Plaintiff failed to prove her injuries were due to the construction of the water park slide, and she also assumed the risk.
An injury is not enough; you must be able to relate your injury to the exact cause, and that cause must be based on a failure to do or not do a duty by the defendant.
Plaintiff: Beth Stolting, et al.
The plaintiff and a boyfriend, who eventually became her husband, went to the defendant's water park. She had been to water parks 15-20 times over the years, and ridden water slides hundreds of times. However, she had never visited this park.
At the entrance of the park was a sign which warned of the risks of the park.
The plaintiff admitted that she read the sign when she entered the park. After entering the park the plaintiff went on several water slides before going down the slide that injured her. Before riding that slide, she watched others go down the slide.
There were no warning signs posted at the slide. Nor were there instructions on how to ride the slide. As the plaintiff prepared to go down the slide, she placed herself in the positions; she had seen other riders with her knees bent about 40 degrees.
After exiting the slide, she hit the bottom of the pool. The plaintiff was assisted out of the pool by a lifeguard who suggested she go to a hospital. The plaintiff transported herself to the hospital. Eventually, she was diagnosed with several broke vertebrae, which required several months of recovery.
Plaintiffs must establish four elements in order to prevail on a negligence claim: 1) that a duty was owed to the Plaintiffs by the Defendants; 2) a breach of that duty owed by the Defendants; 3) a causal relationship between the breach of that duty and the harm suffered; and 4) that damages were sustained.
The plaintiff argued that the defendant had notice of the dangerous condition because two prior claims had been filed for similar injuries on the same water slide. The plaintiff then claimed that notice of those injuries created a duty on the part of the defendant to post warning signs.
The next issue was the standard of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff. The rule in Maryland is a water park owes business invitees a duty to use ordinary care.
The plaintiff then argued the defendant breached its duty to provide ordinary and diligent care by not posting warning signs informing patrons of the danger of the slide.
On top of that, the plaintiff had read the warnings at the entrance of the park which placed the plaintiff on notice of the dangerous condition, required by the duty owed to business-invitees.
The plaintiff hired an expert witness to assist in her case; however, the expert's opinion was ruled inadmissible in a prior motion. Consequently, she could not provide any evidence to support here claim that the defendant breached its duty by not posting instructions on how to ride the slide.
Even if her expert's opinion had been admissible, there was no evidence posted that the way the plaintiff rode the slide was the cause of her injury. There was no connection between riding the slide and riding the slide a specific way that might have caused or would not have caused her injuries.
To establish an assumption of risk defense, the Defendants have the burden of demonstrating that the Plaintiffs: 1) had knowledge of the risk of danger; 2) appreciated the risk; and 3) voluntarily confronted the risk of danger.
To determine if the plaintiff knew, appreciated and voluntarily confronted the risk, the court used an objective standard.
Finally, the plaintiff voluntarily confronted the risk.
The court found that any reasonable jury would find the plaintiff assumed the risk.
In a rare issue in a decision, the court found two complete and valid defenses to the plaintiff's claims. Normally, courts only find one reason to support or over throw a decision and stop there.
A lot of this win for the defendant was based on three things. The plaintiff admitted having gone to water parks and down water slides before, she admitted reading the warning sign at the entrance, and she watched other riders before going down the slide herself. That proved she has knowledge and appreciation of the risk and voluntarily assumed the risk.
The second issue was the defendant hired an expert after just a few incidents to check out its slide. Again, acting prior to the lawsuit was better and probably a lot cheaper in the long run to see if the problem was real or isolated incidents.
PRIOR HISTORY: [*1] COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: UNION COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/22/2014. TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROBERT WILLIAM ELLIOTT. TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: SUMMARY JUDGMENT GRANTED TO APPELLEES.
COUNSEL: FOR APPELLANT: JOSHUA A. TURNER.
FOR APPELLEES: WILTON V. BYARS III, JOSEPH LUKE BENEDICT.
JUDGES: BEFORE IRVING, P.J., CARLTON AND JAMES, JJ. LEE, C.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. WILSON, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART. CARLTON, J., SPECIALLY CONCURRING.
BEFORE IRVING, P.J., CARLTON AND JAMES, JJ.
P1. This case arises out of a wrongful-death action filed by Deliah Colyer on behalf of her deceased son, Marshuan Braxton. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of First United Methodist Church of New Albany. On appeal, Colyer argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment. Finding error, we reverse and remand this case for a trial.
P2. On June 20, 2009, Braxton, along with other minors and adult chaperones, flew from Memphis, Tennessee, to Costa Rica on a mission trip. Braxton, a seventeen-year-old, was expecting to begin his senior year at New Albany High School when classes [*2] resumed for the 2009-2010 school year. The purpose of the mission trip was to construct a sanctuary in Villa Briceno, Costa Rica, and conduct other mission activities. The trip was led by Amanda Gordon, associate pastor of First United Methodist Church of New Albany, Mississippi (FUNA). Amanda coordinated the trip with missionary Wil Bailey through the regional United Methodist missions group. There were fifteen members on the mission trip from FUNA, with nine adults and six minors. Five other individuals, four adults and one minor, from First United Methodist Church of Brandon, Mississippi, also joined.
P3. Before leaving for the mission trip, Elnora Howell, Braxton's legal guardian and grandmother, signed two documents before a notary public as a condition of Braxton participating. These documents included a New Albany First United Methodist Church Youth Medical / Parent Consent form and a Parental Consent form. Braxton also signed a document entitled "Int. Missionary Profile and Release of Claim" that contained warnings about the dangers associated with participating in the mission trip.
P4. The group arrived in San Isidro, Costa Rica, on June 20. On June 21, 2009, the group left [*3] San Isidro to travel to the worksite in Villa Briceno. Since they expected to ride on the bus for several hours, Bailey suggested they stop for lunch at a scenic site on their way to Villa Briceno. The group stopped and ate at a roadside café. After leaving the café, they stopped at the Dominicalito, a beach, located near the Pacific Ocean. The weather was clear, and there were a few picnic tables in the area. A few locals were also there. The group intended to go on a brief excursion and take photographs. The bus driver suggested two or three areas on the beach for the group to visit.
P5. The group separated into two or three smaller groups and headed to the suggested areas. Braxton, Mattie Carter, and Josh Creekmore, along with adult chaperones, Sam Creekmore and Mike Carter, went to a rock formation and climbed onto it to observe crabs. The adults eventually climbed down and walked behind the rock formation. Braxton, Mattie, and Josh stayed up top and continued to observe the crabs. While Braxton, Mattie, and Josh were still up top, a large wave crashed into the rock formation and knocked them into the ocean.
P6. Mike and Sam immediately climbed back on the rock formation and saw [*4] Braxton, Mattie, and Josh swimming with their heads above water. The wave current, however, began to wash the minors away from the rock formation. Sam instructed them to swim around the rocks into an inlet area to reach safety on the beach. Mike climbed down closer to the water level. A second wave rose and knocked Mike into the ocean, and the current took him in the opposite direction of Braxton, Mattie, and Josh. Mike was eventually rescued by a local Costa Rican resident that had a life jacket and rope. Braxton, unfortunately, disappeared into the water before Mike was rescued. Mattie and Josh, however, were able to swim out onto the beach after being in the water for about five minutes.
P7. Adam Gordon and his wife, Amanda, went to a different area of the beach, but because of the distance and obstructions blocking their view they were unable to see the minors. Adam testified that he was knocked down by a wave at the same time that the wave reached the area where Braxton, Josh, and Mattie were located. Amanda was standing nearby and saw the wave approaching Adam. Amanda yelled to her husband and then saw the wave knock him down. According to the Gordons, only one or two minutes [*5] passed before they had turned the corner of the taller rock formation and could see the rock where Braxton had been located. And it was at that time that they saw Mattie and Josh getting out of the water and Mike being rescued. However, according to Josh, fifteen to twenty minutes passed between Adam being knocked down by the large wave and the minors being swept into the water by another large wave.
P8. The mission-trip members immediately began to seek help after seeing people on the beach reacting and in the water. The locals contacted emergency services by telephone, and residents in the area helped. The ambulance and local authorities arrived. Thereafter, everyone at the beach began to look for Braxton. The mission-trip group stayed on the beach for over three hours after the incident until darkness ended their search. Regrettably, Braxton's body was found the next day and identified by Amanda, Adam, and Sam.
P9. The complaint was filed on November 10, 2011, in the Circuit Court of Union County, Mississippi. FUNA filed its answer and defenses on March 16, 2012, and, after conducting discovery, filed it motion for summary judgment on March 5, 2014. A hearing was [*6] held on April 28, 2014, and resulted in the circuit court granting Colyer's request for additional time to conduct discovery. Colyer conducted additional discovery and depositions followed by the parties providing supplemental briefing. Another hearing was held on September 16, 2014. After considering all of the sworn evidence and the arguments of counsel, the circuit court found that no genuine issue of material fact existed to support Colyer's claims of negligence. The circuit court entered an order granting FUNA's motion for summary judgment on September 23, 2014.
P10. [HN1] We review the trial court's grant or denial of summary judgment under a de novo standard. Moss Point Sch. Dist. v. Stennis, 132 So. 3d 1047, 1049-50 (P10) (Miss. 2014).
[HN2] Summary judgment is appropriate and shall be rendered if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Importantly, the party opposing summary judgment may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific [*7] facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, will be entered against him.
Karpinsky v. Am. Nat'l Ins., 109 So. 3d 84, 88 (P10) (Miss. 2013) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). "[T]he evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made." One S. Inc. v. Hollowell, 963 So. 2d 1156, 1160 (P6) (Miss. 2007).
I. The trial court erred by granting summary judgment, as genuine issues of material fact existed.
P11. Colyer alleges that FUNA was negligent and FUNA owed a duty to supervise Braxton while the group was on the mission trip. FUNA's position is that no negligence existed and that summary judgment was proper. [HN3] The elements of a prima facie case of negligence are duty, breach, causation, and damages. Grisham v. John Q. Long V.F.W. Post, No. 4057 Inc., 519 So. 2d 413, 416 (Miss. 1988); Burnham v. Tabb, 508 So. 2d 1072, 1074 (Miss. 1987). Colyer contends that FUNA owed a duty to Braxton to provide ordinary care while supervising him during this trip. Colyer alleges that the duty was breached, and that the negligent acts or omissions of FUNA caused the death of Braxton.
P12. FUNA agrees that a duty was owed to supervise Braxton, but FUNA contends that Braxton's age at the time of his death diminishes that duty. Nevertheless, our supreme court has held that [HN4] adequacy of supervision is a question for the jury. Summers v. St. Andrew's Episcopal Sch., 759 So. 2d 1203, 1215 (PP48-50) (Miss. 2000); see also James v. Gloversville Enlarged Sch. Dist., 155 A.D.2d 811, 548 N.Y.S.2d 87, 88-89 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989). Therefore, [*8] regardless of Braxton's age, a jury must decide what constitutes proper and adequate supervision. See Todd v. First Baptist Church of W. Point, 993 So. 2d 827, 829 (P12) (Miss. 2008).
P13. There are also disputed facts regarding whether it was reasonable to expect Amanda to give Braxton warning after she witnessed her husband being knocked down by a wave. And we have determined that [HN5] "[c]ontradictory statements by a witness go to the weight and credibility of that witness['s] testimony, not its sufficiency, and a summary judgment motion does not place the trial court in the role of weighing testimony and determining the credibility of witnesses." Jamison v. Barnes, 8 So. 3d 238, 245 (P17) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (citation omitted).
P14. Additionally, Colyer alleges other acts of negligence: (1) failure to research the dangers of the Pacific coast and (2) allowing the children, including Braxton, to go onto a dangerous rock structure on the coast of the Pacific Ocean without any knowledge of oceanic activities in Costa Rica.
P15. We conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether FUNA provided ordinary care while supervising Braxton during this trip, and so we reverse the grant of summary judgment.
II. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment by considering the waivers of Howell and Braxton.
[The plaintiff] claims that the defendant is liable for the wrongful death of Marshuan Braxton, who die[d] from drowning during a mission trip to Costa Rica on June 21, 2009. Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, the court finds no genuine issues of material fact exist[ ] to support [the] plaintiff's claim of negligence against the defendant. Therefore, this Court finds as a matter of law [the] defendant's motion to dismiss shall be granted.
P17. FUNA admits that it does not appear that the court relied on the release. However, FUNA states that the waivers are valid and bar recovery. It is undisputed that the parties in this appeal are not the same parties that executed the waivers. It appears that one of the waivers was signed by Howell, who was Braxton's grandmother. She signed a "parental consent form," but she is not a party to this action. Braxton, a seventeen-year-old minor at the time, appeared to have signed the release waiver.
P18. [HN6] Pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated section 93-19-13 (Rev. 2013), Braxton could not legally sign a contract of this nature to waive liability.1 Braxton's contract [*10] was not legally binding because of his age and the nature of the contract. FUNA also alleges that the wrongful-death beneficiaries are bound by the contract of Braxton since they are third-party beneficiaries of Braxton's contract. [HN7] "[O]rdinary contract principals require a meeting of the minds between the parties in order for agreements to be valid." Am. Heritage Life Ins. v. Lang, 321 F.3d 533, 538 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and citations omitted). A contract cannot bind a nonparty. E.E.O.C. v. Waffle House Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 308, 122 S. Ct. 754, 151 L. Ed. 2d 755 (2002).
1 [HN8] "All persons eighteen (18) years of age or older, if not otherwise disqualified, or prohibited by law, shall have the capacity to enter into binding contractual relationships affecting personal property. Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect any contracts entered into prior to July 1, 1976. In any legal action founded on a contract entered into by a person eighteen (18) years of age or older, the said person may sue in his own name as an adult and be sued in his own name as an adult and be served with process as an adult." See also Garrett v. Gay, 394 So. 2d 321, 322 (Miss. 1981).
P19. The two waivers executed in this case are not binding on Colyer and the trial court was correct in not giving any effect to these two waivers in its opinion.
P20. There is sufficient evidence before this Court [*11] to show that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether FUNA's supervision was negligent. Therefore, the trial court's grant of summary judgment is reversed, and this case is remanded for a trial.
P21. THE JUDGMENT OF THE UNION COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS REVERSED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED FOR A TRIAL. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLEES.
LEE, C.J., IRVING, P.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ., CONCUR. WILSON, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. CARLTON, J., SPECIALLY CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY LEE, C.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ.; WILSON, J., JOINS IN PART. GRIFFIS, P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. ISHEE AND GREENLEE, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
A defendant charged with a duty to exercise ordinary care must only take reasonable measures to remove or protect against foreseeable hazards that he knows about or should know about in the exercise of due care. Such a defendant must safeguard against reasonable probabilities, and is not charged with foreseeing all occurrences, even though such occurrences are within the range of possibility. A defendant whose conduct is reasonable in light of the foreseeable risks will not be found liable for negligence.
Id. at (P29) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Donald v. Amoco Prod. Co., 735 So. 2d 161, 175 (P48) (Miss. 1999). While duty constitutes an issue of law, causation is generally a question of fact for the jury. Brown v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., No. 06-CV-199, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40816, 2007 WL 1657417, at *4 (S.D. Miss. June 4, 2007).
P25. In Foster ex rel. Foster v. Bass, 575 So. 2d 967, 972 (Miss. 1990), the supreme court stated that "in order to recover for an injury to a [*14] person or property, by reason of negligence or want of due care, there must be shown to exist some obligation or duty toward the plaintiff which the defendant has left undischarged or unfulfilled." Issues of fact as to foreseeability and breach of duty preclude summary judgment. See Summers ex rel. Dawson v. St. Andrew's Episcopal Sch. Inc., 759 So. 2d 1203, 1214 (PP48-51) (Miss. 2000) (reversing summary judgment on negligent-supervision claim because issues of fact as to foreseeability existed).
4 Compare Rygg v. Cnty. of Maui, 98 F. Supp. 2d 1129, 1132-33 (D. Haw. 1999).
P27. Geographically, Costa Rica sits between the Carribean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The record reflects that the youth group was on the Pacific Ocean side of Costa Rica, and that Braxton and other members of the mission team began climbing on volcanic-rock formations that were separated from the shore by shallow water. Braxton and Josh climbed on and over the rock formation to the Pacific Ocean side, and then they climbed down by the Pacific Ocean's edge, where they saw some crabs. While watching the crabs, waves from the Pacific Ocean knocked Braxton and Josh off of the rock formation, into the ocean, and into the current of the dangerous riptides. Josh explained that the waves knocked them into different currents.
P28. Regarding the traumatic events, Josh testified that he was standing on the rock formation with Braxton when a wave knocked them off of the rock and into the water. Josh testified that two more waves hit them as they tried to climb back onto the rock. Josh recalled getting pushed back under water after the second wave hit. When he came back [*16] to the surface, Braxton was grabbing his back, and the water had pushed the two of them close enough to the rock that they had fallen off of that they could try to climb back up. When the water from the wave subsided, they slid back down into the water, and Josh and Braxton then became separated by different currents. Josh testified that he was pushed into a current separate from Braxton, taking them in different directions. Josh recalled looking back and watching Braxton climb onto a smaller rock. When a third wave hit them, he and Braxton went under water again, and when he came back up, he could no longer see Braxton. Josh testified that prior to the trip, no one warned him of unsafe tide, surf, waves, or other conditions existing on the Pacific Ocean coast of Costa Rica. He also testified that he brought a swim suit with him on the trip.
P29. The record contains pictures of the location where Braxton was knocked off of the volcanic-rock formation and into the Pacific Ocean. Josh described the top of the rock that he and Braxton climbed on as twenty feet high above the water, and stated that he and Braxton were on the ocean side of the formation, ten feet from the top, when the wave [*17] swept them off. Josh provided that water completely surrounded the rock on all sides, separating the rock from dry sand by approximately thirty to forty feet of ankle-deep water on one side. Josh explained that the water was deeper on the ocean side of the rock where he and Braxton were knocked in the water.
P30. Josh testified that he recalled Adam, a grown man who weighed approximately 340 pounds, slipping into the water before the wave hit him and Braxton. Adam testified that he was knocked down by a seven-to-eight-foot wave. Josh recalled that Adam was swept into the water about fifteen to twenty minutes before a different wave swept him and Braxton into the ocean.
P31. The record reflects existing material questions of fact as to whether the church, through its mission-trip leader and employee, Amanda, negligently breached its duty to Braxton, a minor, to plan and supervise this international mission trip and to warn Braxton of the dangerous beach and surf conditions on Costa Rica's Pacific coast. Therefore, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment since triable issues of material fact exist in this case. In planning and supervising this trip, a duty existed to warn of [*18] the hidden dangers and perils not in plain view that FUNA and its mission trip leader, Amanda, knew, or should have known, existed. Additionally, once the tide rose and the large waves knocked the adults down, Amanda bore a duty to supervise and warn Braxton of the dangerous conditions.
P32. The trial court's decision failed to address the Youth Medical/Parental Consent form waivers or their applicability in this case. However, the enforceability of the waivers was argued on appeal, and I write briefly to address this issue. Jurisprudence reflects that the preinjury waivers herein are unenforceable with respect to the negligence claims for wrongful death raised in this case against the church for its negligence in planning, supervising, and failing to warn of the dangerous beach and ocean conditions on this mission trip to Costa Rica. See Ghane v. Mid-S. Inst. of Self Def. Shooting Inc., 137 So. 3d 212, 221-22 (P23) (Miss. 2014). The language in the waivers in this case applied to church-mission-related activities and related risks. The waivers contained no language regarding the liability or risks of recreational activities such as hiking, swimming, or rock climbing on Costa Rica's beaches on the Pacific Ocean or the risks of the dangerous riptides and dangerous ocean surf. [*19] Public policy prohibits the use of preinjury waivers of liability for personal injury due to future acts of a defendant's own negligence. See Turnbough v. Ladner, 754 So. 2d 467, 469 (P8) (Miss. 1999) (waiver unenforceable where it did not express intent of student to accept any heightened exposure to injury caused by malfeasance of instructor's failure to follow safety guidelines); Rice v. Am. Skiing Co., No. CIV.A.CV-99-06, 2000 Me. Super. LEXIS 90, 2000 WL 33677027, at *2 (Me. Super. Ct. May 8, 2000). For a waiver to be valid and enforceable, it must not be ambiguous and it must be specific in wording as to the liability. See Turnbough, 754 So. 2d at 469 (P8). Waivers will be strictly construed against the defendant. Id. When a waiver contains ambiguous language, it cannot be construed as a waiver of liability for injuries that result from the negligence of the defendant. Id. at 470 (P9).
P33. As stated, the evidence in the record reflects material questions of fact exist as to foreseeability and breach of duty for negligent failure to plan and supervise the mission trip and failure to warn of the dangerous beach and surf conditions of Costa Rica's Pacific coast.5 Therefore, summary judgment must be reversed and the case remanded.
5 Compare Diamond Crystal Salt Co. v. Thielman, 395 F.2d 62, 65 (5th Cir. 1968) (plaintiff was injured on a guided tour of a mine where "the danger was not obvious, and if the dangerous condition [*20] had in fact been observed it would not have been appreciated by persons of ordinary understanding"); see also Martinez v. United States, 780 F.2d 525, 527 (5th Cir. 1986) (duty to warn at shallow swimming area of federal park); Wyatt v. Rosewood Hotels & Resorts LLC, 47 V.I. 551, 2005 WL 1706134, at *4-5 (D.V.I. 2005).
LEE, C.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. WILSON, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.


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Q: MySql - Using Tables instead of Enum...how do I make a foreign key on a value I have to insert manually? If the employee is in department "red", I want to make a sub category. Since I am using tables instead of enum for this, I have to insert the static department field values manually.  How would I make department red a foreign key to reference table red_object? Or is there better design to have this sub-category?
http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/83a2a
create table department(
  deptID int auto_increment primary key,
  deptName varchar(30)
  ) ENGINE = INNODB;

create table red_object(
  objectID int auto_increment primary key,
  objectName varchar(30)
  ) ENGINE = INNODB;

create table employees(
  userId int auto_increment not null primary key,
  firstName varchar(20) not null,
  lastName varchar(20) not null,
  phone tinyint unsigned,
  fax tinyint unsigned,
  position varchar(30),
  jpeg char(50),
  deptID int,
  unique(firstName, LastName, jpeg),
  foreign key (deptID) references department(deptID)
  ) ENGINE = INNODB;

insert into department (deptName)
  values ('red'), ('white'), ('blue'), ('black');

insert into red_object (objectName)
  values ('red_square'), ('red_circle'), ('red_octagon');

insert into employees (firstName, lastName) values ('jane' , 'doe');

insert into employees (firstName, lastname, deptID) values ('john', 'Doe', '3');

A: Found out I can not add a foreign key to a "value" which was what I was trying to do.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Which stadium is the site of the first super bowl that later hosted the 1984 Olympics?
What football team had the biggest scoring comeback in the history of the Super Bowl?
Which NFL team was the first to win three Super Bowls?
The first Super Bowl was played between which two teams and who won in 1967?
Which NFL team overcame a 25-point deficit to win the 2017 Super Bowl?
What team won the first Super Bowl?
posted Jun 3 by Jay Yadav
On January 15, 1967, the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) smash the American Football League (AFL)'s Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10, in the first-ever AFL-NFL World Championship, later known as Super Bowl I, at Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles.
answer Jun 4 by Ati Kumar
Login in to Queryhome Sports

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Watch Insane Time-Lapse Video of Space Shuttle Fuel Tank Moving Through Los Angeles Streets
by: Perry Sanders III
The last external fuel tank remaining from the now-defunct space shuttle program is on a long, slow journey through Los Angeles streets to the California Science Center where it will be united with the Shuttle Endeavour for a permanent display. Below are three new videos showing the Shuttle's final venture through LA.
It began the journey a month earlier at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility in near New Orleans, where it was built for the space shuttle.
The huge orange tank is named ET-94 (the 94th external tank produced by NASA.) It was originally ordered to be used by the Shuttle Columbia, but that spaceship was destroyed during a return to earth in 2003. Instead, ET-94 was closely studied by investigators for clues about what caused the Columbia accident.
Click here for our previous coverage on the transport of the Space Shuttle External Tank's journey from New Orleans to Los Angeles.
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Perry Sanders III is a Philosophy graduate of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, and is an editor and social media manager at Lead Stories.
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Specifically, the operating principle of Photopolymer is described as the shot of a light beam (laser or electron beam) to the material. The light beam shot leads to the initial melting of the material and subsequently to solidification of the object to a predetermined shape (the shape is defined by the drawing). Regarding the operation principle of Binder Jetting, the technique is based on the formation of the object by repeated injections of the liquid binding material, which in this case has the form of powder or granules. Lastly, the most widely known procedure of Material Extrusion uses a pasty material (thermoplastic) for printing, which forms the object after melting the material at a certain temperature.
Each of the above mentioned techniques, uses different materials with specific settings of the printer head regarding the operation temperature and pressure of the device. Comon materials that are used for 3D printing are: ABS, PLA, PVA, HIPS, Laywood, Nylon and Sandstone.


a Hungarian folk dance performed by couples to 2/4 time. The czardas, which appeared in the mid-19th century, consists of one slow section and one fast, impetuous section. It has syncopated rhythms, and many steps are improvised. The czardas served as the basis of ballroom dance that became popular in Russia in the early 20th century as the vengerka. Musical reworkings of the czardas are found in Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies, Brahms' Hungarian Dances, Delibes's Coppélia, and Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.
27, as well as three works by Franz Liszt: Csardas Obstine; 'Mephisto' Waltz No.
By the early twentieth century, the full settlement of dualism had changed the situation, but the need to express a national consciousness and the pride of being equal to the Austrians was present and found its way into popular forms of culture like the operetta, for which a world-famous example is Imre Kalman's Csardas Queen.
S 15 in Manhattan crowed that some sixty "healthy, happy" fifth-grade girls in the Burchenal Athletic Club regularly performed fifteen Northern European dances, from the Irish Jig to the Hungarian Csardas, Swedish Frykdalspolkska, Russian Comarinskaia and a Minuet.
But that hasn't stopped Csardas from being a kind of Hungarian headquarters in Los Angeles for a number of years, drawing heavily from the expatriate Hungarian community here as well as a few tourists and the curious, adventurous local foodies who want to experience an authentic Hungarian meal.
And in case you're thinking this guy gets special treatment, let me assure you, we were just two people who wandered into Csardas that night.
With slightly different text, two of its three verses appear on a recent recording by the Tukros Ensemble, currently one of Budapest's leading folk revival groups ("Juhasznota, csardas es friss" on Tukros Tabor Hungarian Village Music, Folk Europa FECD 005 , CD).
They apparently knew klezmer repertoire, but chose not to play it, because nobody asked to hear it, performing instead melodies from operettas, csardas, tango, waltzes and other light music.
Laura Whalen sparkled as Rosalinde, her Csardas at Prince Orlotsky's villa a highlight in spite of an ear-jarring glitch in the orchestral accompaniment on one chord.
Christiane Riel's Roselinde was dramatically stylish, her singing at its considerable best in duets and ensembles, somewhat less so in the formidable csardas, which were uneven in projection.


It seems like the recent days of peacocking are over, and the even more recent days of normcore are through, too. Fashion Week attendees seem to have settled into a happy place where their outfits are inspired, but not performance art. Ladies can walk without tottering, but also without having to make a deliberate statement about the orthopedic nature of their comfort-fit sandals. It's real clothes on women with real jobs to do, and when you throw a cold snap into the mix of it, the combinations get even more interesting.
After oscillating between two very different poles with two very similar goals ("Look at me!"), New York Fashion Week street style has finally found its groove. Click through to see all the women who've made street style feel refreshing once again.


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Bill for Bourbon County to go before state senate
March 2, 2016 Michelle Workman Leave a comment
After alleged violations in rural fire districts came to the attention of the Bourbon County Commission and the county attorney, the county leaders began to work with District 13 Kansas Senator Jacob LaTurner to create a bill that would help ease the process and create better transparency with the districts.
County Attorney Justin Meeks said they determined no violations had been made when records had first been requested from the fire district by the township as an open record and then through an audit, since the necessary funding had ever been paid.
However, the circumstance opened another issue since only the township can request such an audit. Currently the commission has no jurisdiction over the fire districts or townships other than to appoint or approve township board members.
The proposed bill, which is to go through a hearing Thursday, would provide another means for getting an audit through the commission, who could request the audit if residents of the township bring probable cause to their attention.
"I think we'll get it done," LaTurner said during a meeting with the commission Tuesday morning. "I don't know why anyone would oppose it."
The township would still be responsible for paying for the audit, which could already be the key issue in having one done in some townships. If a fire district is located in more than one township, than the cost of the audit could be divided among the townships.
The bill would only apply the new statute to Bourbon County, though LaTurner said he believed it could be beneficial to other Kansas counties as well. If passed, the bill would go into effect as soon as it becomes a statute.
"It's hard for me to imagine that we're the only ones who have run into this," commission chairman Barbara Albright said.
County leaders will draft a letter of support for the bill prior to the hearing. A copy of the bill can be found at the following link: http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2015_16/measures/documents/sb476_00_0000.pdf
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Crime is evolving. 100 years ago, the best way to line your coffers was to rob a train. Bank robberies became a lucrative endeavor as well, yielding about $10,000 per heist according to the FBI. Yet, statistics don't lie: the number of bank robberies dropped 23 percent from 2011 to 2012. As technology advances, some physical crimes -- such as kidnapping, armed robbery, and post office scams -- may decline or disappear entirely, experts say. Here's a few on the dead pool list.
Robbing a convenience store won't make sense 10 to 20 years from now.
Security expert and book author Winn Schwartau says we will move to a cashless society in the next decade. He says physical currency is too expensive anyway -- it now costs two cents to make one penny. ATM locations might not even exist at all.
Once currency moves to the digital realm, a bank hold-up won't work. As SchwartauI says, in some African communities being rebuilt this year, officials have not even bothered building banks or ATM machines. They rely on a virtual economy and pay-by-phone.
Stealing a car is already difficult, especially with today's anti-theft technologies. Most cars use an alarm system that detects a break-in. OnStar uses an anti-theft technology that aids law enforcement: If a car is stolen, police can work with OnStar to disable the vehicle.
In the next 10 to 20 years, stealing a car will make even less sense. Predictive technologies, already used in a research project at Ford with help from Google, could detect when a car is stolen because it is driving fast or erratically, or even in an unknown area.
According to Robert Shaker, a security expert at Symantec, police will then be able to remotely disable a vehicle or even lock the perpetrator inside. Or maybe a simple smartphone app will be able to disable the car. Thieves will know the chances of clean getaway are slim.
You can purchase pirated DVDs on a thriving black market today. In fact, if you visit China, you can buy one just for a few dollars. Yet as streaming media services like Hulu, Netflix and Vudu become even more common, we'll finally stop buying physical media entirely.
In the future, physical media won't be necessary as Internet bandwidth speeds increase, the movie studios start trusting powerful data encryption technologies, and more movie-watchers realize the benefits to renting a digital movie on a whim.
"Piracy won't go away but there will be less of a demand [for physical goods]," says Raj Samani, a vice president at security company McAfee.
Even today, it's not uncommon to receive a letter in the mail asking you to call a number to claim a prize or reduce your debt. Some turn out to be scams, which is a federal crime.
By 2025, the Post Office might not even exist. The government-controlled entity is losing billions, shredding its workforce, and closing locations. As the volume of physical mail sent in the U.S. declines (dropping 21 percent since 2008), scammers will turn elsewhere.
New services like Outbox.com, which digitizes your physical mail, could also make physical mail delivery a quaint memory. Or at least much less attractive to criminals.
Criminals routinely steal credit cards and use them to purchase goods. In the future, that won't be possible, says Shaker, because the cards will use encryption technology. A thief might steal your credit card but won't know your passcode to unlock the funds.
Smart cards, already in use today, go a step further. They might use a biometric reader to identify you as the owner, and block access once a card is stolen.
Plus currency itself is changing. While we might not see encrypted currencies like Bitcoin become commonplace for another decade or more, Shaker says non-card payment technologies -- say, paying with your smartphone -- are already on the rise.
The worst terrorist attack in the U.S. involved airline hijacking. But in the future, terrorists and criminals won't even consider physically hijacking a plane as an option.
The main reason has to do with technology advances. According to Corey Nachreiner, the director of security strategy at WatchGuard, digital hijacking will replace physical assaults in the air. Many planes will use robotic "fly by wire" controls. Criminals will know it makes more sense to re-route a plane by hacking into the navigational systems.
That's still a scary proposition, of course. But take comfort in the fact that by 2025, Robocops should be battling criminals in force.


Published: 11 Sep 2008: In what is being described as the first of its kind initiative in the aviation industry, Air Canada has launched an entertainment and shopping portal, www.enroute.aircanada.com.
The site, launched in conjunction with Spafax Canada (publisher of in-flight magazine enRoute), features travel information and includes both audio and video allowing users to watch trailers of upcoming in-flight movies and television, listen to exclusive audio podcasts etc.
The airline has also established a retail environment within the site, partnering with well known brands such as Lonely Planet and Hbc, a division of Hudson´s Bay Trading Company, featuring relevant travel accessories, guide books and Air Canada merchandise all available in one place.
Users will also be able to link directly to the ticket engine at aircanada.com and access the rest of the site.
"With this new media portal, Air Canada aims to strengthen the dialogue we have with our customers, within an entertainment and retail environment," said Charles McKee, VP – Marketing, Air Canada.


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By Peggy Ann Strupp
SHS Students Meet The Famous Singer "Cimafunk"
Students walk down the hall during the start of their video. From left, Marquin Tillman, Ella Jordan, Liz Langwald, Bradyn Page, Daisy Snow, Stephie Trevino and Avery Unruh. (Submitted photo)
Sidney High School students from the Spanish III/IV class recently won a student music video contest hosted by the Cuban hip-hop/funk group "Cimafunk." Six different schools across the nation were named as winners, with Sidney High School being the smallest school to earn the honor.
For their prize, Sidney students received a video chat call via Zoom on their big screen TV in the classroom with "Cimafunk". The students were able to ask questions and the musician even sang them a song acapella. The students were thrilled to learn about the culture and music of Cuba while sharing their own Montana culture with other Spanish students across America. "Cimafunk" is a world-renowned musician, with upcoming concerts in the US, South America, and all across Europe.