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Cyberattacks: Computer Warfare Looms as Next…
Patriots Debate
Cyberattacks: Computer Warfare Looms as Next Big Conflict in International Law
By Richard Brust
May 1, 2012, 10:10 am CDT
The Natanz nuclear complex lies about 150 miles south of Tehran. Iran insists that its nuclear program is strictly intended for generating electricity. Photo AP Photo/Space Imaging/Inta Space Turk, HO
Near the Iranian village of Natanz, lying by the nation's Karkas mountain range, a compound of tan-colored, block-shaped buildings sprawls with in a 25-acre enclosure. In a complex 25 feet underground, encased by walls 8 feet thick, 5,000 centrifuges churn out enriched uranium as they spin at almost 100,000 revolutions per minute.
This is one of the Islamic republic's nuclear facilities, capable of producing the source for high-powered energy—or for nuclear weapons.
Sometime in late 2009, a computer worm known as Stuxnet crawled into the data language of the system's programmable logic controllers, the computers that run the complex's vast operations.
Stuxnet packs a ravenous appetite for software made by the German technology company Siemens—software that was embargoed from Iran, but that the nuclear facility had procured clandestinely.
Once the worm grabs hold of the computer's mechanics, it sets out to destroy the system. First, it wildly alters the rotational speed of the centrifuge motors, shifting them up and down. The fluctuations can blow the system apart. If a crash occurs when the centrifuges are packed with hot uranium-hexafluoride gas, the sabotage could end in catastrophe.
But that was only part of Stuxnet's brilliant physiology. While busily annihilating the centrifuges, it sent images back to computer operators cagily telling them that everything was going along just fine.
By early 2010, the Iranians had to trash almost 1,000 centrifuges. Although the worm didn't destroy Tehran's aim of stockpiling enriched uranium, it was a considerable setback.
As might have been expected, the Iranians cried foul, blaming their enemies—the U.S. and Israel—for releasing the malware. And it wasn't a long leap in logic. Israel reportedly had been working on centrifuges similar to Iran's for years. Meanwhile, Siemens had been supplying computers to an American nuclear facility in Idaho.
Read all the articles in the Patriot Debate series:
• Constitutional Dilemma: The Power to Declare War Is Deeply Rooted in American History by Richard Brust
• War Powers Belong to the President by John Yoo
• Only Congress Can Declare War by Louis Fisher
TARGETED KILLINGS
• Uneasy Targets: How Justifying the Killing of Terrorists Has Become a Major Policy Debate by Richard Brust
• Targeted Killing Is Lawful If Conducted in Accordance with the Rule of Law by Amos N. Guiora and Monica Hakimi
• Cyberattacks: Computer Warfare Looms as Next Big Conflict in International Law by Richard Brust
• What Is the Role of Lawyers in Cyberwarfare? by Stewart A. Baker and Charles J. Dunlap Jr.
COERCED INTERROGATIONS
• Probing Questions: Experts Debate the Need to Create Exceptions to Rules on Coerced Confessions by Richard Brust
• Should We Create Exceptions to Rules Regarding Coerced Interrogation of Terrorism Suspects? by Norman Abrams and Christopher Slobogin
• Insider Threats: Experts Try to Balance the Constitution with Law Enforcement to Find Terrorists by Richard Brust
• The Threat from Within: What Is the Scope of Homegrown Terrorism? by Gordon Lederman and Kate Martin
THIRD-PARTY DOCTRINE
• Crashing the Third Party: Experts Weigh How Far the Government Can Go in Reading Your Email by Richard Brust
• The Data Question: Should the Third-Party Records Doctrine Be Revisited? by Orin Kerr and Greg Nojeim
NATIONAL SECURITY LETTERS
• Letters of the Law: National Security Letters Help the FBI Stamp Out Terrorism But Some Disapprove by Richard Brust
• National Security Letters: Building Blocks for Investigations or Intrusive Tools? Michael German and Michelle Richardson, and Valerie Caproni and Steven Siegel
DETENTION POLICY
• Detention Dilemma: As D.C. Circuit Considers Guantanamo Inmates, Can Judicial Review Harm Military? by Richard Brust
• Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review? by Stephen I. Vladeck and Greg Jacob
Both nations were officially mum. But Gary Samore, a White House arms control specialist, admitted to the New York Times that he was "glad to hear [the Iranians] are having troubles with their centrifuge machines, and the U.S. and its allies are doing everything we can to try to make sure that we complicate matters for them."
The cyberworld "becomes more important in the conflict between nations," Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Dan Meridor reportedly said at a conference in Jerusalem last year. "It is a new battleground, if you like, not with guns but with something else."
That "something else" is a digital invader like Stuxnet, a code that "is not about sending a message or proving a concept," said Ralph Langner, a German technology expert who deciphered it, in the Times. "It is about destroying its targets with utmost determination in military style."
Welcome to the world of cyberwarfare, a new age and a new form of combat. Technology pros man the front lines, with a command of computer code and a knowledge of the intricacies of information mechanics. Instead of combat firepower, malicious digital information sneaks into the delicate structure of computer operations.
With a code like Stuxnet, writes national security reporter Spencer Ackerman, "there's no broader conventional assault, but an adversary's most important military asset gets compromised."
The future is likely to see more viruses like Stuxnet. "Stuxnet may represent the so-called high end of cyberwarfare: a stealthy, stand-alone capability to knock an opponent's queen off the board before more traditional military hostilities can kick in," writes Ackerman, a senior reporter for Wired.
"It wouldn't be taking out a particular ship's radar system or even a command-and-control satellite. … But this would be the first instance of cyberwarfare aimed at a truly strategic target."
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad tours the Natanz uranium enrichment facility in April 2008. Photo AP Images.
Although it's a brave new world, cyberwar nevertheless carries familiar lessons. Just as the development of the airplane foretold the future of aerial bombardment, changing the tactics of World War II, and just as the discovery of nuclear power led to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, so too has the worldwide spread and facility of information technology put nations in the uneasy position of learning how to deal with the cyberworld's threatening consequences.
And, as with earlier developments of powerful and unimagined weaponry, experts are debating how best to master digital domination and defense, and how to make cyberwar accord with international law.
One debate focuses on whether the U.S. should learn the practicalities of winning a cyberwar—and then ask lawyers for their input—or, instead, set the legal ground rules before conducting cyberwarfare.
The debate is among several featured in the upcoming book Patriots Debate: Contemporary Issues in National Security Law, sponsored by the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Law and National Security. The book, featuring essays from experts in various fields of national security, is expected to be published this spring.
The committee invited Washington, D.C., attorney Stewart A. Baker, who argues that policymakers and military planners should develop a strategy for dealing with cyberwar before allowing lawyers to set up guidelines and restrictions.
"Once we have a strategy for winning a cyberwar, we can ask the lawyers for their thoughts. We can't do it the other way," writes Baker, a partner at Step toe & Johnson in D.C. and former assistant secretary for policy and technology at the Department of Homeland Security. "The lesson for the lawyers and the diplomats is stark: Their effort to impose limits on cyberwar is almost certainly doomed."
But Charles J. Dunlap Jr., a former U.S. Air Force judge advocate general, argues that "military commanders have seen the no-legal-limits movie before, and they do not like it."
Dunlap, a retired major general who teaches at Duke University School of Law, was also invited by the committee to pose his argument: That laws can both guide military operations effectively and help them avoid disaster.
"Experience shows that following the law is actually what works in war, not ignoring its limits," Dunlap says. "It is a very practical, pragmatic way to avoid catastrophes like Abu Ghraib and other incidents that are so tremendously destructive to mission success. Illegalities, such as the recent murders in Afghanistan, carry the potential to unravel the entire effort there."
To Baker, however, lawyers have become so involved in military planning that it's hard to know where legal ideas end and war strategy begins.
"Lawyers across the government have raised so many showstopping legal questions about cyberwar that they've left our military unable to fight, or even plan for, a war in cyberspace."
Over the last 60 years, the U.S. has fought "relatively low-stakes limited wars to win the hearts and minds" of our allies, Baker says in a telephone interview. The government has embedded lawyers deep within the military and intelligence system, overseeing every strategic move and weapon purchase.
What have emerged are turf fights among government lawyers over which branch oversees which action and how involved the U.S. should become. "There are a whole bunch of people who want to create limits on fighting because they want a different outcome," he says. "So there's an ideological battle within the war itself."
The resulting documents are overly broad, with vague wording and little policy direction. For example, last year the federal government published at least three statements: the White House's International Strategy for Cyberspace, issued in May; the Department of Defense's Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace in July; and the DOD's Cyberspace Policy Report (PDF) to Congress in November.
The latter document deals generally with maintaining a deterrent policy, the difficulty of finding the digital attacker, managing escalation, engaging allies, transporting cyberweapons, and assessing how the War Powers Act complies with a counter attack to a digital confrontation.
But, Baker says, it lacks a plan of action. "If you don't have a single person like the president demanding a plausible plan, what you tend to get is everyone coming around the table protecting their roles," Baker says. "They end up with a bunch of abstract papers, none of which produces a workable plan."
Lawyer control abounds in the Legal Reviews of Weapons and Cyber Capabilities (PDF), issued in July by the U.S. Air Force JAG office. Among its stipulations is that the office will ensure that each weapon or "cybercapability" is reviewed under the law of armed conflict, domestic law and other international laws.
Baker writes in his Patriots Debate essay that the Air Force "surrendered to its own lawyers, allowing them to order that all cyberweapons be reviewed for 'legality' … before cyberwar capabilities are even acquired."
The U.S. has responded to cyberwarfare, Baker adds, "with an outpouring, not of technology or strategy, but of law review articles, legal opinions and legal restrictions."
It isn't like the U.S. has never been there before. The development of airpower in the 1930s presaged a future of massive bombing and tactical dogfights. While the British were "realists about air war," Baker says, the "American tool of choice was international law."
President Franklin D. Roosevelt at first pressed the legal response. He had a good case, says Baker. The Hague Conventions, among other early 20th century treaties, cautioned against harm to civilians as well as to "edifices devoted to religion, art, science and charity."
"It began to look like a great victory for the international law of war," Baker says. We know what happened: the Nazi blitzkrieg of Europe, the Luftwaffe's bombing of London, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Instead of legalisms, Baker says, we need an offensive strategy that may deter cyberspace adversaries, and a defense that imposes a "resilience and redundancy into our infrastructure."
Cyberwar is a reality, Baker says in his essay: "Cyberweapons went mainstream when the developers of Stuxnet sabotaged [Iran], proving that computer network attacks can be more effective than 500-pound bombs. In war, weapons that work get used again."
But adherence to the law isn't some extravagant notion, Dunlap replies. The law adds legitimacy, "a practical, hard-nosed necessity for success in contemporary military operations." To do otherwise "would deprive the U.S. of the international cooperation that countering a cyberthreat (especially) absolutely requires."
One issue lawyers face, Dunlap says, is communicating to technology experts—educated in the exact sciences of math and physics—about the subjective nature of decision-making. "Too often," he writes, "it seems as if cyberstrategists, schooled in the explicit verities of science, expect a level of assurance in legal matters rivaling mathematical equations. All law, but especially [the law of armed conflict], necessarily involves subjectivity in human reasoning that may be troubling to those of a technical mindset accustomed to the precision that their academic discipline so often grants."
While Dunlap stands up for legal guidance, he stresses that deciding whether to go to war is not an issue for lawyers. Instead, it is for policy- and decision-makers to discern. An act of war "is a political phrase, not a legal term," he says in a 2011 law review article, "Perspectives for Cyber Strategists on Law for Cyberwar."
"The real difficulty with respect to the law and cyberwar is not any lack of 'law,' per se," Dunlap writes in the article, "but rather in the complexities that arise in determining the necessary facts which must be applied to the law to render legal judgments."
Nevertheless, Dunlap notes, "many observers believe the need for a new legal regime designed for cyberwar is urgent."
For example, technology expert Bruce Schneier suggests a "cybertreaty" that would "stipulate a no-first-use policy, outlaw unaimed weapons or mandate weapons that self-destruct at the end of hostilities."
Some experts, Dunlap writes, prefer an "effects-based" decision on a cyberincident to determine whether it "equates to" an armed attack. The more damage that a digital attack can cause, the closer the nation gets to declaring legitimate war.
Use of force can be considered as part of a continuum, says U.S. Navy JAG Cmdr. Todd Huntley, with armed attacks leading to a right to self-defense on one end, and "coercive but permissible acts," such as disruption of transportation and communications, on the other.
"Modern warfare," he writes in a 2010 law review article, "Controlling the Use of Force in Cyber Space: The Application of the Law of Armed Conflict During a Time of Fundamental Change in the Nature of Warfare," "… is beginning to move away from this 20th century paradigm and is becoming more 'effects-based.' That is, military thinking is beginning to move away from the focus on tools/weapons and [toward] thinking about consequences and how to achieve those which are desired."
In his 2011 article, former JAG Dunlap also cites Michael N. Schmitt, chairman of the International Law Department at the U.S. Naval War College. Schmitt writes that the "essence of an 'armed' operation is the causation, or risk thereof, of death or injury to persons, or damage or destruction of property and other tangible objects."
HIDDEN DANGERS
One problem with defining cyberattacks is the broad description that some nations use. Many countries claim that dissident writing, which experts call "ideological aggression," is also part of information warfare.
What may compel a new definition is the secret nature of a digital code that can infiltrate practically every computer in the world. "The very element that makes the Internet such a valuable resource," Huntley writes, "is also its greatest weakness, its interconnectedness." Cyberattack sources are hidden, yet they can penetrate information systems anywhere in the world.
The secrecy of the viral source makes "attribution the No. 1 factual issue," Dunlap says in an interview. As with conventional wars, "lawyers want to know, if you are shooting at someone, why you are shooting that person." With Stuxnet, while Iran may suspect Israel and the U.S. of sending it, they can't be sure.
Another critical question is whether international cyberattacks amount to traditional acts of war. Are such confrontations compatible with the laws of armed conflict, which are based on the increasingly old-fashioned notion that wars demand two nations marching uniformed soldiers on specific battlefields? Or does cyberwarfare require a new set of guidelines that apply to the peculiar tactics of digital attacks and defenses?
More directly, was Stuxnet officially an act of war, allowing Iran to respond militarily? Could Iran respond as a means of self-defense, allowed under the United Nations Charter?
"Iran may be entitled to say that is an act of war," Baker says. Stuxnet "had a dramatic and physical response. I can't say it would be illegal, and I wouldn't be surprised if they attacked control systems in the U.S."
Even if Stuxnet amounts to a "use of force," it doesn't necessarily rise to a casus belli, says Dunlap. "Regardless, a more fundamental issue is whether or not our fear of cyberattack should make us abandon the limits the law imposes on war, cyber or otherwise, and whether lawyers are doing the right thing–legally, ethically and practically–in insisting upon compliance with the restrictions that the law of war demands."
International Courts/Tribunals | International Law | Military Law | Internet Law | Government | Technology | Terrorism | Legal Theory | Features | Federal Government | Patriots Debate
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The Horizon Collection is elegant in design with gently splayed legs and unique, curved drawer pulls. The subtle details, like the undercut top and slender end panels help create the beautiful lines of this collection. The wood used to make the Horizon is sustainably harvested and all the pieces in the collection are made in Vermont.
Comes standard with walnut drawer pulls.


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Q: What does "set" mean in llvm TableGen files? I read the llvm backend for AVR. What does "set" mean in llvm TableGen? How do I write the pattern for the instruction "mov"? Like as follows?
(set ACC:$rd,(mov GPR8:$src));

Another code from AVR backend as follows:
def ADDRdRr : FRdRr<0b0000,
                      0b11,
                      (outs GPR8:$rd),
                      (ins GPR8:$src, GPR8:$rr),
                      "add\t$rd, $rr",
                      [(set i8:$rd, (add i8:$src, i8:$rr)),
                       (implicit SREG)]>;

A: This pattern matches an addition operation and set means that the result of addition should be placed in $rd operand. As you can see, this is exactly the operand marked as "output" - (outs GPR8:$rd).
Regarding mov instruction, in my toy backend I didn't even needed to specify a pattern for it. My mov definition looks like
def MovRR : InstRR<7, (outs IntRegs:$reg2), (ins IntRegs:$reg1),
                "mov $reg1, $reg2", []>;

Instead of matching, I implemented MyBackendInstrInfo::copyPhysReg():
void MyBackendInstrInfo::copyPhysReg(MachineBasicBlock &MBB, MachineBasicBlock::iterator MI,
                                    const DebugLoc &DL, unsigned DestReg, unsigned SrcReg,
                                    bool KillSrc) const
{
    if (MB::IntRegsRegClass.contains(DestReg, SrcReg))
        BuildMI(MBB, MI, DL, get(MB::MovRR), DestReg)
            .addReg(SrcReg, getKillRegState(KillSrc));
    else
        llvm_unreachable("Impossible reg-to-reg copy");
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Hastings Half Marathon prize-giving evening will take place at Azur in St Leonards this coming Sunday from 7pm.
All are welcome, not just the prize winners, to a family-friendly celebration of the 35th Hastings Half Marathon, which took place on Sunday March 24.
As well as seeing who all the prize winners are, those attending will be able to buy souvenirs of the event and see how much has been raised for needy causes. There will also be a few surprise awards.
Among the prizes handed out will be the Dyer Charity Trophy for whoever raises the most money by the evening.
Event organisers, the Lions Club of Hastings, ask runners to let them know by the evening how much they have raised and enter the draw for prize vouchers. Food will be available and the bar will be open.


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JETS began as a vision for equipping believers in the Middle East to minister to the people living in the 22 countries of the Arab speaking world. Only four percent of the populations of these countries profess to be Christian and most of these are Christian in name only, having never experienced a saving relationship with Jesus Christ. For this reason Dr. Imad Shehadeh began the work of founding the institution that is known today as Jordan Evangelical Theological Seminary (JETS).
Initially, JETS began operation under the auspices of officially recognized local churches in 1991 while the government studied its application for independent recognition. On March 23, 1995, JETS was officially registered by the Ministry of Culture. JETS then elected its first Board of Trustees from the five evangelical denominations that minister in Jordan. Classes were conducted in various rented locations until JETS moved into its owned campus in 2013.
Since 1995, JETS has continued to grow and develop as an institution of higher theological studies. The founder, Dr. Imad Shehadeh, continues to serve as President as JETS moves towards its second decade of existence. JETS is fully committed to fulfilling its mission of equipping Arab leaders for the Arab World, as seen by the number of students that have graduated.
Graduates currently serve in 19 countries around the world, in capacities such as evangelists, pastors, assistant pastors, youth leaders, women's ministry leaders, children's ministry leaders, and other areas of church and parachurch service. To the glory of God, of the 60 Evangelical churches in Jordan more than half are pastored by JETS graduates.
JETS maintains seven accredited degree programs, from a one-year C.B.S. to a four-year Th. M. (see the Accreditation section for academic clarifications for degree programs) offered in Amman, Jordan as well as a Doctorate of Ministry program. In addition to this, JETS also offers a non-accredited Partner in Ministry program for student wives. The Academic Department is constantly looking for ways to serve the community through more flexible program offering options, such as evening classes and online attendance.


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Featured diseases
Swine influenza (SIV)
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)
All diseases alphabetically
African swine fever (ASF)
Brachyspirosis
Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
Lawsonia intracellularis
Mycobacterium avium
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M.hyo)
Parvovirosis/Porcine parvovirus (PPV)
Pasteurellosis
Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2)
Porcine respiratory corona virus (PRCV)
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/
Swine delta coronavirus
Swine vesicular disease (SVD)
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Trichinellosis
ASF is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASFV infects domestic pigs, warthogs, and bushpigs. Transmission occurs through direct contact between healthy and sick animals, or indirect contact through infected feed, as well as through biological vectors (soft ticks).
The disease is endemic in the southern hemisphere of Africa, as well as on the Iberian Peninsula and in Sardinia. Sporadic outbreaks have occurred in other European countries (Belgium in 1985, Netherlands in 1986) and outside of Europe (the Caribbean, Brazil).
Peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic forms of ASF occur, and mortality rates vary from 0 to 100%, depending on the virulence of the virus that pigs are infected with. Acute disease is characterized by a short incubation period of 3–7 days, followed by high fever (up to 42°C) and death in 5–10 days.
The least variable clinical signs are loss of appetite, depression, and recumbency. Other signs include hyperemia of the skin of the ears, abdomen, and legs; respiratory distress; vomiting; bleeding from the nose or rectum; and sometimes diarrhea. Abortion is sometimes the first event seen in an outbreak. Chronic disease is characterized by emaciation, swollen joints, and respiratory problems. This form of the disease is rarely seen in outbreaks.
Human health risk
It does not appear that ASF presents a zoonotic risk.
The effect on a swine herd can vary depending on the strain, from near 100% mortality to cases of low-virulence isolates that can be difficult to diagnose. When an outbreak occurs in any region or country, the financial and physical implications can be devastating to the swine industry and those related to it.
During outbreaks in Malta and the Dominican Republic, for example, the swine herds of the entire countries were completely depopulated.
Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.
Download Evaluation Report
Aujeszky's disease is a contagious viral disease caused by a herpesvirus called Pseudorabies virus (PRV). The most common form is an acute febrile syndrome that mainly affects pigs (the main reservoir for the virus), though many other animal species are also susceptible.
The virus spreads to the airways, nervous system, and in pregnant sows, the fetus. It is widespread throughout the world and its effects have considerable economic impact.
The clinical picture depends on the infected animal's age and physiological development. In piglets, it causes nervous problems (circling and fits) with death soon ensuing. In growing animals, the main effects are respiratory and gastrointestinal problems with retarded growth. In sows, reproductive problems such as abortion, return to heat, and small litters have been observed. After exposure to the airborne virus, it can remain latent in the body, ready for subsequent reactivation at times of stress or immunosuppression.
Though the instances are rare, Aujeszky's disease can be transmitted from an infected animal to humans.
Widespread infection of PRV in pig herds can result in serious economic losses to the pork industry. To minimize the potential economic damage caused by an outbreak of this disease, it is critical to have sensitive and specific tests for early detection to prevent the spread of infection.
7589010,7589030,7589100,7589120,7589010,7589010
A motile, spiral-shaped bacterium, is the causative agent of porcine dysentery (also known as haemorrhagic diarrhea or haemorrhagic enteritis). It infects pigs but can also cause transient asymptomatic infection of other animal species such as rats, mice, dogs, and birds if they come into contact with pig feces.
The disease is found in all countries in which pig breeding is developed. It mainly strikes pigs in the fattening stage, although sows and weaned piglets can also show signs. The most common route of contamination is the introduction of an infected animal into a unit, but mice may also play an important role because they can contract the infection from a small inoculum (102 CFU) and then continue excreting the bacterium for six months.
The main signs of brachyspirosis are diarrhea, weight loss, delayed growth and, in the most severe forms, dehydration.
Porcine dysentery has serious economic repercussions because of its mortality (up to 50% in a given unit) and, to an even greater extent, delayed growth (slaughter can be delayed by 28 days), and the cost of treatment. In addition, cured animals constitute a danger since they may still be excreting the bacterium.
BHYO50
CSF is considered the second most serious of all contagious diseases of pigs and wild boars, after aphthous fever. It is a major threat to pig production, with serious socioeconomic consequences.
The disease is caused by an enveloped RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family. CSF cannot be transmitted to humans and manifests in different ways according to the virulence of the infecting virus and the animal's stage of development.
In all cases, laboratory tests (virology and/or serology) are essential to either confirm or rule out suspected CSF.
A superacute form can cause death within 48 hours with practically no signs, but the more common acute form has an initial phase characterized by high fever (up to 42°C) during which time the animal is lethargic, stops eating, and develops conjunctivitis with a purulent ocular discharge.
The disease also causes gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, hematological imbalance, and neurological disorders. The animal dies within 5–15 days. Some of these signs can be confused with those of many other porcine diseases, which makes CSF difficult to diagnose.
The chronic form of the disease is even more insidious because the signs are mild and infected animals may survive for weeks or months. Moreover, the presence of other concurrent diseases or infections may complicate differential diagnosis.
It does not appear that classical swine fever virus (CSFV) presents a zoonotic risk.
The presence of CSFV in pig herds can have a severe economic impact on the meat production industry as a result of wide-spread animal deaths due to the disease, as well as trade restrictions on meat exports.
PPCP
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by microscopic intestinal parasites that are excreted through the feces of an infected animal. Found throughout the world, the parasites commonly interact with other enteropathogens to produce diarrhea and intestinal injury in neonatal farm animals such as piglets, kids, lambs, and foals. Studies have shown that concurrent infections with other pathogens such as coronavirus and rotavirus can result in more severe diarrhea.
While mortality rates in cryptosporidiosis are usually low, it can be fatal when complicated by other factors such as an animal experiencing energy deficit as a result of low colostrum or milk intake, concurrent infections, or chilling caused by adverse weather conditions.
Transmission of the disease may occur directly from animal to animal, or indirectly from environmental contamination, fecal contamination of the water or feed supply), or human transmission. Infection in calves can be detected as early as 5 days of age, with diarrhea occurring between 5 and 15 days of age. In small ruminants, infection can be associated with severe outbreaks of diarrhea, resulting in high mortality rates in lambs 4–10 days of age, and goat kids 5–21 days of age.
Although cryptosporidiosis is not generally regarded as an important enteric pathogen in pigs, infections can be seen over a broader age range (1 week of age to market age), and can contribute to postweaning malabsorptive diarrhea in infected pigs. Cryptosporidiosis is less prevalent in foals, but when infections do occur, it is typically at 5–8 weeks of age.
Signs of cryptosporidiosis can include diarrhea that persists for several days, significant weight loss, emaciation, apathy, anorexia, and dehydration.
Cryptosporidium can be a common nonviral cause of diarrhea in immunocompetent persons (e.g., children) and can have a severe health impact on immunocompromised persons. Infected animals can transmit the disease directly to humans, and there is also a risk of cryptosporidiosis being transmitted through surface and drinking water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected animal.
FMD is a highly contagious viral disease that affects all cloven-hoofed animals and is widespread throughout the world. FMD cannot be differentiated clinically from other vesicular diseases such as swine vesicular disease (SVD). The virus is a member of the genus Apthovirus, of the family Picornaviridae. There are seven serotypes of FMD virus, O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia 1. Infection with any one serotype does not confer immunity against other serotypes.
Of the domesticated species, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats are susceptible to FMD.
Clinical signs of FMD are the appearance of vesicles (small blisters) on the feet, in and around the oral cavity, and on the mammary glands of females. Vesicles can also occur inside the nostrils and at pressure points on the limbs, especially in pigs.
Transmission generally occurs through contact between infected and susceptible animals. The virus can be excreted into the air during the acute phase of infection.
It does not appear that FMD presents a zoonotic risk.
The presence of FMD is a very important economic threat to the livelihood of the livestock industry, due to the culling of herds and the restriction on meat exports from affected areas.
Learn More about FMD Testing
7610740,7610820,6000200
HEV belongs to the family Hepeviridae. HEV consists of one serotype that is divided into four genotypes. Only genotypes 3 and 4 have been demonstrated to infect pigs. Genotype 3 represents the most frequently occurring genotype in pigs in industrialized countries.
Infections in pigs are mostly asymptomatic. Pigs excrete the virus through urine and feces. The virus has been shown to accumulate in muscle tissue and several organs in pigs.
Potential signs include anorexia, asthma, high fever (about 41°C), and significant neurological symptoms.
In humans, HEV infections can follow an asymptomatic or subclinical course, but can also become acute. Acute hepatitis E is a severe illness; its clinical manifestation is comparable to that of hepatitis A, with an estimated mortality rate of 0.5%–4.0%.
HEV infections in humans have long been thought to occur only in travelers to HEV endemic regions. In recent years, however, increasing numbers of sporadic HEV infections in non-endemic regions have been reported that cannot be associated with traveling, and increasing evidence points to a transmission from farmed pigs to humans. In most countries, there is limited knowledge about the prevalence of HEV infections in pigs, and consequently about the risk for consumers. Therefore, there is a need to gain more information and to implement control strategies in order to tackle the potential food safety issue at an early stage.
Most infections in pigs are subclinical and the economic impact for pig breeders is low. HEV infections in pigs represent a potential food safety issue. More information is needed about its impact on human health care costs.
L. intracellularis is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacillus that is the infectious agent of proliferative enteritis (PE). PE is most common in pigs, but it can also affect horses, dogs, and rabbits. In pigs, PE tends to strike animals of between 6 and 20 weeks of age, but it can also affect younger animals or animals of several years of age.
PE is usually chronic, causing gray diarrhea and retarded growth. Acute forms are sometimes seen, with gastrointestinal bleeding (soft, black stools) followed by death. PE is found in pigs all over the world and has major economic impact.
PE corresponds to a set of disorders characterized by thickening of the mucosa of the small (and sometimes the large) intestine due to proliferation of gut epithelial cells. The resultant epithelium is immature with no goblet cells, and sometimes shows traumatic mucosal damage.
lawp50
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae occurs worldwide and causes a chronic infectious pneumonia of pigs that is characterized by a persistent dry cough, decreased growth rate, and sporadic respiratory distress. M. hyopneumoniae can be transmitted from dams, cohorts, or exposure to other older pigs, as well as coughing and nose-to-nose contact with infected carriers.
Coughing is the primary sign of M. hyopneumoniae, and in herds where the disease is endemic, morbidity is high, but mortality rates are typically low.
It does not appear that M. hyopneumoniae presents a zoonotic risk.
M. hyopneumoniae can be a significant economic burden, particularly when Swine influenza virus (SIV) or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is endemic.
Mycobacterium avium belongs to the M. avium complex (MAC), which comprises 28 serotypes. Serotypes 1-6, 8-1, and 21 belong to M. avium subsp. avium (MAA), most of which can infect both humans and pigs. MAA infections in pigs are mostly subclinical. The only visible signs are granulomatous lesions that occur in the lymph nodes of most animals.
Currently, diagnosis of MAA infections in pigs is based on palpation and the incision of lymph nodes at slaughter. This traditional method has a disadvantage, as MAA has been isolated from lymph nodes without lesions and these infected animals would thus not be detected. Additionally, infections with non-mycobacterial species such as Rhodococcus equi can induce granulomatous lesions as well and have resulted in misdiagnosed animals. Furthermore, the current detection method is both cumbersome and time consuming.
Risk-based surveillance for MAA, based on serology, can improve MAA control and therefore enhance the health status of the herd with regard to M. avium. With serology testing, MAA infections in herds can be controlled much more efficiently and effectively than with the traditional method.
Generalized signs include progressive emaciation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and a low-grade, fluctuating fever.
Several studies have suggested zoonotic transmission from pigs to humans, where the pathogen can induce a broad range of symptoms in immunodeficient individuals, as well as pulmonary disease in immunocompetent humans.
Most infections in pigs are subclinical and the economic impact for pig breeders is low. More information is needed about the prevalence of MAA infections in humans and the impact on human health care costs.
Pasteurella multocida is a nonmotile, asporous, encapsulated, gram-negative coccobacillus. It is the most important species in veterinary medicine. It is a parasite or saprophyte of the respiratory and digestive mucosae of diverse animal species. It usually becomes pathogenic at times of stress.
Found throughout the world, this species causes avian cholera, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, rabbits, and small ruminants, haemorrhagic septicaemia in bovids, pneumonia in ruminants and pigs, and respiratory problems in carnivores, rodents, and lagomorphs. Toxinogenic (dermatonecrotic) P. multocida expresses a protein that breaks down connective tissue in the airways of pigs and rabbits.
Parvovirosis
Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI) is a common contagious disease in swine that is found in many countries around the world. It is caused by the single-stranded DNA porcine parvovirus (PPV), which belongs to the Parvoviridae family. The infection starts in one or more fetuses and then spreads inside the uterus to most of the litter, so live piglets can be delivered together with mummified fetuses.
After infection of a naive pregnant sow, PPV causes reproductive problems with stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility, irregular return of heat, and small litter size.
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PCV2 is a DNA virus classified in the Circovirus genus of the Circoviridae family. This virus is now recognized as the main infectious agent involved in the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV2 is mainly excreted in the feces and urine, but is also found in bronchial and nasal secretions. Its transmission is mainly horizontal through healthy carriers and sick animals.
The main signs are wasting, shortness of breath, diarrhea, and jaundice, which are often associated with superinfecting bacteria. PMWS strikes weaned piglets between 5 and 18 weeks of age, but reproductive problems—abortion, stillbirth, and premature delivery—have also been observed in sows.
Prevalence and impact on the herd
PMWS is found throughout the world (many countries in Europe, North America, and Asia) and causes heavy economic losses because of its impact on breeding performance.
QPCV
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus is most prevalent in China and European countries, and was diagnosed for the first time in the United States in April, 2013. The disease occurs only in pigs and is caused by a coronavirus that is similar to that which causes transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE). The virus damages the villi in the gut of the animal, producing acute and severe diarrhea outbreaks that are quickly transmitted across pigs of all ages. In susceptible populations, acute outbreaks of diarrhea may affect up to 100% of sows, and can result in two clinical scenarios: PED Type I, which affects growing pigs, and PED Type II, which affects animals of all ages from suckling pigs to mature sows. Diarrhea may persist for up to 14 days and may contribute to mortality rates of 60–100% in suckling pigs.
Transmission occurs primarily by direct fecal-oral route, and no vector or reservoir has been implicated in its spread. There is also the potential for the disease to be transmitted indirectly though clothing, personnel, or transportation vehicles.
Clinical signs of PED closely resemble a TGE outbreak and typically include watery diarrhea in pigs, as well as vomiting, fever, colic, and death depending upon the age of the animal. PED will usually spread more slowly within farms than TGE, and the disease is associated with a longer incubation period of 3–4 days. While PED and TGE are caused by similar coronaviruses, cross immunity is not provided with infection of either virus.
It does not appear that PED presents a zoonotic risk.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea can create substantial economic loss because the disease is highly infectious, and can contribute to significant death and production loss in pigs. Further monetary loss may occur as a result of treatment and biosecurity costs. Consumers may also incur economic burden in the form of higher pork product prices.
PRRS is a highly contagious disease found in swine (pigs and wild boars). It is caused by a virus belonging to the Arterivirus family that also contains the causative agents of equine arteritis and simian hemorrhagic fever. The PRRS virus is a small (50–60 nm), enveloped RNA virus with at least two different membrane proteins at its surface, which are probably the antigens that elicit the serological responses detected in infected pigs.
The PRRS virus has immunosuppressive activity and kills the macrophages in the lung, inside which it replicates. This probably helps compromise pulmonary resistance to other infectious viruses and bacteria. Viral particles are secreted in all bodily secretions, including nasal secretions, feces, and sperm, as well as in aborted fetal tissue and placenta. This disease is spread throughout the world and affects domesticated pigs in particular.
The virus causes respiratory and influenza-like symptoms as well as fertility problems, abortion, and the birth of runts.
It does not appear that PRRS presents a zoonotic risk.
PRRS is one of the most economically damaging diseases for the pig industry. Reduced reproduction rates and decreased weight gain performance of infected animals can lead to substantial economic damage for farming operations.
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VETPRE5I,TTVETPRA2I,TTVETPRA5I,7610880
A relatively new virus, PRCV first appeared in Europe approximately 10 years ago, but presently affects most countries throughout the world. PRCV is a respiratory-spread disease that has the ability to travel extended distances, and as a result, it is very difficult to maintain PRCV-free herds.
PRCV infects pigs of all ages, with transmission of the disease occurring through direct contact or airborne routes. The timing and extent of infection within a herd can be greatly influenced by season, swine population density, and the distance between farms.
Pigs infected with PRCV may display a transient cough that lasts for a few hours. While the disease is often found in mixed infections with PRRS, mycoplasma, and influenza, it is uncertain what role, if any, the disease plays in those infection scenarios.
It does not appear that PRCV presents a zoonotic risk.
Rotaviruses affect swine populations worldwide, causing diarrhea in nursing and post-weaned pigs that can result in high morbidity and low mortality if the diarrhea is not complicated by other health factors. Combined infection with other diarrheal diseases such as transmissible gastroenteritis or salmonellosis can cause more extreme clinical signs and higher mortality rates.
Rotaviruses are differentiated by seven antigenically distinct serogroups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), four of which (A, B, C, E) directly affect swine. While type A is the most well-known and prevalent of the serogroups, type C has also been associated with outbreaks. Rotaviruses most likely circulate constantly within large swine herds, where young pigs are exposed to the disease through their contaminated environment or the virus shed from infected carriers.
The rotavirus is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, and once ingested, the virus travels to the small intestine, where it damages epithelial cells that reside on the tips of villi, resulting in villous atrophy.
The primary sign of rotavirus is white-to-yellow colored diarrhea that typically continues for several days until a pig develops an active immunity. Additional signs may include moderate dehydration and vomiting. Morbidity varies and mortality rates are typically low in the presence of good husbandry and housing conditions, but those rates may increase if poor husbandry, exposure to cold, or concurrent disease is involved.
Rotavirus is considered to be zoonotic, and can be transmitted to humans.
Increased morbidity, increased mortality, treatment costs, and reduced growth rates due to swine diarrhea can be responsible for significant economic loss.
Salmonellosis is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. The presence of salmonellosis has been identified in countries throughout the world, but appears to be most prevalent in areas of intensive animal husbandry, especially occurring in pigs, calves, and some types of poultry.
The disease can affect all domestic animals; however, young animals and pregnant or lactating animals are the most susceptible to the disease. The clinical signs that may be seen are abortion, arthritis, respiratory disease, and acute septicemia. Enteric disease, often presenting as a bloody, watery diarrhea with pyrexia, is the most common clinical manifestation.
Many animals, especially pigs, cattle, and poultry, may also be infected but show no clinical illness. Such animals may be important in relation to the spread of infection between flocks and herds and also as a source of food contamination and human infection.
Typical clinical signs can include fever and severe watery diarrhea with subsequent rapid onset of dehydration. The diarrhea is usually putrid and may contain blood and mucus. Salmonellae produce toxins that can contribute to gut damage and have systemic effects. If sufficient damage occurs to the intestinal lining, the bacteria may enter the bloodstream, resulting in septicemia, and the bacteria can spread to the brain, lungs, joints, uterus (causing abortion in pregnant cows), and other organs.
Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases that can cause serious clinical symptoms in humans. Pigs, cattle, poultry, and eggs have been recognized as important sources of these Salmonella infections. The existence of this disease presents great risks for human health. Salmonella infections of animals intended for the food industry play an important role in public health, as these animals are considered to be the major source of human Salmonella infections.
Salmonellosis has a serious economic impact on the cattle industry worldwide. Livestock mortality, treatment costs, abortion, reduced production, discarded milk, and reduced consumer confidence all contribute to the cost of Salmonella to cattle industries.
SALMSPP
Swine delta coronavirus (SDCoV) is a new virus first found in pigs in Hong Kong in 2012. The second report of this virus was in the United States in February, 2014.
SDCoV is from the same family of viruses as the swine diseases porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and transmissible gastro enteritis (TGE). The virus damages the villi in the gut and thus reduces the surface capable of absorbing, resulting in fluid loss and dehydration. Colostrum immunity protects piglets.
PEDV, TGEV, and SDCoV cause acute and contagious enteric diseases in swine that are characterized by diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. SDCoV infection is clinically similar to, but distinct from PED and TGE. It causes diarrhea and vomiting in all age groups and mortality in nursing pigs, but mortality rates appear to be lower than in cases of PED.
The viruses can be easily spread through exposure to contaminated vomit and diarrhea in the environment, so helping to control biosecurity by testing environmental samples from barns and transport vehicles will increase the prevention of disease outbreaks on farms.
It does not appear that SDCoV presents a zoonotic risk.
Swine delta coronavirus infection can create substantial economic loss because the disease can contribute to significant death and production loss in pigs. Further monetary loss may also occur as a result of treatment and biosecurity costs. Consumers may incur economic burden in the form of higher pork product prices.
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae / Swine dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes a disease known as swine dysentery, a mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease that affects the large intestine of pigs. B. hyodysenteriae grows within the large intestine, causing degeneration of the superficial mucosa, hypersecretion of mucus, and multifocal bleeding points on the mucosal surface. The inability of the mucosa to reabsorb endogenous secretions from the small intestine results in diarrhea.
B. hyodysenteriae can be transmitted through the ingestion of infected feces or from carrier pigs shedding the organism in feces for extended periods of time.
Signs of B. hyodysenteriae infection typically include fever, mucoid diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, emaciation, and profound weakness.
It does not appear that B. hyodysenteriae presents a zoonotic risk.
Swine influenza
Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs. The infection is transmitted when an animal comes into contact with secretions containing viral particles, notably in aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing, and the projection of nasal discharges.
Swine influenza virus (SIV) causes a respiratory disease characterized by coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, high rectal temperature, lethargy, difficulty breathing, and loss of appetite. In some cases, SIV infection can cause reproductive problems and abortion.
Signs and nasal excretion of the virus can begin within 24 hours of infection. Although mortality tends to be low, morbidity can reach 100% and secondary bacterial superinfection can exacerbate the signs of SIV infection.
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VETSIV5I
SVD is a highly contagious disease of pigs and the virus causing it (SVDV) is part of the Enterovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. Although symptoms of the disease are often mild, it is an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) list A disease, as it is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease (FMD). For this reason, outbreaks of SVD are assumed to be FMD until laboratory diagnosis proves otherwise.
The virus may be spread into the environment through excretions from the nose and mouth and may also be found in the feces.
SVD is typically characterized by the presence of vesicles on the coronary bands, heels of the feet, and occasionally on the lips, tongue, snout, and teats of infected animals.
It does not appear that SVDV presents a zoonotic risk.
An outbreak of SVD can have a significant economic impact on the meat production industry as a result of the need to cull infected herds to eliminate the disease. Temporary trade restrictions on meat exports are likely to be imposed.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which belongs to the family of the Sarcocystiidae. Toxoplasma infections are widespread in humans and many other species of warm-blooded animals, including pigs, sheep, and goats. Occurrence is worldwide; however, the prevalence in human and animal populations varies greatly among countries.
Infection occurs as a result of consuming raw or undercooked meat that contains tissue cysts and tachyzoites, or by food or water contaminated with oocysts. Toxoplasma-infected meat and meat products are considered to be an important source for human infection.
Most swine infections are subclinical, but toxoplasmosis can cause clinical signs in pigs of all ages. Clinical toxoplasmosis has been reported most often in nursing pigs. Infected pigs are born dead, sick, or become sick within 3 weeks after birth; some remain clinically normal. Labored respiration is the most common clinical sign of toxoplasmosis. Other clinical signs include fever, general weakness, diarrhea, nervous signs, and rarely, loss of vision.
In humans, toxoplasma infections are also mostly asymptomatic. Clinical signs are mostly known to appear in immunosuppressed individuals, where an infection can cause severe neurological disease. Recent studies have shown, however, that immunocompetent persons may develop clinical toxoplasmosis more frequently than previously thought. The Panel on Biological Hazards considers toxoplasmosis to be an underdetected and underreported disease in the European Union (EFSA J 583:1-64, 2007), and has recently ranked Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as "the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats" (EFSA J 11:3265, 2013).
The Emerging Pathogens Institute of the University of Florida ranks toxoplasmosis as the number 2 public health burden among foodborne infections in its publication "Ranking the Risks: The 10 Pathogen-Food Combinations with The Greatest Burden on Public Health."
Because of the risk of human infection, the meat production industry can be severely affected when a toxoplasma infection occurs. Surveillance and diagnosis of infected pig, sheep, and goat herds can be easily achieved by testing for Toxoplasma antibodies in the animal's serum, plasma, or meat juice.
Toxoplasma in small ruminants causes losses to herds due to abortion, stillbirth, or the birth of weak lambs. The implementation of appropriate measures based on the test results can significantly improve the health status of a herd.
TGE destroys villous epithelial cells within the small intestine of swine, resulting in villous atrophy, malabsorption, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The incubation period is approximately 18 hours, and the infection is capable of spreading rapidly through contact or aerosol exposure.
Because of the causative virus's ability to persist in colder temperatures, severe epidemics are common during the winter.
The clinical signs of TGE can include vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, and excessive thirst. In piglets that are less than 1 week old, mortality is nearly 100%, whereas pigs older than 1 month seldom die from the disease. Gestating sows often exhibit vomiting and diarrhea, and may occasionally abort.
It does not appear that TGE presents a zoonotic risk.
TGE can be a significant cause of economic loss in breeding herds, primarily because of the very high piglet mortality, although it is of less importance in rearing and finishing herds.
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by the nematode Trichinella. The roundworm Trichinella spp. infects many carnivorous and omnivorous animal species, including domestic pigs. Currently, 11 different subspecies have been recognized in this genus. The species that are of main importance in Europe are Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella pseudospiralis, and Trichinella nativa. T. spiralis is of main concern because domestic pigs show a high susceptibility to this genotype. T. britovi is mostly found in wildlife.
T. pseudospiralis is a nonencapsulating species, meaning that it does not form the characteristic capsule of other species (e.g., T. spiralis). Another characteristic of T. pseudospiralis is that it can also infect birds. T. nativa is commonly found in wildlife, is a cold climate–adapted species, and is resistant to freezing. The worm can infect any species of mammal that consumes its encysted larval stages.
In the European Union, trichinellosis is commonly detected in areas of traditional agriculture where pigs are reared in small holdings with insufficient control measures. Occasionally, cases can also occur in holdings with good farm management practices in place.
Most infections in domestic and wild animals go undiagnosed. Although antemortem diagnosis in animals other than people is rare, trichinellosis may be suspected if there is a history of eating rodents, wildlife carcasses, or raw infected meat.
Human health can be affected by all species of Trichinella. Humans can be infected by eating raw or insufficiently cooked meat. The symptoms of a Trichinella infection at first are diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal discomfort. At a later stage, headache, fever, chills, cough, eye swelling, aching joints and muscle pains, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation can occur.
At an advanced stage of infection, the patient will likely have difficulty coordinating movements and will have heart and breathing problems. In some cases, infection can cause death. Every year, at least 90 human cases of infection are reported in the European Union and EEA/EFTA countries.
The European Union spends millions of euros every year testing pig meat for the presence of Trichinella. These costs will likely increase as a result of the EC regulation 2075/2005 that came into effect in 2006, requiring the testing of all pig carcasses for trichinellosis.
For veterinary use only.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jobs Companies Advice Coaching For Employers
The Headfirst Companies
Facilities Coordinator, D.C. United Soccer Camps: 2019-2012
The Headfirst Companies operate award-winning academic and athletic camps, showcases, and experiential events for kids and young adults.
About This Job
Reporting to the Site Leader, the Facilities Coordinator at D.C. United Soccer Camps acts as the epicenter of successful camp operations, spending each camp day on the move as they ensure all camp programs and activities are prepared for campers. The Facilities Coordinator must execute a smooth and efficient operation of the site so that campers can get the most out of their camp experience while being able to resolve issues before they arise. The Facilities Coordinator's duties are physically rigorous, so this individual must possess a tenacious work ethic, strong organizational skills, and a positive attitude.
Set the Stage. The people have spoken, and we have been voted one of the best summer experiences. Therefore, we need a Facilities Coordinator that understands how important it is to deliver on the promises we have made to our campers and their families. You will be responsible for the day to day operational set-up of all equipment to ensure a safe and functional camp. Our first impression is paramount to our success and you will lead our team to make a lasting impression for all families and their campers.
Finish the Job. There is no way to hide it, our Facilities Coordinators grind every single day. You are one of the first people on site in the morning and one of the last to leave every day. With this continuous hustle comes a sense of pride in being able to see a day of camp executed to perfection.
Support the Team. You are a part of the leadership team on-site for a reason. Facilities Coordinators will work to support their fellow teammates by running equipment, filling water coolers, and ensuring operational efficiency on-site throughout the camp day. The best Facilities Coordinators can push themselves above and beyond the call of duty while constantly upholding the Headfirst Professional Sports Camps mission.
Handle the Curveballs. We believe obstacles are temporary and embrace any challenge as an opportunity to improve. As a member of our team, and in this position, you will be asked to step out of your comfort zone to help problem-solve, lend a helping hand, and take on other responsibilities as requested.
At least 18 years of age with a valid driver's license.
Graduated high school – or have equivalent educational experience.
Demonstrated technical and mechanical experience with the ability to manage inventory.
CPR/First Aid Certification, or ability to obtain CPR/First Aid Certification prior to camp starting.
Preferred: Experience working an operations position or former position requiring manual labor.
A Dedicated Worker. An individual who isn't afraid to get their hands dirty every single day. You are willing to work until the job is done and take tremendous pride when the job is done right.
Highly Motivated. A self-starter who approaches professional hurdles with a strong sense of individual responsibility and a sincere emphasis on team over self.
A Coachable Teammate. You are a down-to-earth individual who has the desire and capacity to grow through self-reflection, and by both providing and receiving constructive performance feedback.
A Leader Through Action. At Headfirst Professional Sports Camps, we lead by example and are searching for a vocal, energetic, and enthusiastic leader who possesses the charisma, passion, and polish to serve as an ambassador of The Headfirst Companies.
Passionate. Here at Headfirst, we're inspired to make a difference in the lives of children and young adults everywhere and want you to be too.
2019 Dates & Locations:
June 17 - June 21: Woods Academy in Bethesda, MD
June 24 - June 28: Northwood High School in Silver Spring, MD
July 8 - July 12: Mason District Park in Annandale, VA
July 15 - July 19: Episcopal High School in Alexandria VA (Residential Camp)
July 22 - July 26: Woods Academy in Bethesda, MD
July 29 - August 2: Flint Hill School in Oakton, VA
August 5 - August 9: Melvin J. Berman Hebrew Academy in Rockville, MD
August 12 - August 16: Mason District Park in Annandale, VA
The Headfirst Companies are proud to be Equal Opportunity Employers.
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Wilson Ramos was signed during the off-season, and, barring injury, he will be the Mets starting catcher in 2019. However, he turns 32 during the season, and he has had a few injuries, so the backup catcher should get plenty of chances to contribute. That backup will undoubtedly be Travis d'Arnaud, the injury beset backstop who was a key contributor to the successful 2015 pennant drive.
2018 was not a season d'Arnaud will remember fondly, he played only four games at catcher before he underwent elbow ligament repair, more commonly known as Tommy John surgery. How can he be expected to fare in 2019, especially defensively?
Tommy John surgery is mostly performed on pitchers, and recovery for a pitcher usually takes at least a year, often more. The general consensus seems to be those position players who have the surgery can recover a bit quicker than pitchers do. So the assumption here is that d'Arnaud should be ready to play and contribute on or about opening day.
Defensively, d'Arnaud has been a bit of a mixed bag in his career. He has been considered a good pitch framer, and he does not allow many passed balls. However his defensive achilles heel has been throwing out runners.
In 2015, d'Arnaud had 33% CS rate, pretty good since Met pitchers that year were not adept at holding on runners. In 2016, his CS rate dropped to 22%. In 2017 it was a terrible 17%, and in the microscopic sample of four games in 2018, it was even lower at 13%. This is about as downward trend as you can get. However, elbow ligament damage does not usually just pop up immediately, there is often a cumulative effect. It is likely that his elbow was hindering his throws for awhile and that the problem was getting progressively worse.
Let's take a look at the CS rate of another catcher who endured Tommy John surgery, Matt Wieters. In 2013, Wieters had a respectable 35% CS rate with Baltimore. In 2014, in a small sample, the rate plunged to 8% and Wieters underwent the TJ procedure. He was back catching in 2015 and he posted a 31% mark, and he increased it to 35% in 2016. In 2017 Wieters, now catching for Washington, regressed to a 25% rate. Last year, at the age of 32, Wieters rebounded to a 37% CS rate, close to his career best.
If d'Arnaud's CS rate follows a similar arc to that of Wieters, d'Arnaud should do a much better job of throwing out runners in 2019. The other parts of his defense have traditionally been pretty good. In 2015 in 67 games he had only one passed ball, and he had just two PBs in 2017. In a 2017 article from NorthJersey.com, then GM Sandy Alderson praised d'Arnaud's pitch framing and his tagging ability.
He is no slouch at the plate, in 2015 he put up a .268/.340/.485 slash line. He has not done as well since then, although injuries undoubtedly played a part in hindering his offensive production in those years.
If d'Arnaud can recover as well as Wieters did with respect to throwing out runners, he could prove to be one of the best backup catchers in the game. And even if he is pretty much consigned to being the backup at the start of the season, that could change at some point in the future and he just might be a productive starter again with either the Mets or some other team.
Using caught stealing to rate defense? Travis is an excellent pitch framer and if his throwing improves great but throwing runners out doesn't make you a good defensive catcher look at Wieters. I would have kept Plawecki and moved Travis just due to him being so injury prone.
You know what, Darnaud, Smith Cechini and Gselman should be shopped. Get what you can for them,while you can get something.
I think TdA's itch framing is over stated, but the reason for the passed balls problem is because he come from the lazy school of catchers that prefer to believe they can back hand outside pitches rather than get down and over to block. The number of glancing off the mitt PBs is maddening. Perhaps hes improved, but the lack of health limiting chances.
Hes a backup catcher, thats for sure.
Ah, living in the past – can't beat it!
The link is from 2013. In 2014, he had 12 PB in 909 innings. Since then, he has 7 PB in 1,995.1 innings or a PB every 285 innings. They tell me Yadier Molina is the gold standard for defensive catchers. In the last two seasons, he's allowed 10 PB in 2,143.1 innings or a PB every 214.1 innings. JT Realmuto, who everyone tells me is a defensive star, has allowed 17 PB in his last 2,046.2 innings, or a PB every 120.1 innings.
Passed balls were a problem for TDA a long time ago.
And then there is Yasmani Grandal, also considered a good defensive catcher, who can rack up practically a seasons worth of PB just in the postseason games.
its sort of hard to find anything with someone so much on the DL. Sure these are older, but he's still a lazy back handing catcher.
Lets take an honest look at what's being discussed here. By far, catcher is the toughest position in baseball and there is nothing comparable in any sport. Nothing! Don't say hockey goal tender because they do not have to call a game, direct the defense and go on offense. Any catcher that gets to The Show has exceptional skills. Some skills are stronger than others. Very few have plus skills in all the catching disciplines and that is why there are so few receivers in the HOF. A catcher's performance also depends on the pitching staff. Two of the best defensive catchers, Bench and Grote, would have struggled to throw runners out with the Mets pitching staff of the past five years or so. Slow to the plate and poor moves to 1B are not kind to catchers. Travis d'Arnaud has certainly been unlucky and he, like all catchers, has his strengths and weaknesses. He does "stick" pitches (frame) with aplomb, which is a highly valued skill in baseball, since a good framer of pitches can buy 4-8 strikes a game. The guys at the bottom of the list (like Sal Perez and Wellington Castillo) buy none. Travis is a good blocker and, for the most part, the various Met pitching staffs have had good control. If he caught a staff that had trouble being in and near the zone, he would have more PBs. Catchers are subservient to the quality, or lack thereof, of their pitchers. There were likely two reasons the Mets kept Travis and dealt Plawecki. Very likely, the Tribe wanted Plawecki for one reason or another. Clearly, he was not coming off Tommy John surgery. D'Arnaud has a little more offensive upside with more power and potentially a better all-around hitter. There is no reason he cannot be a more than adaquate backup. One of the loudmouths on SNY keeps saying the Mets should sign Maldonado and dump d'Arnaud. Does anyone think Maldonado wants to go to a team where he will be a backup? As one of the premier defensive catchers in a game where defense is really only prized behind the dish, don't you think Maldonado can at least expect to sign on with a team where he will start or be in a platoon. Billy Beane has once again made a very positive under-the radar move that will help his pitchers when he signed Jonathan Lucroy, always the best MLB pitch framer. Sticking pitches does not necessarily dissipate with age. The Mets are certainly deeper with d'Arnaud as a backup, who can catch a dozen games a month, than they have been for the past four years when he and Plawecki, and whomever the injury replacement was, were in the mix. For about $13 million, the 2019 Mets have two plus offensive catchers and two slightly above league average defenders, with a decent prospect in Nido honing his craft at Triple-A. Seems like a solid scenario. How many teams are in a better position behind the dish?
I enjoyed reading your post and agree with virtually every point. I'm not sure that I can agree that Nido is a promising prospect though. I have like TDA from the beginning and am pulling for him. I have a feeling that without the presssure of catching everyday, he might just blossom as a solid hitter. Let's just hope he doesn't get hurt.
DeMetsman – bravo on a very thoughtful post. In the grander scheme I agree that catcher is a critical position to a winning team. It's the baseball equivalent of a quarterback – typically only a handful of great ones but hard to win without at least a good one. Look at al the teams that have won multiple titles and you see the common thread – Posey, Molina, Varitek, Posada, back to Bench, Howard, Berra, Dickey, et al. They don't have to be MVP HOF guys, just solid defenders and leaders like Varitek, the real life Crash Davis. I get why BVW so badly wanted Realmuto. He's of that ilk. Hopefully Ramos/TDA can fill that role for us.
AJ Ellis and Juan Graterol are still available as is Devin Mesoraco. and Matt Wieters. Graterol is a great defender and has a 41% throwing runners out rate last year in AAA. He'll only hit 220 but that is good enough to be a backup catcher. The Mets need to package d'Arnaud, Vargas, and perhaps a decent minor league pitching relief prospect to see if anyone would trade with the Mets, and send them a halfway decent prospect in return. After this trade they need to turn around, and immediately sign Gio Gonzales. d'Arnaud's only good year in the Majors was 2015. He just can't throw the ball, and with Matz and Syndergaard in the rotation the Mets need to have a backup catcher that can throw the ball otherwise both of these pitchers let games get away from them which turns into loosing efforts. d'Arnaud needs to go as he is not the backup catcher the Mets really can utilize in 2019.
1. By far Quarterback in football. Not only does he have to read defenses as five or six players are hoping to rip his head off on every passing play, but he needs to figure out before the play what defense the other team is trying to disguise.
2. Pitcher: the game's victory squarely rests on your shoulders and pitching is deemed 90% of a team's chance for success.
3. Hockey goalie: Game after game you need to be a wall. While most of your responsibility is reaction based – not as much strategic – you must continuously stop a 105mph shot with players placing themselves in your line of vision so you can't see the shot and backing into you to distract you.
4. Point guard: not only making ball decisions, but having to usually do most of the work to get it down low to your bigs, including driving in the paint and trying to draw players a foot taller than you to you.
5. Middle linebacker: You read the offense and adjust the defense according to the strong side of the formation. You can call off blitzes.
Catcher: call the pitch your manager decides, signal the defense told to you from the dugout, and catch the ball and throw it back. The only hard part is the squatting and needing to jump out of your squat to make plays. And while that is hard, but how many of those per game are there? And while we all love our catchers, the reason why there aren't more in the Hall of Fame is because many times if a guy is that good offensively, they change his position to save the body from the wear and tear. Seeing Lagares play CF makes me feel like his job is more important than the catcher's.
When Michael Jordan "retired" from basketball, I wanted him to train for the decathlon and try to win a Gold Medal.
The biggest immediate question is whether he's able to play "soon". He's been a lousy thrower, with his "results" weighted by his pitchers.
He may have been hurt for quite some time—we often hear of pitchers with partial tears of the UCL. Forgetting Travis's Throwing results, his last year or so looked "Yippy" and odd as far as his throwing stroke. I would guess this was an indicator of an injury (not a Cause of one).
So…how soon can he throw?…and will his hitting (also) benefit with a repaired elbow.
He was a Cheap Lotter Ticket signing…and I believe some of the money is not guaranteed.
I would rather have kept Plawecki as the backup honestly.
Steevy- I agree. The decision to tender TDA was a puzzling one to me. $3.5mm is too steep for a backup catcher. When he's healthy I believe he is a better bat than KP but at that price? Also, to me a backup catcher should be a sturdy, defense first type like Rene Rivera. Once upon a time TDA was the best catching prospect in baseball traded from the Phillies to the Blue Jays to the Mets and now nearing 30 and free agency with perhaps his last chance to make a career for himself.
On a scale of 1 to 10 with 1 being a no how many here believe TDA will be on the opening day roster? I for one don't see him being here. I'll give him a 1.5 Like Steevy I'm perplexed as to why tender him at all if you're not sure what you're going to get. Not even the Dodgers and their massive 200 million dollar payroll have 4 million invested in a back up catcher. Ironically L.A.s 2 catchers don't even add up to half of Ramos' salary! I believe if the team isn't able to find a team willing to trade for TDA Met ownership will hold on to him. Another question mark. Typical of this organization.
Pete, to me the most surprising aspect of why they chose TDA over Plawecki was the four years of control. Was TDA's one year worth four of Plawecki's at a rate 3.5x as high? Plawecki was league average and improving. I understand that Cleveland may have preferred Plawecki, that's possible, but even way before the trade we heard whispers that if they don't keep three, they're trading Plawecki, not TDA.


I bought this as a bit of an impulse buy, It was on offer here for £5.99 Generally, I don't tend to wear liquid liner, I normally line my eyes with Kohl but have been wanting to try a gel liner for a while! I'm kind of half and half on this one, I like the application, you can get a good straight line, but the colour didn't transfer very well, it looked quite faded on first application and I had to go over it several times to get a deep colour, which meant that I ended up with a messier application the more frustrated I got with it. I don't know if I was just applying this wrong, I'll give it a few more goes when I feel like forgiving it, but for now, I'm going to stick to eye pencil!
Have you used this product before or any good recommendations on gel eyeliners?
9 comments on "Maybelline Eye Studio Gel Liner"
bobbi brown gel eye liner is amaze, bit pricey though!!
Love this gel liner, it's as good as the Mac I used to get! Those earrings are seriously cute as well!
I use that very same gel liner every day! It works really good and lasts much longer then any liquid pen liners.
Iv not heard great things about this liner, i really wanted it but all the reviews say the same about the colour a little let down.
These are sooooo cute! i have done a review of the Maybelline Eye Studio Gel Liner a while back, you will love the product, its great! Nice blog!


text:
Q: sqldatasource update command not working and no SQL error I have a gridview with a data source. FOr some reason when I use the update button on the data source it is not updating. I am not getting a sql error and the query works fine when used directly.
<asp:GridView ID="viewStoryTime" runat="server" AllowPaging="True" AutoGenerateColumns="False"
     DataSourceID="SqlDataSource10" DataKeyNames="NonScrumStoryId, PK_DailyTaskHours" BackColor="#DEBA84"
     BorderColor="#DEBA84" BorderStyle="None" BorderWidth="1px" CellPadding="3" CellSpacing="2"
     Width="525px" OnRowEditing="viewStoryTime_OnRowEditing" OnRowCancelingEdit="viewStoryTime_OnRowCancelingEdit" OnRowUpdating="viewStoryTime_OnRowUpdating" OnRowUpdated="viewStoryTime_OnRowUpdated" >
     <Columns>
          <asp:BoundField DataField="Hours" HeaderText="Hours" SortExpression="Hours" />
          <asp:BoundField DataField="Notes" HeaderText="Notes" SortExpression="Notes" />
          <asp:BoundField DataField="ActivityDate" HeaderText="Date" SortExpression="ActivityDate" DataFormatString="{0:MM/dd/yyyy}" />
          <asp:CommandField ShowEditButton="True" />
          </Columns>
</asp:GridView>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource10" runat="server" ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ApplicationServices %>"
     SelectCommand="SELECT [DailyTaskHours].[PK_DailyTaskHours], [DailyTaskHours].[NonScrumStoryId], [DailyTaskHours].[Hours], [DailyTaskHours].[Notes], [DailyTaskHours].[ActivityDate] FROM [NonScrumStory], [DailyTaskHours] WHERE [DailyTaskHours].[NonScrumStoryId] = @nonScrumStoryId AND [NonScrumStory].[PK_NonScrumStory] = @nonScrumStoryId"
     UpdateCommand="UPDATE [DailyTaskHours] SET [Hours] = @setEditHoursParam, [ActivityDate] = @setEditActivityDateParam, [Notes] = @setEditNotesParam WHERE [PK_DailyTaskHours] = @setDailyPKParam">
     <SelectParameters>
          <asp:QueryStringParameter Name="nonScrumStoryId" Type="String" />
     </SelectParameters>
     <UpdateParameters>
           <asp:QueryStringParameter Name="setEditHoursParam" Type="String" />
           <asp:QueryStringParameter Name="setEditActivityDateParam" Type="String" />
           <asp:QueryStringParameter Name="setEditNotesParam" Type="String" />
           <asp:QueryStringParameter Name="setDailyPKParam" Type="String" />
     </UpdateParameters>
</asp:SqlDataSource>

Here is the c# that applies the parameters:
protected void viewStoryTime_OnRowEditing(object sender, GridViewEditEventArgs e)
{
    SqlDataSource10.UpdateParameters["setDailyPKParam"].DefaultValue = viewStoryTime.DataKeys[e.NewEditIndex].Values["PK_DailyTaskHours"].ToString();
    System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(viewStoryTime.DataKeys[e.NewEditIndex].Values["PK_DailyTaskHours"].ToString());

}

protected void viewStoryTime_OnRowUpdating(object sender, GridViewUpdateEventArgs e)
{
    SqlDataSource10.UpdateParameters["setEditHoursParam"].DefaultValue = e.NewValues[0].ToString();
    SqlDataSource10.UpdateParameters["setEditActivityDateParam"].DefaultValue = e.NewValues[2].ToString();
    SqlDataSource10.UpdateParameters["setEditNotesParam"].DefaultValue = e.NewValues[1].ToString();
    System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(e.NewValues[0].ToString());
    System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(e.NewValues[2].ToString());
    System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(e.NewValues[1].ToString());
    SqlDataSource10.Update();
    SqlDataSource10.DataBind();
}

Nopte that the Debug.WriteLine() is so I can see the output of what should be going to the parameters, here is an example output:

Debug output:
4911

Debug output:
5.5
7/9/2013 12:00:00 AM
changed text
And when I press Update:

A: You don't need to call Update and DataBind methods in RowUpdating event handler because update is already happening and there you only need to fill values for parameters.
Another thing that needs attention but it is not relevant to your issue is the use of QueryStringParameter. If you don't use query string as a parameter source then it is better to use plain Parameter.


We Save you time and money when you're shopping for carpet and flooring by bringing the store to your door. Why run around all over town wasting time and money looking for flooring. One call and a flooring expert will bring 2288 selections of flooring to you so you can see the colors in your space.
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The Paleo Thyroid Solution book review and podcast has clinical details not found in most thyroid books or doctor's offices. Primal Blueprint Podcaster Elle Russ shares her history of unique thyroid problems and explains thyroid function and treatment options in detail.
Hypothyroidism affects 10 times more women than men and can be misdiagnosed as many other disorders. In this Primal Diet – Modern Health podcast, Elle and I discuss the often neglected use of T3 hormone in addition to or in place of T4.
Elle talks about brand Synthroid vs. generic Levothroid. Some people do better on Synthroid if they can't get NDT. Both contain only T4, which is NOT the active T3 hormone we actually use. Natural Dessicated Thyroid contains T4, T3, T2, T1 and Calcitonin and is often much better than T4 alone. Or add T3 to existing T4 therapy. Elle writes about this at length in the book.
I discuss more about feeding and repairing the thyroid in this article and this podcast on "Thyroid Toxins, Goitrogens and Nutrients". Many people can repair poor thyroid function by improving adrenal function and supporting the thyroid in ways I discuss there.
Elle's use of "T3 only" therapy is unusual and not for everyone. But the data in the book is informative.


text:
Мала́тья (, ) — ил на востоке Турции.

География
Ил Малатья граничит с илом Элязыг и Диярбакыр на востоке, Адыяман на юге, Кахраманмараш на западе и Сивас и Эрзинджан на севере.

Малатья лежит в горах Юго-Восточного Тавра. Самые высокие вершины: Корудаг (2100 м), Каракая-Тепе (2424 м), Бекбель-Тепе (2006 м), Бейдаги (2544 м). Нургак — продолжение Тауруса. Его вершины — Дербент (2428 м), Кепез (2140 м).

Центр провинции, через который протекает множество больших и небольших речушек (Кылычёзю, Кизыл-Ирмак и другие), расположен в центральной части плодородной равнины, где выращиваются различные виды фруктов, в том числе всемирно известные абрикосы сорта Малатья.

Батталгази, расположенный на севере Малатьи, важный исторический центр.

История
Малатья с её окрестностями с древних времен являлась родиной многих цивилизаций. Её название происходит от хеттского слова мёд. За время своего существования Малатья дважды меняла своё местоположение. В 1750 году до н. э. царь Куссары Анитта завоевал Малатью и сделал её частью Хеттского царства. Затем в 705—681 год до н. э. эту территорию завоёвывают ассирийцы. После них здесь властвовали мидийцы и персы. После завоевания Малатьи Александром Македонским она стала частью эллинистического государства. Затем Малатья — одна из десяти провинций государства Каппадокия, существовавшего с 2880 по 212 год до н. э.. С VI века до н.э. до 1071 года н.э. была частью Армении. Правителями Малатьи были римляне и византийцы, арабы и сельджуки, а с 1515 года — османы. До Геноцида армян в Турции (1915-1922 гг.) основную часть населения области составляли армяне. В 1924 году Малатья стала провинцией Турции.

Население
Население — 853 658 жителей (2009). Основное население турки , курды, исламизированые армяне.

Административное деление
Ил Малатья разделён на 14 районов:

 Акчадаг (Akçadağ)
 Арапгир (Arapgir)
 Аргуван (Arguvan)
 Батталгази (Battalgazi)
 Даренде (Darende)
 Доганшехир (Doğanşehir)
 Доганьол (Doğanyol)
 Хекимхан (Hekimhan)
 Кале (Kale)
 Кулунджак (Kuluncak)
 Малатья (Malatya)
 Пютюрге (Pütürge)
 Языхан (Yazıhan)
 Ешильюрт (Yeşilyurt)

Достопримечательности
 крепость — старинная Малатья (Батталгази); была построена в I веке римским императором Титом и в XII веке полностью перестроена сельджуками.
 место археологических раскопок Аслантепе.
 мечети в Малатье, Арапгире и Даренде;
 медресе Шахабие и Кюбра, медресе Садразам;
 мечети: Мелика Сунуллаха, Акминаре, Абдульселам, Карахан, Джафер паша, Мирлива Ахмед паша, Гюмрюкчю Осман паша, Чобанлы и Кёпрюлю Мехмед паша;
 библиотека им. Испанакчи Мустафы паши (мечеть им. Муллы Эюба);
 обитель Канлы;
 усыпальница Икиз;
 келья шейха Хамиди Вели (Сомунджу Баба);
 постоялый двор оруженосца Мустафы паши и Ташхан;
 мост Кыркгёз;
 большой крытый рынок — ярмарка Хача Хюсеина паши;
 бани Хасана паши и Кёпрюлю Мехмед паши.
 мечеть Улу с айваном в Бапалгази.
 места отдыха в лесу Пынарбаши;
 водоисточник Таказ;

Известные люди

 Абу-ль-Фарадж бин Харун (1226—1286) — сирийский церковный деятель, писатель и учёный
 Агджа, Мехмет Али (1958) — турецкий террорист, покушавшийся на папу римского Иоанна Павла II
 Инёню, Исмет (1884—1973) — второй президент Турции
 Кая, Ахмет (1956—2000) — турецкий поэт и певец
 Коркмаз, Бюлент (1968) — турецкий футболист
 Озал, Тургут (1927—1993) — турецкий деятель
 Сунал, Кемаль (1944—2000) — турецкий актёр-комик
 Эздамар, Эмине Зевги (1946) — немецкая актриса, театральный режиссёр, писательница

Примечания

Малатья (ил)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cornerstone Institute is an independent, not-for-profit higher education institution engaged in teaching and learning in service of others, to advance human dignity and social justice for all.
The purpose of the Registrar is overall responsibility for legal matters pertaining to the need for Cornerstone Institute to maintain compliance. He/ She supports the CEO, Executive Dean and academic management in particular across a wide range of internal structures and functions with respect to administrative functions. The student admissions, registrations and systems-support functions report to the Registrar. The Registrar will act as an innovative and strategic leader and will create and implement a vision for a 21st century technologically-sophisticated Registrar's office. He/ She is responsible for enforcement of the institution's academic policies. The Registrar also ensures the oversight, integrity, accuracy, and security of all student academic and educational records and related policies and procedures. The Registrar is ultimately responsible for the management of an office that provides excellent customer service to students and parents, and ensures compliance with all regulatory bodies.


text:
xtremetrail » Hiphop » Busta Rhymes - Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front
Busta Rhymes - Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front Musikalbum
Various - Violator: The Album
DMX - Year Of The Dog... Again
Tamar - Tamar
Busta Rhymes - The Coming
Various - Bad Boy Greatest Hits Volume 1
Puff Daddy & The Family Featuring The Notorious B.I.G. & Busta Rhymes - Victory (Remixes)
Busta Rhymes Europe Elektra 1998
Darsteller: Busta Rhymes
Genre: Hiphop
Titel: Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front
Land: Europe
Etikett: Elektra
Katalognummer: 755962211-1
1 Against All Odds
Featuring – Flipmode SquadProducer – Jamal
2 Take It Off
Producer – Hassan Big Haas The Fantom
3 Where We Are About To Take It
4 Iz They Wildin Wit Us & Getting Rowdy Wit Us
Featuring – MystikalProducer – Darrell "Delite" Allamby, Kenny Dickerson
5 Do It To Death
Producer – Rockwilder
6 Hot Shit Makin' Ya Bounce
Producer – Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie, Nashiem Myrick
7 Everybody Rise
8 Party Is Goin' On Over Here
9 Intro - There's Only One Year Left!!!
10 Just Give It To Me Raw
Producer – Swizz Beatz
11 Keepin' It Tight
Co-producer – Armando ColonProducer – Rashad Smith
12 What's It Gonna Be?!
Featuring – Janet JacksonProducer – Darrell "Delite" Allamby
13 Extinction Level Event (The Song Of Salvation)
14 What The Fuck You Want!!
Producer – Diamond D
15 Do The Bus A Bus
16 This Means War!!
Featuring – Ozzy OsbourneProducer – Busta Rhymes
17 Outro - The Burial Song
18 Tear Da Roof Off
19 Gimme Some More
62211-2 Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front (CD, Album) Elektra 62211-2 US 1998
7559-62211-4 Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front (Cass, Album) Orpheus Music 7559-62211-4 Bulgaria 1998
62211-1 Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front (2xLP, Album) Elektra 62211-1 US 1998
62211-4 Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front (Cass, Album) Elektra 62211-4 Poland 1998
Z 055, A23654 Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front (Cass, Album, Unofficial) Muzik, Elektra Z 055, A23654 1998
Producer – DJ Scratch (tracks: B5, C2, C3, D4), Nottz (tracks: A2 to A4)
Rights Society: GEMA/BIEM
Label Code: LC 0192
Other: EW 379
Extinction Level Event: The Final World Front - Busta Rhymes. Лента с персональными рекомендациями и музыкальными новинками, радио, подборки на любой вкус, удобное управление своей коллекцией. Extinction Level Event: The Final World Front is the third studio album by American rapper Busta Rhymes. The album was released on December 15, 1998 by Flipmode and Elektra Records in North America. The album follows the apocalypse theme that was explored by Rhymes in his first two studio albums, The Coming 1996 and When Disaster Strikes 1997. Musically, the album is composed of East Coast, West Coast, horrorcore, and hardcore hip hop music. Busta Rhymes rocketed to superstardom in an alarmingly short time, simply because there was no other rapper quite like him. Nobody else in his position had his wild sense of humor, reckless fashion sense, and, most importantly, willingness to take risks. Yes, underground rappers like the Jurassic Five and the entire Wu clan relentlessly pushed the boundaries of hip-hop, but they operated at the fringes of pop culture. Ищете треки из альбома Extinction Level Event: The Final World Front исполнителя Busta Rhymes Тогда заходите на наш сайт - слушайте музыку онлайн и скачивайте бесплатно. Busta Rhymes, Busta Rhymes featuring Mystical. Intro - There Is Only One Year Left Busta Rhymes. A fiercely focused and highly energized extravaganza, Extinction Level Event shows Bustas raw rap pedigree in delirious collision with the mainstream. At this point he was doing everything his way. The albums singles- Gimme Some More and Whats It Gonna Be -showcase an otherworldly ability to create pop hits from unpredictable rhythms. His fame was growing, but he still rapped with the hunger of a newcomer. Even on the filler tracks, he emerges in. Рэп и хип-хоп. Busta Rhymes - Intro - There Is Only One Year Left. Busta Rhymes - Extinction Level Event. Busta Rhymes - Tear Da Roof Off. Busta Rhymes - Against All Odds. Busta Rhymes. Хип-хоп, Гангста 2009. Intro - There Is Only One Year Left. Everybody Rise. Where We Are About to Take It. Extinction Level Event The Song of Salvation. Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front. Busta Rhymes - Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front 1998. To favorites 4 Download album. Listen album. Hip-Hop East Coast Rap. I give a track by track review of the 1998 masterpiece from Busta Rhymes Extinction Level Event The Final World Front. can't wait for the sequel of Rhymes - Extinction Level Event Explicit Version 03:34, 256Kbs. Busta Rhymes - Where We Are About To Take It Explicit Version 03:06, 256Kbs. Busta Rhymes - Outro - The Burial Song Explicit Version 05:05, 256Kbs. Busta Rhymes - Intro - There Is Only One Year Left Explicit Version 02:37, 256Kbs. On this page you can listen to the album, get information about the album, see the list of songs and much more. Most important - you can download the album Extinction Level Event: The Final World Front to your computer or phone absolutely free of charge, and without registration. Listen online and stay in a good mood