When was virtual reality invented?
How did virtual reality begin?
Who Coined the Term "Virtual Reality"?
How is Virtual Reality Possible?
How is Virtual Reality Used?
How Does Virtual Reality Affect Us?
Ekram Alam is co-founder of Cocoon Creativity and co-developer of EVOLVE, a mobile VR and AR app on Kickstarter that aims to transport you back to the prehistoric age with the advice of Evolutionary Biology professors at University College London. We at VRS got the chance to ask Mr Alam about his aim to show people prehistory in a way not experienced before, and whether this approach is the future of education.
I would describe EVOLVE as a product with two key focuses – a game where you care for a prehistoric pet and a product where you learn about evolution/species. Thats the two key focuses. The vehicle for these two focuses to be accomplished is through AR care and world building and VR world exploration.
Where did the idea come from to make a game about dinosaurs and evolution and what inspired you to use a mix of VR and AR to achieve it?
The idea was borne from both myself and Jack's [Jack Baber, the other co-founder of Cocoon Creativity] personal love of prehistory and evolution. We were inspired by other products which had an edutainment twist. We wanted to use both AR and VR to introduce audiences to this technology in a fun and accessible way – as well as feeling that representing extinct animals in such a way would be majestic.
You mention that you have evolutionary biologists involved with the project. What won them over about EVOLVE?
Myself and Jack are both alumni of University College London, the evolutionary biologists we spoke to were encouraging to help alumni but beyond that, they themselves were excited by the technology and had not seen their life's work or subject of focus being represented in that way which made them intrigued and open to help. They were extremely helpful, spending hours and hours with us, taking us over their research slides and checking work we had done.
What are the proposed modes and are they going to be self-contained or integrated into each other?
The modes will be AR mode, VR mode, earth mode and cladogram mode – all integrated into each other. AR mode is care and world building, VR is immersion into that world, earth mode allows the earth to be studied from an aerial perspective giving a different view of what is happening to the planet at each stage of your journey, cladogram showing you the ancestral relationships between animals you unlock or evolve.
I am very intrigued by the motion control concept to interact and play games with the dinosaurs, what kinds of interactions are possible, both in VR and AR. Also how advanced is the AI you are proposing for your dinosaurs and will there be the chance for multiple dinosaurs to interact with each other?
We are in the process of developing the AI with a look to using virtual buttons and leap motion in order to have increased interactivity with the animal. Our intention is to be able to allow the user to feel a real sense of companionship with the pet they won and bond with it.
I am very interested by your cladogram proposals, does that mean there is a defined goal or end stage or will it continue forever?
There is no particular end goal per se, but the directions that your creature evolves in will be varied. Consider it like a tree, the lower trunk of the tree is the common ancestor and as you rise up the tree you can branch into any number of ways – none of the points are goals per se, nor is one branch end more of an accomplishment than the other, they are merely evolutionary directions you can go down. Of course, the more we can invest into the project both monetarily and timewise the more extensive the branching of the trees can be which is something we would want to do.
What is your main ambition for the project, once it gets its funding?
The ambition is three-fold: To give users a great experience, to push this technology towards ubiquity (as many of us in this industry are collaborating to do so) and to ignite fascination for these creatures through emotional bonds with these animals.
Are there any future plans for Cocoon once EVOLVE is complete?
Yes, EVOLVE has multiple plans in the framework. If the campaign is successful our focus will be on developing this science side of the three aforementioned ambitions. If our campaign isn't successful, we will release other products in the EVOLVE family that focus on less the science and more giving users a great experience and pushing forward the technology – with a look to then relaunching the science based product again later. We understand that a primary driver for people using a product is entertainment and we want to ensure at all times they are entertained and enjoying the experience.
What do you think the future will be for virtual reality and education? Will we see more schools and subjects widely adopt VR in the classroom?
The future of VR and technology – optimistically I would want to see classrooms use this technology worldwide, with an end to classrooms all together and a complete change from the education system as we know it now. However, I feel that the education system will be slow to adopt this technology (either due to costs or not fully understanding the tech) and that consumers will adopt the technology first. VR has ubiquitous applications – cost is a current obstacle and desire to adopt the tech is another obstacle, but I feel both of these obstacles are being surmounted as is the case with all emerging technology. Mixed reality excites me. The tool is only as rich as the applications it provides – the more platforms there are for developers to create niche developments for audiences, and the more developers on board who are given incentives to develop, the more audiences will be receptive to using the technology and the more ubiquitous it will become. In a positive feedback loop, the more users that adopt the technology the faster the spread will become. Both myself and my co-founder feel dissatisfied with the current education system – as do many people, and VR is an exciting game changer. Children have brilliant minds, creative insights and powerful abilities to reason and deduct – is a room full of rowed desks, the same uniform and an outdated curriculum really the best way to stimulate their minds. Speaking of evolution – the human brain is arguably the most sophisticated by product of evolutionary biology in the known universe – and children and all humans possess this, so applying this brilliant piece of evolutionary machinery and kit to learning obsolete facts in a dampening manner is shocking when you realise how much potential there is for the mind to expand and learn. I feel VR can go some way to shifting this outmoded education system. I've rambled on a bit, but this is a very very deep and complex and nuanced issue and I can never give the answer justice.
Evolve is currently the subject of a Kickstarter campaign.
Disclaimer: The links to the EVOLVE kickstarter are part of the KickBooster referral programme, provided by the Developer. If you click the link and decide to pledge, VRS will receive 15% of the amount of that pledge.
Just What is Oculus' Rift S?


Famous the world over for its enchanting charm and unbeatable hospitality, Ireland has much to offer for weary adventurers and curious tourists looking to explore and unearth a rich Celtic culture and heritage that attracts millions of visitors to its shores each year.
The story of St. Patrick. The passionate love-affair with rugby and Gaelic games. Magical landscapes, serene lakes and breath-taking coastline as far as the eye can see. The mythical tales and popular Irish stories that stir and invigorate the imagination of generation after generation. All reasons to capture the hearts and spark a story to always remember and share amongst family and friends. Embark on a once-in-a-lifetime journey to discover Ireland beyond the travel brochure and make memories to fill the heart with joy.
From the bustling capital of Dublin to the quaint chocolate-box villages dotted all around the beautiful countryside, explore our mesmerising collection of short breaks up and down the country to plan the essential visit to The Emerald Isle. With a plethora of fun-filled attractions and activities to keep everyone entertained during a day or evening out, there's a whole host of hidden gems waiting to discover around every corner.
From character-rich country escapes and city stays to blissful spa retreats to soothe those aching muscles and pains, pack the bags, don't look back and get ready to experience the warmest of Irish welcomes.


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Be patient and familiarize yourself with every company and track the trends. These are all great ways on how to make money when it comes to the stock market. If you want to know even more about how to increase returns, keep reading. You could start working on a profitable, stock portfolio strategy today.
Before you spend money on an investment broker, you need to do exhaustive research to ensure they're trustworthy and reliable. Investigating an investment broker's background is the best way to protect yourself from investment fraud.
A long-term plan will maximize your returns on investment. Try to set realistic goals in order to have more success in your endeavors. You should hold onto your stocks until you make the profits that you expect.
Before getting into the stock market, carefully observe it. Especially before making that first investment, you should get in as much pre-trading study time of the market as you can. A good rule of thumb would be to keep your eye on the ups and downs for three years. This will give you some perspective and a better sense of how the market gyrates. This will make you a better investor.
The simple paper you purchase when you invest in stocks are more than just paper. With stock ownership, you become a member of the company. This gives you earnings, as well as a claim on assets. Sometimes you are allowed to vote in big elections concerning corporate Youngevity Review program exposed leadership.
Ensure that your investments are spread around. The money you invest, like the proverbial eggs, should not all go into the same basket. Investing everything in a single company who ends up unexpectedly going bankrupt will bankrupt you as well.
Be prepared with a high yield investment account stocked with six months of your salary that you can use in case of an unexpected problem with your finances. With this safety net in place, you can meet mortgage expenses and pay other bills until the matters are improved.
Look at your stocks as a business that you own rather than simple elements that need to be traded. Go through financial statements and other reports from the companies you invested in to get a better idea of the company's potential. This will let you give careful consideration to which stocks you should own.
An online broker can be an excellent option if you are ready to handle your investment research yourself. You will find lower commissions and transaction fees at online brokers, since you are doing a lot of the work yourself. You want to make money, and spending as little on operating costs as possible lets you do just that.
To make your portfolio work for you, create an investment plan or policy and put the rules in writing. You should have strategies written down of when you should sell and buy. This plan also need to have a budget clearly defined within it so that you invest only funds that are available. This way you will know that you are spending only the money you have allotted for investing and choosing wisely with your intellect and not your heart.
Never invest too much of your money in the company that you work for. Although buying stocks in your employer's company may seem loyal, it does carry a significant risk. If something bad occurs, both your portfolio and paycheck will be in danger. There may be bargains to be had if you can buy the stock at a discount, so investing some of your money in your own company is a wise choice.
Damaged stocks are great investment opportunities, but stay away from damaged companies. If the bad news is something fixable, that can be a great opportunity to jump in at an attractive price. Just be sure the bad news is only temporary. A company who couldn't keep up with demand, for example, will only be facing a temporary setback. Some circumstances such as a financial scandal usually mean a company will never recover.
Tune out stock and investment tips that you didn't specifically ask for. If your financial advisor is doing well, carefully listen to their advice. Simply turn a deaf ear to anyone else. You simply cannot escape the need to conduct research on your own, particularly when investment advice is everywhere you look.
The general rule of thumb for novice stock traders is they should begin with only a cash account and not trade on margin. It is less risky to start with a cash account because the losses can be controlled. These accounts are also best for an initial education of the market.
While anyone has the potential to make stock purchases, not all individuals possess the knowledge necessary to generate large profits. Before you buy into the market, take some time to learn the basic workings of the market and what companies have a good track record. Use the solid advice below to get started with your stock market success.


To help Christians prepare for Lent and the South African elections, the Jesuit Institute has produced daily reflections called 'A Revolution of the Spirit'.
From today these are now available as a Smartphone app that can be downloaded – FOR FREE! – and read on a Blackberry, Lumia, i-phone, i-pad or Android phone or tablet.
If you have a Smartphone please try this out. And please recommend it by email, Facebook, Twitter and word-of-mouth to others who might enjoy it, especially young people.
For all phones/ tablets go to http://www.jesuitinstitute.org.za/lentapp and download from there.
Or for Android go to Google Play store and search for Lent Reflections South Africa.
(Note that you will be asked to create a login and password – these can be whatever you want).
In the reflections, Fr Anthony Egan SJ connects the Biblical journey of the Israelites from slavery to freedom with South Africa's own history of liberation – the first democratic elections 20 years ago and the challenges of this year's elections. Have we, he asks, reached the Promised Land?


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For more information regarding the authors
Contact: 866-360-4546 or info@custommadeforkids.com
Sarah Riley Headrick
Co-Author, The First Adventures of Incredible You
Sarah Headrick graduated with a degree in psychology from the University of Notre Dame where she also ran cross-country and track. Her psychology degree has come in handy while explaining to her daughter that she (meaning her daughter) does not actually know everything. Her running skills have proven useful in chasing her son down to convince him he really must wear pants. Sarah currently lives with her husband and two young children in Western Springs, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.
Sarah Foreman Rivera
Sarah Rivera graduated with a degree in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin and received a law degree from the Northwestern University School of Law. She lives in Hinsdale, Illinois with her husband and their two young sons. After her first son was born, Sarah quit her job as a lawyer in a large Chicago law firm to stay home with her newborn. She now has the best two little bosses in the world!
Sarah and Sarah's Story
Sarah and Sarah�s friendship began when they met several years ago at a weekly suburban playgroup. Their first-borns were six months old and ready for some serious socialization. After interacting primarily with newborns for six months, however, it was really the adults who needed to socialize. So, while their children drooled on each other's toys, the playgroup moms cemented their friendship over the shared experiences of leaky diapers, stubborn stains and cranky babies.
First birthdays and second babies came along and the moms found themselves buying new baby, baptism and birthday gifts almost constantly. Sarah and Sarah realized the gifts they most enjoyed giving and receiving were those that were somehow personalized and had special meaning for the recipient's family.
Custom Made For Kids was born out of their desire to give people the opportunity to easily create memorable gifts for the special children in their lives. Their first book, The First Adventures of Incredible You, is one of the most highly personalized children�s books on the market today. Customers are able to �build� a one-of-a kind book at the Custom Made for Kids website where they enter over 20 details about the child and those people and places that are most important to the child. From tasting a favorite family food to cheering on a beloved sports team to visiting a special vacation spot or park, the book celebrates the wonder of the first adventures of every young child that �stars� in the book.

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Jesus Rivas-2022 Miami City Ballers.
A strong power post that getting a body won't stop her pursuit. Good touch around the basket, great hands, and constantly in motion! Physically imposing and dominating block to block and rim to rim. Kate's college interest spiked after the WHO GOT NEXT TIP-OFF.
CJ Hyland 2024 is one of the top guards out of Buford, Georgia. Usually playing a grade level up CJ is a leader on the court who plays with high intensity from start to finish. His quickest with the ball and ability to create his own shot makes him hard to guard. We look forward to seeing this kid develop into one the country's elite guards.
JJ Sati-Grier 2027 went to work at the 2018 ATL Hoopfest. Out of Lake Norman, North Carolina this kid is an exciting player to watch. His love for the game is displayed in how he competes. JJ is a threat on offense and defense and his strong work ethic will help elevate him to elite status for years to come.
Next Generation Sports, LLC Copyright 2019.


Do you want to win more business?
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The video-based course by award winning bid management specialists, Purpol Marketing, has been developed to provide insight into the approaches and techniques to improve both your submission and management processes.


Rothstein's recent mixed media pieces are a deviation from his previous work in that they now edge closer to abstraction, incorporating elements that on the surface have nothing in common with one another. When they are incorporated, either with color or shape of some kind of meaning, they work visually. That is my latest quest. It is sort of zany. Don't look for deep meaning, they are merely playing experiments.


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Archive | Inspiration and Motivation
By Refresh Leadership on January 27, 2023 in Innovation and Productivity, Inspiration and Motivation
At the start of the new year, millions of people resolve to better themselves, become more marketable in their field, and finally achieve goals they've been putting on hold for years. But just because they've decided what they want to do or be in the new year, doesn't mean the end goal will be easy […]
Oscar Wilde on Development
By James C. Price on January 6, 2023 in Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management, Quick Tips
As one of the most influential satirists, poet, playwrights, and novelist of the 19th century, Oscar Wilde had a busy career, though his life only lasted 46 years. Born in Dublin, Ireland, and educated at Trinity College and Magdalen College at Oxford, Wilde's most famous works include the Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of […]
Focusing on Delegation and Empowerment in the New Year
Success is often measured by the assets you acquire during your career. But for leaders, success is determined by the strength of your greatest assets: your employees. And while top talent may come and go, one thing that should remain constant in your organization is the culture that cultivates and develops employees, regardless of experience […]
How to Ensure New Year Success
By Refresh Leadership on December 23, 2022 in Innovation and Productivity, Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management
With the remaining weeks left in 2022, we're officially in the final stretch of the year. Before the calendar switches to 2023, now is the best time to buckle down, tie up loose ends, and review the final needs of you or your organization. So before closing the books on 2022, check out these four […]
TED Talk: Creating a Culture that Brings Out the Best in Employees
By Refresh Leadership on December 21, 2022 in Inspiration and Motivation
Building a strong culture at an organization is key to recruiting and retaining top talent. And now more than ever, employees feel emboldened to not leave their passions and values at home, but to work somewhere that aligns with their beliefs. In his TED Talk, leadership expert Chris White explains three ways to create a […]
Deck the Halls: Lessons from Classic Holiday Movies
By James C. Price on December 9, 2022 in Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management, Quick Tips, Workplace
'Tis the season to be merry—and even more, to enjoy merriment through one of our favorite pastimes: watching holiday movies. From cult classics like A Christmas Story to heart-string-pulling prose like It's A Wonderful Life to laughter-inducing irreverence like Christmas Vacation, enjoying holiday movies with kith and kin can not only be a wholesome experience […]
Goal Setting: Habits to Embrace in 2023 to Reach Your Goals
By James C. Price on December 5, 2022 in Innovation and Productivity, Inspiration and Motivation, Quick Tips
As the year comes to a close, now's the time to envision where you want to be professionally, or perhaps what company goals you want your team to achieve, in the new year. Each January, millions around the world practice the art of goal setting; however, the statistics on New Year's resolutions aren't pretty. In […]
Maintaining Focus During the Holidays
By James C. Price on December 2, 2022 in Innovation and Productivity, Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management, Quick Tips
The holiday season is a time of family, friends, generosity, and thankfulness. The yuletide offers a chance for us to be full of cheer and embrace the magic of the season. But for so many, this time of year coincides with a Santa-sized mixed bag full of everything from year-end deadlines to project commitments and […]
Giving Thanks this Holiday Season
By Refresh Leadership on November 14, 2022 in Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management, Workplace
The leaves are changing, the air is cooling, and the holiday season is just around the corner. One thing that has become synonymous with autumn is thankfulness. Whether celebrating with friends or family, Thanksgiving is the perfect reminder to think about what you are thankful for and to count your blessings. However, Thanksgiving isn't just […]
Bear Bryant on Quitting
By James C. Price on October 7, 2022 in Inspiration and Motivation, Leadership and Management, Teamwork and Communication
Fall is in the air, and for many, that means college football is well under way. From tailgating with friends and family to cheering on your alma mater, North America enjoys one of its favorite pastimes during this season. And while it may simply be entertainment for some, leaders can find inspiration and advice on […]


A fascinating relic from the War Between the States still exists in downtown Memphis. Known as Slave Haven, or the Burkle Estate, the small white clapboard house (built between 1849 and 1856) on 826 N. 2nd Street is believed to have been a way station of the Underground Railroad. The house was built by Jacob Burkle, a German immigrant, who also assisted slaves to their freedom by hiding them in a cellar until they could escape north through tunnels leading to the Mississippi River. Slaves then obtained passage on boats traveling up to the Ohio River.There are four underground tunnels in Memphis that were major arteries of the Underground Railroad. The house is marked by two large magnolia trees that were a signal to slaves because of their evergreen leaves. The house is furnished with Victorian furniture, and one room displays quilts that were used by slaves as maps to their freedom. In 1978, the family revealed that the Burkle Estate had been part of Underground Railroad, and the house was opened as a museum in 1997.


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Josephine Castillo is a grassroots community leader and organiser with DAMPA in Manila, Philippines, a country that is extremely vulnerable to climate change. She has worked extensively on a number of key urban poor issues, including reversing forced eviction and involuntary relocations, ensuring land and housing security for poor communities, and advocacy for the pro-vision of basic services in urban poor communities. With the support of the Foundation, Josephine has participated in a number of high-level climate events and media engagements to represent the voices of the most vulnerable people. New York, September 2014.
Climate Justice and Laudato Si'
This article is in Categories: News, Climate Justice Dialogue, Ensure that Decisions on Climate Change are Participatory, Transparent and Accountable, Highlight Gender Equality and Equity, Human Rights, Respect and Protect Human Rights
Women at the heart of climate justice - Cecilia Kibe of PACJA, Mary Robinson, Vicky Tauli-Corpuz UN Special Rapporteur on Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Flaminia Giovanelli, Under-Secretary, Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. 3 July 2015
Mary Robinson joined Climate Justice champions at the People and Planet First: The Imperative to Change Course conference in Rome to mark the publication of Pope Francis' Encyclical Laudato Si'
Mary Robinson delivered a keynote speech at the People and Planet First: the Imperative to Change Course conference on Friday 03 July in which she emphasised the need for gender equality in all areas of life, including dealing with climate change.
Speaking at the conference, organised by CIDSE, the network of 17 Catholic development agencies and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Mary Robinson argued "We will not solve the climate crisis or embark on a new pathway to sustainable development if we don't fully engage the 50% of the world's population that are women".
The conference was organised on the occasion of the release of Pope Francis' Encyclical Laudato Si' and featured several speakers including Pa Ousman Jarju, Gambian Minister of the Environment, the Prime Minister of Tuvalu Enele Sopoaga, author Naomi Klein and Prof. Ottmar Edenhofer, Co-Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Climate justice was a central theme of the discussions and there was a strong consensus for the realisation that the solutions to climate change lie beyond the scope of science as each speaker highlighted the need for new models of development, production, commerce and consumption.
Minister Ousman Jarju said "Borrowing from Pope Francis's encyclical, as the world's poorest are facing the worst impacts of climate change, it is indeed time 'to consider an ethics of international relations'."
Cardinal Turkson President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace also highlighted the need to rethink our models of production and consumption as mentioned in the encyclical "In Laudato si', Pope Francis asks what kind of world we are leaving for our children (§ 160). It simply cannot be an environment unable to sustain life, nor a place of unending strife among peoples. The aim must be "People and Planet First" – not one or the other, not one at the expense of the other".
Mohamed ElFarnawany Director of Strategic Management and Executive Direction at IRENA made a point about the need to shift to renewable energy by saying: "Our todays energy system is unsustainable and irresponsible. We need to move to renewable energy, we have a moral case, backed by a business case, now we need to diversify, decentralise and democratise the energy system and stop fossil fuel subsidies".
Looking towards pathways to achieve climate justice Mary Robinson said "No country has developed without fossil fuels to date. So we are asking developing countries to meet their sustainable development goals without using fossil fuels – in other words they will have to develop using a different model to that which made the industrialised countries wealthy. This can only be achieved when developing countries are supported with the necessary climate finance, investment and transfer of technology to make this transition."
Cardinal Turkson closed the conference highlighting the need to continue to work together, to take on the ideas generated at the conference, including giving the role of women a greater emphasis.
Mary Robinson's Keynote Address "Pathways that respect our common home"


Watermelon Sorbet – One Ingredient!
We had a little too much watermelon left over last weekend, so I froze it in chunks and blended them the next day for this simple frozen treat. We got some beautiful juicy watermelons from our farm box last week and with this watermelon sorbet we have been able to enjoy the taste of summer for a bit more.
I was surprised how well watermelon freezes (tip for next summer). There is only so much watermelon we can eat in one day – freezing them into chunks gives you a little more time to enjoy and use them.
You do need a powerful blender to crush up the icy watermelon chunks into a sorbet. Otherwise puree the watermelon fresh and use an ice cream maker or make a granita.
Next time I may add mini chocolate chips or cacao nibs to resemble watermelon seeds in the sorbet. I still have some watermelon chunks in the freezer….
No ice cream maker required, but you do need a powerful blender*.
1. Freeze watermelon chunks overnight.
2. Place frozen chunks in blender, add lemon juice if using, and blend. Depending on your blender, you may need to add a bit of water or juice to help crush the chunks.
*If you do have an ice cream maker, you can puree fresh watermelon and add the juice with a little lemon to the ice cream maker.
not sure I understand your question – I usually only freeze them in chunks in order to make it east to blend. I haven't tried it another way.
Nice! Gotta love the 1 ingredient recipes. I'm going to do this up in my blender today!


The composition of every cultivation tray is determined by your choices and your creativity.
'Scattered' seeding. This is carried out by sprinkling the seeds in a uniform manner and then covering them with a light layer of soil. Usually this is carried out with very small seeds (like those of carrots or rocket) and leafy vegetables. In order to obtain a more regular distribution of seeds, they can be mixed in with very dry top soil. With 'scattered' seeding the first two waterings should be sprinkled and very delicate. The seeds should not be moved about before the germination phase begins. The danger of this kind of seeding is that the seeds are often too thickly distributed and without uniformity. For this reason it is suggested that the seeds are mixed in with the dry and fine potting soil.
Seeding 'by row'. This is the technique most used for it allows the plants to grow in ordered rows. When this kind of seeding is carried out the first thing to do is to create regular and parallel rows with your finger or a small hoe, each at a specific distance from one another (depending on the seeds used) and embed the seeds in them. Once embedded, cover the seeds with the soil accumulated on the sides of the rows. This type of seeding is good for almost all kinds of vegetables and plants. With seeding 'by row', the first two waterings must be sprinkled and very delicate. The seeds should not be moved about before the germination phase begins.
Seeding by 'dribbling'. This is carried out by placing the seeds one by one in a small hole of around 5mm deep. Each hole is equidistant from the others and set in rows. After the seeds have been planted they are covered by the soil and flattened out by hand in one direction. With seeding by 'dribbling' the first two waterings must be sprinkled and very delicate. The seeds should not be moved about before the germination phase begins.
In the case of seeding a full tray you will need to use about a litre of water for the first two waterings. With successive waterings partially reduce the quantity of water in relation to the amount of surface that has been seeded. After 2 days, before the second watering, the surface of the soil should be delicately raked (with a fork) so as to make the top soil soft.
It is possible to transplant your plants or what you buy into the MiobiO trays. Before buying examine the plants carefully so as to look for signs of disease or parasites. If you should notice signs of disease or parasites, treat the plants with an adequate solution before transplanting.
Those of you who allowed a plant to germinate in its own seedbed will find it more difficult to carry out a transplant (replanting). The plant's extraction should be carried out delicately and without ruining its roots. The soil needs to be watered. Grip the plant by its stem, lift it out carefully and remove it from the moist soil.
If you have bought plants in polystyrene or in little pots this will facilitate the replanting. The plant boought in a 'pot' will have a certain quantity of potting soil, so all you need to do is remove the old container and embed the plant with all the loose earth of the potting soil.
Make a hole in the potting soil in the required place in the tray, giving it around the same dimensions of the hole in the vase where the plant is now.Hold the base of the plant with your hand open, while trying to cover as much of the surface of the potting soil as possible. Upturn the vase and carefully take out the plant and soil. Do not make rapid movements so as not to risk damaging the roots.
Position the plant in the centre of the hole being very careful not to ruin its roots. Fill in and completely cover around the sides of the plant in a homogeneous manner with the new potting soil being sure that all its roots are entirely covered.The first two waterings should be sprinkled, 2 or 3 days apart, with an amount of water adequate for the plant's proportions.
The quality of seeds depend on various factors… At times too many plants grow and to avoid the stress of overcrowding, you will need to eliminate the plants in excess, since the newborn plants immediately begin to be in competition for water, light and mineral salts.
What to cut? Leave the most robust ones, the most formed and developed, the ones with optimal position, by leaving a distance the plant needs.
This needs to be done when the plants have grown to a height of around 3 cm. In the case of the plants being too overcrowded, you should proceed with a quick necessary thinning and then complete the operation with more attention at a later time.
If you wish to move them you must transplant them, use your finger or a small stick (like an icecream stick) so as to delicately move the potting soil from the base of the plant. If you don't wish to transplant, you can break them at the soil level, cut them with scissors, in that way you won't disturb the plants' roots, which you must not cut.
Use an expanded clay, you can buy from your local store which is as clean and washed as possible and has a high drainage capacity. Expanded clay should be levelled along the bottom of each tray as is clearly explained in Chapter 1 ("Tray Preparation") in the manual for use and maintenance. The function of the expanded clay is to drain the irrigated water and allow it to spread homogenously along the whole bottom part of the cultivation tray; thus allowing for its easy absorption into the plant's capillaries.
Choose the potting soil on the basis of what you wish to grow or use a normal universal potting soil. Otherwise you can get some advice from the shop assistant. Avoid using soil taken from the garden. It could contain bacteria and insects capable of damaging your future harvest.
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The Sins of the Princes
Katalin Ferber, International College, Waseda University [About | Email]
Werner, Richard A. (2003) Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy, New York: M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 0-7656-1049-3, Paperback, 350 pages with index.
What are the connections between Japan's current financial and fiscal crises and the actual decisions of the Bank of Japan (BOJ)? How can we differentiate between personal and institutional responsibilities in terms of policy-related decisions? Why has the BOJ not been supportive of the Japanese government's attempts to implement structural reform? Can researchers place all the blame for mistakes onto single institutions or small groups of decision-makers?
Richard A. Werner's recently published book, Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy, deals with all these questions and, in addition to laying the blame for Japan's current financial crises solely on the incompetence of BOJ bosses, offers a non-conventional remedy for the crises. This review focuses on these two important issues of "blame" and "cure".
Scholars rarely analyse the decision making of financial and monetary authorities. If they choose this complicated topic, their research usually results in two different outcomes. Some scholars target a large, non-expert audience and books in this category usually enjoy quick but often short-term success as they openly discuss complicated topics and "secretive" authorities like the Ministry of Finance (MOF) or the BOJ. Many of these popular books lack cohesiveness, and primary sources are rarely used to support arguments. Academic works, on the other hand, target a very limited but well-informed audience, so these monographs are usually drier, less accessible to the non-specialist readership and have more modest claims than their general market counterparts.
Princes of the Yen is an unusual text, for it attempts to straddle both forms of writing. Werner admittedly targets a large audience; yet his arguments are supported by primary sources from the BOJ and from his personal experience in the domestic and international capital markets. Werner is a widely-known money-market expert and so his views on Japan's financial crises deserve attention.
Werner claims to explain complicated issues in a simplified way in order to speak to a larger audience. He also offers a critical view on the financial activities of various authorities, both past and present. The book's main goal is to explain the longest financial and banking crises in post-war Japanese economic history. And Werner is confident that he has the solution to Japan's current problems (pages 106–11).
The book's central argument is that banks can create money without the danger of inflation because credit is supply-determined (page 46). As such, the central bank (in this case the BOJ) can print more money to "give to the banks" (page 109), and so the problem of bad debt "can be solved in a day" (page 110). Readers can expect, therefore, that upon turning over the last page of this book they should have the solutions for these crises which are, in any case, easy to recognise and even easier to fix (pages 109–10).
Princes of the Yen can be divided into two different "narratives". The first concerns the historical development of the Japanese financial system from the inter-war period through to the current banking and financial crises. The second narrative focuses on individuals who have worked in the BOJ over the past several decades, either as governors or vice-governors. According to Werner, in post-war Japan the governors of the BOJ have been responsible for mistaken decisions and also for secretive practices (see below). Therefore, the incompetent behaviour of these governors, with their elite bureaucratic and authoritarian ambitions, led to previous financial crises and has led to the current crises. The post-war "princes", as Werner describes the governors, are not on trial in the court of public opinion, as they perhaps should be, but "are still at large" (page 178). These are strong words, indeed; though, if they are well-founded, readers can be sure that something revolutionarily is being presented.
The Rationale of Printing Money
The book has nineteen chapters. The first three focus on the origin of the post-war Japanese financial and monetary systems (pages 1–37). Here, readers can find a brief summary on the market-oriented and capital market-based Japanese economy in the inter-war period, a short description on the wartime economic and monetary systems and also some conclusions concerning the sources of Japan's post-war economic success. The fourth chapter relies mainly on Marco Polo's diary, as it is one of the earliest examples of how the Chinese paper money system worked successfully in the tenth century (pages 40–1). Chapter 4, "The Alchemy of Banking" (pages 38–47), demonstrates that money can be created without danger of inflation and that the monetary authorities of various countries have recognised this. The next two chapters analyse how Germany and Japan recognised in the 1930s that, via the centralised (state-managed) credit allocation among priority-related industries, industrial production could be easily controlled (pages 49–72). The following three chapters (Chapters 7–9) offer explanations on the bubble economies of the 1970s and the late 1980s. These chapters also explain the workings of the BOJ credit-rationing system, monetary policy and the US-Japan dollar-yen policies. From the tenth chapter, the book turns to the issue of economic remedies and offers solutions to the bad debt crisis.
According to Werner, the BOJ (like any other bank) could create money (credit or virtual money) and pull the economy out of a crisis by printing additional money (pages 106–10). The problem of bad debts could be solved easily. As the central bank has the license to create money (out of nothing), it could also purchase all of the bad debts of the commercial banks and print money for a zero cost (page 110). Henceforth, Werner refers to both the German and Japanese financial policies of the 1930s as quick, cheap and efficient solutions for pulling an economy from a crisis via creating more money.
The second part of the book, especially from Chapter 11 through to Chapter 16 (pages 114–207), focuses on the policy-related decisions of the BOJ governors. Werner creates a "court case" and presents a thorough investigation showing why the central bank's decisions were wrong. He describes in detail why successive central bankers had no interest in creating a healthy monetary and financial policy for Japan in the post-war period (except for early inflationary finances, which he considers a good example because a money-printing policy helped the economy recover from the war). In Werner's "court case", the BOJ governors are convicted as he demonstrates that, during most of the post-war period, Japanese monetary and financial policy-related decisions were determined by the personal ambitions of BOJ governors, fierce rivalry between MOF and the BOJ and, finally, by the wartime-like credit-rationing policy that the BOJ practiced until recently.
The last chapter (Chapter 19) is a case study on the German central bank's (Bundesbank) contemporary status in terms of its independence. This chapter also describes the strengths and weaknesses of an independent central bank, as far as the process of monetary decisions are concerned. The Appendix is an excerpt from Werner's earlier published article, "Japanese Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the 1990s".
To summarise, Princes of the Yen accuses monetary authorities (especially BOJ governors and vice-governors) for mistaken policy-decisions that have led to the current crises. It concludes that Japan can solve these crises if BOJ governors are democratically elected, if the important decisions and policy changes are publicly known and therefore transparently-made, and if influential policy-related decision makers, such as the BOJ governors, come to understand that money is merely a supply-related tool and there is no limit to its issue if it is used productively (see the sub-chapter, "Print Money and Create Parks", page 108).
The Personal Legacy of the Monetary System
To begin with, economic historians (Japanese and foreign) are familiar with the wartime and post-war institutional and personal continuities that contributed to Japan's post-war economic success. It is true that the monetary and financial histories of the post-war period require further research, but it is unrealistic to insist that the BOJ should take sole responsibility for mistaken financial and monetary policies in the last four decades.
Werner analyses the policies and occasionally the personalities of six BOJ governors. He concludes that, because of their secretive and unaccountable policies, they were practically quasi-independent from MOF control, a situation which led to a co-ordination problem between monetary authorities and politicians. In addition, after the BOJ became de jure independent in 1998, the government lost control of monetary policy and thus also lost a way to "sack" the BOJ governor. Accordingly, the politicians have had no tool to "exert their will" on the monetary authorities (page xv).
Such thinking is characteristic of how Werner views the relationships among the BOJ and MOF and between bureaucrats and politicians. He creates an impression that politicians are the key figures who know what the Japanese people need. Yet, despite redefining Japan's politicians in such a bold manner, Werner does not provide any primary or secondary sources to substantiate the position that politicians are indeed the experts who transmit the interests of various social groups to the bureaucrats.
Werner however does not stop here, but characterises the "authoritarian" system inside the BOJ. He quotes a BOJ employee who says that the top BOJ leaders act like the Kwantung Army from the 1930s: that is, they act independently, just as the Kwantung Army in China acted independently of the Japanese military headquarters and the civil government (pages 151–2, footnote 31). This is only one example from Princes of the Yen where "insiders" begin to drive the book when the author fails to analyse other published material, both historical and contemporary. It is both positive and promising when scholars scrutinise decision-making institutions and their secretiveness; but, as history teaches us, personal views, even of "insiders", do not necessarily speak accurately on the real state of affairs.
It would be very interesting to know the origin and the history of BOJ personnel, including the knowledge-based experience of its post-war governors, but unfortunately there is little here other than the wartime origins of the BOJ's institutional policy and personal continuity. The governors of the BOJ (be it wartime or post-war) are caricatured as simply authoritarian, secretive and quite unprofessional. Werner suggests (pages 157–64) that the BOJ policy has been targeting "sustainable growth" via recession. This seems overly simplified, but Werner nevertheless tries to prove that successive BOJ leaders failed to create additional (necessary) credit to pull the economy out from the crisis, because long-term structural adjustment, as they understood it, would be far more efficient and helpful than a short-term economic recovery. As Werner quotes Keynes, "this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead" (page 162). But the BOJ is also characterised as being well aware of its activities and their effects, and so various leaders of the Bank can thus be judged to have been primarily responsible for deliberately creating, maintaining and prolonging one of the longest and most destructive crisis in post-war Japan.
Werner also analyses the BOJ's lack of independent legal status between 1942 and 1998, and MOF's dominating (if not privileged) position in the financial and fiscal systems. He describes how the BOJ fought for its independence, which finally arrived in 1998 in the form of the new law separating it from MOF influence. Werner does not present this independence as a progressive step toward a more democratic and more accountable monetary policy. His example of the Bundesbank (Chapter 19) shows that an independent central bank can be dangerous because its decisions cannot be controlled. Yet, for its many pages of argument, this book seems to miss what many other scholars have already shown. That is, since the entire budget of the BOJ belongs to MOF, and is thus dependent upon MOF approval, the BOJ in fact did not become significantly more autonomous in 1998 (Mikuni and Murphy 2003, 49).
Indeed, there is fierce debate, both outside and inside Japan, as to who is in charge of the country's monetary and financial decisions. Unfortunately, Werner hardly sheds any light on this subject (even at an institutional level) because he confusingly combines personal responsibilities with institutional histories and personal histories with institutional responsibilities.
In any case, neither personal nor institutional responsibilities can explain why MOF bureaucrats and BOJ employees have been unable to recognise the coming crises let alone explain why they might be interested in prolonging the crises. To find some answers, Werner offers a quite different explanation from the first narrative. He argues provocatively on the nature of money and on the role of banks. It is with these two paradigms that Werner offers a quick and simple remedy for the current financial crisis.
Solving the Problem "In a Day"
Since the emergence of the debate between the Metallists and the Chartalists, the latter group has viewed money as a state-determined obligation, regardless of the real value (be it in gold or silver) of money. One of the famous representatives of the Chartalist view is Georg Friedrich Knapp (1924), who argues that money is credit. Werner uses this theory to show that there is no risk or cost involved in creating money or buying bad debts from the banks in Japan, because money is simply a declaration, therefore, there is no practical limit preventing the BOJ from solving the current bad debt crisis.
Why has the BOJ not followed this path? At this point, most reasonable observers might begin to search around for extra or counter explanations. But Werner returns to his pet ideas of the ignorance, ambition and authoritarianism of the BOJ bosses. In fact, the literature is rich in competing attempts to explain just this issue, including Johnson's (1996) developmental thesis, the monetary explanation (see for example: Mikuni and Murphy 2003) and the structural explanation (Gao 2001), to mention just a few.
Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has struggled with a fear of economic and monetary dependence upon the West. In order to maintain the country's national integrity, without losing opportunities to mobilise capital and other resources for economic development, Japan opted for the broadest meaning of mercantilism to pursue its economic and financial policies (Mikuni and Murphy 2003). For monetary authorities in Japan, maintaining a safe and excessive foreign reserve was a key element of monetary policy under bimetallism (1871–97), as well as under the Gold Standard (and Gold Exchange Standard). And this problem returned in an even more drastic form after World War II, since Japan lost the war and the United States determined the post-war monetary order (via the Bretton Woods system).
Japanese monetary authorities, including the BOJ and MOF, utilised a quantitatively-controlled credit system and set up a strict, centralised foreign currency system. In this regard, the post-war monetary and financial systems were keys to achieving rapid economic growth. With probably the most efficient means to control production, especially in the export-driven sectors, Japan fully adapted its own wartime policy to the new circumstances, so the post-war system differed from the pre-war system in only one aspect. In place of military-related production (and its centrally-controlled credit system), export-driven production enjoyed the privilege of being subsidised with credits and loans. In this scheme, interest rates and credit distribution among banks and companies focused on one target — the creation of an "artificial shortage" or "hunger for credit" which led to a BOJ-generated competition for liquidity.
It is fully documented that such a shortage leads to "queuing" for scarce resources, such as the "monitored" credit supply, as well as "competition" among Japanese manufacturers. The persistent raising of credit-ceilings is also proof that the most important motivation for monetary authorities to maintain the window guidance system was not only control but the reproduction of export-driven growth in order to have more US dollars. Instead of criticising various monetary authorities for this policy, Werner might have asked why this policy (or its most important elements) was not changed if Japan had accumulated one of the world's largest currency reserves by the 1970s. Ultimately, Werner's ideas on this subject are ambiguous, and he leaves several policy-related dilemmas unanswered.
This is a thought-provoking work. However, in spite of its promising and radical tone at the beginning, by the end readers will likely be disappointed. The main problems in the book are partly technical and partly conceptual. First, the book is poorly edited. Among various chapters and sub-chapters there are too many jumps and loopholes. It lacks focus. Second, the balance between the main theme of the book and other non-related issues, such as the earlier article or quotes from Marco Polo's diary, seriously weaken the central argument. Third, though it is most likely a consequence of writing something for a larger audience, Werner falls into the trap of creating a style that is overly personal and thus blurs the line between personally-driven interest and professional, detached observation. His analysis echoes a view, which is widely held among Japanese politicians, that bureaucrats fundamentally disregard the national interest because their personal lives are safe.
After the stock market falls of 2001 and 2002 many politicians called for the resignation of the BOJ governor. Mr. Hayami responded to such criticism by demanding that Japanese people give up lifetime employment and face less job security. His own job security was assured. (page xv)
The quote warns all of us how personal and institutional responsibilities can be mistakenly mixed. It is a warning sign for researchers to distinguish clearly between their "insider" views and documented arguments. This reviewer would have liked less assertion and more demonstration, less personal "blaming" and more historical narrative. Passion can often be a creative force for good research, but one must be careful, for it is not always fruitful.
Bell, Stephanie (2001), "The Role of the State and the Hierarchy of Money", Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol.25, no.2, pp.149–63.
Gao, Bai (2001), Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Chalmers (1996), MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy 1925-1975, fourth printing, Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle.
Knapp, Georg Friedrich (1924), The State Theory of Money, translated by H. M. Lucas and J. Bonar, abridged edition, London: Macmillan.
Kornai, Janos (1992), The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mikuni, Akio and Taggart Murphy (2003), Japan's Policy Trap: Dollars, Deflation and the Crisis of Japanese Finance, Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Katalin Ferber is a comparative economic historian who has taught at various universities in Japan. From April 2004, she takes up a position as associate professor in The International College of Waseda University. Her main research interest is the development of modern Japanese finance in the Meiji period and, especially, the history of the Japanese Deposit Fund and its role in empire building (1895–1945). Her most recent work, "'Run the State Like a Business': The Origin of the Deposit Fund in Meiji Japan", was published in Japanese Studies in September 2002.
Article copyright Katalin Ferber.


Is it terrible if I admit that I was laughing, like deep, whole-hearted, belly laughing as these pictures were taken? Let me just clarify though. I wasn't laughing at the fact that she was crying, I was laughing at the "all done"'s that she managed to get out in between screams. I mean, it was funny. And classic. Unusual for Miss I Know No Strangers and loooooove attention and anything furry.
Anyway, Happy Easter Weekend! Hope it's a good one!


I'd like to send a heart felt thank you to all those who attended, supported, and were a part of HMESF's 5 Year Anniversary Party at the Stellan last evening. The night was such an overwhelming success on so many levels. As I looked around the room, I felt so proud that the friends of HMESF, guests, early childcare providers, and leaders, all came together to celebrate one thing; my mother Helene Marks.
As I reflect back on the past five years, I am in awe of all the hard work and dedication put forth by the HMESF family. I said in my speech that "it has been an interesting, challenging, and fulfilling journey, as we worked tirelessly to make our mark in the early childcare arena." I am thrilled that we have been able to continue doing great work to honor my mothers vision of improving the quality of affordable childcare. Despite some of our accomplishments over the past few years, it is really the childcare professionals that deserve to be recognized. These providers everywhere work hard every day to develop children, to provide them with a healthy environment to achieve social and emotional well being, and academic success.
The Stellan was bustling with activity, great raffle prizes, and Dana's macaroons. We were honored to have two amazing key note speakers that portrayed the challenges faced and victories achieved in the early care world. First, Dr. Dana Friedman of the "Early Care Institute," spoke about the importance of early intervention, play, and social interaction. She highlighted how books and reading have a direct effect on a child, "the more you read to children from an early age, the more positive the perceive the reading experience." Next, we were thrilled to hear from Mark McGrath, the director of Hale House Center, and the recipient of the first HMESF scholarship program. He discussed how HMESF and our donations have positively impacted their center.
It was a very special night for HMESF. We appreciate your generosity. Please follow us on Facebook, twitter, and visit our website at hmesf.org to see what we have in store for the remainder of 2013.
Thanks for celebrating with us. We look forward to seeing you at our next event.
2 Days Until Our Fifth Anniversary Party!
Our Five Year Anniversary Party is just TWO days away! Haven't RSVP-ed yet? You definitely don't want to miss this event! The entire HMESF team is excited to celebrate the past five years, thank all of our supporters, and welcome new members with open arms--what a great way to kick off 2013!
There is so much in store for Tuesday's anniversary event: fantastic raffles, prizes, and delectable macarons from Dana's Bakery! If that wasn't enough to pique your interest, we have two speakers: a researcher in the early education field and a representative from one of the childcare centers HMESF supports.
Dr. Dana Friedman of The Early Year's Institute, is a nationally-recognized researcher and policy analyst for children, family and women's issues. She has worked for several national organizations and served as a consultant to major corporations, government agencies and foundations. Before founding The Early Years Institute, Dana was Senior Vice President at Bright Horizons Family Solutions where she led the firm's work/life consulting practice; Co-Founder and Co-President of the Families and Work Institute (FWI), a national, non-profit research firm; and a Senior Research Associate at The Conference Board, where she created the Work and Family Information Center in 1983.
Dana is currently on the boards of the New York State Early Care and Learning Council and the Long Island Fund for Women and Girls. She is a member of The Conference Board's Work/Life Leadership Council and the Port Washington Child Care Partnership. She serves on the New York State Early Childhood Advisory Council which oversees the development of the New York State Work Group on Quality Rating Systems, for which she was the original co-director.
Joining Dana Friedman with a few words is Mark McGrath, Director of Development for Hale House Center, Inc., a nationally-recognized non-profit organization dedicated to building better futures for children and families in need. Hale House Center, Inc. was awarded the HMESF Scholarship last Fall, and as a result of this grant, two additional children are receiving the benefit of Hale House's nurturing and stimulating environment.
Founded in 1969, by Clara McBride Hale, Hale House delivers child-centered, family-focused programs that are responsive to the unique circumstances of each family served and the evolving social needs within their community and beyond. The current initiatives include a state of the art learning center for children ages six weeks to five years and a supportive transitional housing program for single parent families. Hale House believes in providing unconditional love, care and understanding to children and families in need of support. Their Harlem-based programs offer a safe, nurturing environment and an opportunity for a better future through individualized support and educational services.
Without the overwhelming support over the past five years, our accomplishments would mean nothing. So please join us Tuesday night to honor the supporters of HMESF and acknowledge many of the childcare providers who help carry on the tradition of Helene Marks' mission to create opportunities for bright young futures. It will be a night you won't want to miss!
Don't miss out at your chance at the remaining tickets for our anniversary part, RSVP here. We hope to see you all Tuesday night!


Join us on Sundays for our Bavarian Brunch "Frühschoppen" with your friends and family and enjoy Weizen (wheat beer), original Weißwurst (veal sausage), dumplings, crusted roast pork, cold cuts, Brezeln (pretzels), Kaiserschmarrn to name just a few.
There is evidence that the monks at Weihenstephan monastery in Bavaria started to brew beer as early as the eighth century A.D., but the brewery was not officially founded until 1040, when the abbot there obtained a license to brew and sell. Although the Weihenstephan brewery was secularized in 1803, it continued to produce beer and became the Bavarian State Brewery Weihenstephan in 1921.
When the monks fasted during Lent for 40 days, bread was not an option, but they could drink beer, so they nicknamed it "Flüssiges Brot" or "liquid bread".
Frederick the Great of Prussia banned coffee in 1777, issuing a manifesto to his people.
Having banned coffee, King Frederick's economic policy declared that people should have "beer soup" instead, in order to support the national agricultural economy, as all coffee was imported from abroad.
Instead, coffee became a black market good – with people smuggling the dark beans into Germany in coal sacks, beer barrels, and even in coffins.
A German saying loosely translated as 'Hops and malt for beer, may God preserve them here' alludes to the basic ingredients used in beer brewing. These ingredients were laid down in the so-called 'purity law' in the Bavarian city of Ingolstadt in 1516. The purity law requires that 'nothing other than barley, hops and water be used' to produce beer. The importance of yeast was not known at the time and was added later. The purity law initially applied to the Duchy of Bavaria only but was gradually adopted by the German states and has been the law governing beer brewing in all of Germany since 1906.
Thus, the purity law not only preserves a traditional craft technique, that of beer brewing, but is also regarded as the world's oldest food law that is still in force today.
Eat, drink and chat and enjoy the beautiful weather by our 60 feet swimming pool for only USD 26.00 net per person!


A Must for ALL Bharat Army Members!
The Bharat Army Flag has now become iconic with all Indian Cricket Fans when supporting Team India in the stands.
It's the perfect size (5ft by 3ft) to wrap around you or wave in the stands.
Complete with strings on each corner to hang in the stands or stitched flag pole the flag has multi use.


text:
Hundreds missing in Brazil floods
Rescue workers search for survivors as rains begin to ease in northeastern Brazil.
Residents in the flood zone say aid has been slow to reach hard-hit areas [AFP]
Some regions reported over 36 centimetres of rainfall over the past three days.
Aid slow to reach needy
The torrents swept away more than 40,000 houses, entire bridges and streets, as well as rail lines in 22 towns across Alagoas.
Power and phone services have been cut off in many areas and officials fear there could be many deaths unreported.
The federal government announced on Wednesday that it would send $56 million in supplies, including food and medicine. Officials say air force planes have already delivered 10 tons of supplies.
But local residents say the aid has yet to reach some of the hardest-hit areas.
"We're going hungry," Deise de Andrade, a housewife in the city of Uniao dos Palmares, told the AFP news agency. "Yesterday we had to pick food out of the mud to give it to my sons. We're eating mud."
In May 2009, flooding in the same area killed at least 44 people and displaced 380,000 others.
Contemplating life post-Lula
As Brazilians head to the polls, Al Jazeera takes a look at those in the running to replace the popular president.
Brazil presidential race under way
Three major candidates in fray for election in October to replace President Lula.
From: Riz Khan
Brazil's role in the world
Brazil's foreign minister on the nuclear fuel swap deal his country negotiated with Iran.


text:
Bullock fuels Providence rally as Friars advance to championship
Alpha Diallo, Providence
Credit: Jason Gilzene
NICEVILLE, FLA. — Junior forward Rodney Bullock scored 19 points, including 13 in the second half, as Providence rallied to hand Memphis a 60-51 setback, while advancing to the championship of the Destin Realty Emerald Coast Classic.
The Friars will meet No. 7 ranked Virginia in the championship at 6 pm Saturday.
Bullock scored five points to fuel a 6-0 run that allowed Providence to turn a 39-39 tie into a 44-39 lead it wouldn't relinquish.
Memphis enjoyed a 28-16 lead folioing a layup by preseason American Athletic Conference player of the year Dedric Lawson.
But the Tigers would make just one basket in the remaining 4:26 of the first half.
Providence scored seven unanswered points to end the first half trimming a 30-22 lead down to 30-29 at halftime. Freshman guard Alpha Diallo scored four points in the 7-0 run for Providence.
"I thought our kids were resilient when we got down by 12," said Providence coach Ed Cooley. "We're still a young team. But we kept talking about trying to advance to the championship.
Chad Rykhoek, Memphis
"Obviously we didn't play well especially toward the end of the half when they went to zone and we didn't attack it," said Memphis coach Tubby Smith. "It's still early in the season and that's something we know we need to improve on.
"We had great leadership by our veterans like Bullock down the stretch. When we had the run we mixed and matched our defense."
Memphis' shooting woes continued in the second half as the Tigers shot just 29.6 percent from the floor making only eight of 27 shots.
Lawson, who entered the game leading the NCAA in double-doubles with four, had a game-high 19 points along with nine rebounds to pace Memphis.
Senior Chad Rykhoek, a transfer from Baylor, added 10 points for the Tigers.
Junior forward Emmitt Holt added 16 points and 10 rebounds for the Friars who improved to 4-1. Senior point guard Kyron Cartwright had 13 points along with five assists and two steals.
"We're looking forward to playing arguably one of the best teams in the country in Virginia," Cooley said.


text:
Supplement to The Scroggins Papers by William G. Scroggins
Note: This is the next to the last update of this page at this url. See more below.
Mary Adelaide Stout
Mary Adelaide Stout1
F, #7939, (c 1870 - 1928)
Father*: William Stout
Mother*: Mary Nancy Spencer (c 1839 - )
Reference: [7939:F]
Birth*: Ca. 1870, Pike Co, MO.2
(Parents, daughter of William Stout & Mary Nancy Spencer).
Marriage*: 30 May 1889, Archibald Johnson Scroggins Jr., Pike Co, MO, 39.350000,-91.166667.
Marriage: 1909, John Linden.
Marriage: 1917, William Vaughn.
Death*: 28 Oct 1928, St. Louis, MO.2
Birth of son: Aft. 1879?, Frank Clarence Scoggins.
Birth of son: 21 Jul 1891, William 'Hap' Scoggins Sr., Pike Co, MO, 39.350000,-91.166667.
Birth of daughter: 6 Dec 1897, Ruth Belle Scoggins, Alton, Madison Co, IL, 385326N0901103W, Date uncertain.3
Birth of daughter: 14 Feb 1902, Mary Elizabeth Scoggins, St. Louis, MO.
Birth of son: 1 Mar 1905, George Lennard Scoggins, St. Louis, MO.
Birth of son: Bet. 1907 and 1908, John Scoggins, St. Louis, MO, Parentage in doubt.3
Married Name: Mary Adelaide Linden (Stout).
Married Name: Mary Adelaide Vaughn (Stout).
Married Name: Mary Adelaide Scroggins (Stout).
Children of Mary Adelaide Stout & Archibald Johnson Scroggins Jr.
Frank Clarence Scoggins+ (aft. 1879? - )
William 'Hap' Scoggins Sr.+ (21 Jul 1891 - 22 Feb 1936)
Ruth Belle Scoggins+ (6 Dec 1897 - 6 Jul 1967)
Mary Elizabeth Scoggins+ (14 Feb 1902 - 28 Aug 1983)
George Lennard Scoggins+ (1 Mar 1905 - 8 Jun 1974)
John Scoggins (bet. 1907 and 1908 - )
Last Edited: 20 Sep 2004
[S61] Unknown subject Forum message at genforum.genealogy.com, Stout Family, Message 3444, Greg Myers <e-mail address>, "Stout Indian Heritage via Spencer Line", 13 Sep 2004
http://genforum.genealogy.com/stout/messages/3444.html
[S109] Gregory Myers, Greg Myers' Scoggins/Scroggins Family Page, Url: http://www.members.tripod.com/-greg.
Compiler: John M. Scroggins
Note: The software used to maintain the database and these pages is no longer supported. The next (final) update will include instructions on finding replacement pages built with new software. on 28 Jun 2017 at 8:01:11 AM; 46,382 people
Page created by John Cardinal's Second Site v6.2.11. | Web site design by John Cardinal, modified by John M. Scroggins, 3 Jul 2007, 21 Sep 2013


text:
Most Downloaded Famous Quotes & Sayings
34 Most Downloaded Famous Sayings, Quotes and Quotation.
Vocabulary and coherent sentences can't be downloaded onto paper unless they've first been uploaded to the head - by reading. — Jim Trelease
Things have changed so much now. Everything is downloaded onto computers. I'm not a computer-savvy guy, but with downloading the movie industry has changed. — Anthony Hopkins
You know I'm a bit of a dag because I listen to classical music. I recently bought myself an iPod and downloaded every piece of classical music that I had access to onto that. — Graeme Base
After we got back to the office, I wanted to show you his picture, and I had one on my phone, but it was so small, so I downloaded it onto my computer. Or was that your computer? Wasn't that when you just got your Mac?" During the past year, Lindsey had become one of those obnoxious PowerBook users. Anytime anyone had trouble opening or downloading a file using their PC, Lindsey would nod and say, "That wouldn't happen with my computer. — Suzanne Brockmann
When you have done some programming then you'll know how satisfying it can be to use a program that you made yourself, one that does exactly what you want it to do. Creating a Sugar Activity takes that enjoyment to the next level. A useful Sugar Activity can be translated by volunteers into every language, be downloaded hundreds of times a week and used every day by students all over the world. — James D. Simmons
You know, it's pretty easy reading this book to see why I was angry and confused for all those years. I lived my life being told different stories: some true, some lies and I still don't know which is which. Children are born innocent. At birth we are very much like a new hard drive - no viruses, no bad information, no crap that's been downloaded into it yet. It's what we feed into that hard drive, or in my case "head drive" that starts the corruption of the files. — Nikki Sixx
book's cover to download it. To remove a book from your device, tap Downloaded, and press — Tom Edwards
Is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This e-book may not be re-sold or given away to others. If you would like to share this book with another person, please have them download their FREE copy. If you are reading this book and did not download it from a digital retailer, or it was not downloaded — C.J. Archer
For entertainment, Skippy had downloaded the entire internet, and every movie, book and video game ever made. — Craig Alanson
Obviously, I want it to be legally downloaded, and I myself have spent a fortune on iTunes because, for me, that's the easiest way to get music. — Joshua Bell
I downloaded ProTools - legally, of course ... and I wanted to impress girls by making remixes of songs. — Charlie Puth
In my dream I hadn't arrived at this street yet; this was just downloaded to me as this woman mentioned only the street name. It reminded me of hearing the words "Disneyland" and how we are instantly filled with joy and recognize it as a happy place full of fun. The words "Media Spring Street" created a movement of its own. When people just simply heard "Media Spring Street" it was like catching a wave of God and you wanted to get there as fast as you could! — Julie Smith
You've downloaded this information," Cromwell said briskly, "so let's make sure you understand it. We've been examining the evolution of combat, weaponry, and tactics. History has shown one simple fact: people are people. Period. All the technology and progress in the world can't change the fundamentals of human nature. There will always be war as long as human beings are capable of envy, hatred, and fear. — S.J. Kincaid
Her laptop. That's where the good stuff would be anyway. It always was. Even at my old school, kids had always been frantic when they'd lost their laptops, thinking about all the incriminating stuff that someone might find on them. Like e-mails about how drunk the kids had gotten with their friends the weekend their parents thought they went to band camp. Papers they'd downloaded and plagiarized for AP English. Porn. — Jennifer Estep
Many Christians have been taught that the Bible is Truth downloaded from heaven, God's rulebook, a heavenly instructional manual - follow the directions and out pops a true believer; deviate from the script and God will come crashing down on you with full force. If anyone challenges this view, the faithful are taught to "defend the Bible" against these anti-God attacks. Problem solved. That is, until you actually read the Bible. Then you see that this rulebook view of the Bible is like a knockoff Chanel handbag - fine as long as it's kept at a distance, away from curious and probing eyes. — Peter Enns
Jobs had a tougher time navigating the controversies over Apple's desire to keep tight control over which apps could be downloaded onto the iPhone and iPad. Guarding against apps that contained viruses or violated the user's privacy made sense; preventing apps that took users to other websites to buy subscriptions, rather than doing it through the iTunes Store, at least had a business rationale. But Jobs and his team went further: They decided to ban any app that defamed people, might be politically explosive, or was deemed by Apple's censors to be pornographic. — Walter Isaacson
Read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information — Veronica Roth
When someone tell me they illegally downloaded one of my audiobooks I think, Thanks a lot, Pal. When someone tells me they checked my book out of the library, I'm delighted. I've always been a big library user, and feel a kinship with others who do the same thing. — David Sedaris
Hi, I'm Jane. I'm twenty-four and I have a similar experience with Tinder where I was, like, at a party with friends and they were like, "This is the funnest game ever. Let's play this." And I downloaded it. And then, like, started seeing way too many people I knew. So I deleted it. — Aziz Ansari
I'm happy if my music is being downloaded, whether it's legally or illegally. — Joshua Bell
I think we should all start worrying about being downloaded and put in robots. — Jane Espenson
As planned The Three Wise Women meet at 3WW HQ for debriefing. Angelina extracted the small camera from her lapel and downloaded it onto a laptop. She then expertly digitally scanned the Polaroid into her electronic file on James. Ava had just missed Sean who had given his camcorder and photographs of himself and Patrick to Angelina. It had been digitally downloaded and formatted onto Patrick's pc file. A back-up of all data was done on the Company server but it was heavily encrypted and written in Angelina's own program Borrow and used her own software Gotya, so only the very best could break her code and that would take months — Annette J. Dunlea
My kids watch everything downloaded; they have no idea what the numbers or the names of the channels mean, except, 'FX makes the show that I see on my computer.' So it's harder to get a show on the air, but at the same time, there are a lot of terrific shows. — Denis Leary
I just downloaded '1984' for my iPod, but I've read that before. It just hearkens back to the 'romance' of my high-school days. I really liked the space I was in when I was reading it. — Lupe Fiasco
What Musk had done that the rival automakers missed or didn't have the means to combat was turn Tesla into a lifestyle. It did not just sell someone a car. It sold them an image, a feeling they were tapping into the future, a relationship. Apple did the same thing decades ago with the Mac and then again with the iPod and iPhone. Even those who were not religious about their affiliation to Apple were sucked into its universe once they bought the hardware and downloaded software like iTunes. This — Ashlee Vance
The way out then is personal responsibility, new operating systems downloaded from outside of culture, which means from the deeper wisdom of the psychedelic plants and then a commitment to community and a motto of "To the future, without fear!" Without fear! — Terence McKenna
I really did put up all my wedding pictures on my website. And I swear to you, my wedding pictures got downloaded just as much as my bikini pictures. — Cindy Margolis
The Paperbats book. Successful publication release with 30 books downloaded in first day and a half.
"This delightful childrens' book has just been published on smashwords, where it can be read for free! I invite you to enjoy a lovely story with yany young children. — Jerry Evans
For 500 years the West patented six killer applications that set it apart. The first to download them was Japan. Over the last century, one Asian country after another has downloaded these killer apps- competition, modern science, the rule of law and private property rights, modern medicine, the consumer society and the work ethic. Those six things are the secret sauce of Western civilization. — Niall Ferguson
It had only been two days but Furi was looking forward to seeing Syn, kissing him, making love to him. Syn had called him each night and each night they'd jerked off together. When Syn had called him at two in the morning after finding the download Furi had put on his phone, he thought Syn had injured himself from coming so hard. Furi had downloaded his last masturbation video with Illustra to Syn's cell. The one in which he'd thought about his hot detective the entire time. Furi moaned into the receiver as Syn watched the video. When it got to the part where he'd looked at the camera and asked "Is this what you want?" He let Syn know that he'd been talking to him. Syn lost it right there on the other end of the line and it only took Furi a couple hard pulls to come right along with him. Furi — A.E. Via
We watched the U.S. citizenship immigration services web site in March. They had six million, two hundred thousand hits, and two million people downloaded applications for citizenship. So what we're doing is attempting to help people in that process. — Luis Gutierrez
So when a music artist puts an album out that can only be streamed, not downloaded, what happens? In Kanye West's case, apparently it gets pirated a lot. — Audie Cornish
What we know is smartphones are everywhere and they are rich in data. What we know is that there are apps once downloaded by the consumer that will also in turn download the consumers' contact book. Most consumers don't want that to happen and don't know it's happening. — Kamala Harris
Then people started using it more and more and it became the most downloaded software on the internet. — Niklas Zennstrom
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Suspended slab | House by the water.
The latest milestone in the construction of our House By The Water is the suspended slab. Before you get excited, there is nothing fancy about a "suspended slab" – it just means it is not on the ground, it spans the space between the walls. But if you would like to get excited or astounded by the amount of steel reinforcements and electrical conduits that go into a slab, go right ahead. I am rather amazed myself.
This network of electrical conduits and steel is now hidden in our concrete slab.
The heat in Western Australia last week was rather extreme. Our slab pour was postponed a couple of days in an attempt to pour the concrete in lower temperatures.
The suspended slab looking a bit spotty from some rain.
Thanks to our Site Supervisor from Webb and Brown-Neaves for the photos.
Because we like pretty things on House By The Water, and maybe, like me, you don't think our new concrete is quite in the "pretty" category, let me show you some good-looking concrete.
Beautiful concrete. Happy Laugh's vision for her farmhouse. Source: Norm Architecture.
Happy Laugh's farm house is nearing the end of construction.
Amazing house that Happy Laughs is building. Incredible. How about Glam-barn-industri-navian?
Yeah, I wanted to put the word "glam" in too, but already had a few too many words. Gorgeous, hey? I knew you'd love it too.
Strong….heavy duty. I might not have spelled it correctly. I think it's a Canadian word. I always get crazy looks when I say it here 😄.
I think the suspended slab looks awesome! The engineering to hold those things up is always what impresses me! Love HappyLaughs home!
Yes, I am very pleased to see all the reinforcement that's going to help hold me and the house up. For me, it's quite a learning experience. Probably you've seen many, so I'm glad you think our slab is awesome.
If I ever live in the U.S. I'm moving in!
That sounds awesome! 😊. Ha!!
I've always wondered about the engineering mastery that goes on to get a suspended slab … concrete and suspension just seem like an oxymoron! Fascinating stuff. Happy Laughs home is just divine! I'm incredibly jealous.


Born, according to Ioan Pedr in N.L.W. MS. 2629, in Llanycil parish, Mer. In his interlude, 'Gaulove,' Siôn describes himself as 'a sad creature, without brother or sister, stubborn, and always poor'; and a ballad of his (Bibliog. of Welsh Ballads no. 73), together with his interlude 'Einion' and a marwnad (N.L.W. MS. 2629), testifies that he was transported for seven years to America — for stealing half-a-crown, says Ioan Pedr. His interludes appear to have been written after his return; they are: (1) 'Einion a Gwenllian' (N.L.W. MS. 522), written c. 1756 — the suggestion that it was written jointly with Huw Jones may be dismissed; (2) 'Gaulove a Clarinda' between 1756 and 1762 (N.L.W. Cwrtmawr MS. 39); (3) Y Brenin Dafydd a Gwraig Urias, published at Chester c. 1765, written jointly with Huw Jones. The scenes are lively and the satire keen, and the author stands high in the second class of 18th century interludists. He should not be confused with the John Cadwaladr, whose ballads Sir O. M. Edwards printed in Beirdd y Berwyn.
G. G. Evans, 'Yr Anterliwd Gymraeg' (University of Wales M.A. dissertation, 1938).


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On request we maintain a consignment store or we enable on site delivery of different consumption points.


text:
Manhattan transfer: Mad Men's UK return (September 8)
tags: 1960s, Alfred Hitchcock, BBC4, Christina Hendricks, Don Draper, Joan Hollaway, Jon Hamm, Mad Men, Matt Weiner, mid-century modern design, North By Northwest, Saul Bass, Sterling Cooper, Vertigo (film)
Big fish in the Big Apple: Don Draper and the rest of the new Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce team reveal how – and how not – to get ahead in advertising in the fourth season of Mad Men
You know, in recent years, if I'm being honest, there's been few dramas out there in Tellyland that have been up my street from the start and kept me loyally watching to the finish. Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip for sure (based on the strength of The West Wing – the same guy created both). Ashes To Ashes definitely (conceived by the same peeps behind Life On Mars). And that's about it. Oh… but of course, how could I forget? Then there's Mad Men.
Created by Matt Weiner, one of the chaps behind the hugely successful The Sopranos, US cable channel AMC's Mad Men – for the uninitiated – is focused around the work and people of the fictitious Madison Avenue ad agency Sterling Cooper. Set in early to mid-'60s, it's shamelessly stylish, refreshingly intelligent and unfalteringly captivating. It's also unrepentantly un-PC – or, at least, the world it presents us is – what with characters smoking like chimneys and drinking like fish, executives slapping secretaries' backsides, husbands cheating on wives without a thought of remorse and a homosexual character compromised because he's gay. It shows the era in which it's set fairly honestly then.
But, for me, best of all, it's genuinely grown-up drama. The writing, acting and directing is consistently excellent, offering up three-dimensional characters, crisp, acerbic dialogue and constant food for thought – while passing through the 1960 Presidential election, the Cuban Missile Crisis and Kennedy's assassination, it examines the beatnik ethos versus corporate capitalism, the hobo versus the 'American Dream'-style family man laying down his roots, and a chauvinistic society discovering early feminism. Indeed, moments experienced by ad man extraordinaire Don Draper and would-be highflyer account handler Pete Campbell showcase the best existential angst you'll see this side of a Stephen Poliakoff drama.
Meeting the Beats: Ad man Don mingles with beatniks Midge and Roy in the first season
The retro and artistic appeal isn't just limited to the creators and actors, though. For any lover of mid-century modern design, Mad Men is interior decor and clothing porn. The Madison Avenue office interiors are beautifully and starkly seductive (much like the dark behaviour of the characters), and the suits and dresses on show as sharp and eye-catching as Errol Flynn in a sword fight. Moreover, the opening credits clearly nod to the credits and poster design created by the legendary Saul Bass for Hitchcock's North By Northwest (1959) and Vertigo (1958), respectively.
And, if a would-be viewer required any further reason to give this series' fourth season a whirl, then be assured it's never been in a more promising and exciting position. In the real world, just last week it won the Best TV Drama Golden Globe award for its third season, its third in a row – it's also won the corresponding Emmy award three times. And, in its own world, at the end of the third season (warning: here be spoilers) its eponymous ad agency had folded, a new one created from its ashes and the main character started life as a single man. Make no mistake, the fourth season is awaited with greatly baited breath by fans.
Plus, if you're still not convinced, consider the fact Mad Men features two of America's latest sex symbols, James Bond lookalike Jon Hamm (ladies' man-and-a-half Don Draper) and the irresistibly lovely Christina Hendricks (voluptuous office vixen Joan Holloway). If that advert won't draw you to the Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce agency, then you're a bull-headed, stuck-in-the-mud client indeed.
The fourth season of Mad Men begins in the UK tonight on BBC4 at 10pm.
http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen
http://doubleonothing.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/mad-world-the-production-design-of-mad-men
from → Telly, What's on
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kitts permalink
Believe it or not, I've never seen an entire episode of Mad Men. 😦 I shall start when the nights grow longer.
Great clip for the piece. And nice timing with dublo's too. Together you have me sold.
George permalink
Thanks, vradbourne. Glad you enjoyed the piece and good plan for watching Mad Men – I've a sneaking suspicion you'll enjoy it… 🙂
Mad World – The production design of Mad Men. « double o' nothing
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I just purchased and installed Jom Classifieds. I deleted the "USA" location and added my city in the root.
Now the locations are not displaying in the backend "Edit the advert" and the frontend when adding an ad.
Please check the below forum link.
If still you face issues, please check whether you have selected "Select a Location" in the "Select your home location" field Under General Configuration-->Layout Settings to display all the Locations.
Thanks. The issue has been resolved.


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We believe and hold to the fundamentals that are summed up in the Apostles Creed. We affirm our unity with all those who share these beliefs, regardless of whether they belong to other traditions or denominations.
Our confession of faith consists of the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms. We believe that they are comprehensive, accurate summaries of what the Bible teaches.
We share the heritage of the 16th century Reformation, as embodied in the work of Luther, Calvin, and Knox. We identify with the Calvinistic doctrines. We affirm the Reformed distinctions that include: sovereignty of God in His creation; providence and election of believers apart from any merit of their own; the irresistible grace of God provided for and preceding the faith of the individual; the sufficiency of God's grace apart from which man is dead in sin and wholly defiled in all his faculties of soul and body; the efficacy of Christ's death for all those who believe in Him by grace; and the safeguarding of all those from whom Christ died in order to give eternal life.
WE ARE A COVENANTAL CHURCH.
We believe that the one unifying principle that we find throughout the Old and New Testament is the covenant grace of God. By His grace, God entered into a relationship with us by establishing an everlasting covenant with us. This unifying principle is important in that it demonstrates that there is only one way to salvation in all of Scripture, that is, by faith in Jesus Christ. We disagree with any views that imply that there have been different ways of salvation in different eras.
We believe that the church must be ruled by elders (or presbyteries), as is consistent with God's Word. Redeemer belongs to the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) in the Korean Southwest Presbytery.


text:
Donald Trump Says The Western World Isn't So Safe Anymore
By: Katrina Manning | March 28, 2016
On Sunday, Donald Trump was interviewed by ABC News' Johnathan Karl on "Good Morning America" discussing the safety of Europe and America. He said, "I don't think America is a safe place for Americans right now. I don't think Europe is a safe place, no, I don't. I think there are a lot of problems in Europe that are very, very severe. Weak."
Trump then said that much of the free world "has become week." He went on to say, "When you look at Brussels, when you look at the way they've handled things from law enforcement standpoints. You look at Paris. So many other places."
Trump explained the United States is not safe "because we're allowing thousands of people to come in here." He continued, "Nobody knows where they're from. Who they are. They're coming in by the thousands. Let me tell you something, we're going to have problems, just as big or bigger than they've got."
Of NATO, he said, "It has to be readjusted to take care of terrorism or we have to set up a new coalition, a new group of countries to handle terrorism, because terrorism is out of control."
Photo: Michael Vadon
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