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Facebook's Decision about the Holocaust
By Pierre Lemieux
The vast majority of people, including your humble blogger, have never done any serious research on the Holocaust. In this case, our main reason to believe it happened is that, in most relatively-free countries, anybody who had the opposite opinion has been free to defend it and that, obviously, it did not survive the shock of free debates. For the same reason, most of us non-physicists believe in quantum entanglement.
What will be the consequence of the legal bans on Holocaust denialism (often through so-called "hate laws") that have spread in so-called free countries (but not in America)? And what will be the results of Facebook's decision not to allow the discussion of this topic ("Facebook Bans Content Denying the Holocaust on Its Platforms," Wall Street Journal, October 12, 2020)? These two sorts of ban are very different because Facebook is a private entity that, like any other, (still) has the right to decide which opinion it will allow to be expressed on its property. But, given the importance of Facebook (and Twitter) in public debates, the two sorts of restraints may well have similar consequences.
It is true that a lot of snake oil is peddled in popular opinions and on social networks. But we find ignoramuses in the intellectual establishment too. And it is not possible to protect "vulnerable" people against these dangers if only because the habit of not being confronted with contrarian ideas may make one more, not less, gullible.
The most serious reason to oppose speech bans was expressed by economist and philosopher John Stuart Mill in his book On Liberty (1859):
Complete liberty of contradicting and disproving our opinion, is the very condition which justifies us in assuming its truth for purposes of action; and on no other terms can a being with human faculties have any rational assurance of being right.
Imagine what will happen after several decades of legal and practical bans on denying the Holocaust. There will be few discussions on the topic. Deniers will be silent, except in private, in samizdats, or in violent groups. Holocaust defenders' research may have become rare because less apparently useful (and not without risk: suppose the researcher finds something that does not exactly fit the official wisdom?). The historical existence of the Holocaust will have become a sort of official mythology prone to jokes—think of the political slogans in the late Soviet Union. Most people will have no reason to believe it ever happened.
Categories: Economic Philosophy Liberty
robc
Oct 13 2020 at 7:32am
This is how you end up with Lysenkoism.
Oct 13 2020 at 10:55am
Good example!
Well, I don't really have a strong opinion of what Facebook or Zuckerberg is doing. But the trials of some well-known and staunch Holocaust deniers have actually brought quite a bit of attention and illumination to the issue in Europe. These people do not seem so terrified of the trials, although there have been a few convictions. In Germany, the relevant offenses in the penal code include a condition that the offense must be carried out in a manner that is suitable to disturb the public peace, which should not be the case in private and professional discussions as a rule. (Artistic performances and scientific research are again protected separately). I don't have an exact picture of the US, but is it really the case that the subject there has been significantly diminished by the bright light of public discourse? But it is true that the supposed vulnerability of certain listeners alone cannot limit what can be talked about. But, as far as I know, Zuckerberg was referring directly to empirical evidence regarding a connection between the increase in right-wing extremist communication and right-wing extremist violence, I assume that he knows the difference between correlation and causation.
@Jens: You write:
In Germany, the relevant offenses in the penal code include a condition that the offense must be carried out in a manner that is suitable to disturb the public peace, which should not be the case in private and professional discussions as a rule. (Artistic performances and scientific research are again protected separately).
Mill's argument answers this objection. For who is omniscient enough to define what is "professional discussion," "scientific research," and "artistic performance"? For example, was the opinion of French professor Robert Faurisson, prosecuted twice by the French government, a scientific contribution to professional discussion?
I think it's up to the courts to decide that. In my opinion, what happens in court is part of the public discourse. When courts work in such a way that you can no longer talk about them, then it becomes difficult. It's a question of balance of power.
Holocaust denial litigation in Europe has received a lot of attention and it is definitely not that a complaint automatically leads to conviction.
Btw: https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/harmful-conspiracy-theories-youtube
Just to add one more point: Dealing with Faurisson's theses and the introduction of criminal liability for Holocaust denial in France – including dealing with the questions mentioned above regarding more or less indefinite legal terms – are ultimately part of a public discourse. Perhaps these questions were not answered once, now they are (at least in this case) – one could say. Anyone who would like to find out more about this in the future will find extensive documentation about it (if it doesn't go down completely).
Jon Murphy
I assume that he knows the difference between correlation and causation.
Well, that's the problem, isn't it? You have to assume. When determination of truth is left, not to people but to judges, lawyers, and politicians, you have to make lots of assumptions about what they know, what they understand, and what they don't.
I can't even go out of the house without making a few assumptions, including about other people. But as I mentioned in the answer to PL above, courts, lawyers, etc. are part of the public discourse. There may also be differences in the legal traditions. For factual questions, however, experts are also often called in in court.
But I also think right now that the mode of criminal law is the right way to go. Not because it can punish, but because – at least in Europe – it places extremely high demands on the constitutionality of the norms. When you get to the point where you can actually prove to some extent the causality between hate speech and violent crime, then the question is how to deal with it – ignore it or do smth. about it.
Oct 13 2020 at 2:33pm
When the legend becomes fact, print the legend."
Post WW2 revisionism begins very soon after by the German veterans who liked the myth of the clean Wehrmacht. Indeed part of the purpose of post war organizations like HIAG headed by the likes of Paul Hausser was to promote pensions for former Waffen SS since the SS was declared an illegal organization whose members were not entitled to pensions in the post war Bjndesregierung.
The veterans' motives are easily understood. Gott mit uns and if God be with us who could be against us? I would suggest most veterans would have difficulty reconciling their sacrifices with support of a bad cause like Nazism.
The more modern revisionists though are a bit more calculating. They don't need to prevail in the marketplace of ideas ….. today at least. Their goal is simply to plant a seed of doubt and let it blossom at some point in the distant future where adherents can claim the other side was just the victors writing the history and perhaps the fertile ground of a nation that might prefer the events of the Holocaust NOT to be true.
Indeed some future revisionists may see bans on Holocaust denial as somehow bolstering their future hypothesis that the 'real truth was suppressed.
May seem unimaginable today for something like this to happen. Indeed, I truly hope it's impossible, but there is no question in my mind that is their intent.
In this case, our main reason to believe it happened is that, in most relatively-free countries, anybody who had the opposite opinion has been free to defend it and that, obviously, it did not survive the shock of free debates.
What will be the consequence of the legal bans on Holocaust denialism (often through so-called "hate laws") that have spread in so-called free countries (but not in America)?
Most people will have no reason to believe it ever happened.
But is there no point at which we can consider the debates closed? Do we need continual debate for us to remain sure that the holocaust actually happened? That seems ridiculous to me. I do not think that concluding the case has been settled after sufficient argument means "most people will have no reason to believe it ever happened," rather the exact opposite is most likely. They will have no remaining reason to doubt it. I'm pretty sure if you did some empirical research, this will be much closer to the truth than your beliefs.
Pierre, do we need to have flat earthers, so that we can remain sure that the earth is a globe? Is that a productive conversation?
Of course, we might quickly enter territory where we should abstain from restricting speech, but this topic seems like one of the best examples for where unbridled free speech has far more potential to cause harm than benefits. Your "Holocaust defenders' research may have become rare because less apparently useful (and not without risk: suppose the researcher finds something that does not exactly fit the official wisdom?)" argument is just a red herring that is beside the point. Nobody can seriously question the holocaust, and academic quibbling (about something like the exact number of deaths or something like that which you allude to) is miles away from the real question here.
Just like the law clearly acknowledges not all speech is protected because of the potential for harm, e.g. fraud, sometimes other topics can cause more harm than benefit as well. Just be an economist and do a cost-benefit analysis. When it is simply settled FACT, I think it's a pretty easy conclusion.
Do we need continual debate for us to remain sure that the holocaust actually happened? That seems ridiculous to me.
It should seem ridiculous. That's a ridiculous thing to argue. Which is why Pierre doesn't.
It's not about continuous debate. It's about the right to dissent. It's about the right to challenge the status quo.
The Mill quote that Pierre says is "the most serious reason to oppose speech bans" argues that "complete" liberty of dissent is required, because "on no other terms" can we be confident we are right.
According to that, if the ability to debate it is ever restricted, we do not have "complete" liberty of dissent, therefore the freedom of speech can never be restricted and the complete freedom of speech must be continual.
I don't think there is any material difference to the distinction whether we are discussing the merits of banning a debate that is allowed versus occurring, because if no discussion is occurring the ban would have zero actual effect…but anyway, just change my quote to "do we need to continuously allow further debate for us to remain sure," and then it is still ridiculous for this matter.
I don't think there is any material difference to the distinction whether we are discussing the merits of banning a debate that is allowed versus occurring, because if no discussion is occurring the ban would have zero actual effect.
That's incorrect. As Pierre discusses, there would be an effect even if there is no current debate. You must remember to keep future actions in your mind. That's my point about right to dissent. Knowledge is an evolving process.
Since you ignored it, I'll ask directly, do you still answer in the positive to my revised question? Do we need to continuously allow further debate for us to remain sure that the holocaust occurred? Since regarding this particular issue you say "Knowledge is an evolving process," I take it you are uncertain that the holocaust actually happened?
I didn't ignore your question. I directly answered it. Yes, debate must continuously be allowed.
Since regarding this particular issue you say "Knowledge is an evolving process," I take it you are uncertain that the holocaust actually happened?
That's quite the tortured interpretation of my comment. Firstly, I was speaking generally, which is why I said "knowledge is an evolving process" rather than just "knowledge about the Holocaust is an evolving process." Secondly, evolution is not a dichotomous thing. It's not just "the Holocaust happened" or it didn't. We have evolving knowledge about the details, conditions, etc.
Let's say that some researcher finds, buried deep in the bowels of the Vatican, some document that shows Pope Pius XII coordinated with the Nazis on the Holocaust. Indeed, this hypothetical document shows Pius blackmailed Hitler into the genocide. Discussing such a finding would indeed violate Facebook's policy, which includes "distortions" about the Holocaust. Forbidding any debate would prevent our knowledge about the Holocaust from becoming more complete.
In case it is not clear: in order to knowledge to evolve, the status quo must be able to be challenged.
By the way, Justin Callais and Alex Salter have an excellent article at The Independent Review on how ideas, regardless of their merit, become entrenched. Do not assume, my dear AMT, that just because some idea is widely accepted as fact that it is indeed correct or even true.
Oct 16 2020 at 11:31pm
I didn't ignore your question. I directly answered it.
No, but thank you for doing so now.
It's not just "the Holocaust happened" or it didn't. We have evolving knowledge about the details, conditions, etc.
Like I first said, but you must have failed to read, that is a red herring. Clearly, true academic discussion and inquiry about the details of the holocaust are not prohibited, only denial of the holocaust. Even Pierre's argument concedes this point: "Holocaust defenders research may have become rare." Just FYI, there is a difference between "more rare" and "prohibited." Also see my reply to robc.
Sure, you can make up an outrageous hypothetical that you claim would constitute a "distortion" of the policy, but true academic inquiry and claims made based on solid evidence would certainly not be a distortion.
Do not assume, my dear AMT, that just because some idea is widely accepted as fact that it is indeed correct or even true.
Of course, I'm not surprised that someone who actually thinks "debate must continuously be allowed for us to remain sure that the holocaust occurred" would make such an argument in an attempt to protect holocaust denial. Surely you understand the difference between holocaust denial, and legitimate inquiry, so attempting to conflate them is not just insulting to the many who were unquestionably murdered and their survivors, but flat out disgusting. I guess you think all those Jews were just lying about their dead relatives, and the tattoos on their arms were just a fad.
https://www.timesofisrael.com/last-auschwitz-survivors-speak-we-havent-won-but-weve-taught-our-grandkids/
Like I first said, but you must have failed to read, that is a red herring.
I know you think my point is a red herring. But I am saying it is not: you're misunderstanding the situation and thus only think it's a red herring. The point about knowledge evolving is highly pertinent. There is a broad scientific literature on it (eg Polyani, Khun, Smith, Whitehead, Hayek, Hume, Salter, Callais, Wittgenstein, Koppl, and my own small forthcoming contribution).
Clearly, true academic discussion and inquiry about the details of the holocaust are not prohibited, only denialof the holocaust.
You don't see the contradiction here (not to mention the logical fallacies)? See my reply to your reply to robc.
but true academic inquiry and claims made based on solid evidence would certainly not be a distortion.
Again, ignoring the logical fallacy of your argument, you make a strong assumption: that any such discovery would not be considered a denial or distortion by the gatekeeper. What is a denial or distortion is a judgement call, not an indisputable matter of fact. It will depend on the gatekeeper, not some objective scientific merit (as an aside, this is one issue I have with the academic journal process, but that's a discussion for another time).
Indeed, I would say that knowledge is only advanced through distortions. Some are more meritorious than others, aye, but that is something that must be discovered and cannot be ex-ante known. Arguments should be judged upon their merits, not their conclusions.
Of course, I'm not surprised that someone who actually thinks "debate must continuously be allowed for us to remain sure that the holocaust occurred" would make such an argument in an attempt to protect holocaust denial….
For the last time, I (and Pierre) am making a general point about dialogue and discussion. Yes, I think a person should be protected to hold and espouse an opinion, no matter how wrong it is. I afford holocaust deniers the same protection I afford flat-earthers, mercantilists, socialists, anti-gay people, 9/11 truthers, and the 1619 Project.
For the last time, I (and Pierre) am making a general point about dialogue and discussion.
ROFL. Is his blog post, especially the final paragraph just "general?" Did I not ask the question specifically about this topic? It is clear that when you are wrong, you simply resort to lying, even though the truth is completely obvious throughout the entire blog post and comments. Your argument intentionally misrepresents "distortions" to encompass literally all discussion, implying that it's all gray area, which is just plain stupid. Denial and research are not "intertwined." It's obvious that you have zero basis whatsoever to call my arguments "logical fallacies," but it's unsurprising based on your level of reading comprehension and willingness to flat out lie.
It has "only" been 75 years since the end of the Holocaust.
The time between Newton and Einstein was 236 years (I used birth years, not specific points in their careers, but close enough). Should we have declared Newtonian physics settled and no future debate in 1750?
No, that's a good example of why I think we should differentiate between facts, and our understanding of science. There is a zero percent chance that at some point in the future we will "learn" that millions of people didn't actually die in Nazi death camps.
Do you think we will ever be able to conclusively determine whether the earth is flat or a globe?
They aren't that dissimilar.
We didn't throw out Newtonian physics when Einstein came along, we refined it. Historians will probably refine their understanding of the Holocaust too, but you have to be able to talk about it and criticize certain aspects of it to make those new discoveries.
There are scientists who don't accept (parts of) relativity today. They are quacks, mostly, but plate tectonics was quack science at one time too.
Neither science or history advance without the radical who sometimes turns out to be right. And for the radicals who are just ignorant idiots? Just ignore them or disprove them. The regular disproving keeps bystanders from believing them.
Also, flat earthers have been quacks for about 3000(2500?) years, and there existence hasn't hurt anything.
Well, I would say that we can often draw a clear enough line between them. Science explains why things happen, but the things that happen are the facts. Newton might not have understood exactly why an apple falls from a tree, but the apple falling to the ground is just a fact.
To be clear, my initial response to Pierre was addressing the question of his blog post:
"What will be the consequence of the legal bans on Holocaust denialism."
This discussion is about whether anyone should be able to deny that the holocaust happened, not a ban on discussing details of it (and possibly refining the history books…compared to deleting the holocaust from the history books…). That is why I said academic quibbles about precise details are beside the point; they are clearly not prohibited by a ban on holocaust denialism.
I agree that science may advance in unpredictable or "radical" ways, and possibly aspects of history where our knowledge is meagre, but our knowledge of the holocaust will not.
Flat earthers might not cause much harm to anyone, but I would not say the same about holocaust deniers.
We can distinguish between science and facts. While Newton might not have understood exactly the science of why, whether or not something has fallen to the ground is a matter of fact. I agree our understanding of science can advance in unexpected or "radical" ways, and also our knowledge of history where we have meagre understanding, but there is no question of whether or not the holocaust occurred. To be clear, my first post was responding to Pierre's question:
What will be the consequence of the legal bans on Holocaust denialism
To repeat, a ban on holocaust denial obviously still permits the holocaust to be discussed and researched, and academics may revise the history books, as opposed to deleting it from the history books.
The regular disproving keeps bystanders from believing them.
I think this is proven false by both flat earthers, and holocaust deniers…
Although flat earthers might not cause much harm, I don't think the same is true with holocaust deniers.
To repeat, a ban on holocaust denial obviously still permits the holocaust to be discussed and researched
That's the point, though. It's not obvious that a ban on denial and distortion (Facebook's words) still permits any discussion and research. Indeed, as we have seen historically, such bans are explicitly designed to stop discussion and research (as is Facebook's stated goal).
Denial is such an ambiguous term. It will be used to silence discussion. Just as it has been used to silence discussion on global warming and COVID.
AMT-
Let me give an example of the ambiguity of the phrase "Holocaust denial."
What does it mean for someone to be a Holocaust denier?
-If it simply means that the person does not believe that 6 million+ Jews and other dissidents died in concentration camps run by the German government, then by that definition no one is a Holocaust denier. I've not come across a single piece of literature that makes that claim. Neo-Nazis and other "deniers" will agree that 6 million+ people died while in camps under German control. What they'll argue is that those deaths were not intentional genocide but rather the unfortunate consequences of a nation brought to the brink by war. What the Germans did to the Jews was no different than what Americans did to Japanese, but America had far more resources to call upon.
-So, then, if we are to exclude deniers, we'll need to broaden the definition of "denier" to include the people described above: those who maintain that the deaths were caused by war and famine. But who in that group should be excluded? It is doubtful that every single death in a concentration camp was an intended act by the German government. Surely some died of "natural" causes like hunger, disease, etc. Some more were also likely killed by Allied air raids. So, then, some percentage of deaths cannot be attributed to the German government. But what percentage is it? 1%? 99%? Who in that range are excluded from having an opinion? What makes a person a holocaust denier?
-Another implication of the above "denier" reasoning is that the German government wasn't responsible for the deaths. This is a standard denier position. So, is a denier one who argues that the German government wasn't responsible for the deaths? If that's the case, than my earlier point about the Vatican becomes very relevant. The hypothetical documents would prove that the German government wasn't responsible. If we are forbidding the denialist position, then such a discovery would be repressed.
-The "responsibility" argument also implies that the percentage argument is important. If we are arguing that not every person killed was killed by the German government, then we are absolving some responsibility.
-And all this leaves aside questions of causality (which is a formidable topic in and of itself).
The TL;DR Version: Such claims about denialism seem very precise, and this easy to enforce. On their surface, claims like " a ban on holocaust denial obviously still permits the holocaust to be discussed and researched, and academics may revise the history books, as opposed to deleting it from the history books" seems very straightforward. But once we start digging, we see that it is rather quite loose and vague. One cannot easily separate out discussions about the details of the Holocaust from denial of; they are intertwined.
-If it simply means that the person does not believe that 6 million+ Jews and other dissidents died in concentration camps run by the German government, then by that definition no one is a Holocaust denier. I've not come across a single piece of literature that makes that claim.
https://www.adl.org/blog/facebook-has-a-holocaust-denial-problem
Your ignorance would be amusing, if it wasn't so sickening.
I think you've done an excellent job proving Pierre's point. When certain viewpoints are simply forbidden, the discussion devolves. I fear I have nothing more I can say
It is logically impossible for comments made on this blog to "prove" what will happen due to Facebook's ban on holocaust denial, since there was no viewpoint that was forbidden or banned on this blog or in the comments. But of course, basic logic is clearly beyond you.
Phil H
I'm afraid this is a silly post because it fails to recognise what Zuckerberg is doing: making a commercial decision. Just like the mainstream media before it, big social media is now realising that it has to make a choice between being the haunt of weirdos, or laying down some editorial standards. And this is the beginning of those editorial standards. It's a private business decision that Zuckerberg has taken in order to maximize the number of customers (advertisers) and products (individual site users) that he can attract.
Anyone looking for free speech principles in the actions of companies is looking in the wrong place. Free speech is a right, and rights are, by their nature, things that constrain governments. That's literally the definition of them. They are mostly irrelevant to businesses.
As Pierre explicitly stated in the post, Facebook's decision is will within its rights. What he is doing is discussing the consequences of their actions.
There are perhaps quite big differences in legal traditions. On the continent, lawyers have long since started to assume that fundamental rights (must also) have a third-party effect. Only by the way, complex issue.
However, if one does not argue normatively, then somehow it might be the case that the marketplace of ideas can benefit from online platforms. Economies of scale benefit providers and consumers of the ideas. I think it's not entirely absurd to claim that the impartiality of the platform helps the marketplace of ideas, if you believe in it. It's surely possible that a strong bias on the part of the platform can lead to it losing its quasi-monopoly status or an alternative being developed. But that's not necessarily guaranteed and it will marginalize ideas that don't match the platform's bias. Or the marketplace for ideas suffers from the fact that alternatives no longer come together. At this level it may even be possible to argue that the platform's bias should be regulated away. Why should one protect the marketplace of ideas only from government actions and not also from government omissions?
There is another important aspect to the marketplace of ideas and that is how this marketplace is used, with what intent. The point is that without some agreement about what the marketplace is for, the marketplace cannot fulfill its function and can be misused.
Here is a current analogy. People are interested in chess because they are interested in the sporting aspect, because they want to watch two minds "discuss" a logical problem, and not least because of the psychological aspect. There are also people who are particularly interested in computer chess, different computer programs, how they perform against each other and other who are mainly interested in certain positions, openings and their optimal way of playing. But these are all slightly different aspects. Some people are also interested in all aspects, but they know that these are different aspects.
In the pandemic, online chess has become very popular, even more popular than before. There are fewer real life chess tournaments and for many professionals there are no sources of income. However, this poses the problem for the chess world that a human chess player, when he sits at home and plays an online game using a computer chess program, can enormously increase his skill level, even at the very highest level. One tries to prevent this by requiring remote access to the computer, video recording and other surveillance measures, but in the end it is not easy. This currently has e.g. even led to a well-known player in a very established community being banned for life: https://en.chessbase.com/post/cheating-controversy-at-prochessleague
My point now is not the usefulness of these regulations or the fact that you always have fraudsters, but rather the question of why you do all this at all. Fraud is not exactly unknown in other sports and the rules and regulations are not exactly narrow. Why is all this being done at all?
Probably Because there are the interests in chess mentioned above: One would like to watch a competition between two people who are discussing a chess position under mental tension and psychological pressure. You don't want to see someone entering the moves suggested by a computer program. There are definitely competitions in which computer programs play against each other or humans and machines cooperate. But that's a different "sport".
The marketplace of ideas can be used to find out the truth and possible solutions to problems. To see the facts in a bright light. But is it certain that it cannot also be used to distract, to suppress the truth, to pointlessly repeat wrong things, to stir up emotions such as hatred and contempt, etc.? If debaters come up with an open and honest interest in a clean discussion, then that will lead to the goal. But what if there is a discussant who does not have that intention?
Maybe the way public debate is structured has changed a bit. In the past a debate was mostly led by a narrow circle of debaters who knew each other, who knew that they would lose their reputation by misusing the marketplace and who were intellectually capable and secure in their status. Using the marketplace was a risk, had a price, and the amount of information on the marketplace was limited. Gatekeepers managed misuse and filtering. It was probably an extremely regulated marketplace at that time, due to the written and unwritten social rules of that time. But what if the – written and unwritten – rules have changed and players appear who do not want to use the marketplace to shed a bright light?
The marketplace of ideas can be used to find out the truth and possible solutions to problems. To see the facts in a bright light. But is it certain that it cannot also be used to distract, to suppress the truth, to pointlessly repeat wrong things, to stir up emotions such as hatred and contempt, etc.?
Of course. Everything has good aspects, everything has bad aspects. That's why there is such a strong need for general rules. Norms of behavior develop. The marketplace of ideas is no different.
The purpose of these generalized rules is to minimize conflict and allow for ideas to flourish. The rules must be restrictive only in the sense that they are harmful to those ends. The problem with banning certain opinions (or, what comes to the same thing, requiring certain opinions) is that it restricts the ability for ideas in general to flourish.
To keep your chess metaphor going, a rule requiring certain moves would squash the ability for the game to be a battle of minds. If it's "only true chess" if the Queen's pawn moves first, then that forbids countless other opening moves from being discovered, and thus a more enjoyable game from being played.
Rick Rodriguez
Well, while other platforms are freely available, besides Facebook, you can read and delve into, analyze, if necessary. Well, if you want to discuss this with someone, then not on Facebook …
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UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS IN DEPORTATION MAY NOT QUALIFY FOR NEW 601A WAIVER
By: Moises Apsan
January 15, 2013, 10:49 am
Janaury 15, 2015 - New York City - In the U.S. there are spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens (immediate relatives) who are in the United States are not eligible to apply for lawful permanent resident (LPR) status while in the United States. Instead, these immediate relatives must travel abroad to obtain an immigrant visa from the Department of State (DOS) to return to the United States to request admission as an LPR, and, in many cases, also must request from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) a waiver of inadmissibility as a result of their unlawful presence in the United States. Currently, these immediate relatives cannot apply for the waiver until after their immigrant visa interviews abroad. As a result, these immediate relatives must remain outside of the United States, separated from their U.S. citizen spouses, parents, or children, while USCIS adjudicates their waiver applications. In some cases, waiver application processing can take well over one year, prolonging the separation of these immediate relatives from their U.S. citizen spouses, parents, and children. In addition, the action required for these immediate relatives to obtain LPR status in the United States—departure from the United States to apply for an immigrant visa at a DOS consulate abroad—is the very action that triggers the unlawful presence inadmissibility grounds under section 212(a)(9)(B)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B)(i). As a result of the often lengthy processing times and uncertainty about whether they qualify for a waiver of the unlawful presence inadmissibility grounds, many immediate relatives who may qualify for an immigrant visa are reluctant to proceed abroad to seek an immigrant visa.
At this time, the provisional unlawful presence waiver process will remain available only to individuals who are residing in the U.S., are immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (i.e., spouses, children, and parents (if the U.S. citizen is at least 21 years of age, as defined in INA section 201(b), 8 U.S.C. 1151(b).
The focus of the provisional unlawful presence waiver process is to reduce the impact of the current waiver process on U.S. citizens by reducing the time U.S. citizens are separated from their immediate relatives.
Individuals who are already outside of the United States must pursue a waiver of inadmissibility through the current Form I-601 process. The provisional unlawful presence waiver process will remain available only to those individuals who are currently in the United States and will be departing for consular processing abroad.
Aliens in removal proceedings
The Application for Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver, Form I-601A, will be filed only with USCIS, even if an alien is in removal proceedings before the Court.
Aliens in removal proceedings are allowed to participate in this new provisional unlawful presence waiver process if their removal proceedings are administratively closed and have not been recalendared at the time of filing the Form I-601A.
Aliens whose removal proceedings are terminated or dismissed are covered in the general population of aliens who are eligible to apply for a provisional unlawful presence waiver.
If the Form I-601A is approved for an alien whose proceedings have been administratively closed, the alien should seek termination or dismissal of the proceedings, without prejudice, by EOIR. The request for termination or dismissal should be granted before the alien departs for his or her immigrant visa interview abroad. Applicants who leave the United States before their removal proceedings are terminated or dismissed may experience delays in their immigrant visa processing or risk becoming ineligible for the immigrant visa based on another ground of inadmissibility
Aliens who have had their NTAs (Notice to Appear) cancelled by ICE are also covered in the general population of aliens who are eligible to apply for a provisional unlawful presence waiver, since their removal proceedings were never initiated through filing of an NTA with EOIR
DHS also will notify such applicants that, if granted the provisional unlawful presence waiver, applicants should seek termination or dismissal of their removal proceedings.
You can follow this links:
Apsan Law Offices, LLC.
Author: Moises Apsan
Attorney with over 35 years of experience. Past president Federal Bar Association NJ Chapter (1997-2002). Offices in New York, NY, Newark, NJ. Tel: 888-460-1800 http://www.apsanlaw.com and www.drmoises.com
VejaTV.com
Apsan Law Offices
How to Prove Extreme Hardship for a 601 Waiver
Immigrant Ordered Deported But Never Left can now apply for a 601A waiver and live with his family in the U.S.
WHEN NO 601 WAIVER IS ALLOWED, THE IMMIGRATION PERMANENT BAR CREATES A NIGHTMARE FOR MANY FAMILIES
Source: Paulo Martins
New I-601A Waiver Keeps Immigrant Families Together
Become legal with the New I-601 Waiver
Apsan Law Offices, LLC, Hundreds of 601A waiver cases approved last year
USCIS to Allow Additional Applicants for Provisional Waiver Process
Analyses of the Presidents Memos Regarding his executive order as it applies to family cases. Part I
Understand the Obama Executive Actions on Immigration: The Affects on DACA, DAPA and the I-601A waiver
Great News for Immigrants
Filing for the I-601A- Application for Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver Begins Today
Form I-601A is now available

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Marvel announced the details for the upcoming release of "Doctor Strange" on Digital HD/Blu-Ray/DVD. The digital HD release in the United States is set for February 14 while the Blu-Ray/DVD is set for February 28. You can head over to Marvel.com to find your prefered platform. Marvel's official press release can be found after the jump, which includes details on the extras.
Marvel Studios' "Doctor Strange," the story of Dr. Stephen Strange, Master of the Mystic Arts, has mesmerized both audiences and critics, pulling in more than $658.3 million at the worldwide box office to date and earning a 90% critics consensus on Rotten Tomatoes. The biggest single-character introduction in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), it also carries on Marvel Studios' winning streak as the 14th consecutive MCU film to debut at #1 at the domestic box office.
On Feb. 14, "Doctor Strange" fans can bring home the critically acclaimed blockbuster early on Digital HD/3D and Disney Movies Anywhere, or on Blu-ray 3D™, Blu-ray, Digital SD, DVD and On-Demand on Feb. 28. The Blu-ray and Digital releases come packaged with over 80 minutes of fascinating, never-before-seen bonus materials, including five behind-the-scenes featurettes, five deleted scenes, hilarious outtakes, part two of the comical mockumentary "Team Thor," audio commentary, and an exclusive look at the future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Between limited edition SteelBook packaging and exclusive extra content, "Doctor Strange" has you covered with these retailer exclusives! At Best Buy, pick up a specially marked Doctor Strange limited edition SteelBook featuring art based on the The Book of Cagliostro and the Eye of Agamotto. For exclusive behind-the-scenes digital content, head over to Target where specially marked Blu-ray combo packs include exclusive access to "Defying Reality: The Art and Visual Effects of Doctor Strange"—a featurette only available through Target.
Doctor Strange has long been a cornerstone of the Marvel Universe. We'll take an in-depth look at the film's astral dimensions which take fans further into worlds with unlimited possibilities. We'll explore the comic book origins and groundbreaking illustrations from Steve Ditko as well as the differences between the publishing and cinematic incarnations. This featurette will give audiences a new insight to the level of detail and commitment that went into creating dimensions where the possibilities are endless.
The film boasts an award-winning cast, including Benedict Cumberbatch ("The Imitation Game," "Black Mass") as Dr. Stephen Strange, Chiwetel Ejiofor ("12 Years a Slave," "Triple 9") as Mordo, Rachel McAdams ("Spotlight," "Southpaw") as Dr. Christine Palmer, Benedict Wong ("The Martian," "Prometheus") as Wong, Michael Stuhlbarg ("A Serious Man," "Steve Jobs") as Dr. Nicodemus West, Benjamin Bratt ("Traffic," "Piñero") as Jonathan Pangborn, and Scott Adkins ("El Gringo," "The Expendables 2") as Lucian/Strong Zealot, with Mads Mikkelsen ("The Hunt," "Casino Royale") as Kaecilius and Academy Award® winner Tilda Swinton (2007 Best Supporting Actress, "Michael Clayton"; "Julia") as The Ancient One.
-A Strange Transformation – Open your eye to a new dimension of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and see how the filmmakers brought one of comic books' greatest characters to life.
-Strange Company – Find out what it's like for the cast to work on a Marvel film, and how Director Scott Derrickson engineered one of the most ambitious, imaginative films ever.
-The Fabric of Reality – Take a closer look at the movie's extraordinary sets, meticulously crafted costumes and amazingly detailed production elements.
-Across Time and Space – Explore the countless hours of dance and fight choreography the actors endured in preparation for their physically demanding roles.
-The Score-cerer Supreme – Join Composer Michael Giacchino and a full orchestra during live recording sessions, and experience the movie's mind-bending music.
From Marvel Studios comes Doctor Strange, the story of world-famous neurosurgeon Dr. Stephen Strange (Benedict Cumberbatch), whose life changes forever after a horrific car accident renders his hands useless. When traditional medicine fails him, he travels to the remote Kamar-Taj in search of a cure, but instead discovers the mystical arts and becomes a powerful sorcerer battling dark forces bent on destroying our reality.
Scott Derrickson ("Deliver Us from Evil," "Sinister") is directing with Kevin Feige, p.g.a., producing. Louis D'Esposito, Stephen Broussard, Victoria Alonso, Charles Newirth and Stan Lee serve as executive producers. The screenplay was written by Jon Spaihts ("The Darkest Hour," "Prometheus") and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill ("Sinister," "Sinister 2").


The EYFS is the stage of education for children from birth to the end of the Reception year. It is based on the recognition that children learn best through play and active learning. Children in the EYFS learn by playing and exploring, being active, and through creative and critical thinking which takes place both indoors and outside. Children will learn new skills, acquiring new knowledge and demonstrating their understanding through 7 areas of learning and development.
These prime areas are those most essential to children's healthy development and future learning.
These 7 areas are used to plan children's learning and activities.
The professionals teaching and supporting the children will make sure that the activities are suited to each child's unique needs. This curriculum is suitable for very young children and it's designed to be flexible, allowing staff to follow each child's unique needs and interests. You can find more information on the Early Years Foundation Stage, which includes the early learning goals, at www.foundationyears.org.uk.


Gigglers and Wriggles - Parent and Tots group meets weekly in Virginia Hall on a Tuesday Morning from 10am to 12pm.
The Girls Friendly Society (GFS) for girls ages 4+. Currently not running due to lack of leaders.
Grazers Youth Club (Teens) meets twice a month on the 2nd and 4th Friday nights from 8.30pm to 10pm in Billis Hall.
The Mothers' Union which meets monthly.
Whist Drives meet twice monthly on a Tuesday in Virginia Hall.
Indoor Bowls which meets on a Monday night from 8pm in Billis Hall.
Holiday Bible Club which runs during the first week of July.
In Lurgan (Virginia) Church there is also Sunday School during the morning service.
We also run from time to time: Christianity Explored and other discipling courses.
Each church also has its own Select Vestry made up of parishioners who meet periodically to discuss matters of importance to the church such as church maintenance and fund raising. Representation is also made on behalf of the Virginia Group of Parishes to the Kilmore Diocesan Council.
If you would like to find our more about what goes on through the parish you can contact the Rector.


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Tough Times Still Ahead for Banks, Fed's Kohn Tells Senators
Testifying before the Senate Committee of Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs yesterday, Federal Reserve Bank vice chairman Donald Kohn offered some indications of improvement in the U.S. banking sector, but on the whole painted a somber picture of the short- to mid-term outlook for the industry. Banks have been responding
Testifying before the Senate Committee of Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs yesterday, Federal Reserve Bank vice chairman Donald Kohn offered some indications of improvement in the U.S. banking sector, but on the whole painted a somber picture of the short- to mid-term outlook for the industry. Banks have been responding to the economic turmoil touched off by the subprime meltdown last year, he said, but not enough yet. "Over the coming months, we expect banking institutions to continue to face deteriorating loan quality," Kohn told members of the committee. "House prices are still declining sharply in many localities and losses related to residential real estate–including loans to builders and developers–are bound to increase further." Not only that, he explained, but weak U.S. economic conditions could well extend problems to other kinds of lending portfolios, such as credit card loans, as well as corporate loan portfolios. "Banking organizations must be prepared for the possibility that liquidity conditions [will] become tighter, if uncertainties in the capital markets fail to subside or if credit conditions deteriorate significantly," Kohn added. "Accordingly, we anticipate that the number of banks with less-than-satisfactory supervisory ratings [i.e., banks in trouble] will continue to increase." The banking sector isn't completely on the rocks, he noted, though it hasn't really bounced back from a very tough fourth quarter 2007, when the 50 largest bank holding companies, which represent more than three-fourths of all bank holding company assets, reported losses totaling more than $9 billion. In the first quarter of 2008, by contrast, the same 50 largest bank holding companies reported profits of $5.2 billion and reduced trading losses. "Consequently, bank holding companies overall reported net income of nearly $10 billion for the quarter, down substantially from the $36.5 billion in income they reported for the first quarter of 2007 but a considerable improvement over the prior quarter's losses," Kohn said. But that's only an aggregate figure. At the bottom of the top 50, there's still some serious trouble. "Seven of the 50 largest bank holding companies still recorded net losses for the [first quarter of 2008]," Kohl said. "As economic conditions have softened, these large companies have reported increasing problems in mortgage loan portfolios, particularly home equity lines of credit, and in loans to residential real estate developers… [and] nonperforming assets more than doubled over the past year from $37 billion to $81 billion and, as of March 31, 2008, nonperforming assets as a share of overall assets reached the highest level since 2002." The Fed has been pushing banks to bolster their liquidity, and they've been doing so, he added. But not by enough. "Despite higher provisioning during the past several quarters, coverage of nonperforming loans by loan loss reserves has not kept pace with growth in problem assets," Kohl said. "In view of this uncertain outlook, additional capital injections and the consideration of dividend cuts are still warranted for some of these companies, and we have strongly encouraged supervised bank holding companies to enhance their capital positions." Kohl, in reflecting on the origins of the current malaise, stressed overconfidence and complacency among the financial institutions themselves, and threw in a note of "we told you so." "Before the recent market turbulence, the Federal Reserve–in many cases along with the other U.S. banking agencies–acted on a number of fronts to alert financial institutions about emerging risks, for example by issuing supervisory guidance on nontraditional mortgages, home equity lending, commercial real estate, and subprime lending," he said. As for the future role of the Fed in preventing another such risk-spawned financial crisis, Kohl said that "we are also considering new or augmented supervisory guidance [i.e., new rules] on other aspects of risk management, including further emphasis on the need for an enterprise-wide perspective when assessing and managing risk." In other words, the Fed wants the left hand to know what the right hand is doing, in terms of banks taking on lending risk. "We are developing supervisory guidance to clarify expectations surrounding compliance risk, focusing particularly on firm-wide compliance risk management for large, complex organizations," Kohl said.


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White Arkitekter's Winning Proposal for a Steep Hillside of the Faroe Islands
14:00 - 20 June, 2016
by Vladimir Gintoff
Courtesy of White Arkitekter
White Arkitekter has won the Nordic Built Cities competition in the category of Vertical Challenge for the office's proposal, "The Eyes of Runavik," located in a village on the Faroe Islands. White Arkitekter has devised five 3-story ring-shaped "houses" that collectively provide 100 units of housing on a steep hillside with views of fjords and surrounding islands. Each building is surrounded by a meadow – "hagi" – of local vegetation, and each inner courtyard is a cultivated microclimate, or "bøur," meant to be a more comfortable outdoor space for residents.
"Minimal impact starts with understanding the conditions, accepting them and making the most out of them," says Morten Vedelsbøl, Creative Director at White Arkitekter in Denmark. "We asked ourselves - how can we create an environment on such a steep slope and in such harsh weather conditions? We decided to transform those challenges into our tools and identity markers."
With an excess of paths both connecting the buildings and providing access to the adjacent town, cars will fill a subordinate role in the development. And with the efficiency of passive house construction, along with the use of renewable energy – including geothermal heating – long-term occupants will live in net-zero conditions. Each building's inner courtyard, providing protection from the elements, will allow residents to grow vegetables and other plants that would ordinarily not survive the harsh conditions of the hillside location.
The buildings will use a variety of local materials in their construction including cedar wood with different levels of charring for the exterior facades, non-charred cedar wood for the walls of the building's interior courtyards, basalt rocks for stonescaping, pathways, as gravel for playgrounds, and sand for sandboxes, moss for green roofs, and sheep's wool for insulation.
White Arkitekter's proposal was praised by Nordic Innovation, the Nordic governments, and the Nordic Council of Ministers, for its "iconic character" and the mark it leaves on the community, "creating new thinking in relation to traditional construction in Runavik." The project does not currently have a construction schedule or expected date for completion.
White Arkitekter
Runavik, Faroe Islands
Lead Architects
Morten Vedelsbøl (Creative Director) Mikkel Thams Olsen (Architect and Project Manager)
Brooke Campbell-Johnston, Charlotte Falstrup (Architect and Sustainability Specialist), Rickard Nygren (Architect and Sustainability Specialist), Viktor Sjöberg, Christoph Duckart, Iben Degn Pedersen
Florian Kosche AS/DIFK
Sustainability Engineers
Rambøll Denmark A/S
Modular Construction
JNESpace (modular construction)
45000.0 sqm
Location to be used only as a reference. It could indicate city/country but not exact address.
Projects Unbuilt Project RunavikWhite ArkitekterNordic Built CitiesFaroe Islands
Cite: Vladimir Gintoff. "White Arkitekter's Winning Proposal for a Steep Hillside of the Faroe Islands" 20 Jun 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/789880/white-arkitekters-winning-proposal-for-a-steep-hillside-of-the-faroe-islands/> ISSN 0719-8884


In a food processor, chop up the cauliflower into rice-like size chunks. Set aside.
Dry tofu between paper towels, toss with the turmeric and set it in a bowl for later.
In a wok, bring your 2 cups of water to a boil and toss the kale in there, cooking for a few minutes. Drain the kale and set it aside to keep the tofu and cauliflower company.
In that same wok, heat up some cooking spray over medium high heat. Add the onions and cook them for a few moments until they start to become translucent. Add the garlic, cook another 30 seconds, and add the peppers. Cook another minute or so, refresh the cooking spray if needed, then add the turmeric-tofu crumbles. Toss everything about, letting the tofu fry a bit.
After tofu has fried enough, toss in the cauliflower rice and kale, soy sauce, and chili sauce. Keep tossing and letting everything fry for a few minutes. When the flavours are to your liking, take off the heat.


As seen on ABC,MSNBC,KFLY,KATC,Wake up with Al,America Now,NPR Radio,Metro UK and most major USA news stations! All of the profits from my art go to help animals and people in need.
I am a handicap rescued squirrel that paints pictures after mimicking my artist mommy.I became famous after video of me painting went viral.I have been on ABC,MSNBC,KFLY,KATC,Wake up with Al,America Now and almost all the major USA news stations!
Over 70,000 hits on youtube ain't nothing to sneeze at.
I have had video of me and my story shown on virtually every major news network.
My momma rescued me from a cat when I was a toddler squirrel and so my artist adventure began.
Every time I paint a new painting I get my pic taken with it while I'm working on it so you know I really did it.My squirrel mommy also signs it for me and glues one of my shed tail hairs to verify authenticity.
All of the money I make goes to help other critters or even people in need!!!!
My Squirrel Mommy's story of how she came to be my Squirrel Mommy.
"Everybody asks how I got a pet squirrel.I was standing at the kitchen window doing dishes or something and I saw a baby squirrel climb down the tree.This really foul stray cat we take care of was looking at it.So I banged on the window which usually the big squirrels know it means to run back up the tree.Well I guess because she was so little she was stunned.Before my eyes I saw Mr Rat pick her off the tree by the arm.I ran outside in my boxer short pj's to get her out Mr Rat's mouth.
He had her by the arm I tried doing the thing where you put your fingers in the back of their jaw where they had no teeth,I tried grabbing the back of his neck,I tried jiggling him. So Finally a combo of all 3 got him to let her go.She fell out of his mouth and I though she was dead but I saw her breathing.I grabbed her bare handed and just ran to the porch yelling pleaseeeeeee don't bite meeeeeee!!!!
But she was so stunned she didn't even move.I put her in a cardboard box and bought her into the house.We hand fed her like a baby and gave her some kitty infection meds we knew you could to give to a kitten so we gave her that.We did not thing she would make it but wanted to try and help her and at least make her comfortable.
And that was the April 24the which was the Sat before easter 2011 and she been with me ever since.
This is VERY adorable. Im very glad you rescued her. The work she's doing is great.


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O condado de Gonzales é um dos 254 condados do estado norte-americano do Texas. A sede do condado é Gonzales, e sua maior cidade é Gonzales.

O condado possui uma área de 2 771 km² (dos quais 5 km² estão cobertos por água), uma população de 18 628 habitantes, e uma densidade populacional de 7 hab/km² (segundo o censo nacional de 2000).

O condado foi criado em 1836.

Gonzales

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This charming renovation is loaded with ideas and inspiration for your next small-spaced remodel.
5 Outdoor Rugs-- You'll Love Indoors!
The problem with today's outdoor rugs? They're almost too good to keep outside!
Durable, sophisticated and downright gorgeous, this new generation of patio and deck rugs are nothing short of a game changer.
....and just beg for an opportunity to show what they can do inside your home,too!
While browsing through a recent issue of Coastal Living, I found the perfect accessory for our busy phase three home: The Kevo Smart Lock, a bluetooth enabled deadbolt by Kwikset.
And if you're in the third stage of your life as we are, you'll immediately understand exactly why it's such a great fit.
This system turns your smartphone into a house key so you can open your door with the touch of a finger. And lock it just as easily once you're inside.


Developed the product page for the new coffee machine that is going to disrupt the coffee market and bring to your doorstep the freshest coffee you'll ever have.
List all your expense while you travel and keep track on how much you are spending in your home currency.
A simple android game that aims to engage the user by having to open the parachute in the corresponding area with a single click before the fox hits the ground.
Built an iOS App and an Android small game (see above) and also been executing several prototypes to test the viability of some ideas in the market.
Worked in 3 R&D projects for the EU and in the main cmNavigo® (MES) development team.
Masters at Cranfield University in the United Kingdom focusing on Distributed Computing (Cloud computing, distributed networks, mobile networks). MSc. Thesis on p2p data sharing information on mobile devices.
Bachelor and Masters at Faculty of Engineering in Portugal at the most prestigious university in the country.


text:
Q: Permission denied (public key). Fatal: Could not read from remote repository Could please someone help me?
I completely blocked using Github. I'm trying to solve the problem, but I can't push my code on Github.
git push --set-upstream origin main Permission denied (public key). fatal: Could not read from remote repository. Please make sure you have the correct access rights and the repository exists.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


16..Ng5. *If Qc4+, then QxQ and if RxQ then f5 is my move.
Analyzing this a bit further, I made an interesting new discovery.
Rybka's #1 choice. But at that time I was running Rybka under Fritz.
f) 2...Ne4 3.Rc6 Kf7 4.gxf5 gxf5 5.Rxa6+-.
in 26 moves or less in all variations.
Moral: run Rybka 3 UCI under ChessBase, not Fritz!


My mom recently took a trip with her sisters, their kids and my younger two siblings. On their way to Mount Rushmore, they stopped at a delightful restaurant called, Perkins. My mom ordered a BBQ chicken Salad with a Chipotle Dressing and knew she had to recreate it as soon as she got back home.
My family went and visited them a couple weeks ago and she made this incredible salad for us. Oh. My. Gosh. Let me just tell you about this salad. The textures and flavors compliment one another perfectly. The chipotle ranch dressing is probably my new favorite dressing. Together with the BBQ sauce, it will make this one salad you won't forget and will have to make over and over again!
This will be one salad you won't be able to forget and will have to make over and over again!
Combine all Chipotle Ranch ingredients and mix well to create dressing.
Layer Lettuce, cheese, tomatoes, bacon, eggs, chicken, tortilla strips, BBQ sauce and Chipotle Ranch Dressing (May not want to use all of the dressing, it stores great in the fridge for later use).
Perkins!!!! OMG!!! Perkins!! I grew up in MN and there are Perkins all over MN and that area. It was like Baker's Square for us. Thank you for reminding me all of the sleepless nights I spent at Perkins in h.s. and college studying with pots of coffee! I never had this salad but it looks amazing! Now you make me want to go to Perkins but it's a long way from San Diego :) Pinned!
This looks amazing! I am having this for dinner!
This is too funny...I am from South Dakota. I guess I didn't realize that Perkins is uncommon! Anyway, I am glad they enjoyed their trip and I look forward to trying this recipe.
I just made the dressing and it's restaurant quality in the comfort of your own home! Thanks for jazzing up my boring chicken salad!


Therapy is like the Psalms- an honest, cathartic process of voicing hopes and fears.
Therapy is like confession- We confess truth, we confess what is good, we confess what is broken. It is the act of truth telling.
Therapy is like learning to love- it is coming into relationship with estranged parts of yourself, with others, with God.
It is my role to facilitate this process and walk with you in this journey.
Areas of Focus: Sexual addiction, other addictions (i.e. process, chemical, etc), relational issues, trauma, abuse (i.e. sexual, physical, emotional, spiritual), anxiety, depression, manhood and masculinity.


Corresponds to the country and its people, the masses, the outlook of the nation, its attitude as a unit, the strength and vitality of the country as a whole, national traits and habits. This house represents those being governed, the nation or group as a whole. The sign on the cusp and planets within represent outlook, image and characteristics. The First House concerns include domestic and interior affairs, general conditions, the health and well-being of the tax paying citizens, opinions, public consciousness and psychology of the masses. Planets in the First House are important, adding to the interpretations based on the sign on the cusp.
Corresponds to the economy, national wealth and prosperity, purchasing power of the nation, liquid assets, national expenditure, revenues and ability to make profits. This house represents banks and financial institutions, money markets, investments, stocks, bonds and shares. It represents the currency and its circulation, liquid assets, consumer spending, commerce and all activities connected with money. Museums and galleries fall here.
Corresponds to all forms and methods of transportation and communications. It rules roadways, bridges, railways, automobiles and buses, traffic, transit and public travel facilities by land, sea or air. It rules all communication departments having to do with news or information conveyance such as newspapers, periodicals, magazines, radio, television, mail, the Post Office, telephones, Internet. It rules advertising, the media, literature, schools, Board of Education, speech and language. This house also represents relations with neighboring countries and has to do with local losses sustained by accidents or storms.
Corresponds to the living conditions of the population, housing, real estate, farming and agriculture, crops and produce. This house represents the Homeland, the Flag, and patriotism. It has to do with the interests of the people. It rules mining, mines, minerals, coal pits, quarries. It reflects upon the land and weather conditions; earthquakes, landslides, forest fires, floods, mining disasters, holocausts of war. It rules the opposition party in government, or the party out of power. A planet near the cusp affects the weather according to its nature and if a malefic, may negatively impact the government.
Corresponds to children and their interests, amusement parks, movies, the theatre, arts, places of entertainment, sports and leisure. It rules gambling, lotteries, games of chance, speculative interests and is linked to the economy through speculation in the Stock Market. This house represents enjoyment, fun, social functions, high society, and public happiness or sorrow. It rules the birth rate, as well as the public school system (with the 3rd). It rules ambassadors and government representatives.
Corresponds to the laboring classes and volunteers who work for pay such as those who enlist in the Army, Navy, Police and Civil Services. It rules employment, unemployment and wage conditions. It rules labor unions, labor organizations, all branches of the Military and issues of national defense. It rules organizations that serve in times of crisis such as the Red Cross and Salvation Army. This house also represents public health, medical services and health workers; nursing, dentistry, practitioners and healers. Through its connection with health, this house rules food and drink.
Corresponds to foreign relations, international disputes, war and peace, treaties, alliances, truces and/or disputes, and open enemies. It also has to do with national disputes and anything that interferes with or contributes to public harmony. It rules dealings with others, business relationships, mergers and agreements. This house represents public attitude toward marriage and divorce and the marriage and divorce rates. It rules women or the status of women in the nation (the Fifth House also rules conditions impacting "women and children").
Corresponds to mortality rates, funerals, morgue, coroner, the kinds of people who die and vital statistics. It rules foreign stocks and bonds, the Stock Market, taxes, the national debt, interest rates, inheritance and capital gains taxes. It rules insurance companies, settlement of damage claims, pensions and Social Security benefits paid out. This house represents public income and earning power from investments and frozen assets. This house also represents financial relations with other nations, debts from foreign countries, financial status of competitors and of enemies in time of war.
Corresponds to long distance travel whether for passengers or commerce; air travel, shipping, sea traffic, foreign imports and exports, foreign lands, high seas, and weather conditions around the coasts. It rules foreigners, exchange students, immigration and long distance communication. It rules ecclesiastical and legal professions, religious affairs and religion, the church, justice, lawyers and law courts. It represents universities, academies, higher education, science, publishing, books, publications and educated classes active in writing, publishing and professional fields such as professors, journalists and those who control the media. It reflects the attitude of the press toward the public.
Corresponds to the president or prime minister, the chief executive, the government and the person representing the government as its head. This house rules the leadership and it reflects upon the nation's status among other nations, its honor and recognition abroad, the nation's influence in the world and world opinion of it. It rules the party in power. This house also represents famous or eminent persons. The most favorable planets in this house are the Sun or Jupiter.
Corresponds to the friends and allies of the nation and the legislative branches of government. This house rules the institutions of government such as the legislature, Senate, House of Representatives, as well as local governments. It rules the VP, legislation and politics, associations and community groups, and the Stock Exchange as an organization. The Eleventh House represents the nation's aims, desires, purposes and projects. In a national figure, it rules the Treasury.
Corresponds to disturbances or conditions that work against the public welfare. This house rules correctional institutions, places of detention, jails, and prisons. It rules places of confinement; hospitals, retirement homes and charities. It rules things that are hidden; secret groups, secret government entities, spies, and secret enemies. It rules crime and criminals, terrorist activities, hostage situations, behind the scenes manipulation, involuntary services ordered by law, organizations devoted to forcible control or condemnation of people, slavery, covert aggression or conditions of exile.


FWB ® Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurt Stock Exchange) is one of the world's largest trading centers for securities. With a share of more than 90 percent, it is the largest of the seven exchanges in Germany. German Börse AG operates the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is advanced electronic trading, settlement and information systems. So it is just able to meet the ever growing requirements of cross-border trading. Besides traditional floor trading, is the fully electronic trading system Xetra ® is one of the leading electronic trading platforms in the world. With its launch in 1997, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is not only strengthening its own competitive position. Moreover it is an attractive environment for foreign investors and market participants.
Today, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is an international trading center. Around 140 of around 300 market participants come from abroad.
DerHandler recommends understanding how your company stands apart from the competition. It is the key to successful business planning, effective marketing and sales. This begins with the development of a unique selling proposition that defines your company focus.
One of the top strategies for maximizing success is do what you do best. If your company makes shoes, focus your efforts on the best shoes possible and use professionals for your other areas of the company you are less experienced with. Such as IT, HR practices and support investment strategies.


Kearney staff know data analytics—we don't just employ computer software packages.
Kearney analyzes your data in light of the questions you need to have answered, so you can move your organization forward. Kearney will meet with your leadership to gather and document the crucial questions that need to be answered and requirements. We will work with your team to determine what variables and metrics to measure and how to measure them, as well as document a data analytical strategy to accessing your data, processing it, and using it to answer your questions.
Kearney uses a data analytics tool (ACL) that can import several million transactions, run analytical scripts, and generate reports for your leadership. We build the data analytical process to research answers, including building the scripts in the processing environment and the report templates, as well as collect, summarize, and display the data. Kearney will work with your team to analyze the data and interpret it, then iterate the process.


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Home > Sinners at the Altar (Sinners on Tour #6)(13)
Sinners at the Altar (Sinners on Tour #6)(13)
Author: Olivia Cunning
"Those lips are mine, Sticks," Brian said.
"Damn it!" Eric said, but he was grinning.
"Do you want to participate, Jace?" Myrna asked.
"I don't—"
She grabbed Jace's arm and yanked him out of the booth. Blushing ferociously, Jace helped Myrna draw the knife down through the cake. When he took the bite into his mouth, she smiled. His gaze turned to the floor.
"That wasn't so bad, was it?" Myrna asked. "If you don't stop looking so cute, I'm going to make you dance with me too."
His gaze lifted to hers, and he didn't look away. The fact that Myrna flushed in response wasn't lost on Brian. Jace so rarely stared a person in the eyes that when he did, it was disconcerting.
"I don't think that's a good idea," he said. "I'm a little... wound up today."
Eric whacked him on the back. "He means he's horny."
"It's a bit more complicated than that," Jace said.
"I'll dance with you, Myrna," Eric said. He made his way toward the sound system in the living area.
Jace offered Myrna an apologetic smile and disappeared into the bathroom.
Myrna waved a beckoning hand at Sed. "Come on, Sed. Your turn."
Sed eyed Brian. "If I touch you, Brian will have my nut sac made into a coin purse."
Trey burst out laughing. "But who in their right mind would carry it?"
"I'm pretty sure Jessica Chase would," Eric called from the living area. "She's used to carrying his balls around in her purse."
"Fuck you, Sticks," Sed grumbled.
Brian stopped him from smacking Eric in the head by shoving a hand against Sed's chest. "Go ahead and share a piece of cake," Brian said. "I trust her."
The tension went out of Sed's body as he turned to look at Myrna.
Despite his words, Brian still stiffened when Sed moved to stand next to her. His wife looked so small beside Sed's impressive height and broad shoulders. Sed's muscles bulged inside his tight black T-shirt as he wrapped his hand around hers. Brian's heart thudded faster and faster as the pair cut a slice of cake and Myrna lifted it to Sed's lips. She smiled up at him with affection, and Brian's skin crawled the entire length of his spine. He really needed to get over the jealousy he felt every time Myrna was anywhere near Sed. She wasn't like his past girlfriends. She wasn't going to cheat on him with Sed. Mentally, Brian knew that, but instinctively, he didn't want her within ten miles of the man. When Sed stepped away, Brian released a breath he didn't realize he'd been holding.
"Trey?" Myrna said.
Trey moved to stand behind her and wrapped both arms around her body before taking her hand in both of his. "I want lots of frosting," he said, directing the knife toward a corner piece. "And some filling. And more frosting." He scraped extra frosting onto his chosen portion of cake.
Myrna laughed. "You know what they say about guys with a sweet tooth?"
"What?" Trey asked.
"That they're sweet."
"That's not very original," Trey said. "I've heard they have special skills with their pierced tongues." He stuck his tongue out at her and winked.
Myrna chuckled. "I think they just say that about you, Trey Mills."
Eric finally found the song he was looking for, which was good because Brian was damned tired of watching his band mates touch his woman. She was laughing at Trey's attempts to lick all the frosting off her fingers when Brian took her hand and tugged her against him. There wasn't much room in the bus corridor for dancing, but that suited his purposes fine. It meant he had to hold her close and just sway to the music, her body plastered against his.
"I love this song," she murmured and snuggled closer.
Her warm breath tickled his neck. His hand slid up her back to her bare shoulder.
"I love you," he said.
"I'm happy. Deliriously happy." She leaned away from him and stared into his eyes, the huge smile on her face echoing her declaration. "We're going to make this work."
He had no doubts.
"I hate to cut in, but"—Eric somehow got his lean body wedged between Brian and Myrna—"dancing was my idea."
"God, when can we get the hell out of here and be alone?" Brian grumbled.
Myrna chuckled. "Go figure out which hotel you want to stay in tonight. I'll call and make reservations. Eric is feeling left out."
"No, Eric wants to cop a feel," Trey said.
"It's good luck to dance with the bride," Eric said, displaying surprising skill as he led Myrna down the corridor and away from Brian. "And I need all the luck I can get."
"I get to dance with her next," Sed said.
"Absolutely not," Brian said.
"And then me," Trey added. He was making a spectacular mess of the wedding cake by removing icing with his fingers and sucking it off them.
"Okay, party's over," Brian said.
Emerging from the bathroom behind Brian, Jace pressed his hands against Brian's shoulders and leaned close to his back to say, "Don't forget to take off her garter. It's tradition."
Since when was Jace an expert at wedding traditions? But he was right. That was a tradition Brian didn't want to miss out on.
Myrna gasped when he pulled her from Eric's embrace and lifted her to sit on the kitchen counter. "Did you remember to wear a garter?" he asked.
148 pages:
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» Colorado Mountain series
» Chaos series
» The Sinclairs series
» The Young Elites series
» Billionaires and Bridesmaids series
» Just One Day series
» Sinners on Tour series
» A Thousand Letters
» Wasted Words
» My Not So Perfect Life
» Caraval (Caraval #1)
» Everything, Everything
» Devil in Spring (The Ravenels #3)
» Marrying Winterborne (The Ravenels #2)
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text:
History of the Church in Nepal
Features Issue 49 Aug, 2010
Text by Ivan Sada / Photo: Rajbhai Suwal,ECS Media
Disbelief and amazement were not only seen on the faces of the natives of America when they saw Christopher Columbus for the first time in 1492. It was also seen on the faces of the inhabitants of the closed Kathmandu valley when they saw Portuguese Jesuit Father Juan Cabral in the spring of 1628, almost two centuries later. The only difference was that Christopher Columbus had to use force in the new land but Father Juan Cabral was received graciously by the king of that era, King Lakshminarasimha Malla and was presented a Tamra Patra; a copper plate, allowing him to preach Christianity. This fact became the first recorded alliance and visit of a Christian foreigner in Nepal.
In the year 1661, Pratap Malla, the then King of Kathmandu received Albert d'Orville and Johann Grueber – a Belgian and an Austrian with open arms into the valley. They were visiting Kathmandu from the imperial Chinese Observatory in Peking via Lhasa. He granted them permission to preach the new religion, but without waiting for permission for a permanent stay, they left for Agra, the headquarters of the Tibet-Hindustan Mission in India.
The first attempt to a more permanent presence in Nepal was undertaken on 14th March 1703, when six Capuchin Fathers traveled from Rome. Only two arrived in Kathmandu on 21st February 1707 to open a mission in Tibet, which would include a section of north India and the whole of what is now Nepal. The first part of their work was beset with many difficulties; illness, lack of man power and resources. After reorganizing, they arrived and settled in Kathmandu in the middle of a cold winter in 1715. Over the next fifty-four years, the Capuchin Fathers toiled and extended their services to the people of Bhaktapur and Patan, and were in constant touch with the kings of Gorkha and Tanahun. On 24th March 1760, Father Tranquillius blessed a small new church situated in Wotu Tole in Kathmandu under the title of the Assumption of Our Lady.
During the conquest of the three kingdoms of the valley by King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1744 – 1769), Jayaprakash Malla of Kathmandu sought the help of the East India Company in his fight against him. Suspicion fell on the Capuchins for having been involved in the scheme and it worsened after the invasion. This became untenable and thus on 4th Feburary 1769, they left the valley along with a small group of religious refugees and found their way to Bettiah, India. They consisted of fifty-seven Newari Christian converts. They were perhaps the first small community of Nepali ethnic Christians in Nepal, an outcome of the earlier work in Tibet by the Jesuit and then the Capuchin Fathers, who were forced out to India in order to retain their religious convictions. A few Capuchin Fathers returned around 1794 and among them was Father Joseph of St. Marcello who stayed in the country until his death in 1810. Then on, Nepal was devoid of any resident Christian mission or national presence until the mid-20th century, otherwise an era known as a "Closed" period for approximately 150 years.
According to her thesis "The history of the Expansion of Protestant Christianity among the Nepali Diaspora" by Dr. Cindy Perry, the history of the protestant Christian church among theNepalis started while Nepal was still a "Closed" country, among a migrated diaspora community across the eastern border in Darjeeling, then a part of British India. As territorial expansion continued at the helm of King Prithvi Narayan Shah, the cost side in human terms rose significantly. Economic pressure, oppressive land and labor policies and the ensuing rampant rural indebtedness; which threatened the survival of villagers, were some of the causes of migration. The cost of Nepal-Tibet war (1787-1793) and the Anglo-Nepal war (1814-1816) added to the wound of the people. The increased costs were reflected in an increased tax burden on the peasantry. This was not only the cause of migration but also because of the expansion of British power in India, their unquenchable thirst for labor and the opening up of new sparsely populated lands. Migration of Nepalis, which had been led by military conquest, was then led onward by the recruitment of them into a foreign army, a form of labor-export. They were not only recruited as soldiers but to feed the development needs of British India: for the new tea plantation industry in Darjeeling and Assam, mining projects, construction of roads and railways and for factories in burgeoning urban centers. In the face of growing economic and land pressures within Nepal, the promise of land was one of the strongest pulls, together with various wage earning opportunities. Thousands of Nepali were drawn eastward, first into Darjeeling and Sikkim, on to the southern reaches of Bhutan, into Assam and throughout North-East India and even on to Burma. By 1900 there were over a quarter million Nepali emigrants in India.
In the midst of this growing external migrant population of Nepali ethnics, came the beginnings of a vibrant Nepali Christian church. While Nepal observed "closed door" policy to the outside world, including Christianity, in British India there was relative religious freedom and Christian missions were welcomed. The Church of Scotland's move to Darjeeling, and henceforth Sikkim and the Dooars, each of which had an expanding Nepali population, heralded the beginnings of the modern-day Nepali church – a church which started in and expanded throughout the diaspora, and extended from there back into the homeland.
Nepal was not an inviting place during the first half of the 20th century because of its walls of snow on the north and its malaria infested border on the south. The few travelers from outside were profoundly affected by the people they met and the conditions in which they lived. There were neither schools nor medical care. Ordinary people, close to 95% of the 13 million in 1954, survived at subsistence level and life expectancy was less than forty years. In the late 1940s, an enthusiastic science teacher and noted ornithologist at Woodstock School in India, Dr. Robert Fleming, requested permission from the Government of Nepal to enter the country to study the birds of the Himalayas. Permission was granted and on October 31, 1949, Bob Fleming and Dr. Carl Taylor visited Butwal, Tansen, Baglung, Tukuche and Pokhara and in1951, after King Tribhuvan regained power, Bob returned. For six weeks medical clinics were held in Tansen as urged by influential Nepalis who assisted the bird expedition. Permission was given to Bob Fleming to open a hospital in Tansen and women's welfare clinics at various sites in the valley. Knowing that the response could not be theirs alone, an invitation was quickly extended to Christian missions working along the border of Nepal, and in doing so invited them to join and work together in a united way in Nepal. And thus in 1954, the United Mission to Nepal was founded.
Around the same period in 1949, Father Marshall Moran, S.J., then principal of St Xavier's school in Patna and a member of the Senate of Patna University, visited Nepal to supervise the annual examinations at the Trichandra College and met with Mohan S.J.B. Rana, who raised the possibility of opening a school in Nepal similar to the one in Patna. Though the government was overthrown, formal invitation and approval came from the new government under King Tribhuvan. A school at Godavri was established in 1950 with sixty-five students and in 1954 St. Xavier's at Jawalakhel was officially open.
In the meantime, Nepali Christians in northeast India, prepared and prayed for the "doors of Nepal to be opened" so that the Gorkhali people could hear the Gospel of Christ. These Christians were poised for martyrdom for Christ, and ready at any time to immigrate to Nepal to help develop the country and to build the church. Many had forefathers who tried to immigrate to Nepal earlier but had been barred from doing so because they were Christians and among them Padre Ganga Prasad Pradhan is mentionable, who was engaged by the British and Foreign Bible Society as their official Nepali Bible translator in 1894. His wish to immigrate in 1914 into Kathmandu with 40 members of his family was denied. But as the gates of Nepal opened to the outside world in early 1950s, the return of indigenous Christians to Nepal from India led to the establishment of the church in Nepal.
Numerous diverse strands came together to initiate a unique movement of God's work in Nepal. Education with social service, bird expeditions linked with medical care, a vision and call to those working along the border of Nepal in India, and the return of indigenous Christians to Nepal to share the Gospel of Christ are some mentionable history. They were united by the desire to live among and assist the people of Nepal.
More than half a century has passed after the initiation of Christians in the country. Nepalis who were part of the migration of Christianity in Nepal as cooks, gardeners, carpenters, medical personnel, teachers, liaison workers etc have become leaders in the government and education sector, medical institutions, mass media and other community service work. They have established themselves as part of the modern day Nepali society and Christianity has become an addition to the already colorful religious culture of Nepal.
References: Nepali Around the World by Cindy L. Perry, and A Brief History of the Nepal Catholic Church
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text:
print "Using native Sybase Open Client\n"
require_dependency 'models/course'
require 'logger'

ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new("debug.log")

ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = {
  'arunit' => {
    :adapter  => 'sybase',
    :host     => 'database_ASE',
    :username => 'sa',
    :database => 'activerecord_unittest'
  },
  'arunit2' => {
    :adapter  => 'sybase',
    :host     => 'database_ASE',
    :username => 'sa',
    :database => 'activerecord_unittest2'
  }
}

ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
Course.establish_connection 'arunit2'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Randomness Control for Craps and Sic Bo
Randomness Control for Craps
Distinctive Features of Randomness Control on Sic Bo
A game with randomness control is conducted during a series of successive rolls, and the length of a series can be determined by the player himself. The random sequence of numbers defines the points which will appear on the dice in each roll in a series, and this sequence is formed before the beginning of a series. The player can change the 'planned' numbers before each regular roll by defining so-called corrective shifts.
The interface used resembles the one used in Roulette, Wheel of Fortune and Slots. When the game session starts, the first random sequence of numbers is created automatically. By default, the length of the appropriate series of rolls is equal to 10. A game with randomness control is conducted with the help of the panel that is located in the upper part of the game window:
The 1 button is used to receive reference information. In field 3, the player can see the checksum of sequence, computed according to the SHA-256 algorithm. Using the 2 button, this checksum can be copied to the clipboard. In field 6, the length of the series of rolls is shown. If the player wants, he can indicate a different length in this field. The length must be in the range from 1 to 60. When the player indicates the new length, the 7 button becomes active:
In order to create a random sequence of numbers with the new length, the player must press this button. The checksum of this sequence will appear in field 3, while the 7 button will no longer be active:
After each roll in the series, the number in field 6 decreases by 1. In such a way, the number of rolls remaining in the series is displayed in this field. At that moment, the 7 button becomes active again, but its status changes from New to End:
If the player wants, he can press this button to abort the current series of rolls before all the rolls have been used. He can do it at any point in the series.
When the series of rolls is completed (or if the series has been aborted by the player), the next random sequence of numbers is created automatically. The length of this series will be equal to the previous one. As before, the player can determine the new length of the series and continue the game using the appropriate random sequence. At that moment, the player can use the 4 button to check the results of the just finished series. A new window opens where a player can see information about the entire sequence of numbers formed earlier. This information appears as a text line. Consider an example for the series of ten rolls:
rolls: 1-2 6, 2-3 2, 3-4 3, 4-5 5, 5-1 6, 6-5 6, 7-2 2, 8-5 2, 9-6 6, 10-4 1;
server code word: ECHhgLj54dNNsihygSFVaw2uigdhEs1V
After the word rolls, the numbers of rolls are indicated (from 1 to 10), and each roll's number is followed by two numbers that define the 'planned' points that should appear on the dice (these numbers range from 1 to 6). For example, points 2 and 6 should appear on the first roll, points 3 and 2 on the second roll, and so forth. The sequence ends with the words server code word, which is followed by a random key phrase that is formed by the server for casino safety.
Before each regular roll, the player can change the points that appear on the dice. To do this, the player should use field 5 and define the corrective shifts using numbers ranging from 0 to 5. Each die has a corresponding shift that is used for the correction of the 'planned' points. The actual points that appear on the die are calculated in the following way: the shift is added to the number from a random sequence. If this sum is higher than 6, then 6 is subtracted from the sum.
Let us return to the example above. It is assumed that points 2 and 6 will appear on the dice on the first roll. However, assume that the player defined shifts of 4 and 5. In this situation, different points would appear on the dice – 6 and 5. After every roll, the corrective shifts can be changed. For example, shifts equal to 5 and 2 could be entered before the second roll. Points 2 and 4 will appear on the dice instead of 'planned' points 3 and 2.
When the player verifies the results, he should make sure that the sequence of numbers strictly corresponds to the points that appeared on the dice during the series of rolls. This means that he must remember or write down these points. Then, by clicking on the Calculate checksum button, the player can see the checksum for the text information mentioned above. The player can now compare this checksum with the one received at the beginning of the game, when the random sequence of numbers was formed. The fact that these two sums correspond proves that the game used the same numbers that were created at the start.
If the player chooses, he can view information about all sequences of numbers that were created during the current game session. He can scroll through them using the previous and next buttons.
When the player wants to finish the game and presses the Exit button, the game session will be closed, and if his sequence of numbers was not finished, all the data will be lost. If the player wants to continue the game with that particular sequence, he should postpone the session using the standard way of closing the window (with the close button in the upper-right corner). When he renews the session, he can resume the game with the previous sequence.
Randomness Control for Sic Bo is virtually identical to the system used in Craps. The only difference is that Sic Bo is played with three dice rather than two.
In the random number sequence that is created before the beginning of a series, three numbers (from 1 to 6) are generated for each roll. Just like Craps, these numbers represent the points that should appear on the dice. The player can access the complete information about the number sequence when checking the results. Here is an example of a sequence consisting of ten rolls:
rolls: 1-3 2 2, 2-4 5 1, 3-4 6 2, 4-6 1 6, 5-2 5 3, 6-4 5 5, 7-1 2 4, 8-4 3 5, 9-3 1 5, 10-4 2 4;
server code word: sp48gLK5rtu8si9jjSvta32Efad4msW6
In the panel in the upper part of the game window, the player can define three corrective shifts:
Just like Craps, the player can define new corrective shifts before each regular roll.
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