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text:
#include "lm/enumerate_vocab.hh"
#include "lm/model.hh"
#include "lm/left.hh"
#include "lm/state.hh"
#include "util/murmur_hash.hh"

#include <iostream>

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <jni.h>
#include <pthread.h>

// Grr.  Everybody's compiler is slightly different and I'm trying to not depend on boost.
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>

// Verify that jint and lm::ngram::WordIndex are the same size. If this breaks
// for you, there's a need to revise probString.
namespace {

template<bool> struct StaticCheck {
};

template<> struct StaticCheck<true> {
  typedef bool StaticAssertionPassed;
};

typedef StaticCheck<sizeof(jint) == sizeof(lm::WordIndex)>::StaticAssertionPassed FloatSize;

// Could be uint64_t if you wanted to have 33-bit support.
typedef uint32_t StateIndex;
typedef std::vector<lm::ngram::ChartState> StateVector;

class HashIndex : public std::unary_function<StateIndex, uint64_t> {
  public:
    explicit HashIndex(const StateVector &vec) : vec_(vec) {}

    uint64_t operator()(StateIndex index) const {
      return hash_value(vec_[index]);
    }

  private:
    const StateVector &vec_;
};

class EqualIndex : public std::binary_function<StateIndex, StateIndex, bool> {
  public:
    explicit EqualIndex(const StateVector &vec) : vec_(vec) {}

    bool operator()(StateIndex first, StateIndex second) const {
      return vec_[first] == vec_[second];
    }

  private:
    const StateVector &vec_;
};

typedef std::unordered_set<StateIndex, HashIndex, EqualIndex> Lookup;

/**
 * A Chart bundles together a vector holding CharStates and an unordered_set of StateIndexes
 * which provides a mapping between StateIndexes and the positions of ChartStates in the vector.
 * This allows for duplicate states to avoid allocating separate state objects at multiple places
 * throughout a sentence.
 */
class Chart {
  public:
    Chart(long* ngramBuffer) :
    ngramBuffer_(ngramBuffer),
    lookup_(1000, HashIndex(vec_), EqualIndex(vec_)) {}

    StateIndex Intern(const lm::ngram::ChartState &state) {
      vec_.push_back(state);
      std::pair<Lookup::iterator, bool> ins(lookup_.insert(vec_.size() - 1));
      if (!ins.second) {
        vec_.pop_back();
      }
      return *ins.first + 1; // +1 so that the first id is 1, not 0.  We use sign bit to
                             // distinguish ChartState from vocab id.
    }

    const lm::ngram::ChartState &InterpretState(StateIndex index) const {
      return vec_[index - 1];
    }
    long* ngramBuffer_;

  private:
    StateVector vec_;
    Lookup lookup_;
};

// Vocab ids above what the vocabulary knows about are unknown and should
// be mapped to that.
void MapArray(const std::vector<lm::WordIndex>& map, jint *begin, jint *end) {
  for (jint *i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
    *i = map[*i];
  }
}

char *PieceCopy(const StringPiece &str) {
  char *ret = (char*) malloc(str.size() + 1);
  memcpy(ret, str.data(), str.size());
  ret[str.size()] = 0;
  return ret;
}

// Rather than handle several different instantiations over JNI, we'll just
// do virtual calls C++-side.
class VirtualBase {
public:
  virtual ~VirtualBase() {
  }

  // compute/return n-gram probability for array of Joshua word ids
  virtual float Prob(jint *begin, jint *end) const = 0;

  // Compute/return n-gram probability for array of lm:WordIndexes
  virtual float ProbForWordIndexArray(jint *begin, jint *end) const = 0;

  // Returns the internal lm::WordIndex for a string
  virtual uint GetLmId(const StringPiece& word) const = 0;

  virtual bool IsLmOov(const int joshua_id) const = 0;

  virtual bool IsKnownWordIndex(const lm::WordIndex& id) const = 0;

  virtual float ProbRule(lm::ngram::ChartState& state, const Chart &chart) const = 0;

  virtual float ProbString(jint * const begin, jint * const end,
      jint start) const = 0;

  virtual float EstimateRule(jlong *begin, jlong *end) const = 0;

  virtual uint8_t Order() const = 0;

  virtual bool RegisterWord(const StringPiece& word, const int joshua_id) = 0;

protected:
  VirtualBase() {
  }
};

template<class Model> class VirtualImpl: public VirtualBase {
public:
  VirtualImpl(const char *name) :
      m_(name) {
    // Insert unknown id mapping.
    map_.push_back(0);
  }

  ~VirtualImpl() {
  }

  float Prob(jint * const begin, jint * const end) const {
    // map Joshua word ids to lm::WordIndexes
    MapArray(map_, begin, end);
    return ProbForWordIndexArray(begin, end);
  }

  float ProbForWordIndexArray(jint * const begin, jint * const end) const {
    std::reverse(begin, end - 1);
    lm::ngram::State ignored;
    return m_.FullScoreForgotState(
        reinterpret_cast<const lm::WordIndex*>(begin),
        reinterpret_cast<const lm::WordIndex*>(end - 1), *(end - 1),
        ignored).prob;
  }

  uint GetLmId(const StringPiece& word) const {
    return m_.GetVocabulary().Index(word);
  }

  bool IsLmOov(const int joshua_id) const {
    if (map_.size() <= joshua_id) {
      return true;
    }
    return !IsKnownWordIndex(map_[joshua_id]);
  }

  bool IsKnownWordIndex(const lm::WordIndex& id) const {
      return id != m_.GetVocabulary().NotFound();
  }

  float ProbRule(lm::ngram::ChartState& state, const Chart &chart) const {

    // By convention the first long in the ngramBuffer denotes the size of the buffer
    long* begin = chart.ngramBuffer_ + 1;
    long* end = begin + *chart.ngramBuffer_;

    if (begin == end) return 0.0;
    lm::ngram::RuleScore<Model> ruleScore(m_, state);

    if (*begin < 0) {
      ruleScore.BeginNonTerminal(chart.InterpretState(-*begin));
    } else {
      const lm::WordIndex word = map_[*begin];
      if (word == m_.GetVocabulary().BeginSentence()) {
        ruleScore.BeginSentence();
      } else {
        ruleScore.Terminal(word);
      }
    }
    for (jlong* i = begin + 1; i != end; i++) {
      long word = *i;
      if (word < 0)
        ruleScore.NonTerminal(chart.InterpretState(-word));
      else
        ruleScore.Terminal(map_[word]);
    }
    return ruleScore.Finish();
  }

  float EstimateRule(jlong * const begin, jlong * const end) const {
    if (begin == end) return 0.0;
    lm::ngram::ChartState nullState;
    lm::ngram::RuleScore<Model> ruleScore(m_, nullState);

    if (*begin < 0) {
      ruleScore.Reset();
    } else {
      const lm::WordIndex word = map_[*begin];
      if (word == m_.GetVocabulary().BeginSentence()) {
        ruleScore.BeginSentence();
      } else {
        ruleScore.Terminal(word);
      }
    }
    for (jlong* i = begin + 1; i != end; i++) {
      long word = *i;
      if (word < 0)
        ruleScore.Reset();
      else
        ruleScore.Terminal(map_[word]);
    }
    return ruleScore.Finish();
  }

  float ProbString(jint * const begin, jint * const end, jint start) const {
    MapArray(map_, begin, end);

    float prob;
    lm::ngram::State state;
    if (start == 0) {
      prob = 0;
      state = m_.NullContextState();
    } else {
      std::reverse(begin, begin + start);
      prob = m_.FullScoreForgotState(
          reinterpret_cast<const lm::WordIndex*>(begin),
          reinterpret_cast<const lm::WordIndex*>(begin + start),
          begin[start], state).prob;
      ++start;
    }
    lm::ngram::State state2;
    for (const jint *i = begin + start;;) {
      if (i >= end)
        break;
      float got = m_.Score(state, *i, state2);
      i++;
      prob += got;
      if (i >= end)
        break;
      got = m_.Score(state2, *i, state);
      i++;
      prob += got;
    }
    return prob;
  }

  uint8_t Order() const {
    return m_.Order();
  }

  bool RegisterWord(const StringPiece& word, const int joshua_id) {
    if (map_.size() <= joshua_id) {
      map_.resize(joshua_id + 1, 0);
    }
    bool already_present = false;
    if (map_[joshua_id] != 0)
      already_present = true;
    map_[joshua_id] = m_.GetVocabulary().Index(word);
    return already_present;
  }

private:
  Model m_;
  std::vector<lm::WordIndex> map_;
};

VirtualBase *ConstructModel(const char *file_name) {
  using namespace lm::ngram;
  ModelType model_type;
  if (!RecognizeBinary(file_name, model_type))
    model_type = HASH_PROBING;
  switch (model_type) {
  case PROBING:
    return new VirtualImpl<ProbingModel>(file_name);
  case REST_PROBING:
    return new VirtualImpl<RestProbingModel>(file_name);
  case TRIE:
    return new VirtualImpl<TrieModel>(file_name);
  case ARRAY_TRIE:
    return new VirtualImpl<ArrayTrieModel>(file_name);
  case QUANT_TRIE:
    return new VirtualImpl<QuantTrieModel>(file_name);
  case QUANT_ARRAY_TRIE:
    return new VirtualImpl<QuantArrayTrieModel>(file_name);
  default:
    UTIL_THROW(
        lm::FormatLoadException,
        "Unrecognized file format " << (unsigned) model_type
            << " in file " << file_name);
  }
}

} // namespace

extern "C" {

JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_construct(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jstring file_name) {
  const char *str = env->GetStringUTFChars(file_name, 0);
  if (!str)
    return 0;

  VirtualBase *ret;
  try {
    ret = ConstructModel(str);
  } catch (std::exception &e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    abort();
  }
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(file_name, str);
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(ret);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_destroy(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer) {
  delete reinterpret_cast<VirtualBase*>(pointer);
}

JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_createPool(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jobject arr) {
  jlong* ngramBuffer = (jlong*)env->GetDirectBufferAddress(arr);
  Chart *newChart = new Chart(ngramBuffer);
  return reinterpret_cast<long>(newChart);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_destroyPool(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer) {
  delete reinterpret_cast<Chart*>(pointer);
}

JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_order(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer) {
  return reinterpret_cast<VirtualBase*>(pointer)->Order();
}

JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_registerWord(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jstring word, jint id) {
  const char *str = env->GetStringUTFChars(word, 0);
  if (!str)
    return false;
  jint ret;
  try {
    ret = reinterpret_cast<VirtualBase*>(pointer)->RegisterWord(str, id);
  } catch (std::exception &e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    abort();
  }
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(word, str);
  return ret;
}

JNIEXPORT jfloat JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_prob(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jintArray arr) {
  jint length = env->GetArrayLength(arr);
  if (length <= 0)
    return 0.0;
  // GCC only.
  jint values[length];
  env->GetIntArrayRegion(arr, 0, length, values);

  return reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer)->Prob(values,
      values + length);
}

JNIEXPORT jfloat JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_probForString(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jobjectArray arr) {
  jint length = env->GetArrayLength(arr);
  if (length <= 0)
    return 0.0;
  jint values[length];
  const VirtualBase* lm_base = reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer);
  for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
      jstring word = (jstring) env->GetObjectArrayElement(arr, i);
      const char *str = env->GetStringUTFChars(word, 0);
      values[i] = lm_base->GetLmId(str);
      env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(word, str);
  }
  return lm_base->ProbForWordIndexArray(values,
      values + length);
}

JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_isLmOov(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jint word) {
    const VirtualBase* lm_base = reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer);
    return lm_base->IsLmOov(word);
}

JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_isKnownWord(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jstring word) {
    const char *str = env->GetStringUTFChars(word, 0);
    if (!str)
      return false;
    bool ret;
    const VirtualBase* lm_base = reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer);
    lm::WordIndex id = lm_base->GetLmId(str);
    ret = lm_base->IsKnownWordIndex(id);
    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(word, str);
    return ret;
}

JNIEXPORT jfloat JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_probString(
    JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jintArray arr, jint start) {
  jint length = env->GetArrayLength(arr);
  if (length <= start)
    return 0.0;
  // GCC only.
  jint values[length];
  env->GetIntArrayRegion(arr, 0, length, values);

  return reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer)->ProbString(values,
      values + length, start);
}

union FloatConverter {
  float f;
  uint32_t i;
};

JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_probRule(
  JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jlong chartPtr) {

  // Compute the probability
  lm::ngram::ChartState outState;
  const VirtualBase *base = reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer);
  Chart* chart = reinterpret_cast<Chart*>(chartPtr);
  FloatConverter prob;
  prob.f = base->ProbRule(outState, *chart);
  StateIndex index = chart->Intern(outState);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(index) << 32 | static_cast<uint64_t>(prob.i);
}

JNIEXPORT jfloat JNICALL Java_org_apache_joshua_decoder_ff_lm_KenLM_estimateRule(
  JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong pointer, jlongArray arr) {
  jint length = env->GetArrayLength(arr);
  // GCC only.
  jlong values[length];
  env->GetLongArrayRegion(arr, 0, length, values);

  // Compute the probability
  return reinterpret_cast<const VirtualBase*>(pointer)->EstimateRule(values,
      values + length);
}

} // extern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Viagem a Portugal é uma colecção de crónicas de José Saramago publicado em março de 1981.

Foi escrito ao longo da sua viagem por todas as regiões de Portugal continental. À medida que vamos descobrindo as localidades portuguesas e o seu encanto, o autor vai-nos transmitindo opiniões e leituras acerca daquilo que encontra (monumentos, paisagens, quadros).

O livro encontra-se dividido em capítulos.

 De Nordeste a Noroeste, duro e dourado
 O sermão aos peixes
 Dossel e maus caminhos
 Um bagaço em Rio de Onor
 História do soldado José Jorge
 Tentações de José Jorge
 Casa Grande
 A cave do lobo manso
 Os animais apaixonados
 Onde Camilo não está
 O palácio da Bela Adormecida
 Males da cabeça e milagres vários
 Mais casa Grande
 As meninas de Castro Laboreiro
 S. Jorge saiu a cavalo
 O alimento do corpo
 O monte Evereste de Lanhoso
 "Junta com o rio que chamam Doiro"
 ...

Obras de José Saramago
Livros de 1985
Livros de crónicas de Portugal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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On behalf of Law Offices of Stephen Santucci, PC posted in Immigration Detention and Removal on Thursday, October 11, 2012.
A simple traffic stop. That's all it can take to be detained on an immigration violation. Many people across the country, and right here in New York, live in fear of being detained and possibly deported after a simple traffic stop because their immigration status is undocumented or they are living in the Unites States without proper documentation. Even activists such as Jose Antonio Vargas are not immune to potential detainment.
Vargas, who we wrote about in a blog post late last month was stopped by police in another state last week, and taken to a jail where he was questioned about his immigration status by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Although he admits living in the country without proper documentation, ICE decided not to detain him and has not pursued immigration charges. According to a news report in the New York Times about the incident, ICE makes decisions on detaining people based on their perceived threat to public safety, as well as past immigration related incidents.
While Vargas was not deemed to be a threat, some people who also have no past violations may have a more difficult time fighting detainment by immigration officials. Even though this prominent activist was released, he still faces charges of driving without a license.
Others who may be pulled over for minor violations, as Vargas was, might be detained and face deportation. Immigration rights groups contend that although some people are not detained, many others with no previous criminal violations and no resources to obtain a documented immigration status could face deportation from a traffic violation.


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Mad as a Hatter
Word Origins And How We Know Them
Anatoly Liberman's column on word origins, The Oxford Etymologist, appears on the OUPblog each Wednesday. Subscribe to Anatoly Liberman's weekly etymology articles via email or RSS.
About every well-known English idiom one can nowadays find so much interesting material on the Internet that almost nothing is left for an ambitious etymologist to add. Mad as a hatter has been discussed especially often, and my detailed database contains nearly nothing new. Yet I decided to join the ranks of the researchers of woeful countenance because of my slightly untraditional approach to the problem.
This is what has been said about the phrase. Since English speakers are apt to drop their aitches, hatter may stand for atter. Engl. adder "viper" is sometimes cited in this scenario, though the change from dd to tt remains unexplained. The merger of t with d between vowels is typical of American English, in which sweetish and Swedish, Plato and playdough, and the like become homonyms pairwise. There have been attempts to trace our idiom to America, but, as far as I can judge, unsuccessful. Although angry vipers are known to be extremely aggressive, we are interested in the consonants rather than the snake's temper. The German cognate of adder is Natter, but mad as a hatter is English, not German. English has the noun attercop "spider." Old English āt(t)or meant "poison." If vipers are famous for their irascibility, spiders do not play such a visible role in the north as to inspire our simile.
Plato's dialogues, the American way. Image credit: Play-Doh playdate by Meghan Wilker. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Other linguistic games
The verb to hatter "bruise with blows; harass, etc." exists. Perhaps this verb was substantivized (that is, turned into a noun), and an angry hatter came into being. The origin of the verb is unknown, but it means approximately "to batter" and looks like its next of kin (possibly a sound-imitative word). Also, dialectal gnattery "irritable," related to gnatter "to nibble; grumble; talk foolishly," looks mildly promising as a clue. What if people used to say mad as a gnatter and changed the rare gnatter to hatter? Yes, what if? A citation has been found for as mad drunk as a hatter, so that, not improbably, the current idiom is an abridgement of a more sensible one (see the end of this post!). Finally, as mad as… need not end in a hatter; among several other candidates, the best-known one is a March hare. Of note is the fact that mad, in addition to "crazy," can mean "angry; wildly excited." However, the problem of the ill-tempered hatter remains. Perhaps the phrase is a borrowing? I am leaving out of consideration Charles Mackay, who, not unexpectedly, derived the phrase (at hatter) from Irish Gaelic. His etymology is fanciful. The French say: "Il raisonne comme une huître" ("He reasons like an oyster"). Couldn't the French oyster, while crossing the Channel, turn into a mad hatter? Even stranger things happen at sea.
If I am not mistaken, all those hypotheses look rather unconvincing. And here I'll say why I announced at the beginning that I have my own point of view. The main problem with the idiom is not its inherent silliness but its late attestation. No written records of the phrase mad as a hatter predate the 1820s. Even if it was current some time earlier, it certainly did not exist in Old or Middle English, so that tracing hatter to some ancient word is an unrealistic procedure. Rather probably, mad as a hatter appeared in English approximately when it was first recorded, and was slang. If the idiom was indeed slang, it may be useful to see whether real mad hatters are known. Indeed, some candidates have turned up.
Real characters
(1) "William Collins, the poet, was the son of a hatter… at Chichester, Sussex. The poet was subject to fits of melancholy madness, and was for some time confined in a lunatic establishment at Chelsea. The other lunatics, hearing that his father was a hatter, got up saying, 'Mad as a hatter'." Alas for the chronology! Collins (1721-1759) died before the idiom became known. (2) Around 1830, a Mr. Harris was elected at the head of the poll for Southwark. He was a hatter in the Borough, and proved to be out of his mind. According to another version the "day on which he was 'chaired' in his own carriage was exceedingly hot, and his head during the whole time of the procession being uncovered by removing his hat, he was attacked by brain fever." He died soon after that, but earlier one of Mr. Harris's canvassers addressed the crowd so: "You've a shocking bad hat on. I'll send you a new one." During election campaigns, changing hats, with reference to changing one's views was, was a well-known procedure. "A considerable number of hats consequently changed owners, and the saying having been put into the mouths of so many persons, it was taken up by the gamins [street urchins], and was in vogue for some time." This is entertaining but probably useless stuff for discovering the origin of the idiom. I wonder: How did it happen that as early as 1868 no one knew the true story, and people kept offering all kinds of conjectures?
Under their own hat and perfectly sane. Image credit: "People Girls Happy Laugh Smile Friends Dress Hat" by StockSnap. CC0 via Pixabay.
Hatters as a profession
(1) Professional shepherds in Australia lead a lonely life and are considered "to be to a certain degree mad." "…shepherds and hut-keepers… are very fond, wherever they can get the materials, of making cabbage-tree hats. The industry distracts their thoughts, and the hats are sold at a good price." Conclusion: the idiom is an import from Australia. Unfortunately for this derivation, the idiom did not turn up in Australia before it was recorded in England. (2)"A lead miner in Derbyshire or a gold miner in Australia who works alone… is called a hatter." He is said to work under his own hat and "is looked upon as eccentric; and it seems to be presumed that the solitary worker does not work in partnership with other miners because he is a little mad." Once again we can see that the roots of the idiom are supposed to be hidden in some local custom. The migration of a phrase or a word from one part of the country to another and becoming slang in the capital is not improbable, for just the foreignism of the item may contribute to its becoming part of the "street urchins'" language. But my question remains: Why did the origin of the idiom mad as a hatter become the object of guesswork so soon after its emergence? After all, were not dealing here with some exotic item like kybosh.
A hatter at work. Did they always work in a standing position? Image credit: Hat-maker making a felt hat by Carles martí botella. CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
I'll start a fresh paragraph for the last conjecture I know because it is the present favorite of our dictionaries. The hypothesis was offered in 1900, and its author (Thomas J. Jeakes) repeated it twice. I'll reproduce his second note: "…the hatter's madness was dipsomania [alcoholism], induced by working with hot irons in a heated atmosphere and in a standing position. The tailor works under similar conditions, but seated; his condition is therefore less aggravated, and he accordingly gets credited only with pusillanimity and lubricity [that is, lechery, wantonness?]." Poor mean-spirited, promiscuous tailors! See my post on whipping the cat for July 22, 2015, and for consolation the post on nine tailors for April 6, 2016.
This is a cabbage-tree hat. Don't get mad at the maker, even if it does not fit. Image credit: Marcus Clarke 1866 via State Library of Victoria. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons.
The rationale behind the hypotheses in the last section of the present post is the same: mad hatters abounded; hence the idiom. I doubt that we are on the right track. There must have been a well-known incident (like the one recounted about Mr. Harris), but no promising story has come down to us. Nor did the "madness" of dipsomaniacal hatters become the talk of the town around 1829. Thus, I'd rather say: "Origin unknown." As a final flourish, I would like to mention the British writer Joseph Archibald Cronin, who at one time was very popular. I have no idea whether he still is. One of his novels (not his best) is titled Hatter's Castle. The cruel hatter in that story is not mad but certainly crazy. I don't think Cronin chose the protagonist's profession by chance, and I am sure other people have offered the same guess. As to Alice's mad hatter, I decided to leave him in peace: everybody else discusses him and states that the idiom emerged in the language before the publication of the famous book. Identifying the model for that character is also on old chestnut. Consult the Internet.
Featured image: A possible prototype of the mad hatter. Image credit: "Rattlesnake Toxic Snake Dangerous Terrarium Viper" by Foto-Rabe. CC0 via Pixabay.
Ana toly Liberman is the author of Word Origins And How We Know Them as well as An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. His column on word origins, The Oxford Etymologist, appears on the OUPblog each Wednesday. Send your etymology question to him care of [email protected]; he'll do his best to avoid responding with "origin unknown." Subscribe to Anatoly Liberman's weekly etymology articles via email or RSS.
Etymology gleanings for January 2018: Part 1 Etymology gleanings: February 2018
Gavin Wraith 24th January 2018
What! No mention of erethism mercurialis?
Stephen Goranson 24th January 2018
I'm not certain about the origin, but perhaps worth considering is the guess that hat-makers used mercury that could cause madness, even if the cause for that association was not widely diagnosed or known at first.
John Cowan 24th January 2018
I'm baffled by this post. How is it that you don't even mention what I understood to be the traditional explanation, that hatters used inorganic mercury to felt hats and experienced erethism from chronic exposure to the vapors? This practice began in the late 17C in France and spread to the British Isles at the beginning of the 18C; it might well have taken another hundred years for the expression to become proverbial. See the Wikipedia article on erethism for more detail.
The pairing of "mad as a hatter" with "mad as a march hare" might suggest a manic madness for both.
Earlier than the 1829 use of "mad as a hatter" is in a Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 1827 story about a son once worried to be a dult [dolt], who, though with a bad leg, was "active as a hatter."
Also earlier than 1829 (in a Beaumont and Fletcher play during the reign of James I), the collocation "mad as a French tailor."
Another manic scene from 1822: "The next experiment was made on a middle-aged gentleman, who, after taking about half a pint of Hydrogenated Cynthean Gas, whilst its effect lasted, run about the lecture room as mad as a march hare."
Jevgēnijs Kaktiņš 24th January 2018
just curious who is madder – a hatter or a March hare?
Constantinos Ragazas 25th January 2018
Hi Anatoly,
Ever used the idiom "mad as a hatter" yourself?
Just curious. I don't know of anybody, including myself, that has used it.
But I think Gavin Wraith and John Cowan are likely correct. "Erethism mercurialis" makes sense.
Constantinos
Mantelli 25th January 2018
I agree with Constantinos. Erethism makes the most sense, and requires no linguistic gymnastics.
Fiona Mackenzie 26th January 2018
Hello Anatoly, I just loved this reading this post. Quite interesting story about "mad as hatter" idiomatic phrase.
Pascal Tréguer 29th January 2018
I don't think that 'mad as a hatter' (originally an Irish phrase) alludes to the effects of mercury poisoning sometimes formerly suffered by hat-makers, for two reasons:
1/ Neither the contexts in which the early instances of 'mad as a hatter' appear nor the persons who in the 19th century tried to make sense of the phrase associated it with the manufacture of hats, let alone with mercury poisoning. If the phrase did originally refer to the hat-makers' disease, some of the contemporaries would certainly have noticed the connexion.
2/ In the 19th century, the word 'hatter' was used in several other intensive similes expressing notions different from that of insanity; in particular, 'drunk as a hatter', 'to work like a hatter', 'to lie like a hatter', 'to go at [something] like a hatter', 'to do it like a hatter'.
All these intensive phrases appear in Northern-English, Scottish and Irish texts. They might be related to the intensive expression 'like a hatter', chiefly used in Scotland, meaning 'with the utmost energy or vigour', "like mad" (the Dictionary of the Scots Language mentions the relation between 'like a hatter' and 'mad as a hatter').
Couldn't 'mad as a hatter' merely represent a specialised usage, originally Irish, of the intensive expression 'like a hatter'?
And, perhaps, 'like a hatter' is related to 'hatter', a variant of the Scottish and Northern-English verb 'hotter', meaning 'to move unsteadily', and, of liquid, 'to seethe, bubble', hence, of a person, 'to tremble with impatience, excitement, anger'.
This verb gave rise to an expression rather similar to 'mad as a hatter', which was 'hottering mad', used by Charles Dickens in Hard Times (1854), set in the fictitious Northern-English mill town of Coketown.
(cf. https://wordhistories.net/2017/05/20/mad-as-a-hatter-origin/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Consumers are still showing demand for Cartier watches despite problems in the economy, chief executive officer Bernard Fornas has revealed.
In an interview with the Prague Post, he emphasised that the luxury market has remained buoyant, with the watch segment in particular doing well.
"We have a very big think tank at Cartier for watch making. There are a lot of people working to find new ways of making watches," he explained.
Mr Fornas highlighted that 89 per cent of the time, the watch making team is ensuring that each timepiece is as accurate as it can be, which involves some intricate fine-tuning.
He also revealed that Cartier is seeking to expand its watch business into a number of new markets, such as Macau, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Taiwan.
Recent figures from Mintel showed that buyers of luxury items were the most likely to keep up their fashion spend over the course of the past year.


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text:
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Jan Davis is an American astronaut who was born on November 1, 1953, in Florida. Before she became an astronaut, Davis worked as a petroleum engineer.
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Black Beauty Eggplant turned yellow, not black.
Hi, I planted 4 Eggplant and they grew well, flowered and set green fruit which have now turned yellow instead of black, what has happened, is it my fault or was the weather too hot or what, I am so disappointed.
Comments for Black Beauty Eggplant turned yellow, not black.
They love hot weather and mine grow further north in Aust than you. They don't like too much humidity and temp changes though. Mostly it sounds like your eggplants are overripe, which is when they turn yellow or sometimes a pale pink or white colour.
All the sites I've seen say they are over-ripe as well and I think that's all rubbish. I've been growing Black Beauty for years now and I save the seeds and replant every year. My original seed stock came from Burpee Seeds who has been selling these since 1902.
Some plants I've grown have given me more than one kind of fruit, all on the same plant. In addition to the classic black beauties (very large, slightly ribbed, pear-shaped, black skin) I've also gotten large, purplish fruits with lovely white and green stripes and specks as well as smaller, cream coloured ones with green stripes. Much like the ones you've described, these fruits also remind me of an heirloom variety called Toga. I've eaten these yellowy ones and they are all delicious, best marinated and grilled as kabobs. I suspect they might also be good roasted for a curry though I have not tried that as yet. Nothing wrong with them, just different fruit and I use them for different dishes when cooking. I grow several plants each year so when I do get an odd one, I still have plenty of the others for cooking the classic Italian recipes.
that were used to create Black Beauty over one hundred years ago. Just a hunch.


text:
/**
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 */

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At long last, the city of Burbank has put the kibosh on nepotism within City Hall, with the City Council acting this week to put into place strict changes to existing policies. Division heads will no longer be allowed to hire family members into their departments. Nor will relatives of council members, the city manager, the assistant city manager or the management services director be hired.
There are even new restrictions involving dating situations. To some, that might seem overreaching; but now that city leaders are taking the problem to heart and taking steps to correct something they were apparently too timid to do earlier, it's understandable that the policy is so all-encompassing. City leaders would apparently like the issue resolved once and for all.
It's hard to believe it's taken so long for this remedy to be worked out; in 2011 we reported that the head of the Civil Service Board had discovered that every department in the city had engaged in the practice of hiring family members, a dicey policy that can — and did —lead to all sorts of problems. Morale issues that develop when a relative captures a prize job that might well have gone to someone more qualified are just the part of the problem. When nepotism is allowed, financial and other shenanigans are easier to hide; security is compromised.
We're glad to finally see the practice of nepotism curbed. It is imperative that citizens feel confident they can trust the city government to run a clean and fair operation.


text:
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Several important indicators will come out from the US, including its trade balance, automobile sales, and the employment rate. Most indicators seem to be positive with an increase in payroll numbers, factory orders and automobile sales. The downward trend of manufacturing is expected to reach its trough and then raise again afterwards. The trade deficit is expected to increase only slightly.
China's National People's Congress, one of China's most important meetings, will take place this week where economic targets, most importantly, the budget and the targeted GDP are set. This year's NPC consists of 2,943 party chiefs, government officials, company executives and military commanders hailing from 35 constituencies. Members include everyone from so-called model workers to President Xi Jinping. A five-year development plan is also expected to be announced. The proceedings may provide crucial details on how the government plans to control a slow down in growth while avoiding the dreaded "middle-income trap".
Canada released its Q4 economic results on March 3rd. Real GDP grew o.6%, following a 0.8% gain in the third quarter. Consumption rose 0.5%. Exports of goods and services fell 0.4% after increasing 2.2% in the previous quarter. The terms of trade, measured by export prices relative to import prices, weakened for the third consecutive quarter.
Brazil's Central Bank kept the country's interest rate unchanged as expected given the economic and political troubles the country is facing at this time. The country will also report its GDP growth for 2015 and the number is expected to be negative. The country is also experiencing soaring inflation and the worst economic recession in more than a century.
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The Stilley House Assisted Living history, its historic name and its family heritage reflects and goes deep into the past and present of Marshall County and beyond.
The Stilley House, located in Benton, KY, with a welcoming antique décor and state of the art technology, was built on the historic Stilley estate. Dr. Van Albert Stilley lived on the estate until his death in 1944. He saw patients in his home and visited them on horseback until Marshall County roads were paved in the 1930's.
The Stilley House Assisted Living carries on the tradition and mission of Dr. Van Stilley and his family in its' dedication to the well-being of each respected and valued relative, friend, parent, or grandparent who is in need of supportive assistance. Just as Dr. Stilley cared for the community in his home, we do the same thing by caring for your family in our home. The Stilley house offers a loving home where security and peace of mind blend beautifully with gracious living!
The J.D.Gammel Sr. and Dr. Van Stilley families had close ties. The Gammel's acquired 3 acres of land from the Stilley Estate, next to the Dr. Stilley home, and built the Gammel home in 1950. Years later, the remainder of the Stilley Estate was purchased by J.D Gammel, Jr. and his brother Theo, from Van Albert Stilley III, grandson of the late Dr. Van Stilley. The Stilley House Assisted Living opened in October, 1997, becoming the first operational assisted living community in Kentucky, west of Louisville. Seventeen years later, it continues to be family owned and operated, but the memories linger with the pictures of the respected Dr. Van Stilley in the home named after him. We are honored to carry on the tradition of caring to Western Kentucky.


Our nation's congress has recently signed enhanced religious liberty protection legislation that extends to those with no religious beliefs.
While protection of religious freedom is critical, we have to mourn a nation that is turning its back on God. In the name of inclusion and societal acceptance, we have quit worshiping God except on holidays; we have turned away from Christ's church; we have tossed aside moral constraints; we have made up our own religions; and we think we know better than God what the world needs.
With 25% of Americans now non-believers, a recent Tribune editorial asks, "What will it mean for the U.S.?" The writer ends his editorial with this statement. "It's fascinating to watch society evolve. Keep reading the news to detect where America is heading." For those of us who know God's love, our hearts can only break for a nation, a society, a people, that chooses to live without God.
Previous Post Previous post:Merry Christmas!


text:
Q: how to query nested array mongodb I'm new to mongodb, and I'm trying to make a database that has posts and tags, where each post can have numerous tags, something like this (simplified)
posts: [
 post:{
   id: dkdkd,
   title: hello,
   body: hello world,
   tags: [1,2,3]
 },
 post:{
   id: ccc,
   title: hello2,
   body: hello world2,
   tags: [3,4,5]
 }
]

how can I get a list of all the tags? (i.e. returns [1,2,3,4,5])

A: You may use something like this to get all tags per document:
db.collection.aggregate([
{
  $project: {
    _id: 0,
    tags: {
      $reduce: {
        input: "$posts.post.tags",
        initialValue: [],
        in: {
          "$setUnion": [
            "$$value",
            "$$this"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
])

Explained:
Project the array posts.post.tag and apply reduce operation with $setUnion between all documents tag array elements to receive distinct list of tags
playground
And something like this to take distinct tags per collection:
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$project: {
  _id: 0,
  tags: {
    $reduce: {
      input: "$posts.post.tags",
      initialValue: [],
      in: {
        "$setUnion": [
          "$$value",
          "$$this"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
},
{
  $group: {
  _id: "Total",
  tags: {
    "$push": "$tags"
    }
  }
},
{
$project: {
  _id: 0,
  tags: {
    $reduce: {
      input: "$tags",
      initialValue: [],
      in: {
        "$setUnion": [
          "$$value",
          "$$this"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
])

Explained:
1.project all tags per document.
2. Group all tags from collection.
3. setUnion to all tags arrays in collection.
playground2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This property, MLS C4233310, has 2 bedrooms and 2 full baths and 0 half bathrooms. #3103 402 Kincora Glen Rd Nw is approximately 1164 square feet and was built in 2015.
I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #C4233310). Please send me more information regarding #3103 402 Kincora Glen Rd Nw, Calgary, Alberta, T3R 0V2. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of #3103 402 Kincora Glen Rd Nw, Calgary, Alberta, T3R 0V2 (MLS® #C4233310). Thank you!


text:
Nandopsis haitiensis est un poisson Cichlidae d'Hispaniola.

Référence
 Tee-Van, 1935 : Cichlid fishes in the West Indies with especial reference to Haiti, including the description of a new species of Cichlasoma. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 10-2 pp 281-300. (Cichlasoma haitiensis)

Liens externes

Cichlidae


We are really excited to share this blog, and we're feeling really thankful to have been a part of such a joyful day!
This day was so full of emotion right from the start. Julianne and her bridesmaids got ready in her childhood home. The house was full of excitement and laughter as they all prepared for the day, and rolled Julianne into a "cinnamon roll" group hug. It was the quiet moments that Julianne and her parents shared as her mom buttoned her into her wedding gown and her dad got to see his daughter looking like a bride that really started all of the emotions.
Aaron and his groomsmen got ready in a little cabin in the woods. With music playing and everyone laughing - it was such a happy and perfect way to kick off his wedding day. They all walked down to the hops garden and shared a beer before heading to the ceremony.
Julianne and Aaron's wedding ceremony was one of our very favorites! It was so personal and thoughtful. We loved the vows they wrote for each other, the readings that were chosen and the sharing of a mead that the couple made themselves. The reception was kicked off by some truly heartfelt and sometimes hilarious speeches. Everyone enjoyed a wonderful dinner and then then dance floor opened up and had some non stop moving and shaking.
We can't say enough how wonderful this wedding was! It was such a celebration of love as Julianne and Aaron began their new journey together surrounded by so much JOY!


Adoption is a deeply emotional and rewarding process. Unfortunately, it can also be a legal nightmare. You can't afford to take on this lengthy process without a trustworthy Salem adoption attorney by your side.
If you're ready to expand your family through adoption, it behooves you to meet with the team at Bearman Law. The firm has a strong reputation in in adoption law Lake Oswego, Salem, OR and surrounding communities. Satisfied clients continually commend David Bearman for his ability to ease the stress of adoption while sharing in new families' excitement.
Numerous regulations guide the domestic adoption process. David Bearman helps clients adhere to all rules, while also minimizing conflict between biological and adoptive parents. He negotiates and prepares necessary agreements and informs aspiring parents of their rights. His efforts reduce obstacles both during and after adoption.
Once a child has been legally adopted in another country, he or she can be re-adopted in the United States. Unfortunately, this process tends to be lengthy, stressful, and full of roadblocks. Bearman Law can ease the path towards finalized adoption in Oregon, ensuring that adoptive families receive birth certificates and that newly-established parent-child relationships are recognized under U.S. law.
After remarrying and taking on the role of parent, many Oregon residents desire affirmation of their parent-child relationship through adoption. Bearman Law assists with all aspects of this process. The firm helps clients file petitions and offers assertive courtroom representation.
David Bearman is also a DHS vendor attorney, performing Oregon DHS adoptions.
No matter which type of adoption you intend to pursue, it's imperative that you work with a trusted Salem adoption attorney. In addition to filing paperwork and assisting you in court, your attorney should explain the intricacies of the adoption law and the process, thereby ensuring that you feel prepared for any complications that might arise. Bearman Law's goal is to minimize obstacles and make the adoption process as enjoyable as possible.
Adoption is confusing even in the best of times. Don't go it alone - let Bearman Law guide you through the complexities of domestic or international adoption. Get in touch at your earliest convenience to learn more about the legal aspects of adoption and how Bearman Law can help.


and the 2011 Brunello and 2010 Riserva Vigna Paganelli that will be released in 2016.
It was a great experience to see the evolution of Rosso and Brunello through time. The two Rosso di Montalcino were a great surprise: 20 and 25 year-old Rossos still showing beautifully. One of the most special wines of the whole tasting was certainly the 1955 Brunello di Montalcino (pictured above) that proved to all of us how Brunello can age for an incredibly long time. 1955 is Fabrizio's year of birth (in the photo Fabrizio is opening the bottle) so this was very special for him. It is always a great experience to taste such old vintages and it's a fantastic opportunity to fully understand the potential of Sangiovese in Montalcino.


text:
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      version="3.0">

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	    <async-supported>true</async-supported>
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        <servlet-name>CQSControllerServlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
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	<servlet>
		<servlet-name>EndpointServlet</servlet-name>
		<servlet-class>com.comcast.cmb.common.controller.EndpointServlet</servlet-class>
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    	<servlet-name>AdminServlet</servlet-name>
    	<url-pattern>/webui/*</url-pattern>
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    	<servlet-name>CNSEditTopicDeliveryPolicyPage</servlet-name>
    	<url-pattern>/webui/cnsuser/editdeliverypolicy/*</url-pattern>
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    	<servlet-name>CNSRawMessageDeliveryPolicyPage</servlet-name>
    	<url-pattern>/webui/cnsuser/subscription/rawmessagedeliverypolicy/*</url-pattern>
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text:
Huntsville Real-Time News
Senate's 2020 budget gives NASA $1.2B more for Moon shot
Kristine Davis, a spacesuit engineer at NASA's Johnson Space Center, wearing a ground prototype of NASA's new Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU), is seen during a demonstration of the suit, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2019 at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The xEMU suit improves on the suits previous worn on the Moon during the Apollo era and those currently in use for spacewalks outside the International Space Station and will be worn by first woman and next man as they explore the Moon as part of the agency's Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)(NASA/Joel Kowsky)
By Lee Roop | lroop@al.com
The Senate has passed a fiscal year 2020 budget that gives a $1.25 billion boost to NASA's plans to return to the Moon by 2024. Most of that goes to a key rocket program managed in Alabama.
U.S. Sen. Richard Shelby (R-Ala), chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, released the budget numbers today. They still need to be approved by the House and signed by President Trump.
NASA's bottom line would be $22.75 billion, which includes equal or slightly increased funding for programs other than the Moon shot.
In the Exploration section of the budget that does include the Moon mission, the big new rocket called the Space Launch system would get nearly $2.6 billion in 2020, a $1.2 billion jump from this year. SLS is managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville.
The Orion crew capsule program would get $1.4 billion for continued development, the planned Lunar Gateway would get $500 million and lunar landers would get $744 million. The gateway is a mini-space station that will orbit the Moon and serve as a base for astronauts and landing craft.
Science programs would get $6.9 billion, the same as this year. That includes $1.9 billion for Earth science, $2.6 billion for planetary science, $1.2 billion for astrophysics, $723 million for heliophysics and $423 million for the Webb telescope.
The budget bill, which totals nearly $71 billion, passed the Senate 84-9 and the Appropriations Committee unanimously.


text:
Share this Story: Alberta Medical Association holding confidence vote on health minister as dispute over pay continues
Alberta Medical Association holding confidence vote on health minister as dispute over pay continues
Lisa Johnson
Health Minister Tyler Shandro. File photo Photo by Darren Makowichuk /Postmedia
The Alberta Medical Association is asking its member physicians to vote on whether they have enough confidence in Health Minister Tyler Shandro to continue trying to negotiate a compensation agreement with him.
The association's president, Dr. Christine Molnar, released a statement Tuesday saying it made the "unprecedented decision" because the physician community is in deep distress.
Alberta Medical Association holding confidence vote on health minister as dispute over pay continues Back to video
"After experiencing months of anxiety in the toxic environment that the minister's actions have created, combined with shrinking practice revenue and the COVID-19 crisis, many physicians are wondering how they will continue," she said.
The move to gather input will decide what the AMA does next in the ongoing impasse between doctors and the provincial government.
"This vote isn't symbolism. It's about action," said Dr. Molnar.
Shandro's press secretary, Steve Buick, said in a statement the government has a mandate to reduce wait times and make the health system more efficient.
"That is exactly what we are doing. An online survey of a comparatively small number of the highest earners does not change that," said Buick.
If members express confidence in the Minister, then the AMA will continue to try to work with him, Molnar said.
But if its members decide they do not have confidence in Shandro, the AMA will ask Premier Jason Kenney to intervene to restart contract talks or appoint an independent third-party arbitrator. In its statement, the AMA said it would not demand that Shandro be fired.
"And if the premier is unable or unwilling to address the issue, then there really is only one higher authority to whom we can appeal — the public, our patients — and that's where we will need to concentrate our efforts," said Molnar. The AMA's vote will be open to physicians until July 28.
NDP health critic David Shepherd said Tuesday the government was being dismissive and insulting, and noted many staff in the premier's office earn higher salaries than some family doctors.
"This government would be well served to sit down and actually listen to the voices of front line doctors," said Shepherd.
The AMA's move was a very clear public indictment of Shandro's handling of the health file, Shepherd said, standing by his call that the minister needs to be removed if he is not able to negotiate a deal.
"They need to find somebody who is able to do that work without the level of destruction that we've seen him bring," Shepherd said.
In February, Shandro ripped up the government's master agreement with doctors after negotiations broke down. The AMA said it presented cost-saving offers to the government in February, March, and on July 1, while Shandro has repeatedly said he is open to credible proposals.
An AMA survey recently found that 42 per cent of doctors who responded were considering leaving Alberta. On Monday, the Eye Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta asked the minister to change legislation so that it could negotiate its own deal with the government, rather than through the AMA.
lijohnson@postmedia.com
twitter.com/reportrix


text:
Home News 2 Big WWE Stars Added To NXT Takeover Special
2 Big WWE Stars Added To NXT Takeover Special
— Rob Van Dam and Ric Flair have been added to the WWE NXT "Takeover" special on May 29th. It's unknown if they will be on panelists on the
pre-show or appearing on the actual show as of this writing.
— Tyson Kidd, Bayley and Becky Lynch will be doing the meet & greet before Friday's WWE NXT live event in Largo, FL.
Ric Flair Posts A Classic Promo, WWE Stock Drops, & More
Ric Flair Thanks Hulk Hogan For Helping Him Get Through Hard Times
The Updated Men's Dusty Rhodes Tag-Team Classic Brackets
Rob Szatkowski
Throughout his career, he has worked for multiple organizations including Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (...


In a paper published in the journal Nature Physics today, the CMS experiment at CERN reports new results on an important property of the Higgs particle, whose discovery was announced by the ATLASand CMS experiments on 4 July 2012. The CMS result follows preliminary results from both experiments, which both reported strong evidence for the fermionic decay late in 2013.
The Higgs boson is associated with a mechanism first put forward in 1964 by Robert Brout, François Englert and Peter Higgs to account for the different ranges of two fundamental forces of nature. Now referred to as BEH, this mechanism is postulated to give rise to the masses of all the fundamental particles. In order to test that idea fully, it is necessary to measure the direct decay of the Higgs boson into all kinds of particles.
When the Higgs boson discovery was announced in 2012, it was based on measurements of the decay of the Higgs to other bosons, the carriers of nature's forces. The results reported by ATLAS and CMS discuss the decay of Higgs bosons directly to fermions, the particles that make up matter.
The measurements from both have given substantial evidence that the Higgs boson decays directly to fermions at a rate consistent with that predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics, the theory that accounts for the fundamental particles of visible matter and the interactions that work between them, giving structure to matter.
"With our on-going analyses, we are really starting to understand the BEH mechanism in depth," says CMS spokesperson Tiziano Camporesi. "So far, it is behaving exactly as predicted by theory."
"These results show the power of the detectors in allowing us to do precision Higgs physics," says ATLAS spokesperson Dave Charlton. "We're coming close to achieving all we can on the Higgs analysis with run 1 data, and are all looking forward to new data when the LHC restarts in 2015."
The Large Hadron Collider, CERN's flagship research facility, has been off-line for maintenance and upgrading in last 18 months. Preparations are now underway for it to restart early in 2015.


Each Advertising Flag is Made from Polyester, Making the Material Lightweight. The Sign Display is Large Enough to be Seen from Afar. This Advertising Flag comes with Lightweight Aluminum Pole.
Easy assembly requires only one person - Watch Video!
The advertising flag can be place into any soft surfaces. The banner display can be used for retail, wholesale and even private businesses! Each patriotic advertising flag comes with an "OPEN" message on the sign. The feather banner has an American flag color scheme. Each open advertising flag also come with stars and stripes, giving the sign a patriotic appeal. The feather banner is 14' tall and 27"w, making it easier to see from afar than a-frames, or similar outdoor advertising displays. This open advertising flag that is constructed lightweight and wrinkle resistant polyester. The feather banner material also helps to keep the cost of the display down. The printing process is completed on one side of the canvas; the ink is dyed through so the reverse image can be seen on the back side. This allows the feather banner to be visible even in windy conditions.
Each advertising flag can be used at auto body shops. The aluminum pole is light, making it easy to transport. This patriotic advertising flag sells at a fraction of the cost when compared to fiberglass. Assembly of this feather banner only requires one person. This open advertising flag comes with a durable metal stake. The metal spike is 31" and can be driven into soft ground as far as two feet, making the entire display more stable. The metal stake is durable, and will last for repeated use.


text:
Питсвил има више значења:
 Питсвил (Висконсин)
 Питсвил (Мериленд)


Books and other work by AA Prideaux can be found in the following online shops and 'real' bookshops.
All links are correct at the time of the latest update, but if you wish to report a broken link or wish to stock books by A A Prideaux you can contact us here.
Books by AA Prideaux are also available at many other retailers around the world – just search for " AA Prideaux ".


With the recent changes and everything being all over the place, who to contact in certain areas is a bit foggy.
So the Directors have created a document to help you understand who is in charge of which area so it will make things easier for you in the future.
As more areas are adjusted in the near future, as will this list.
Edited by Prof. Amhlaidh Haugen, 13 January 2019 - 08:41 AM.


text:
HomeRecent QuestionsQuestion #27915Acc17038773
Case Study and Report
Due date: 02-Apr-2017
Return date: 27-Apr-2017
Length: 2,000 words
Submission method options
Alternative submission method
Question 1 (5%)
Jimmy Ford is an audit manager for Fitzgerald & Milhouse Chartered Accountants (F&M). Jimmy has
been informed that the firm has plans to promote him to partner so long as he continues his good work.
Jimmy has an array of talents that the firm admire. Jimmy has bought a new house, is a member of
various clubs and generally confident about the future.
Jimmy is assigned to the audit of Engines International Ltd (EI), one of F&Ms biggest clients. EI use a
questionable method of recognising revenues which has been investigated by ASIC. Jimmy concludes
the method is not appropriate for EI.
Jimmy discusses the matter with the senior audit partner. The senior audit partner tells Jimmy that the
method has been used for 10 years and is appropriate. The partner is also of the view that F&M will
lose EI as a client if they are challenged about the use of this method.
Jimmy argues that while the method was okay in the past, the ASIC investigation has changed matters.
Jimmy then tells the partner he accepts her decision but plans to include a dissenting statement in the
audit working papers. The partner tells Jimmy she is not willing to permit such a statement, but that
she is willing to write a letter to Jimmy acknowledging full responsibility for the audit.
The audit partner concludes by informing Jimmy that she is not comfortable with making him an audit
partner and that he has growing up to do.
What should Jimmy do? Use the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and the American
Accounting Association (AAA) Model to help consider your response to this question.
The best way to present your answer is in a table as below:
American Accounting Association Model Decision making process
1. Determine the facts The facts are ...
2. Define the ethical issues
3. Identify the major principles, rules and values
4. Specify the alternatives
5. Compare values and alternatives
6. Assess the consequences
7. Make your decision
Charles Sturt University Subject Outline
ACC568 201730 S I-1 March 2017-Version 2 Page 12 of 25
You are the legal adviser to Kingsley Read, the external auditor of Plummet Travel Ltd. Plummet
Travel promotes tours of New Zealand to Australians and owns a chain of duty-free shops. You have
been auditing the company since it was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) 10 years ago.
Although the accounts have never been qualified, you are aware that the company has been making
losses for the past three years as a result of short-term cash flow difficulties. The company has no
long-term loans and the bank overdraft is near its limit at the end of the financial year.
During the financial year, the company upgraded its accounting system to a computer database. A
consultant was hired to aid in the correct changeover of files for this system. At year-end, this new
system had been in place for 6 months, and the director's report they are happy with the way in which
it is operating. You do not have the expertise to review and evaluate the database management system,
so you ask an independent expert to undertake this role. This person concludes that the system appears
reliable and that the changeover was correctly carried out. You have never before audited this type of
system, so you attend some courses to familiarise yourself with its features. Your firm has a standard
work program that you use to test the controls operating within the system.
In your review of the minutes of the board of directors' meetings, you become aware that the New
Zealand parent company (which owns 40% of the shares of Plummet Travel Ltd) is considering
making an offer for the remaining shares. This is because the company's share price is trading well
below its net asset backing.
After the audited 30 June 2016 financial statements are published, the takeover offer from the New
Zealand parent company proceeds on the basis of an offer price equivalent to the net asset backing of
$1.10 per share (as determined from the financial statements). The takeover results in acceptances of
96% of the issued capital, and compulsory acquisition proceedings have been instituted for the other
4%.
While these compulsory acquisition proceedings are being instituted, it is discovered that there were
errors in the changeover of the computer system, which resulted in inventory at the duty free stores
being materially misstated. After the subsequent write-down of inventory, a new asset backing of
$0.70 per share is established. The New Zealand parent company is suing you for alleged negligence
for its loss of $0.40 per share.
With reference to case law and the auditing standards, prepare a report to the managing partner of
Kinglsey Read that indicates whether or not:
Kingsley Read failed to exercise 'due care' in the audit of Plummet Travel;
Plummet Travel is guilty of contributory negligence;
Kingsley Read owes a duty of care to the New Zealand parent company.
This assessment has been designed to assess your ability to:
be able to explain and critically evaluate influences on audit and assurance services
including: Australian and international professional standards, statutory and common laws,
regulatory bodies, and public expectations within a global market;
be able to exercise critical and reflective judgment and appreciate the value of ethical
Marking criteria


My community cine-club is booming. Almost every Saturday evening, I bring computer and projector out in my parking lot, buy some popcorns worth 5 US Dollar (the equivalent of a big tub fill), open my gate to nearly 50 children in the community ... And enjoyment at city boy's house starts. There is however one condition : everyone brings his own chair.
I live my life at 200 per hour. Between the capitol Monrovia and the hinterland, I continue to fly over the country. I am opportune to see acres and acres of tropical virgin forest beneath. I like to work far away from the city. The country's resources are limited, thus making human relations more simple.
There is still a lot to be done, much more to be reconstructed. I am filled with new ideas 24 hours around the clock. I am passionate, witness and actor of a country's story, trying to wake-up from ashes.
I remember when I first landed in Monrovia, I knew absolutely nobody. Zero, nobody. I wonder how I would get used to a city so strange, ugly and devastated.
Two years and half later, we have come from a long way. Very much controversially, there is still more to be done, what is the difference ! The streets in the city are full in the evening, shops are opened and houses are well painted. Pessimists in the country said that when the United Nations leaves the country, troubles will erupt and Liberian will start killing one another again, Liberians cannot stear their own country's affairs. I beg to differ with these people, I don't want to join the pessimist's camp.
There is a new bar which opened its doors few months ago in Monrovia. It is the Garden Cafe. Every Friday evening, a local band plays popular and recent African hits. Other artists would also join the band spontaneously for one or two songs. Some would dance, others would choose to sing and few others would read poems. This is a cafe theatre with West African taste.
I would not have let such a benediction go. After few rehearsals outside the screen, here I am hired by management, humming few oldies and goldies in French (Henry Salvador), English (Abba) or Spanish (Manu Chao). I swear, it is true. It is cool ! (Wonderful to be a star !).


text:
CIA attempted to recruit young Olof Palme
olofpalmespy
Olof Palme cooperated with officials from the CIA and U.S. Embassy on several occasions early in his career as a student leader and political activist.
A declassified U.S. government document shows that Palme passed information to the American Embassy on communist sympathizers in Sweden in 1950.
According to Dagens Nyheter, the CIA was also actively recruiting the young activist as an agent for the U.S. intelligence service.
Palme went on to become one of the most influential figures in Swedish politics, serving twice as Prime Minister, and as leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969 until his assassination in 1986.
"Olof Palme's cooperation with the Americans and the CIA was well known throughout the military intelligence service," said Ingemar Engman, a former employee in Sweden's secret military intelligence service IB (Informationbyrån).
Palme's contacts with the U.S. occurred when he was active in student politics and working to build up a western-leaning international student organization as an alternative to the International Union of Students (IUS).
The IUS was thought to be controlled by the Soviet Union.
In a meeting at the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm following his participation in a Prague conference organized by the IUS in 1950, a 23-year old Palme remembered three of names of fellow Swedes who also attended the conference were thought to be Communist activists at the time: Gunnar Claesson, Gunnar Svantesson and Hans Göran Franck.
Prior to the 1950 meeting at the U.S. Embassy, Palme also had well established contacts with the CIA station chief in Stockholm who wanted to recruit Palme as an agent.
According to a 2003 interview with American political scientist Karen Paget, former CIA agent Tom Farmer explained that he and Palme had a good working relationship. However, upon discovering the CIA's Stockholm station chief's interest in recruiting Palme, Farmer thought it was a bad idea and that it would merely offend Palme.
Palme was also actively engaged in helping the Swedish military intelligence services during the same period, giving them information about his trips behind the iron curtain as a student leader in the early 1950s. He was also involved in building up the "Stay Behind" network, a top secret Swedish resistance movement trained to be activated in the case of Soviet occupation.
In December 1950, Palme organized a conference in Stockholm which led to the creation of the International Students Conference. The CIA, which was secretly funding the organization, wanted Palme to lead ISC. Palme was more interested in pursuing a career with the Swedish Foreign Ministry, although he was a member of the organization during the ISC's early years.
Palme's contacts were generally seen as positive, according to former Swedish intelligence official Engman.
"It was an additional secret channel to the Americans. But Palme was no CIA agent. If anything, his own interests and convictions coincided with American intelligence strategies during those years," said Engman.
However, according to Palme's son Mårten Palme, his father was disappointed by the CIA's involvement in the ISC.
"It's accurate to say that Olof was inspired early on by American ideals. Not the least when it came to his politics. But he told no one of his contacts with American agents in the 1950s, other than that the CIA had infiltrated the ISC and that this disappointed him," he said.
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