon, D.O. et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with milk yield in Argentinean Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows. J Anim Sci Technol 60, 31 (2018) doi:10.1186/s40781-018-0189-1
Milk production
Candidate genes
Association study
Single nucleotide polymorphisms


Kinetic energy is the energy in moving objects, every moving object has kinetic energy. It is also called movement energy.
Gravitational Potential energy (GPE) is stored energy in raised objects or materials. The object falls or flow down to release the GPE.
An example of gravitational potential energy is the water stored behind a dam that can flow through a turbine generator.
Elastic potential energy is stored energy when a material is stretched or squashed and the energy that is released when this constriction is released.
Examples of elastic potential energy include a pulled elastic rubber band, the compressed spring of a mouse trap, the stretched bow before an arrow is released or the winding up of a spring of a clockwork clock.
Thermal energy is also called heat energy.
Light energy is also called radiant energy.
Electrical energy is energy in moving or static electric charges.
Chemical energy is stored energy in fuel, foods and batteries. Chemical energy is a form of stored energy so it does nothing until it is released and converted into another form of energy.
Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nuclei of atoms.
Make additions/changes to the article, and one of our editors will publish your suggestions if warranted. Every page is updated regularly so use the form below to let us know what's on your mind. We value your feedback and are always anxious to improve your revision.
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This lick is in the key of A minor. We are going to use shape number 1 and 2 of the A minor pentatonic scale.
One of the ways to connect two pentatonic shapes is by sliding between them. Finger choices are very important – in this example, I slide with my second finger. Watch the video for a full explanation.


text:
General Ismail Qasim Naji (, ) was the chief of staff of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia and currently the Somali ambassador in Oman. He has served as a senior officer of the Somali army since the administration of Siad Barre, who was removed from power in 1991. Before the formation of the TFG, he also commanded the army of the predecessor Transitional National Government (TNG) of Somalia between 2002–2004.

Military service

Somali National Army

Transitional National Government

From 2004–2004, Gen. Naji served as the military chief of the Transitional National Government (TNG). During this time, the TNG was opposed militarily and politically by the rival Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC), backed by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid (son of the late warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid), Mohamed Dhere, and others. Eventually the leadership of the SRRC and the TNG reconciled.

Transitional Federal Government

In November 2004, the TNG was succeeded by the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). On April 15, 2005, Gen. Naji was appointed Chief army commander of the TFG.

In October 2005, a report by the UN Monitoring group quoted Gen. Naji as having accepted a large shipment of goods from Yemen in contravention of UN sanctions on arms imports, including 5,000 weapons, hand grenades and antipersonnel mines.

In November 2006, Gen. Naji acknowledged the defection of TFG militia to the Islamic Courts Union (ICU).

On January 17, 2007, Gen. Naji reported what was believed to be Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's briefcase, filled with documents, was recovered by government forces from a jungle hideout in southwestern Somalia as conflicting reports emerged the ICU leader had been arrested near the Dadaab refugee camp in the Garissa district of Kenya.

On February 10, 2007, he was replaced as army chief-of-staff by Abdullahi Ali Omar.

Subsequent career

The same day he was dismissed as army chief-of-staff (February 10, 2007), Prime Minister Ali Mohamed Ghedi appointed Ismael Qasim Naji to the position of Ambassador to Oman.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Somalian military leaders
Members of the Transitional Federal Parliament
Somalian generals
Ambassadors of Somalia to Oman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: POLYGON_SMOOTH in OpenGL doing wierd things I am trying to get some anti aliasing in my voxel engine, but when I enable the GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH state, I get these weird waves on the border of the polygons
Without:

With:

Do you have an idea from where this could be from?

A: That is normal.
You need 3 things for polygon smoothing to work properly:

*

*Draw your voxels from back-to-front when you use GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH.

*A framebuffer that stores destination alpha (e.g. RGBA not RGB)

*The blend function needs to be GL_SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE, GL_ONE
If you account for all three of those things, the black and white subpixel artifacts will go away.
Since drawing the voxels in a specific order is rather tedious and GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH is deprecated, most people simply use Multisample Anti-Aliasing instead. I would actually suggest you also go that route.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La Abadía de Burton en Burton upon Trent en Staffordshire, Inglaterra, fue fundada en el siglo   o  por la monja convertida en santa, Modwenna o Modwen. Fue refundada en 1003 como abadía benedictina por el noble Wulfric Spot. Se sabe que fue enterrado en el claustro de la abadía junto a  la tumba de su esposa en el año 1010.

Historia
Burton Abbey fue mencionada en el Libro de Domesday cuando se decía que controlaba tierras en Mickleover, Appleby Magna en Leicestershire, Winshill y Stapenhill en Staffordshire, Coton in the Elms, Caldwell y Ticknall.
La abadía en sí no era ni grande ni rica y en 1310 los monjes afirmaron que era el monasterio benedictino más pequeño y más pobre de Inglaterra. Sufrió frecuentes problemas financieros a lo largo de su existencia, a menudo debido a la mala gestión y al comportamiento delictivo, aunque la situación parece haberse resuelto en el .

En los siglos   y  había alrededor de treinta monjes en residencia, aunque este número se había reducido a casi la mitad en la década de 1520.

Sin embargo, por contradicción, el monasterio era el más importante de Staffordshire y en la década de 1530 tenía los ingresos más altos. El abad era un señor secular y "ejercía una jurisdicción espiritual independiente. Era una figura de cierta posición, sirviendo regularmente en comisiones papales y reales y actuando como recaudador de impuestos clericales dentro de la diócesis". En varios momentos entre 1295 y 1322, el abad fue convocado para asistir al Parlamento de Inglaterra , y nuevamente en 1532. También se sabe que hubo frecuentes visitas reales a la abadía, incluidas las de Guillermo I, Enrique II y Eduardo I.

Anales
Los anales de la Abadía son una fuente importante para la historia política del  y el mayor logro intelectual de la Abadía.

Disolución y más allá

La abadía fue disuelta en 1539, para ser refundada en 1541 como colegio para un deán (que había sido el último abad) y cuatro prebendados. Fue nuevamente disuelta en 1545 y concedida a Sir William Paget, primer barón Paget.

Partes de la iglesia de la abadía se conservaron para uso parroquial, sin embargo, fueron demolidas y reemplazadas por una nueva iglesia, Santa Modwen en 1719-28. Quedan algunos fragmentos de la sala capitular cercana, pero queda poco del resto.

Dos edificios se convirtieron para uso residencial: una parte conocida como Manor House y la antigua enfermería. La enfermería se conoció como The Abbey y ahora es una posada.

Alrededor de 1712 , George Hayne abrió la navegación de río Trent y arrendó los terrenos de la abadía de Burton para construir un muelle y otros edificios en el recinto. Esto condujo al desarrollo de Burton como la principal ciudad de elaboración y exportación de cerveza.

En 1967, los contratistas que trabajaban en las ampliaciones de Colegio Técnico de Burton, descubrieron dos bóvedas subterráneas que se pensaba que se habían utilizado como bodegas. La más grande de las dos cámaras se usó más tarde para albergar una discoteca del centro de estudiantes, acertadamente llamada La Bóveda

Referencias

Bibliografía
 ; includes Annals of Burton in Latin
 G C Baugh, W L Cowie, J C Dickinson, Duggan Un P, Un K B Evans, R H Evans, Una C Hannam, P Heath, D Un Johnston, Hilda Johnstone, Ann J Pava, J L Kirby, R Mansfield y Un Saltman. "Casas de Benedictine monjes: La abadía de Burton," en Una Historia del Condado de Stafford: Volumen 3, ed. M W Greenslade y R B Pugh (Londres: Historia de Condado de la Victoria, 1970), 199-213. Historia británica junio On-line , accedido 7, 2018, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/staffs/vol3/pp199-213
 Anthony Nuevo. 'Una Guía a las Abadías de Inglaterra Y Gales', p90-92. Constable.
 "Burton-A-Trent: historia General," en Una Historia del Condado de Stafford: Volumen 9, Burton-A-Trent, ed. Nigel J Tringham (Londres: Historia de Condado de la Victoria, 2003), 5-20. Historia británica junio On-line , accedido 8, 2018, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/staffs/vol9/pp5-20.

Monasterios de Inglaterra
Monasterios benedictinos


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text:
My Top 10 Tech for 2010
By	Rahul Dowlath | Features
2010 is almost over – hard to believe, but true. This year flew past faster than data through a broadband connection, and we've seen a great deal of progress happening on the tech front.
The year started with a bang when Apple introduced the world to the next great iGadget, the iPad, and effectively started a new paradigm shift on the bookstore and reading front. However, their evolutionary iPhone 4, whilst including some impressive improvements, came with some major flaws. Google continued its smartphone onslaught with Android, and replied to Apple's iPad with Chrome OS, the company's own operating system with heavy emphasis on cloud computing.
Sony and Microsoft joined the immersion movement in gaming with the PlayStation Move and Xbox Kinect, ready to take on Nintendo's Wii. Facebook introduced its geo-location service Places and a site redesign, and Mark Zuckerberg promised to put an end to email with a major change to Facebook Messages, introducing a "one inbox fits all" product. Research in Motion announced their competitor to the iPad, targeted at the business crowd, in the form of the BlackBerry Playbook. Oh, and Apple also introduced a Mac App Store.
I've decided to compile a list of my top tech advances of 2010. This list spans hardware products to software services; the core aim is to define the technological products and services that will or have improved our daily lives.
Google's Android mobile operating system has grown exponentially since it was introduced to the world in October 2008. Now powering hundreds of different devices, and coming in a wide variety of flavors, the open-source system has proved a deadly threat to both Research in Motion's Blackberry OS (which dominates the business world) and the popular Apple iOS.
For us consumers, Android is a great competition instigator that, being open source, allows for innovation to occur and pushes the boundaries of mobile computing, meaning that at the end of the day, we get the best products developed by all mobile companies.
9. Facebook Redesign
Every time Facebook introduces a site overhaul, it's met with widespread criticism. However, with this latest revamp of the popular social network, the new Facebook Profile displays vital information in a direct manner, and emphasizes the important aspects of the site (viz. Photos and bio's).
The inclusion of being able to add what projects one has worked on, and the cleaner look of the Profile means that navigating the site, and spending time on the desktop version of Facebook is a lot easier than before. Plus, the redesign asserts the fact that Facebook takes its desktop site seriously – a good thing for future updates.
8. 3D Printing
2010 has certainly been the "year of 3D". As The New York Times has pointed out earlier this year, 3D printing – the art and science of "printing" 3D models – has taken off, with companies in New York offering the services of printing real-life models of designs users have created on their home computers using free software like Google's SketchUp.
3D printing is certainly taking off, and cheaper printers like MakerBot are paving the way for this technology to make its inroads into the mainstream consumer market. It's a sure signal of what the future of consumer technology will look like, and opens up new opportunities for home industries.
7. Kinect
Microsoft's Kinect poses the biggest threat Nintendo's Wii has ever seen. It's concept of doing away with the traditional controller altogether, and instead using the body as the controller, sounds like something out of a Bond movie. Yet the technology is now commercially available, and allows a new dimension into immersing one's self in a game.
Already, tech pundits are predicting uses for Kinect's technology outside the gaming world; it seems like motion-activated control is going to be the "next big thing" after the touch revolution brought on by Apple's iOS devices. One thing's for sure: Kinect is set to change the way we perceive computing in the not too distant future.
6. 3D TV and 3D Cinemas
As I mentioned above, 2010 has been the year of 3D. Riding on the runaway success of James Cameron's epic blockbuster Avatar, more and more film studios are buying in to the "3D gimmick". And so it only makes sense that TV makers the likes of Sony and Samsung are developing 3D televisions.
Whilst I (like quite a few others) feel that 3D is a huge gimmick, the fact is that 3D films sell. And this it's justified to take the technology into the home theater.
3D TVs may be expensive now, but as demand increases for the new technology, and competition between manufacturers ramps up, we're sure to see prices decelerate.
5. Geo-Services
Facebook and Twitter, the two most popular social networking sites, have introduced GPS services to track one's location, and "geo-social" "games" such as Gowalla and foursquare have continued to up their services. Geo-location has become an important part of social networking, and another way that visionaries are integrating the "real world" with the "virtual world". It's big technology that's definitely going to get more prominence as our favorite networks continue to update their services.
4. Mac App Store
It'll be released in January 2011, and like the App Store before it, the Mac App Store will revolutionize the way we obtain software for our computers. It carries that trademark and unmistakable "Revolutionary Apple" feel to it – I can expect Microsoft and others to jump on this bandwagon with their own version of an "app store" for desktop applications.
The Mac App Store has the potential to revolutionize the way we discover, purchase and share desktop applications.
3. Chrome OS
We're not quite sure whether it's an OS or a glorified web browser (okay, it really is an OS, but seriously, it's just Chrome on top of Linux) but Chrome OS sure looks interesting. A different take on using a computer, this Google operating system emphasizes the best of cloud computing.
I can see it becoming popular with students in Internet-connected countries where one can work on a document wherever there's an internet connection, regardless what device one uses to write that doc with. Chrome OS introduces the world to a new way of using computers, and for that, we applaud Google on their endeavor.
2. Facebook Messages
In a bold move, TIME Person of the Year, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced late 2010 that he plans to "kill" email with the introduction of a single inbox for all messages – from instant texts, to SMS, to the traditional email messages we've become accustomed to. I see this as a phenomenal move in the way we communicate, and it represents, for me, the future of connecting with people.
1. iPad
Whilst Facebook Messages represents a drastic change in the way we communicate, the medium of communication – the computer – is still the most important. And for that, first prize of the best tech product for 2010 undoubtedly goes to Apple's "magical" iPad. It is already doing to books and magazines what the iPod did to music. And it is constantly changing the way we access information, and consume rich content from pictures to video to text.
The iPad shaped the personal computing horizon for 2010 by drastically influencing the competition: rivals like Samsung and HP began scrambling to develop a device worthy of competing with the iPad – but they were too late; the iPad had already captured the hearts of millions around the world, and it has, like its brothers before it, become a symbol of digital content consumption for the new era in computing.
The above is just my opinions of the best tech for 2010; what's yours? Drop a line or two in the comments!
What's In Store for Tech in 2012
Chrome OS vs iOS: You Decide
CES 2012: Microsoft's Departure and the Tech Expo
I'm a young writer from South Africa, chronicling the changing tides in the ever-flowing river of technology. Focusing mainly on Apple-related technologies, I enjoy sharing my opinion and giving a few tips and tricks here and there on the latest and greatest from 1 Infinite Loop. I'm an avid blogger, and an even more avid reader.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With a stay at Hotel Apogia Nice, you'll be centrally located in Nice, just a 4-minute walk from Nice Acropolis Convention and Exhibition Center and 12 minutes by foot from Place Massena. This 4-star hotel is 11.3 mi (18.2 km) from Casino Monte Carlo and 11.8 mi (19 km) from Monte Carlo Formula 1 Track.
Make yourself at home in one of the 101 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's coffee shop/café, or stay in and take advantage of the room service (during limited hours). Wrap up your day with a drink at the bar/lounge. Buffet breakfasts are available daily from 6:30 AM to 10:30 AM for a fee.


Out of Home International, the specialist outdoor advertising subdivision of Media Agency Group, is delighted to unveil its latest London-based 4 sheet advertisement campaign with over 20 ads on show to inform residents and visitors of the capital of the upcoming InTRANSIT Festival.
The arts and performance festival is set to take place between 19 and 28 June in locations across Kensington and Chelsea.
The eye-catching 4 sheets feature a fantastic illustration by artist Martina Paukova which is part of the walking puzzle 54 CITIES – an InTRANSIT 2015 commission – and highlights the creative nature of the festival. 4 sheet advertising from Out of Home International is a great way to ensure that a campaign is cost-effective and makes a big impact on the streets of busy suburban areas, with a brand or product communicated to potential consumers on the move. Ad space has been secured in some prime Kensington and Chelsea locations, with the 4 sheets on show in Ladbroke Grove, Westbourne Park, Notting Hill Gate, Sloane Square, Earls Court and South Kensington.
InTRANSIT Festival is now in its ninth year, and gives people of all ages the opportunity to explore and enjoy new artistic collaborations in places and spaces across Kensington and Chelsea. The festival is curated by production and design duo 'Neill/Ross' on behalf of festival coordinators the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Arts and Culture Service, having first launched in 2007 to encourage artists and organisations to make art and performance outside of traditional exhibition spaces. For more information, visit the InTRANSIT Festival website here.


2019 CORPORATE UPDATE FOR FOOTHILLS EXPLORATION INC.
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 15, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Foothills Exploration, Inc. (OTC.QB: FTXP) (the "Company," or "Foothills"), an independent oil and gas exploration company engaged in the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas properties in the Rockies today announced that the Company will further its contrarian investment thesis by focusing on natural gas weighted properties at attractive valuations. While the Company will focus on undervalued natural gas properties, oil assets, which also fit the Company's acquisition criteria, will continue to be evaluated as well.
In 2019, the Company plans to continue executing its Rockies-based roll-up strategy, focused on undervalued and underdeveloped properties. "Geographically, we believe there is tremendous value in the Rockies, with real potential to unlock serious value in the coming years," said the Company's Executive Chairman, Kevin Sylla. "and that's why Foothills is planning to acquire between 2 to 4 Rockies-based properties during 2019," continued Sylla. "It is our position that while many energy producers shift their focus away from natural gas to target the hotter shale plays in the Permian basin, now is the time to acquire select properties with stable predictable production, long lived reserves, and substantial development potential," persisted Sylla.
"The Company is currently evaluating target acquisition sizes ranging from $1 to $10 million, which in our opinion, are underserved and yield higher inefficiencies for price discovery relative to larger deals and therefore typically result in more attractive acquisition entry points," said Chris Jarvis, the Company's EVP of Finance. "In addition, since properties in this price range often tend to be neglected going into the sales process, in our experience, this also tends to yield low-hanging fruit with modest capital deployment, post-acquisition," continued Jarvis.
The Company recently made a non-refundable deposit on its latest target acquisition, which involves 22-natural gas stripper-wells situated on approximately 18,000 acres in Wyoming. "This acquisition is pivotal to the Company's roll-up strategy in the Rockies and provides the catalyst for making future bolt-on acquisitions in the Greater Green River Basin, as well as possible strategic joint-ventures," stated B.P. Allaire, the Company's CEO.
"From a macroeconomic viewpoint, we believe global demand for natural gas will only continue to ramp up for the foreseeable future," said Jarvis. "The Company sees two secular growth trends in the global market place, which we believe will transform the natural gas markets," continued Jarvis.
U.S. LNG export capacity is expected to more than double by the end of 2019 according the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). LNG infrastructure in Asia and Europe are also growing at a similar pace. As a result, the natural gas market is becoming a globalized market, whereas before it was distributed regionally. Couple this with the phasing out of coal-fired power plants in the U.S. as well as in Europe over the next decade, and natural gas is expected to play an even larger part of the global energy mix.
The Company is currently evaluating all strategic options to strength its balance sheet, while minimizing shareholder dilution. The Company's goal is to retire all short-term debt and reducing or refinancing a significant portion of its long-term debt in 2019. "The lack of access to capital, which has plagued other publicly-traded junior E&P and mining companies has certainly affected us as well. We successfully negotiated several key agreements to acquire some great assets, at deep discounts, that much to our chagrin, we were unable to perform on," continued Sylla.
"Nevertheless, we have retooled and realigned ourselves on the right pathway to mitigate these financing risks moving forward, said Sylla. "and we intend to become an active acquirer of quality assets at right prices in the near future," ended Sylla.
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. Such statements are subject to a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. While forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and analyses made by us that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, whether actual results and developments will meet our expectations and predictions depend on a number of risks and uncertainties which could cause our actual results, performance, and financial condition to differ materially from our expectations. As a result, no assurance can be given that these assumptions are accurate or that any of these expectations will be achieved (in full or at all) or will prove to have been correct. We have had sporadic and limited revenue and our securities are subject to considerable risk. Investors are cautioned to review FTXP's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission for a discussion of risk and other factors that affect our business. No assurances can made on financings given the Company's current balance sheet. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this news release speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future development or otherwise, except as may be required by law.


"I consider lace to be one of the prettiest imitations ever made of the fantasy of Nature; lace always evokes for me those incomparable designs which the branches and leaves of trees embroider across the sky, and I do not think that any invention of the human spirit could have a more graceful or precise origin."
the one and only: Queen Anne Lace!
Enchanting and beautiful! I love lace cuffs too..mesmerizing! lace is magical..what a beautiful tribute in nature and in decor and fashion!
A blog that he likes lo visit..
You have an exquisit taste. The lace is beatiful and poetical photos.
I'm not a huge fan of lace, however, I can certainly appreciated its beauty.
Very beautiful Alina, I love lace too, especially antique lace.
I like the detailed work in the lace cuffs...Just stunning!
And falling snow on your page creates lace behind the writing too. Lovely pictures. Lovely piece.
A beautiful window made more so with pretty lace curtains.
The snowflakes are like petals falling. So lovely.


text:
TCHAKE (aus) & Simon Whetham (uk)
electroacustic improvisation & field recordings
Tchake is the duo of Melbourne drummer Michael McNab and Perth electronic musician Josten Myburgh. Their music utilises durational interaction and textural juxtaposition to explore the intersection between digital and acoustic sound worlds. Through the use of live electronics both accompanying and processing improvised percussion, Tchake investigate the contextual implications of their sound to create eclectic performances influenced by onkyo and contemporary classical with an incorporation of techniques and aesthetics of collage, reductionism and malfunction.
Simon Whetham is a British soundartist and performer, currently as a artist in residence in gallery Školská 28. Over the past eight years Simon Whetham has developed a practice of working with sound recordings as a raw material for composition. These are often environmental sounds he has captured employing a variety of methods and techniques, in order to obtain discreet or obscured sonic phenomena.
Simon has a large number of works published through many specialist organisations, including Touch Music, Cronica, Dragon's Eye, Monochrome Vision and Entr'acte; has performed extensively internationally; collaborated with artists from musicians to performance artists, painters to video artists, dancers to poets; has run listening and field recording workshops in UK, Estonia, Colombia, Chile and Australia; and received a large number of commissions and awards for projects and installations – notably for his own project 'Active Crossover'.
Supported Arts Council England and PRS for Music Foundation, the project comprises sound installation, performance, collaboration and workshops. 'Active Crossover' has toured six cities in the UK, and also been hosted in Estonia, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Australia, with future residencies in Germany and Norway.
Josten Myburgh is a 20 year old musician from Perth, Western Australia. He has studied under Perth-based composers Lindsay Vickery and Stuart James and his musical output includes notated chamber ensemble works, sound art installations, improvisations, lengthy works for electronic playback and collaborations with video and contemporary dance artists. His music often deals with labyrinthine structure, dynamic and textural extremes and the intersection between digital and acoustic timbres. In 2014 he was the recipient of first prize in the ComposE Competition, and was accepted into the Speak Percussion Emerging Artists Program, for which he composed two new works for percussion & spatialised electronics. As a performer, he has premiered works by Alvin Curran, Lindsay Vickery, Cat Hope a n d Freya Zinovieff, and has toured internationally with Decibel New Music Ensemble, performing the music of John Cage and Giacinto Scelsi, as well as a program of Australian works featuring his piece "UNAWARE_". He is currently working as a curator for award winning organisation Tura New Music's 2014 "Club Zho" series of improvised and experimental music, as well as performing regularly as a solo performer and ensemble director, and with improvisation duos Tchake and Mr Government.
Michael McNab is a 23 year old musician from Melbourne, Australia. He works within a broad range of contexts such as improvised and contemporary music, electronic composition, and spontaneous performance art. He studied jazz drums with Simon Barker at the Victorian College of the Arts in 2012, before going on to complete a government funded mentorship in Europe under the tutelage of Will Guthrie and Tony Buck in 2013. He is currently participating in the Speak Percussion Emerging Artists Program, as a performer of new electro-acoustic works that feature structured improvisation and spatialised sound, and is a member of the mixed media improvising performance collective THIS ensemble, who aim to blur the line
between social engagement and performance. He also performs with the contemporary music group the Phonetic Orchestra, who this year are working with 4 guest artists - Peter Knight, Eugene Ughetti, Dale Gorfinkel and Jim Denley. He has released two discs of his own electronic music under the alias Wumpy, and also performs under this moniker using YouTube to make live improvised sound collages. Other current projects include the improvising duos Disc.Card, who explore the acoustic relationships between found objects and a given surface, and Tchake, who use digital processing in conjunction with acoustic improvisation.
Entry Fee: 80 Kč – Reduced: 60 Kč
Simon Whetham
Tchake
Josten Myburgh


text:
Big Brother Canada:…
Big Brother Canada: The next Head of Household is…
As we get ever closer to the 2 hour final on May 12th, the game is hotting up and there's a new HoH in town!
Kelsey has become Head of Household, following the double eviction which saw her long time ally and showmance, Jared, evicted.
Following her win in the latest competition, Kelsey wasted no time in forming a game plan, and looked to the brothers for reassurance:
"I don't know which one I want out yet. You guys promise you will go with the one that I want? You swear?"
This comes after Nick pledged their support stating:
"Decide who your target is and we will follow suit,"
Although Kelsey wasn't impressed with the Brother's behaviour during the double eviction:
"I was a little hurt that during the competition I could see him [Phil] making a deal with Cass," complained Kelsey.
Nick was quick to reassured her:
"I told him I was pissed about that."
Who will be on the block this week? Stick with Big Blagger!
BB CAN: Jared and Nikki evicted in double…
Big Brother Canada: Joel is evicted from the…


text:
Preacher: Philip Conley (725), Sam Bryant (106), John Conley (99), James Isaacs (45), Win Kuck (43), Ronald Lawrence (42), Garry Hall (35), David Montgomery (32), Ric Stewart (31), Ronnie Loudermilk (24), Chris Crouse (23), Frank King (22), Cecil Darity (20), Sonny Pyles (20), Michael Hataway (19), Stephen Dyar (19), Adam Green (18), Jon Mizell (15), Danny Wisner (14), James Conley (13), Dan Bryant (13), Rubert Nobles (13), Robert Torrance (13), Jeb Owen (12), Will Martin (12), Tony Lester (12), Harold Hunt (11), Luke Addison (11), Jabin James (11), Danny Parker (11), Mark Quarles (11), Luke Laird (10), Mike Montgomery (10), Various Ministers (10), Franklin Bryant (10), John Scott (10), Mark Richards (9), Lonnie Mozingo Jr. (9), Michael Gowens (9), Rabon Lord (9), Charles Garrett (8), Tommy Sarber (8), E.W. Hooven (8), Ricky Harcrow (8), David Guttery (7), Craig Lanier (7), Congregational Singing (6), Steve Jackson (6), Clifford Gowens (6), > (5), Joe Holder (5), Mark Green (5), Mark Rowell (4), Jerry Anstey (4), Phil Jones (4), Michael Rhodes (4), ED Kirkpatrick (4), John Yadamec (4), Guy Hunt (4), David Crawford (4), Ricky Myers (3), John Forehand (3), Bill Torrence (3), Wesley Watkins (3), Tracy Fredrickson (3), Mike Rhodes (3), Dwight Marshall (3), Mike Ivey (3), Varn Marshall (3), Lonnie Mozingo Sr. (3), James Allen (2), Steve Littleton (2), Chris Taylor (2), Geoff Cofield (2), Richard James LIC (2), J.C. Stanaland (2), Dwayne Hooven (2), Bobby Collins (2), Joe Nettles (2), Marty Smith (2), Tom Griffin (2), Gary Rhodes (2), Mike Rogers (2), Thad Lockwood (2), Jeremy Sarber (2), Tommy Rountree (2), Bob Scott (2), Elzie Spier Sr. (2), Ben Lord (2), Joe Bryant (2), E.D. Bryant Jr. (2), Bryce Lowrance (1), Daniel Wood (1), Neil Honea (1), Larry White (1), Heath Williams (1), Jerry Williams (1), Barry Cordes (1), Charles Broadway (1), Philip Blankenship (1), Randall Cagle (1), Martin Onyoni (1), Eddie Whidby (1), Steve Woods (1), Elzie Spier Jr. (1), Bob Allgood (1), Arthur Lee Beckett (1), Jeff Patterson (1), Jack Anderson (1), George Riley Hunt (1), Charles Sandage (1), J.F. Little (1), Clyde Meek (1), Manning Temples (1), Kent Clark (1), E.D. Bryant Sr. (1). … (110 more)
Book: Genesis (37), Exodus (6), Leviticus (4), Numbers (4), Deuteronomy (18), Joshua (7), Judges (2), Ruth (4), 1 Samuel (16), 2 Samuel (19), 1 Kings (9), 2 Kings (4), 1 Chronicles (4), 2 Chronicles (6), Ezra (1), Nehemiah (2), Esther (1), Job (7), Psalm (89), Proverbs (18), Ecclesiastes (13), Song of Solomon (9), Isaiah (58), Jeremiah (11), Lamentations (1), Ezekiel (5), Daniel (6), Hosea (2), Amos (1), Obadiah (1), Jonah (4), Micah (1), Zephaniah (2), Haggai (1), Zechariah (4), Malachi (2), Matthew (93), Mark (26), Luke (67), John (110), Acts (31), Romans (109), 1 Corinthians (46), 2 Corinthians (32), Galatians (25), Ephesians (59), Philippians (33), Colossians (13), 1 Thessalonians (18), 2 Thessalonians (9), 1 Timothy (25), 2 Timothy (55), Titus (10), Philemon (2), Hebrews (91), James (17), 1 Peter (43), 2 Peter (29), 1 John (27), 2 John (1), Jude (4), Revelation (36). … (53 more)
Series: Singing (6), Psalms of Degrees (4), The Lineage and Genealogy of Christ (7), The Life Of Joseph (17), Life of David (20), Jonah (4), 2 Timothy (18), 2 Peter (12), 1 Peter (21), Great Women in the Bible (14), Spiritual Gifts (7), Blessed People (6), Human Emotions (4), Scriptural Points of Emphasis (6), Practical Implications of Christ's Second Coming (8), Pictures of Christ in the Life of Joseph (4), Fruit of the Spirit (13), Family Relationships (4), Articles of Faith (14), Armour of God (7), Seven Churches of Asia (8), Public Miracles of Christ (8), What Makes the Church the Church (18), Faith (10), .N/A (1542), Special Request Recordings (7). … (17 more)
Service: Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening (627), Cool Springs PBC Sunday Morning (286), Ebenezer Fellowship Meeting (148), Cool Springs PBC (119), Middleton Creek PBC (MS) (103), Cool Springs PBC August Annual Meeting (101), Cool Springs PBC 1st Saturday (100), Cool Springs PBC March Annual Meeting (53), Trail Branch PBC (Cochran, GA) (39), Pleasant Plains PBC (30), Oak Grove PBC (Cochran, GA) (28), Cool Springs PBC New Years Eve Meeting (21), Fellowship PBC (17), .N/A (17), Bay Springs PBC (Montrose, GA) (16), Bethany PBC (Ft. Valley, GA) (13), Pleasant Plains October Annual Meeting (8), Singing (6), Grace PBC (Macon, GA) (6), New Hope PBC (5), Ordinations (4), Bethlehem PBC (Statesboro, GA) (4), Camp Creek PBC (4), Pulaski Association Sycamore Chr (3), Bethel PBC (Dublin, GA) (3), Funerals (3), Echeconnee Association Meeting (2), Cincinnati PBC (Cincinnati, OH) (2), Ceder Creek PBC (2), Beaver Creek PBC (2), Augusta Old Line PBC (Augusta, GA) (1), Eureka PBC (1), New Beulah PBC (1), Union PBC (MS) (1), Old Valley Grove PBC (1), Radio WVMG (Cochran, GA) (1), Jackson PBC (MS) (1), Palm Chapel PBC (1), Mt Gilhead PBC (1), Long Creek PBC (1), Smokey Mt. Annual Meeting (1), New Providence PBC (1), Sorrells Springs PBC (1), Rich Mountain Association (AR) (1), South Arkansas Association Meeting (1), Mount Paran PBC (Social Circle, GA) (1), Little Union PBC Florida (1). … (38 more)
Date: 1957 (1), 1970 (11), 1980 (12), 1981 (10), 1983 (7), 1985 (2), 1986 (5), 1988 (7), 1989 (18), 1990 (13), 1991 (10), 1992 (24), 1993 (36), 1994 (8), 1995 (4), 1996 (1), 1997 (35), 1998 (2), 2000 (1), 2001 (1), 2002 (1), 2007 (6), 2009 (17), 2010 (118), 2011 (161), 2012 (143), 2013 (166), 2014 (194), 2015 (139), 2016 (142), 2017 (118), 2018 (135), 2019 (120), 2020 (117), 2021 (4)
Sermons (1789)
(Sermon series: .N/A).
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=DannyWisner2020-12-13pmPsa27vs4CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Danny Wisner on December 13, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
2Pet 1:1
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=SamBryant2020-12-06pm2Pet1vs1-10CoolSpringsChr.mp3 Download
Preached by Sam Bryant on December 6, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
Eph 5 vs 14-16
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=WinKuck2020-12-06pmEph5vs14-16CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Win Kuck on December 6, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
1Pet 2:1-3
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=SamBryant2020-12-06am1Pet2vs1-3CoolSpringsChr.mp3 Download
Preached by Sam Bryant on December 6, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Morning).
Hab 1:2
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=SamBryant2020-12-05amHab1vs2CoolSpringsChr.mp3 Download
Preached by Sam Bryant on December 5, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC 1st Saturday).
Luke 3:3
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=WillMartin2020-11-29pmLuke3vs3CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Will Martin on November 29, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
2Tim 4:6-8
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=StephenLittleton2020-11-29am2Tim4vs6-8CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Steve Littleton on November 29, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Morning).
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=RicStewart2020-11-22pmLuke15CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Ric Stewart on November 22, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
1Pet !:3
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=SamBryant2020-11-01pm1Pet1vs3CoolSpringsChr.mp3 Download
Preached by Sam Bryant on November 1, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).
http://coolspringspbc.org/audio-sermons/?show&file_name=WinKuck2020-11-01pmActs5vs29CoolSpringsPBC.mp3 Download
Preached by Win Kuck on November 1, 2020 (Cool Springs PBC Sunday Evening).


text:
package v7fakes

import (
	"sync"

	v7 "code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/command/v7"
	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/types"
)

type FakeLabelUnsetter struct {
	ExecuteStub        func(v7.TargetResource, map[string]types.NullString) error
	executeMutex       sync.RWMutex
	executeArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 v7.TargetResource
		arg2 map[string]types.NullString
	}
	executeReturns struct {
		result1 error
	}
	executeReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 error
	}
	invocations      map[string][][]interface{}
	invocationsMutex sync.RWMutex
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) Execute(arg1 v7.TargetResource, arg2 map[string]types.NullString) error {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.executeReturnsOnCall[len(fake.executeArgsForCall)]
	fake.executeArgsForCall = append(fake.executeArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 v7.TargetResource
		arg2 map[string]types.NullString
	}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.recordInvocation("Execute", []interface{}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.ExecuteStub != nil {
		return fake.ExecuteStub(arg1, arg2)
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.executeReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) ExecuteCallCount() int {
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.executeArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) ExecuteCalls(stub func(v7.TargetResource, map[string]types.NullString) error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) ExecuteArgsForCall(i int) (v7.TargetResource, map[string]types.NullString) {
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.executeArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) ExecuteReturns(result1 error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = nil
	fake.executeReturns = struct {
		result1 error
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) ExecuteReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = nil
	if fake.executeReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.executeReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 error
		})
	}
	fake.executeReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 error
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) Invocations() map[string][][]interface{} {
	fake.invocationsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.invocationsMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	copiedInvocations := map[string][][]interface{}{}
	for key, value := range fake.invocations {
		copiedInvocations[key] = value
	}
	return copiedInvocations
}

func (fake *FakeLabelUnsetter) recordInvocation(key string, args []interface{}) {
	fake.invocationsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.invocationsMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.invocations == nil {
		fake.invocations = map[string][][]interface{}{}
	}
	if fake.invocations[key] == nil {
		fake.invocations[key] = [][]interface{}{}
	}
	fake.invocations[key] = append(fake.invocations[key], args)
}

var _ v7.LabelUnsetter = new(FakeLabelUnsetter)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the most elusive wines from Burgundy is the Criots-Batard-Montrachet from Domaine d'Auvenay.
While the name Leroy rings a lot of bells in most Burgundy lovers ears, Domaine d'Auvenay is a bit below the radar of many collectors – mainly due to the exclusivity of the wines – they are indeed very rare and often also very costly.
One of the rarest wines from d'Auvenay is the Criots-Batard-Montrachet – so lets go to Chassagne to take a closer look at the terroir of this magnificent wine.
This process excluded Blanchot Dessus from Montrachet along with some other plots in the outskirts of Montrachet. In the end the borders were resolved with the AOC in 1937 .. but as far as I can see the AOCs for Criots-Batard-Montrachet and Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet were finally established in a decrete dated June 13th 1939 4.
The d'Auvenay plots are located in the lower southern end of the vineyard – see map below.
Domaine d'Auvenay own two plots – cadastre no 92 and 93 – in total 0.0637 ha i.e. slightly larger than the plot owned by Domaine Hubert Lamy.
It should be noted that the d'Auvenay plots are located just south of the Domaine Hubert Lamy plot .. where Olivier Lamy makes a very fine and rare Criots-Batard-Montrachet from his high density vineyard. The Lamy plot is however located slightly higher on the slope upwards and towards Batard Montrachet.
The d'Auvenay and Lamy plots are quite easy to recognize in the summer and early fall, as they both employ weaving/braiding of the top of the vines – see the article about braiding and weaving of the vines.
The picture below shows the d'Auvenay plot in Criots-Batard-Montrachet, where the long top branches are visible (June 2015).