Contact angle measurements using method based on B-spline snakes (active contours) were applied to investigate surface wettability properties of commercial soda-lime-silica float glass subjected to various surface preparation methods.
The comparative evaluation of vacuum evaporated chromium thin film adhesion strength to float glass treated under different surface preparation methods was performed using scratch tests. Also, the influence of float glass substrate heating for chromium thin film adhesion strength was investigated.
Surface activation and contamination removal by O2 plasma process and RCA-1 surface preparation method revealed the best results, where surfaces were free of hydrophobic contaminants with low contact angles ranging from 4° to 8°.
For majority of float glass surface preparation methods the contact angles were observed slightly higher for the "tin side" as compared with "air side". Soda-lime-silica float glass surface wettability properties of both sides were equalized during bombardment in RIBE unit by Ar+ ion beam.
O2 plasma process and RCA-1 surface preparation method for float glass resulted in a higher value of the thin chromium film adhesion to the float glass substrate as measured from the average critical normal force (O2 plasma 0.169 N; RCA-1 0.14 N) in scratch tests. The float glass substrate heating (100 °C) in the vacuum chamber before chromium thin film evaporation process resulted in even higher value of the thin chromium film adhesion to the float glass substrate.
Keywords: float glass, contact angle (CA) measurements, thin chromium film, scratch test, adhesion.
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Chromium thin film on glass substrate is an important material for the lithographic photomask production as well as in production of diffraction gratings or precision glass scales for photoelectric measurement systems . Among many other applications, chromium thin films are also used in surface micromachining technology as interlayer for improvement of adhesion .
The thin films can be deposited by various techniques, including e-beam evaporation , thermal evaporation , sputtering methods [5 – 6], etc. Whatever their intended use may be, the properties, structure, functional characteristics, and performance all depend, inter alia, on adhesion between the thin film and the substrate . A clean, dry substrate surface is a necessary prerequisite for adhesive bonding.
Rarely can a structural adhesive penetrate through surface contaminants to provide an optimum bond on an unclean surface. Therefore, surface preparation is essential for manufacturing high-quality glass substrate based products coated with thin films.
Surface preparation methods can be grouped into two categories: wet chemical cleaning involving solvents, and dry cleaning involving ions, electrons, free radicals, and other neutral species. Prominent examples of wet chemical cleaning processes for glass substrates are RCA-1 clean, RCA-2 clean and piranha clean. RCA-1 and piranha are used as a glass surface preparation methods for removing organic residues and certain metals [8 – 14]. RCA-2 forremoving atomic and ionic contaminants.
If wrongly applied, cleaning is replaced by etching and from the aqueous cleaning processes a surface roughening can result . For large volumes of glass substrates an ultrasonic cleaning with aqueous solution containing detergent and surfactant is used. It is effective in removing large contaminants but removal of micro contaminants requires greater mechanical energy e. g. high velocity water jet cleaning process .
For modification of glass surface chemistry, dealkalization processes of exposure of glass substrates to atmospheric humidity (also known as weathering) or hot deionized (DI) water (also referred to as leaching) for a period of 3 – 4 days are used . A typical example of dry glass surface preparation method is plasma treatment [17 – 18]. Plasma treatment can be used for surface activation and contamination removal.
Surface activation is a process where surface functional groups are replaced with different atoms or chemical groups from the plasma utilizing source gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, argon, or a mixture of these gases. Surface contamination (i. e. residual organic solvents, oxidation, epoxy residue and etc.) removal by plasma is an ablation process, where physical sputtering and chemical etching are the key processes involved .
Oxygen plasmas create an acidic, while nitrogen produces an alkaline chemistry. Oxygen plasmas are very effective in oxidizing residual hydrocarbon and other organic contamination. Argon plasmas are useful in decomposing and desorbing organics .
contact with the molten tin bath experiences tin diffusion and is referred to as the "tin side" while the top side, often called the "air side", can experience surface dealkalization because of the surrounding environment . The tin side is also in contact with supporting rollers during heat treatment. After solidification, the continuous glass sheet undergoes a carefully controlled cooling process to eliminate any residual stresses before being cut into sheets for subsequent use. Thus the two sides of the glass sheet undergo different histories during processing .
With respect to the wettability of the glass surface the contact angle is of interest. In general, the lower the contact angle the higher the surface energy. The increase of energy and decrease of contact angle usually correlates directly with improved adhesion. For the glass substrates contact angles (water) change in the range 34° – 36.5° as reported in  and .
After application of the RCA-1 clean the glass surface wettability is increased, displaying low contact angles 2° ±2° as observed in the previous studies  and . The piranha clean treatments on glass resulted in highly variable contact angles ranging from <8° to 43° in , 4° in  and 21° to 27° in . Plasma treatment on glass with oxygen reaction gas even at short exposure time resulted in contact angles to be below 10° as it was reported in  and .
Previous work  reported that there was no correlation between surface roughness and contact angle hysteresis, contact angles, or dewpoint error for glass surfaces. Surface preparation methods on glass had similar contact angles but significantly different surface roughness. Therefore in this work roughness effect on surface preparation methods have not been examined.
The aim of this work was to clarify previously conducted studies of surface preparation methods for glass and their effect to surface wettability in terms of contact angle measurements. The second aim was to conduct comparative evaluation of vacuum evaporated chromium thin film adhesion to glass treated under different surface preparation methods using scratch test. Also, the influence of substrate heating for chromium thin film adhesion was investigated.
A commercial soda-lime-silica float glass of thickness 1 mm was used in this study. The chemical composition by weight for the clear float glass was provided by manufacturer (Pilkington NSG Group Flat Glass Business)and is as follows: 72.6 % SiO2 , 13.9 % Na2O, 8.4 % CaO, 3.9 % MgO, 1.1 % Al2O3, 0.6 % K2O, 0.2 % SO3, 0.11 % Fe2O3.
The glass was obtained without any acid interleave coatings on their surfaces. Since two sides of the glass sheet undergo different histories during processing, their composition and properties of the surface differ. Therefore both the tin and air sides were examined for the soda-lime float glass. Observing the fluorescence under UV illumination easily identified the tin side of float glass.
Glass was cut into (3 × 3) cm² slides. The air and tin sides of the float glass were subjected to nine surface preparation methods in order to remove debris, possible reaction products, organic contaminants that might exist on the surfaces.
Surface preparation methods included: rinsing with deionized (DI) H2O and drying under compressed O2 (chosen as control method); processing using ion-plasma preparation method: the slides were exploited in O2 plasma in the camera of the device "Plasma-600 T" with the presence or 133 Pa pressure (RF = 13.56 MHz, P = 0.3 W/cm²); ultrasonic cleaning in acetone for 10 min; leaching: glass slides were immersed in 50 °C DI H2O for a period of 5 days; RCA-1 clean: a batch of RCA-1 cleaning solution (6 parts DI H2O, 4 parts 27 % ammonium hydroxide NH4OH, 1 part 30 % hydrogen peroxide H2O2) was prepared and heated on a hot plate until it bubbled vigorously.
The slides were then immersed in this solution for 60 min with continued heating and stirring. Subsequently, slides were rinsed 3 times with deionized water and dried under compressed O2; bombardment in RIBE unit ("Usi-ionic") by Ar+ ion beam (etch rate ~40 Å/min) using multicell cold hollow-cathode DC ion beam source (Ar+ ion energy 300 eV, ion beam current 0.25 mA/cm², pressure 7 × 10¯² Pa, substrate temperature 293 K ±5 K); Piranha clean: a batch of Piranha cleaning solution (2 parts concentrated 96 % sulfuric acid H2SO4, 1 part 30 % hydrogen peroxide H2O2) was prepared and heated until it bubbled vigorously.
The glass slides were left normally for 30 min in the solution, after which they were removed rinsed 3 times with deionized water and dried under compressed O2. The summary of surface preparation methods used in this study is presented in Table 1.
where Y denote the excess free energy per unit area of the interface indicated by its indices g, l, and s corresponding to the liquid, gas and solid, respectively. The liquid/gas excess free energy Y l,g , corresponds to the surface tension of the liquid with its vapor. Contact angle θ, which is the other experimentally easily accessible factor in Young's equation is even more important to this paper. Contact angle measurements allow general comparisons and can provide a rapid qualitative test for surface wettability characteristics .
Contact angle measurements were performed at room temperature (20 °C) by the sessile drop method. One drop of deionized water (5 μl) was deposited onto a dry glass surface. Images of drops were magnified, photographed, and contact angle measured using method based on B-spline snakes (active contours).
The method offers the best tradeoff between the use of the general drop shape to guide the detection of the contour of the drop, and the use of an algorithm with local behaviour to compute contact angles with high-accuracy . The method is made freely available as DropSnake plugin  for ImageJ, which is a free open-source multi-platform Java image-processing program .
Three measurements were used to evaluate each surface preparation method for air and tin sides of the glass. Each reported value is the mean contact angle of three measurements ± standard error of means. Measurements of contact angles were taken within 10 s after formation of the sessile drop.
Chromium thin film deposition was performed using a thermal evaporation technique. Vacuum in the chamber (turbomolecular pump) was 10¯³ Pa. Approximately 50 mg of >95 % pure chromium chips (1 mm to 4 mm diameter) were placed in the tungsten boat, which was located 100 mm below the substrate. The tungsten boat was heated approximately up to 1656 K (corresponding 1 Pa solid state chromium vapor pressure) using an electric current. Substrate heating (100 °C) was performed with IR lamp heater installed in the vacuum chamber.
The substrate temperature was controlled with "K" type thermocouple probe contacting the substrate. The thickness of chromium films 40 nm was controlled with quartz crystal deposition controller.
The scratch test has been used widely for evaluation of film/substrate adhesion [36 – 38]. At present, quantitative adhesion data from the test is difficult to extract. In most cases the stresses around the moving indenter are too complicated to be predicted accurately and therefore the stresses driving coating failure are not known. However, the scratch test is a good method for quality assurance/quality control testing of the adhesion of hard films and is useful in the development of new coatings for process optimisation .
The adherence of thin chromium films was measured with custom-made PC controlled scratch testing apparatus. During the scratch test the glass slides with chromium thin film were scratched with an indenter applying the increasing normal force (load). The displacement of the indenter, normal force and the occurring tangential (frictional) force were recorded. The abrupt change in tangential force pinpoints the spot on a scratch track where the chromium layer starts to flake and gets detached from the float glass substrate, i. e. at the critical normal force .
Afterwards glass slides with chromium thin film were examined under an optical microscope in search of characteristic defects. The chromium thin film adhesion to float glass treated under different surface preparation methods were evaluated by comparing critical normal forces of film delamination.
Five scratches were performed on each glass slide with chromium thin film and average values of critical force were calculated. Either two or three critical loads were determined for each slide by optical microscopy inspection. The principal scheme of acting forces and force moments of custom-made PC controlled scratch testing apparatus is presented in .
Surface preparation methods that effectively remove debris, possible reaction products and organic contaminants from the float glass surface produce a very hydrophilic surface with low water contact angles. Conversely, methods which incompletely remove organic contaminants will leave a more hydrophobic surface with higher contact angles. To ensure reproducibility, at least three measurements were carried out for air and tin sides of the glass. Since contact angles were constant during each run, they were averaged to yield a mean value for the experiment.
Fig. 1 presents mean contact angles of air and tin sides of float glass after different surface preparation methods (Table 1).
As shown in Fig. 1, the contact angles obtained by control method were obtained by ~10° lower comparing to as-obtained glass in  and . Methods 2 – 4 and 7 revealed the best results, where surfaces were free of hydrophobic contaminants with low contact angles ranging from 4° to 8°. Here, the organic contamination resulted to be no greater than several percent of a monomolecular layer in coverage and contact angles were close to surface total wettability.
Comparing with control method (Method 1) it is assumed that oxygen plasma treatment (Methods 2 – 4) activated glass surface causing the decrease of contact angle from 20° ±2° to ~6° due substitution of chemically active dangling bonds and hydroxyl groups for the carbon contamination in the surface resulting in decreased oxidation as it is reported in [29, 30]. It is considered, that the use of Method 7 is also attributed to leaving hydroxyl groups on the glass surface, imparting negative charge to the surface (making it hydrophilic) .
The contact angles obtained by Methods 2 – 4 and 7 are close to those reported in the literature. Surface activation and contamination removal by O2 plasma process require the investment in proper equipment. It has the advantage of being able to clean considerably more glass slides at the same time with little or no waste products requiring less operator input than wet chemical cleaning procedures and is more suitable for industrial applications. The alternative RCA-1 surface preparation method gives practically the same soda-lime-silica float glass surface wettability properties as plasma treatment and is being easy to set up, requiring the basic chemicals and the use of a fume hood.
However, it generates toxic waste products and is more suited in small research laboratories. For Methods 1 – 7 the contact angles were observed slightly higher for the tin side of float glass. The previous work results  suggests that the tin side of soda-lime-silica float glass surface OH group density is higher than the air side resulting in higher adsorption of organic substances in the atmosphere, and thus governing the wettability of the float glass surface. In order to clarify these results the Method 8 was used where contact angles for tin and air sides of float glass were obtained basically equal.
Thus, from  we consider that Sn present monolayers of tin side in our case were etched during bombardment in RIBE unit by Ar+ ion beam thus equalizing glass surface wettability properties of both sides. The contact angles obtained using Method 8 are nearly the same as reported in . The Piranha clean of Method 9 resulted in opposite reaction, as shown in Fig. 1.
It is considered that surface heterogeneity caused by the leaching and/or etching actions of the cleaning agent differently affected float glass surface wettability properties as compared with Methods 1 – 7. The contact angles obtained were rather similar with results obtained in  than with . Also, it is considered that the leaching actions of Method 5 and ultrasonic clean in acetone (Method 7) did not noticeably alter soda-lime-silica float glass wettability properties.
In Fig. 2, the applied normal load and resulting tangential force are displayed as a function of displacement for Cr/glass slides, where soda-lime-silica float glass surface was prepared using Methods 1, 4 and 7. In all plots, the first part shows a linear behavior of the tangential force with respect to the applied load. The change in tangential force is detected at the critical normal force where coating failure occurs. For glass slides prepared under Method 1, the average critical normal force is 0.087 N, whereas it is 0.169 N and 0.14 N for Methods 4 and 7. It can be seen that critical normal force decreases with increasing contact angle.
Slight variations of critical normal force were observed in all measurements for tin and air sides of float glass. The highest average critical normal force was observed for Cr/glass slides, where sodalime-silica float glass surface was prepared using Methods 2 – 4 and 7. It follows that O2 plasma process and RCA-1 surface preparation method for float glass results in less contaminated surfaces and a higher value of the thin chromium film adhesion to the float glass substrate as measured from the critical normal force in scratch tests. The summary of the scratch test results is presented in Table 2.
The optical analysis at the positions at which the change in tangential force was observed showed the characteristic images of chromium thin film delamination (see Fig. 3 for characteristic image of full delamination).
Another series of float glass slides prepared using Method 4 were subjected to heating (100 °C) in the vacuum chamber before chromium thin film evaporation process. The scratch tests revealed no change in tangential force over all range of scratch track. It can be concluded that the average critical normal force for coating delamination for these samples exceeds 0.2 N. This was also confirmed by optical analysis of the produced scratch track. No stripping or coating failure was observed.
Surface activation and contamination removal by O2 plasma process and RCA-1 surface preparation method revealed the best results, where surfaces were free of hydrophobic contaminants with low contact angles ranging from 4° to 8°. From these results, it is clarified that oxygen plasma treatment and RCA-1 clean activates the float glass surface, makes the surface hydrophilic and increases the wettability.
For Methods 1 – 7 the contact angles were observed slightly higher for the tin side of float glass. Soda-limesilica float glass surface wettability properties of both sides were equalized after bombardment in RIBE unit by Ar+ ion beam. From these results, we assume that the tin side of soda-lime-silica float glass surface OH group density is higher than the air side resulting in higher adsorption of organic substances in the atmosphere, and thus governing the wettability of the float glass surface.
It is considered that the leaching actions of Method 5 and ultrasonic clean in acetone (Method 7) did not noticeably alter soda-lime-silica float glass wettability properties.
The oxygen plasma treatment and RCA-1 clean was clarified to be an effective method for improved adhesive bonding properties.
Float glass substrate (prepared using Method 4) heating (100 °C) in the vacuum chamber before chromium thin film evaporation process resulted in even higher value of the thin chromium film adhesion to the float glass substrate where critical normal force for coating delamination exceeded 0.2 N. Further investigation has to be carried out to determine the effect of surface preparation method and glass substrate heating parameters for adhesive bonding properties of thin chromium films.
Authors would like to thank dr. K. Šlapikas, V. Kopustinskas, dr. R. Gudaitis, dr. A. Guobienė, A. Gudonytė, dr. I. Prosyčevas (all from Institute of Materials Science of Kaunas University of Technology) and dr. G. Janušas (from International Studies Center of Kaunas University of Technology) for technical assistance. Support of State Studies Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.
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Sparklike: Why calibrate and service your quality control equipment annually?
This blog post was written based on an interview with M.Sc. (Chem.) Santtu Jolkkonen, Sparklike's Service and Maintenance Manager, who has been working as technical support specialist for Sparklike over a decade.
In some cases, the blemished glass can be restored to an acceptable aesthetic condition using a combination of wet and dry polishing methods.
Multiple glass options offer customized ways to suit different building needs.
Design and structural performance of laminated glass in over-head glazing applications like canopies, skylights is very critical as it has an impact on the safety of occupants of a building and its maintenance workers.
Asahi Glass Company (AGC), a world-leading manufacturer of glass, chemicals and high-tech materials, announces that it has become an official sponsor of the Japan Pavilion at the EXPO Milano 2015.


text:
from oslo_config import cfg

from ironic.common.i18n import _

API_SERVICE_OPTS = [
    cfg.StrOpt('host_ip',
               default='0.0.0.0',
               help=_('The IP address on which ironic-api listens.')),
    cfg.IntOpt('port',
               default=6385,
               help=_('The TCP port on which ironic-api listens.')),
    cfg.IntOpt('max_limit',
               default=1000,
               help=_('The maximum number of items returned in a single '
                      'response from a collection resource.')),
]

CONF = cfg.CONF
opt_group = cfg.OptGroup(name='api',
                         title='Options for the ironic-api service')
CONF.register_group(opt_group)
CONF.register_opts(API_SERVICE_OPTS, opt_group)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
3 FREE Ways To Market Your Business Online - online event
Joshua Maddux - 95Visual
Insider Spotlight
Shipwell Kept Its Culture While Doubling Its Staff Once. Here's How They're Going to Do It Again
by Adrienne Teeley
Shipwell is on the verge of something big. Like, $35 million big.
After raising that amount in a particularly lucrative Series B, the Austin-based shipping solutions company set its sights on hiring around 200 more employees. When startups scale that much, there's always a question of how growth will impact the unique company culture.
Whether brainstorming a new solution to a roadblock or joking around over a happy hour, Shipwell's vibrant culture is an integral part of why employees enjoy coming to work and it's an aspect that they're working hard to carefully preserve — even with all of the growth on the horizon.
"It's important to deliberately focus on creating a strong culture very early on and to have ways to measure your cultural attainment over time," said Jason Traff, president and co-founder of Shipwell. With a distinct identity firmly in place, a career at Shipwell is on track to be as rewarding as it's ever been. You can take that to the bank.
Photography by Rudy Arocha
Shipwell
EMPLOYEES: 90, 85 local
WHAT THEY DO: Shipwell is a shipping logistics platform that's changing up how supply chains operate.
WHERE THEY DO IT: Austin
PERKS ON PERKS: Fully paid health insurance, transportation reimbursement, a competitive parental-leave policy, a volleyball team, and more round out a top-notch list of benefits.
They're Hiring | View 9 JobsShipwell is Hiring | View 9 Jobs
Jason Traff, President & Co-Founder
Traff heads up the marketing, finance and legal departments — all while stewarding the company through serious growth. He was inspired to start Shipwell after running an art business in China that shipped all over the world. "There are so many businesses that need better tools to take back control of their supply chain and turn shipping into a competitive advantage," Traff said. With that realization, Shipwell was born.
You co-founded Shipwell in 2016. Did you set out to build a particular kind of culture, or did it take shape organically?
From the beginning, we set our culture around six core behaviors, not values, because a group of people that exemplify the same behavior is what forms culture. We see our core behaviors come out every day. For example, one of our core behaviors is "seek learning." We have formal continuing education policies and reimbursements, but we also do informal ones where, if someone from the company wants to teach a skill they've mastered to others, they can host a workshop. In the past, these sessions have included everything from in-office yoga to improv comedy.
Sometimes, a founder, president or CEO can become cornered off from everyone else at the company. How do you stay approachable and in touch with your team?
My desk is the first desk you see after the reception area. So it is literally the most accessible and trafficked desk in the entire office — it takes the open door policy to an extreme level! We have worked hard to create a culture that is a meritocracy of ideas within and across departments. We hold weekly meetings for the entire company, where people are encouraged to ask questions, even anonymously.
From the beginning, we set our culture around six core behaviors, not values, because a group of people that exemplify the same behavior is what forms culture."
What provisions do you have in place to preserve Shipwell's culture as you grow?
I'm sure at some point a company's culture takes on a life of its own. But to me, that just means that it's important to deliberately focus on creating a strong culture very early on and to have ways to measure your cultural attainment over time. Every employee gets taken through Shipwell's culture deck and spends time with the founders to discuss the company's vision with the founders. We take a lot of time to talk about our core behaviors and how we measure up to them.
Drew Smith, Data Engineer
Smith manages the data and insights that help the company run smoothly and customers save time and money. He landed at Shipwell after moving to Austin on a whim: "My co-workers have shown me a lot of the city during lunch and drinks after work. They have really made me feel like a local."
As Jason mentioned, the company has prepared for new growth by instituting a strong culture early on. Do you think the company has changed at all since you started?
I would say our culture has actually not changed much since I started. We have managed to keep a very tight-knit, fun atmosphere on the engineering team while more than doubling the staff. The relationship I have with my peers is the most important aspect of our culture — it's why I look forward to going to work. We are very much in it together and always have each others' backs. This is very important because when you like someone, you want to work harder to make their job easier. We all spend time making sure that we are not blocking each other and that everyone has what they need to work well.
Your work is helping to change how supply chains function. What does that look like in terms of the projects you're building out for the platform?
Shipwell has really allowed me to develop confidence in leading projects. Our data team is very small, so I was given ownership of our entire data pipeline within the first few months of working here. It was definitely stressful at first, but it allowed me to grow very quickly. Another project I work on is our predictive pricing model. I work one-on-one with our lead data scientist to tune and improve the machine learning algorithm we use to predict prices. It is so cool to see people on the sales floor using our models in real time.
The relationship I have with my peers is the most important aspect of our culture — it's why I look forward to going to work."
In your line of work, I'm assuming there is a fair amount of conversation that revolves around best next steps. How does your team come up with solutions when problems arise?
I sit directly next to our lead data scientist and we spend all day working together and chatting. Frequently, all we need to get past a mental block is to explain the problem to each other. Once we have finished explaining the problem, the solution is obvious to both of us.
One specific problem that took a bunch of whiteboarding was related to our load batching optimizer. She was struggling to find a set of linear constraints that accurately described the system, so we went into a room and solved linear algebra equations for hours until we found the constraints that worked.
Morgan Kilgore, Backend Engineer
Morgan and her team are currently working on fine-tuning the functionality of the platform's integration with FedEx. "Now that we are one of FedEx's certified partners, we are working on exposing that functionality to our customers," she said.
You've been at Shipwell for about a year. How quickly did you find yourself becoming a part of Shipwell's culture?
On day one, I was encouraged to express any ideas or suggestions I had — and those ideas were valued. We work really closely with senior leadership and are always communicating with them. As an engineer at Shipwell, you have the opportunity to have a say on architecture decisions and have your voice heard. We are always brainstorming and whiteboarding to come to the best decision as a collective group, so there is a lot of collaboration and idea generation amongst each other. It's a really cool environment to be in, due to the fact that the decisions you and the engineering team make are really seen and felt across the company.
Aside from being made to feel supported enough to share your ideas, what are some other ways Shipwell made you feel at home?
Everyone was really eager to get me up to speed and help with any questions I had. I was also able to really get a good grasp of what Shipwell's culture was like since I started around the same day as our new brokerage class, so I was able to attend our Freight 101 class. Within those classes, you get a good sense of Shipwell's culture through the people teaching the class as well and the people that were attending.
On day one, I was encouraged to express any ideas or suggestions I had — and those ideas were valued."
Speaking of getting a sense of the culture — in a nutshell, what's the engineering team like?
The engineering team is a fun and smart group of individuals. We all like to have fun but are also very focused on delivering the best product we can. With this focus, it's very important to have open lines of communication so that we can deliver fast and efficiently. Knowing I can ask any of my fellow engineers questions or quickly have a whiteboarding session to clear up implementation details helps tremendously.
Responses have been edited for length and clarity.
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Hey, Beaches and Townies, if you have not heard the ever famous Cruisers Grill will be getting a massive facelift. Starting early September into the first quarter of 2019 extensive renovation that will include, the addition of a full bar and expansion of the outdoor patio, which will add 40 additional seats. This upgrade is the first update since Cruisers Grill opened in 1996.
In addition to the interior and exterior upgrades, the restaurant will reopen with an expanded menu. Longtime guest favorites like the half-pound burgers, marinated chicken, and fries with house-made ranch dressing will remain menu staples; new additions include house corned beef, house smoked pastrami, and house-baked turkey among others.
The restaurant will suspend daily operations by September 17. A reopening date will be announced in early 2019. So get out there and get your fill of all the goodies that Cruisers Grill is known for; Best Fries in Jacksonville (Jacksonville Magazine, Void Magazine) and Best Burgers in Jacksonville (The Beaches Leader, Jacksonville Magazine and Folio Weekly).
I was privileged to have access to some of the early architectural renderings and have included them; it's going to be awesome.


Emotion is one of the most powerful forces available to humans to create optimum health, financial prosperity, and a joyful life. When harnessed through affirmation, intention and prayer, we can create a life that is rich in all things. Many people who once dismissed these methods as "new age" are now discovering they are capable of changing their lives in ways they never imagined were possible by using these simple practices.
Each of these practices begins as a thought, which is then combined with faith and the expectation of the results, and then released, allowing for the manifestation of the desired physical condition or event. The initial thought is like a radio signal being sent out into the universe which returns as a formation in the sender's life.
Affirmation is declaring that a desired condition is coming into one's life.
Intention is focused thought of a desired condition.
Prayer is a thought of a desired condition that is surrendered to a higher spiritual power to bring into our life.
Emotional backing. You must be able to feel what it would be like to have the new condition in your life. For example, if you want to be healed of a physical condition, what would perfect health be for you?
Belief in the outcome. You must believe it can happen.
Release. You need to let go and allow the desired condition to manifest itself without controlling it. Let the universe do its part.
The power of affirmation, intention and prayer can be best understood by viewing them as the movement of energy. Knowing the universe is all energy, each person vibrates energy at different frequencies, and we attract whatever frequency our energy is vibrating. Our emotion is that frequency. If you are vibrating at the frequency of love, you will attract love into your life. For this reason, it is important for us to feel what we would like our life to be like and believe we can attract our desires into our life.
If you are skeptical about the ability of affirmation, intention and prayer to change your life, I encourage you to experiment with those emotions for 30 days and see what happens. Pay attention to your focus, for where your focus is, your energy goes. Even if the desired outcome is not happening on your timeline, keep your focus on the faith that the emotion is working. Keep an attitude of gratitude and look for the good in everything. You have nothing to lose!
Tracy Smith is an energy intuitive therapist and Emotion/Body Code practitioner with AcQpoint Wellness Center and can be reached at (760) 409.9289. www.TracyJSmith.net.


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You are here: Αρχική » New Capabilities for F-35 Logistics System
28/04/2017 | cube01 | Δεν επιτρέπεται σχολιασμός στο New Capabilities for F-35 Logistics System
New Capabilities for F-35 Logistics System
Lockheed Martin's (NYSE: LMT) next iteration of the F-35's Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS) has been approved for installation at U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy F-35 sites. Along with a number of improvements to the system's baseline, the upgrade delivers significant enhancements for managing forward operations and sustainment.
ALIS is the F-35's fleet management system, reducing the cost of operations and maintenance while increasing aircraft availability. After successful flight testing, upgraded ALIS software – called version 2.0.2 – will be installed at all operational F-35 sites by the end of 2017. The upgrade has performed well in supporting F-35 operations at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada , since March 22 .
ALIS 2.0.2 now integrates propulsion data, which allows users to manage the F-35 engine from inside ALIS, eliminating the need for multiple maintenance systems and field service representatives to assist with engine diagnostics, analysis and maintenance. ALIS 2.0.2 improves the tracking of life-limited parts and streamlines resource management for deployed operations.
«This upgrade will allow deploying units to predict 'what if' scenarios inside ALIS, removing most of the manual planning that is done today,» said Reeves Valentine, vice president of F-35 Logistics. «ALIS 2.0.2 will allow users to forecast and make those decisions. Picking the best jets, support equipment, spare parts and personnel for the deployment and managing resources throughout their lifecycle – that type of data should ultimately translate to better aircraft availability.»
The updated software also includes a networking feature to more easily establish connections between deployed locations and home stations. This upgrade offers parent units more versatility in managing the logistics «tail» – the chain of supplies and spares – for a deployed squadron.
As the IT backbone of the F-35, ALIS integrates preventative maintenance, flight scheduling and the mission planning system. Pilots plan and debrief missions, and maintenance professionals sustain the F-35 using ALIS.
Approval for fleet-wide fielding to F-35 sites for the U.S. Marine Corps is expected in the next six weeks. The U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force declared F-35 initial operating capability (IOC) in 2015 and 2016 respectively, and the U.S. Navy is set to declare IOC in 2018. ALIS is operating at more than 20 locations and has supported more than 90,000 F-35 flight hours.
Source: Lockheed Martin
← LM's Modernized TACMS Missile faces 5th Consecutive Flight Test
GD Receives $96 M US Navy Award for Continued Columbia-Class Submarine Development →


I'm a software developer from Maharashtra, India.
I love working with Laravel. I have learned a lot from the open source community and this is my way to contributing back to the community.
I also have a Youtube video channel with tutorials on Laravel, Vue.js and many other technologies which I love and work on.


Hot on the heels of our AeroPress episode, this week we're focussing on three of the most popular pour over brew methods. That's right, we're talking about the Chemex, Kalita Wave and the Hario V60. We cover what makes each of these methods unique, what challenges one might face in getting started in pour over brewing, and also how we 'dial in' a pour over brew.


Due to insurance and safety issues, children under five years of age must be supervised while attending the event. No strollers please.
DON'T COOK! Jersey Dogs will be dishing out their famous dogs from 5:30pm - 7pm outside the MPR. Come enjoy great food and catch up with friends.
There are 30 fun hands-on activities for families to explore. To make it a success we need 30 of our own volunteers to work hand-in-hand with the Discovery Center's OWN 30 volunteers.
This is only about 2 volunteers per class, though parents can trade off so as not to spend the whole evening working the event. Mature high school students are also welcome to help (Sumac is able to give community service credit).


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As biobanking becomes more and more important to modern translational research, it has become just as vital for research centers to invest in biobanking software equipment, from analytical instruments to laboratory management software. Fortunately, the development of this technology seems to be advancing just as rapidly as the demand. The latest example can be seen…
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Rep. Chu Statement on the Start of the 116th Congress
January 3, 2019 Press Release
Washington, D.C. – Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) issued the following statement on the first day of the 116th Congress:
"The election in November that saw an historic majority of Americans elect Democrats by the widest majority since Watergate was a clear signal that the Trump status quo is unacceptable. And so today is the start of a new in Washington.
Rep. Chu Statement on House Vote for Wall Funding and a Government Shutdown
December 21, 2018 Press Release
Washington, D.C. – On Thursday night, the Republican-led House of Representatives passed a funding bill to keep the government open until February 8, 2019 that also included $5.7 billion in new appropriations for President Trump's border wall, something Senate leaders have said does not stand a chance of passing through their chamber. Rep.
After Returning from Border, Chu and Merkley Introduce Legislation to Shut Down Tornillo Child Prison
The Shut Down Child Prison Camps Act follows visit inside the site on December 15 and key Trump policy reversal earlier this week.
Washington, DC — Following a Congressional trip to the southern border this weekend where they saw the child prison in Tornillo, Texas, Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) and Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) have introduced the Shut Down Child Prison Camps Act.
Rep. Chu Asks DHS About Claims of Terrorists at the Southern Border
Washington, DC — With just days left before a government shutdown, Republican lawmakers continue to insist a border wall is necessary for national security, citing a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) statistic that "ten known terrorists a day" are identified or captured at the southern border.
Immigration, Crime and Safety
Rep. Chu Begins Oversight Visit to Southern Border
Washington, DC — Today and Saturday, Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) will be taking part in an oversight visit to immigrant detention facilities at the southern border. Rep. Chu will be joined on this delegation by Sens. Jeff Merkley (OR), Mazie Hirono (HI), and Tina Smith (MN). Rep. Beto O'Rourke (TX-16) will be joining on Saturday.
Rep. Chu Introduces Taxpayer Penalty Protection Act
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) introduced the Taxpayer Penalty Protection Act, a bill that would shield taxpayers from withholding penalties for the 2018 filing year should they find themselves to be under-withheld due to the rushed changes made in the Republican tax law.
Rep. Chu Introduces DIPLOMA Act to Promote Academic and Community Services in Public Schools
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) introduced H.R. 7204, the Developing Innovative Partnerships and Learning Opportunities that Motivate Achievement (DIPLOMA) Act. The DIPLOMA Act would provide federal grants to states to support community schools and develop a comprehensive child and youth strategy.
Rep. Chu Applauds Historic Asian Pacific American Representation in the 116th Congress
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The 116th Congress will bring tremendous milestones for the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, including a record 20 AAPI Members of Congress and the inclusion of an Asian American Member in House Leadership.
Rep. Chu Statement on Trump's Assault on Migrants and Militarization of the Border
Washington, DC — Over the weekend, following an order by President Trump to allow the military to use lethal force against migrants at our southern border, an incident occurred near the San Ysidro crossing where border patrol agents fired tear gas at unarmed women and children seeking to enter the country and request asylum as the law permits.
Rep. Chu Statement on Trump Proposal to End Birthright Citizenship
October 30, 2018 Press Release
Washington, DC — Rep. Judy Chu (CA-27) issued the following statement on President Trump's plan to use an executive order to end the 14th Amendment's promise of birthright citizenship:
"With one statement, Donald Trump displayed the bigotry and the ignorance that have made his presidency so dangerous.


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The speaker begins his poem as a "dream" but "not all a dream" (line 1), immediately casting doubt upon the narrative to follow. The poet then imagines the end of the world through a series of natural, social, and possibly supernatural events.
The gloomy, cold earth wanes for weeks or months, long enough for men to "forget their passions" (line 7) and turn their hearts only to survival or despair. To stave off the darkness, they burn everything they can, including their homes. Both palaces and huts are burned to give light and warmth. Around the fires, men are at first glad to see other faces—but then they see in those faces such despair that they begin to weep, smile cynically, or fall into madness. The animals of the earth are affected as well, with birds falling from the sky to die helpless on the ground, wild beasts becoming timid, and poisonous snakes losing their venomous bites—the animals become food for the human beings, the people no longer hunters, but scavengers.
Once the animal food supply runs out, people turn on one another. The darkness brought a temporary ceasefire across the world, but no peace; as soon as survival became the only goal, "No love was left" (line 41). Humans become capable of cannibalism. Even the formerly faithful dogs turn on their masters, save for one noble canine who defends his master's corpse from scavengers (both human and animal) until the dog itself dies from hunger.
Soon all the world is dead from the famine, with the exception of two men—and they are in some way enemies. They pitifully approach an altar wherein holy artifacts were used in unholy rites (such as burning spiritual things not meant to be burned), there to stoke the embers of a nearly extinct fire for a few moments' more light. Once the fire is bright enough, the two men look at one another, seeing each other's horrid, starving visage; what each man sees frightens him to death, thus ending the human race.
With mankind extinct, the earth becomes a lifeless rock. The moon, long since destroyed, no longer moves the waves or wind, so all is motionless upon the planet. Darkness conquers all: "She was the Universe" (line 82).
Byron wrote "Darkness" in July-August 1816. The poem is at least partly influenced by the mass hysteria of the time brought about by an Italian astronomer's prediction that the sun would burn itself out on July 18th, thus destroying the world. The prophecy gained adherents due to the increase in sunspot activity at the time and the so-called "year without a summer" of 1816—an ongoing overcast sky which was a result (unknown at the time) of the eruption of Mount Tambora, an Indonesian volcano, in 1815. During this gloomy time, the sun was pale and the sky clouded and hazy. Temperatures dropped and thunderstorms dominated the weather. During the solar eclipse of June 9th-10th, the sun actually seemed to vanish from the sky.
The poem begins with the speaker's insistence that what follows is a dream "which was not all a dream" (line 1). This paradoxical start allows the reader to see Byron's experience during the "lost" summer as something real (and something which his contemporaries would have experienced as well) while also taking his more apocalyptic statements as predictive, like a dream, rather than historical. The sun is "extinguish'd" (line 2), the days are "rayless, and pathless," and the earth is "icy" (line 4), just as they were during the summer of 1816. Morning comes regularly, but it "brought no day" (line 6)—time passes, but not like before. Byron then shifts the poem into prophetic language as he writes that "men forgot their passions in the dread / Of this their desolation" (lines 7-8), while prayers all turn selfishly toward requests for daylight (line 9).
This darkness becomes a great equalizer, as both "the palaces of crowned kings" and "the habitations of all things" (lines 11-2) are burnt as beacons and watch fires, with entire cities being consumed to warm and brighten the lives of people suffering this doom. The fear of endless gloom is so great that Byron considers those who live near volcanoes "Happy" (line 16) since they have, for a while, a natural source of light and heat; meanwhile, the less fortunate people of the world set entire forests ablaze in their anxious efforts to fend off the cold darkness. The end of the world can only lead in one direction as culture, civilization, and nature are burned.
The lack of light brings a need for companionship as people commiserate: "men were gather'd round their blazing himes / To look once more into each other's face" (lines 14-15), but what they see in one another's countenance is "an unearthly aspect" (lines 23-24). Firelight is no substitute for the pure, bright light of the sun, such that men's faces take on frightening hues in the flickering flames. They are losing their humanity, becoming ghoulish or fiendish.
Reactions to the state of the world vary: some men weep, others smile, while still others stay active and committed to survival, piling wood upon the fires against all odds, since the fires will soon become "their funeral piles" (line 28). These latter men are the ones who are still fighting, searching the sky with insanity-twisted faces, finally casting themselves upon the ground to curse, gnash their teeth, and howl. This reaction calls to mind the words of Jesus in the Gospels, where those who are cast away from God are cast "into outer darkness, where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth" (Matthew 8:11-12). The biblical allusion to an afterlife of punishment for the "wicked" increases the apocalyptic tone of the poem, making this darkness a curse of Biblical proportions.
But what about the cynics, who rested "their chins upon their clenched hands, and smiled" (line 26)? The philosophers, unlike the men of action and the prophets and those who mourn their fate, simply accept their situation of suffering and smile. One wonders what kind of life they led before the calamity; did they smile at everything, watching but not taking part in the world? Has their life really changed just because external circumstances are changed? After all, everyone does die.
In line 32, Byron turns from mankind to the animals of the earth. The birds shriek in fear and fall to the ground, their wings now useless; wild animals become fearful and tame; vipers come from their nests and hiss, but have no venom in their bites—they end up being killed for food. The natural world has undergone a severe change, becoming less "red in tooth and claw" as prelude to its own destruction. Here Byron draws a contradictory parallel to the "kingdom of God" presented in several prophetic books of the Bible: in Scripture, the animals being at peace with each other and with mankind is a sign of paradise; here it is a primal desolation which leads only to the animals' death as a food source for doomed men.
Line 38 introduces the figure of War, "which for a moment was no more" (line 38)—ironically the widespread despair has led to a cessation of fighting. However, War is able to "glut himself" (line 39) on the ensuing bloodshed when mankind turns from political warfare to fighting and killing out of a desire to survive. Every person looks out for his own safety, for "No love was left" (line 41). Here it seems that human nature also is waning. Hints of cannibalism culminate in the image of the dead, whose "bones were tombless as their flesh" (line 45) while "the meagre by the meagre were devour'd" (line 46).
For Byron, a lifelong dog lover, the next passage marks the true despair this darkness has wrought upon the world: "Even dogs assail'd their masters" (line 47)—except for one faithful dog who refuses to look for food, because to do so would mean abandoning his post: guarding his master's corpse. Finally this true companion howls in hunger, licks his master's cold hand, and dies (line 54). Just like the men of action who could not keep themselves or civilization alive, the dog fails in its task, yet nobly does its duty till the end.
As Byron envisions the very end of the human world, famine has killed all but two men, "and they were enemies" (line 57). It is not clear whether they were enemies beforehand or if they are only enemies now because they must compete for the very last useful resources. These last two survivors of a dead world meet by accident at a place where other horrors have been perpetrated: "a mass of holy things / For an unholy usage" (lines 59-60). The blasphemers, who sacrificed morality for a little temporary safety, are now dead. In the small flames the two enemies cooperate, not thinking of themselves as enemies: they are just two humans trying to survive. Yet, when they manage to stoke the flames back into existence, they see one another's faces in horror. What they behold leads to pure terror: they "saw, and shriek'd, and died" (line 66). The men die not really knowing one another, but only able to see the "fiend" written upon each other's brow by famine (lines 68-69). They see the utter horror of the end and can no longer take it.
With the death of the last two human beings, what is left is the end of both the natural and the artifical. The earth thus becomes "a lump of death—a chaos of hard clay" (line 72). All waterways stand still, and ships without crew rot upon the sea. All that mankind has achieved has been destroyed or sits putrefying. Finally, even the motions of the world stop, since even the moon "expired" (line 79), ending the waves of the sea. The very winds stop, and clouds vanish. The end of the world is complete with these lines: "Darkness had no need / Of aid from them [the waves, wind, or clouds]—She was the Universe" (lines 81-82). The darkness rules and is the universe.
The iambic pentameter of the poem also survives through the poem, persisting all the way into the last line. These have not been heroic couplets, however, where one expects rhymes. No, here the poem has all been blank verse, expressing the blackness of its world, unrhymed, the loose ends everywhere as darkness swallows all.
This bleak poem reflects an extremely pessimistic view, not only of life, but of the universe. There is no moral to the story—darkness and famine take all people, regardless of their religious or moral persuasions. There seems to be no afterlife. Although Byron alludes to the Bible, this is no Day of Judgment where the good and the bad are distinguished; instead, the temporarily ordered world—ordered by frail and selfish mankind—disintegrates into the dust and chaos from which it arose. There is no hope of a bright future or a perfect society in this poem—only the fatalism that insists on death coming to everyone in the end.
The history of the poetic development of Lord Byron intersects at every stage with the saga of his life; yet it is only one of many paradoxes that he valued the writing of poetry primarily for the opportunity it afforded him to escape what he termed "my own wretched identity." More than anything else, poetry for Byron was a means both of sublimation and, ultimately, of self-realization. In his letters he thus suggests the former function when he speaks of poetry as "the lava of the imagination whose eruption prevents an earthquake," the volcanic metaphor signifying the cathartic release that the process of writing afforded him. The precise way in which it fulfilled the second function, however, is less obvious. Through the dynamics of self-projection, of investing much of his own multifaceted character in his personae, Byron strives to transcend the narrow limits of "personality" and achieve a more comprehensive perspective on himself and his experience. The essential goal of this artistic quest, which constitutes a progressive ontology, is delineated in canto 3 of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: "'Tis to create, and in creating live/ A being more intense." To trace Byron's growth as a poet, therefore, is to witness him reaching beyond subjectivism and attempting to realize that intensity of being that comes about through the continuous act of self-creation.
My days of happiness are few:Chill'd by misfortune's wintry blast,My dawn of life is overcast,Love, Hope, and Joy, alike adieu!—Would I could add Remembrance too!
Although the lines verge on doggerel, the same mood of melancholic nostalgia informs such other generally more successful poems as "On Leaving Newstead Abbey," "The First Kiss of Love," "On a Distant View of the Village and School of Harrow on the Hill," and "Lachin y Gair." In all these works Byron cannot disown the power of memory because, though denounced as a curse, it alone provides glimpses of what in "Childish Recollections" he refers to as "the progress of my youthful dream," the foundation for his concept of self. This tension gives rise in other lyrics to a plangent wish to escape the "dark'ning shades" of maturity, regaining the uncompromised or "freeborn soul." Knowing the fatuity of the desire, however, the poet resorts at last to a kind of protective cynicism. In "To Romance," for example, abandoning what he derides as the "motley court" of "Affectation" and "sickly Sensibility," he admits that "'tis hard to quit the dreams,/ Which haunt the unsuspicious soul" but abjures the past as illusory and refuses any longer to be the dupe of his romantic fancy. Embittered by his early discovery, as Byron was later to write in canto 3 of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, that "life's enchanted cup but sparkles near the brim," the poet in Hours of Idleness fluctuates between moments of elegiac regret and tenacious hope, the ambivalent response itself prefiguring the skeptical idealist of the major poems to follow.
I, too, can scrawl, and once upon a timeI poured along the town a flood of rhyme,A school-boy freak, unworthy praise or blame;I printed—older children do the same.'Tis pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print;A Book's a Book, altho' there's nothing in't.
The same irreverent or iconoclastic spirit pervades Hints from Horace, a mocking jab at contemporary literary practice from the vantage point of Horace's Ars Poetica(13-8 b.c.e., The Art of Poetry), and The Curse of Minerva, a Swiftian condemnation of Lord Elgin for his despoiling Greek sculpture. In these strident satires Byron alters his earlier poetic stance through two mechanisms: by adopting the voice of savage indignation and by spurning the accepted standards of his age. The detachment that he tries to win through both devices is another step toward his large aesthetic goal of self-realization.
A crucial phase in that ongoing process involves the composition, spanning the period from 1809 to 1817, of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and, to a lesser extent, of the exotic Oriental tales that include The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara. These verse narratives are significant because in them two sides of Byron's complexity as an artist are counterbalanced—the usually antithetical modes that Keats, in his letters, conceptualizes as the "egotistical sublime" and "the camelion [sic] Poet." Though Keats associated the first quality with William Wordsworth, the element of the "egotistical sublime" in Byron reveals itself in the highly developed reflexivity of his semiautobiographical poems and in his tendency to concentrate on his own immediate thoughts and emotions. At the same time, however, there emerges an equal but opposite impulse that reflects Byron's essentially centrifugal rather than centripetal habit of mind. This is his characteristic propensity for employing a gamut of masks or personae through which he endeavors to escape the restrictive confines of self-consciousness, especially as molded by memory, and to achieve the intensity of being that comes with self-transcendence. Together, these intertwined modalities, the "egotistical" and the "chameleonic," make up the unique "strength" of Byron's imagination.
Readers of the time were nevertheless inclined to recognize only the former tendency in his works and so to find him guilty of facile exhibitionism. Certainly when Byronism was rampant, no one impersonated Byron better than Byron himself; yet, if one allows for this susceptibility, the earnestness with which the poet responded to his detractors is instructive. Echoing the well-known protest lodged in his 1820 "Reply to Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine," he expostulated a year later to Thomas Moore that "a man's poetry is a distinct faculty, or soul, and has no more to do with the every-day individual than the Inspiration with the Pythoness when removed from her tripod." Similarly, in the privacy of his journal for 1813, while writing the very poems that incurred the charge, he remarks: "To withdraw myself from myself (oh that cursed selfishness!) has ever been my sole, my entire, my sincere motive in scribbling at all; and publishing is also the continuance of the same object, by the action it affords to the mind, which else recoils upon itself." The vehemence of these statements should not be allowed to obscure Byron's clear point regarding the psychology of composition. The vicarious world of poetry, as he views it, makes possible a release from the concentricity of the mind that otherwise, to borrow two of his favorite images in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, would sting itself to death like the scorpion ringed by fire or consume its scabbard like a rusting sword.
Byron first expands upon this aesthetic in cantos 3-4 of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, but some attention to the earlier cantos is prerequisite to understanding the later two. When he began the travelogue in 1809 while touring Europe and the Levant, Byron conceived of a work in Spenserian stanza form which would depict, in the eighteenth century tradition of topographical or "locodescriptive" poetry, his vivid impressions of the scenes and peoples he visited, intermixed with meditative reflections. "For the sake of giving some connection to the piece," which otherwise, according to the preface, "makes no pretension to regularity," Byron introduces the "fictitious character" of Harold, who serves as the nominal hero-protagonist, although this syntactical function is about all that can be claimed for him. Out of "the fulness [sic] of satiety," it is true, Harold "resolve[s]" to leave England behind, having run through "Sin's long labyrinth"; yet in his wandering pilgrimage through Spain, Portugal, Albania, and Greece he remains a curiously static, one-dimensional figure and is little more than a partial projection of Byron's darker moods (for example, misanthropy, remorse, cynicism, and forced stoicism). As such, he adumbrates the explicit theme of cantos 1-2: that is, "Consciousness awaking to her woes." Neither Harold nor Byron, however, has yet learned "what he might be, or he ought," and it is somehow fitting that canto 2 should close in a Greece stripped of its ancient grandeur and heroes.


If you took all the trips you mention, and return to Osaka from Hiroshima within 7 days, you would make a 7 day JR Pass pay off.
As for trips from Osaka, Nara would be an excellent choice. Himeji is another idea. But just one day in Kyoto is severely shortchanging the place.
We were actually thinking of doing 2 day trips to Kyoto.
Would jr pass be best bang for the money or could we purchase local passes that may make it less expensive?
Kobe or Nara as a possible day trip?
As before, a 7 day pass would give you some decent savings.
If you wanted to extend your trip down in the Kansai and Chugoku Regions, then you could use the Enoshima Kamakura Free Pass for that area.
Enoshima is worth seeing too, although JR trains don't go there.
Nara makes an excellent day trip - it was also a former capital and has some of Japan's best sights. Missing the Todaiji Great Buddha would be a tragedy. Nara Park has a lot of other great places, such as Kasuga Shrine, Kofukuji Temple, the Isuien and Yoshikien Gardens, and feeding the many deer in the area.
Kobe also makes a nice day trip. Although you could see some of the sights in the evening after a day in Kyoto when the temples/shrines close down around 5 PM.


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Don't let politics get in the way of helping farmers affected by El Nino
Bersyon sa Filipino.
Senator Ferdinand "Bongbong" R. Marcos, Jr. today said the Department of Agriculture should not let politics get in the way of assisting farmers in areas hit by the El Nino weather phenomenon even as he urged the agency to go full blast in this effort.
Marcos said the DA must put to good use the P2.1 billon specially earmarked assist farmers affected by the drought conditions caused by El Nino and spur agricultural production in the first quarter of 2016.
"With the onset of the political season the DA must take special care to ensure that mitigation efforts for El Nino must be directed to those who really need it most and not just because some politician requested to divert the assistance programs in their areas," said Marcos.
Marcos noted that according to PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) around 40 percent of the country or 32 provinces are expected to suffer the brunt of El Nino before the country's weather condition returns to normal by mid-2016.
"A lot of farmers and their families in the provinces affected by El Nino are going to suffer if the DA won't be able to deliver on its promise," said Marcos, noting 70 percent of the country's poor belong to the agricultural sector.
Palay and corn farms suffered the most from the long dry spell and recent typhoons and according to the DA production in 2015 declined by 3.78 percent and 6.04 percent, respectively.
According to the DA it has put up a plan to lessen the impact of El Nino. Among other, the DA said it coordinated with the National Irrigation Administration for better management of water in irrigated areas.
Likewise, the DA said they have embarked on small-scale irrigation projects and construction of rainwater harvesting and drainage facilities for rain-fed agricultural lands.
In addition the DA said they have been distributing drought-resistant palay and corn seed and assisted farmers in adjustment of cropping season.
"The plan looks good but the real test is in the implementation. Let's help those who really need it and give them what they really need most," he stressed.
Pag-isnab ng admin sa panawagan ng senior citizens sa SSS pension hike binatikos ni Sen. Marcos
Huwag hayaang ma-pulitika ang pagtulong sa mga magsasakang apektado ng El Nino
© 2021 Bongbong Marcos


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This was the information that I received.	- "The Allen House or Twenty Years Ago and Now", T. S. Arthur.
He had enough information to do that when we first started.	- "The Dark Door", Alan Edward Nourse.
Preciozi got together all his information, which was not much.	- "Cæsar or Nothing", Pío Baroja Baroja.