text:
Daily #F1 News and Comment: Thursday 19th June 2014
June 19, 2014 · by thejudge13	· in Daily F1 News and Comment.	·
This page will be updated throughout the day.
Please if you are on Twitter press the tweet button below. If you re-write and tweet individual story headlines don't forget to include #F1.
You may not realise how hugely important this is and has helped grow our community significantly.
OTD Lite: 2005 – Ferrari blamed for Michelin fiasco
AustrianGP Stewards
F1 abandons short GP weekend idea – report (GMM)
Trulli adds to F1's 'worry' about formula E – report (GMM)
F1 figures in crucial meetings before Austria GP (GMM)
AustrianGP Drivers Press Conference
History is often re-written depending on the writers allegiances. The 2005 US Grand Prix produced plenty of column inches around the world which could have potentially destroyed the fan base in the US.
The teams had arrived in Indianapolis for the ninth event of the year but early during Friday practice, Michelin was informing their teams that they could not run on their tyres safely beyond 10 laps. Discussions between the FIA, tyre manufacturers – Bridgestone and Michelin – and the respective teams continued up to the race start.
Solutions were offered – such as installing a chicane in the middle of the last banked corner- but Max Mosley came down hard on the French manufacturer stating that the Japanese brand had provided safe rubber for their teams. With the 2005 tyre rules requiring the tyre to last throughout qualifying and the rcae, pit-stops were also disallowed.
In the end, with no solution found, the Michelin teams completed the parade lap and entered the pits leaving just the six Bridgestone shod cars to line up for the start. Outraged Americans demanded their money back and Michelin spent several million dollars to recover the public relations disaster.
Yet to this day, Todt, Ferrari, Schumacher and Bridgestone are always the main culprits in one of the most controversial races in modern F1 history.
And your stewards for the weekend are….
GARRY CONNELLY
DEPUTY PRESIDENT, FIA INSTITUTE; DIRECTOR, AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MOTOR SPORT SAFETY; F1 AND WTCC STEWARD; FIA WORLD MOTOR SPORT COUNCIL MEMBER
Garry Connelly has been involved in motor sport since the late 1960s. A long-time rally competitor, Connelly was instrumental in bringing the World Rally Championship to Australia in 1988 and served as Chairman of the Organising Committee, Board member and Clerk of Course of Rally Australia until December 2002.
He has been an FIA Steward and FIA Observer since 1989, covering the FIA's World Rally Championship, World Touring Car Championship and Formula One Championship. He is a director of the Australian Institute of Motor Sport Safety and a member of the FIA World Motor Sport Council.
NISH SHETTY
FIA STEWARD AND MEMBER OF THE FIA INTERNATIONAL COURT OF APPEAL
Nish Shetty sits on the FIA International Court of Appeal as a judge and is a permanent member of the National Court of Appeal (Singapore). He is also Chairman of the Disciplinary Commission of the Singapore Motor Sports Association and a national steward of the Singapore Grand Prix.
Shetty has assisted the Singapore Motor Sports Association for many years as a legal advisor and committee member. In addition to being involved in the Singapore Grand Prix, Shetty has acted as a steward in the Singapore Karting Championship. Away from motor sport, he is a Partner and Head of International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution, South East Asia at global law firm Clifford Chance.
NINE TIMES LE MANS WINNER, GERMAN F3 CHAMPION (1991), JAPANESE F3 CHAMPION (1993) ALMS CHAMPION (2001)
Denmark's Tom Kristensen is the most successful driver in the history of the Le Mans 24-Hour race. He has won the classic endurance event nine times, racing for Porsche, Audi and Bentley. Kristensen, 46, has a broad racing CV, having competed in single-seaters, touring cars and a range of sportscars.
He has also tested in F1. Having won his ninth 24 Hours of Le Mans and claimed the FIA World Endurance Championship title last year, Kristensen is back for more WEC action this year, again racing for Audi Sport Team Joest. However, following the retirement of Allan McNish, Kristensen is this season partnered by Loïc Duval and Lucas Di Grassi, though Duval was replaced at the recent Le Mans 24 Hours by Marc Gene following an accident in practice.
AustrianGP Fun
F1 failed to make significant cost-saving progress at a meeting on Wednesday, Germany's Auto Motor und Sport reports. Earlier, it was reported that the F1 Commission – involving the FIA, Bernie Ecclestone, the teams and other key stakeholders – voted through the proposal to cut Friday morning practice from next year's race weekend format.
But German correspondent Michael Schmidt reveals otherwise. "The shorter GP weekend failed," he wrote on Friday, "due to opposition from the (race) organisers and the big teams that had earlier agreed."
And that's not the only proposal that hit the dust at Ecclestone's Biggin Hill airport, Schmidt explained. "With one exception," he said, "every proposal was rejected by the 26-member panel."
The proposed ban on tyre warmers was another victim of Wednesday's meeting, but Pirelli has offered to pay teams that run its logo on the blankets next year EUR 200,000 each.
So, the only cost-cutting done for 2015 and beyond was in the already tightly-restricted area of testing. All pre-season testing will now take place in Europe, as Bahrain was ruled too expensive a destination. The eight days of in-season testing has been reduced to four in 2015, with two days reserved for young drivers.
And in 2016, winter testing will shrink from twelve to just eight days, with a total in-season testing ban to once again be enforced. A team insider is quoted as saying: "Once again we have failed to save hardly anything, but at least the crazy idea of the shorter weekend is gone."
According to the Times newspaper, F1 must look over its shoulder at the new 'Formula E' series that is rapidly gaining credibility. The latest name attracting headlines for the FIA's all-electric single seater category is Jarno Trulli, the well-known former F1 driver and Monaco winner.
The 39-year-old Italian has bought a team, and the former Renault and Toyota driver will be at the wheel of the 'TrulliGP' car on city streets including Berlin, California and London. "I am very pleased to be a pioneer of this new formula E project," said Trulli, who will race against other ex-F1 names like Lucas di Grassi, Jaime Alguersuari, Bruno Senna, Karun Chandhok and Franck Montagny.
And with Trulli in the team owner's circle are the likes of Virgin, Audi, Super Aguri, Michael Andretti, Alain Prost, and Hollywood actor Leonardo di Caprio. Times correspondent Kevin Eason said the "intriguing" formula E concept is gathering speed just as F1 is gripped in "soul-searching", with its teams locked in factions arguing about costs.
Ferrari has issued its latest quit threat, arguments are raging about the volume of the engines despite formula E being almost completely silent, and the mere "viability" of a sport run by a private equity group "is in severe doubt", he argued. Furthermore, F1's television audiences are in decline, said Eason, and "sponsors are restless".
"Formula E is a breath of fresh air," he concluded, "and F1 has to worry that fans will believe so."
Crucial talks about the future of formula one are speeding ahead. Between the Canadian and Austrian Grand Prix, team bosses, FIA president Jean Todt and Bernie Ecclestone reportedly got together for meetings in London. It was about finding urgent cost reduction proposals that bridge the divide between F1's most competitive teams and the second half of the grid, who are angry about the lack of cooperation from their more powerful rivals.
Any proposals that got a majority vote on Wednesday will be presented to the FIA's World Motor Sport Council in its Munich meeting on June 26. By then, time will be up for any other meaningful cost-saving for 2015, as post July 1, only rules with an almost-impossible unanimous vote can be introduced for next year.
According to Italy's Autosprint, only two major rule changes are likely next year.
The first, that has reportedly been voted through is the shakeup of the grand prix weekend format, with Thursday's media activities and Friday morning practice both axed.
"The idea came up, let's not do the Friday and save engine and gearbox miles — it's about one (less) engine a year," Mercedes team boss Toto Wolff told Sky. "And that is, if not (a saving of) millions, it's at least a million or a million and a half," he said.
Autosprint said the F1 weekend from 2015 will now begin late on a Friday, with two 45 minute practice sessions, separated by a half-hour break. Lotus' Romain Grosjean is supportive. "As long as there's a grand prix and qualifying session, that's the main thing!" said the Frenchman.
Another proposal voted for in London will force teams to keep a single engine-gearbox-rear suspension layout attached to the race chassis for the entire race weekend.
It is also rumoured that, at the meeting, Ferrari was chided for its latest quit threat, while declining television audiences and restless sponsors were also discussed.
Today we had Ricciardo,Alonso, Perez, Ericsson, Gutiérrez and Chilton in the press conference and ….
Perez vs. Massa: As one might expect when seeing Sergio Perez at the press conference on Thursday in Austria, the reporters wanted to know what his view was on the accident between him and Felipe Massa, which cost both drivers dearly in terms of result and therefore championship points. Perez: "Yeah, luckily nothing happened. We went straight to hospital; it was a pretty big shunt. I had a little bit of back pain, which went away during the days. I couldn't do normal training for a couple of days and no, I haven't had the chance to speak with Felipe."
It was that same Massa who, according to the questioning journalist, told the press that Perez was a dangerous driver and he would think three times before attempting to overtake Perez again. When confronted with these words Perez replied: "He has his opinion, I have my opinion, and we just have to sit down. Also we get the opportunity tomorrow, with the FIA, to review the accident once again, as we believe we have enough evidence to prove I did nothing wrong.."
With this last remark Perez is referring to the possibility to explain his opinion to the stewards at the Austrian GP. In Canada Perez was briefly hospitalised after the accident and because of that he was unable to explain his view on the accident. However, article 13.10 of the FIA International Sporting Code states that teams can ask for the right of review if a 'new element' is discovered. In this case the new element is the opinion of Perez, which gives Force India the possibility to perhaps appeal against the 5-place grid penalty for Perez.
When asked if the good results of Force India were a one-off or whether they could perform well in the coming races, Perez said: "Yeah we have a couple of upgrades (for Austria), so we are really enthusiastic. I think this can be a good track as well for us. Yeah, we were doing so well in the last race; the strategy was going really well, we managed to do one stop and keep a very competitive pace, so I think we are really enthusiastic. It's the first really big upgrade we bring to the car since the beginning of the year, so hopefully that will put us in better shape and a better position."
Right then… competitive pace… so the train of cars behind you Checo??
The Show of F1: Fernando Alonso was asked if he agreed with his president Luca di Montezemolo on the spectacle of F1. Fernando: "I think the president is right, in a way. The show that probably we've put in this year is not good enough in some of the races.
Also, when one team is dominating so much as Mercedes, probably the spectators prefer some more action, as probably they like Canada Grand Prix that everyone seems to enjoy. Yeah, we will try to put on a better show in the next races and if the teams or the fans or whatever, they have any ideas, they will be welcome to have a better show."
Of course you would expect from him that he would back his president, after all the declarations of love from his team to him in the last month. Alonso however wasn't the only one driver who responded in this manner. Ericsson mentioned that although the driving is fun for him, the show could always be better.
When Perez was asked about the show in F1 he replied: "I think there is a big room for improvement, to improve the show. Reduce the cost to give an opportunity to the smaller teams to try and be competitive. I come from a big team to a smaller team and I see the reduced amount of budget and with this limited budget it is very difficult to compete against big teams.
I think that would help a bit, to reduce a bit the cost to be able to have more equal chances of fighting big teams."
Perez, Gutiérrez and Chilton replied in similar fashion re cost – the drivers see a direct connection between cost cutting and improving the show for the spectators. The overall sound from them is that if you create more equal opportunities for the (smaller) teams that the competition will improve and therefore the spectacle with it.
It seems unlikely that this was Di Montozemolo's intention when he raised the subject last week.
Red Bull Ring: Coming to Austria for the first time in 11 years, the circuit itself was a primary focal point for the journalists in the room. The only driver at the press conference who actually competed in F1 on this track is Alonso: "I think the circuit, as Esteban said before, is a very short circuit, so there are only five or six corners around here where you can make the time, so I expect all the cars to be very close." When asked about his memories he replied: "To be honest I don't remember anything. We raced in 2001 and 2003 and I have no memories. Too long!".
What the drivers generally agreed upon is that the last two corners should be the most fun on the track. Especially turn 9 going downhill and leading onto the start-finish straight. It is also expected that because of the short length of the track qualifying will be very tight and putting in a good lap on Saturday afternoon will be more important than ever. With nobody having any experience on the track worth mentioning, especially for those teams without a simulator like Sauber, this alone will be challenging enough.
World Cup: Of course the World Cup in Brazil was also mentioned and perhaps this is also the reason for the grumpy mood Alonso was in. Ricciardo admitted, smiling his familiar smile, that Australia and Spain will be playing for the wooden spoon now. Surely something they will hope to avoid coming Sunday…
Tags: 2005 United States Grand Prix, AustrianGP Drivers Press Conference, AustrianGP Stewards, f1 viewing figures meeting, shorter grand prix idea fails, Trulli GP Formula E
← #F1 History: Austrian Grand Prix – 15th August 1982
The #F1 Bar Exam: 19 June 2014 →
31 responses to "Daily #F1 News and Comment: Thursday 19th June 2014"
CTP June 19, 2014 at 13:05 · · Reply →
So, GMM reports Friday sessions are not changing at all yet are being reduced to afternoons only? Got it.
thejudge13 June 19, 2014 at 13:10 · · Reply →
…Michael Schmidt (in German, translated by GMM) is reporting the number of sessions will not be reduced, however they may be shortened and the time moved….
F1fan June 19, 2014 at 13:26 · · Reply →
F1 has to look over its shoulder at Formula E really !!! Its more of a farce than F1. Whoever heard of a series where you need TWO cars to finish the race and depending on how many tweets you get during the race you will an extra boost towards end of race, need I go on……
f1esty June 19, 2014 at 17:50 · · Reply →
They should implement the Tesla battery swap… it would be the equivalent of changing tyres in F1. Tesla just opened up their patents to speed up Electric adoption… by increasing their charge stops (read: Petrol stations) to cover the whole USA pretty soon, and having paid for battery swaps, theoretically you could travel anywhere in the USA with them.
cavallinorampantef1 June 19, 2014 at 13:29 · · Reply →
"According to the Times newspaper, F1 must look over its shoulder at the new 'Formula E' series that is rapidly gaining credibility."
I suppose it is for people that think a Nissan Leaf and covering the UK with windmills are the future.
Not necessarily… we could have Fusion power and unlimited electric cars with battery swaps instead of petrol stations! Instant torque…
And once sustainable fusion is cracked, we'll be tearing down these wind mills like the wooden ones before them..
That has about as much chance of happening as England winning another World Cup.
f1esty June 21, 2014 at 11:43 · ·
I'd bet on fusion power before England winning the world cup!
The process works, but we just have to make it self-sustaining.. once that happens, windmills will be pointless, and we'll look stupid for having put them up everywhere, while our engineers have cracked fusion in some foreign land..
"Jean Todt and Bernie Ecclestone reportedly got together for meetings in London. It was about finding urgent cost reduction proposals….."
Todt has raised the cost of engines for each customer team by around $10M a year, while Ecclestone continues to asset strip the sport. All that was missing was Spanky Mosley detailing how selling off F1's commercial rights for 100 years for nothing strengthened the sport.
Follow the money.
Mosley Ecclestone CVC What do all three have in common?
LaFerrari June 19, 2014 at 13:59 · · Reply →
OTD Lite: 2005
i always felt the real villain was mad max, the 'plan coming together' part of his quest to get michelin out
SteveH June 19, 2014 at 14:00 · · Reply →
I don't know about the fun part of that video. I friend of mine and fellow driver Steve Phillips was killed when he ran under a deer at Deer's Leap on the old Westwood, B.C. track during an FF race. I was on track when it happened; the race was, of course, red flagged. We found out at the border crossing that Steve was dead. Sad times, leaving a wife and two young daughters. It still brings tears.
Please change the title from 'Fun'.
McLaren78 June 19, 2014 at 15:09 · · Reply →
I second Steve's request!
If you want to drive the track again, a version has been made for GPL, by Glen Leugner I think. There's a 1967 version and a 1990 version for just before the track closed. Fun track – I've driven it virtually :-).
Condolences.. there are a few odd occasions like that that happen, like Bruno Senna hitting a stray dog at Istanbul. Viviane was not impressed by seeing a Senna helmet in a racing car with a broken front right tyre section again.
RogerD June 19, 2014 at 14:48 · · Reply →
The funny thing is that if Webber had been on pole in one of the six Bridgestone cars at the 2005 US GP he still would have been seventh or eighth into Turn One 😀
It's probably just me, but we have the Austrian GP coming up and somehow I don't have the 'can't wait' feeling that I usually have, and that's because of the World Cup. I'm sooo caught up on it. I almost feel as if I'm cheating on F1 ! Or it may be because we don't have any real 'juicy' news in the last couple of weeks.
PS Feeling will come back at the race after as I'll be going there
Fortis96 June 19, 2014 at 15:31 · · Reply →
Have you seen where they placed the podium?
Nope! In Mateschitz's office?
Right above the redbull garages. Helmut won't be too happy if they're are 2 silver arrows driver on there on Sunday.
McLaren78 June 19, 2014 at 16:02 · ·
You don't understand, that is all part of Herr Helmut's plan. Let the Mercs win and then drill a couple of holes under the podium, both Lewis and Nico fall through the holes, get injured and then Ricciardo romps away to the title!
Fortis96 June 19, 2014 at 16:04 · ·
The evil mind of darth Helmut at work 😂
But then Mercedes call up Paul di Resta and Anthony Davidson to replace the two, with Sam Bird yet again the reserve driver…. and which one of them will then romp to the title in the double points race?!?!
I'm trying to imagine what a happy Paul di Resta would look like!
The Sky coverage would then invariably turn to something resembling "Look at how our mate Anthony is doing!!"
Along with "Can anyone else work the skypad? Might as well just cut the analysis out and have more ex-driver chat"
So, Trulli has bought Drayson Racing. Not surprising that we won't have two entries from the UK. However, good to have virgin with Algerusuari and Bird, while Drayson will be the technology partner for the Trulli fronted team.
"that Australia and Spain will be playing for the wooden spoon now."
How's England doing in the World Cup?
Tbh, I doubt that we can beat Costa Rica, they've scored double the goals, and conceded half as many.. I imagine they'll win 2-0.
Colin June 20, 2014 at 00:46 · · Reply →
Think all the negativity over Formula E is very interesting.
Looks like its not just Bernie and hysterical Luca who are not impressed by innovation and progress.
This formula will have a lot more battery relevance, in the longer term, than F1. Also has some very big hitters involved.
I'm really looking forward to it!
Leave a Reply to cavallinorampantef1	Cancel reply


text:
Q: Should a comment on a blog post be an aggregate root? I've read that an aggregate should be encapsulated by its aggregate root. The aggregate should not exist if the aggregate root does not exist and we should access the aggregate though its root only.
Considering an example: i have a video website with a Few video and those videos can potentionally have lots of comments.
It seems to me that the video is the aggregate root and the comment is the aggregate, since a comment wouldn't make sense without a video.
But how would i retrieve the comments without loading them all from the database? That would be a big performance hit. Lazy loading could be a solution but i've read that it is not recommended.
Comment could be its own aggregate root, so i can query it independently, but that would break the "existence without root" rule, right?

A: I think you deal with 2 differents levels of you problems.
Consceptual => how i will define aggregates etc..
Implementation => my system will be slow
If you think you will have troubles with the loading of comments, you can optimise your implementation.

A: You are capturing yourself by thinking about aggregates from a persistence perspective. Within aggregate, it is not important if something is part of something or if something has something. Those are relational terms. What is important is the conceptual unity of objects that share the same root. A side effect of this unity is a transactional boundary - which is then used to save aggregate with the help of repository and storage mechanism. Aggregate doesn't care if it is going to be saved. Repository interface (as part of the domain) is there just because we are constrained by the architecture which includes the database. Pay attention to behavior, business rules, cohesion. Aggregation is much complex process then it is presented in DDD books.
Take a look at game of life. These small squares are all aggregated around some common root. They don't care if they are going to be saved. They are just fulfilling their mission. They are not part of an aggregate, they are part of something more dynamic and complex. Saving snapshots of Game of life in DB doesn't tell you much about their nature.

Also, don't think about a query as something fixed. Aggregate can be loaded and fetched in many different ways (partially or as a whole). This is the job of application. Thinking about query first means that you think about aggregate as a collection of data.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The United States Predator Team is led by captain Ben Blegen. Ben served as Captain and Angler for Team USA last year at the World Championships in Tver, Russa which was the first year Team USA participated in a World Lure Championship event.
Ben's involvement in world fishing events for the United States is extremely extensive as he is involved in many different United States disciples. Ben's involvement in the advancement of the sport fishing industry around the world includes: fishing for the United States Ice Fishing Team for the last 3 years; Board of Director Member for the United States Angling Confederation, Team Manager for USA Bass, United States delegate to the Pan-American Sportfishing Delegation and as Captain and Angler for the United States Predator Fishing Team.
Ben, what is the team's ambition and expectation for the World Championships?
The United States Predator Team's ambition is to achieve a gold medal through hard work, perseverance, determination, and by displaying personal excellence on and off the water. The United States Predator Team has an unwavering determination of excellence, constantly striving to achieve the best anglers the United States has.
Who will be included in the team?
All six United States anglers are professional anglers in the United States that are currently or have competed on a professional level for many years. Two of our six anglers just finished 1st and 2nd in the United States's biggest Predator/Walleye Championship. Three of our six anglers have competed multiple years on the United States Ice Fishing Team in World Championships and two of the six anglers were anglers on last years United States inaugural team.
Have you personally competed at the FIPD-ed World Lure Angling Championships before?
Yes, I competed last year for our inaugural year as the team Captain and as an angler. Since it was our first year attending the F.I.P.S.e.d World Lure Angling Championship, our goal was to learn the format, rules and expectations in order to put us in the best place possible for achieving immediate success moving forward.
What are you most looking forward to with your visit to the UK?
The United States Predator Fishing Team is looking forward to experiencing the amazing hospitality, rich culture, deep history, and amazing beautiful landscapes that the United Kingdom is historically known for.
We wish Ben and all of Team USA the best of luck at Rutland Water!


I'm Laura Kaczer, a junior researcher from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. I was a guest postdoc in Leiden in 2012 and still maintain a collaboration with prof. dr. Niels Schiller. I am interested in the behavioral and neural changes that occur when we learn new words. In particular, I want to address the modifications in the overt production of recently acquired words, and address the brain correlates of this process using event-related potentials.


An aerobic bacterial strain GSN 15 was isolated from Tehran oil refinery (Tehran Province, Iran). The strain was found to belong to Acinetobacter oleivorans according to morphological, physiological and its 16S rRNA gene sequence. This strain was able to degrade hydrocarbons such as phenol. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) –encoding gene was detected and amplified with the designed primers from the total DNA of Acinetobacter oleivorans.
Phenol is one of the most common toxic environmental pollutants, which mainly originates from industrial processes, such as coking plants, industrial resin manufacturing, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals, plastic, and varnish industries, etc (Whiteley et al. 2000 and Arutchelvan et al. 2003). Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol are widely used as insecticides, but they are very toxic substances. Phenol is a general protoplasmic poison with corrosive local effects that denature proteins. Poisoning with phenol compounds may occur by ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin (Meena et al., 2015).
The removal of phenol and its derivatives from a polluted environment by conventional physical and chemical methods was found to be an expensive and not an environment-friendly process (Arora, P et al., 2014). The ability of various microorganisms to metabolize phenolic compounds can be exploited for the efficient degradation of these toxic substances to harmless intermediates and final products. These can be used for the effective bioremediation of environment contaminated with phenolic compounds. Degradation of phenol occurs as a result of the activity of a large number of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Bacterial species include Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Acinetobacter sp, Achromobacter sp etc. Fusarium sp, Phanerocheate chrysosporium, Corious versicolor, Ralstonia sp, Streptomyces spp (Prieto et al., 2002).
Bacteria can metabolize phenolic compounds under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
these pathways, the ring activation by the introduction of hydroxyl groups is followed by the enzymatic ring cleavage.
mono and poly aromatic compounds.
ring fission is catalyzed by an ortho cleaving enzyme, catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase or by a meta cleaving enzyme catechol 2,3 dioxygenase, where the product of ring fission is a cis-muconic acid for the former and 2-hydro cis muconic semi aldehyde for the latter (Gurujeyalakshmi and Oriel, 1988),( Nair, C. Indu.,et al., 2008).
In this paper, we report here the identification of phenol-degrading Gene Metapyrocatechase in Acinetobacter oleivorans strain GSN15.
The colony character and bacterium configuration were observed by microscope. The analysis included dying, aerobic test, catalase activity, O/F test.
and 1492R(5-GGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3). 25 μL of PCR volume consisted of 1 ng of total DNA, 2.5μL Reaction buffer, 1μL of dNTP, 1μL of 27F, and 1492R, 0.5μL of Taq polymerase and adding ddH2O making the volume up to 25μL. PCR amplification was carried out as follows: 5 min at 95°C; 30 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 61°C, and 1 min at 72°C, plus an additional 5 min at 72°C.
The effect of the different substrate concentrations (1000- 2000mg/L-1) on the phenol degradation by GSN 15 was examined. The growth medium contained mineral salts incubated at 35, under a 150 rpm shaking rate and a pH of 7.0.
The physiological, biochemical characteristics of GSN15 are given in Table 1.
16S rRNA sequences analysis is a fast and accurate method to identify GSN15 phylogeny. 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and is shown in Fig. 1. (GenBank ID KF815697).
RC23O (5´-GAGTTGAAGATAGAGCCG-3´) were designed by Gene-runner software and primer design server. C23O gene was sequenced and is shown in Fig. 2.
C230 is known as one of key enzymes in benzene ring fission. GSN15 was capable of using phenol as carbon source and its ring cleavage was found at 2, 3-position in follow-up study; two different initial phenol concentrations were used (Table 2).The phenol degradation experienced two phases from the figure. The first was lag phase in which the phenol degradation was slow. In the second logarithmic phase, phenol was rapidly degraded. It was conferred that microorganisms usually need a period of time to adapt the reaction system (Wang, 1993). Figure 3 shows the kinetics of growth in broth containing 500 mg phenol l-1 at 600 nm over 72 h. Cell density and pH were also measured in 1000 and 2000 mg phenol l-1 after 72h as indices of growth capabilities. Significant changes seems to have occurred, when comparison is made to the original medium with pH 7 and initial inoculums with an absorbance greater than 0.05, up to 0.481 (wavelength 600 nm)(Figure3).
The Acinetobacter olivorans isolate GSN15 isolated from the Tehran oil refinery could well degrade phenol while it also had high strength acidic degrading ability. GSN15 belonged to the Acinetobacter genus according to 16S rRNA gene analysis, and it was closely related to A. olivorans. Catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase gene (metapyrocatechase) was found in its genomic DNA. The results from sequencing of the amplified gene shows 94% identity with Acinetobacter oleivorans sequences registered in the NCBI database.
within an industrial phenol bioremediation system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
phenol-formaldehyde resin manufacturing industrial wastewater, J. Hazard.
Arora, P. K., & Bae, H. (2014). Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols and their derivatives.
Microbial Cell Factories, 13, 31.
Prieto MB, Hidalgo A, Rodriguez FC, Serra JL, Llama MJ (2002). Biodegradation of phenol in synthetic and industrial wastewater by Rhodococcus erythropolis. UPV-1 immobilized in air-stirred reactor with clarifier. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 58: 583-859.
Gurujeyalekshmi G, Oreil P (1988). Isolation of phenol degrading Bacillus stearothermophilus and partial characterization of the phenol hydroxylase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(2): 500-502.
Nair, C. Indu , Jayachandran, K , Shankar Shashidhar (2008)."Biodegradation of phenol"African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (25), pp. 4951-4958.
Wang, J. S., Zhao, L. H. & Kuang, X. (1993). A survey on the microbial degradation of synthetic organic compounds. Environment Chemistry, 12, 161-172.
Table 1. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of GSN15.
Figur2.PCR amplicon by primer FC23O and RC23O.linse 1,2 PCR product C12O and C23O.Line3 DNA marker and line4 negative control.
Figure 3. Time course of growth in culture broth for Acinetobacter olivorans GSN15 according to spectrophotometric measurement of absorbency.


appoint Committee members to serve in anJune.
advisory capacity to help review the City's long-termFor additional information about serving on thefinancial forecast, and provide recommendationsCitizen's Financial Advisory Committee, pleaseto the City Council for revenue enhancements andcontact the City Clerk's Office at 574-5455.
Due to specialized nature of this Committee,population of just over 56,000. Located approximatelyprospective candidates with a background in20 miles east of downtown Los Angeles, Arcadiafinance are preferred. To serve on the Committee, is known for combining small-town charm withcandidates must be at least 18 years of age, athe conveniences and amenities of a mid-size city.
Qualified candidates with an interest in servingexceptional education and recreation opportunitiesmay pick up an application from the City Clerk'sand beautiful neighborhoods, Arcadia is also definedOffice, located at 240 W. Huntington Drive,as the "Community of Homes" and has twice beenor print one off of the City's website at www. designated the "Best City in California in which toArcadiaCA.gov/CitizenService. Applications Raise Kids" by Business Week Magazine.
of questions were raised by the public regardingresidents." There will be additional opportunitiesthe Draft Ordinance. As a result, the City hasfor the public to review and comment on the Draftdeveloped a Historic Preservation Fact Sheet toOrdinance and the merits of Historic Preservation.
The Ordinance has not been adopted and there more information on the project.
In the last few weeks, so many wonderful events haveopen every WEDNESDAY, SATURDAY and SUNDAYbeen happening in Monrovia. First, on Sunday, Februaryfrom 1-4 pm from March 3-April.
H. Mohr, the iconic building had been decaying forand School District. The Van will have WIFI and permit45 years. At the groundbreaking last March, we metstudents to check out and return library books whenthese two contractors and wondered how they couldit visits the school sites during the Village Program.
Hector Elizalde, representing Congresswoman Graceformer Mayor, Mayor Mary Ann Lutz. I thought, "HowNapolitano, Supervisor Kathryn Barger, Mayor Tomawesome for students who cannot get up to the Library"!
the Monrovia Arcadia Duarte Town Council were "This will take the Library outside its four walls." ThankPresident Dave Hall, Vice President Terrence Williams you to Publisher Sponsor, Foothill Credit Union and(Also president of the Monrovia School Board), andAuthor Sponsor, Greater Los Angeles New Car.
The Monrovia Historical Society will be sharingquestions. It was a most informative meeting and Mr.
photos here at the Depot! A sample of nearly 100Torres' story of how he turned his life around was trulyphotographs of Old Monrovia from the Legacy inspiring.
75. Memorial services are being coordinated underappreciation for all that Fred did to help makethe direction of Douglass & Zook, and we wantedMonrovia the brightest gem in the crown that isto share that the funeral proceedings will be held the San Gabriel Valley.
for service, of which 105 required formal investigations. Theentered the residence by smashing a rear sliding glass door.
following is a summary report of the major incidents handledThe suspect(s) ransacked the residence and fled the scene.
Just before 8:30 a.m., an officer noticed a vehicle stoppedresidence in the 500 block of East Live Oak Avenue regardingat a green light on Santa Anita Avenue near the 210 Freeway.a domestic dispute. The suspect wrestled his fiancée to theThe officer discovered the driver had fallen asleep. Furtherground, grabbed her head and placed his hands around herinvestigation revealed the driver was in possession offace to prevent her from screaming. This left visible injuryfraudulent credit cards and a credit card skimming device.to her face. The 41-year-old male from Arcadia was arrestedThe 29-year-old male from Arcadia was arrested andand transported to the Arcadia City Jail for booking.
a series of tests, the officer determined the 59-year-old maleMonday, February 26:from Monrovia was driving under the influence marijuana.
At approximately 11:00 a.m., officers responded to aThe suspect was arrested and transported to the Arcadia Cityresidence in the 2000 block of Highland Oaks AvenueJail for booking.
regarding an audible alarm. An investigation revealed theJust before 10:00 p.m., officers responded to Arcadiasuspect smashed the kitchen window of the home. DuringGarden Café, 850 South Baldwin Avenue, regarding thethe investigation, officers were notified of a second burglaryreport of an attempted robbery. The victim stated the suspectthat had just occurred in the area. Officers respondingcame up from behind her and tried to pull her purse off ofto the second burglary located a vehicle parked with theher shoulder. The suspect eventually fled without the purse.
driver reclined all the way back in his seat, with the engineHe was described as a male Hispanic, approximately fivestill running. Officers contacted the driver and discoveredfeet, ten inches tall, medium build, wearing a black hoodedhe had dropped off the burglary suspect and was waitingsweatshirt and a blue bandana covering his nose and mouth.
area of First Avenue and Alta Avenue, contacted a bicyclistsubject revealed she was in possession of drug paraphernalia.
riding on the sidewalk. A consensual search of the subject ledThe 34-year-old female from Arcadia was issued a citationto the discovery of a stolen badge and methamphetamine.and released at the scene.
Nordstrom, 400 South Baldwin Avenue, regarding a theftas a male Hispanic between 25 and 30-years-old, wearing areport. The victim placed her purse on the counter to pay forgray jacket and blue denim pants.
Just before 8:00 p.m., a witness reported that she wasBaldwin Avenue, regarding a subject yelling and spitting atfollowing a possible drunk driver who struck a guard railmall security officers. Upon contacting the 34-year-old malealong the 210 Freeway. The suspect vehicle exited the freewayfrom Los Angeles, the officer noticed symptoms of alcoholand parked in a parking lot on Foothill Boulevard. Officersintoxication and determined the suspect was unable to carearrived and contacted the driver. Upon contacting the driver,for himself. He was arrested and transported to the Arcadiathe officers detected a strong odor of alcohol emitting fromCity Jail for booking.
officer determined a valid arrest by private person had beenWednesday, February 28:made. The 25-year-old male from El Monte was transportedJust after 11:20 a.m., officers responded to a residence to the Arcadia City Jail for booking.
BREAK GROUND IN APRIL 2018!
would be mobilizing to complete the Monrovia impacts to the nearby residents and businesses.
This week, the Monrovia Renewal Project team water pipelines.
to establish the project plan and schedule. As a and driveway approaches.
The Monrovia Renewal South Section with concrete will be repaired.
removal and replacement of concrete sidewalk, side of Duarte Avenue, east of California Avenue.
Three Stages of Construction Work:Renewal website.
street construction. The work is being executed Middle School on April 19, 2018, at 6:30 p.m.
During the last seven-day period, the Police Departmentthe rear balcony glass door and gained entry to the home.
handled 431 service events, resulting in 90 investigations. ToNothing was taken. This investigation is continuing.
see a complete listing of crimes reported, go to http://www.
W. Colorado, when he saw a vehicle with a shattered continued driving and did not stop. This investigationwindow. The officer was able to locate the owner, who is continuing.
during morning rush hour traffic at the intersection oflocate it. This investigation is continuing.
officer stopped the vehicle and approached the driver. SheResidential Burglary March 1 at 13:46 p.m., a residentialcould smell alcohol coming from the driver's breath, soburglary was reported in the 100 block of N. Sutterfield sobriety tests were conducted. The driver was arrestedCreek. While the resident was away, someone shattered for DUI.


text:
Resilience as a Protective Factor for Suicidal Ideation among Korean Workers
Publication date (electronic) : 2020 February 13
doi : https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0072
Sun Mi Kim1 , Hye Ri Kim1 , Kyoung Joon Min1 , Seo-Koo Yoo2 , Young-Chul Shin3,4 , Eun-Jin Kim3,4 , Sang Won Jeon,3,4
1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2School of Social Welfare, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Correspondence: Sang Won Jeon, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-2001-2073, Fax: +82-2-2001-2211 E-mail: sangwonyda@hanmail.net
Received 2019 March 26; Revised 2019 August 1; Accepted 2019 November 27.
This study aimed to investigate resilience as a protective factor for suicidality among Korean workers.
Participants were workers from 26 organizations in Korea, aged 18 to 63 years, who completed a self-reported questionnaire comprising items on sociodemographic factors, job stress, resilience, and suicidality. Completed questionnaires were collected from 4,405 persons, with 4,389 valid responses. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were performed using suicidality as the dependent variable.
Results of the logistic regression analyses indicated that among the sociodemographic factors, older age, being female, and being single were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation. A high level of job stress, depressive mood, and anxiety, in addition to a short job duration, were also associated with suicidal ideation. Resilience was a significant protective factor for suicidal ideation after adjusting for all other variables. Older age and high anxiety levels were associated with having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation. The association of resilience with suicide plans and suicide attempts was non-significant.
In this study, we found that a high level of resilience was associated with a low incidence of suicidal ideation in Korean workers. Based on these results, we suggest the need to develop and implement interventions to improve resilience in the workplace, thereby protecting workers, especially those with a high level of work stress, from suicidal ideation.
Keywords: Psychological resilience; Workplaces; Occupational health; Protective factor; Suicidal ideation
Suicide is a leading cause of death in working-age populations. In Korea, suicide was the highest cause of death among people in their 20s and 30s, and the second highest cause of death among those in their 40s and 50s in 2017 [1]. Of the Korean workers who died in 2017, the deaths of 13.69% were due to suicide [1]. It is known that those who complete suicide have generally previously made 10 to 20 attempts [2]. Suicide and related behaviors can have huge costs with regard to workers' productivity and welfare. Not only completed suicides but also non-fatal suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts can cause serious economic burdens in the workplace [2]. Therefore, it is important to identify risk and protective factors for suicidal behaviors at work and use them to prevent suicide.
Workers' suicide is a result of complex interactions between individual vulnerabilities (such as mental health problems), stressful working conditions, and living conditions (including familial and social stressors). Previous studies have associated increased suicidality with high work stress [3]; adverse working conditions such as a monotonous job, high responsibility, and high job strain [4]; and workplace bullying [5]. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, exposure to poor job support from supervisors and coworkers and work insecurity were significantly related to suicidal ideation [6]. In addition, lack of job control and low job support from supervisors and coworkers were significantly related to suicide completion [6]. Although previous studies have been limited by their cross-sectional nature, there is growing evidence to suggest an association between poor employment-related psychosocial conditions and suicidality. Psychosocial stressors in the workplace can affect mental health by interacting with vulnerability and protective factors. However, there have been few studies on the relationship between individual protective factors and occupational stress and suicidality in the domain of job-related mental health.
Resilience refers to an individual's ability to successfully cope with stressors and changes in the environment and maintain psychological well-being despite adversity. The concept of resilience first received attention with observations of people who recovered and adapted better than others after experiencing severe stressful events [7]. At first, resilience was regarded as a fixed personality trait [8]. However, in animal and human studies, it has been observed that coping ability is strengthened in response to environmental risks and protection [8]. Therefore, recently, resilience has come to be regarded not as a "fixed trait" but a "dynamic process" that changes and improves with environmental stimuli [8]. As the concept of resilience has developed, studies have been conducted to investigate its relationship with mental illness in people exposed to specific stressors and to prevent mental illness by providing training or fostering an environment that can enhance resilience.
In resilience research, the workplace has attracted attention as an environment where individual resilience can be developed and promoted as a protective factor for mental health problems. In previous studies, resilience was reported to be a protective factor for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in certain occupational groups known to be at high risk of trauma or those who experience occupational stress [9-11]. A systematic review of 14 studies from 2003 to 2014 reported that training in improving resilience in the workplace could improve mental health problems such as stress, depression, and anxiety [12]. However, few studies have investigated the association between resilience and suicidality among workers. In the general population, there has been increasing interest in the association between resilience and suicidality, with studies associating a low resilience score with an increased risk of suicide attempts [13]. In a lifespan analysis study, a low level of resilience was shown to predict greater suicidality in all ages [14]. A review of studies on moderators affecting suicidality proposed a "buffering hypothesis" that can explain how resilience reduces suicide risk [15]. As per the buffering hypothesis, resilience can moderate the impact of the existing risk of suicidality, such as a negative attributional style, excessive perfectionism, and hopelessness [15].
Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between resilience and suicidality among workers. Further, we aimed to determine the influence of resilience on different levels of suicidality, which is a comprehensive term including suicidal ideation (thoughts of ending one's life), suicide plans (strategies for how to end one's life), and suicide attempts (usually non-lethal self-harm behavior, while some are willing to die). In the study population, we hypothesized that 1) high resilience is related to a low incidence of suicidal ideation and 2) high resilience is related to a low incidence of suicide plans among participants with suicidal ideation and a low incidence of suicide attempts among participants with suicide plans.
Study participants
This study was part of the Kangbuk Samsung Workplace Mental Health Study, a cross-sectional study of male and female Koreans aged 18 to 63 years who attended a mental health checkup program at the Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Participants comprised workers from 26 companies and local government organizations, and voluntarily participated in mental health examinations upon invitation from their companies: 10 companies in the fields of service (three providing educational services, two providing health services, three providing business services, and two hotels), two companies in the field of transportation and communications (one transportation company and one broadcasting company), three companies in the field of finance, insurance, and real estate (three insurance companies), three companies in the field of construction, three companies in the field of manufacturing, three companies in the field of wholesale trade, and two public administrations, based on the United States' Standard Industrial Classification division structure [16].
The present study was conducted between June 2015 and April 2017. From the initial 4,405 respondents, we excluded those with incomplete questionnaires or missing sociodemographic information. The final sample size was 4,389 (2,432 males, 1,957 females). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (IRB no. KBSMC 2013-01-217), which waived the informed consent requirement as we only used de-identified data routinely collected in the workplace mental health screening checkups.
Suicidality was assessed using a self-reported dichotomous question, the response options for which were "Yes" or "No." The question is part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted annually by the Korean government to investigate the level of public health and compile statistics to establish and evaluate public health policy [17]. Participants' responses were categorized into groups according to their suicide status during the previous year as follows: 1) those who had never considered suicide, 2) those who had experienced suicidal ideation, 3) those who had made suicide plans, and 4) those who had attempted suicide. To assess suicidal ideation, participants were asked whether they had ever seriously wanted to commit suicide during the past year ("Over the last year, have you ever felt you would be better off dead?"), with response options of "Yes" or "No." To determine the existence of a suicide plan, participants were asked whether they had ever made a specific plan for suicide during the past year ("Over the last year, have you ever planned how to commit suicide?"), with response options of "Yes" or "No." The presence of a suicide attempt was also measured by a question regarding if they had ever attempted self-harm or suicide during the previous year ("Over the last year, have you ever attempted selfharm or suicide?"), with response options of "Yes" or "No."
The sociodemographic factors collected for the purpose of this study were age, gender, educational level, marital status, job grade, and years at current job. Educational level was categorized into two groups, with those with master's and doctorate degrees referred to as the highly educated group. Marital status was delineated as married or single (being single included never married, separated, divorced, and widowed individuals), and job grade as low (members of staff or assistant managers) or high (executive team members, general managers, deputy general managers, or managers).
Occupational stress
Occupational stress was measured using the short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-SF) developed to measure employees' job stress in Korean workplaces [18]. The KOSS-SF is a self-reported questionnaire comprising 24 items measured on a four-point Likert scale (1 to 4). In this study, Cronbach's alpha for the KOSS-SF was 0.643. Some papers have asserted that an acceptable threshold for Cronbach's alpha is typically ≥0.70 [19]. Previously, the KOSS-SF has demonstrated good internal consistency and validity within seven subscales: job demand, lack of job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, organizational system, insufficient reward, and organizational climate [18]. However, in this study, the analyses that follow use the overall KOSS-SF score, not those of the seven subscales, to determine internal consistency; therefore, Cronbach's alpha for the KOSS-SF is relatively low.
Depression and anxiety levels were assessed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale [20,21] and the 21-item Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [22], respectively. Both are self-reported questionnaires with responses measured on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3 points, and both have been confirmed to have high internal consistency and validity [20-22]. In this study, Cronbach's alphas of the CES-D and BAI were 0.861 and 0.937, respectively, indicating high levels of internal consistency in the context of our sample.
The Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC) was used to measure resilience [23]. The self-reported K-CD-RISC consists of 25 items measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4 points. Previously, the K-CD-RISC demonstrated good reliability and validity (Cronbach's alpha=0.93, test-retest reliability=0.93) [23]. In this study, Cronbach's alpha of the K-CD-RISC was 0.995, indicating a high level of internal consistency in the context of our sample.
The distribution of sociodemographic and psychological characteristics across the study population was calculated. For univariate analyses, we used Mann-Whitney-U tests to compare means of continuous variables because of non-normal distribution, and chi-square tests to compare proportions of categorical variables between participants with and without suicidal ideation.
To determine the influence of resilience on the suicidality of workers, we performed hierarchical logistic regression analyses. First, a hierarchical logistic regression analysis of all participants was conducted with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable. Second, we conducted a hierarchical logistic regression analysis of participants with suicidal ideation using a suicide plan as the dependent variable. Third, we conducted a hierarchical logistic regression analysis of participants with a suicide plan using a suicide attempt as the dependent variable.
The model design was identical for all three analyses. In model 1, the association of sociodemographic factors and suicidality was tested. Occupational stress was added in model 2 to test the associations of occupational stress beyond the effects of sociodemographic factors. Psychiatric symptoms were added in model 3 to test the associations of depression and anxiety beyond the effects of sociodemographic factors and occupational stress. Finally, resilience was added in model 4 to test the associations of resilience beyond the effects of sociodemographic factors, occupational stress, and psychiatric symptoms. Statistical significance was set at α=0.05 (two-sided). We used the Complex Samples module of the PASW statistics software package, version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to conduct all analyses.
Characteristics of the participants
Sociodemographic factors, occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms, resilience, and suicidality status are described in Table 1. The mean age of the participants was 39.6±10.2 years, and 11.9% of them had a high educational level. The mean job duration was 13.0±10.4 years, and 35.6% of the study population was in high-grade jobs. A total of 36.0% of the study population was single (never married, separated, divorced, or widowed). The mean KOSS-SF score was 43.3±12.2, and mean CES-D and BAI scores were 10.2±9.6 and 7.2±8.2, respectively. The mean K-CD-RISC score was 63.6±16.0. In addition, 20.1% of the study participants (n=881) reported having experienced suicidal ideation during the previous year, 5.7% (n= 251) reported having made a suicide plan during the previous year, and 1.5% (n=66) reported having attempted self-harm or suicide. In univariate analyses, compared to the participants without suicidal ideation, the participants with suicidal ideation were more likely to be younger (z=-8.641, p<0.001), female (χ2=76.127, p<0.001), and single (χ2=109.143, p<0.001), and have a lower educational level (χ2=25.188, p<0.001), shorter job duration (z=-8.216, p<0.001) and lower job grade (χ2=85.321, p<0.001). In addition, the participants with suicidal ideation were more likely to show higher KOSS-SF (z=-16.435, p<0.001), CES-D (z=-23.805, p<0.001), and BAI (z=-23.332, p<0.001) scores and lower K-CD-RISC scores (z=-18.404, p<0.001) compared to those without suicidal ideation.
Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of the study participants (N=4,389)
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses of all participants with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable
The results of the hierarchical logistic regression analysis that tested the association of suicidal ideation with sociodemographic factors, occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms, and resilience are summarized in Table 2. The results of all four models of the hierarchical logistic regression revealed significant overall model fit. In the analysis of model 4, both model χ2 (786.586, p<0.001) and the Nagelkerke R2 value (0.259, explaining about 25.9% of the variance in the dependent variable) indicated that the model was adequate to explain suicidal ideation. Examining the practical usefulness of the model according to classification accuracy, 10 variables in analysis model 4 considerably enhanced its explanation accuracy to 82.4% for the group membership of the dependent variable. Wald statistics were used to see if each indicator had a significant individual relationship with suicidal ideation. Among the independent variables, being female and being single were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. In addition, age, KOSS-SF score, CES-D score, and BAI score were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. Furthermore, job duration and K-CD-RISC score were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. High educational level and high job grade were statistically associated with suicidal ideation in analysis models 1, 2, and 3. However, educational level and job grade became statistically non-significant in analysis model 4. After accounting for the influence of other variables, the odds ratio of 0.980 in the K-CD-RISC means that a positive increase in one unit of the K-CD-RISC decreased the probability of suicidal ideation by 0.98 times.
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses of all participants with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable (N=4,389)
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses of participants with suicidal ideation with a suicide plan as the dependent variable
The results of the hierarchical logistic regression analysis that tested the association of having a suicide plan with sociodemographic factors, occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms, and resilience among participants with suicidal ideation are summarized in Table 3. The results of all four models of the hierarchical logistic regression revealed significant overall model fit. In analysis model 4, both model χ2 (87.408, p<0.001) and the Nagelkerke R2 value (0.137, explaining about 13.7% of the variance in the dependent variable) indicated that the analysis model was adequate to explain having a suicide plan. Examining the practical usefulness of the model according to classification accuracy, 10 variables in analysis model 4 considerably enhanced its explanation accuracy to 74.5% for the group membership of the dependent variable. Wald statistics were used to determine if each indicator had a significant individual relationship with having a suicide plan. Among the independent variables, age and BAI score were statistically associated with having a suicide plan in analysis model 4. The KOSS-SF score was statistically associated with having a suicide plan in analysis models 2 and 3. In addition, job duration was statistically associated with having a suicide plan in analysis model 2. Furthermore, CES-D score was statistically associated with having a suicide plan in analysis model 3. However, KOSS-SF score, job duration, and CES-D score became statistically non-significant in analysis model 4. In addition, the K-CD-RISC score did not demonstrate a statistically significant influence on having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation.
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses of participants with suicidal ideation with a suicide plan as the dependent variable (N=881)
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analysis of participants with a suicide plan with self-harm and suicide attempts as the dependent variable
The results of the hierarchical logistic regression analysis that tested the association of suicide attempts with sociodemographic factors, occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms, and resilience among participants with a suicide plan are summarized in Table 4. The results of all four models in the hierarchical logistic regression revealed non-significant overall model fit. K-CD-RISC score did not demonstrate a statistically significant influence on suicide attempts among participants with a suicide plan.
Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses of participants with a suicide plan with a suicide attempt as the dependent variable (N=251)
To summarize the results, among the sociodemographic factors, older age, being female, and being single were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation. A high level of job stress, depressive mood, and anxiety, in addition to a short job duration, were also associated with suicidal ideation. Resilience was a significant protective factor for suicidal ideation after adjusting for all other variables. Older age and high anxiety levels were associated with having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation. The association of resilience with suicide plans and suicide attempts was non-significant.
In this study, older age was statistically associated with suicidal ideation among all participants and associated with having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation. In addition, being female and being single were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. In general, the suicide rate increases with age, and the highest rates among males and females are after 45 years and 55 years, respectively [24]. Depression, physical illness, impaired functioning, and the death of a spouse have been known to contribute to suicide in old age [25]. It has been suggested that the deterioration of cognitive and physical functions and the impairment of work capacity may affect the association between older age and suicidality among workers. Among females, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts tend to be three times higher than among males, although suicide completion is four times more prevalent among males [24]. Among females as compared to males, more frequent suicidal ideation and behavior can be attributed to a twofold higher prevalence of depression preceding suicide [26]. Females also tend to express their distress through suicidal behavior without the intention to die and to report suicidal thoughts and plans more often than males [27]. This may explain why suicide attempts are common in females but are less likely to lead to actual suicide as compared to males. Also, previous studies on gender differences in occupational stress have suggested higher occupational stress among females because of multiple and conflicting role demands at home and in the workplace [28,29]. In addition, female workers have been reported to experience high occupational stress because of their poorer job conditions compared to males, including low job grade, lack of decision latitude, long working hours, and high work strain [30,31]. These gender differences in occupational stress may have been responsible for the increased suicidal ideation and plans in female workers in this study. In the general population, marriage significantly reduces the risk of suicide, while being single doubles it [24]. According to Durkheim's social integration theory of suicide, marriage can reduce the risk of suicide by facilitating social support. In addition, by giving individuals an opportunity to care for another person, marriage encourages altruism and social integration [32]. However, if this integration is broken through divorce and bereavement, the risk of suicide increases [33]. A longitudinal study of large populations and a systematic review of 84 papers have supported this theory [33,34].
In this study, a high level of job stress was statistically associated with suicidal ideation, but was non-significant with regard to suicide plans and attempts. A systematic review and meta-analysis [6] examined the relationship between various work stressors and suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion. According to the results, a higher risk of suicidal ideation was associated with poor job support from supervisors and coworkers as well as work insecurity. Moreover, the higher risk of both suicide attempts and completion was associated with low job control. In addition, general self-reported occupational stress and exposure to work stressors were related to suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion [6].
In this study, depressive mood and anxiety were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. In addition, a high level of anxiety was statistically associated with having a suicide plan among participants with suicidal ideation. It is known that about 95% of people who attempt or commit suicide have a diagnosed mental illness, and depressive disorder accounts for 80% of these people [24]. In addition, the literature identifies severe anxiety and agitation as risk factors for suicide. Almost 20% of patients with an anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and social phobias make unsuccessful suicide attempts [24]. Agitation was identified as one of the strongest predictors of short-term suicide in patients with depression and as one of the predictors of near-lethal attempts [35].
In this study, resilience was a significant protective factor for suicidal ideation after adjusting for all other variables. Previous studies on substance-dependent patients have related low resilience to a high risk of suicide attempts [13]. In a lifespan analysis study, low resilience was shown to predict a high likelihood of suicidal ideation for all ages in a community sample [14]. Some researchers have proposed various definitions of suicide resilience—a capability, resource, or competitiveness to control suicidal ideation [36]—and identified it as an internal factor protecting against suicidality [37]. Further, one study contended that suicide resilience is a positive coping appraisal, which implies individual confidence in the ability to perform specific actions when dealing with difficult life situations [38]. A subsequent study presented the buffering hypothesis of resilience against suicidality, in which resilience can moderate the impact of existing risk factors for suicidality, such as a negative attributional style, excessive perfectionism, and hopelessness [15], which may act as risk factors in the workplace as well. In this study, the association of resilience with suicide plans and attempts was nonsignificant. This result contradicted our hypothesis that high resilience among workers is related to a low incidence of suicide plans among participants with suicidal ideation and a low incidence of suicide attempts among participants with suicide plans. This non-significant influence beyond suicidal ideation can be understood based on suicidality as a continuum with suicidal ideation, plan, attempts, and completion [39].
In addition to the major findings of this study, high job grade and high educational level were statistically associated with the absence of suicidal ideation in analysis models 1, 2, and 3 of the hierarchical logistic regression analyses of all participants with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable, although they became statistically non-significant in analysis model 4. Firstly, lower job grade may be associated with other adverse working conditions that increase suicidality, such as low control, monotony, high job strain, and workplace bullying [4-6]. Regarding educational level, there is the implication that it is negatively associated with occupational stress among workers [40,41]. A previous study with a large sample of workers in 16 European countries (n=13,695) reported a consistent link between low educational levels and high work stress [29]. Intellectual skills, which could be associated with educational level, play an important role in choosing adaptive coping strategies when faced with workplace stress [42]. Intellectual strengths can provide psychosocial resources for individuals to experience an increased sense of control and self-efficacy and lower stress levels [43,44]. Therefore, these play a role as protective factors for suicidality among workers [45].
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. First, we measured participants' suicidality using simple yes or no questions asking whether they had experienced suicidal ideation, had suicide plans, and made suicide attempts. There have been many instruments of varying character and length for assessing suicidal ideation or intent [46]. Some include just a few elements and others contain more than 20 elements. As suicidal ideation and intent vary in severity and their degree is clinically meaningful, the dichotomous measurements used to assess suicidality in this study have limitations. In addition, because important independent variables, including KOSS-SF, CES-D, BAI, and K-CD-RISC scores, were used as continuous variables, we were unable to demonstrate their linear associations with suicidality, which could have been possible if suicidality had been measured by a rating instrument. However, there is controversy regarding the adequacy of the positive predictive value of suicidal behaviors using clinical instruments, even in more detailed questionnaires [47]. In addition, non-suicidal self-injury could have been included as a group of people who attempt suicide in this study. Second, since the study used a self-reported survey, reporting bias may be a concern. Third, the current study did not collect data on various sociodemographic factors such as socioeconomic status, personal life stress outside work, and psychiatric comorbidities such as substance use disorder, impulse control disorder, and personality disorder, which may affect suicidality. Risk factors for suicidality including a family history of suicide and childhood abuse were also not examined in this study. Fourth, the current study did not collect data on various job-related factors such as work hours and workplace atmosphere, which can potentially influence suicidality. Finally, this study on resilience has the limitation of utilizing a cross-sectional design. Resilience can be understood as having both "trait-like" and "state-like" characteristics. Therefore, causality here may be limited [8]. Therefore, to confirm and generalize the results of this study, further longitudinal studies using a larger number of participants and objective assessment tools that control for latent confounding factors are needed.
In this study, we found that a high level of resilience was associated with a low incidence of suicidal ideation in Korean workers. Based on these results, we suggest the need to develop and implement interventions to improve resilience in the workplace, thereby protecting workers, especially those with a high level of work stress, from suicidal ideation. Future research should focus on the development of interventions to promote resilience among workers in the workplace.
We dedicate this paper to the spirit of the departed, Professor Se-Won Lim.
Conceptualization: Sun Mi Kim, Hye Ri Kim. Data curation: Sang Won Jeon, Eun-Jin Kim. Formal analysis: Sun Mi Kim, Kyoung Joon Min. Funding acquisition: Young-Chul Shin. Investigation: Sang Won Jeon, Eun-Jin Kim. Methodology: Sun Mi Kim, Seo-Koo Yoo. Supervision: Young-Chul Shin, Kyoung Joon Min. Writing—original draft: Sun Mi Kim, Hye Ri Kim. Writing—review & editing: Sang Won Jeon.
1. KOSIS. Causes of death statistics. Available at: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B34E05&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=D11&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ZTITLE. Accessed July 17, 2019.
2. Kinchin I, Doran CM. The economic cost of suicide and non-fatal suicide behavior in the Australian workforce and the potential impact of a workplace suicide prevention strategy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14pii: E347.
3. Loerbroks A, Cho SI, Dollard MF, Zou J, Fischer JE, Jiang Y, et al. Associations between work stress and suicidal ideation: Individual-participant data from six cross-sectional studies. J Psychosom Res 2016;90:62–69.
4. Schneider B, Grebner K, Schnabel A, Hampel H, Georgi K, Seidler A. Impact of employment status and work-related factors on risk of completed suicide. A case-control psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry Res 2011;190:265–270.
5. Leach LS, Poyser C, Butterworth P. Workplace bullying and the association with suicidal ideation/thoughts and behaviour: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med 2017;74:72–79.
6. Milner A, Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I, LaMontagne AD. Low control and high demands at work as risk factors for suicide: An Australian national population-level case-control study. Psychosom Med 2017;79:358–364.
7. Ahern NR, Kiehl EM, Sole ML, Byers J. A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 2006;29:103–125.
8. Rutter M. Resilience as a dynamic concept. Dev Psychopathol 2012;24:335–344.
9. Lee JK, Choi HG, Kim JY, Nam J, Kang HT, Koh SB, et al. Self-resilience as a protective factor against development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in police officers. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:58.
10. Mealer M, Jones J, Newman J, McFann KK, Rothbaum B, Moss M. The presence of resilience is associated with a healthier psychological profile in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses: Results of a national survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49:292–299.
11. Wild J, Smith KV, Thompson E, Bear F, Lommen MJ, Ehlers A. A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Psychol Med 2016;46:2571–2582.
12. Robertson IT, Cooper CL, Sarkar M, Curran T. Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. J Occup Organ Psychol 2015;88:533–562.
13. Roy A, Sarchiapone M, Carli V. Low resilience in suicide attempters. Arch Suicide Res 2007;11:265–269.
14. Liu DW, Fairweather-Schmidt AK, Roberts RM, Burns R, Anstey KJ. Does resilience predict suicidality? A lifespan analysis. Arch Suicide Res 2014;18:453–464.
15. Johnson J, Wood AM, Gooding P, Taylor PJ, Tarrier N. Resilience to suicidality: The buffering hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2011;31:563–591.
16. United States Department of Labor. Standard Industrial Classification division structure. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.html. Accessed July 24, 2019.
17. Lee E, Shin H, Yang Y, Cho J, Ahn K, Kim S. Development of the Stress Questionnaire for KNHANES: Report of Scientific Study Service Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010.
18. Chang SJ, Koh SB, Kang D, Kim SA, Kang MG, Lee CG, et al. Developing an occupational stress scale for Korean employees. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2005;17:297–317.
19. Taber KS. The Use of Cronbach's alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Edu 2018;48:1273–1296.
20. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401.
21. Cho MJ, Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1993;32:381–399.
22. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:893–897.
23. Baek HS, Lee KU, Joo EJ, Lee MY, Choi KS. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychiatry Investig 2010;7:109–115.
24. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. P. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry) 11th Edth ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.
25. Lapierre S, Erlangsen A, Waern M, De Leo D, Oyama H, Scocco P, et al. A systematic review of elderly suicide prevention programs. Crisis 2011;32:88–98.
26. Freeman A, Mergl R, Kohls E, Szekely A, Gusmao R, Arensman E, et al. A cross-national study on gender differences in suicide intent. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:234.
27. Hawton K. Sex and suicide. Gender differences in suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:484–485.
28. Leineweber C, Baltzer M, Magnusson Hanson LL, Westerlund H. Work-family conflict and health in Swedish working women and men: A 2-year prospective analysis (the SLOSH study). Eur J Public Health 2013;23:710–716.
29. Koura U, Sekine M, Yamada M, Tatsuse T. Work, family, and personal characteristics explain occupational and gender differences in workfamily conflict among Japanese civil servants. Public Health 2017;153:78–90.
30. Sjogren E, Kristenson M. Can gender differences in psychosocial factors be explained by socioeconomic status? Scand J Public Health 2006;34:59–68.
31. Sekine M, Tatsuse T, Kagamimori S, Chandola T, Cable N, Marmot M, et al. Sex inequalities in physical and mental functioning of British, Finnish, and Japanese civil servants: Role of job demand, control and work hours. Soc Sci Med 2011;73:595–603.
32. Durkheim E. Suicide: A Study in Sociology Wolters Kluwer. London: 2005.
33. Kposowa AJ. Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:254–261.
34. Stack S. Suicide: A 15-year review of the sociological literature. Part II: Modernization and social integration perspectives. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2000;30:163–176.
35. Ribeiro JD, Bender TW, Buchman JM, Nock MK, Rudd MD, Bryan CJ, et al. An investigation of the interactive effects of the capability for suicide and acute agitation on suicidality in a military sample. Depress Anxiety 2015;32:25–31.
36. Osman A, Gutierrez PM, Muehlenkamp JJ, Dix-Richardson F, Barrios FX, Kopper BA. Suicide Resilience Inventory-25: Development and preliminary psychometric properties. Psychol Rep 2004;94:1349–1360.
37. Rutter PA, Freedenthal S, Osman A. Assessing protection from suicidal risk: Psychometric properties of the suicide resilience inventory. Death Stud 2008;32:142–153.
38. Johnson J, Gooding PA, Wood AM, Tarrier N. Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behav Res Ther 2010;48:179–186.
39. Carter G, Reith DM, Whyte IM, McPherson M. Repeated self-poisoning: Increasing severity of self-harm as a predictor of subsequent suicide. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:253–257.
40. Lunau T, Siegrist J, Dragano N, Wahrendorf M. The association between education and work stress: Does the policy context matter? PLoS One 2015;10e0121573.
41. Michael G, Anastasios S, Helen K, Catherine K, Christine K. Gender differences in experiencing occupational stress: the role of age, education and marital status. Stress Health 2009;25:397–404.
42. Harzer C, Ruch W. The relationships of character strengths with coping, work-related stress, and job satisfaction. Front Psychol 2015;6:165.
43. Fredrickson BL. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 2001;56:218–226.
44. Hobfoll SE. Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Rev Gen Psychol 2002;6:307–324.
45. Kim HR, Kim SM, Hong JS, Han DH, Yoo SK, Min KJ, et al. Character strengths as protective factors against depression and suicidality among male and female employees. BMC Public Health 2018;18:1084.
46. Runeson B, Odeberg J, Pettersson A, Edbom T, Jildevik Adamsson I, Waern M. Instruments for the assessment of suicide risk: A systematic review evaluating the certainty of the evidence. PLoS One 2017;12e0180292.
47. Carter G, Milner A, McGill K, Pirkis J, Kapur N, Spittal MJ. Predicting suicidal behaviours using clinical instruments: Systematic review and meta-analysis of positive predictive values for risk scales. Br J Psychiatry 2017;210:387–395.
Mean±SD, N (%)
Univariate analyses*
No-SI group
SI group
z/χ2
Age (years) 18/63 39.6±10.2 40.3±10.3 37.0±9.4 -8.641 <0.001
Job duration (years) 0/42 13.0±10.4 13.7±10.5 10.5±9.5 -8.216 <0.001
KOSS-SF 1.2/92.9 43.3±12.2 41.7±11.7 49.5±12.3 -16.435 <0.001
CES-D 0.0/58.0 10.2±9.6 8.3±8.1 17.6±11.6 -23.805 <0.001
BAI 0.0/63.0 7.2±8.2 5.7± 6.8 13.4±10.4 -23.332 <0.001
K-CD-RISC 0.0/100.0 63.6±16.0 65.9±15.3 54.6±15.8 -18.404 <0.001
Gender (female) 1957 (44.6) 1449 (41.3) 508 (57.7) 76.127 <0.001
Below high school 516 (11.8) 399 (11.4) 117 (13.3) 26.197 <0.001
College degree 1019 (23.2) 810 (23.1) 209 (23.7)
University degree 2330 (53.1) 1837 (52.4) 493 (56.0)
Master's degree 475 (10.8) 419 (11.9) 56 (6.4)
Doctorate degree 49 (1.1) 43 (1.2) 6 (0.7)
Educational level (high)† 524 (11.9) 462 (13.2) 62 (7.0) 25.188 <0.001
Never married 1482 (33.8) 1070 (30.5) 412 (46.8) 116.799 <0.001
Married 2810 (64.0) 2379 (67.8) 431 (48.9)
Separated 13 (0.3) 8 (0.2) 5 (0.6)
Divorced 72 (1.6) 43 (1.2) 29 (3.3)
Widowed 12 (0.3) 8 (0.2) 4 (0.5)
Marital status (single)‡ 1579 (36.0) 1129 (32.2) 450 (51.1) 109.143 <0.001
Job grade
Executive team 165 (3.8) 143 (4.1) 22 (2.5) 99.005 <0.001
General manager 436 (9.9) 402 (11.5) 34 (3.9)
Deputy general manager 403 (9.2) 346 (9.9) 57 (6.5)
Manager 557 (12.7) 474 (13.5) 83 (9.4)
Assistant manager 613 (14.0) 484 (13.8) 129 (14.6)
Staff 2215 (50.4) 1659 (47.3) 556 (63.1)
Job grade (high)§ 1561 (35.6) 1365 (38.9) 196 (22.2) 85.321 <0.001
Suicidal ideation (yes) - 881 (20.1)
Suicide plan (yes) - 251 (5.7)
Suicide attempts (yes) - 66 (1.5)
univariate analyses (Mann-Whitney-U tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables) were conducted with suicidal ideation as the dependent variable,
educational level (high) includes master's and doctorate degrees,
marital status (single) includes never married, separated, divorced, and widowed,
job grade (high) includes executive team members, general managers, deputy general managers, and managers.
SD: standard deviation, No-SI group: participants without suicidal ideation, SI group: participants with suicidal ideation, KOSS-SF: Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form, CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, K-CD-RISC: Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Independent variables
Age (years) 0.018 5.900 1.018* 0.027 12.739 1.028*** 0.035 18.506 1.036*** 0.037 20.175 1.038***
Gender (female) 0.403 21.967 1.496*** 0.335 14.187 1.399*** 0.296 9.727 1.344** 0.274 8.204 1.315**
Marital status (single) 0.531 28.971 1.700*** 0.500 24.735 1.648*** 0.394 13.521 1.482*** 0.382 12.607 1.464***
Educational level (high) -0.442 8.882 0.643** -0.395 6.784 0.674** -0.371 5.453 0.690* -0.278 3.006 0.758
Job duration -0.019 8.854 0.981** -0.027 15.602 0.974*** -0.025 12.110 0.976** -0.025 12.466 0.975***
Job grade (high) -0.358 10.724 0.699** -0.270 5.801 0.763* -0.263 4.991 0.769* -0.185 2.433 0.831
KOSS-SF 0.051 215.992 1.052*** 0.021 29.089 1.021*** 0.015 12.601 1.015***
CES-D 0.050 81.426 1.051*** 0.045 61.986 1.046***
BAI 0.044 45.778 1.045*** 0.042 41.046 1.042***
K-CD-RISC -0.020 39.754 0.980***
Statistics of the model
-2LL 4224.935 3990.276 3654.221 3613.908
Model χ2 175.559 (df=6)*** 410.218 (df=7)*** 746.273 (df=9)*** 786.586 (df=10)***
Step χ2 175.559 (df=6)*** 234.658 (df=1)*** 336.056 (df=2)*** 40.313 (df=1)***
Nagelkerke R2 0.062 0.141 0.247 0.259
Classification accuracy 79.9 80.2 81.7 82.4
p<0.05,
p<0.001.
OR: odd ratio, KOSS-SF: Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form, CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, K-CD-RISC: Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Age (years) 0.018 1.349 1.018 0.028 3.187 1.029 0.038 5.406 1.039* 0.039 5.571 1.040*
Gender (female) -0.001 0.000 0.999 0.079 0.191 1.082 0.066 0.124 1.068 0.057 0.093 1.059
Marital status (single) 0.330 3.093 1.391 0.277 2.144 1.319 0.233 1.405 1.262 0.229 1.367 1.258
Educational level (high) -0.439 1.606 0.645 -0.486 1.890 0.615 -0.593 2.645 0.552 -0.566 2.384 0.568
Job duration -0.019 1.851 0.981 -0.028 3.778 0.973* -0.028 3.579 0.973 -0.028 3.659 0.972
Job grade (high) 0.033 0.021 1.033 0.116 0.251 1.123 0.071 0.087 1.073 0.077 0.104 1.081
KOSS-SF 0.032 25.587 1.033*** 0.014 4.069 1.015* 0.013 3.190 1.013
CES-D 0.020 3.855 1.020* 0.018 3.047 1.018
K-CD-RISC -0.005 0.730 0.995
-2LL 1027.762 1001.330 949.143 948.411
Model χ2 8.058 (df=6) 34.490 (df=7)*** 86.677 (df=9)*** 87.408 (df=10)***
Step χ2 8.058 (df=6) 26.432 (df=1)*** 52.187 (df=2)*** 0.732 (df=1)
Age (years) -0.043 1.653 0.958 -0.032 0.895 0.969 -0.025 0.532 0.975 -0.026 0.558 0.975
Gender (female) 0.220 0.284 1.246 0.371 0.786 1.449 0.510 1.377 1.666 0.512 1.389 1.669
Marital status (single) -0.133 0.104 0.875 -0.220 0.277 0.802 -0.262 0.390 0.769 -0.258 0.374 0.773
Job duration 0.027 0.760 1.027 0.021 0.440 1.021 0.022 0.505 1.022 0.022 0.522 1.022
KOSS-SF 0.031 5.641 1.031* 0.024 2.766 1.024 0.025 2.787 1.025
CES-D -0.022 0.888 0.978 -0.021 0.771 0.979
BAI 0.054 5.915 1.056* 0.054 5.812 1.056*
K-CD-RISC 0.002 0.033 1.002
-2LL 239.469 233.715 225.694 225.662
Model χ2 2.601 (df=6) 8.356 (df=7) 16.376 (df=9) 16.409 (df=10)
Step χ2 2.601 (df=6) 5.754 (df=1)* 8.020 (df=2)* 0.033 (df=1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
Elections in Missouri
Missouri bellwether
1843 sp
1860 sp 1st
1948 sp 10th
2013 sp 8th
1825 (special)
Lieutenant gubernatorial elections
Attorney General elections
State Auditor elections
State Treasurer elections
Secretary of State elections
Missouri Senate elections
Missouri House elections
The 2000 House elections in Missouri occurred on November 3, 2000 to elect the members of the State of Missouri's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Missouri had nine seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States Census.
These elections were held concurrently with the United States Senate elections of 2000 (including an election in Missouri where Democrat Mel Carnahan was posthumously elected to the United States Senate), the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.
In addition to the races for U.S. Senate, Governor, and Missouri's electoral votes for President, the House contest in the Show-Me state's sixth congressional district was also among the nation's most competitive races in 2000.
United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri, 2000[1]
Seats Before
Seats After
Republican 1,135,724 48.83% 4 5 +1
Democratic 1,136,020 48.85% 5 4 -1
Libertarian 24,847 1.07% 0 0 0
Progressive 15,947 0.69% 0 0 0
Reform 8,293 0.36% 0 0 0
Natural Law 4,957 0.21% 0 0 0
Totals 2,325,788 100.00% 9 9 —
Voter turnout %
2000 Missouri House elections[edit]
Missouri 1 William Lacy Clay, Sr. Democratic 1968 Retired
Democratic hold William Lacy Clay, Jr. (D) 76%
Dwight Billingsly (R) 22%
Brenda Reddick (G) 2%
Missouri 2 James Talent Republican 1992 Retired to run for Governor
Republican hold Todd Akin (R) 56%
Ted House (D) 43%
Mike Odell (G) 1%
Missouri 3 Dick Gephardt Democratic 1976 Re-elected Dick Gephardt (D) 58%
Bill Federer (R) 40%
Mary Maroney (G) 1%
Missouri 4 Ike Skelton Democratic 1976 Re-elected Ike Skelton (D) 67%
Cecilia Noland (R) 32%
Missouri 5 Karen McCarthy Democratic 1994 Re-elected Karen McCarthy (D) 69%
Steve Gordon (R) 29%
Charles Reitz (G) 1%
Missouri 6 Patsy Danner Democratic 1992 Retired
Republican gain Sam Graves (R) 51%
Steve Danner (D) 47%
Missouri 7 Roy Blunt Republican 1996 Re-elected Roy Blunt (R) 74%
Charles Christrup (D) 24%
Missouri 8 Jo Ann Emerson Republican 1996 Re-elected Jo Ann Emerson (R) 70%
Bob Camp (D) 29%
Tom Sager (G) 1%
Missouri 9 Kenny Hulshof Republican 1996 Re-elected Kenny Hulshof (R) 60%
Steven Carroll (D) 39%
Devin Scherubel (G) 1%
^ http://www.sos.mo.gov/enrweb/allresults.asp?arc=1&eid=87
(1999 ←) 2000 United States elections (→ 2001)
Georgia (special)
Recent elections in Missouri
State Auditor
State Treasurer
MO Senate
2000 (D, R)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri&oldid=904863087"
United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
2000 United States House of Representatives elections
2000 Missouri elections


Yes! It's been a week since my last post and what an exciting time it has been. It began with Ashu coming over to visit me and culminated with me reading The Cursed Child. It cannot get better than this. Period.
For a while when you can escape from trivial problems and have hope that everything is okay, that's when you're at your mental best.
I spend the entire day, part of it actually, reading Harry Potter and it felt like coming home, that's how much you belong here. And Harry! I absolutely love the person you are. And Daniel Radcliffe too. I'm personally indebted to the casting director of this franchise. While the movies may have not done justice to the books, the faces couldn't have been better. I understand that this play had a lot of controversy going because of the actor who played Granger, it would be a brilliant surprise if the movie cast had reprieved their roles for the play. That's me being too greedy so I can live with that. The story works out way more beautifully in my head any way. HE Rowling, you… (adjectives fail me here). It's a pleasure to read you because you instill hope in us. You encourage us to hang in there and I appreciate that resolve when it comes from us humans.


text:
Жанакала́ () — село у складі Бухар-Жирауського району Карагандинської області Казахстану. Входить до складу Петровського сільського округу.

Населення — 373 особи (2009; 408 у 1999, 448 у 1989).

Національний склад станом на 1989 рік:
 казахи — 100 %.

Станом на 1989 рік село називалось Жана-Кала.

Примітки

Джерела

Посилання
 На Вікімапії

Населені пункти Бухар-Жирауського району
Села Карагандинської області

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Blabbin'
Ain't that Mr. Mister in the newspaper?
In which I muse about something which is hardly "news," but never not a bloody distraction.
TIMOTHY WHITE: You spoke to me earlier, in the taxi, about the incestuous, elitist qualities of the British press as opposed to the rock-crit self-importance of some of the American press. Do you think the music press makes any significantly positive contributions to the overall environment?
ELVIS COSTELLO: If they're not actually informative — which in different ways they are, I guess, on both sides of the Atlantic — and merely negative, then they set up something to work against. Fighting the American press is like disobeying your parents, because they're so pompous. Critiques in the States usually have the tone of book reviews a lot of the time. In live concert reviews they treat you like opera!
"Mister Costello did this" …and so forth.
WHITE: There's the famous instance of Meat Loaf being referred to in the New York Times as "Mr. Loaf."
COSTELLO: [Laughing convulsively] Aaah! Mister Loaf! Mister Loaf! That's fantastic! Mister Loaf! [catching his breath, wiping his eyes] The rolling buzzards!
– From a 1983 interview, originally Musician, I think, reposted on the Elvis Costello Home Page)
Couldn't help but think of this 30-year-old conversation when I attempted to read Simon Reynolds's recent piece on David Bowie in the New York Times.
"In the video Mr. Bowie…"
"Mr. Bowie's strongest album in decades…"
"For most of the 21st century Mr. Bowie had disappeared…"
"The album… asserts Mr. Bowie's continued relevance…"
"Meanwhile Mr. Bowie's stature…"
"Mr. Bowie has always had an ambivalent attitude…"
And so on, and so on. And so on: 41 instances of "Mr. Bowie" by my "Ctrl-f" count, 41 instances of a word (granted, only a two-letter word, so 82 letters in total, plus an additional 41 periods, equalling, hmm, 123 characters overall) which could be dropped from the article entirely. Forty-one words, which, if mercifully dropped, would not only not ruin anything in the piece itself but would actually improve the tone, or maybe I mean the voice, of said piece considerably, by deflating its ridiculous ("they treat you like opera!") ostentatiousness. (That it is Mr. Bowie and Mr. Reynolds we're talking about here doesn't help matters, I admit.) You might say that, as a stylistic (editorially-imposed) convention, all of this is irrelevant to the content of the writing itself, but if you believe that, you also probably believe that someone who doesn't like distorted guitars can still enjoy a My Bloody Valentine or Sonic Youth record — you know, "for the notes." I don't mean to do Reynolds's piece a disservice by harping on all this. Not that the Times loony editorial policy didn't already take care of that for me.
sw00ds March 8, 2013 March 8, 2013
4 thoughts on "Ain't that Mr. Mister in the newspaper?"
Steven Ward says:
Weirdly, I don't like this piece about the Bowie album because there's really no mention of the music. It's all about the lyrics and Bowie the persona. Bowie the fashion. If it's about the new album include some stuff about what the music sounds like.
I say weirdly because Simon Reyonds stands out for me because I think he wrote a really evocative piece on Tusk in one of the retro British music mags. When describing Sara, I remember some nice musical description.
Anyway -just my two cents.
Fred Blurt says:
Totally (well, semi- at least..) off topic: Without weighing in on the actual merits of new Bowie album – first listen, though, it is a bit of a snooze; hoping that impression will change – I continue to be perplexed by the amount of ink so-called "heritage" artists received purely on the basis of their having a new product to flog. Whatever happened to listening to the album first and THEN deciding if it was worthy of coverage beyond the obligatory review? Bowie of course is guaranteed gavel-to-gavel coverage because, well, he's effin' Bowie! But using the Lou Reed/Metallica example, you can see where that type of attitude and approach gets us. Blurt published a major piece on that debacle, an enthusiastic article at that, and I now wish I had more closely followed my instincts that it was a stinker and passed on it, regardless of its newsworthiness at the time. It was a solidly researched, wonderfully written piece from a journalistic point of of view, but as an editor with a stake in that ever-elusive credibility quotient, I remain embarrassed every time I think about it.
As a guest on a radio show a few years ago I cried "the emperor has no clothes!" as regards then-recent releases by Lucinda Williams and Richard Thompson, both of whom had recorded major snoozathons. I was summarily ripped a gaping new arsehole by the listeners specifically because… drumroll please… it was effin' Lucinda Williams and Richard Thompson! "How dare you!" was the prevailing sentiment.
One last thought: Bryan Ferry. Jazz Age. Roaring Twenties-styled big band versions of Roxy Music. No vocals. A Bryan Ferry album. Really?
Fred Mills
editor, Blurt Magazine
So glad you brought all that up, Fred. It feels weird this time around with the Bowie album (which I haven't heard) because the desire for it to be a great record seems to be at a higher pitch than usual among critics/fans. I mean, I don't recall such high expectations around Bowie albums in the ;90s, though it's not like I was paying attention (was anyone?). Further evidence of a web effect? (i.e., we all need something to gab and pronounce about?) Or maybe (as I suspect) the thing isn't wretched, it "shows promise," etc., so there's a little something there for folks to grab on to so they can chime in on the legend, what they perceive it all means, etc. (That might be why, as STeven mentions, there's no mention of music in Simon Reynolds's review. I don't get the feeling that he's reviewing a record at all with that piece.) The last Bowie album I give a damn about fwiw is "Heroes"; I never got much into Lodger or Scary Monsters, though they each have a few good tracks. And I notice the new one is being compared to *Lodger*. So… I'm not anxious to delve in.
That being said — and I'm glad you brought this up as well — I'm a total hypocrite when it comes to Ferry. I didn't pay attention to him for nearly 20 years, but his music (and more specifically, his voice) has been interesting again to me, since the late '90s, so I do delve in, and I judge him worthy of my attention before hearing a note (not that I'm dealing with this, as you are, from an editorial perspective, which is a whole other ball of wax). In my defense, he's probably the last pop person I actually care about on that level. (The Jazz Age, as I noted in a recent podcast about it, is worthwhile as a kind of goofy novelty move. I'm sure I'll never listen to it all the way through again for as long as I live, but it's not without its pleasures — "Avalon" is actually a revelation.)
Johnny Bacardi says:
Isn't this about the 12th "best Bowie album since Scary Monsters"? And god help me if another critic calls him "The Thin White Duke" again. It's like there's a Bowie Review Template out there that got passed around about 1988.
Previous Previous post: Bangs Audio II (now with transcript)
Next Next post: Buzz and Joy under the influence of