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The Asset Map is used to manage the assets that comprise your website, including sites, pages, files, and users. Each asset that has been added to the system is displayed in the Asset Map. It also shows the hierarchy of the different assets within Squiz Matrix and is located on the Administration Interface's left-hand side, as shown in the figure below.
The Asset Map in the Administration Interface
The Asset Map allows you to navigate your way through a Site and allows you to view the Status of each asset and access the editing screens for each asset. The Asset Map also allows you to add, delete, move, clone, and link assets. For more information on adding, deleting, moving, cloning, and linking assets, refer to the relevant chapters in this manual.
Using the Asset Map in Matrix 5 from Squiz on Vimeo.
By default, the top-level assets are displayed in the Asset Map, as shown in the figure to the right. System Administrators can decide to change this default view and only show a certain section of the system. For example, a System Administrator can change the Asset Map to only show a Site when you log in.
Assets, Asset Icons, and Asset IDs
Each name and icon in the Asset Map is an asset in the system. For example, in the figure above, Trash and Site are both assets. The icon for an asset shows you what type of asset it is. For example, the Site asset is an icon that corresponds to a Site asset. Other common asset icons include:
A pop-up in the Asset Map
To find out what type an asset is, hover the mouse over the name of the asset in the Asset Map. A pop-up will appear, as shown in the figure to the right. The asset type, along with the asset ID, will appear.
Asset ID
Every asset in the system has its own unique number known as an asset ID. When an asset is created in the system, it will automatically be assigned an asset ID by Squiz Matrix. To find out what is the ID of an asset, hover the mouse over the name of the asset in the Asset Map. A pop-up will appear, as shown in the figure above. The asset ID, along with the asset type, will appear.
Standard System Assets
At the top of the Asset Map, there are several standard assets that are created when Squiz Matrix is installed. These are standard system assets and cannot be deleted from your system.
The Trash contains the assets that have been deleted from the system. You can restore any of the assets in the Trash by moving them back to the required location. For more information on how to move an asset, refer to the Moving an Asset chapter in this manual.
The System Management folder contains several tools for managing your Squiz Matrix system. Only System Administrators and the Root User can access this directory.
Users Folder
The Users Folder can be used to store the user accounts that are created for the system. By default, this folder contains the Public User asset. You can only store User, Backend User, System Administrator, User Group, and Role assets in this folder.
Navigating Through the Asset Map
By default, the assets in the Asset Map are collapsed to show the top-level assets, as shown in the figure to the right. If an asset has child assets, a expand icon will be shown on the left-hand side of the asset icon.
Expanding a Site
For example, in the figure to the right, the Site has child assets as it has a expand/collapse icon but the Media Folder does not have child assets as it does not have one.
To view the child assets, click on the expand/collapse icon – the asset will expand to show its child and dependant assets. For example, when the expand/collapse icon for the Site is clicked, it is expanded to show the Home, About Us and News pages, as shown in the figure to the right. To close or collapse the asset, click on the expand/collapse icon again.
To expand and collapse the Asset Map assets, you can also double click on the name of the asset. For example, to expand the Site in the figure above, double click on the name Site. To collapse the Site, double click on the asset name again.
Accessing Assets
Red crosses in the Asset Map
The assets that you can and cannot view or edit will depend on the level of access you have been granted. If you cannot access an asset to view it, a red cross will appear on the asset icon. For example, in the figure to the left, this user only has access to the Trash and Site asset. They do not have access to the other assets marked with red crosses.
The Asset Map menu
To access the editing screens for any of the other assets, right-click on the name of the asset. The asset menu will appear, as shown in the figure to the right. When you select one of the menu options, the screen for that asset will appear on the right-hand side of the Administration Interface. For example, if you select Details from the Site's asset menu, the Details screen will appear on the right-hand side of the screen. The options available in the asset menu will differ depending on the type of asset you are viewing. For an explanation of the common asset screens available in the asset menu, refer to the Asset Screens manual.
Three additional options are also available in the asset menu: Teleport, Refresh, and New Child. For more information on the Teleport and Refresh options, refer to the Teleporting an Asset and Refreshing the Asset Map sections in this chapter. For more information on the New Child option, refer to the Adding an Asset chapter in this manual.
The Asset Map does not communicate with the editing screen until you select an asset menu option. If you click on the asset's name, the editing screen will not update until you right-click and select an option, for example, Details. Therefore, the asset you have selected in the Asset Map may not be the asset you are viewing on the editing screen. To find out which asset current displayed in the editing screen, refer to the information in the screen's info bar.
Teleporting an Asset
A teleported Site
By default, when you first log in to Squiz Matrix, you will see all of the assets in the Asset Map. If you are only working in one particular part of the system, for example, your Site, you can teleport that section. This will mean that you will only see that section and its child assets in the Asset Map. You can then work within that section and not have to worry about the other assets in the system.
To teleport an asset, right-click on the name of the asset and select Teleport. The Asset Map will change to only show that asset and its children and dependants. For example, the figure to the right shows that a Site has been teleported. To return back to the original view click on the Restore the root folder button in the top right hand corner of the Asset Map.
Refreshing the Asset Map
While you are using Squiz Matrix, to see the latest assets that have been added to your system by other users, you need to refresh the Asset Map. For example, if a another user added an asset to a Site, you will not see it in the Asset Map until you refresh it.
If you want to refresh all of the assets in the Asset Map, click on the Refresh all assets button in the top right-hand corner of the Asset Map. To refresh a certain section of the Asset Map, right-click on the name of the asset and select Refresh. For example, to refresh the Site in the figure above, right-click on the name Site and select Refresh.
Asset Map Buttons
The Asset Map buttons
At the top of the Asset Map, there are four buttons that allow you to control the Asset Map. These buttons are shown in the figure to the right.
Refresh All Assets
The Refresh all assets button allows you to refresh the contents of the Asset Map. The Asset Map will be updated, showing any assets that have been added by another user or remove any asset that has been deleted.
Restore the Root Folder
The Restore the root folder button allows you to restore the Asset Map view if you have teleported a particular section. For example, if you have teleported a Site, you will only see the Site and its child assets in the Asset Map. To go back to the original view, click on the button - the Standard System Assets along with any other Sites you may have in the system will reappear. For more information on how to teleport an asset, refer to the Teleporting an Asset section in this chapter.
The Collapse All button allows you to collapse all of the expanded assets in the Asset Map and return back to the original view.
Show Status Colours
Asset Statuses in the Asset Map
The Show Status Colours button allows you to view the current Status of each asset in the Asset Map. When you click the button, the name of the asset will be highlighted with the colour reflecting its current status, as shown in the figure to the right. Click on the button to switch this option off.
The Asset Status legend
If you are not sure which colours indicate which Statuses, click on the up black arrow located at the bottom of the Asset Map. A legend of Statuses will appear as shown in the figure to the left. To hide the legend, click on the down black arrow.
Tree Tabs
The Tree tabs
Within the Asset Map, there are two different Asset Tree views that you can use. These views allow you to navigate to different parts of your system within the Asset Map. These two views are available by clicking on either the Tree One or Tree Two tab on the side of the Asset Map, as shown in the figure to the left.
You can open one section of your Site in one tab and a different one in the other. You can also teleport to a section of your Site on one tab and teleport to a different section of your Site on the other tab. For more information on how to teleport, refer to the Teleporting an Asset section in this chapter.
The Tree One Asset Map in a new window
You can also open the Asset Map in a new window by double-clicking on either Tree One or Tree Two. When you do this, that tree tab in the Asset Map is greyed out and cannot be used within the Administration Interface.
The figure to the right shows Tree One open in a new window. When you navigate to one of the editing screens for an asset in the Asset Map, it will still open in the editing section of the Administration Interface. To return the Asset Map back into the Administration Interface, close the window by clicking on the X button in the top right hand corner of the window.
Resizing the Asset Map
By default, the Asset Map will be set at a width of 275 pixels.
This default width can be altered by clicking to the right of the Asset Map and dragging it across to either decrease or increase its size.
Dragging the Asset Map completely to the left of the screen will collapse and hide it.
This resized Asset Map width will be stored in your browser's local storage and will be retained the next time you log into your Squiz Matrix system.
The Asset Map's minimum width is determined by the system's Asset Map Width setting in your system's Global Preferences. For more information, refer to the Global Preferences chapter in the System Configuration manual.
Hiding the Asset Map
The white arrow button
You can hide the Asset Map when you are editing an asset to create more space in the editing interface. This is especially useful if you are working on a small monitor and space is limited. To hide the Asset Map click on the white arrow in the middle of the Asset Map, as shown in the figure to the right. To show the Asset Map again, click on the white arrow.
Folders With Large Numbers of Assets
The Asset Map
If there is a large number of child assets in the Asset Map, arrows will appear to allow you to navigate through the list, as shown in the figure to the right. These arrows help increase the speed of the Asset Map when it is loading the assets. By default, the number of assets shown is set to 50 assets. If an asset has more than 50 child assets, the arrows will appear in the Asset Map. System Administrators and the Root User can change this setting. For example, in the Asset Map shown in the figure to the right, the Asset Map has been set to only show 3 assets at a time.
Navigation arrows
To move to the next section of assets, double click on the small green down arrow . For example, when the small green down arrow was double-clicked in the Asset Map in the figure to the right, the next set of three assets are shown in the Asset Map. To move to the last set of assets, double click on the large green down arrow .
Once you have moved down the list of assets, green up arrows will appear in the Asset Map, as shown in figure to the right. Double click on the small green up arrow to move back up one set of assets or double click on the large green up arrow to move back to the first set of assets.
Site Navigation Menu and the Asset Map
The navigation menu within a Site is a direct reflection of the Asset Map, as shown in the figure below. The Asset Map for the Site is shown in the figure on the left and the navigation menu within the Site is shown in the figure on the right.
The relationship between the Asset Map and a Site navigation menu
Because of this, the order of the assets in the Asset Map is important. For example, if you wanted to create a page called Your Feedback and have it appear as the first page under the About Us page, you would need to create it before the Copyright page. If you added the page after the Contact Us page, that is where the Your Feedback page would appear in the navigation menu of the Site.
By default, when you create an asset, it will appear in the Site's navigation menu. You can choose to hide an asset from the navigation by changing its link type. For example, if you do not want to show the Contact Us page in the navigation menu, you can change its link type.
For more information on adding, moving, and hiding assets, refer to the relevant chapters in this manual.
Asset Map Shortcuts
There are a number of shortcuts that are available in the Asset Map. These are listed in the table below.
To increase the size of the text in the Asset Map. Ctrl + Shift + Plus
To decrease the size of the text in the Asset Map. Ctrl + Shift + Minus
To jump to an asset in the Asset Map. The first letter of the asset name
Move up the Asset Map. Up arrow
Move down the Asset Map. Down arrow
Expand the assets in the Asset Map. Right arrow
Collapse the assets in the Asset Map. Left arrow


text:
Lucas Laursen
Civio
Nature Biotechnology
Nature Energy
Nature Outlook
Nature Reports Stem Cells
NPR's Here and Now
PBS NOVA Next
Scientific American MIND
Features, Nature Biotechnology
How green biotech turned white and blue
10 May 2010 LL
This year, midway through Argentina's 2005–2015 Strategic Plan for Biotechnology, a long-stalled update of the Seed Law circulating in Buenos Aires may finally reach the legislative floor. The current law, which facilitated the rapid boom of transgenic crops in Argentina in the 1990s—60% of Argentina's soy crop was genetically modified for herbicide resistance within three years of the introduction of Roundup Ready soy—is a source of conflict over intellectual property rights, as it permits farmers to retain seeds without paying royalties.
However, the meteoric rise in GM crop production was not solely the function of the seed law. Compatible agricultural practices in the early 1990s and a welcoming government contributed. Critics and fans alike say it's a model from which other developing countries can learn important lessons. Critics warn of agribusiness's disproportionate influence on government, an influence they say has created an explosion of monoculture that jeopardizes the businesses and health of small farmers. Conversely, Argentine farmers and investors continue betting on GM varieties, arguing that the increased yields and financial returns have helped prop up the country's ailing economy. The question now is whether other countries will continue to look to Argentina as a role model in the adoption of GM crops.
Fertile ground
Moises Burachik, a senior scientist at the Buenos Aires-based National Commission for Agricultural Biotechnology Assessment (CONABIA) and part of a team responsible for assessing the risks of GM crops, worked through his recent summer vacation to get through a backlog of applications. Together with his counterparts at the National Service for Food Health and Quality (SENASA, Buenos Aires), who study the impact of new products on human health, Burachik has a growing to-do list and brimming calendar.
Burachik is proud of the group's performance in enabling Argentina's biotech boom, but he is concerned that understaffing and outdated regulations are holding back field trials and commercialization. And although Argentina was once second in the world only to the United States in terms of transgenic acreage, this year the country slipped into third place behind Brazil, which has been expanding cultivation of biotech crops. Bureaucratic hurdles are not the only things slowing down GM crop adoption; there is also a lack of public investment in agricultural research in Argentina. And although Argentinean regulators approved a new variety of maize (the Swiss-based Syngenta's Bt11xGA21 GM maize), which represents the next generation of transgenic crops, in Brazil a national research group recently independently produced its own herbicide-resistant form of GM soybean, something Argentina has yet to accomplish. In some ways, it's surprising that Argentina has been such a trailblazer for biotech crops; part of the reason for that was the willingness of politicians and their scientific advisers nearly two decades ago to create the necessary infrastructure.
In 1991, when representatives from the California company Calgene (now Monsanto), Nidera of Rotterdam, Holland, and Swiss giant Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta) approached Argentine government officials about running field trials of herbicide- and insect-resistant cotton, maize and soy plants, they found that Argentina had no regulatory framework in place. But, Burachik says, "The technical staff convinced the bosses that this was a new green revolution." The government invited industry groups to join a newly formed commission, the predecessor to CONABIA, to make technical recommendations on field trial protocols and GM crop approval. "Of course, there were conflicts of interest, but the industry representatives were there on behalf of their sector, not their companies," and recused themselves from discussions relating to their firms, Burachik recalls.
Ties between the Argentine government and large agricultural landowners have a long history, dating back to the 19th century, when the government attempted to pay down its debt by taxing exports of crops such as wheat and maize. But the close ties are also a source of criticism, with groups such as the Grupo de Reflexión Rural of Buenos Aires (http://www.grr.org.ar/), which claims that a revolving door between large-scale agricultural firms and government gives the firms informal contacts, insider knowledge and undue sway over regulatory proceedings. Although strong connections and influence between agribusiness and government predate the arrival of biotech, they have played an important role in paving the way for its swift adoption, says Peter Newell, an international development researcher at the University of East Anglia, UK, author of a recent study of the politics of Argentina's biotech boom1.
The early trickle of commercial field trial applications turned into a stream, reaching 90 in 1998, the year Europe stopped approving new GM crops for import (Fig. 1). Today, new applications for field trials are often for crops containing multiple transgenes stacked in the same plant. In some countries, these would also be required to undergo fresh field trials, but in an effort to streamline the process, in 2007 Argentina began evaluating such crops based on each separate GM crop's field trials.
Figure 1: GM plant field trial approvals in Argentina. (Source: Conabia, Buenos Aires)
Despite these and other government efforts to keep up with new technology at the commission level, Monsanto's corporate affairs director Pablo Vaquero in Buenos Aires says that reorganizations at the Ministry of Agriculture, where final decisions on new commercial crops are made, have slowed down trial applications. It is typically 5 to 6 years from applying for a field trial to the first commercial plantings, but even a relatively short delay at the wrong time of year can add an entire year to the cycle, agrees Burachik.
The Argentine agricultural industry in the 1990s was ripe for biotech soy for other reasons, too. Following the example of a few pioneers in the 1970s and 1980s, many Argentine landowners in the mid-1990s began adopting low-till or no-till practices, in which seeds are drilled by machinery directly into the ground. Argentina has about 2.5 million hectares under no-till practices today, according to the Argentine National Institute of Agricultural Technology. Also known as direct seeding, the process allows farmers to plant soy crops on the same fields as wheat in the off-season, permitting a massive increase in the amount of cultivation possible.
Crucially, the method required heavy machinery but little labor, handing an advantage to large landowners with capital and economies of scale at about the same time as the first GM soy crop reached the Argentine market. Larger landowners began buying up individually owned plots, leading to violent confrontations. Farmers eagerly turned over land previously devoted to cattle or domestic food crops and cut down forests to plant Monsanto's Roundup Ready soy, which resists the herbicide glysophate, and was the first GM crop approved in Argentina. Ecological luck also played a role: "The single fact that is probably most important in accelerating the speed of approval [in Argentina] is that there are no wild relatives of soy," notes Val Giddings, president of PrometheusAB, a biotech consultancy in Silver Spring, Maryland.
In part because most GM products were exported for animal feed and partly because of consumer apathy, say observers, there was little public reaction in the first years of biotech plantings. Today, when the Buenos Aires office of the US Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) runs public events promoting GM crops, environmental or consumer groups don't bother showing up, says Andrea Yankelevich, who works for the FAS in Buenos Aires. Newell says that the national media portrays growers as heroic engines of economic growth, often siding with agribusiness against government attempts at regulation or taxation.
Royalty-free cultivation
Argentina's intellectual property laws helped to lower the cost of adoption. Argentina adheres to the 1978 International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV 1978), which permits creators of new plants to charge an initial license fee, but exempts growers from paying annual fees for new seeds. For maize, creators are able to earn their R&D costs back because the plants are not self-fertilizing and growers must buy the seeds each year. Soy is self-fertilizing and although Argentine farmers may not legally distribute seeds, under UPOV 1978, they are permitted to retain seeds for their own use. UPOV updated its terms in a 1991 convention to limit this practice, but Argentina and its partners in the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) have not signed on to the new convention.
When Roundup Ready soy arrived in Argentina, it was under license to Asgrow Argentina, a multinational owned at the time by the American-based Upjohn Company of Kalamazoo, Michigan, which seed and grain importer/exporter Nidera of Buenos Aires subsequently acquired. Nidera spread the seeds widely and legally throughout the country, but illegal trade, nicknamed 'white bag', had already begun. During that time, Monsanto made much of its Argentine income from selling the patented Roundup Ready herbicide that accompanied Roundup Ready–resistant soybeans. By the time Monsanto applied for a revalidation patent on its Roundup Ready–resistant soy in 1995, Argentina had signed TRIPS, the international "trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights" agreement that does not recognize revalidation patents. Argentine courts could deny the Monsanto application on the principle that the transgenic seed was already widely distributed and part of the public domain. In 2003, Monsanto withdrew its soy business from Argentina, though the firm still sells various formulations of Roundup Ready herbicide there and reported $183 million in gross receipts from Argentina in its fiscal 2008–2009 year, making Argentina its third-biggest regional market2.
A consequence of the Argentinean legal environment was that the price of legitimately licensed seeds fell, giving Argentine exporters a small but noticeable advantage in global markets. This prompted the US government and the American Soybean Association, headquartered in St. Louis, to put pressure on developing countries like Brazil not to import Roundup Ready soybeans from Argentina. By then, however, the trade in illegal seeds had spread beyond Argentina's borders into agriculturally similar parts of Brazil and Paraguay.
Monsanto also took its case to importers of Argentine products in countries where Monsanto did have a patent. Its lawyers claimed that the use of Argentine Roundup Ready soy on which no royalty had been paid was illegal under its agreements with importers in Spain, the UK, The Netherlands and Denmark. Argentina argued that the agreements applied only when the transgene was used for the patented function—protecting living plants from Roundup Ready herbicide—but that soy derivatives such as oil were not protected. Monsanto lost its court cases in Spain and the UK in 2007, and the Dutch case was referred to the European Court of Justice in 2009. That trial's ruling, which is expected this year, will probably guide any other rulings in Europe. Paolo Mengozzi, advocate general, wrote an opinion for the Court in March favoring Argentina, though the Court has yet to make its final ruling.
Vaquero says that by one calculation, Roundup Ready soy generated as much as $20 billion for the Argentine economy from 1996 to 2006, of which ~80% stayed with producers. "Our intention is to return our soy business to Argentina when a mechanism exists that will permit us to recoup our investment," Vaquero says
But Roundup Ready is now decades old, and Argentina's Supreme Court ruling against granting Monsanto a patent for it is several years old, too. In the absence of an unexpected legal shift in Argentina, Monsanto is trying to forge private agreements covering a second-generation Roundup Ready transgenic soybean with Brazilian producers and exporters. Monsanto claims that that the new seed performs about 10% better than first-generation Roundup Ready soy. Still, Vaquero notes, "We need agreement with the producers, not just a new law, because laws like this are hard to enforce without cooperation."
Roxanna Blasetti, director of international relations for the Ministry of Agriculture, says that the government has its hands tied with regard to issuing Monsanto a patent for the original Roundup Ready soy today. "The government cannot recognize private ownership of a public property," she says, and because the Roundup Ready gene is in the public domain in Argentina it would set an "unimaginable" precedent.
EU holdup
As it became a major producer of GM soy, Argentina had to tackle the issue of trade barriers to its exports. In 1998, under pressure from consumer and environmental groups, the European Union (EU; Brussels) stopped approving GM agricultural products for commercial use. The US then brought a case against the EU before the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva. Canada, another large GM crop exporter, joined the case, which argued that the EU was taking too long to approve new transgenic crops for import. For Argentina, the case for joining the fight was less clear-cut.
"Argentina did not have as many [GM] products in the pipeline as Canada and the United States, so its primary motivation was to encourage compliance with WTO rules," says Blasetti, who was involved in Argentina's negotiations. Some Argentine exporters feared the repercussions of a drawn-out trade conflict with one of their biggest customers.
Ultimately, the risk of the precedent set by the European moratorium prevailed over fears of a trade conflict and the Argentine government decided to join the North American plaintiffs before the WTO.
By August 2003, some European nations began approving transgenic crops again, though WTO rulings would take until late 2006 to come down in favor of the American plaintiffs. The argument hinged not on whether GM crops were safe for Europe, but whether Europe's approval process was consistent with its obligations under existing trade agreements. Canada and Argentina have since agreed on calendars for approving the backlog of transgenic crops that accumulated during the moratorium and information sharing to ease new approvals.
Yet during the moratorium, Argentina was already asserting more trade independence thanks to its ties with other markets, including China and India. For example, China and Argentina signed a memorandum of understanding in 2004 that lets China import soy and Argentina import herbicide. Argentina also exports unrefined soy oil to India.
Thus, Argentina's alliances, widespread trade network and farming infrastructure are all part of the story of its early success with biotech crops.
Internal tensions
In the years since GM crop cultivation took hold, internal conflicts have started to influence the country's biotech crop production capacity. Most recently in 2008, under pressure to redistribute some of the wealth generated by high commodity crop prices, Argentine president Cristina Kirchner instituted a new floating export tax that increases when international prices are high and decreases when prices are low. Farmers blocked highways, and camped out in Buenos Aires in protest. "There is a populist view of the world coming from the government in which there is a certain confrontation with business and farming," observes Eduardo Trigo, a biotech analyst in Buenos Aires for consulting firm CEO.
Farmers may unite against taxes, but they realign against each other in other debates. Large landowners are more willing than small ones to cede license fees to Monsanto, for instance. Consumer and environmental groups have also grown more vocal in recent years. Gonzalo Girolami, a Greenpeace spokesperson, points to a 2007 forestry law passed thanks to a Greenpeace campaign that requires provincial-level approval before landowners can cut down forests. "Soy accelerated deforestation," says Girolami, "but no longer are forests at the mercy of their owners."
Accusations that soy has taken over Argentine politics are interchangeable with arguments about beef producers 30 years ago or wheat growers 150 years ago. As Trigo notes "government power is very centralized here," and has always been close to landowners, despite spats over taxation and regulation.
Exporting lessons
Argentina's neighbors Paraguay and Brazil began making up for lost time a few years ago after taking a wait-and-see stance during biotech's first decade in Argentina. They contain regions geographically similar to some in Argentina and were beneficiaries of illegal seed smuggling in the late 1990s.
Public debate there, although strong in the first decade of GM crops, mostly died down as farmers have grown accustomed to the smuggled GM seeds. "It's a non-issue" in Paraguay, Trigo says, and regulatory authorities have developed a nimbler set of rules for approval and implementation of new transgenic crops there. Paraguay also reinvests a fraction of its biotech export tariffs in domestic biotech R&D, notes Yankelevich, unlike Argentina where most biotech R&D is privately funded.
Brazil has approved about a dozen commercially approved biotech crops now and, according to Burachik, it is approving trials at a faster rate than Argentina. In fact, Giddings argues that "one of the things that's driving the Argentines has been competitive pressure vis-à-vis their colleagues across the Rio Plata." Climate and soil conditions vary widely across other developing countries, even in South America, which contains mountain desert environments in the Andes, semi-arid plains in the Argentine Pampas and tropical rainforest in the Amazon Basin. Yet the majority of biotech crop R&D still focuses on temperate climates like that of North America. "It's very difficult to believe that biotech soy's success in Argentina will be repeated with another crop or in another country," Trigo says.
Further funding of domestic research in Argentina would help, Trigo says, but the approval process at CONABIA "has a resource problem." Burachik agrees that 20 staffers aren't enough to keep up with the flow of applications, which tripled from 1999 to 2009, but says that the bigger problem for Argentina and other developing countries is that their potential markets approve products out of synchrony. "I have tried to create links with other regulatory agencies to start a technical dialog about sharing biosafety information," Burachik says, "but I fear the problem isn't really there: it's political."
The debate over GM crops is much louder in other developing countries. In Peru, which still lacks regulation to enforce its biotech law, opponents have called for a moratorium on the import of biotech products and claimed to detect transgenes in cultivated crops. A scientist who contested these claims is currently facing criminal charges for defamation (Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 110, 2010). Greenpeace is sponsoring a "Brazil Better Without Transgenic" advertising campaign and some consumer-facing food processors and retailers are hesitant to adopt biotech products, though they remain popular with producers3.
With growing markets in China, India and elsewhere, Argentina and its neighbors will continue trying to capitalize on their competitive advantages growing soy, cotton and maize. The new seed law under consideration in Buenos Aires may open the door to more private investment if international firms, such as Monsanto, are satisfied that their royalties will be more secure than under today's system. But the cost of distribution will depend heavily on international agreements, such as the pending EU approval schedules. Those challenges, which Argentina has navigated thus far, might be enough to make other countries think twice about how to implement their own biotech crop plans, but at least in Argentina, Yankelevich says, "there's no going back."
1. Newell, P. J. Latin Amer. Studies 41, 27–57 (2009).
2. http://www.monsanto.com/pdf/pubs/2009/annual_report.pdf
3. Silva, J.F. Brazil Biotechnology Annual Agricultural Biotechnology Report 2008 (US Department of Agriculture FAS, Brasilia, 2008) http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200807/146295139.pdf
This feature first appeared in Nature Biotechnology [html] [pdf]
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Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Superior Court of the City of New York [1871-1892], Volume 57
New York (State). Superior Court (New York), James Clark Spencer, Samuel Jones
Diossy, 1890 - Law reports, digests, etc
SECOR O CLARK
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New York (State). Superior Court (New York),James Clark Spencer,Samuel Jones
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Page 434 - ... an error, in the admission or exclusion of evidence, or in any other ruling or direction of the judge, upon the trial, may, in the discretion of the court which reviews it. be disregarded, if that court is of opinion, that substantial justice does not require that a new trial should be granted.
Page 52 - Bronx in said city, in the office of the register of the city and county of New York.
Page 6 - But it must appear, upon the face of the complaint, that all the causes of action, so united, belong to one of the foregoing subdivisions of this section...
Page 481 - ... it shall be the duty of the prothonotary of any court of record within this commonwealth, on the application of any person being the original holder [or assignee of such holder] of a note, bond, or other instrument of writing in which judgment is confessed, or containing a warrant for an attorney at law or other person to confess judgment, to enter judgment against the person or persons who executed the same for the amount which, from the face of the instrument, may appear to be due...
Page 515 - A person seized of an estate in remainder or reversion, may maintain an action founded upon an injury done to the inheritance, notwithstanding any intervening estate for life or for years.
Page 102 - Court, that taking a note, either of the debtor or of a third person, for a pre-existing debt, is no payment, unless it be expressly agreed to take the note as payment, and to run the risk of its being paid; or unless the creditor parts with the note, or is guilty of laches in not presenting it for payment in due time.
Page 523 - The mistake which will warrant a court of equity to reform a contract in writing must be one made by both parties to the agreement, so that the intentions of neither are expressed in it ; or it must be the mistake of one party, by which his intentions have failed of correct expression, and there must be fraud in the other party in taking advantage of that mistake and obtaining a contract with the knowledge that the one dealing with him is in error in regard to what are its terms.
Page 487 - The fact that the Court had jurisdiction of the subject matter, and of the person of the defendant, is sufficient to establish the validity of the judgment until reversed or set aside.
Page 57 - IT were infinite for the law to judge the causes of causes, and their impulsions one of another ; therefore it contenteth itself with the immediate cause, and judgeth of acts by that, without looking to any further degree.
Title Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Superior Court of the City of New York [1871-1892], Volume 57
Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Superior Court of the City of New York [1871-1892], New York (State). Superior Court (New York)
Authors New York (State). Superior Court (New York), James Clark Spencer, Samuel Jones
Publisher Diossy, 1890


text:
Q: Cassandra: How long does a page exist? I paginate through a large collection of data (circa 500 000 000 rows) using PagingState, and do some business intelligence during this process. To be able to resume the process I created this table...
/**
 * This table stores temporary paging state
 */
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS lp_operations.paging_state (
     id text,          // ID of process
     pos bigint,       // current position
     page text,        // paging state
     info text,        // info json
     finished tinyint, // finished
     PRIMARY KEY (id)
 ) WITH default_time_to_live = 28800; // 8 hours

..in which i store current page (string representation of PagingState) and JSON meta data associated with calculation.
Questions

*

*Can 'page' index expire in Cassandra?

*How long does it exist (by default)?

A: No, Cassandra Driver's Paging State will not Expire.
Because Every time you query with paging state, cassandra actually execute your query every time. It don't store your result. Paging State just tell cassandra from which index the driver want the data .

Due to internal implementation details, PagingState instances are not portable across native protocol versions. This could become a problem in the following scenario:

*

*you're using the driver 2.0.x and Cassandra 2.0.x, and therefore native protocol v2;

*a user bookmarks a link to your web service that contains a serialized paging state;

*you upgrade your server stack to use the driver 2.1.x and Cassandra 2.1.x, so you're now using protocol v3;

*the user tries to reload their bookmark, but the paging state was serialized with protocol v2, so trying to reuse it will fail.
Source : http://docs.datastax.com/en/developer/java-driver/3.2/manual/paging/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Heavy RP - OOC is a long-running linkshell that serves as a hub for like-minded people. We all dig Heavy RP, if you do too then you should join us! Leave a message and we'll get you an invite.
Hugs & Cake, is a LS focused on promoting a positive community for those that want some help or would like to help.
The public networking linkshell for engineers, hosted by Machina & Magitek. This is a close-to-lore in-character pearl for engineers of all fields to collaborate and aid one another in their projects, be it through extra hands, material supply, or simply inspiration and second opinions. Officially the linkshell is Immortal Flames property - replacing a lost or damaged linkshell requires a fee, and Machina & Magitek withhold the right to remotely override any linkpearl issued in the event that it is being used for illegitimate purposes or the user is being unduly disruptive to the network as a whole.
The Mukade Consortium is a by-any-means association of assassins, rogues, and hitmen with the primary purpose of undermining Imperial agents abroad. This LS is under construction, and recruitment will begin soon!
A linkshell made by Ishgardians, for Ishgardians! a OOC hub for all Northern roleplayers to gather and find roleplay with one another, get contacts and come together to keep roleplay in the north alive with interactions and events.
A host of individuals who have been selected by fate, each character tasked with a destiny that far surpasses what they are capable of alone. Rendezvous of Stars is a lore-abiding, plot-driven LS with a supernatural excuse for its members to interact with one another. Please check out our Topics / website to learn more!
A networking of roleplayers whom embrace plausible-realism, lore-centric storytelling within the Final Fantasy 14 canon, engage in Open-World roleplay and character-driven plots that may or may not have Dark or Mature elements. We encourage world-building, GM'd adventure events, immersive storytelling and cross-company inclusion all run through an in-game linkshell and discord server.


This September, lots of folks will be heading to Cancun to protest the WTO. But really, how many of us have the time and the money to go thousands of miles away for a protest? And who really wants to spend time in a Mexican jail? Would you rather mobilize in your own city, where you're more likely to see the effects of your actions, have more input into what's going down, and feel more invested in the community?
While the WTO meets in Cancun and thousands converge to disrupt the meetings, local disruptions and mobilizations are being planned all over the Americas, including right here in Portland. Come to the meetings and start getting organized.
The next meeting will be at 7pm on Tuesday, July 22 at 616 E. Burnside.
The following meeting will be on Thursday, July 31.
The international day of action will be Saturday, September 13, and there will be a variety of actions and events happening all week here in Portland, including teach-ins, movies, workshops, marches, possibly a mural, and hopefully numerous events that have not yet been planned or cannot be announced (maybe critical mass??). Show up to the meeting to plug into what is happening, put in your two cents, put out some ideas, and get this thing rolling.
I know that these meetings can be difficult (they are for me), but it is really important that we make it to the meeting so that we can make sure that our organizational needs are met in planning direct actions, snake marches, blocs, or anyt other ideas we can come up with. I have seen many times liberals taking the wheel at the organizing table for mobilizations, and then making it difficult for people who have different tactics in mind. We need to bring up our needs right now. If we want to start having spokescouncil meetings for affinity groups, we need to show up on Tuesday and start planning spokescouncils. If we want a certain day devoted to direct action, we need to show up at the meeting and plan it. If we want to shut down the Nike World Headquarters a certain day, we need to start planning NOW. Ok, that is the end of my rant. Don't show up if you don't mind leaving it up to the liberals to organize the whole thing and then being left an unorganized mess of a "black" bloc on one day of the protest, not knowing what to do, and getting fucked with by the cops and not getting anythign done.
Same location for both meetings(?).


St. Michael the Archangel....Protect Us.
To provide the Mary Queen Catholic Church Community with an Emergency Management Committee to preserve and protect the safety of parishioners, staff, students, visitors and the surrounding local community against known and anticipated natural and man-made hazards.
The Emergency Management Committee (EMC), under the protection of St. Michael the Archangel, assists the Pastor, Pastoral Administration, Parish Councils and Parish Ministries with all emergency management and planning activities at the parish. The EMC shall develop, publish and serve as custodian of the Mary Queen Catholic Church's site-specific "All-Hazards Emergency Operations Plan". The EMC may form sub-committees, working groups, teams, etc., as appropriate, to assist in the overall mission of the committee. Examples include: Safety Team, Medical Response Team, Tropical Weather Team, Parish Festival Safety Team, etc.
The Emergency Management Committee shall appoint/elect, at a minimum, a Chairperson (Emergency Management Coordinator), Vice-Chairperson (Deputy Emergency Management Coordinator) and Secretary/Recorder.
Membership is voluntary and restricted to only registered parishioners. All Members are subject to background screenings and must complete the VIRTUS Training Program.
Develop and maintain a written, parish-specific, "All-Hazards Emergency Operations Plan" consistent with the requirements of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.
Develop and maintain a trained Parish-Level Incident Management Team (IMT).
Develop and maintain specialty teams, such as a Safety Team, Medical Response Team, etc., as appropriate.
On behalf of the parish, liaise with the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, local emergency management organizations (e.g., Fire, EMS, Law Enforcement, Emergency Management, etc.), volunteer emergency response groups, Off-Duty Services, Knights of Columbus, etc.
The Emergency Management Committee, and any specialty teams, will remain active throughout each calendar year providing safety and emergency preparedness services during Weekend/Holy Days of Obligation Masses, select Parish Social Events (e.g., Annual Festival, Christmas Bazaar, Lenten Fish Fries, etc.). The committee, and the specialty teams, will meet regularly to conduct planning activities, participate in training and hold scheduled drills/exercises.
Serve as a member of the Emergency Management Committee.
Serve as a member of the Safety Team and/or Medical Response Team.
Serve as a member of the Tropical Weather Team.
Serve as a member of other ad-hoc working groups, sub-committees, etc., formed for a specific mission (e.g., Festival Safety Team, Physical Security Systems Planning Committee, Drill & Exercise Planning Committee, etc.).
For information regarding this website, please contact rhansen@maryqueenchurch.org.


text:
The previously discussed I-IV-V chord progressions of major triads is a subsequence of the circle progression, which ascends by perfect fourths and descends by perfect fifths: Perfect fifths and perfect fourths are inverse intervals, because one reaches the same pitch class by either ascending by a perfect fourth (five semitones) or descending by a perfect fifth (seven semitones). For example, the jazz standard Autumn Leaves contains the iv7-VII7-VIM7-iiø7-i circle-of-fifths chord-progression;[80] its sevenths occur in the tertian harmonization in sevenths of the minor scale.[81] Other subsequences of the fifths-circle chord-progression are used in music. In particular, the ii-V-I progression is the most important chord progression in jazz music.
Justin is an instructor with that rare combination that encompasses great playing in conjunction with a thoughtful, likable personality. Justin's instruction is extremely intelligent because he's smart enough to know the 'basics' don't have to be served 'raw' - Justin keenly serves the information covered in chocolate. Justin's site is like a free pass in a candy store!
A string's gauge is how thick it is. As a general rule, the thicker a string is the warmer its response will be and the more volume it will produce. However, thicker strings are also stiffer. This makes it harder to fret the string and makes it more difficult to execute heavy string bends. Thinner strings are generally brighter and easier to play, but on some instruments they can sound thin and tinny.
There are many different styles of play. Chords are played by strumming all of the strings. Classical guitarists pluck the strings with their fingers and always play sitting down. Slide guitarists slide along the strings with a slide made of metal or glass. Whether you're interested in classical, bluegrass, flamenco, folk or blues, the acoustic guitar is something you can enjoy playing alone or in a group.
With the massive range of options available, you'd have to spend the whole day here to go through every one. There are six and twelve-strings, models specifically made for beginners, limited edition double necks; you name it, you'll find it! For a real classic, strap on a Rickenbacker 330 electric guitar. A staple in 60's mod culture, the unique hollowbody construction, slim neck and contoured body make the Rickenbacker 330 so easy to play that it has held the status as one of the all-time greatest guitars for decades.
Electric guitars and bass guitars have to be used with a guitar amplifier and loudspeaker or a bass amplifier and speaker, respectively, in order to make enough sound to be heard by the performer and audience. Electric guitars and bass guitars almost always use magnetic pickups, which generate an electric signal when the musician plucks, strums or otherwise plays the instrument. The amplifier and speaker strengthen this signal using a power amplifier and a loudspeaker. Acoustic guitars that are equipped with a piezoelectric pickup or microphone can also be plugged into an instrument amplifier, acoustic guitar amp or PA system to make them louder. With electric guitar and bass, the amplifier and speaker are not just used to make the instrument louder; by adjusting the equalizer controls, the preamplifier, and any onboard effects units (reverb, distortion/overdrive, etc.) the player can also modify the tone (aka timbre or "colour") and sound of the instrument. Acoustic guitar players can also use the amp to change the sound of their instrument, but in general, acoustic guitar amps are used to make the natural acoustic sound of the instrument louder without changing its sound that much.
Guitar chords are dramatically simplified by the class of alternative tunings called regular tunings. In each regular tuning, the musical intervals are the same for each pair of consecutive strings. Regular tunings include major-thirds (M3), all-fourths, augmented-fourths, and all-fifths tunings. For each regular tuning, chord patterns may be diagonally shifted down the fretboard, a property that simplifies beginners' learning of chords and that simplifies advanced players' improvisation.[70][71][72] The diagonal shifting of a C major chord in M3 tuning appears in a diagram.
Most electric guitar bodies are made of wood and include a plastic pick guard. Boards wide enough to use as a solid body are very expensive due to the worldwide depletion of hardwood stock since the 1970s, so the wood is rarely one solid piece. Most bodies are made from two pieces of wood with some of them including a seam running down the center line of the body. The most common woods used for electric guitar body construction include maple, basswood, ash, poplar, alder, and mahogany. Many bodies consist of good-sounding, but inexpensive woods, like ash, with a "top", or thin layer of another, more attractive wood (such as maple with a natural "flame" pattern) glued to the top of the basic wood. Guitars constructed like this are often called "flame tops". The body is usually carved or routed to accept the other elements, such as the bridge, pickup, neck, and other electronic components. Most electrics have a polyurethane or nitrocellulose lacquer finish. Other alternative materials to wood are used in guitar body construction. Some of these include carbon composites, plastic material, such as polycarbonate, and aluminum alloys.
Minor chords arise as the tonic notes of minor keys that share the same key signature with major keys. From the major key's I-ii-iii-IV-V-vi-viio progression, the "secondary" (minor) triads ii-iii-vi appear in the relative minor key's corresponding chord progression as i-iv-v (or i-iv-V or i-iv-V7): For example, from C's vi-ii-iii progression Am-Dm-Em, the chord Em is often played as E or E7 in a minor chord progression.[24] Among basic chords, the minor chords (D,E,A) are the tonic chords of the relative minors of the three major-keys (F,G,C):
The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has been applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times and as such causes confusion. The English word guitar, the German Gitarre, and the French guitare were all adopted from the Spanish guitarra, which comes from the Andalusian Arabic قيثارة (qīthārah)[4] and the Latin cithara, which in turn came from the Ancient Greek κιθάρα (kithara).[A] which comes from Persian word Sihtar. We can see this kind of naming in Setar, Tar, Dutar and Sitar. The word "Tar" at the end of all of these words is a Persian word that means "string".[6]
There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar, which is sometimes called a "jazz guitar". The tone of an acoustic guitar is produced by the strings' vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar, which acts as a resonating chamber. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive finger-picking technique where each string is plucked individually by the player's fingers, as opposed to being strummed. The term "finger-picking" can also refer to a specific tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass, and country guitar playing in the United States. The acoustic bass guitar is a low-pitched instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar.
By now, you've already decided whether to stick with the Guitar or to drop it. If you're one of the lucky few that stuck with it, in spite of having an extremely busy schedule with work and family obligations, congratulations. Contrary to popular belief, taking the time out for routine Guitar practice has tremendous benefits, even for the busiest of people.
Instructor ProfileArlen RothThe King of All Guitar TeachersMusic lesson pioneer Arlen Roth is the quintessential guitarist. An accomplished and brilliant musician — and one of the very few who can honestly say he's done it all — Roth has, over the course of his celebrated 35-year career, played on the world's grandest stages, accompanied many of the greatest figures in modern music and revolutionized the concept of teaching guitar. Read More...Lessons Wes Montgomery-style Octaves
Jake Jackson's publications, as writer, editor or contributor, include The Beginner's Guide to Reading Music, How to Play Classic Riffs and Play Flamenco. As guitarist and songwriter he has been in a few bands, including Slice, The Harmonics and Starbank and has studied a form of Flamenco guitar. Although Jake has a range of fine guitars in his house his favourite music software is Sibelius and, having worked with Cubase for many years, is now moving over to Logic Pro.
Electric guitars can have solid, semi-hollow, or hollow bodies; solid bodies produce little sound without amplification. Electromagnetic pickups convert the vibration of the steel strings into signals, which are fed to an amplifier through a patch cable or radio transmitter. The sound is frequently modified by other electronic devices (effects units) or the natural distortion of valves (vacuum tubes) or the pre-amp in the amplifier. There are two main types of magnetic pickups, single- and double-coil (or humbucker), each of which can be passive or active. The electric guitar is used extensively in jazz, blues, R & B, and rock and roll. The first successful magnetic pickup for a guitar was invented by George Beauchamp, and incorporated into the 1931 Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) "Frying Pan" lap steel; other manufacturers, notably Gibson, soon began to install pickups in archtop models. After World War II the completely solid-body electric was popularized by Gibson in collaboration with Les Paul, and independently by Leo Fender of Fender Music. The lower fretboard action (the height of the strings from the fingerboard), lighter (thinner) strings, and its electrical amplification lend the electric guitar to techniques less frequently used on acoustic guitars. These include tapping, extensive use of legato through pull-offs and hammer-ons (also known as slurs), pinch harmonics, volume swells, and use of a tremolo arm or effects pedals.
As their categorical name suggests, extended chords indeed extend seventh chords by stacking one or more additional third-intervals, successively constructing ninth, eleventh, and finally thirteenth chords; thirteenth chords contain all seven notes of the diatonic scale. In closed position, extended chords contain dissonant intervals or may sound supersaturated, particularly thirteenth chords with their seven notes. Consequently, extended chords are often played with the omission of one or more tones, especially the fifth and often the third,[92][93] as already noted for seventh chords; similarly, eleventh chords often omit the ninth, and thirteenth chords the ninth or eleventh. Often, the third is raised an octave, mimicking its position in the root's sequence of harmonics.[92]
The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings. On all electric, acoustic and original guitars, the bridge holds the strings in place on the body. There are many varied bridge designs. There may be some mechanism for raising or lowering the bridge saddles to adjust the distance between the strings and the fretboard (action), or fine-tuning the intonation of the instrument. Some are spring-loaded and feature a "whammy bar", a removable arm that lets the player modulate the pitch by changing the tension on the strings. The whammy bar is sometimes also called a "tremolo bar". (The effect of rapidly changing pitch is properly called "vibrato". See Tremolo for further discussion of this term.) Some bridges also allow for alternate tunings at the touch of a button.
So with that in mind, would you like to learn the guitar on your own or with others? The choice is yours at Guitar Center. If you prefer one-on-one instruction, that's absolutely doable - in fact, you'll find our schedule to be very flexible. Of course, learning in a group is an excellent way to meet like-minded musicians with similar tastes and share ideas on how to improve one another's craft. Who knows, you might even leave a group guitar lesson with plans to start a band with your newfound musical companions. Either way, our group and private guitar lessons are very entertaining and informative.
When you get right down to it, Guitar Center's friendly instructors will do everything they can to help you reach your highest level of musical potential. And remember, guitar lessons are available for both newcomers to the instrument, as well as experienced players who want to push the limits of their performance to even greater heights. If you would like to learn more about any upcoming workshops at a Guitar Center near you, feel free to give us a shout via phone or email. Any info you need can be found on our Guitar Center Lessons homepage and we'll gladly answer any questions you may have.
This book is smaller than I thought it would be, but it's fairly thick. The book is 6.5 inches wide, 9.5 inches 'tall', and slightly more than 1 inch thick. It is not spiral bound and so it does not lay flat very well at all. After I located a song that I wanted to play, I tried to force the book to lay flat by pushing down on the spine. It didn't help much and it is frustrating when the book wants to close while you're reading it. I might have to take it somewhere to have it spiral bound. The songs are listed in alphabetical order which makes it easy to find the song you're looking for if you know the title. And here is the part that surprised me: The book contains lyrics, chord diagrams, and chord names "only". It ... full review
This is a thick little book with nice big chord diagrams and shows chords in various positions. I like that it is spiral bound. The only thing missing is tabs for the letter sections so that you an easily flip to the letter note/chord you're searching for rather than having to turn a lot of pages to get to what you want. I plan to put in my own divider tabs.
Ive been playing guitar for about 3 years, and this is the best song book I have ever learned from. Songs range from sweet home alabama by lynard skynard all the way to raining blood by slayer. All of the songs are accurate and complete with notes, tabs, lyrics, and copyright info. If you are like me, and you prefer to learn songs the way they were meant to be played than this book is for you.
Are you stuck in a musical rut? New tunings and tricks can help you keep learning guitar in fresh, fun ways. Try one of these great tips from guitar teacher Samuel B. to breathe new life into your guitar playing... One of the first things I tell any new student is that I don't specialize in a formal discipline. If jazz or classical training is your objective, then I'm not your guy. Instead, I specialize primarily in American roots music (that which we tend to casually lump together as "folk" … Read More
A chord is inverted when the bass note is not the root note. Chord inversion is especially simple in M3 tuning. Chords are inverted simply by raising one or two notes by three strings; each raised note is played with the same finger as the original note. Inverted major and minor chords can be played on two frets in M3 tuning.[56][74] In standard tuning, the shape of inversions depends on the involvement of the irregular major-third, and can involve four frets.[75]
The standard guitar has six strings, but four-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, eleven-, twelve-, thirteen- and eighteen-string guitars are also available. Classical and flamenco guitars historically used gut strings, but these have been superseded by polymer materials, such as nylon and fluorocarbon. Modern guitar strings are constructed from metal, polymers, or animal or plant product materials. Instruments utilizing "steel" strings may have strings made from alloys incorporating steel, nickel or phosphor bronze. Bass strings for both instruments are wound rather than monofilament.
Only two or three frets are needed for the guitar chords—major, minor, and dominant sevenths—which are emphasized in introductions to guitar-playing and to the fundamentals of music.[87][88] Each major and minor chord can be played on exactly two successive frets on exactly three successive strings, and therefore each needs only two fingers. Other chords—seconds, fourths, sevenths, and ninths—are played on only three successive frets.[89]
As with most chords in this list, a clear G major chord depends on curling your first finger so the open fourth string rings clearly. Strum all six strings. Sometimes, it makes sense to play a G major chord using your third finger on the sixth string, your second finger on the fifth string, and your fourth (pinky) finger on the first string. This fingering makes the move to a C major chord much easier.
If you're looking for some of our older videos - you can browse the guitar lessons archive. You may also be interested browsing our guitar lessons on YouTube. There you can learn how to play guitar with all of our most popular beginner guitar lessons, rhythm guitar lessons, lead guitar lessons, and blues guitar lessons. We have something for guitar students of all skill levels.
In 1977, the Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT) revolutionized contemporary music education with the first full-time program to offer hands-on professional training for the electric guitarist. Over three decades later, MI remains the leader in guitar education, besting other colleges for guitar players, with a unique system that combines technical, creative and professional development in a performance-based program.


text:
Sandvika – stacja kolejowa w Sandvika, w regionie Bærum w Norwegii, jest oddalona od Oslo o 14 km.

Położenie
Jest końcową stacją linii Askerbanen, ponadto leży na linii Drammenbanen. Leży na wysokości 12 m n.p.m..

Ruch pasażerski

Stacja obsługuje bezpośrednie połączenia do Stavanger, Kristiansand, Arendal, Bergen, Flåm, Skien, Vestfold, Lillehammer, Hamar, Eidsvoll, Gardermoen, Moss, Oslo, Kongsberg, Spikkestad, Dal.

Pociągi linii 400 odjeżdżają co pół godziny w szczycie i co godzinę w pozostałych porach dnia; od Asker jadą trasą Askerbanen a między Oslo a Lillestrøm jadą trasą Gardermobanen.

Pociągi linii 440 odjeżdżają co godzinę; od Asker jadą trasą Askerbanen a między Oslo a Lillestrøm jadą trasą Gardermobanen.

Pociągi linii 450 odjeżdżają co godzinę; od Asker jadą trasą Askerbanen a między Oslo a Lillestrøm jadą trasą Gardermobanen.

Pociągi linii 550 odjeżdżają co pół godziny w szczycie i co godzinę poza szczytem; od Asker jadą trasą Askerbanen.

Obsługa pasażerów
Kasa biletowa, poczekalnie, telefon publiczny, bankomat, ułatwienia dla niepełnosprawnych, parking, parking rowerowy, kiosk, automaty z żywnością, automatyczne skrytki bagażowe, przystanek autobusowy, postój taksówek. Lotnisko oddalone o 20 minut.

Przypisy

Stacje i przystanki kolejowe w regionie Akershus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: What is a convenient way to write OSM data to a .shp file in python I wish grab OSM data that is within a specified bounding box and matches specific key/value combinations. I then want to write this to a .shp file for further processing using, probably, the QGIS api.
I have successfully acquired OSM data within the bounding box using overpy and have it within an overpy.Result object. I just can't find a way to write it to a .shp file?
Can anyone direct me to a suitable fragment, preferably one that uses fiona?

A: If I use the first example of overpy
import overpy
api = overpy.Overpass()
# fetch all ways and nodes
result = api.query("""
way(50.746,7.154,50.748,7.157) ["highway"];
(._;>;);
out body;
""")

The resulting script give the names and the nodes of the ways. which are actualy the nodes of a LineString:
for way in result.ways:
    print("Name: %s" % way.tags.get("name", "n/a"))
    print("  Highway: %s" % way.tags.get("highway", "n/a"))
    print("  Nodes:")
    for node in way.nodes:
        print("    Lat: %f, Lon: %f" % (node.lat, node.lon))
    Name: Rhedenstraße
    Highway: residential
    Nodes:
        Lat: 50.746874, Lon: 7.156307
        Lat: 50.746598, Lon: 7.156237
        Lat: 50.746477, Lon: 7.156199
        ....

Therefore with Fiona:
import fiona
from fiona.crs import from_epsg
schema = {'geometry': 'LineString', 'properties': {'Name':'str:80'}}
shapeout = "test.shp"
with fiona.open(shapeout, 'w',crs=from_epsg(4326),driver='ESRI Shapefile', schema=schema) as output:
    for way in result.ways:
        # the shapefile geometry use (lon,lat)
        line = {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates':[(node.lon, node.lat) for node in way.nodes]}
        prop = {'Name': way.tags.get("name", "n/a")}
        output.write({'geometry': line, 'properties':prop})

Control of the resulting shapefile
 c = fiona.open("test.shp")
 # first
 c.next()
 {'geometry': {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': [(7.1563067, 50.7468739), (7.1562371, 50.7465981), (7.1561995, 50.746477), (7.1561245, 50.7463604), (7.1560233, 50.746263), (7.1559261, 50.7461938), (7.155843, 50.7461387)]}, 'type': 'Feature', 'id': '0', 'properties': OrderedDict([(u'name', u'Rhedenstra\xdfe')])}

Control with QGIS (in red):

You can add


text:
Eesti Meremuuseum – estońskie Muzeum Morskie w Tallinnie, założone w 1935 roku. Obecnie w skład muzeum wchodzą dwie filie – Paks Margareeta i Lennusadam.

Historia
Muzeum Morskie powstało z inicjatywy kapitana Madisa Mei, Evalda Pasta, A. Heinmaa, Augusta Gustavsona, Veeteede Valitsuse i Eduarda Avika. Zaczęli oni gromadzić eksponaty marynistyczne w latach dwudziestych XX wieku. W celu poszerzenia akcji 2 września 1931 nadano ogłoszenie w gazecie Päewaleht w którym apelowano o morskie antyki. Muzeum zostało powołane do życia 24 grudnia 1934 roku, na datę otwarcia wyznaczono 1 stycznia 1935, zaś na dyrektora wybrano Madisa Mei. Ceremonia otwarcia miała miejsce 23 lutego w obecności 360 ludzi, w tym starszego państwa – Konstantina Pätsa. Podczas okupacji radzieckiej zmarł Madis Mei, funkcja dyrektora została przekazana kapitanowi lodołamacza "Suur Tőll" Benjaminowi Valterowi. Mimo iż budynek muzeum został zniszczony w czasie wojny, eksponaty zostały uratowane.

Po wojnie muzeum weszło w skład Tallinna Linnamuuseum. Dopiero 18 sierpnia 1959 roku została wydzielona z niego morska filia, za którą odpowiedzialni byli Viktor Tõnissoo i Helge Peterson. Pełną niezależność pod nazwą Eesti Riiklik Meremuuseum  (Estońskie Narodowe Muzeum Morskie) odzyskało 1 lipca 1961 roku dzięki udanej ekspozycji "Estonia i morze", dyrektorem został Ants Pärna. W związku z zaplanowaną na 1980 rok olimpiadą w Moskwie, w ramach której sporty konkurencje żeglarskie miały odbywać się w okolicach Tallinna, rozpoczęto remonty wielu budynków w mieście. Muzeum zamknięto 26 grudnia 1977 roku. Wkrótce polska firma Budimex rozpoczęła prace w siedzibie muzeum na ulicy Pikk 70, mające między innymi poszerzyć miejsce pod ekspozycję. Prace udało się zakończyć dopiero po igrzyskach, muzeum ponownie otwarto 27 kwietnia 1981.

Po odzyskaniu niepodległości w posiadanie muzeum trafił "Lembit" – okręt podwodny typu Kalev oraz lodołamacz "Suur Tőll". W celu pozyskania odpowiedniego miejsca na ich stałą ekspozycje do muzeum włączono Lennusadam – Bazę Wodnosamolotów. Filia została otworzona 11 maja 2012 roku.

Filie

Paks Margareeta

Paks Margareeta (Gruba Małgorzata) została zbudowana w latach 1511–1530. Pochodzenie jej nazwy nie jest ustalone. Wieża wysoka na 20 metrów ma średnicę 25 metrów, z czego sama grubość murów dochodzi do 5 metrów po jednej stronie. Wieża była w przeszłości wykorzystywana jako magazyn prochu i broni oraz jako więzienie.

Lennusadam

Lennusadam (Baza Wodnosamolotów) była budowana w latach 1916–1917 w celu wzmocnienia Twierdzy Morskiej Piotra Wielkiego. Została wykorzystana przez Niemców w pierwotnym celu, później przejęli ją Estończycy. W latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych znajdowały się tu obiekty rekreacyjne jednostki lotniczej. W 1940 roku baza przeszła w ręce radzieckie. Wojska rosyjskie opuściły ją w 1992 roku. W 2007 rozpoczął się proces odnowienia obiektu, który zakończył się w 2012 roku. Otwarcie filii nastąpiło 11 maja 2012 roku.

Przypisy

Bibliografia


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Mark Berly, the guest star of my VXLAN Technical Deep Dive webinar focused on VXLAN gateways. Here's the first part of his presentation, explaining what VXLAN gateways are and where you'd need them.
IOS 15.0 was launched in October 2009, and I fondly remembered one of my stupidest moments. I also started ranting about IPv6-capable and IPv6-ready whitewashing.
The most popular post of October 2007 is still the tale of the three MTUs, followed by loads of OSPF posts.
In the introductory part of the IPv6 security webinar, Eric Vyncke explained how the huge IPv6 subnet sizes won't stop a determined attacker, but will make the task of network or security engineers trying to take host inventory much harder.
In September 2009 I was writing about P-to-P-router encryption (twice) and DHCP logging , but the most popular post (by far) is still the display of rejected BGP routes.
The discovery of September 2007 (another DHCP month) was the mturoute utility.
In the Clos Fabrics Explained webinar I focused on the Clos fabrics principles of operation and design options, and Brad Hedlund who graciously agreed to be my guest explained how you can use Dell Force10 switches to build them. In this video he's describing a simple leaf-and-spine topology with 40GE uplinks.
And many of physical firewalls can be virtualized. One physical firewall can have multiple virtual firewalls inside. They all have their own routing table, rule base and management interface.
He's absolutely right, but there's a huge difference between security contexts (to use the ASA terminology) and firewalls running in VMs.
I'm exposed to an incredible variety of topics in my ExpertExpress engagements, but there are always a few recurring themes, one of them being "we're experiencing long convergence times and high packet loss after our primary Internet link fails." Almost always the root cause turns out to be full Internet routing table being received on inadequate hardware.
The murky details of IPv6 implementations never crop up till you start deploying it (or, as Randy Bush recently wrote: "it is cheering to see that the ipv6 ivory tower still stands despite years of attack by reality").
Here's another one: in theory the prefixes delegated through DHCPv6 should be static and permanently assigned to the customers for long periods of time.
Based on readers' comments and recent discussions with fellow packet pushers, it seems the marketing departments and industry press managed to thoroughly muddy the virtualized security waters. Trying to fix that, here's my attempt at virtual firewall taxonomy.
I know DHCPv6-based prefix delegation should be as stable as possible, so I plan to include the delegated prefix in my RADIUS database. However, for legacy reasons each username can have up to four concurrent PPPoE sessions. How will that work with DHCPv6 IA_PD?
Short answer: worst case, DHCPv6 prefix delegation will be royally broken.
Similar to Data Center and DMVPN trilogy, I bundled the core IPv6 webinars into IPv6 trilogy. Following the great example set by Douglas Adams, the trilogy has four webinars (the real reason: it's not likely someone would need both Enterprise and Service Provider introductory webinar).
I would like to know whether the packets I sent from site A to site B have been received. I don't want to create test traffic using ip sla, I would like to know that the production traffic has been delivered. I could use ACL counters but I'm running a full mesh of tens of sites. Ipanema does this very well, but I'm surprised that this doesn't exist on Cisco IOS.
Short answer: that's not how Internet works.


text:
Top 40 Country Songs for December 2020
Billy Dukes Published: December 1, 2020
Many of the best songs of 2020 can be found on December's list of the Top 40 country songs on the radio. New music from Chris Stapleton, Thomas Rhett and Little Big Town moved quickly up the charts this month, with each getting a major boost in sales and streaming, as well.
The No. 1 song in December is the same as the No. 1 from November 2020. It's still a major player on the radio and it's still among country music's best-selling singles. Scroll down to see which artist went back-to-back, but here's a hint: He'll be on a very popular television show this month.
Sam Hunt, Jon Pardi and Parmalee (with Blanco Brown) made major gains this month, while songs by Taylor Swift and more struggled to keep pace. Click on any of the song titles to hear each, then tell us who has your No. 1 song in the comments section below.
The list of Top 40 Country Songs of December 2020 is compiled from Billboard chart data, streaming data, sales figures, staff opinion and reader feedback.
More Country Top 40: November 2020 | October 2020 | September 2020 | August 2020 | July 2020 | June 2020 | May 2020 | April 2020 | March 2020 | February 2020 | January 2020 | Top 10 Songs of All of 2020
Top 40 Country Songs for December 2020:
40. Florida Georgia Line, "Long Live"
39. Jake Owen, "Made for You"
38. Maren Morris, "To Hell & Back"
37. Priscilla Block, "Just About Over You"
36. Brett Young, "Lady"
35. Dylan Scott, "Nobody"
34. Brantley Gilbert, "Hard Days"
33. Dierks Bentley, "Gone"
32. Miranda Lambert, "Settling Down"
31. Eric Church, "Hell of a View"
30. Scotty McCreery, "You Time"
29. Dustin Lynch, "Momma's House"
28. Lady A, "Champagne Night"
27. Rascal Flatts, "How They Remember You"
26. Darius Rucker, "Beers and Sunshine"
25. Luke Bryan, "Down to One"
24. Jordan Davis, "Almost Maybes"
23. Keith Urban (Feat. Pink), "One Too Many"
22. Kenny Chesney, "Happy Does"
21. Gabby Barrett, "The Good Ones"
20. Sam Hunt, "Breaking Up Was Easy in the 90s" — BIGGEST JUMP, UP 18 SPOTS!
19. Parmalee and Blanco Brown, "Just the Way"
18. Tenille Arts, "Somebody Like That"
17. Morgan Wallen, "7 Summers"
16. Brothers Osborne, "All Night"
15. Chris Lane, "Big, Big Plans"
14. Lee Brice, "One of Them Girls"
13. Luke Combs, "Lovin' on You"
12. Thomas Rhett, "What's Your Country Song" — HIGHEST DEBUT!
11. Jon Pardi, "Ain't Always the Cowboy"
10. Little Big Town, "Wine, Beer, Whiskey"
9. Chris Stapleton, "Starting Over"
8. Niko Moon, "Good Time"
7. Kelsea Ballerini, "Hole In the Bottle"
6. Parker McCollum, "Pretty Heart"
5. Hardy (Feat. Lauren Alaina and Devin Dawson), "One Beer"
4. Blake Shelton (Feat. Gwen Stefani), "Happy Anywhere"
3. Dan + Shay, "I Should Probably Go to Bed"
2. Luke Combs, "Better Together"
1. Morgan Wallen, "More Than My Hometown" — TWO MONTHS AT NO. 1!
Check Out the Best Country Songs of 2020:
Source: Top 40 Country Songs for December 2020
Carrie Underwood's HBO Max Christmas Special Looks Positively Magical [Watch]
Dave Filoni Explains How Baby Yoda Got His True Name
'The Mandalorian': Who Saved Baby Yoda From the Jedi Temple
Christmas In The Park Is This Saturday at Lake Arrowhead
Crime Stoppers Crime of the Week: Burglary of a Habitation
20 Tips to Help Your Houseplants Survive the Winter
Kane Brown and Lauren Alaina Turn Up the Heat During Dallas Cowboys Halftime Show [Watch]
Darius Rucker + Lindsey Stirling Share 'What Child is This' Ahead of 'CMA Country Christmas' [Listen]
Dolly Parton Wrote a Letter to Santa for the First Time Since She Was a Child


text:
Match Preview – Manchester United vs Arsenal
Date: 20th November 2014 at 6:22pm
Written by: Tom Curren
Arsenal have a serious mental block when it comes to playing Manchester United in recent years, despite the retirement of Arsene Wenger's arch-nemesis Alex Ferguson.
United face Arsenal on Saturday
The London-based side haven't beaten United in the league since Aaron Ramsey scored a late winner at the Emirates in 2011.
They'll be looking to break that duck when Louis van Gaal's thin squad visit London on Saturday.
Despite the sides' history as Premier league superpowers, both have had an underwhelming start to the season. United sit just one place and one point behind 6th-placed Arsenal, adding an extra layer of significance to an already anticipated fixture.
Both teams are likely to feature strikers who were once fan favourites for their opposition on Saturday – United prodigy Danny Welbeck is likely to lead the line for Arsenal, whilst ex-Gunners captain Robin van Persie returns to the Emirates for the third time since he left the North London club in 2012. Welbeck has had the better season so far, but Van Persie has a lot to do to prove he deserves a place in Van Gaal's starting XI, and will be hungry to do so on his old home ground.
Alexis Sanchez comes into this game in red hot form, and is undeniably Arsenal's most dangerous asset. The Chilean scored again whilst on international duty this week, and has eight goals in his nine Premier League games so far. Along with ex-Devil Welbeck and the possible return of speedster Theo Walcott, Alexis could form the basis of a frighteningly fast, incisive Arsenal attack. United's back four has been decimated by injury, and the pace of Arsenal's forwards could seek to take advantage of that.
It's still unclear as to how many of the first team's 'doubtful' players will make the United squad on Saturday, but, crucially, their captain remains fit – and Wayne Rooney loves playing against Arsenal. If the Englishman scores on Saturday, he will become the highest-scoring player of all time in this fixture. He's currently tied with Thierry Henry on eight goals. With Angel Di Maria doubtful, United will look to their captain for guidance. His excellent recent form with England has been given the perfect platform here to transfer itself to the Premier League.
For the first time in what feels like a very, very long time, United's injury issues far outstrip Arsenal's. The North London outfit have just 4 players definitively ruled out by boss Arsene Wenger, although admittedly three of those could be considered 'key' players; Mathieu Debuchy, Mesut Oezil and Laurent Koscielny join goalkeeper David Ospina as unavailable. Theo Walcott, Mikel Arteta and Olivier Giroud are all available for selection again after lengthy layoffs. The French forward's speedy return is particularly pleasing for Arsenal, who have missed his physical, bullish presence up front.
United's injury list is staggering. The club were decimated before the international break; after it, they are down to a handful of first-team players. Luke Shaw and Angel Di Maria both picked up knocks which make them a doubt for Saturday's tie, whilst David De Gea, Michael Carrick and Daley Blind will all be missing after a dark two weeks for United. At the back, United will be missing Marcus Rojo, Phil Jones, Jonny Evans and Rafael, but Chris Smalling's return from suspension boosts Louis Van Gaal's options somewhat. It's likely that 19-year-old Paddy McNair will start again, whilst winger Antonio Valencia could feature at right-back. Ashley Young and Radamel Falcao are also both doubtful.
On paper, Arsenal should probably claim victory over Louis Van Gaal's battered squad. However, Arsenal's recent poor form in so-called 'big games' throws the result into disrepute. United have several 'big game' players who, should they perform, could see Arsenal slump to defeat in yet another important fixture – Wayne Rooney and Robin Van Persie in particular enjoy playing against Wenger's side. That said, Arsenal will be desperate to prove that playing United isn't becoming taboo for them. Jack Wilshere's fantastic form with England could be a crucial factor here, and Van Gaal may want to utilise Marouane Fellaini's physicality to shut him down. Their are a number of similarly fascinating duels across the pitch: United's attackers will seek to take advantage of Calum Chambers at right-back, whilst Alexis against United's makeshift right-back could prove to be game changing. All things considered, I'd expect this game to be a draw – Arsenal dominating and taking the lead, before being pegged back by an individual moment of United brilliance…probably from Wayne Rooney.
Predicted line-ups
These are incredibly difficult to predict for this fixture due to fluctuation of player form during the international break, as well as injury issues – but here's what I'd expect to be the most likely lineups for each side.
Arsenal (4-1-4-1)
Szczesny; Gibbs, Monreal, Mertesacker, Chambers; Arteta; Oxlade-Chamberlain, Ramsey, Wilshere, Alexis; Welbeck
Manchester United (4-2-3-1)
Lindegaard; Shaw, McNair, Smalling, Valencia; Herrera, Fellaini; Mata, Rooney, Di Maria; Van Persie


Me and the other Brian Nock.
Since the early 2000's, I have known that there is a man named Brian Nock living in Nashville. It was evident (through LinkedIn) that he worked at the American Heart Association and then moved to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation as the Executive Director. We first connected in October 2012 and have since met up for lunch. To my knowledge, Brian C Nock and Brian F Nock are unrelated.
Though I am not immediately aware of any family members or friends affected by CF, I rode in the 2015 Cycle For Life, rode solo on 9/11/2016 (out of town for the main ride on 9/17/2016), rode in the 2017 Cycle For Life, and will be riding solo on Saturday, 9/22/2018 (out of town for the main ride on 9/29/2018). If you know anyone that I can ride for or would like to donate, please reach out.
Help me reach my fundraising goal! I will match all donations through the end of the ride (roughly 2 p.m. CT on 9/22/2017).