Please listen to the audio recording and understand the great cheat Videocon D2H.
Videocon has started cheating its customers and making the service a big loot.
What the hell you are the customer care giver? I have been writing to you, calling your customer care number, (check your message at 4.45 pm & 11.34 pm today and the trailing mails) waiting more than 40 minutes yesterday, today morning & just a while before in front of the TV by switching on the channel for the channel to be started. Days are going and you all are simply sleeping with ease?
Better you shut your channel, go to streets beg money, many will help you. So close your nasty system of earning money.
Just I had a talk again and come to know that they want money for every single channel. Time will come soon when they will ask for every word a customer listens. what a "loot" they have started!!!
300/- . Paytm reciept no 300012016159210 .. but money is not transfed to videocon d2h id 54008184. Pls see to this.
My customer Id is 127524685.
I started facing the issue "Signal Not Available" from 2nd Jan and called the customer care to register the complaint.
The engineer visited after 2 days and after the inspection of the issue, he went after saying that he'd come after an hour and resolve the problem.
It's been 10 days and I've called customer care 3 times. The representative promises that the issue will be resolved the next day but no has has called or visited me for the same.
I have recharged my videocon d2h account but it has been failed.balance was deducted from my bank and more over there was no refund also.to whom shall I should complaint.no toll free numbers r responding by paytm plz refund my account.
I have online recharged my d2h connection ID 41497162 through Axis bank online recharge payment Rs 210/- vide INB/142465182/Bharat Bus TECHPROCESS/ on 17 APR 2015. Amount debited from account but not credited in d2h account. Where I have to make complaint about it. Please advise.
I have online recharged my Videcon d2h connection ID 41497162 through Axis bank online recharge payment Rs 210/- vide INB/142465182/Bharat Bus TECHPROCESS/ on 17 APR 2015. Amount debited from account but not credited in d2h account. Where I have to make complaint about it. Please advise.
this type of stuppid service provider will not sustain for long time.
My cust I'd is 139456670. I am using d2h for last 2 months.When I took this provider they told me like,'"we will provide first month offer as 180 rupees for south silvar max,i from second month you can pay 210 rupees " .But in the middle of the month they revised amount to 220 rupees and they told me to pay 220 rupees for first month itself .meanwhile they automatically activated my HD pack without my knowledge and charged amount for that add on . I contacted customer care to register a complaint and they told me like "it will cured within few days" and they asked me to pay 190 rupees.I paid .But again this month I got sms to pay 220 rupees .When I contact cutomer care , the customer care guys are simply misguiding and misbehaving with me and not changing my pack.
I will wait for your reply also and then before leaving this connection I will make sure that no one is taking this connection around my locality.
I have taken the videocon D2H connection (Customer Id - 92700402) last year in April. I am continuously experience bad signals which result in no picture or with lot of disturbances every second. I have been calling up customer care which is difficult to connect as the phone lines are continuously busy. After long efforts when connected they ask about the weather which most of times is clear. Their next simple answer is that their Engineer will visit and will charge Rs. 150 every time as labor charges. When the engineer visits, he charges Rs. 150 and every time reports that the equipment in dish entenna needs to be replaced and charges another Rs.200. He does not provide any receipt for both payments.
I am fed up of these harrasments and am worried as if I have done some crime to buy the connection.
Will anybody on this complaint board help out as a few days back I submitted a complaint but nothing happened.
We have subscribed this connection last year in the month of October. My customer id is 104734088 . We were given one year guarantee with free service. Now we are having signal problem since one week, and the error 'signal not available" is being displayed.
There is absolutely no proper response from the service centre of this circle when we approached them. They say that we may be again charged for this. They put the call on hold and not get back to us.Please help in getting our complaint resolved as soon as possible.
My customer ID is 94828711, This connection i had taken on 9th May 2013. the connection was taken online. i had subscribed for 12 months new south diamond pack, i had paid Rs. 4790 towards this.
On May 14, i had to call up the customer care again and they told me that this was not their problem and i had to contact the sales team. "If that is the case why i was not informed primarily that i need to contact sales team, how would a customer know what needs to be done"
Accordingly i called the sales team and they said i need to talk to service team and they transferred my call to them, the first call got disconnected some how, so i had to call again. the same process of calling sales team and they transfer my phone to service team.
There i had talk with Mr. Ajit ([email protected]) and he said that this would take 2-3 days for rectification. it has already been 6 days after activation and nothing was rectified and another 2-3 days will take, why does not some one at videocon take responsibility and correct the issue and firstly how this error has happened when the subscription was for new south diamond pack, how did platinum pack come into picture.
More over when i requested to connect me to some superior person, i was told that seniors are not available and was provided with one Mr. Vishal's mail ID.
[email protected] To this mail i got a reply from ajit stating that this would be rectified ASAP. none of them vishal nor the nodal officer care to reply to the mail.
till today the package is not yet rectified, I request the consumer board to take action against videocon and help me in getting this problem solved, if same is not possible i would like to get the entire amount refunded back to me.
Anyways back to my issue. When I purchased my service, I was informed that I would be presented with Yebhi coupon codes. I was not able to use them so I asked for help from the customer service of videocon d2h. With their reputation for poor customer support, I had to send help requests multiple times before they sent a note saying my coupon code expired. Now, when I ask them if there was any clause in the contract of videocon which I signed had something which mentions about this coupon code validity duration. And with no surprise, they are not replying to me.
pl. change my address in your record and send me a copy of correction of address.
i have purchased a videocon satellite lcd model no 2202 under "VEDEOCON PAISA VASOOL OFFER".
sir when i purchased my product the shop keeper told me that i will get 2 years of D2H subscription free and also 6000/- rupee of bond from videocon company under videocon paisa vasool offer. i m still waiting my bond from videocon d2h .
This is regarding the videocon d2h connection we have. Today we called customer service about a channel . At the end of the call, the agent balamurugan informed us that radio channels will be activated free for us for 3 months, post which, the customers would have to call to cancel the free service, otherwise we will be charged every month. They did not inform us earlier about this, we called is when we got to know about this. We spoke to supervisor harikrishna and apparently they do not have any mechansim like test message or a display message on tv, to inform the customers about the free service and the expiry date ,which means that the service is chargeable after the free service period is over. This is totally misleading because we would have got to know about this , if we did not call customer service today. I do not need this service and they do not have any option to opt us out of this free service, which means we need to remember to call them after 3 months to cancel the free service, else I would be charged.


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Joe Begins With The 2nd Amendment
A.F. Branco | Apr 12, 2021 | Cartoons | 6
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Scruffy_USN_Retired on 9:11 am April 12, 2021 at 9:11 am
Every Dictatorship starts with Gun confiscation and banning guns that could be used by the people to defend themselves against the "Socialist Democrat Party State".
If more gun laws prevented crime and saved lives:
Then Chicago should be the safest place in the U.S..
kd6vkj on 11:33 am April 12, 2021 at 11:33 am
SCRUFFY i have told others that quid-pro-joe was only put in office to create a dictatorship and the creepy guy is doing what he is being told to do. What we have to do is stand up to these dictators and put them back in the small box they crawled out of.
STAY STRONG fellow VET the time is almost here.
captjellico on 12:09 pm April 12, 2021 at 12:09 pm
Our side stood by and did NOTHING after the blatant election fraud in 2020. People showed up to answer the call of the president on Jan6th, who then proceeded to give another campaign speech before telling everyone to go home. What he should have done was LED the people to the Capitol, himself. I have little faith that our side will do anything to arrest the fall of this once-great nation.
ltuser on 3:28 pm April 12, 2021 at 3:28 pm
As the saying goes, ONCE THE 2nd gets taken away, SO WILL the rest fall.
drillbeast on 5:34 pm April 12, 2021 at 5:34 pm
It is true, no amendment is absolute.
There is a constitutional process to make changes.
If you can get 2/3rds of the states legislatures to propose an amendment then you have to ratify it in 3/4 of the states.
We aint anywhere close to that Joe
ltuser on 11:09 pm April 12, 2021 at 11:09 pm
THEY don't care about the ACTUAL process, they just want the whole thing shredded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Will There Be A Dark Avengers Movie?
Can Hulk die?
Who is stronger than Thor?
Are the Dark Avengers good or bad?
Is there another Avengers movie coming after endgame?
What Marvel movies are coming out in 2019 and 2020?
Why did sentry join the Dark Avengers?
What is Dark Avenger virus?
Is there going to be a dark Avengers movie?
Will Iron Man come back to life?
Is Tony Stark coming back?
Who can kill Deadpool?
Who are the members of the Dark Avengers?
Is Valentine the Dark Avenger Marvel?
Who is the darkest Marvel character?
Does venom join the Avengers?
What is Bullseye real name?
Who is the villain in Iron Man?
Will there be an Iron Man 4?
After an eternity of torture, Marvel's HULK finally wins the peace of death…
but not how you might expect.
Bruce Banner's immortality became a curse in the pages of the THANOS comic, in which the supervillain was pulled into the future of Marvel's timeline..
OdinOdin is the ruler of Asgard, and he's the one who created Thor's famous hammer in the first place. He's not exactly an extremely pure soul. He did beat up Thor a handful of times – one of them nearly killed him. As such, it's easy to understand why Odin is, in fact, stronger than Thor.
The Dark Avengers are one of the most successful villainous teams in the history of Marvel Comics. With Norman Osborn at the helm, these criminals and crooks managed to convince the world that they were the real Avengers, for some time.
After next month's "Avengers: Endgame," 2019 will see only one more Marvel Studios film: "Spider-Man: Far From Home," a partnered picture with Sony.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 – Release Date TBDSpider-Man: Far From Home (2019)Release date: Jul 02, 2019.Captain Marvel (2019)Release date: Mar 08, 2019.X-Men: Dark Phoenix (2019)Release date: Jun 07, 2019.GambitRelease date: Mar 13, 2020.Men in Black International (2019)Release date: Jun 14, 2019.More items…•
The Sentry explains to Dr. Worth that Reynolds hired him because he subconsciously wanted someone to reveal that he is the Void to the world, so he would no longer have to hide that truth.
Dark Avenger is a Bulgarian virus coder who was active in the late 1980's and early 1990's. His most famous virus is Eddie (sometimes antivirus products name the virus after him). Dark Avenger is also known for his polymorphic mutation engine. Fold.
Marvel Studios reportedly commissions a screenplay for a Dark Avengers movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, possibly for Phase 4. Marvel Studios reportedly has a finished script for a Dark Avengers movie. The Marvel Cinematic Universe as we know is it winding down as Phase 3 nears its end.
Iron Man, AKA Tony Stark, (played by Robert Downey Jr) will be returning to the MCU in a new Disney+ series, What If. The huge news was revealed by Marvel star Jeff Goldblum, who will also be back voicing the Grandmaster in the upcoming show. The actor made the confirmation during a video interview with Buzzfeed.
Robert Downey Jr. will reportedly return as Tony Stark in the Black Widow movie. … Fresh off of saying his farewells in Avengers: Endgame, Robert Downey Jr.'s character is apparently coming back in the Black Widow movie – though don't expect it to be a full return.
thanosDeadpool is immortal. the only way to kill him would be through thanos removing the curse, then striking his healing factor with carbonadium OR complete atomization. Although, marvel revealed they will be killing him.
The Dark Avengers appear in Marvel Puzzle Quest. This iteration of the group consists of Ares, Bullseye, Daken, Moonstone, Ragnarok, Sentry, Mac Gargan / Venom, and Yelena Belova.
Valentine: The Dark Avenger still. Still, Marvel and DC are not the only comic companies making superheroines. … Titled as Valentine: The Dark Avenger, it will be released by Shout Factory Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-Ray, and the major VOD and digital platforms on May 14th, 2019.
Here is a ranked list of the ten darkest origin stories in Marvel.1 Magneto.2 Wolverine. … 3 Mr. … 4 Rocket Raccoon. … 5 U.S. Agent. … 6 Daredevil. … 7 Spider-Man. … 8 Skin. … More items…•
Following the events of Absolute Carnage, Eddie Brock was offered an official invitation to join the ranks of the Avengers in Venom #21. … The issue brings the "Venom Island" story to a conclusion by having Eddie finally get rid of the Carnage symbiote.
Benjamin PoindexterBullseye's real name and origins are unknown. He has used the name "Benjamin Poindexter" on several occasions, but there are also instances where his name is given as "Lester".
Obadiah StaneObadiah Stane (Obie for short) also known as the Iron Monger, was a character that appeared in the movie Iron Man, and is based off on the character of the same name in the comics.
Despite years of speculation, and Robert Downey Jr's dancing back and forth on the potential for an Iron Man 4, it never came to be. The writers of Avengers: Endgame Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely have explained why Marvel opted out of making a fourth Iron Man film.
Question: Should You Call A Guy Out For Ghosting?
What ghosting says about a person? It makes you an
Quick Answer: Does Amazon Still Use OnTrac?
Does Amazon use OnTrac? The service isn'
Question: What Is The Shortest PhD Program?
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What is the world's most expensive toy? Now let'


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St Aubyn Estates
Family and History|
Vision and Values|
Strategy|
CSR|
Land and Property|
St Michael's Mount Trading|
Godolphin Arms|
Trevarthian Farms|
Cornish Heritage Builders|
St Aubyn Estates Cottages|
St Aubyn Estates has been part of the West Cornwall landscape for more than 600 years. Nowadays, it is a modern, family owned enterprise spanning 5,000 acres with a diverse portfolio of businesses which include land and property management, tourism and hospitality, building and farming. At the heart of the estate is St Michael's Mount, which the St Aubyn family run in partnership with the National Trust.
A 5,000 acre estate consisting of agricultural land, residential and commercial property, woodland and coastline.
St Michael's Mount Trading
The iconic landmark crowned by a medieval church and castle and home to the St Aubyn family and a thriving island community.
A busy beachfront restaurant with rooms located opposite St Michael's Mount.
Trevarthian Farms
A 900 acre farm across Marazion and Goldsithney.
Cornish Heritage Builders
A twenty strong team of skilled builders and craftsmen delivering quality heritage and maintenance work.
St Aubyn Estates Cottages
Six beautiful holiday houses located on the coast in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
A boutique hotel and restaurant perched on the edge of Marazion, overlooking the sweep of Mount's Bay.
St Aubyn's Estates
© 2012 - St Aubyn Estates
Designed and developed by Nixon


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Chelmsford Army and Navy attack: Photos show trail of blood near children's play area after assault seriously injures men
Two men were taken to hospital for treatment
Meadgate Avenue Play Area
A trail of blood remains just metres away from a children's play area hours after an attack in Chelmsford left two people seriously injured.
Paramedics found two men seriously injured by the Army and Navy roundabout at around 9.15pm after the assault.
One man was found with facial injuries and a wound to his leg near to Travelodge while another was found inside the hotel with a leg injury.
It is believed at least one of the men was involved in an altercation in a park on Meadgate Avenue - just off of Baddow Road.
One resident explained how screams of 'help me' could be heard shortly after the incident, and others described seeing a group of 20 masked teenagers running through the park.
Police have now confirmed that the incident in Meadgate Avenue was linked to the Army and Navy and it is believed he made his way to the roundabout to seek medical assistance.
The trail of blood
Patches of dried blood can be seen on the pathway leading towards Meadgate Avenue play area.
An Essex Police spokesperson said: "We are appealing for information after two men suffered serious injuries after being attacked close to the Army and Navy roundabout in Chelmsford tonight, Sunday, May 5.
"We were called by the ambulance service at around 9.15pm after a man was found with facial injuries and a wound to his leg near to Travelodge.
"Shortly afterwards, a second victim was located inside the hotel with a wound to his leg.
"Both have been taken to hospital and a scene guard remains in place.
"We believe the men were attacked by a group of people with their faces covered and armed with weapons."
The blood stained path is the main path leading to the play area
Detective Inspector Kelly Thurston, of Chelmsford CID, said: "We are in the early stages of our investigation following this attack, which we believe was possibly targeted.
"The incident took place at one of Chelmsford's busiest junctions and involved a group of people, so it would have been noticeable.
"We like to hear from anyone with information or dash cam on 101 quoting incident 1403 of 05/05. Alternatively you can call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111."
This path runs parallel to the park
The pathways surrounding the park are street lit but residents said it does get very dark at night.
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Panera, one of America's most beloved destinations for freshly baked goods, hearty lunch options, and coffee, is taking a major leap into the future. Several months ago, the chain announced it was redesigning its restaurants and operations to meet the shifting demands of an "increasingly off-premise world," and described the efforts as two-fold: providing both a smoother off-premise experience as well as a more elevated experience for those customers who do end up using its dining rooms.
The chain moved swiftly with implementing the changes, unveiling its first "next-generation" restaurant just last week. Here's a peek into what you can expect from Panera's new look.
For more, check out 11 Secrets Panera Bread Doesn't Want You to Know.
The inaugural next-gen restaurant opened last week
Panera recently opened its first updated restaurant in Ballwin, Miss., only several miles away from its St. Louis headquarters. The store doubles as a first-ever look at the chain's updated interiors and exteriors, which the company plans on implementing at all new restaurants in the future, most of which will be located in suburban areas.
RELATED: And don't forget to sign up for our newsletter to get the latest restaurant news delivered straight to your inbox.
Cozier interiors
What's cozier than the smell of freshly baked bread and pastries? A visual of them coming out of the oven. While new locations will, on average, be five times smaller than current ones, Panera isn't giving up on the cozy factor. The chain will put their baking process on display like never before—by placing the ovens in full view of guests. Previously, the chain's artisanal baking process took place overnight and was hidden from customers, while the new setup will turn baking into a daytime attraction for those dining in.
A more robust drive-thru
The chain's newly opened locations will feature double drive-thru lanes. Besides the regular lane, another lane will be added solely for the Rapid Pick Up option—drive-thru orders placed ahead of time through the mobile app.
Contactless everything
The chain has contactless features for drive-thru, delivery, and dine-in customers, and will continue to improve on the existing setup. For example, if dining in or grabbing takeout, you'll be able to place your order through an updated ordering kiosk with automatic loyalty identification, which will show you a personalized version of the menu—highlighting your favorite and recently ordered items. Alternatively, all orders can also be placed through Panera's phone app, which will then notify you when your food is ready.
A "relentless focus on guest experience"
The chain is going for "warm and inviting" with the new design, and customer experience is at the center of its operations. "We undertook the development of the next generation Panera bakery-cafe with a relentless focus on guest experience," said Rob Sopkin, SVP, Panera's chief development officer, in a statement. "Every step of the guest journey was scrutinized to find ways to make it more intuitive and convenient, and the result represents the very best of our design and development teams that we are proud to open today."
For more, check out the 108 Most Popular Sodas Ranked By How Toxic They Are.
The post America's Largest Bakery Cafe Chain Just Unveiled Its New Look appeared first on Eat This Not That.
America's Largest Bakery Cafe Chain Just Unveiled Its New Look fitness Health tips Weight loss


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Van Halen's Diver Down exemplifies what the 80's Hard Rock and Heavy Metal scene were all about, fun and high-spirited. This was a time when music seemed a bit more colorful, bright and laid back. The Arena Rock generation kicked into high gear with Van Halen's Diver Down, in my Metal opinion. This album had captured that mood and energy of Arena Rock, mixing in a bunch of fun too. The fun part of this album is Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now) and Happy Trails. It seems only David Lee Roth could pull off these songs while fronting the biggest Hard Rock act in the world, these two songs were never meant to be taken serious, Metal be thy name.
A grin and a chuckle is a cool reaction to certain songs, I still smirk to these tunes after all these years! Now, cover songs are always a shady area for any band to venture into, I truly feel Van Halen pulled it off with Diver Down. Where Have All The Good Times Gone by The Kinks is not sugar-coated here, it bluntly Rocks! (Oh) Pretty Woman by the late & legendary Roy Orbison is covered masterfully with a sound that is in my opinion, Metal.
I always felt Van Halen is at times Hard Rock and other times Metal, depending on which song you listen to. Listening to any Eddie Van Halen guitar instrumental such as Intruder and you identify that Metal sound instantly. Hang 'Em High Rocks hard, bordering that fine line of Metal. Dancing In The Street is covered with the spirited energy and Hard Rock power that makes this song really soar, for me.
In Metal summary, yes, buy this album and know you are getting a genuine mix of fun, cover songs, Hard Rock and Metal. What more could you ask for… especially if it's Classic 1982 Van Halen!
LONG LIVE VAN HALEN.
RT @RockLovesMe2: Gimme so names! 🤔🎸 https://t.co/8YD9ByQYiw 23 hours ago


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/ Modified mar 19, 2020 5:31 p.m.
More demands to close immigration courts as judge tests positive for COVID-19
Immigration lawyers, judges and prosecutors sent a joint message to the Department of Justice to close the courts.
by Alisa Reznick TWEET SHARE
The Executive Office of Immigration Review announced Tuesday all non-detained hearings have been postponed due to coronavirus concerns. The step has drastically scaled back immigration courtroom operations, but detained individuals, unaccompanied minors and asylum seekers enrolled in the "Remain in Mexico" program continue in some courts around the country.
Last week, federal courts were delaying trials and shuttering in-person operations in response to the spread of COVID-19, but most immigration courts were functioning normally. That left immigration lawyers, judges and ICE prosecutors demanding changes.
It's not every day these three groups find themselves on the same side of an argument. But that's exactly what happened this week when their national unions had a joint message for federal officials.
"The immigration courts need to close. Period," said Jeremy McKinney, the second vice president of the American Immigration Lawyers Alliance.
Mckinney's group joined the National Association for Immigration Judges and the Local 511 union that represents ICE employees in a video conference with journalists Monday. They came together after growing increasingly frustrated with the Department of Justice's failure to address public safety.
An immigration judge in Denver has a confirmed case of the virus, according to the National Association of Immigration Judges. A lawyer there and another in New York City suspect they may have contracted it as well. The organization's president, Judge Ashley Tabaddor, said those close calls have sent shock waves through immigration courts around the country.
"Every court is basically in panic mode because the appropriate measures have not been taken to protect people from exposure," she said.
Tabbador said things are made worse for immigration court personnel because of the way information is being disseminated by the Executive Office of Immigration Review.
"Critical EOIR announcements of court closures or postponements of mass hearings are done by late night twitter postings," she said. "EOIR's favorite mode of [communication] to its employees and stakeholders is now Twitter."
Fanny Behar-Ostrow is the president of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 511 union for ICE employees. The agency appoints an attorney to represent the government in immigration trials. She said continuing to keep courts open forces people facing immigration charges to show up for their court date and risk exposure to the coronavirus, or miss it and risk facing immediate deportation with an order in absentia.
"Immigration courtrooms are not large enough, and parties sit within arms length of each other," she said.
Even before trials take place, McKinney said the risk of the virus spreading inside detention centers still remains high. That's why his organization is asking the government to allow more detainees to be released while awaiting trial.
"Unless a person is subject to mandatory detention, ICE really gets to make the first call on a person's release. Whether they can be released on bond or paroled into the community — that's all on ICE," he said. "It's only when there's a disagreement that we go to an immigration court."
The groups say postponing or reworking how all in-person hearings take place should be the next step in protecting the courtrooms.
MORE: Border, Civil Rights, Coronavirus, Courts, Immigration, Justice System, News
Daily news roundup: Federal unemployment set to run out, immigration issues loom over Washington Congress approves almost $1.4 billion for border wall New Pima County attorney drops cash bail, some deportations


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È la madre del maratoneta Janne Holmén.

Palmarès

Europei
1 medaglia:
1 oro (Roma 1974 nei 3000 m piani)

Mondiali di corsa campestre
3 medaglie:
2 argenti (Waregem 1973 a squadre; Monza 1974 individuale)
1 bronzo (Monza 1974 individuale)

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Blockchain Country Comparative Guide
1. Please provide a high-level overview of the blockchain market in your jurisdiction. In what business or public sectors are you seeing blockchain or other distributed ledger technologies being adopted? What are the key applications of these technologies in your jurisdiction, and what is the state of development of the market?
We see blockchain initiatives and adoption across various business and public sectors.
At the blockchain infrastructure level, there has been engagement in research and development to develop scalable blockchain infrastructure on top of which blockchain applications can be built and use cases can be advanced.
At the application level, public and private enterprises have been utilising mainly the "trust-less" and "immutability" advantages of blockchain to disrupt traditional systems, with applications trending towards solving problems in sectors which are generally documentation-heavy or which deal with international transactions that traditionally require trusted intermediaries. These applications include blockchain-based registers to manage data or ascertain property provenance such as GovTech Singapore's OpenCerts; digital platforms to facilitate logistics and supply chains and trade such as Singapore's national trade information platform Networked Trade Platform (NTP); and cross-border payment services which seek to enhance settlement speeds and lower cost leakage in fees traditionally paid to trusted intermediaries such as clearing houses.
Many of these blockchain initiatives also feature a digital token proposition, allowing its users or stakeholders to transact or participate in various activities using digital tokens. This has encouraged demand for platforms and providers of token exchange services such as Over-The-Counter (OTC) operators and digital token exchanges which provide services to allow sale and purchase or exchange of digital tokens as well as spurred the development of liquidity protocols featuring smart contract deployment to facilitate the exchange of digital assets.
In the area of financial services, businesses are looking to leverage on blockchain in areas such as insurance, lending, asset securitization and commodities trading. There is also increasing interest from investment funds and family offices in digital tokens as an asset class.
2. Have there been any notable success stories or failures of applications of these technologies in your jurisdiction?
Developed by governmental institutions in Singapore, the NTP, utilising distributed ledger technology, connects players across the trade value chain in a single platform, enabling the reuse of data to cut costs and streamline processes. It also links users of NTP to trade platforms in other countries. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, Singapore's central bank and integrated financial regulator (MAS) had also initiated a collaborative project, called "Project Ubin" with the financial services industry to explore the use of blockchain for clearing and settlement of payments and securities. Alongside this project, the Bank of Canada and the MAS conducted a successful experiment on cross-border and cross-currency payments using digital currencies. By using hashed time-locked contracts, they were able to allow for Payment versus Payment settlement without a trusted third party intermediary.
In the education sector, "OpenCerts" was jointly developed by governmental organisations in Singapore with Ngee Ann Polytechnic to enable educational institutions to issue digital certificates. The platform uses blockchain technology to allow employers and educational institutions to issue and validate tamper-resistant certificates. These digital certificates have already been issued by local institutions in Singapore. In the private sector, Singapore Airlines' "KrisFlyer" frequent-flyer programme has also launched a blockchain-based airline loyalty digital wallet called "KrisPay" which allows members to pay for their purchases with partner merchants, either partially or in full in using Singapore Airlines frequent flyer miles.
3. Please outline the principal legislation and the regulators most relevant to the use of blockchain technologies in your jurisdiction. In particular, is there any blockchain-specific legislation or are there any blockchain-specific regulatory frameworks in your jurisdiction, either now or envisaged in the short or mid-term?
There is no legislation specifically governing the use of blockchain technologies in Singapore. However, Singapore's upcoming Payment Services Act (No. 2 of 2019) (PS Act) which regulates service providers in sectors where use of blockchain technology is prevalent is of significant relevance. Also, relevant is the proposed securities market regulation regime described in the RMO Consultation (as defined below).
Aside from these proposed regulatory frameworks, existing legislation and regulations have been or are also either being expanded or clarified to address blockchain-related aspects. For example, with many blockchain protocols or applications involving the use of digital representations of rights (most commonly in the form of digital tokens), MAS has clarified that offers or issuances of such digital tokens will be regulated if such digital tokens are capital markets products under the existing Securities and Futures Act of Singapore (Chapter 289) (SFA). In this regard, the MAS published and subsequently updated a guide entitled "A Guide to Digital Token Offerings" (MAS Guide), which aims to provide general guidance on the application of the SFA and other relevant laws administered by the MAS in relation to offers or issuances of digital tokens in Singapore including offering illustrations on digital token features that would result in such digital tokens being regulated.
Blockchain industry associations such as the Association of Cryptocurrency Enterprises and Start-ups Singapore (ACCESS) has also promoted self-regulation. ACCESS had launched its industry-driven Standardisation of Practice In Crypto Entities (SPICE) initiative which promotes, amongst others, best practices to strengthen regulatory compliance for the digital asset industry. In furtherance of the SPICE initiative which is facilitated by the MAS and developed in consultation with the Association of Banks in Singapore, ACCESS released in August 2019 a draft code of practice aimed at complementing Singapore's PS Act by proposing a standardised set of best practices to tackle anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) and know-your-customer compliance, as well as other key issues relevant to crypto-asset and blockchain companies.
PS Act
The PS Act, which is anticipated to come into force in early 2020, streamlines the regulation of payment services within a single activity-based legislation. Under the PS Act, any entity providing account issuance, domestic money transfers, cross border money transfers, merchant acquisition, e-money issuance, digital payment token, or money-changing services in Singapore will need a payment services licence unless exempted.
Under the PS Act, a "digital payment token" is defined as, " ... any digital representation of value (other than an excluded digital representation of value) that — (a) is expressed as a unit; (b) is not denominated in any currency, and is not pegged by its issuer to any currency; (c) is, or is intended to be, a medium of exchange accepted by the public, or a section of the public, as payment for goods or services or for the discharge of a debt; (d) can be transferred, stored or traded electronically; and (e) satisfies such other characteristics as the [MAS] may prescribe". The PS Act defines "e‑money" as "... any electronically stored monetary value that — (a) is denominated in any currency, or pegged by its issuer to any currency; (b) has been paid for in advance to enable the making of payment transactions through the use of a payment account; (c) is accepted by a person other than its issuer; and (d) represents a claim on its issuer".
In particular, blockchain operators providing an e-money issuance service and/or digital payment token service such as digital token exchanges will have to be licensed and will need to comply with the various AML/CFT regulations and may in certain situations, need to set up cybersecurity procedures to reduce technological and cyber risks. Apart from digital token exchange, the PS Act would also be of relevance and applicable to sector players such as stablecoin issuers and digital token OTC providers.
Securities Market Regulation
MAS has clarified that a digital token exchange operating a market or facility for the exchange of digital tokens which are capital markets products will generally have to be approved as an approved exchange or recognised as a recognised market operator (RMO) by the MAS pursuant to the SFA. In this regard, the MAS recently sought feedback regarding the RMO regime with its publication of the consultation paper entitled "Review of the Recognised Market Operators Regime" (RMO Consultation) on 22 May 2018 – please see our response to question 6 below for a further discussion.
4. What is the current attitude of the government and of regulators to the use of blockchain technology in your jurisdiction?
The Singapore government has expressed intention to support digital innovations like financial technology. Government-linked investment entities have taken investment positions in blockchain-related businesses such as digital token exchange, as well as security token exchange alongside Singapore's listing bourse "SGX" (Singapore Exchange). There has also been various government led blockchain initiatives such as NTP and OpenCert as outlined in the above response to question 2. The various consultations initiated by MAS and the FinTech Sandbox (defined below) also allude to MAS embracing technological innovation and the emergence of new business models with a risk-based approach to ensure relevant safeguards are in place.
5. Are there any governmental or regulatory initiatives designed to facilitate or encourage the development and use of blockchain technology (for example, a regulatory sandbox)?
The MAS has initiated FinTech development through implementation of a regulatory sandbox (FinTech Sandbox). The sandbox encourages FinTech players to experiment with innovative financial products or services under relaxed specific legal and regulatory requirements during the sandbox period. At the end of the duration of the sandbox, the sandbox entity must fully comply with relevant legal and regulatory requirements. Additionally, the MAS has also recently launched a "Sandbox Express", which allows eligible applicants to commence testing of innovative financial products and services in a pre-defined environment, speeding up the process of market testing. It is notable that whilst the Sandbox Express will be available first for insurance brokers, RMO and remittance businesses, the MAS has expressed an openness towards opening up this scheme to other regulated activities. Notably, the developer/operator of iStox – a platform offering issuance, settlement, custody and secondary trading of digitized securities, was admitted into this sandbox earlier in May 2019.
6. Have there been any recent governmental or regulatory reviews or consultations concerning blockchain technology in your jurisdiction and, if so, what are the key takeaways from these?
The consultations since November 2017 relating to the payment services regulatory framework, which culminates in the PS Act, highlighted the regulatory concerns relating to digital tokens (please see further discussion on the licensed activities under the PS Act in our response to question 3 above). These consultations highlight MAS' broad concerns, namely – money-laundering and terrorism financing, user protection, interoperability and technology risk. Notably, MAS has reiterated that digital payment token services are considered to carry higher money laundering and terrorism financing risks due to anonymity, speed and cross-border nature of their transactions. This view is consistent with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and MAS plans to be in line with FATF standards for "virtual asset services providers", which would include entities performing exchange of digital tokens, virtual assets custodial services and financial services related to offering and sale of virtual assets.
The MAS also recently consulted on the RMO regime through the RMO Consultation. In this regard, the MAS identified trading facilities that make use of blockchain technology as an emerging model and is proposing to expand the RMO regime from a single tier to three separate tiers. Under this proposed tiered regime, RMO Tier 1 will target market operators with limited access to Singapore-based retail investors but with no restriction proposed to be imposed on access to non-Singapore based retail investors, RMO Tier 2 will target market operators that qualify under the current RMO regime under the SFA, and RMO Tier 3 will target market operators that have a significantly smaller scale of business compared to established operators under the current approved exchange (AE) and RMO regime under the SFA. This is to better match regulatory requirements to the risks posed by different types of market operators.
7. Has any official guidance concerning the use of blockchain technology been published in your jurisdiction?
There is no official guidance on the use of blockchain technology specifically.
8. What is the current approach in your jurisdiction to the treatment of cryptocurrencies for the purposes of financial regulation, anti-money laundering and taxation? In particular, are cryptocurrencies characterised as a currency?
Cryptocurrencies are not considered legal tender in Singapore. Since Bitcoin, cryptographic digital assets have developed beyond just having the sole characteristic of a currency or a medium of exchange. Quite often, we see a digital token having multiple functions. For instance, a digital token can be used as a medium of exchange to purchase goods or services on a digital marketplace, for payment of network or "gas" fees, to participate in network consensus such as proof-of-stake, and/or possess network governance functions such as voting on network proposals. Other types of digital tokens have securities-like characteristics (commonly referred to as securities tokens) or are digital tokens backed by assets (commonly referred to as asset-backed tokens), or tokens that can be used as collateral in exchange for other digital assets. The regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies / digital tokens will generally depend on their specific characteristics. We will address the questions below based on this broader classification of cryptocurrencies / digital tokens.
On the securities regulation front, the SFA regulates the issuance or sale of capital markets products by way of imposing prospectus requirements and licensing requirements on intermediaries who are involved in advising on fund raising and dealing in capital markets products. Digital tokens may fall within one or more categories of capital markets products as prescribed under the SFA, which include (but are not limited to) shares, debentures, units in a collective investment scheme, securities-based derivatives contracts and units in a business trust. If a digital token is classified as a capital markets product, issuers and sellers of these regulated digital tokens will need to comply with the requirements under the SFA. Where digital tokens are classified as capital markets products, persons establishing or operating an organised market for the exchange of such digital tokens must (unless exempted) be either an AE or a RMO under the SFA. Platforms of AE licensing status can allow trading by participants who are of institutional investor / accredited investor / expert investor status (terms as defined in the SFA) (each being a "Qualified Investor") as well as participants who are Singapore-based retail investors (being investors who are not Qualified Investors); whereas platforms of RMO status can only allow trading by retail level participants who are not Singapore-based Qualified Investors.
In relation to AML/CFT, there is a general obligation for businesses to carry out a reasonable standard of know your client and due diligence measures pursuant to the Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act (Chapter 65A) of Singapore and the Terrorism (Suppression of Financing) Act (Chapter 325) of Singapore; the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act (Chapter 186) sets out further requirements which financial institutions are required to comply with, while the United Nations Act additionally sets out prohibitions and sanction requirements which are imposed on non-financial institutions as well as natural persons in Singapore (collectively, the "AML/CFT Regulations"). Businesses should also take reasonable steps to satisfy themselves that the property received was not owned or controlled by or on behalf of any terrorist or terrorist entity. Significantly, it is mandatory for a person in the course of his business or employment to lodge a "Suspicious Transaction Report" if he knows or has reason to suspect that any property may be connected to a criminal activity. The Terrorism (Suppression of Financing) Act also criminalises and imposes a duty on all to provide information pertaining to terrorism financing to the Commissioner of Police in Singapore.
In the context of the PS Act, as mentioned in our response to question 6 above, the MAS considers digital payment tokens to carry higher money laundering and terrorism financing risks and plans to implement standards in line with FATF standards for "virtual asset services providers". The MAS will impose AML/CFT requirements on payment services licensees that are digital payment token service providers who deal in or facilitate the exchange of digital payment tokens for fiat currency or other types of digital payment tokens.
In relation to tax, there are no capital gains taxes in Singapore. This means that businesses that derive a capital gain from disposing digital tokens bought for long-term investment purposes are not subject to tax. On the other hand, businesses that buy and sell virtual currencies in the ordinary course of their business will likely be taxed on the profit derived from trading in virtual currency. Profits derived by businesses which mine and trade virtual currencies in exchange for money are also subject to tax.
In the context of indirect tax, under the current rules, payment using digital payment tokens in return for goods and services may be treated as a taxable supply of services and subject to goods and services tax (GST). However, the Singapore tax authority is proposing changes to the application of GST on the supply of digital payment tokens to better reflect the characteristics of these tokens (GST Reforms). With these proposed GST Reforms, while the seller of goods or services (if GST-registered) would still have to charge and account for GST for the provision of goods or services, the consumer paying for such goods and services will no longer be considered to be making a taxable supply of services and will not be subject to GST. Additionally, under the proposed GST Reforms, the exchange of digital payment tokens for fiat currency or other digital payment tokens will be exempt from GST. This means that the supply of digital payment tokens by OTC service providers, digital token exchanges or initial coin offering issuers will be considered as GST-exempt supplies. If the GST Reforms are passed, they are expected to take effect from January 2020 – which is when the PS Act is also anticipated to take effect.
9. Are there any prohibitions on the use or trading of cryptocurrencies in your jurisdiction?
Unlike other jurisdictions which have categorically banned the use or trading of cryptocurrencies, there is no prohibition on the mere use and trading of cryptocurrencies in Singapore. That being the case, users and businesses which are involved in or handle digital tokens must comply with the relevant regulations (as discussed in questions 3 and 8 above) as applicable to them.
10. To what extent have initial coin offerings taken place in your jurisdiction and what has been the attitude of relevant authorities to ICOs?
ICO activity in Singapore has been significant. In 2018 alone, the number of ICOs conducted in Singapore reached 194. The level of ICO activity had prompted MAS' issuance of the MAS Guide mentioned in our response to question 3 above which offered regulatory keynotes on ICOs and illustrations on digital token features that would result in such digital tokens being regulated.
Generally, MAS is not looking to restrict such ICOs if they are bona fide businesses, but will take firm action against digital token exchanges, issuers or intermediaries who breach securities laws. For more details on such regulatory actions, please refer to the response to question 18 below.
11. If they are permissible in your jurisdiction, what are the key requirements that an entity would need to comply with when launching an ICO?
As discussed above in our responses to questions 3 and 8, it is essential to consider whether the functions of the token being offered for sale would result in the token being characterised as a regulated product. In particular, if such token falls within the definition of a capital markets product under the SFA, the issuer will be required to comply with prospectus requirements unless the relevant SFA exemptions apply. The MAS Guide mentioned in our response to question 3 above is helpful in providing illustrations on digital token features that would result in such digital tokens being regulated under the SFA.
Aside from the SFA, the ICO issuer will also have to consider if the token falls within other types of regulated products outside the SFA such as commodities, which are regulated under CTA. The ICO issuer will also have to take measures to comply with the relevant AML/CFT Regulations.
12. Is cryptocurrency trading common in your jurisdiction? And what is the attitude of mainstream financial institutions to cryptocurrency trading in your jurisdiction?
Relative to the general population of Singapore, cryptocurrency trading probably remains a niche interest activity. Notably, the recent position of the Singapore government is that the nature and scale of cryptocurrency trading in Singapore does not pose risks to the safety and integrity of Singapore's financial system. However, the MAS is watching developments in blockchain and cryptocurrency closely.
Generally, mainstream financial institutions have taken a more cautious and conservative approach when dealing with cryptocurrency firms, and by extension, cryptocurrency trading. Some businesses providing cryptocurrency and payment services have had difficulties with banking connectivity. However, the MAS has expressed its willingness to aid cryptocurrency firms having trouble setting up local bank accounts. Nevertheless, it is not planning to create an extremely lax regulatory environment in order to attract cryptocurrency businesses.
13. Are there any relevant regulatory restrictions or initiatives concerning tokens and virtual assets other than cryptocurrencies (e.g. trading of tangible property represented by cryptographic tokens)?
Please see our responses to questions 3, 5, 6 and 8 above.
14. Are there any legal or regulatory issues concerning the transfer of title to or the granting of security over tokens and virtual assets?
Cryptocurrencies have been recognised as property which may be held on trust in the recent case B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd [2019] 4 SLR 55 (B2C2 Case). However, the precise nature of the property right was not discussed in that case. Given that it is now recognised as property, it is now possible that security can be granted over tokens and virtual assets, although specifics in the practicalities of enforcement were also not the subject of coverage in that case.
15. To what extent are tokens and virtual assets in use in your jurisdiction? Please mention any key initiatives concerning the use of tokens and virtual assets in your jurisdiction.
Apart from the initiatives mentioned above in the response to question 2 above, recently in 2019, a food court operator in Singapore has offered to accept as payment for meals purchased, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether. We have seen merger and acquisition transactions as well as equity investments where the purchase consideration was settled in digital tokens, as well as secured financing transactions with security packages that included digital tokens.
16. How are smart contracts characterised within your legal framework? Are there any enforceability issues specific to the operation of smart contracts which do not arise in the case of traditional legal contracts?
There is no statutory definition or characterisation of a smart contract, though the case of B2C2 does not preclude a smart contract from being a legally binding contract.
In the absence of statutory definition and judicial guidance on what a smart contract is, whether a smart contract will be characterised as a programmatic code that automates a specific process or a legally binding contract, will depend on various factors including the nature of and subject matter of the smart contract, and whether the legal elements typically required to constitute a legally binding contract such as offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, are fulfilled as regards the smart contract – all of which are to be assessed with reference to the factual matrix applicable to the smart contract.
To illustrate, since any intention to create legal relations is more capable of being objectively established where such intention has been documented in natural language rather than in programming code, a smart contract that has terms set out in natural language with the programming code automating some aspect of performance of the agreed terms is more likely to be construed as a legally binding contract than a smart contract which comprises of programming code, purely executing transactions with no or only partial documentation of contractual terms in natural language.
However, assuming a smart contract constitutes a legally binding contract, under Singapore's legal system, there remain prerequisites to enforceability such as the exchange of promises with the intention to create legal relations; such promises being supported by consideration; parties intending to enter into legal relations having the capacity to contract; and where applicable, fulfilment of formality requirements such as those as prescribed under Singapore's Civil Law Act (Chapter 43) (Civil Law Act).
The Civil Law Act for example prescribes that a contract for sale of immovable property has to be in writing and signed in order to be enforceable. This requirement that the contract be in writing could be challenging to fulfil in the context of a smart contract for sale of immovable property, if the smart contract does not contain the full natural language documentation of the terms of sale with the consequence that the enforceability of such smart contract could be uncertain.
17. To what extent are smart contracts in use in your jurisdiction? Please mention any key initiatives concerning the use of smart contracts in your jurisdiction.
Adoption of smart contracts for transactions has been on the rise particularly where digital assets are the subject matter of the transactions. For example, we have seen remuneration to employees of blockchain companies taking the form of digital tokens which are the subject of a timed-release smart contract that implements time-based vesting and delivery of such remuneration to these employees. The purchase and sale of digital tokens for other digital tokens/stablecoins by way of smart contracts which offer escrow capabilities is another example – the agreed digital tokens of the seller and stablecoins of the buyer have to be deposited in a designated smart contract address before the smart contract automatically executes and delivers the seller's digital tokens to the buyer and the buyer's stablecoins to the seller.
In respect of key initiatives, please refer to the responses to question 2 relating to Project Ubin and the experiment conducted by the Bank of Canada and the MAS. Apart from the foregoing, Singapore-based on-chain liquidity protocol developer Kyber Network has developed a protocol that deploys smart contracts for digital token exchange, which protocol has been adopted by various decentralised digital token exchanges. Singapore-based blockchain firm Zilliqa has also partnered with Singapore-licensed payment solutions provider Xfers to implement distributed ledger technology in payments processing. Through partnership with Zilliqa, Xfers is able to leverage on the faster processing power offered by Zilliqa's platform to increase the efficiency of the payments.
18. Have there been any governmental or regulatory enforcement actions concerning blockchain in your jurisdiction?
In 2018, MAS announced that it had warned eight (8) cryptocurrency exchanges not to allow trading in digital tokens that are securities or futures contracts without the MAS' authorisation, and also warned one ICO issuer to stop the offering of its digital tokens in Singapore because the tokens offered were considered to have represented equity ownership in a company. Subsequently in 2019, MAS announced that it had also warned an ICO issuer not to proceed with its securities token offering until it could fully comply with the SFA regulations.
19. Has there been any judicial consideration of blockchain concepts or smart contracting in your jurisdiction?
The B2C2 Case had applied the law of contract to cryptocurrencies. In doing so, the court analysed the terms and conditions of the agreement between users of a digital token exchange and the digital token exchange operating entity.
The court recognised that the contractual relationship between the buyers and sellers exists when a trade is executed on the digital token exchange notwithstanding that this contractual relationship was represented by a smart contract.
A takeaway from the B2C2 Case is that even though the contracts between the buyer and seller were smart contracts, ordinary contract principles such as the doctrine of unilateral mistake at common law apply. The court also pointed out that in circumstances where it was necessary to assess the state of mind of a person where the acts of deterministic computer programmes were in issue, regard ought to be had to the state of mind of the programmer of the program in issue when that program (or the relevant part of it) was written. However, the court also highlighted that the court did not intend to express any views on the precise legal relationship between computers and those who control or program them.
Separately, the B2C2 Case also dealt with the law of trusts. It was held that unless expressed clearly in the agreed terms and conditions between the users of the platform and platform operating entity, where the cryptocurrency exchange holds a user's crypto assets to the order of the user who could withdraw it at any time, then the cryptocurrency exchange was holding such crypto assets on trust for the individual user.
20. Are there any other generally-applicable laws or regulations that may present issues for the use of blockchain technology (such as privacy and data protection law or insolvency law)?
The main legislation governing privacy and data protection in Singapore is the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (No. 26 of 2012) (PDPA). Under Singapore laws, companies have an obligation to protect personal data in their possession under their control by making reasonable security arrangements to prevent unauthorised access, collection, use, disclosure, copying, modification, disposal or similar risks. The regulatory body responsible for the administration and enforcement of the PDPA is the Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC). PDPC has offered guidance that the term "personal data" is not intended to be "narrowly construed". Such personal data may cover different types of data about an individual, including data from which an individual could be identified, even if such data was false and regardless of the form in which such data is stored. Hence, the storage, collection, provision of access to or otherwise control of, personal data belonging to natural persons, whether through the use of blockchain technology or otherwise, could attract obligations to comply with the PDPA; and the reasonableness of security arrangements on an objective basis, which would include people and processes factors, could be relevant in assessing compliance with PDPA.
Furthermore, the recent judgment in the B2C2 Case recognising cryptocurrencies as property has opened up a myriad of legal issues in areas such as insolvency where cryptocurrencies could now fall to be part of an insolvent's or bankrupt's estate in the event of an insolvency under the laws of Singapore.
21. Are there any other key issues concerning blockchain technology in your jurisdiction that legal practitioners should be aware of?
Given that blockchain technology is still a relatively novel construct, with policy continuing to evolve over the regulation of blockchain technology, and laws and regulations not being tailored for regulation, or being of application to the use of such technology, practitioners should be mindful of the possibility of existing laws and regulations being applicable to blockchain technology even though the legislative intent might not have been to extend application of such laws and regulations to blockchain technology. Practitioners should analyse each blockchain technology and consider all characteristics of such blockchain technology with reference to the existing laws and regulations for a holistic assessment to determine applicability.
This article first appeared in Legal500.
Dentons Rodyk thanks and acknowledges senior associate Zhi Hao Loy and associate Ulanda Oon for their contributions to this article.
Kenneth Oh
Kenneth Oh Senior Partner, SingaporeSingapore
kenneth.oh@dentons.com
Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Five-year-old boy's body shows signs of violence; incident happened four days after mother killed four daughters and then herself in Jerusalem.
A mother and her son were found dead in Acre in northern Israel Wednesday morning. The boy's body bore signs of violence, sparking suspicions that the incident was a murder-suicide. Police forces have arrived at the scene and are investigating.
Paramedics received a call at 6:30 A.M. alerting them that a woman had either jumped or fallen six stories from an apartment on Acre's Golani Brigade Street. Upon arriving at the scene, they found the woman on the street and declared her dead. They came upon the severely injured body of her five-year-old son after searching her apartment. He too was pronounced dead by paramedics.
The circumstances surrounding their deaths are still unknown, but the family was well known to the local welfare services.
According to paramedics, the woman's son was seen on the banister of the apartment's balcony. When paramedics reached the apartment, they were let in by a man who he said had just woken up and soon after discovered the dead child, who had stab wounds on his body.
The woman, who was 35 years old, had lived in the building for years and does not have any other children. Her neighbors said that she seemed to be emotionally unstable and appeared especially shaken in recent days.
The incident comes four days after a woman and her four daughters were found dead after a fire in their Jerusalem apartment. The woman was found next to a noose, and an autopsy on two of the children revealed that they had been strangled.
The mother in the Jerusalem case was treated by psychiatric services in Jerusalem recently. She turned to one center a few weeks ago due to depression. She was not determined as posing a risk to herself or others around her, or as having early signs of suicidal tendencies.
There were concerns of copycat incidents following extensive media coverage of the tragedy.


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Her loan cost her more than $100,000 in interest in one year and nearly left her and 11 family members homeless. For now, McMurdie's fears of homelessness are at bay because a federal judge has issued an injunction in the case, halting the foreclosure.
City Weekly wrote about McMurdie's troubles ["Mortgage Mess," Sept. 17, 2009] before she filed suit in May in U.S. District Court against Lindon's Good Neighbor Mortgage and owner Darren Lamont Eady. McMurdie was hoping to buy the house in the lot adjacent to the one she inherited, where some of her adult children and grandchildren could live—and they all would share the mortgage payment. That part worked out.
But, the court fight that's only just begun is not so nice. McMurdie's complaint accuses Eady of violating federal lending laws by not disclosing all the details of the loan, not providing her with adequate documentation and representing his firm as being affiliated with a federal-housing program with a name similar to Good Neighbor Mortgage. Both sides agree that Eady lent McMurdie his own money—$245,000 from an equity line of credit on his personal residence—with a 36 percent annual percentage rate backed by McMurdie's inherited home as collateral. So, when she couldn't make her loan payments, she risked losing both houses. Both homes were set to be auctioned in May, the day after she filed suit and requested a temporary restraining order from U.S. District Court Judge Clark Waddoups, which he granted.
The heart of her complaint is about Eady's motives: Was he really trying to help McMurdie, or did he set her up to fail for his own benefit? "I don't know exactly what his thoughts were, but it seems to us that he just wanted to take both homes," McMurdie says.
That's not true, says Eady's attorney, Blair Jackson. "What everybody thought, and [McMurdie] thought the same thing, was this was going to be a two- to three-month type of note and that it would be refinanced through [one of McMurdie's] daughters," Jackson says.
McMurdie could then apply for credit cards and other lending products to build credit history that would help her obtain a conventional mortgage with an interest rate much lower than the 36 percent Eady was charging her.
Eady declined to comment for this story, referring all questions to his attorney.
Michael Blackburn of Perfect Home Living, a Salt Lake City-based, nonprofit mortgage-fraud investigation firm, says it recently began interviewing other customers of Good Neighbor Mortgage that public records show received similar loans.
A spokesperson says the Utah Division of Real Estate's investigation into the case is ongoing.


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News > Latest news > 2014 > March
Training police to better respond to people with mental illness
Analysis for The Conversation by James Ogloff, Swinburne University of Technology
Police officers encounter people with mental illnesses every day, whether they are perpetrators, victims, or witnesses of crime. In 2013 alone, NSW police responded to more than 40,000 mental health incidents; while in Victoria, the police apprehend one person every two hours and take them to hospital for assessment.
Surprisingly few police have the knowledge and skills to know how to deal with mentally ill people in crisis. In fact, fewer than 10% of frontline officers in New South Wales have had mental health training.
It is the rare and tragic cases where mentally ill people cause serious harm to others or are themselves harmed or killed by police that receive media attention. But sadly, the police use force, including lethal force, against a disproportionate number of people suffering from a serious mental illness.
So the recent announcement that New South Wales police will roll out a one-day intensive training program to assist all operational police officers to work with people with mental illness is most welcome.
Police officers are clearly experienced in dealing with a range of difficult people and the management strategies they employ often work well. The challenge police face when encountering a person in a mental health crisis, however, is that the person may be irrational and find it difficult to communicate their distress to police.
A survey of 3,500 police officers in Victoria found that encounters with mentally ill people pose considerable practical difficulties, in terms of knowing how to deal with them and how to find appropriate supports for them.
Research shows that variation in officers' understanding of mental illness, including whether police officers know someone with a mental illness in their private lives, helps determine how police decide to deal with mentally ill people.
Police officers require training and experience to work effectively with mentally ill people. Such training must cover three main areas: understanding mental illness; identifying those with mental illness who may be in crisis; and communicating and interacting with them in a non-violent way to reduce their distress and de-escalate them.
Most importantly, the training needs to involve opportunities to develop and practice communication and de-escalation skills.
Existing programs
Internationally and nationally, police mental health training programs are highly variable and few have been carefully tested to determine their efficacy in achieving the training aims.
Perhaps the most well-known is the Crisis Intervention Team program (CIT), which was developed in the city of Memphis, Tennessee in the United States. It consists of five days of training in understanding the signs and symptoms of mental illness, meeting and speaking to people with mental illness, learning de-escalation techniques, and engaging in role playing scenarios.
The original four-day NSW Mental Health Intervention Team program was adapted from this, and includes simulations, with the new one-day course incorporating key practical aspects of the full course.
Variation in officers' understanding of mental illness accounts for some of the the variation in how they try to resolve encounters with the mentally ill. AAP Image/NSW Police Media
Research evaluating the CIT program – and the four-day program in NSW – has been mostly positive. But it is yet to be seen whether the one-day course will realise the benefits of the more comprehensive four-day course.
A recent innovative training program for police has been developed in Canada where actors, trained to depict people with mental illnesses, including those in crisis, engage in carefully developed role play interactive scenarios with police.
A program evaluation shows the training was well-received by police officers and produced a number of benefits, including increased recognition of mental health issues and decreased physical interactions with mentally ill people.
All Victorian police officers participate in a one-day training exercise that includes a simulation involving a person with a mental illness. Mental Health First Aid is another mode of training embraced by some police forces.
Training is no panacea
Some researchers have been critical of the focus on training, however, noting that it cannot make an appreciable difference without additional infrastructure support for the police and for people with mental illness with whom they come into contact. It is unfortunate that, even with the announced training advances, so little time and resources are dedicated to assist police to work more effectively with people with mental illnesses.
Large scale US-based research has found that a specialised crisis response unit is a critical factor in improving police-mental health interactions. The crisis units are a safe form of short-term accommodation for those in crisis and are staffed by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals. Over a short period (72 hours), people can be stabilised, triaged, and linked into mental health services. Such programs have reduced the number of arrests by one third.
The situation in many parts of Australia, however, is vastly different. In Victoria, for instance, police often spend hours trying to obtain a mental health assessment for a person whom they apprehend. Hospitals struggle to accommodate them and busy emergency departments are not designed for them. Our experiences show that the same difficulties are seen around the country.
On its own, training can help officers better understand mental illness; they may also learn helpful skills for dealing with people who may be irrational. However, better outcomes for people with mental illness who encounter the police will require a whole-of-government response, including the implementation of safe crisis units and the provision of mental health services.
Written by James Ogloff, Professor of Forensic Behavioural Science, Director of the Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Stuart Thomas, Professor of Forensic Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
Lea Kivivali.
lkivivali@swin.edu.au
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Last updated: Wednesday, 24-Aug-2016 04:50:10 EST


White over red is an extremely classy color combo on a Ferrari. It's not as vulgar and audacious as the classic red, but the red leather interior still gives a nod to the marquee's heritage.
This 488 is a truly immaculate machine. Enjoy!


35 hadith found in 'Shortening the Prayers (At-Taqseer)' of Sahih Bukhari.
Narrated Ibn Abbas : The Prophet once stayed for nineteen days and prayed shortened prayers. So when we travel led (and stayed) for nineteen days, we used to shorten the prayer but if we travelled (and stayed) for a longer period we used to offer the full prayer.
Narrated Yahya bin Ishaq: I heard Anas saying, "We travelled with the Prophet from Medina to Mecca and offered two Rakat (for every prayer) till we returned to Medina." I said, "Did you stay for a while in Mecca?" He replied, "We stayed in Mecca for ten days."
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: I offered the prayer with the Prophet, Abu Bakr and 'Umar at Mina and it was of two Rakat. 'Uthman in the early days of his caliphate did the same, but later on he started praying the full prayer.
Narrated Haritha bin Wahab: The Prophet I led us in the prayer at Mina during the peace period by offering two Rakat.
Narrated 'Abdur Rahman bin Yazid: We offered a four Rakat prayer at Mina behind Ibn 'Affan . 'Abdullah bin Masud was informed about it. He said sadly, "Truly to Allah we belong and truly to Him we shall return." And added, "I prayed two Rakat with Allah's Apostle at Mina and similarly with Abu Bakr and with 'Umar (during their caliphates)." He further said, "May I be lucky enough to have two of the four Rakat accepted (by Allah)."
Narrated Ibn Abbas: The Prophet and his companions reached Mecca in the morning of the 4th Dhul-Hijja reciting Talbiya (O Allah! We are obedient to your orders, we respond 4 to your call) . . . intending to perform Hajj. The Prophet ordered his companions to assume the lhram for Umra instead of Hajj, excepting those who had Hadi (sacrifice) with them.
Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The Prophet said, "A woman should not travel for more than three days except with a Dhi-Mahram (i.e. a male with whom she cannot marry at all, e.g. her brother, father, grandfather, etc.) or her own husband.)"
Narrated Ibn'Umar: The Prophet said, "A woman should not travel for more than three days except with a Dhi-Mahram."
Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, "It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for one day and night except with a Mahram."
Narrated Anas bin Malik : offered four Rakat of Zuhr prayer with the Prophet (p.b.u.h) at Medina and two Rakat at Dhul-Hulaifa. (i.e. shortened the 'Asr prayer).


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Teachers' union warns the government as schools experience severe low attendance
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Schools are seeing "very severe low attendance" among pupils and teachers ahead of the Christmas break as the Omicron variant spreads across the country, a headteachers' union has warned. Geoff Barton, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL), said one school has had around 25% of its staff off for three weeks amid Covid-19.
His comments come amid reports that some schools and colleges have switched to remote lessons in the run-up to Christmas while some parents are choosing to keep their children off school due to concerns.
"Pockets of very severe low attendance"
Barton told BBC Radio 4's Today Programme:
Listening to the speculation and the news, and certainly the emails I've been getting from members, you are getting some pockets of very severe low attendance, partly young people, partly staff.
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One (school) has emailed me this morning saying 25% of staff have been off for three weeks, you can imagine if you can't then get supply teachers that becomes very difficult to maintain the quality of education.
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The NASUWT teaching union has called on the government to stagger the return of pupils to schools in January – and to publish guidance advising schools and colleges to cancel or postpone non-essential activities and events before Christmas – amid the spread of the Omicron variant.
The union adds that guidance should make clear the actions that schools can take when dealing with "compromised" staffing levels – including sending pupils home where provision cannot go ahead safely. However, Downing Street has said schools should not be closing early for Christmas unless they have been told it is "necessary" on public health grounds.
Schools remain open as some move online
The prime minister's official spokesman indicated that schools would be kept open unless there is an "absolute public health emergency". Two schools in Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk – Sybil Andrews Academy and Abbots Green Academy – have moved to remote learning until the end of term on Friday after Covid-19 cases emerged in the schools.
A joint statement from both academies said:
Whilst this is far from the end of term we wished for, it remains our intention to be able to salvage Christmas, but more importantly the health and wellbeing of our school communities.
Abingdon and Witney College in Oxfordshire has moved the majority of its lessons online this week as a "proactive measure" to reduce the number of people at their campuses in the run-up to Christmas.
In a statement on its website, the further education (FE) college said:
As a college we're keen to ensure that we keep ourselves and our families as safe as possible over the festive period.
Meanwhile, in Wales, two councils, Denbighshire and Anglesey, have decided to end face-to-face classes early on Friday December 17, with students expected to learn from home for the last three days of term. Paul Whiteman, general secretary of school leaders' union NAHT, said:
Schools and families alike are nervous about the spread of the Omicron variant so close to Christmas.
School leaders are remembering the chaos and last-minute Government decisions that took place last year – this must not happen again.
The few schools that have had to close have done so on the advice of public health teams. Some parents are choosing to keep their children off from school as they are so concerned. Many schools are struggling with the levels of Covid amongst both staff and pupils, which have shot up in the last week.
The government needs to "think very carefully"
Whiteman has called on the government to "think very carefully" about the mitigations it needs to take to keep schools open next term. In December last year, then education secretary Gavin Williamson threatened legal action against Greenwich council in London if it failed to keep its schools open to all pupils until the end of term.
After the Christmas holidays last year, prime minister Boris Johnson told parents on January 3 to send their primary-age children back to school. On the evening of January 4, he announced a national lockdown in England – with all schools closed to the majority of pupils.
Featured image via – Flickr – Allison Meier
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