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Monarch Watch Blog
ESA listing decision for the monarch
15 December 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
In a press release today, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced its decision with respect to the petition to declare the monarch a "threatened" species under the Endangered Species Act:
"After a thorough assessment of the monarch butterfly's status, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) has found that adding the monarch butterfly to the list of threatened and endangered species is warranted but precluded by work on higher-priority listing actions. With this decision, the monarch becomes a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and its status will be reviewed each year until it is no longer a candidate."
When asked to respond to this decision, my immediate response was the following:
"The warranted but precluded decision for monarchs is the right one at this time. It acknowledges the need for continued vigilance due to the numerous threats to the population while emphasizing the need to continue support for programs that create and sustain habitats for monarchs."
"Warranted" in the above means that monarchs should be considered threatened due to the near- and long-term threats to the population. Stated another way, monarchs are vulnerable to falling below what biologists have identified as an extinction threshold, a low number from which the population is unable to recover. The term "precluded" means that among the long list of species whose populations are threatened or endangered, monarchs are less at risk than others at this time. Effectively, this places monarchs on a watch list in which favorable outcomes in the form of an increase in population numbers could result in removal from threatened status or negative trends that could result in regulations and further measures to protect the species. This ruling also means that monarchs are not subject to regulations at this time and that funding is insufficient to support monarch conservation. It follows that, in the near future at least, habitat restoration will have to be funded by the private sector.
There are many threats to the monarch population, including habitat loss, fragmentation of habitats, loss of nectar resources, widespread use of herbicides and pesticides, excessive mowing and climate change. From my point of view, the most serious near-term and long-term threats to the monarch population involve climate change. That effect can already be seen in the West. Temperatures have been increasing in the West at an alarming rate with significant consequences for the western monarchs that appear to have fallen below the extinction threshold for that region. In an earlier Blog post, I presented a preliminary analysis of the temperatures and monarch numbers along the California coast during the winter months (see "Monarchs and climate in the West"). Briefly, that analysis shows that overwintering sites are disappearing in the southern counties with an increasing proportion of the overwintering population being found in more northerly counties. These changes appear to be due to increasing temperatures during January–February along the coast. The changes in the mean temperatures during the growing season since 1901 to 2020 are shown in Figure 1 and the overall pattern of temperature changes per decade for the entire United States is shown in Figure 2. (I will provide further explanation for Figure 2 in another Blog article). Extreme temperatures, mean temperatures that are well above the long-term average, together with drought stress, appear to account for the rapid monarch decline in the West.
A rapid decline could occur in the East as well, if the overwintering population is decimated by a winter storm and followed by unfavorable conditions during the growing season such as those in 2012. I'm concerned about the winter storms in Mexico. These storms are a real and immediate threat to the longevity of the monarch migration. Temperatures in the mid-Pacific have increased, resulting in warm, moisture-rich weather systems that sweep eastward toward the Americas in the winter months. In the last two decades those weather systems have entered central Mexico in mid-winter which, when they hit the mountains, result in heavy rains, sleet, snowfall and freezing temperatures that have killed 50–70% of the overwintering monarchs. There have been 4 such events in recent years: 2002, 2004, 2010 and 2016. Fortunately, all of these events have occurred when the population was robust enough such that the numbers of survivors were sufficient to reestablish a substantial population in the spring. Still, you can see the impact of the 2004 and 2016 winter kills on the size of the population the following year. If there is a winter kill at the 70% level that hits an overwintering population of less than two hectares, it will be years before the population recovers – and it may not, if other unfavorable events such as an extremely warm March and summer, e.g. 2012, follow.
Long-term, we will lose the monarch migration due to increases in March temperatures in Texas, increasing summer temperatures in the Upper Midwest, warmer than average temperatures that delay the fall migrations, an increase in drought conditions in the South Region during the fall, and higher than average temperatures at the overwintering sites in Mexico UNLESS we significantly reduce greenhouse gasses. That said, there will be monarchs in the future, but the populations will be local, limited to southern latitudes and mostly non-migratory.
Yes, I know, the above scenario is pretty grim, but it is a reality we have to deal with. So, the question becomes: what are we going to do to sustain the monarch migration? To me, it's clear. We have to do all we can to restore and sustain monarch habitats, and we have to support initiatives that favor the reduction of greenhouse gases.
Figure 1. Growing season mean temperatures for California in 30-year intervals starting in 1901. Note that while mean temperatures have increased from 68.4°F to 70.9°F, most of that increase (1.4°F) has occurred in the last 30 years.
Figure 2. Rate of temperature increase (°F) per decade during the growing season, 1975–2020. The rate remains unchanged for those areas with growing seasons that start earlier.
Press Release: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Finds Endangered Species Act Listing for Monarch Butterfly Warranted but Precluded
Full report: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2020. Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Species Status Assessment Report. V2.1 96 pp + appendices.
USFWS: Assessing the status of the monarch butterfly
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Monarch Watch Update November 2020
30 November 2020 | Author: Jim Lovett
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Greetings Monarch Watchers!
Here's a brief update as we head into the holiday season – stay safe!
As a reminder, if you would like to continue to receive periodic email updates from Monarch Watch, please take a moment to complete and submit the short Google Form at
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1. Monarch Population Status —by Chip Taylor
In recent years, I've written extensively about the development of the monarch population from early March through September, often ending with predictions about the size of the overwintering population. My observations and comments have been few this year because there just hasn't been much to say. The pattern of recolonization and population development from March to early June was modest at best in the Upper Midwest and disappointing in the Northeast. Recolonization was followed by a hot summer (June–August) in both the Upper Midwest (2.7°F above average) and the Northeast (3.2°F above average). Mean summer temperatures greater than 2°F in the Upper Midwest are usually associated with low numbers of migrants and a decline from the previous year in overwintering numbers. Spring and summer conditions, including the quantity and quality of host and nectar sources available, determine the number of migrants.
In terms of production, the best reports of monarch numbers late in the summer were from west of 90°W (west of Madison, Wisconsin) and mostly north of Iowa. That's a small area of high productivity relative to most years.
To get a better sense of the size of the migration each year, Jim Lovett, who compiles the tagging data, began keeping notes on tagging success in 2018. Although the data for this past tagging season is still arriving, the preliminary information suggests that taggers were less successful this year. For example, when asked if they had used all their tags, 33% said yes last year to only 26% so far this year. We'll have more statistics to share in future updates.
There were some good things underway this fall. The migration was not late, as it was last year, and there was no shortage of nectar this year due to a drought in Texas and northeast Mexico. Both the lateness of the migration and the Texas drought were factors that contributed to the low numbers of migrants reaching the overwintering sites in Mexico last year. Monarchs were more or less on time this year with conditions more like those seen in the mid 1990s than seen in recent years. They also arrived in late October in time for the Day of the Dead (November 1–2).
Overall, my expectation is that survival of monarchs using the central flyway should be relatively high this year. Still, the numbers at the overwintering sites will be relatively low. I'll be surprised, and pleased, if the total population measures over 2 hectares. That said, my record shows that I tend to underestimate the count.
2. Restoring milkweeds for monarchs
Our mission is to sustain the monarch migration and that means restoring milkweeds to landscapes from which they have been eliminated or creating new locations for milkweeds.
We work with 5 partner nurseries to distribute 2- to 4-month-old milkweed plugs for restoration and garden projects in most of the continental U.S. These plants can be used for 1) restoration projects through our free milkweed program, underwritten by generous donors, 2) through our free milkweeds for schools and non-profits, another program supported by donations or 3) purchased directly through our Milkweed Market.
Since 2010, we have distributed over 1 million milkweed plugs through these programs. Six-hundred thousand of these plants have been planted in restoration sites of 2 acres or more since 2015. Milkweeds have also been distributed to over 950 schools and non-profits. Many private and public gardens with milkweeds have been created and registered as part of our Monarch Waystation program as well. Monarchs, pollinators and many species that share the same resources benefit from these efforts. You can contribute to monarch conservation by planting milkweeds or donating to support these efforts.
Free Milkweeds for Habitat Restoration on sites of 2 acres or more
monarchwatch.org/bring-back-the-monarchs/milkweed/free-milkweeds-for-restoration-projects/
Free Milkweeds for Schools and Non-profits
monarchwatch.org/bring-back-the-monarchs/milkweed/free-milkweeds-schools-nonprofits/
Milkweeds for Private or Public Gardens and other projects (pre-orders begin in January)
shop.milkweedmarket.org/
Donate to Monarch Watch (GivingTuesday is December 1st!)
monarchwatch.org/donate/
3. Submitting Tag Data
Thousands of you have already submitted your 2020 season tag data to us by mail or via our online submission form – thank you! If you haven't submitted your data yet (from any season) please review the "Submitting Your Tagging Data" information on the tagging program page then send us your data at your earliest convenience via the Tagging Data Submission Form.
Complete information is available at monarchwatch.org/tagging if you have questions about submitting your data to us and we have conveniently placed a large orange "Submit Your Tagging Data" button on our homepage at monarchwatch.org that will take you directly to the online form.
There you can upload your data sheets as an Excel or other spreadsheet file (PREFERRED; download a template file from monarchwatch.org/tagging) or a PDF/image file (scan or photo).
If you have any questions about getting your data to us, please feel free to drop Jim a line anytime via JLOVETT@KU.EDU
About This Monarch Watch List
Monarch Watch (monarchwatch.org) is a nonprofit education, conservation, and research program affiliated with the Kansas Biological Survey at the University of Kansas. The program strives to provide the public with information about the biology of monarch butterflies, their spectacular migration, and how to use monarchs to further science education in primary and secondary schools. Monarch Watch engages in research on monarch migration biology and monarch population dynamics to better understand how to conserve the monarch migration and also promotes the protection of monarch habitats throughout North America.
We rely on private contributions to support the program and we need your help! Please consider making a tax-deductible donation. Complete details are available at monarchwatch.org/donate or you can simply call 785-832-7374 (KU Endowment Association) for more information about giving to Monarch Watch.
If you have any questions about this email or any of our programs, please feel free to contact us anytime.
Thank you for your continued interest and support!
Jim Lovett
monarchwatch.org
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Monarch coloration, milkweed toxins, and predation by birds
5 November 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
This text is both a preamble and addendum to the "Monarch Fallout and A Predator Story" blog article posted recently by Brad Guhr of the Dyck Arboretum (republished below, with permission).
Predation by birds has been offered as the explanation for monarchs' aposematic coloration. This contrasting orange and black color combination is thought to be a feature that effectively advertises the toxic cardiac glycosides (also called cardenolides) sequestered in the tissues of adult butterflies from the milkweeds consumed during the larval stage. This interpretation is strongly supported by the experiments and numerous analyses conducted by Lincoln Brower and his colleagues. Among these tests were feeding experiments with caged naïve blue jays. Young jays, that had never seen a monarch, would unhesitatingly eat one when it was first presented as a food item. Within a short interval, the jays would vomit up the monarch due to the emetic properties of the cardiac glycosides. A picture of this reaction is iconic (see "The Case of the Barfing Blue Jay"), having graced the pages of Scientific American and many a biology textbook. The jays thereafter refused to eat monarchs when presented among food items. This learning by experience, though some monarchs are consumed in the process, is said to provide monarchs, as a population, with a degree of protection from bird predation since birds, being highly visual, recognize the contrasting colors and, after a feeding experience, subsequently avoid feeding on monarchs or perhaps all species displaying these colors. Indeed, observations of birds feeding on monarchs, other than the black-backed orioles and black-headed grosbeaks that prey on monarchs clustered in the oyamel fir trees in Mexico, are rare.
Yet, now and then, we hear of instances in which observers have reported seeing scissor-tailed flycatchers and Mississippi kites feeding on monarchs during the migration. Unlike blue jays, that stopped eating monarchs after one experience, the scissor-tails and Mississippi kites appear to be undeterred by the cardiac glycosides in the monarchs. Still, the stories that reach us have always been fragmentary. The following blog article created by Brad Guhr, of the Dyck Arboretum, in Hesston, KS, and the wing collection assembled by Karen and Dick Fulk, describe an instance of intense predation by 5 immature Mississippi kites on migratory monarchs that had taken temporary shelter within the grounds of the arboretum.
Monarch Fallout and A Predator Story
By Brad Guhr on Oct 07, 2020
Monarch Fallout
It happened again in 2020. The convergence of the peak of the September monarch southerly migration over Southcentral Kansas was met by a strong south wind, causing a "fallout" of monarchs at the Dyck Arboretum. Rather than waste energy fighting the headwind, monarchs find a place of refuge to rest and sip nectar. I would estimate that I've seen this phenomenon happen five times in the Arb since 2005 and this year's was the most memorable for a few different reasons including big numbers, fallout location, and a predator story.
Monarchs in the Hedge Row at Dyck Arboretum, 9/20/2020 – Photo by Gerry Epp
Big Numbers
The monarch numbers I observed on Monday, 9/21/2020 seemed to me to be more stunning than I can ever remember. I estimated conservatively in a report to Journey North, there were at least 500 monarchs resting in the Arboretum that day. But after giving it more consideration and talking to a local monarch tagger, Karen Fulk, I wonder if that number was more accurately in the thousands.
Karen's many years of efforts to tag monarchs in Hesston has her keenly in touch with monarch phenology and migration patterns. She reports that the peak of migration through south central Kansas is usually between 9/22 and 9/27. This year, however, she started seeing an uptick in numbers when a cold front and north wind jump-started the southerly monarch migration a bit earlier.
Karen usually tags 300 annually during the fall migration. This year, Chip Taylor at Monarch Watch, knowing that migration numbers were higher this year, suggested that Karen start with 500 tags. She was able to apply most of those 500 tags when the fallout began Friday 9/18/2020 through Sunday 9/20/2020. Arboretum member, Gerry Epp, further documented this event by posting photos of the fallout on his Facebook page, 9/20/2020.
Monarchs on Seven Son Flower at Dyck Arboretum, 9/20/2020 – Photo by Gerry Epp
Fallout Location
With some repetition now in seeing these fallouts occur in the same place, I want to give some thought to why they congregate where they do at Dyck Arboretum. Karen usually tags at three places in Hesston based on the ability to catch and tag the maximum number in one place, and Dyck Arboretum is where she does the majority of her work. She estimated that 95% of her tagging this year happened at the Arboretum, based on seeing the greatest number of butterflies here.
I would hypothesize that they repeatedly congregate in the small 1/8th-acre area at the Arboretum amphitheater/pinetum for three reasons. One, they are seeking protection from the elements of wind and heat. This is about energy conservation. By escaping the wind and congregating in large groups on the north side of the dense hedge row of Osage orange trees, they are finding a microclimate that is cooler, more humid, and less turbulent than they would find on the south side.
Two, this location is next to a number of nectar sources. Why not rest where you can eat/drink too? Nearby native plant beds and a reconstructed prairie had a timely profusion of flowering from many species of the genera Helianthus (sunflower), Solidago (goldenrod), Symphotrichium (aster), Liatris (gayfeather), Eryngium (eryngo), and Heptacodium (seven son flower).
Three, a number of white pines in this location may resemble the trees of the Oyamel fir forests in Mexico. I don't have any proof of this theory, but it seems plausible to me.
Predator Story
The newest wrinkle of this monarch fallout experience was the side story of five immature Mississippi kites. They were probably migrating with the monarchs and decided also to not fight the strong south wind. For a day and a half that I observed, this hungry bunch of pentomic predators took advantage of an abundant food supply. They hung out in the top of one of the white pines and took turns swooping through the monarch clouds to easily catch a snack.
Mississippi Kite Eating A Monarch at Dyck Arboretum, 9/22/2020 – Photo by Janelle Flory Schrock
Sometimes they missed catching their target, but usually, these agile insect catchers snagged their prey. Typically they would return to their perch to eat their catch, but sometimes they would eat in flight or "on the wing" as I hear experienced birders say. At one point, I counted approximately 120 monarch wings that had fluttered down to form what I'll call a monarch confetti debris field. At four wings per monarch, that represented the carnage of about 30 monarchs. However, a number of wings had already been collected by onlookers, so it is not unreasonable to think that the number of monarchs preyed upon were double or triple what I saw.
Monarch Wings at Dyck Arboretum, 9/20/2020 – Photo by Brad Guhr
Monarch Toxicity
This predator behavior was a surprising observation. Monarch larvae eat milkweed and sequester in the mature butterfly wings and exoskeleton the milkweed toxins called cardiac glycosides. These heart poisons can seriously affect vertebrate predators, including birds, and often cause them to vomit and subsequently avoid eating them further. However, these young kites not only ate monarchs all day Monday, but they continued their feeding frenzy the next morning. Either their stomachs weren't too adversely soured, or the calories needed to continue this migratory journey were simply too important.
A Google literature review turned up no articles mentioning this habit of Mississippi kites eating monarchs. However, a follow-up conversation with University of Kansas Professor, Brad Williamson, helped me understand that this observation is not so irrational. He explained that the monarch population is not 100% toxic.
"The individual toxicity depends a lot on the particular milkweed species that hosted the larval stage. Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed) and Cynanchum laeve (honeyvine milkweed) are not nearly as toxic as A. verticillata (whorled milkweed). There is an entire range of toxicity and it makes for some great mathematical modeling questions–just how much toxicity (percent toxic) in the population is necessary for protection for the entire population? How much metabolic costs are there for monarchs trying to process highly toxic host plants? Turns out that only 25-40% of the population being toxic confers protection for the remaining population." (I will include below a bibliography on monarch toxicity that Dr. Williamson provided if any of you are interested as I am in learning more about this topic.)
There were a lot of interesting biological and ecological issues at play here with these monarchs and kites. It was just one more interesting natural history story with subplots to be observed by those of us living in the Monarch Flyway. Until I'm able to one day witness the hundreds of millions of monarchs wintering in the the Oyamel forests of central Mexico, I am completely content having a front row seat to this fascinating migration phenomena right here in Kansas.
Monarch butterflies observed at the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Michoacán, Mexico.
Video by Beatrix Amstutz, February 7, 2020.
Plant Milkweed
To assist the monarchs and their annual migration, plant milkweed host plants and other native nectar plants for adults. Check out our annual spring and fall Flora Kansas native plant sales.
Articles on Monarch Toxicity
Brower, L. P., and C. M. Moffitt. "Palatability Dynamics of Cardenolides in the Monarch Butterfly." Nature 249, no. 5454 (1974): 280–283.
Brower, Lincoln P. "Avian Predation on the Monarch Butterfly and Its Implications for Mimicry Theory." The American Naturalist 131 (1988): S4–S6.
Brower, Lincoln P., and Susan C. Glazier. "Localization of Heart Poisons in the Monarch Butterfly." Science 188, no. 4183 (1975): 19–25.
Brower, Lincoln P., Peter B. McEvoy, Kenneth L. Williamson, and Maureen A. Flannery. "Variation in Cardiac Glycoside Content of Monarch Butterflies from Natural Populations in Eastern North America." Science 177, no. 4047 (1972): 426–429.
Fink, Linda S., and Lincoln P. Brower. "Birds Can Overcome the Cardenolide Defence of Monarch Butterflies in Mexico." Nature 291, no. 5810 (1981): 67–70.Malcolm, S. B., and L. P. Brower. "Evolutionary and Ecological Implications of Cardenolide Sequestration in the Monarch Butterfly." Experientia 45, no. 3 (1989): 284–295.
Malcolm, Stephen B. "Milkweeds, Monarch Butterflies and the Ecological Significance of Cardenolides." Chemoecology 5, no. 3–4 (1994): 101–117.
Malcolm, Stephen B., Barbara J. Cockrell, and Lincoln P. Brower. "Cardenolide Fingerprint of Monarch Butterflies Reared on Common Milkweed, Asclepias Syriaca L." Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, no. 3 (1989): 819–853.
Nelson, C. J., J. N. Seiber, and L. P. Brower. "Seasonal and Intraplant Variation of Cardenolide Content in the California Milkweed, Asclepias Eriocarpa, and Implications for Plant Defense." Journal of Chemical Ecology 7, no. 6 (1981): 981–1010.
Roeske, C. N., J. N. Seiber, L. P. Brower, and C. M. Moffitt. "Milkweed Cardenolides and Their Comparative Processing by Monarch Butterflies (Danaus Plexippus L.)." In Biochemical Interaction between Plants and Insects, 93–167. Springer, 1976.
Zalucki, Myron P., Lincoln P. Brower, and Alfonso Alonso-M. "Detrimental Effects of Latex and Cardiac Glycosides on Survival and Growth of First-Instar Monarch Butterfly Larvae Danaus Plexippus Feeding on the Sandhill Milkweed Asclepias Humistrata." Ecological Entomology 26, no. 2 (2001): 212–224.
The post Monarch Fallout and A Predator Story appeared first on Dyck Arboretum.
Karen Fulk had been tagging monarchs in the area at the time of this event, and wings of seven of her tagged monarchs were found among the scattering of wings in the area of intense feeding by the Mississippi kites. Curious to learn more, Karen made a search for all the wings she could find. She collected many, but some were evidently collected by others. Still, the collection gives us a rough idea of the total number killed and the sex ratio of those consumed.
Karen gave a quick look at the wings and concluded that the sample represented over 90 monarchs. Since it was of interest to determine the sex of each forewing to determine the sex ratio of the sample, Karen being less certain of those determinations, sent the collection to me.
The results of sorting the wings by sex and left verses right are given below.
FOREWING
HINDWING
Left Right Left Right
Male 37 43 43 36
Female 50 47 28 31
This tabulation suggests that AT LEAST 50 females and 43 males, or 93 in total, were killed and eaten by these birds while the monarchs were roosting in and passing through the arboretum. It would seem that the cardenolides had minimal effect, if any, on the feeding habits of these Mississippi kites. Curiously, I saw no signs of beak marks on any of the wings.
Bag of monarch forewings
Left and right female monarch hindwings
Hindwings of tagged monarchs eaten by Mississippi kites at the Dyck Arboretum 21-22 of September 2020.
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Fast-paced migration this year
9 September 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
If you are a monarch tagger located north of 35N (e.g. Oklahoma City), tag when you can. This will be a fast-paced migration compared to recent years. If you hesitate, you could miss the opportunity to tag.
Last year we experienced the latest migration in the last 28 years. It was too warm in the Upper Midwest with daytime highs in the 80s and 90s for much of the month. Monarchs prefer to migrate when the temperatures are in the 60s and 70s and that is what is shaping up for the Upper Midwest and much of the northern breeding area over the rest of the month.
Once this cold surge passes after Friday and Saturday, monarchs will be on the move. This migration will be more like those seen in the late 1990s and early 2000s in the northern breeding area. The population will advance at a steady pace into the South region and it is likely that this migration will be more compressed with few stragglers.
Thus, the opportunities to tag will be more limited than over the last 5 warm Septembers. This temperature shift also means that late developing monarchs will be left behind in larger numbers than in recent years. That happens, and there is nothing we can do about it that will affect the number of monarchs reaching Mexico. Monarchs have dealt with these swings in the weather for a very long time.
Enjoy the tagging and thanks for your assistance in helping us all learn more about the monarch migration.
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Monarch displacements and orientation
31 August 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
In the spring of 2019, I cleaned out my office in Haworth Hall, the main biology building. It was an emotional trip through my 47-year career as a KU faculty member as I sorted through the artifacts that represented my academic and personal history. In the process, I made a number of discoveries that led to recovered memories but also engaged in a few searches for things long lost.
One priority involved the search for an unpublished manuscript that was written about 20 years ago by Sandra Perez and myself. I had been looking for that text since the data therein speaks to some of the recent discussions about monarch orientation. Unfortunately, the manuscript was a no show. Then Covid-19 paid us all a visit this spring, and I had to move my office from Monarch Watch to home. That required a bit of clean-up of the home office to make it more usable – and, you guessed it. I found the Perez/Taylor manuscript in an unmarked folder. I suspect many retired profs have unpublished texts. I have a bunch. Some should have been published and others not. The Perez/Taylor manuscript was reviewed and sent back for revisions. Unfortunately, I don't have the reviews. For reasons I don't recall, the revisions were never made and the manuscript wasn't resubmitted.
The text described the results of two field experiments conducted in 1997 and 1998 involving orientation of displaced migratory monarchs. The results of the first test were clear and informative, but there was a problem with the second experiment due to the fact that it was shortened and possibly influenced at one location by an advancing hurricane. In other words, the two-site comparison we were counting on, that would have given power to the results, whatever they showed, was compromised. In the best of all possible worlds, to achieve the two-site results we wanted, a do over the next migratory season was required, but that wasn't possible. Below is a link to the manuscript as I found it. It needs a rewrite and a little more context and if we were to do the same set of experiments again, we would do them a bit differently. I'm posting this to the Blog since the data from the first experiment is informative and that of the second is certainly suggestive though not entirely convincing. These experiments should be repeated on a larger scale, this time with more controls and radio tagged or simply tagged monarchs that have been weighed and measured. We hope someone will take up this challenge. At another level, this approach offers an opportunity to trace the physiological (biochemical and genetic) change from one entrained behavioral response to specific environmental cues to another set of cues or signals at new locations. What I'm suggesting is that displaced monarchs go through a reset process, not unlike jet lag in humans. However, unlike humans, in monarchs, the reset duration is temperature dependent.
Link to unpublished manuscript (PDF):
Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Migratory Orientation: Regional Differences and Effects of Displacement
Sandra M. Perez and Orley R. Taylor
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Monarch Watch Update July 2020
24 July 2020 | Author: Jim Lovett
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Greetings and welcome to Monarch Watch's 29th tag season!
As you've probably come to expect in the fall, we have a TON of information to share so let's get to it. This update includes:
1. Monarch Population Status
2. Tagging: then, now and in the future
3. Submitting Tag Data for the 2019 Season
4. Monarch Watch Tagging Kits
5. Tagging Wild and Reared Monarchs
6. Chip in for Monarch Watch in 2020!
7. Grant-Sponsored Free Milkweed Programs
8. Monarch Waystations
9. Collect Milkweed Seed for Monarch Watch
10. Monarch Calendar Project
11. Fall Monarch Watch Events
12. Monarch Rearing, Tagging and Releasing Survey
There are a number of ways to assess the development of the summer monarch breeding population that lend some predictability to the size of the migratory population. One can use mid-summer numbers gleaned from surveys conducted by the North American Butterfly Association or eggs per stem counts tallied by the Monarch Larval Monitoring Project, or simply follow the chatter about the numbers of adult monarchs and immatures reported on various social media sites and email lists like Dplex-L. All have merit and all have limitations.
I prefer to break down the numbers of first sightings north of 40N from 1 May to 14 June as reported to Journey North. I look for two things, the timing of arrival across the longitudes as well as the numbers arriving and I look at how those numbers might have been affected by the numbers of first sightings of returning monarchs from 1 March–30 April. In addition, I ask how the weather might have affected recolonization. To that, I add the forecasts for the mean temperatures for the months of June–August. The result is a prediction each July that is correct more often than it is wrong, but there have been some misses and those are both instructive and humbling.
So, what do these metrics suggest for the coming migration? Actually, the prospects for a reasonably robust migratory population look quite good for the area from central Michigan to 100W in the Dakotas. The numbers from Michigan to the east coast are likely to be lower than for each of the last two years. In terms of the timing of arrivals in the northeast east of Toronto in Canada, and most of northern New England, the recolonization this year was the 6th lowest in the last 21 years. That said, this region has surprised me in the past by producing more monarchs than I expected.
Overall, there should be plenty of monarchs to tag this fall and there is a good likelihood that the numbers this winter in Mexico will be higher than in 2019.
Western Monarchs
The big question for those interested in western monarchs is whether the population will increase from the low numbers each of the last two years. The population in the east bounced back from a low of 0.67 hectares in the winter of 2013–2014 to 4.01 hectares in 2015–2016. That was a remarkable rebound and it's reasonable that the western population should be able to do the same, right? Maybe and maybe not.
The conditions in the west in terms of the weather extremes, the distribution of milkweeds, etc. are very different from those in the east. Here is what we can say about the west at this point: there is a mix of favorable and not so favorable reports for the west, but generally, there are few reports and that is not a good sign. The good reports involve what appear to be good breeding populations in the vicinity of Prescott, Arizona, and in SE Arizona. Good numbers have also been reported in Salt Lake City and the surrounding area with some reports from Idaho. In contrast, Oregon and Washington have been relatively silent and that is not a good sign. Since a substantial number of the monarchs that arrive at the overwintering colonies along the west coast originate from the Northwest, low production there again this year could mean low numbers during this year's Thanksgiving Day Counts. Let's hope things pick up in the west over the next 6 weeks!
Over the years, thousands of taggers have contributed to our tagging database. It is an enormous record and a veritable gold mine of information about how the migration functions. The record represents over 2 million tagged butterflies and lists where, when and by whom each butterfly was tagged. The sex of each butterfly and whether the butterfly was wild-caught or reared, tagged and released is also recorded. The record also includes over 19,000 recoveries at the overwintering sites. We have spent the last several years closely examining these records and the data have been used as the basis for two publications. The first, "Is the Timing, Pace, and Success of the Monarch Migration Associated With Sun Angle?" was published in December 2019 and the second, "Evaluating the migration mortality hypothesis using monarch tagging data", should be published soon. Two additional papers are in preparation and more are planned.
Briefly, the tagging data have revealed new information on the origins of monarchs that reach Mexico, the timing and pace of the migration, differences among regions due to recolonization and weather, the impact of drought years and many other factors. None of these insights into the dynamics of the migration and the monarch annual cycle would have been possible without the assistance of all those who have so generously donated their time and data to the Monarch Watch Tagging Database (which will ultimately be transferred to a national archive). Yet, in spite of these successes, we are not done; there is more to learn. The climate is changing and monarch habitats are continuing to decline and for these reasons it is likely that the migration will change as well. Continued tagging should enable us to track these changes, and for that, we hope you will continue to tag, to report your data and to generally support monarch conservation by creating habitats for monarchs or helping others do so.
Thanks, and best of luck this tagging season. Please stay safe. Chip Taylor, Director, Monarch Watch
Thousands of you have already submitted your 2019 season tag data to us by mail or via our online submission form – thank you! We are still receiving data sheets and if you haven't submitted your data yet it is not too late. Please review the "Submitting Your Tagging Data" information on the tagging program page then send us your data via the Tagging Data Submission Form.
Complete information is available at monarchwatch.org/tagging if you have questions about submitting your data to us and we have conveniently placed a large "Submit Tagging Data Here" button on our homepage at monarchwatch.org that will take you directly to the online form.
Monarch tagging is an important tool to help us understand the overall dynamics of the monarch population. Tags for the 2020 fall tagging season are available and we have started shipping them out, ahead of the migration in your area. If you would like to tag monarchs this year, please order your tags soon as they are going fast! Tagging Kits should arrive within 7–10 days but priority will be given to preorders and areas that will experience the migration first.
Monarch Watch Tagging Kits are only shipped to areas east of the Rocky Mountains. Each tagging kit includes a set of specially manufactured monarch butterfly tags (you specify quantity), a data sheet, tagging instructions, and additional monarch / migration information. Tagging Kits for the 2020 season start at only $15 and include your choice of 25, 50, 100, 200, or 500 tags.
Monarch Watch Tagging Kits and other materials (don't forget a net!) are available via the Monarch Watch Shop online at shop.monarchwatch.org – where each purchase helps support Monarch Watch.
2020 datasheets and instructions are also available online at monarchwatch.org/tagging
Tagging should begin in early to mid-August north of 45N latitude (e.g. Minneapolis), late August at other locations north of 35N (e.g., Oklahoma City, Fort Smith, Memphis, Charlotte) and in September and early October in areas south of 35N latitude. See a map and a table with expected peak migration dates at monarchwatch.org/tagging
The following is an abbreviated version of our "Tagging wild and reared monarchs: Best practices" article posted to our Blog last year. The complete text of the article is available via the link below.
Diving into the data has revealed a number of surprises such as the difference between the probability that a reared monarch will reach Mexico and the probability that a wild–tagged monarch will do so. The recovery rate is higher for wild–caught monarchs (0.9% vs 0.5%) and it is the data from the wild–caught butterflies that tell us the most about the migration. Frankly, for some analyses, we have to set the reared monarch data aside. That doesn't mean it is not valuable, but its uses are limited.
It should be noted that for tagging data purposes, monarchs captured as adult butterflies should be reported as WILD and adult monarchs reared from the egg, larva, or pupa stage should be considered REARED.
TAGGING WILD-CAUGHT MONARCHS
For wild-caught monarchs we need to:
1. increase the number of taggers from western Minnesota and Iowa westward into Nebraska and the Dakotas to give us a more complete understanding of dynamics of the migration;
2. increase the number of wild monarchs that are tagged since these provide the most valuable data; and
3. increase the number of taggers who tag from the beginning of the tagging season in early August until the migration ends. Tagging records for the entire season will help us establish the proportion of the late–season monarchs that reach the overwintering sites. When tagging wild–caught monarchs, many taggers run out of tags well before the season ends. That's great, but it would help us to know when all tags had been used by indicating this via the online tagging data submission form.
TAGGING REARED MONARCHS
Reared butterflies tend to average smaller than wild migrants. That difference can be reduced significantly if careful attention is given to rearing larvae under the best possible conditions. Large monarchs have the best chance of reaching Mexico, surviving the winter and reproducing in Texas. There are several reasons for this: better glide ratio, better lift with cross or quartering winds, larger fat bodies, more resistance to stress, etc. There are very few small monarchs among those that return in the spring. For those of you who prefer to rear, tag and release, we have a few suggestions:
1. Rear larvae under the most natural conditions possible.
2. Provide an abundance of living or fresh-picked and sanitized foliage to larvae.
3. Provide clean rearing conditions.
4. Plan the rearing so that the newly-emerged monarchs can be tagged early in the migratory season (10 days before to 10 days after the expected date of arrival of the leading edge of the migration in your area).
5. Tag the butterflies once the wings have hardened and release them the day after emergence if possible.
6. When it comes to tagging, tag only the largest and most-fit monarchs (see complete article for some guidelines). Records of tags applied to monarchs that have little chance of reaching Mexico add to the mass of tagging data, but do not help us learn which monarchs reach Mexico – unless the measurements, weight and condition of every monarch tagged and released is recorded. There are a few taggers who keep such detailed records and those data can be very informative. If you collect such data and are willing to share it please contact us; do not add this information to the standard tagging data sheet.
As a final note, this text is not a directive. We are not telling you what to do; rather, we are simply providing suggestions that may lead to more successful rearing and tagging efforts.
The expanded version of this article "Tagging wild and reared monarchs: Best practices" is available at monarchwatch.org/blog/tagging-best-practices
Several years ago, we launched our first "Chip in for Monarch Watch" Fundraising Campaign in honor of our director and founder, Chip Taylor (whose birthday happens to be at the end of August, by the way). This campaign offers a chance for Monarch Watchers, colleagues, friends, and family across the planet to show their support for Chip and the Monarch Watch program he brought to life more than a quarter-century ago. It has provided tremendous support for Monarch Watch over the years, through both monetary contributions and kind words. We encourage you to spend a little time reading through the previous donor comments on the Chip in for Monarch Watch page – the connections that are facilitated by monarchs and Monarch Watch are truly extraordinary.
This year's Chip in for Monarch Watch campaign is now underway – if you are in a position to offer financial support to Monarch Watch (or know someone who might be), please consider making a fully tax-deductible donation of any amount during our 2020 "Chip in for Monarch Watch" fundraising campaign.
Visit monarchwatch.org/chip for more information or to submit your pledge and tax-deductible donation.
Please be sure to leave your comments, thanks, birthday wishes, etc. for Chip via the Chip in for Monarch Watch Form at form.jotform.com/82141035824146
– Chip in for Monarch Watch: monarchwatch.org/chip
– Chip in for Monarch Watch Form (to leave comments, thanks, birthday wishes, etc.): form.jotform.com/82141035824146
– Donate Now via the KU Endowment: kuendowment.org/monarch
Monarch Watch is still seeking a few more applications for our very popular grant, Free Milkweed for Schools and Nonprofits. If your organization already has a garden and you want to enhance it with milkweeds, this grant is for you! If your organization doesn't have a garden at all, but would like to start one, this grant is for you! We award these plants to libraries, schools, nature centers, churches, community gardens, scouting and 4H organizations, master gardeners and much more. Help us meet our annual quota of 6,000 plants so that we can reapply for future funding. We are almost there, with less than 2,000 plants to distribute.
The following map shows the distribution of milkweeds since 2014, all funded through the generous support of the Natural Resources Defense Council:
monarchwatch.org/milkweed/free/nonprofit-grant.jpg
Apply now for plants that will be shipped in the fall to the eastern United States. California and Texas applicants will receive plants next spring, when we have a new crop. Awardees will receive one free flat of native milkweed plugs! Sorry, private gardens are not eligible for this grant. Previous grant recipients are not eligible.
For complete details about applying for our Free Milkweeds Grants please visit monarchwatch.org/free-milkweeds
To offset the loss of milkweeds and nectar sources we need to create, conserve, and protect monarch butterfly habitats. You can help by creating "Monarch Waystations" in home gardens, at schools, businesses, parks, zoos, nature centers, along roadsides, and on other unused plots of land. Creating a Monarch Waystation can be as simple as adding milkweeds and nectar sources to existing gardens or maintaining natural habitats with milkweeds. No effort is too small to have a positive impact.
Have you created a habitat for monarchs and other wildlife? If so, help support our conservation efforts by registering your habitat as an official Monarch Waystation today!
monarchwatch.org/waystations
A quick online application will register your site and your habitat will be added to the online registry (mapped location will be approximate for privacy). You will receive a certificate bearing your name and your habitat's ID that can be used to look up its record. You may also choose to purchase a metal sign to display in your habitat to encourage others to get involved in monarch conservation.
As of 24 July 2020, there have been 29,809 Monarch Waystation habitats registered with Monarch Watch! Texas holds the #1 spot with 2,451 habitats and Illinois (2,320), Michigan (2,233), California (1,909), Ohio (1,529), Virginia (1,379), Florida (1,324), Pennsylvania (1,322), Wisconsin (1,304), and Ontario (978) round out the top ten.
You can view the complete listing and a map of approximate locations via monarchwatch.org/waystations/registry
Monarch Watch is seeking donations of milkweed seed collected from wild populations of native milkweeds in order to maintain our milkweed distribution programs. Milkweeds are beginning to put on seed pods and will continue for the next few months, depending upon your location. We welcome seed donations of one ounce or more, which we pass on to our partner nurseries to grow. Through the Milkweed Market and our free milkweed programs, we then distribute milkweed plugs back to the ecoregion from which the seed was collected.
Generally, our current needs include seed from Texas, Arizona, California, the Midwest, and the eastern/southeastern coastal states. Also, incarnata and tuberosa are always needed from east of Ohio, where they are native. We currently have enough seed from the upper Midwest.
Please visit our seed collecting page for further instructions: monarchwatch.org/bring-back-the-monarchs/milkweed/seed-collecting
If you are recording your monarch observations for this project and would like to submit your data for the spring (1st) period please do so using the appropriate form, based on your location:
For locations SOUTH of (less than) 35N latitude (March 15–April 30, 2020) please use this form: forms.gle/pBVsLPyJ4xiriuXV8
For locations NORTH of (greater than) 35N latitude (April1–June 20, 2020) please use this form: forms.gle/sfmks7w1cvhD3ghB7
As soon as the fall period ends for all locations (September 25) we will send out links for submission of that data.
Monarch Watch continues to seek the assistance of hundreds of monarch enthusiasts (citizen scientists) in collecting observations of monarchs in their area during specific periods of the spring and fall. If you would like to participate, all you have to do is: 1. REGISTER (just so we know where you are located and how to reach you), 2. RECORD (keep a record of the number of monarch butterflies you observe each day during the time period dictated by your location) and 3. SUBMIT (at the end of the observation period in the fall we will send participants a link to an online form to submit their observation data).
Complete details and a link to the short registration form are available at
monarchwatch.org/calendar
Please note that the fall observation period for those of you in the Southern U.S. runs from August 1–September 25 so you need to start recording your monarch observations! For northern locations (greater than 35N latitude) the fall period runs from July 15–August 20 so recording should be going on now, but it is not too late to join in!
As you might have guessed, our big in-person public events that are held in September each year in Lawrence, KS (Fall Open House and Tagging Event) have been canceled. However, we hope to be able to provide some alternate activities to engage Monarch Watchers. Stay tuned and stay safe!
Do you raise monarchs from eggs, caterpillars or chrysalises? If so, help us understand what techniques monarch enthusiasts, such as yourself, are using when rearing monarchs. We have created a simple survey, here: monarchwatch.org/rearing-survey
Feel free to share this with friends or groups that focus on monarch rearing and/or conservation.
Questions? Comments? Please email Angie at monarch@ku.edu
Monarch Watch (https://monarchwatch.org) is a nonprofit education, conservation, and research program affiliated with the Kansas Biological Survey at the University of Kansas. The program strives to provide the public with information about the biology of monarch butterflies, their spectacular migration, and how to use monarchs to further science education in primary and secondary schools. Monarch Watch engages in research on monarch migration biology and monarch population dynamics to better understand how to conserve the monarch migration and also promotes the protection of monarch habitats throughout North America.
We rely on private contributions to support the program and we need your help! Please consider making a tax-deductible donation. Complete details are available at https://monarchwatch.org/donate or you can simply call 785-832-7374 (KU Endowment Association) for more information about giving to Monarch Watch.
https://monarchwatch.org
You are receiving this mail because you were subscribed to the Monarch Watch list via monarchwatch.org or shop.monarchwatch.org – if you would rather not receive these periodic email updates from Monarch Watch (or would like to remove an old email address) you may UNSUBSCRIBE via https://monarchwatch.org/unsubscribe
If you would like to receive periodic email updates from Monarch Watch, you may SUBSCRIBE via https://monarchwatch.org/subscribe
Filed under Email Updates | Comments Off on Monarch Watch Update July 2020
Monarch Annual Cycle: Migrations and the number of generations
3 June 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
The monarch annual cycle is quite extraordinary since it involves an overwintering phase that follows a long fall migration, a remigration in the spring and a succession of generations before the start of the next fall migration. This pattern is even more complex since it involves overlapping generations and a total of 4 migrations. Yes, 4 migrations. Further, monarchs breed over a wide range of latitudes with differing temperatures and periods of production. It can be very confusing and there is a lot of misinformation about these patterns in documentaries about monarchs and on many websites. I've been trying to sort out the migrations and generations since 1992, and the summary below fits the data that I've seen to date. Please be aware, I'm describing overall patterns – average conditions – to which there are exceptions if you look all the data that's available.
Let's deal with the migrations first since there is a widespread perception that monarchs take three generations/migrations to reach Canada. That's not the case. Recolonization of the breeding area requires only two migrations. That's well-established in the literature and you can see the pattern in the first sightings data posted to Journey North each year. Here is a quick summary:
The first migration
Monarchs leave the overwintering sites starting in late February, a process that can continue into the first week of April. This migration starts to reach Texas in the second week of March. The returning female monarchs move N and NE mating, laying eggs until they die. Most are dead by 1 May with the effective northern limits generally around 37°N.
The second migration
Offspring from the returning migration reach the adult stage mostly in mid to late April and, after a few days needed to fully mature, they begin to migrate N and NE. This generation – the first generation of the season – makes the second migration. These butterflies continue migrating until sometime late in the first week of June. At that point, all directional flight ceases, ending the second migration. By the end of the first week of June, this second migration, or wave of monarchs, has reached most of the areas containing milkweeds, and recolonization is complete or as complete as it can be for a given year.
The third migration
There is no directional movement from the first week of June until sometime in the fourth week of July. In other words, there is a six or seven-week interval during which all flight and reproduction is local. Directional flight for SOME but not ALL monarchs begins in the fourth week of July. These monarchs move S and SW and have been observed to recolonize southern areas from Georgia to Texas that had contained few or no monarchs for the previous two or more months. I had called this migration the "pre-migration migration" in previous discussions. That's an awkward and confusing term so hereafter I'm going to refer to this migration as the "midsummer migration." Although we know this migration occurs, we don't know exactly when it starts or ends or the geographic origin of the butterflies. Judging by observations of directional flight and the arrival of fresh monarchs in areas from which monarchs have been absent, it appears that this migration starts in the fourth week of July and ends in the beginning of the third week of August. How long this migration takes to pass through a particular location is not clear. Reproduction follows the arrival of these butterflies from the North creating some confusion as to the number of generations produced in the South. I'll get to that later.
The fourth migration
It's the fourth migration that is well known. It starts at 50°N (Winnipeg) at the end of the first week of August and continues through the fall with the last monarchs arriving at the overwintering sites in early December. This migration is the longest both in terms of distance and time. It also differs from the other three migrations due to the fact that butterflies in this migration do not mate and reproduce during the migration. Nor do they reproduce at the overwintering sites in Mexico.
That monarchs reproduce in Mexico during the winter is another misconception frequently repeated in the media. The overall pattern is this: three migrations involving fast-moving butterflies that mate and reproduce as they expand the range seasonally with an outcome that generally increases monarch numbers and one fall migration that contracts the geographic range during which the population declines due to morbidity and mortality. In effect, there is an eight-month period of reproduction (March–October) that overlaps with an eight-month interval (August–March) during which the population declines. Simply put, there are two migrations going south in summer/fall and two migrations going north in the spring.
When thinking about the duration of a developing generation, it is common to add up the intervals needed for monarch immatures to complete each stage from egg through pupation — and that interval can vary from about 25 to over 50 days depending on temperatures. Egg to adult intervals are generally cited as about 30 days. That's a good average, but it doesn't account for a period of maturation females need before mating and egg-laying begins. That interval is also temperature sensitive but probably averages 5 days for monarchs at the northern latitudes. My point is that it's better to think in terms of egg to egg intervals rather than egg to adult intervals when counting generations, e.g. 35 vs 30 days.
As discussed, first-generation monarchs are offspring from monarchs returning from Mexico. These first-generation offspring mate and lay eggs while moving north. At a particular point, new eggs could be deposited by passing monarchs for several weeks, in effect spreading out the second generation over time and space that later leads to overlapping generations. That's complicated, and we won't go there since our purpose is to characterize the general pattern of the number of generations. To do so, it helps to create a simple scenario for different latitudes.
Let's start with eggs laid by a first-generation female on the 20th of May in northern Iowa. Using the egg to egg interval of 35 days, the second-generation females would begin laying eggs on the 25th of June. Offspring from these eggs constitute the third-generation, and they would be expected to begin egg-laying in another 35 days or around the 30th of July. As the eggs from this third-generation complete development and reach the adult stage, they constitute the fourth or fall migratory generation.
However, if we start our scenario later in Iowa, or start further north, we lose a generation. For example, eggs laid in the Winnipeg area by newly-arriving first generation females, let's say on the 1st of June, probably wouldn't reach the adult stage and begin egg-laying until 8 July or later, due to a longer egg to egg interval resulting from lower temperatures at that latitude. Eggs laid by those second-generation females become third generation adults in August that migrate. The message here is that most of the migratory butterflies originating from north of 40°N latitude are third and fourth generation butterflies.
But what about further south? Are there 5th and 6th generation migrants? Probably, but it's complicated and the numbers are likely few. To explain what might be happening, we have to consider the extent to which there are continuously breeding populations in the South and the impact of the midsummer migrants. There appear to be habitat islands associated with major cities where monarchs survive in low numbers through the summer. It's conceivable that some of these lineages produce 5th and 6th generation migrants. However, the biggest number of migrants originating from the South in September and October are probably progeny of midsummer migrants that were third generation butterflies. If this is indeed the case, then most of the monarchs originating from the South are fourth generation rather than 5th generation monarchs.
The above description applies to the eastern monarch population. It's possible, maybe even probable, that what I've characterized here for eastern monarchs also applies to the western monarch population. There are many seasonal parallels but there are too many unknowns about western monarchs to know if the annual cycle differs significantly from that of their eastern counterpart.
Four migrations annually – two northward and two southward.
Most butterflies in the fall migration represent 3rd and 4th generations.
Three migrations involve butterflies that are reproductive. Butterflies in the fall migration are non-reproductive.
Monarchs DO NOT reproduce at overwintering sites in Mexico.
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Monarch Population Status
1 May 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
As of yesterday (30 April), the numbers are only 4 and 16 and that's the way I like 'em. The 4 is the number of sightings of monarchs North of 40°N on the Journey North website. Four is enough, I don't want to see more than that north of 40°N at this time of year. And the 16, that's the number of monarchs sighted in Kansas so far this season—and more than half of those were reported in the last 10 days.
What does that mean and why am I happy about those numbers? It means that most of the returning monarchs that produce offspring that colonize the Midwest laid most of their eggs in Texas and Oklahoma, where it is warmer—conditions that allow them to develop faster than they would further north. Further, these numbers tell me there is a possibility that a large cohort of first-generation monarchs will move north of 40°N into the summer breeding grounds in May and early June. That should go well if the long-range forecasts are accurate, especially in the second half of May. The first half of June is forecast to be a bit cooler than normal, and if that comes true, recolonization of the northernmost latitudes could be reduced. All in all, this return recolonization appears to be normal and that's encouraging.
As many of you may know, the West Coast monarch population has a steep climb to recover from the all-time low overwintering counts of the last two seasons (each less than 30,000). Getting back to the roughly 200,000 overwintering numbers that characterized most of the years prior to 2018 will take favorable conditions for several years. While it is impossible to tell how many monarchs survived the winter to reproduce in the last two months, the numbers of sightings in California reported to Journey North is encouraging. Further, the average temperatures and amounts of precipitation for California were in the near-normal range for March and April combined, and that's a positive, since previous declines have been associated with extreme high temperatures and droughts for those months. Still, we need to keep our fingers crossed that the Western Monarchs will number more than 30,000 this coming winter.
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Monarch Watch Spring Plant Fundraiser
30 April 2020 | Author: Jim Lovett
For all of you who are located close (or close enough) to Monarch Watch here in Lawrence, Kansas our Spring Plant Fundraiser is now online at spring.monarchwatch.org
We have thousands of plants available via online ordering and local curbside pickup (or limited local delivery). To place an order, you must live in or be willing to travel to LAWRENCE, KANSAS (we cannot ship). These plants are ideal for starting butterfly gardens or adding to established gardens and can contribute to the health of monarch and pollinator populations.
If you are not able to participate locally we invite you to contribute to this fundraiser by donating to Monarch Watch via monarchwatch.org/donate
Thank you for your continued support during these uncertain times. Stay safe!
Filed under General | Comments Off on Monarch Watch Spring Plant Fundraiser
20 April 2020 | Author: Chip Taylor
I have a confession to make. Well, actually, several. First, at this writing (12 April), I have no idea as to whether the monarch population is likely to increase or decrease this year. The signals are mixed. March temperatures in Texas are telling me one thing, optimal egg distribution is telling me another, and first sightings yet another. At this point, it's likely that I won't get a good sense of the direction the population will take until early June. I'll get to why I'm confused below, but I have more confessions.
I'm obsessed. Yes, obsessed. It happens. This time I'm obsessed with the First Sighting Data posted to Journey North. This resource has the potential to tell us a great deal about how the population develops each year and I urge everyone interested in monarchs to report their observations to this long-standing and useful resource. There have to be patterns in a database this rich with information. Indeed. But what are they?
I've spent a lot of time searching for such patterns. Some are easy, and very clear, such as the distributions of sightings across latitudes going north. Each bump in the data represents cities and the surrounding suburbs, and there are gaps with few reports in areas with few towns and low-density human populations and gaps where milkweeds are scarce. There are also pathways along coasts and even a pathway, at least in most years, across northern Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. And there are other patterns related to terrain, prevailing northeasterly movement and the influence of weather patterns in given years. In addition, there are striking differences among years in the timing and number of monarchs that arrive in Texas in March along with the mismatch in the number of sightings relative to the size of the overwintering population the previous winter season. If you look closely, you can see gaps in the sightings that can be associated with weather events such as cold temperatures or periods of rainfall.
In addition, when trying to interpret the data, one has to be aware of its many limitations. It's easy to show for example, that for specific regions, there are only a modest number of people willing to report first sightings. For a while, it appeared for Texas that that number was perhaps between 190–230 resulting in roughly 180–200 sightings for a number of years with the occasional low year. In this situation, only the low number of sightings is useful information since it would appear that the cohort of people willing to report sightings easily becomes saturated. In other words, due to saturation of the observers, large populations are not properly reflected in the data. A solution, of course, is to increase the number of people willing to send sightings data to JN, and that has been happening as well. That helps, but it presents another problem – how do you compare a recent year with a large number of sightings with previous years with lower numbers of sightings? For those comparisons, you can't use the numbers and have to look for other metrics such as spatial distribution and temperature.
Below I have assembled screen shots of Journey North first sighting data as of the 11th of April each year. I haven't given the specific years only identified them by letter, but they are easy to figure out if you are so inclined. My purpose is to challenge you to see some of the patterns I've mentioned and to ask you if you see anything in these records that explains the increases and decreases among these 7 years. I've included the average temperatures in Texas for March along with the overwintering numbers (hectares) for the previous and following winter seasons.
Figure 1. Journey North first sighting data as of the 11th of April.
Let's start by comparing A and B. They look very similar, don't they? C is sort of similar too, right? How about D? Wow! That pattern doesn't look like A, B or C does it. What about H? Yes, let's group D and H. What about F and I? again, the patterns are similar with lots of late first sightings (darker spots). That leaves E and G, which also have similar patterns but low numbers of first sightings in total and very few first sightings in the southeast.
Let's start over with E and G. The populations in both years declined from the numbers recorded the previous winter. March temperatures were +4.9°F and 0.9°F respectively so the only common factors are the low numbers and the distributions. That's not much to go on so there must be other factors that account for the declines in these two years, and there are, but that is another story.
F and I had similar patterns and appear to have been late recolonizations yet both increased substantially from one year to the next. In both years, the temperatures were close to the long term means for March, -0.1°F and -1.5°F respectively. That's interesting.
D and H both have broad distributions with monarchs reaching into Nebraska and Iowa as well as Kansas and Missouri in large numbers in year D. The pattern is similar but not as dramatic for H. The mean temperatures were extremely high for both years, +7.3°F and +6.9°F above the long-term averages. However, the populations declined in both years. That's also interesting and contrasts strongly with F and I when more restrictive distributions and temperatures at or just below the long term yielded significant increases in the population from one year to the next.
The dilemma is how to deal with A, B and C, especially A and B. The patterns for both years are similar. The numbers of first sightings up to the 15th of March were virtually identical (99 vs 104) with a pattern of the overall timing of arrivals and movement northward again highly similar. These factors seem to suggest that similar numbers of first-generation butterflies will be moving north to colonize the northern breeding areas north of 40°N in May and early June. However, the mean temperatures don't fit the contrasting scenario presented by F and I vs D and H since the March mean temperatures were +6.9°F for A and -0.6°F for B.
We know what happened in B. The population declined when the F and I scenario would have predicted an increase or at least a decline that was not as large as observed. Indeed, all projections seemed to indicate a fairly robust population. As outlined in an earlier Blog article, two things probably account for the 2.83 hectares this past winter, the slowest moving migration seen to date and a drought in Texas and Northeast Mexico. There have been 6 droughts and two late migrations since 1994 and the population has declined in each of those years*. B, actually 2019, was the only year with both a late migration and a drought. So, what about A (2020)? Will the population decline again this year? I can't tell you at this time. The next step is the recolonization of the northern breeding areas in May and early June and that is followed by the weather conditions from June through August. What happens in May is fairly predictive of what will happen later in the year unless of course there is a drought or a late migration.
And what about C? The first sightings pattern was similar to that of A and B but not as far north by 11 April. The real difference was that the overall weather conditions from March through August were the best seen since 2006 and 2001. The development of the population that year has been dealt with in earlier Blog articles.
To finish, let's revisit those F & I and D & H scenarios. First let me tell you that these pairs are only examples used to illustrate a point. The entire record supports both points, with exceptions; that is, there are cool March means with declines and warm March temperatures with increases. March temperatures appear to be the strongest driver that determines population growth, but there are numerous factors that can blunt a good population buildup related to a cool March as could be seen in 2019. There are also 2 years in the record during which high March temperatures (N=11) were not followed by declines, but again, there are good explanations for those exceptions. Years during which a population gets off to a bad start, with low numbers of first sightings, or March temperatures well above the long-term mean, or both, usually decline. There is much more to say about first sightings, but that will have to wait.
Ok, I have one more confession. I started writing updates on the status of the population and various additions such as "Why monarchs are an enzyme" to the Blog with the idea that they were needed to educate everyone with an interest in monarch population biology. Yes, I do want to reach out, but the reality is that, while I write these features for readers, I use them to keep myself connected with what monarchs are doing and to work out ideas about how the population functions. So, if you have read this far, thanks for reading, and pardon my self-indulgence.
Oh, there is one more thing for those interested in the Western monarch population. The mean March temperature for California was -0.9°F less than the long-term average with precipitation just slightly above the long-term mean. Those are both good signs, since high temperatures and/or low precipitation in March and April are associated with past declines in the western population. Yet, as with the eastern population, we will have to wait until June to get a sense as to whether the western population will increase this year.
By the way, we should all be appreciative of Elizabeth Howard and her staff for creating and maintaining the first sightings and other monarch data bases on the Journey North website over the years. In case you didn't know, these tasks have now been transferred to the University of Wisconsin under the supervision of Dr. Karen Oberhauser.
*Droughts and late migrations do not account for the monarch decline observed over the last 14–16 years. A quick review of the history of droughts in Texas and Oklahoma shows that droughts have been more frequent in the past than over the last 25 years. In fact, precipitation data for Texas shows that rainfall has increased over the last 30 years with the current mean 0.6 inches greater than the long-term average. A review of September and October temperatures suggests that late migrations occurred in the past as well. Below are three figures from Climate at a Glance that illustrate these points.
Figure 2. This figure shows the average precipitation per year for the 4-month period before migratory monarchs reach Texas in October. Note the striking difference in the precipitation amounts before and after 1956. The amplitude of the variation appears to be damped with fewer years with low rainfall later in the record. Climate at a Glance.
Figure 3. This figure summarizes average temperatures for October for Texas from 1895-2019. Note the substantial year to year variation in the period before 1976 and the distinct damping of both the low and high ranges from that year onward. Patterns of damping of weather features are common in most temperature records for both March and October indicating that monarchs are experiencing less variability over the last 30 years than in the past. Climate at a Glance.
Figure 4. This figure represents the average temperatures experienced by monarchs as they migrate through the Midwest in September (1895-2019). Again, note the range of these averages in the early years of this record and the appearance of a reduction of this variation in recent decades. The starting point for these shifts is generally associated with the mid 70s coincident with observations by many biologists of seasonal changes seen in animals and plants (phenology). Climate at a Glance.
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Plattsmouth drivers looking for a rugged and powerful light-duty truck have several options to consider. At first glance, the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and 2017 GMC Sierra 1500 seem closely matched; both have an available 6.2L V8 that offers up to 420 hp, and both have a variety of tech options such as 4G LTE Wi-Fi and an 8-inch color touchscreen, but there are also a few key differences that will be important to Indianola drivers. We've taken a look at both and compared them side-by-side to help Norwalk drivers choose the truck that's the best fit for their needs. Read on to learn more!
If you're considering a truck for your next vehicle, chances are you have intentions of toting equipment, hauling gear, and towing trailers throughout Plattsmouth. While both the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and the 2017 GMC Sierra 1500 offer several powerful engines to choose from, including a 420 hp 6.2L V8, the Silverado 1500 far surpasses the Sierra 1500 in terms of towing capacity. The GMC Sierra 1500 tops out at 11,800 lbs for towing capacity and a 2,110-lb total payload. Compare that to the 2,250-lb payload and best-in-class 12,500-lb towing capacity of the Chevy Silverado 1500, and it's clear that there's no contest. When you want a light-duty truck with heavy-duty hauling power, the 2017 Chevy Silverado 1500 has you covered!
Since it would be difficult for a single truck to possess the exact combination of features and enhancements that every Norwalk driver wants, it's important to have a variety of trim levels to choose from. The 2017 GMC Sierra 1500 offers five trims – Sierra, SLE, SLT, All Terrain, and Denali – to help you select a truck that has the upgrades you want without tacking on other items you may have no use for. The 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 1500, however, takes it a step further, offering eight exciting trims for Indianola drivers to choose from! Whether you opt for the base Work Truck, the top-of-the-line High Country, or any of the six unique trims in between, there's sure to be a 2017 Chevy Silverado 1500 that's got everything you're looking for in a truck.
Drive the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Today!
If you want the power to tow and the ability to choose the combination of upgrades and features that matter most, then the answer is simple: the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 is an ideal choice for Plattsmouth drivers! To arrange a test drive and experience the Silverado 1500 for yourself, you can send us a message online, reach us by phone at (402) 296-3210, or simply stop by our showroom. You can find us at 302 Fulton Avenue in Plattsmouth, NE. We look forward to making your new truck dreams come true!


text:
A 10,5 cm Kanon m/34 egy svéd gyártmányú tábori löveg volt, melyet a Bofors gyártott a második világháború alatt.

Történet
A löveget a Bofors cég tervezte és gyártotta. A fő üzemeltető a svéd hadsereg volt, melyet 60 darab löveggel láttak el. Az első négy löveget a svéd hadsereg eredetileg partvédelmi tüzérségnek szánta, de 1942-ben a tábori tüzérséghez osztották a fegyvereket. A löveghez a Bofors által gyártott 15 cm-es tarack lövegtalpaihoz hasonlókat használtak. A lövegek hosszú időn keresztül szolgáltak a svéd hadseregben - egészen az 1980-as évekig hadrendben voltak. A korábbi 1927-es típust kis számban exportálták Hollandiának, ahol 36 darabot rendeltek a lövegből. A második világháború alatt az 1934-es típust licenc alatt Svájcban is gyártották. A németek az 1927-es típusból zsákmányoltak a hollandoktól, melyeket aztán 10,5 cm Kanone 335(h) jelöléssel rendszeresítettek.

Leírás
Felépítését tekintve a löveg modernnek számított. Lövegtalpai szétterpeszthetőek, acélkerekeit tömör gumiabronccsal is ellátták, a hátrasiklórendszer pedig a lövegcső alatt kapott helyet. Szokatlan jellemzője a lövegpajzsa volt, melynek szabálytalan alakja az álcázást hivatott elősegíteni. A závárzatot vízszintesen mozgó csúszó lövegzár zárja (a Hollandiának juttatott lövegeket viszont csavarzávárzattal látták el). A löveghez repesz-romboló és füstgránátokat is használtak. A maximális tűzgyorsaság nagyjából 5 lövés/perc volt.

A finn hadseregben
Finnország 12 darabot vásárolt az 1934-es típusú lövegekből a téli háború folyamán, viszont mindössze négy darab érkezett meg időben. A négy löveg 1939 decemberében került a csapatokhoz, melyeket az 1. önálló gépesített nehéz tüzérüteghez osztottak. Az üteg rosszul indított a háborúban - a lövegek egymás után rongálódtak meg, de mivel nem rendelkeztek cserecsövekkel, az egész egység bevethetetlenné vált. A későbbi vizsgálatok során kiderült, hogy nem megfelelő típusú puskaport alkalmaztak hajtóanyagnak és ez okozta a meghibásodásokat, de a későbbi üzemeltetési tapasztalatok arra is rávilágítottak, hogy a lövegekhez használt lövegcsövek élettartama is rövid. Ezután a lövegcsöveket minden 2000. lövés után cserélték. Ezen problémáktól eltekintve a finn katonák körében kedvelt típus volt az m/34-es. A folytatólagos háború kitörésére már mind a 12 löveg megérkezett Finnországba, melyeket a 3. nehéz tüzérzászlóaljhoz osztottak, később pedig az 5. nehéz tüzérzászlóalj vetett be nyolc darabot.

Üzemeltetők
  – 105 K 34 jelöléssel 12 darabot használtak.
  – A licenc megvétele után 10,5 cm Kanone 1935 L42 jelöléssel 352 darab löveget gyártottak.
  – Négy darab löveget rendeltek, melyeket 1935-ben szállítottak le.

Külső hivatkozások

 m/34 a winterwar.com weboldalon
 Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918 - 1945: 105 K 34

Második világháborús lövegek
Svédország hadereje

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sharing in the design values and sensibilities of Hudson Woods, their inspiration comes from nature, art and fashion. They have developed a special relationship with the prized marble and stone from quarries throughout the world, each individually selected and evaluated by experienced stone masters.
A material we are particularly fond of at Hudson Woods is the grey quartzite tile which provides a subtle but rich texture for a large open bathroom layout. Tactile and earthy, its unique nature and rough hewn surface make it a perfect companion to other elemental materials like wood, glass and metal.
The pure white Soho ceramic tiles will be used in the other bathroom at the Hudson Woods model home. A nod to New York tradition and heritage, it's a clean and crisp design that creates a light and airy atmosphere. Below is a construction photo from the model house and a finished example.
The classic chevron pattern, below, has recently been making a strong a comeback as well. It looks particularly great when a variety of materials are used to contrast the angular wood details.
The AnTeak collection is made of FSC-certified reclaimed wood and comes in 7 pattern options including chevron, herringbone and penny tile.


FRANCO and FABIENNE COSULICH are Italian and have both been brought up in an international environment dedicated to Art, Design, History, and Travels. Fabienne was gracious enough to show us around on our recent trip to New York.
FABIENNE, daughter of the internationally known Italian inventor and designer Luciano Mattioli, was born in Paris. With her French education and her mother's experience in Parisian Antiques, Fabienne has developed a passion for innovation and the unique techniques used in the creation and production of Objets d'Art.
FRANCO, son of Tullio Cosulich, the owner of the famous Italian Transatlantic Cruisers Company, Fratelli Cosulich which brought Europeans to the States in the 20th century on board Vulcania and Saturnia ships, has lived in Ethiopia, Brazil, and Argentina and has developed a passion for exceptional antiques that have a story to tell. He has antique experience in Italy, the United Kingdom, and in the US in Chicago and New York.
Together, they have a profound knowledge of different cultures and of the international scene which enables them to acquire exclusive one-of-a-kind European pieces. They specialize in 20th century Italian Design pieces and exclusive Venetian Murano glass creations, with an eye for new techniques in glass blowing with a specific attention to innovation. Their collection displays elegance, rarity, and creativity found in art. They have developed a unique approach to decorating, using one-of-a-kind functional pieces, Works of Art noted for their innovative design and craftsmanship, and pairing them with exclusive Murano glass lighting, to create an artistic and unique environment at home.
Another exquisite piece(s) was the Art Deco Italian Cabinet below, which is part of a pair. The top is covered in solid black Murano glass. The front is flanked by hand sculpted bronze edged double ovals decorated in black and gold glass.
If you are not in New York, you can also find their treasures on 1stdibs.
I am definitely stopping by next time I'm in New York.
Thanks for your marvelous posts!
Brilliant blog! I love your taste.
I really like it when you share your finds. Great website, keep it up!
Your article surprised me. I pass by this place all the time! I'll have to check it out next time I'm there.


Has vitamin b12 caused my extreme fatigue?
I am currently living in the UK, I was diagnosed with GERD 4 months ago. From reading lots of sites about GERD i knew I had to take some vitamins to help with the lack of it being absorbed from my body with taking GERD medication and blood pressure medicine for my supposed high blood pressure which only happened when I had the heartburn attack which diagnosed my GERD.
Due to the medications I was taking I was having problems with sleep and fatigue so I started taking a multivitamin called Multibionta which seemed to be helping as I was sleeping a bit more. After a month though my fatigue started to get worse so I figured that maybe I need a higher dose of the vitamins to help with giving me more energy during the day.
takes the most energy that I have left out of me. I then stupidly thought to try just b12 supplement on its own at a higher RDA than the feroglobin had, I didnt really notice much difference the first time, I did kind of sleep ok the first night I took it, but again next day my fatigue was still there so I took another one which had no affect at all. So now I am burdened with extreme fatigue to the point where my legs are aching all the time, the fact I am unable to sleep throughout the night has caused me to have headaches and weird pins and needles feelings all over and its been so horrible how its affected me in my life to the point of depression.
I asked my doctor if taking b12 higher than the RDA affected my fatigue like this and he said it shouldnt have but I feel otherwise. I will never take a supplement above the RDA ever again, and whether my body can recover from this extreme fatigue and lack of sleep I will never know. This is my experience with B12 anyway, I was wondering if you ever came across this issue with other people? The only reason I stopped the Feroglobin was on the advice of my doctor as I didnt tell him I was taking feroglobin or the b12 supplements.
I wonder how I would be If I had continued to take feroglobin knowing what I know now. I was reading up on what I may have and I think it could be adrenal fatigue, I may have just burned myself out trying to keep myself awake at work due to the fatigue before. I am still keeping myself awake at work but much harder which has make me unable to sleep even more.
Comments for Has vitamin b12 caused my extreme fatigue?
Feroglobin is mainly an IRON supplement. Unless yo are anemic, you should not be taking an iron supplement, and you certainly should not be taking an iron supplement several times per day. The supplement has negligible amounts of Vitamin B12 in it. I seriously doubt that the Vitamin B12 was the problem, but it was the iron that was the problem. This is particularly true if you are male. Unless they have a diagnosed anemia, no males should ever take iron. In fact, many males would benefit from purposely giving blood at a blood bank on a regular basis in order to DECREASE their hemoglobin and iron levels.
However, if you REALLY believe that that tiny a dose of B12 caused you all of these problems, then you should get tested for the MTHFR Gene Mutation since no one should have such a drastic reaction to such a negligible amount of Vitamin B12 unless you have MTHFR gene mutation.


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The Golden Temple is in the city of Amritsar in India. Thousands of people travel to the sikh temple every year and it is one of the most visited places in Punjab. Simpson & Brown carried out a condition inspection and developed a Conservation Strategy for the building.
This conservation plan was commissioned by 13th Earl of Wemyss & March to inform the conservation, repair, use, management and possible alterations of Gosford House and its landscape. Gosford House is a category A-listed building located between Longniddry and Aberlady, in Gosford Bay, on the shore of the Firth of Forth, East Lothian.
In 2005, a £1.5 million restoration and refurbishment scheme was carried out to the historic fabric of the Old Gaol and Moothall in Hexham upgrading the existing Tourist Information Centre and Museum.
Simpson & Brown were commissioned by the Scottish Office in July 1998 to convert the Church of Scotland Assembly Hall into interim accommodation for the new Scottish Parliament. Building work on this prestigious, fast-track project began in December 1998 and was completed for the state opening of Parliament by the Queen in July 1999.