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Q: PHP Fatal error: Can't use function return value in write context I am connecting my site to PayPal using this excellent guide.
I've done this before without any problems, however I am getting the following error:
PHP Fatal error:  Can't use function return value in write context

It appears to be caused by this line of code:
if(!empty(_SESSION('ppl_products'))&&!empty(_SESSION('ppl_charges'))){

What does this error mean? I didn't get it when I connected the paypal API on seperate hosting.  Is it a server issue?

A: empty() is a language construct.  It consumes a variable name.  As such, you can not write to it.  The return of a function writes out to a variable.
Your best bet is to ommit the empty and just check the truthiness of the return:
if(_SESSION('ppl_products') && _SESSION('ppl_charges')){
Then again, if _SESSION is not a function, and you are attempting to access the global session variable, then you are doing it a few kinds of wrong, and you must do it like this:
if(!empty($_SESSION['ppl_products'])&&!empty($_SESSION['ppl_charges'])){

A: This error looks familiar to me, because I had the same Problem when using a function return value with isset (As in: isset(myFunction())). Because, as kunststube.net points out, you can't do that with empty or isset.
While I don't see an obvious function call here (maybe there's one happening offstage?), you could try substituting the !empty($something) for $something == true, which is equivalent, but might give you more hints as to where the error lies.


In a July 2010 trial, John Ingrassia obtained dismissals on charges of Aggravated DWI and DWI in return for a guilty plea of Reckless Driving.
Our client was originally charged with Aggravated DWI and DWI. Pre-trial offers had been to plead guilty to the DWI charge. Our client has a Commercial Drivers License (CDL) which he would lose upon a plea to any alcohol related driving conviction. Our client was stopped for a failure to keep right and was arrested after field sobriety tests were administered. The client ultimately agreed to take a breath test which resulted in a .19 BAC (Blood Alcohol Content). At trial, after the District Attorney's first witness (the police officer who was both the arresting officer and breath test operator) testified on direct and cross examination the District Attorney agreed to let our client plead guilty to Reckless Driving and dismissed both the Aggravated DWI charge and the DWI charge. Our client was sentenced to a fine and a conditional discharge and the sentence did not include any jail time or probation.


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The secret to out-earning your colleagues begins with asking -- here's how to effectively do it
Joe Avella, Libby Kane
Susie Moore is a career coach and the author of "What If It Does Work Out?". In this video, she explains when and how to ask for more money. The following is a transcript of the video.
People who earn more ask.
Ask, ask, ask, ask. Asking's a massive form of action. Typically you'll notice if someone's moved around in different companies, over time, they tend to earn more because there's always that conversation at the recruitment and selection phase of, "What are you looking for?" So there's a negotiation that can happen organically.
If you're in the same job though, for a while, having that conversation can be more tricky. Especially if you don't have annual reviews. They don't exist everywhere anymore.
The most important thing is to understand what your role is being paid, in the market, again everything is market research. Understand kind of where you sit, if you think it's too low you're probably right. Really get that information, be equipped with it, understand why you're good at what you do. I mean, that's the other thing people will just remember their mistakes. They made a mistake on a report four months ago, and then still feel sick about it, versus going, "Well I grew the team, and I increased profit, and I streamlined this process and I bring a lot of value to the office in terms of my attitude."
So, really being able to understand your value as an employee, doing the research, knowing what other people like you are getting paid, those two things are really critical. And then you just have to ask, you have to set up a conversation, with your boss, and go for it.
I mean, think about it. A few minutes of an awkward conversation over time, like how that will compound your income, it's absolutely worth it. Actually, I love what Tim Ferriss says about this, he says that a successful person can almost be measured by the number of uncomfortable conversations they're willing to have.
That conversation, those few minutes, when you think of the upside versus the downside, it's absolutely worth doing.
More from Libby Kane:
The secret to out-earning your colleagues begins with asking — here's how to effectively do it
A finance expert shares advice on whether you should save for retirement or pay off your student loans
A woman who left her $US500,000-a-year job to work for herself says a side hustle can't be successful without 3 factors
A woman who left her $US500,000-a-year job to work for herself debunks the most common excuse she hears from would-be entrepreneurs
First job, first car, first apartment: The smartest things to do with your money in your 20s
bi original video bi-video career careers green screen money strategy susie moore video video-us

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Portrait of Charles X (1757-1836), King of France (1824-1830), Count of Artois (Charles Philippe) from 1757 until 1824, in exile (1789-1814), King's brother and heir presumptive (1814-1824), 1825
Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. For most of his life he was known as the Count of Artois (in French, comte d'Artois). An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII, and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years ended in the July Revolution of 1830, which resulted in his abdication and the election of Louis Philippe I as King of the French. Exiled once again, Charles died in 1836 in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire. He was the last of the French rulers from the senior branch of the House of Bourbon.


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The online home of Neurology Reviews
Headache is a common post–COVID-19 complaint
Publish date: November 24, 2021
FROM 2021 SCOTTSDALE HEADACHE SYMPOSIUM
Post–COVID-19 headache is a common and sometimes persistent problem. It may take the form of new-onset headache, or exacerbations of preexisting headache conditions such as migraine.
Dr. Deena Kuruvilla
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified it as a sentinel symptom of COVID-19 disease. "A lot of the recommendations surrounding post-COVID headache is that if you identify a patient who has headaches associated with fever, and myalgia, and other systemic symptoms, the specificity of a COVID-19 diagnosis goes up. So [COVID-19] is a really important feature to look out for in patients with headache," Deena Kuruvilla, MD, said during a presentation on post–COVID-19 headache at the 2021 Scottsdale Headache Symposium.
Estimates of the prevalence of headache in COVID-19 range widely, from 6.5% to 71%, but Dr. Kuruvilla has plenty of personal experience with it. "During my stint on the inpatient neurology service during the peak of COVID, I saw patients with headache being one of the most frequent complaints, [along with] dizziness, stroke, and seizure among many other neurological manifestations," said Dr. Kuruvilla, director of the Westport (Conn.) Headache Institute.
One meta-analysis showed that 47% of patients with COVID-19 complain of headache within 30 days of diagnosis, and this drops to around 10% at 60-90 days, and around 8% at 180 days.
A survey of 3,458 patients, published in the Journal of Headache Pain, found that migraine is the most common type of post–COVID-19 headache phenotype, and patients reporting anosmia-ageusia were more likely to have post–COVID-19 headache (odds ratio [OR], 5.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-17.45).
A case-control study of post–COVID-19 headache patients with and without a history of migraine found that those with a history of migraine were more likely to have post–COVID-19 symptoms (OR, 1.70; P < .001) and fatigue (OR, 2.89; P = .008). "Interestingly, they found no difference in headache as post-COVID symptoms in people who had a history of migraine compared with people without a history of migraine," said Dr. Kuruvilla.
Headache and COVID-19: What is the connection?
Several mechanisms have been proposed for direct invasion of the central nervous system, either via infection through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, which is expressed in brain regions including the motor cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the olfactory bulb, among other locations. Another potential mechanism is direct entry through the olfactory nerve and the associated olfactory epithelium. There are various potential mechanisms for spread among the peripheral nervous system, and the blood-brain barrier can be compromised by infection of vascular endothelial cells. According to the literature, neuronal damage seems to occur directly from viral damage rather than from the immune response, said Dr. Kuruvilla.
The virus may also gain entry to the CNS indirectly, as a result of hypoxia and metabolic disturbances, as well as dehydration and systematic inflammation. The cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 infection can activate C-reactive protein and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which plays a key role in migraine pathology. The CGRP receptor antagonist vazegepant is being studied in a phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of COVID-19–related lung inflammation.
Erenumab beats topiramate for migraine in first head-to-head trial
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Beautiful Lake Front Lot in Wild Heron. This large B-type lot has 72 feet of water frontage and excellent views along the lake and is a very short golf cart ride to the amazing Shark's Tooth Clubhouse. Wild Heron is a 734 acre subdivision with the Award Winning Shark's Tooth Golf Course designed by Greg Norman, tennis courts, Prospect Point Pool and hot tub overlooking Lake Powell, a Community Dock and Boat House with kayaks and canoes, fitness center, outdoor pavilion, fire pit, and playground. Only the golf course, tennis, and beach club require separate membership. Wild Heron is just a short drive to the white sandy beaches of the Emerald Coast and the Gulf of Mexico. Plenty of shopping, dining, entertainment and the Panama City Beach Airport are just minutes away.


The Back Bowl Soup Company will be opening in the Winter Park Village at or around Winter Park Resort opening day. I took a peek in the windows today and there is construction going on and it looks to me like they should make opening day. Don't hold your breath though, we are talking mountain construction. Love thier logo to the left and the store front looks great below.
Check out their offerings on their website. They fill a niche that was definitely lacking at the base. I see they have beer and wine so it will be another place to unwind after a hard day on the slopes with an adult beverage. How hard is a hard on the slopes? It is much better than a good day at work unless you tear your ACL which then I would rather be in cubicle land in some basement.
Anywho, enough rambling already, there are now four eateries in the Winter Park Village. Well, make that three as we have heard that Lime is not going to open back up for ski season. So we have Cheeky Monk, Goodys and now the Back Bowl Soup Company. Also, have heard that Grand Adventures will be opening a store front in the Village just opposite Back Bowl to sell their snowmobile tours and rentals and their new Powder Addiction snow cat skiing operation.
Good luck Back Bowl Soup Company! I'm sure you guys are ready to be open and be done with construction and inspections.


Amazing technology exists within the field of medicine. Medicine can help the miracle that is the human body heal; however, when the body is no longer able to heal, medical interventions can inflict more suffering. When a family member is gravely ill, it can be hard to make decisions and a lot of medical interventions can be initiated that will not result in improved health for that person. In fact, 10 to 12% of all medical costs in the country are spent in the last year of life – much of that in the last two weeks. What these statistics show is that over time, we treat older generations by more intense means.
It is hard for families to sort out what to do and what not to do when they are mourning, and it is extremely hard to let go. It would be a lot easier if families knew what their loved ones wanted ahead of time. It is also empowering to know that you can have a say in what happens to you when you may not be able to speak for yourself. This is why advance directives are so important. I firmly believe everyone should have an advance directive, and if you do not have one already – please go to this website.
At the request of the Bar Association I am sponsoring legislation to make it easier to fill out an advance directive – SB1242. This bill establishes criteria for training programs for qualified advance directive facilitators. No longer will a lawyer will be the only one who can assist with the preparation and filing of an advance directive. It allows a qualified facilitator to aid those to complete their own advance directives. Currently only a lawyer can help complete the process. I hope you will consider registering your own advance directive, and having these tough conversations with your family while you are healthy and well.


MINNEAPOLIS, MN (WSFA) - Both Auburn and Virginia had a lot on the line heading into Saturday's Final Four matchup. For both it was a chance to have a shot at their first national title.
Virginia (34-3) is headed to its first national championship after defeating Auburn (30-9) 63-62 in the Final Four.
It was a guy, but not just any ordinary guy, Virginia's Kyle Guy shot his team into Monday night's championship game. Literally. Auburn held a 61-57 with 17 seconds remaining in the game. After a dead ball, Virginia took it out underneath the basket, Guy sprang to the corner and swished an open three to make it 61-60.
Virginia couldn't force Auburn into a 10-second turnover, but instead forced Jared Harper to call a timeout. After the timeout left Auburn with one remaining, Harper - one of Auburn's best free throw shooters - was fouled and sent to the line with 7 seconds to play.
Harper shoots above 80 percent from the charity stripe, but after making the first free throw, missed the second. Auburn held just a 62-60 lead as the Cavaliers' Ty Jerome dribbled up the court.
After Jerome nearly turned the ball over, Auburn elected to foul instead of allowing the Hoos to get off a potential game-winning shot. That foul was followed up by another Auburn foul as they had plenty to give.
With 2 seconds remaining, Virginia used its last timeout to set up an out of bounds play. The next turn of events will be etched into the minds of both Virginia and Auburn fans for as long as they live.
Guy rolled towards the corner for a three after receiving the inbounded pass, rose up for the shot and had it bounce off the side of the rim, and for an instant it looked as if the Auburn Tigers - a No. 5 seed - were headed to their first national championship game, but there was a whistle blown for a foul.
A foul was called on Auburn's Samir Doughty as Guy was coming down from his shot. Contact was made and Guy was given a second opportunity to send his team to the championship.
Entering the game shooting 70 percent as a team from the line on the season, Virginia struggled all night long. Up to this point, they'd been 3 of 9 from the stripe but Guy nailed the first two to tie the game before Auburn head coach Bruce Pearl signaled for a timeout. With less than a second to go on the clock, Guy hit the third free throw to give the Cavaliers a momentary 63-62 lead.
As Auburn inbounded the ball via a baseball-style pass, a twisting Bryce Brown threw up a shot that didn't come close to going in and thus, heartbreak had set in for the Tigers and jubilation for the Cavaliers.
It was deja vu for Auburn whose season nearly ended in the first round of the tournament against New Mexico State. In that game, it was Brown who fouled New Mexico State's Terrell Brown on a three-point attempt with 1 second remaining in nearly the same identical spot that Guy was fouled Saturday night. The difference in the two games was Terrell Brown made one of three free throws with his team down two points. Auburn would escape with a 78-77 victory.
After Auburn had used a 12-0 run to capture a 59-57 lead with 1:57 left to play, it seemed like they'd initially inserted the dagger into the chests of the Cavaliers, but the Hoos kept their composure.
All game long the two teams had gone back and forth, with Auburn gaining momentary advantages - even leading 31-28 at halftime. But it was being played at the place that the Virginia Cavaliers wanted.
Auburn's fast break, run-and-gun offense was kept in check by the structured Hoos. With the key being the screen and roll game for Auburn, Virginia played it almost perfectly all night long.
The Tigers were off to a slow start from beyond the arc, making just 3 of 14 attempts and would only finish 9 of 31. Virginia shot fewer times but connected more often, knocking down 7 of its 19 attempts.
Where they'd combined to score nearly 42 percent of Auburn's points this tournament, Brown and Harper were held to just 23 combined points Saturday night, with Brown leading the team in scoring with 12 points.
For Virginia, three of its five starters finished in double figures, with Ty Jerome's 21 leading the way.
It is still a season to be celebrated for the Auburn Tigers. Along the way to the Final Four, the Tigers obliterated Kansas and North Carolina before defeating Kentucky in overtime in the Elite 8. They'd nearly pulled off another monumental victory in the Final Four.
Virginia will take on the winner of the Michigan State vs. Texas Tech Monday night in the national championship game.
Former Spain Park High School basketball star Austin Wiley will play in the Final Four on Saturday and seeing the big stage brings back memories for his mom, Vicki Orr.


Manuel Eisner from the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge has recently developed an interactive map that details the different homicides that occurred in the bustling areas of medieval London.
It kicked off at a urinal in Cheapside, and ended in a bloody and brutal murder. Poor aim has been responsible for many unexpected deaths, but perhaps none more so than that of Philip of Ashendon.
One of a brutal range of fatal scuffles, revenge killings and infanticides recorded by London coroners in the early 1300s, Philip's demise is among those to feature in a new interactive map that uses death to breathe life into medieval London.
Check out the map on the Violence Research Center page at the University of Cambridge site. Read more of Nicola Davis' article on The Guardian.
The whole city is basically murdertown!
"Interactive London Medieval Murder Map Shows Various Homicides and their Details"


"I am in Texas where the cabin is, so I wanted to send these couple of pictures to you. My brother in law and sister are very happy with the Log Wash, stain and topcoat, he was really impressed Thanks to Kirk Allaire at Real Logs for recommending your product line to us."
I realized that I had forgotten to thank you for taking the time to provide an analysis of how we can help restore our square log home with Perma-Chink products. You were wonderful to work with and give a highly knowledged and comprehensive understanding of what we need to do.
We received the sample kit and plan to begin next spring as soon as the weather is supportive. It will be a big project.
Many thanks and kind regards."
"Can't believe it. The stain I ordered yesterday at 3pm arrived at 10am this morning. Incredible service & logistics from you, as well as UPS. Only in America!"
We want to thank you for hosting us Saturday and putting on such a professional, informative program!
My wife and I have both been involved in numerous seminars over the years - banking, coaching, city government. You can imagin how tentative we have become about going to someone else's office for training. Your presentation was such a fresh and interesting time that we were really disappointed that we had to leave!
We are hoping to retire (soon) and get to our dream property near Orofino ID. Of course, we plan to do as much as possible the entire cleaning, staining and sealing program on our cabin. We will be in further touch with you.
Again, thank you very much for a great time!"
I want to thank you and Tony H. so much for the way the two of you and Perma-Chink have handled the problems I've had with the chinking of my home in East Texas. Although there was some bubbling in the areas most exposed to the sun, there were also problems related to the thinner than recommended installation.
Notwithstanding the blame you and Perma-Chink could have laid on the installer, you chose instead to see to it that it was repaired properly. This says volumes about the integrity and compassion of you and Perma-Chink toward the satisfaction of their customers. It also says that you stand by your product 100%.
Please use me as a reference at any time regarding the character of Perma-Chink's management and the company's desire to completely satisfy it's customers. Thank you again."
"Hello, Terry. This is Bob D. I am writing a letter of thanks to you about Jennifer Stroud. She has been an outstanding saleslady in guiding me through my cabin-refinishing project, and because of her patience and expertise, I now have a place that looks like new. She understands the products and knew what would give me the best results. I had several issues with the cabin, and she helped me resolve them. I am extremely happy with what I've accomplished, but I felt you should know what a valuable employee you have in Jennifer and what a great job she does in representing the Perma-Chink product line. Thanks!"
"Thanks so much, Amie. We love the Perm-Chink products. We finally found a product that looks beautiful on our log home and holds up well."
"Thank you for such great advice at the seminar. My decks are done and I started my garage. I will always use Perma-Chink products."
"Awesome!!! Thank you so much for telling me what to look for when I put the topcoat on and for ALL the advice you have given me. You just don't know how much I appreciate it!!! I feel so much more confident in taking care of this house! And from now on, I will speak with Perma-Chink before ever doing anything with these logs."
In October of 1998 my wife, Wendy, and I purchased a 112 year old log home in the Bitterroot valley. The house had been neglected for some time. Missing chinking had been replaced with "expanding foam" type insulation. The home's original beauty was a hidden treasure waiting to be uncovered.
After attending a product seminar at your Victor location and obtaining valuable information, we began the restoration. Beginning with the interior second floor, we stripped, stained, sealed and chinked. The result was gratifying. We next moved to the exterior. Using the Buddy Blaster and corn media the outside was stripped in a day with very little feathering of the wood. Again, staining, sealing and chinking followed.
All the products and tools we used performed just as expected, but even more important to us, the level of service we received was ourstanding. With more than a five month gap in visits to your showroom, I was greeted by name and asked about my family and projec: That, to me, is a very important part of conducting business. I hope you will pass along my appreciation to Joanne and Richard for their knowledge, courtesy and professional manner. It is always a pleasure stopping in to see them."
"Great job Perma-Chink and very much appreciated! You made another happy customer— Take care!"
"Brad, I sealed the inside with the Perma-Chink and the Log Gap Caps. These are great products. The Perma-Chink is far better than the original caulk we used 10 years ago. Easy to work with and clean up – great stuff."
"I want to thank you for everything. Your folks are great to work with... Talk to u soon!"
"I purchased my supplies from you again recently. :) Love your products. It's been on our log home for 20 years! Thanks again. Great customer service every time."
What an outstanding donation to Pantry Partners! Thank you for your support. Your thoughtfulness will be remembered and greatly appreciated.
Your very generous donation [272 pounds of grocery items collected from customers attending a Nov 2013 Perma-Chink workshop] makes it possible for the families and the seniors to have a very nice Christmas!
Thank you for the very informative seminar 4/16. It was beautifully set up, professional, thought out and generous. I learned a lot. I appreciated the goodies and hands on demonstratons. The samples are very helpful for home decision making.
You all showed your knowledge and willingness to help clearly.
"I thought you may like to see this. I attended one of your spring seminars this year and learned the necessary steps to use and apply your company's products. I have to say, each and every product I used (whether I was skeptical or not) performed exactly as it was marketed. I used nearly everything, including the glass media, Osborn brush, Prelude, Ultra 7, Advance Gloss Topcoat, Chink, Check Mate, Energy Seal, Log End Seal, E-Wood and what seemed to be miles of backer rod!
I was amazed by the transformation my client's home went through and equally amazed by the product and continued customer support I received during the application and learning process. My hat's off to Perma-Chink. Great product. Great service. I look forward to the next opportunity I have to work with you!"
As you know, after a severe hailstorm two years ago, Gary and I had to blast and refinish our 34-year-old log home this summer, finishing the work around Labor Day. We have had neighbors come over, run their hands over the logs and ask how we got such gorgeous wood on our home. Or had others who said how wonderful our home looked from the rural road we live on. Here is where we want to thank you personally for helping us to effectively use Perma-Chink products for the longevity and spectacular beauty of our log home.
From the very beginning, you walked us through the order of the steps to be taken. Such as getting batch numbers for Prelude and Sequoia stain. Explaining which product was necessary for the next step and why that product was needed. Saying how precisely to apply it, while also answering questions about daily weather and heat conditions, etc.
We felt free to call you any time of the day when we had questions. You were always thoughtful and thorough in your answers, in addition to being extremely friendly and encouraging to us for such a labor intensive and expensive project. You helped us to understand why Perma-Chink was the best choice, even if not the least expensive option.
When we needed to test products, you called your office in Stevensville and had free samples sent to us by the next day. You also helped us to understand how our Rocky Mountain weather conditions would affect how we used the products at high altitudes, with very dry and hot weather and intense UV light. These are all different from conditions in Kentucky, where it can be humid, where dry rot is not a problem and where extreme direct sunlight is not necessarily the name of the game. You helped us to identify and sort through all the various parameters to successfully carry out the project so that it would last for many years in the future. We will keep up the Log Washing each year and apply Advance in two years as you explained to us how to test this on different sides of the house.
We also want to thank you for helping us to use a multi-step process in a way that was under warrantee and accomplished precisely what we needed to do according to weather and product requirements.
We gained tremendous knowledge and confidence that Perma-Chink was the right way to go under your tutelage. We don't recall support representatives from any other company ever being as available and helpful as you have been. We hope that you also can recognize how much your expertise helps not only homeowners, but contractors too, to carry out a successful Perma-Chink process that is not always necessarily straight forward.
"To whom it may concern: My wife and I recently had the pleasure of stopping in at your Sevierville TN store to just look around. I was in the area on a vacation and wanted to see about some items. I have used several of your products in the renovating of our log home and was curious on some others.
I had the pleasure of meeting Eddie McDaniels, who I found out later was the store manager. He was very helpful in answering all my questions and provided a good solid foundation on the ideas I had for further work I had planned on our cabin. He is the type of person I would try to recruit from your company if I had a business operating in your field. He was attentive, knowledgeable and displayed a great pride in working for Perma-Chink Systems.
"Thanks for such prompt service. We have been working on our old logs (30 years old) for the past week and are amazed at the results so far. I'm really happy that we choose Perma-Chink for our renovation. The products we've used so far have lived up to our expectations and then some. This last bit of stain will finish the outside (other than the clear coat that we've got) and then it's on to the inside. Exciting to see the real beauty of our logs. Thanks!"
"I would like to take this opportunity to thank the staff at Redmond, WA for a great workshop. The employees at your facility were extremely helpful and friendly. It was worth a trip from Canada."
"I called your Eastern Division office in June to find out about your products. I was pleased to find that I didn't have to pull all the old chinking out, and that your Energy Seal could seal the house. The product was easy to work with and sealed the house like new. I am an extremely satisfied customer. What a great product! Thanks again."
"I felt the workshops went great, but I feel you always do a great job at Perma-Chink. ...Keep up the good work. If you and your crew is ever looking for another field to expand to, you could start a Customer Service 101 classes and share your secrets. Thanks for the help when ever needed."


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How Can I Watch New Ocean's 8 Trailers?
Where to watch a Ocean's 8 full movie 8 online? There are many different sorts of interests in the world, from knitting to mending up aged cars.
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Yet if you're concerning live right here with your family, you might wish to look outside the city limits, specifically if you intend to get a residence (although remember that most bilingual/international institutions will be in the city and.
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Experience more varieties of our ever changing craft beer line up & really boost your UnTappd score (Follow us…. We're verified!) with Flights 'n Bites!
3 thirds of any of our beers and any bar snack £8, 5-7pm Sun – Weds! Cheers!
Join us every Monday night from 8pm to 10.30-pm to test your mental agility in our Pub Quiz! Hosted by George Grimwood your cerebral prowess will be put through it's paces with 6 rounds of questions including a picture round, music round and "this week in history." The prize includes £25 bar tab for the winners, plus a chance to win the jackpot. Time to put your thinking caps on!
Enjoy some great live music entertainment, from local artists, in good company every Thursday night from 8.30pm till 11pm.
Join us every Friday from 8.30pm to 11pm for a night when a live band that will get your weekend off to a great start.
Great SE DJ's set up for the night every Saturday from 8.30pm till 11pm; playing everything from chart toppers to classic wedding beats guaranteed to get everyone up.


For the friends who love to entertain, here is a perfect gift flavored with pecans. It's a smoked fish spread to serve with crackers or toasted French bread.
Place cleaned trout fillets in the container of a food processor fitted with steel blade and pulse a few times, until well chopped. (You can also do this by hand with a sharp knife). Transfer trout to a mixing bowl. Fold in onions and chives and stir. Add mayonnaise and stir to combine. Add lemon juice, pecans and salt and pepper to taste. Stir well, cover and refrigerate.
Packaging tip: Pack pate into a pretty glass bowl or crock and cover with plastic wrap. Tape a white card to the top of bowl and label, including serving suggestions. Tie a moss green bow around bowl and present along with a bag full of toasted bread rounds and a jar of French cornichons.


Areas of support: Social interaction, creative activities, CV writing, interview techniques and formal training, Service users are taught skills such as carpentry, electrics and bicycle mechanics by qualified voluntary professionals. The users of the group have refurbished the building and frequently litter pick at the racecourse. Adhoc activites, such as Tai Chi, songwritting groups and health walks.
Includes cafe and snack shop.


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SHASS announces 8 Research Fund recipients for 2020
The SHASS Research Fund supports MIT research in the humanities, arts, or social sciences that shows promise of making an important contribution to the proposed area of activity.
Congratulations to the 2020 Recipients
Vivek Bald | Associate Professor, Comparative Media Studies
Bald will use the SHASS Research funding to continue prodction on "The Lost Histories Project," an online interactive platform where Bald will host his research on his ongoing project Bengali Harlem. This project, which Bald has been developing since 2004, tells the histories of two groups of South Asian Muslim immigrants who came to the United States during the Asian Exclusion era and "disappeared" into working class African American and Puerto Rican communities in New York, New Orleans, Detroit, and elsewhere.
Vivek Bald's website
Charlotte Brathwaite | Associate Professor, Theater Arts
SHASS research funding will support Brathwaite and her team's travel to Senegal to enrich the development of two projects: a feature-length documentary film Forgotten Paradise: Grazettes Sun and Omar, a new opera by Rhiannon Giddens. The Fund will support travel as Brathwaite and her team journey to the region to shoot footage and witness the Abene Festival and interview local artists and scholars.
Charlotte Brathwaite's website
Manduhai Buyandelger | Associate Professor, Anthropology
The long history of invention of alternative worlds, from ancient theaters to rituals of spirit worship, from literature to cinemas, has now materialized in today's digital technology, specifically, in virtual and augmented realities (VR and AR), among others. In this project Buyandelger will expand the scholarship on the rich genealogy of created worlds that allow one to experience being someone else with an ethnographic study of the development of VR and AR in universities on the East Coast of the United States with MIT as the main base.
Manduhai Buyandelger's website
D. Fox Harrell | Professor of Digital Media & AI
Harrell recently developed an online learning system called Grayscale that uses roleplaying and storytelling to change minds and behaviors regarding workplace sexism. SHASS Research Fund will enable the requisite research to robustly evaluate the system and to deploy it outside the lab for real-world impact.
D. Fox Harrell's website
Mark Harvey | Senior Lecturer, Music and Theater Arts
Harvey is developing new CD recordings of his original compositions for jazz orchestra. The Fund will allow the jazz world and a wider public to hear Harvey's latest musical research as performed by the Aardvark Jazz Orchestra with whom Harvey has evolved an aesthetic of conducted and collective improvisation within complex notated structural frameworks.
Mark Harvey's website
Norvin Richards | Professor, Linguistics
Richards will bring a group of students to spend a week near a Maine community in which the endangered Passamaquoddy language is still spoken. Among Richards's specializations are endangered languages, the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project, any of various issues in the syntax of Tagalog or other Austronesian languages.
Norvin Richards's website
Frank Schilbach | Gary Loveman Career Development Assistant Professor of Economics
The WHO recently declared that depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Schilbach and his colleagues will will conduct new surveys in India and collect experimental data to measure the impact of intervention on three broad sets of outcomes: (i) long-run mental health; (ii) economic well-being including labor supply, earnings, savings, and consumption; (iii) beliefs and information processing, as well as social, risk, and time preferences.
Frank Schilbach's website
Christine J. Walley | Professor, Anthropology
What does it mean to be "working class" in the 21st century United States, a period marked by two phenomena: first, a realignment of class dynamics linked to growing inequality and increasingly precarious forms of labor and, second, Trump's resurrection of the white male industrial worker as symbolic of the American "working class" in ways that occlude the racialized and gendered components of being working class in both the past and present? The SHASS Fund will support Walley's academic research relating to an early stage book manuscript entitled, Haunted Brownfields, that seeks to explore these transformations.
Christine J. Walley's website
MIT's Mission in the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
About the SHASS Research Fund
The Power of the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at MIT
MIT SHASS Research and Innovation
Meeting the world's greatest challenges
MIT SHASS is home to research that has a global impact, and to graduate programs recognized as among the finest in the world. With 13 academic fields, the School's research portfolio includies international studies, linguistics, economics, poverty alleviation, history, literature, anthropology, digital humanities, philosophy, global studies and languages, music and theater, writing, political science, security studies, women's and gender studies, and comparative media studies.
Research Portfolio


Awesome life lessons. They are really inspiring and super duper helpful. Thanks so much for the post 😊. I just loved it !!
Samantha, I can relate to almost everything you've said! I too used to be terrified of driving on highways; before I moved to Brigantine, I'd never even driven on the Atlantic City Expressway, and now I do it every day. I love that you (ahem) drove this point home by including yet another classic Clueless clip! I also know exactly what you mean about having the guts and persistence to pursue your art on Etsy. It took me years to get my pictures the way I wanted them, and I used to be so frustrated that it was taking too long. Now I know that it was all just part of the process. Also, lots of well-meaning people have told me to try to make things "that people want to buy." You know, like more normal stuff. ID tag holders. Things with blueberries on them. Quieter, simpler necklaces. But that never felt right to me because I'm not trying to cater to the masses, but to share my ideas with the world. I know that you're doing the same and admire that you're encouraging others to do it, too. Finally, I'm a fellow introvert who really values spending time alone. I think that solitude is really important for creative people because it's what allows us to do our thing. Introverts are choosier about picking life partners. We don't let just anyone in, so that someone has to be pretty special. In the end, I lucked out with my husband. He's my best friend and just as quirky as I am. As you say, people come into our lives when they're meant to.
P.S. The chick and seal graphics are super cute!
I love your comment so much! Thanks for sharing your own experiences; it's awesome to know that we have a lot in common! I too get impatient when I'm trying to create stuff and it isn't going as fast as I'd like it to. I'm glad you found someone who is quirky and is your best friend – you're very lucky! ❤ Keep on making your beautiful jewelry designs! It's so unique and I love it – keep creating what you love! Also, Clueless is one of those movies that seems to always relate to my life in some way! Hahaha!


Think you know what it means to be a cat lady? Think again. According to tattoo artist Betty Rose, these days it's all about the ink.
Cat art has become hugely popular in the tattoo industry. So popular in fact, that Betty's made a surprising career out of cat tattoos, also known as "cattoos".
Check out the video to hear Betty's touching shelter cat story and learn more about her unique career.


Assay by immunoelectrophoresis resulted in a single precipitin arc against anti-Peroxidase, anti-Rabbit Serum, Armenian Hamster IgG and Armenian Hamster Serum.
Armenian Hamster IgG whole molecule.
This product was prepared from monospecific antiserum by immunoaffinity chromatography using Armenian Hamster IgG coupled to agarose.
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab5745 in the following tested applications.
ELISA 1/25000. This product has been assayed against 1.0 ug of Armenian Hamster IgG in a standard capture ELISA using ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) as a substrate for 30 minutes at room temperature.
Publishing research using ab5745? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet.
Ab5745 staining Armenian hamster IgG by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) using the spleen of a healthy C57BL/6J mouse. Tissue was fixed with formalin. Antigen retrieval was by heat mediation in citrate buffer, carried out in a pressure cooker. Tissue sections were blocked with 2.5% goat serum for 2 hours at room temperature, followed by incubation with primary antibody (ab231545 1/100 in 1% BSA) overnight at 4°C. The secondary antibody (1/300 in 1% BSA) was added for 40 min at room temperature.
The samples are FFPE. I have tried 1:50, 1:20 and 1:10. I checked the antibody on fresh frozen and it works, so the secondary is all good. The image supplied with the ab shows positive staining on paraffin embedded mouse spleen. I just cannot get our samples working. The application notes say that it works on IHC-Paraffin. What is the recommended retrieval and times for FFPE tissue.
Thanks for your message and for kindly providing this further information.
I have copied below the IHC-P testing protocol for this antibody, which includes the antigen retrieval details. I hope this will be helpful. Please note this protocol will be a guideline only and may require some individual optimization.
1. Please provide the order number and date of purchase.
2. Time for antigen retrieval with paraffin embedded samples will require some individual optimization depending on the individual experiment (sample type, epitope being detected, species etc). Try different time points to see which provides better results, for example 2, 5, 10 and 20 minutes.
3. TCR gamma /TCR delta is a membrane protein. Therefore permeabilization will not be required. Triton is quite a strong detergent and can disrupt membrane proteins and significantly affect the staining.
Try including a more gentle detergent, 0.2% Tween in the wash buffer and antibody dilution buffer. This will help to keep the antibody solubilised and wash away any excess antibody.
Make 4-um sections and place on pre-cleaned and charged microscope slides. Heat in a tissue-drying oven for 45 minutes at 60°C.
Citrate buffer as per AbCAM recipe.
Incubation at different times. From 1hr room temp to Overnight at 4C. All washes 1x TBS as per AbCAM directions.
All of the other antibodies that I ordered are working well. I followed AbCAM protocol first. Details that need to be clarified are the antigen retieval in perticular the temps. The protocol is not complete as it says citrate but does not include the temps and times. I don't want to use the little that I have left until the finer details are filled in.
I would like to reassure you that ab118864 is tested and covered by our 6 month guarantee for use in IHC-Fr and mouse samples. In the event that a product is not functioning in the applications cited on the product data sheet, we will be pleased to provide a credit note or free of charge replacement.
Although the other antibody has worked well using this procedure, individual antibodies will often require optimization. Protocols are provided as a guideline only and individual optimization will often be required for individual experiments. I would like to offer some suggestions to help optimize the results from ab118864. I would also appreciate if you can confirm some details of the procedure.
2. Fixation: for frozen sections, we would recommend to fix in 4% PFA for 10 minutes only. This should mean that antigen retrieval is then not required. Could you confirm these are frozen samples? There is no mention of paraffin embedding.
3. Antigen retrieval: Antigen retrieval is not usually required for frozen sections.
Time for antigen retrieval with paraffin embedded samples will require some individual optimization depending on the individual experiment (sample type, epitope being detected, species etc). Try different time points to see which provides better results, for example 2, 5, 10 and 20 minutes.
4. TCR gamma /TCR delta is a membrane protein. Therefore permeabilization will not be required. Triton is quite a strong detergent and can disrupt membrane proteins and significantly affect the staining.
5. Please confirm what dilutions of primary antibody have been tried? I can suggest to increase the concentration to increase the signal obtained.
6. Is the secondary antibody working well with other primary antibodies? This will help to assess where the problem is.


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Why is everybody freaking out about this Lucille Ball statue?
Kit Steinkellner
Updated Apr 04, 2015 @ 9:35 am
In honor of one of our all-time favorite comic actresses, Lucille Ball, a statue of the legend was erected in her hometown of Celoron, New York, depicting Ball in "Vitameatavegimin," one of the most beloved episodes of "I Love Lucy" in which the character of Lucy accidentally gets drunk while taping a commercial that requires a LOT of takes for a health serum that contains a LOT of alcohol.
The thing is, locals are NOT very pleased with statue. Not because they don't love Lucy (who among us doesn't love Lucy), but because most people tend to find the statue, well, kind of scary. Take a look and judge for yourselves.
As Buzzfeed reports, a Facebook group was started called "We Love Lucy! Get Rid of this Statue!" The group currently boasts over 5,000 members, which is a LOT of people, considering the town only has about 12,500 residents.
"The people of Celoron have erected this horrible statue of Lucy in her hometown," the anonymous founder explained on the page. "It is a nightmare. We want them to replace it."
"Lucille Ball was not only an amazing comedienne, but she was a stunning beauty," the self-described "big fan" told Yahoo News. "Her sense of humor only made her more beautiful.This statue looks nothing like the beautiful Lucy we all know. If for no other reason than that… the statue should go."
"It looks like a monster," the anonymous Lucy-lover concluded. "When you see it at night, it is frightening."
We love the idea of Lucy having a statue in the town she grew up in, but at this point, maybe the best course of action, for the sake of her memory, would be to scrap this statue, go back to the drawing board, and redesign a statue that celebrated the actress and comedian the way we all want to celebrate her.
Image via


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International Laboratory for Logic, Linguistics and Formal Philosophy
About the Laboratory
Theoretical seminar "Formal Philosophy"
Conferences Archive
Participation in conferences
Laboratory Head – Elena Dragalina-Chernaya
Deputy Head – Vitaliy Dolgorukov
Manager – Vera Shumilina
Important announcements 1
To Peirce Hintikka's Thoughts
Pietarinen A. Logica Universalis. 2019. Vol. 13. P. 241-262.
This paper compares Peirce's and Hintikka's logical philosophies and identifies a cross-section of similarities in their thoughts in the areas of action-first epistemology, pragmaticist meaning, philosophy of science, and philosophy of logic and mathematics
Peirce's calculi for classical propositional logic
Ma M., Pietarinen A. Review of Symbolic Logic. 2020. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 509-540.
This article investigates Charles Peirce's development of logical calculi for classical propositional logic in 1880–1896. Peirce's 1880 work on the algebra of logic resulted in a successful calculus for Boolean algebra. This calculus, denoted by PC, is here presented as a sequent calculus and not as a natural deduction system. It is shown that Peirce's aim was to present PC as a sequent calculus. The law of distributivity, which Peirce states in 1880, is proved using Peirce's Rule, which is a residuation, in PC. The transitional systems of the algebra of the copula that Peirce develops since 1880 paved the way to the 1896 graphical system of the alpha graphs. It is shown how the rules of the alpha system reinterpret Boolean algebras, answering Peirce's statement that logical graphs supply a new system of fundamental assumptions to logical algebra. A proof-theoretic analysis is given for the connection between PC and the alpha system.
Added: Nov 3, 2018
Meaning and Affect in Placebo Effect
Chiffi D., Pietarinen A., Grecucci A. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2018.
This paper presents and defends an integrated view of the placebo effect, termed "affective -meaning- making" model, which draws from theoretical reflection, clinical outcomes and neurophysiological findings. We consider the theoretical limitations of those proposals associated with the "meaning view" on the placebo effect which (i) leave the general aspects of meaning unspecified, (ii) fail to fully analyse the role of emotions and affect, and (iii) establish no clear connection between the theoretical, physiological and psychological aspects of the effect. We point out that a promising way to overcome these limitations is given by grounding the placebo effect on Peirce's theory of meaning, in which the role of the meaning constitution and change is placed in logical and objective structures. We also show the connection between our theoretical proposal and the appraisal theory, and integrate it with emotion regulation.
First-Order Tolerant Logics
Zardini E. Review of Symbolic Logic. 2018.
Closed without Boundaries
Zardini E. Synthese. 2020.
The paper critically discusses two prominent arguments against closure principles for knowledge. The first one is the "argument from aggregation", claiming that closure under conjunction has the consequence that, if one individually knows i premises, one also knows their i-fold conjunction—yet, every one of the premises might exhibit interesting positive epistemic properties while the i-fold conjunction might fail to do so. The second one is the "argument from concatenation", claiming that closure under entailment has the consequence that, if one knows a premise, one also knows each of its remote consequences one arrives at—yet, again, the premise might exhibit interesting positive epistemic properties while some of its remote consequences might fail to do so. The paper firstly observes that the ways in which these two arguments try to establish that the relevant closure principle has the relevant problematic consequence are strikingly similar. They both crucially involve showing that, given the features of the case, the relevant closure principle acts in effect as a soritical principle, which is in turn assumed to lead validly to the relevant problematic consequence. There are however nontransitive logics of vagueness ("tolerant logics", developed elsewhere by the author) where soritical principles do not have any problematic consequence. Assuming that one of these logics is the correct logic of vagueness, the paper secondly observes that both arguments describe situations where knowledge is arguably vague in the relevant respects, so that a tolerant logic should be used in reasoning about it, with the effect that the relevant soritical principle no longer validly leads to the relevant problematic consequence. This shows an interesting respect in which the gap between validity and good inference that arguably arises in a transitive framework can be bridged in a tolerant one, thereby approximating better certain features of our epistemic lives as finite subjects. Moreover, even for those who do not subscribe to tolerant logics, the paper's two observations jointly indicate that, for all the arguments from aggregation and concatenation show, the status of the relevant closure principles should be no worse than that assigned by one's favoured theory of vagueness to soritical principles, which only rarely is plain falsity and can indeed get arbitrarily close to full truth.
Communication as commitment sharing: speech acts, implicatures, common ground
Гёртс Л. Б. Theoretical Linguistics. 2019. Vol. 45. No. 1-2. P. 1-30.
The main tenet of this paper is that human communication is first and foremost a matter of negotiating commitments, rather than one of conveying intentions, beliefs, and other mental states. Every speech act causes the speaker to become committed to the hearer to act on a propositional content. Hence, commitments are relations between speakers, hearers, and propositions. Their purpose is to enable speakers and hearers to coordinate their actions: communication is coordinated action for action coordination. To illustrate the potential of the approach, commitment-based analyses are offered for a representative sample of speech act types, conversational implicatures, as well as for common ground.
On the Constructive Axiomatic Method
Rodin A. Logique et Analyse. 2018. Vol. 242. No. 2. P. 201-231.
The received notion of axiomatic method stemming from Hilbert is not fully adequate to the recent successful practice of axiomatizing mathematical theories. The axiomatic architecture of Homotopy type theory (HoTT) does not ft the pattern of formal axiomatic theory in the standard sense of the word. However this theory falls under a more general and in some respects more traditional notion of axiomatic theory, which I call after Hilbert and Bernays constructive and demonstrate using the Classical example of the First Book of Euclid's Elements. I also argue that HoTT is not unique in the respect but represents a wider trend in today's mathematics, which also includes Topos theory and some other developments. On the basis of these modern and ancient examples I claim that the received semantic oriented formal axiomatic method defended recently by Hintikka is not self-sustained but requires a support of constructive method.
Finally, I provide an epistemological argument showing that the constructive axi omatic method is more apt to present scientifc theories than the received axiomatic method.
Two "Styles" of axiomatization: Rules versus Axioms. A Modern Perspective.
Rodin A. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic. 2018. Vol. 24. No. 2. P. 263-264.
In a Hilbert-style non-logical axiomatic theory the semantics of logical symbols is rigidly fixed, while the interpretation of non-logical symbols usually varies giving rise to different models of the given theory. All non-logical content of such a theory is comprised in its non-logical axioms (e.g., axioms of ZF) while rules, which generate from these axioms new theorems, belong to the logical part of the theory (aka underlying logic). An alternative approach to axiomatization due to Gentzen amounts to a presentation of formal calculi in the form of systems of rules without axioms. Gentzen did not try to extend his approach to non-logical theories by considering specific non-logical rules as a replacement for non-logical axioms. However the more recent work in Univalent Foundations of Mathematics [2] suggests that the Gentzen-style rule-based approach to formal presentation of theories may have important applications also outside the pure logic. Areasonwhy onemay prefer a rule-based formal representation is that it ismore computerfriendly. This, in particular, motivates the recent work on the constructive justification of the Univalence Axiom via the introduction of new operations on types and contexts [1]. However this pragmatic argument does not meet the related epistemological worries. What kind of knowledge may represent a theory having the form of a bare system of rules? Is such a formof a theory appropriate for representing a knowledge of objective human-independent reality? How exactly truth features in rule-based non-logical theories? Using HoTT as a motivating example I provide some answers to these questions and show that the Gentzen-style rule-based approach provides a viable alternative to the standard axiomatic approach not only in logic but also in science more generally.
Added: Jun 5, 2018
Consensus in Social Networks of Compound Nodes
Fedyanin D., Чхартишвили А. Г. Automation and Remote Control. 2018. Vol. 79. No. 6. P. 1117-1124.
Opinion dynamics in network structures of special type are considered. Each node consists of two agents interacting with each other. The properties of consensus arising in such structures are studied using the DeGroot model.
Added: Jun 27, 2018
On Distributed Reflexive Complex Mechanisms of Decision-making in a Transportation System of a Smart city
Fedyanin D., Vershinin Y. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018. Vol. 7. No. 28. P. 164-167.
We describe distributed reflexive complex mechanisms of decision-making in a SMART city. These complex mechanisms are a cognitive self-organizing decision support system for development governance. These mechanisms utilize local information from all nearby sensors of city sensors on buildings, sensors on other cars, sensors on pedestrians and some additional information. We describe the way to a new level of safety of citizens by additional vision and automated reasoning. It provide transparency in Augmented Reality Devices by virtually eliminating obstacles e.g. buildings. The problem is that development of a city is a process so people still have to make suggestions and now these suggestions are about awareness of other agents. Distributed reflexive complex mechanisms can assist and support their decisions in solving these problems.
Horizons of Scientific Pluralism: Logics, Ontology, Mathematics
Vasyukov V. L. IfCoLoG Journal of Logics and their Applications. 2017. Vol. 4. No. 4. P. 1477-1494.
Discussions on the scientific pluralism typically involve the unity of science thesis, which has been first advanced by Neo-Positivists in the 1930-ies and later widely criticized in the late 1970-ies. In the present paper the problem of scientific pluralism is examined in the context of modern logic, where it became particularly pertinent after the emergence of non-Classical logics. Usual arguments in favor of a unique choice of "the" logical system are of an extralogical nature. The conception of Universal Logic as a theory of mutual translatability and combination of alternative logical systems allows for a more constructive approach to the issue. Logical pluralism gives rise not only to the ontological pluralism but also to non-Classical mathematics based on various non-Classical logics. Our analysis of ontological pluralism rises the following question: is our mathematics globally Classical and locally non-Classical (i.e. having non-Classical parts) or rather, the other way round, is globally non-Classical and only locally Classical? We conclude that in the context of post-non-Classical science the logical pluralism justifies one's freedom to chose logical tools in conformity with one's aims, norms and values.
The Grammar of Russian Metalinguistic Comparatives
Zevakhina N., Dzhakupova S., Вишенкова А. С. Scando-Slavica. 2017. No. 2(63). P. 179-197.
The paper studies Russian metalinguistic comparatives. Specifically, it argues that Russian exhibits three single meta-comparatives (skoree 'sooner', bol′še 'more', and lučše 'better', lit.), which are derived as a result of grammaticalisation of corresponding standard comparatives and three double meta-comparatives (skoree bol′še, bol′še skoree, and skoree lučše). From a morphological and syntactic point of view, these meta-comparatives are quite distinct from standard comparatives. Unlike standard comparatives, they have only synthetic forms, are ungrammatical with Genitive and show prosodic restrictions and linearly syntactic preferences. Moreover, the metacomparatives are divided into two major groups: skoree, bol′še, skoree bol′še, bol′še skoree vs. lučše, skoree lučše. Each of these two groups imposes specific restrictions on a syntactic category and/or grammatical form of the two compared phrases. Last but not least, due to a relatively free combination of skoree with other single meta-comparatives, which results in double metacomparatives, the paper reveals that skoree is the most grammaticalised metacomparative in Russian.
Aesthetic Preferences in Mathematics: a Case Study
Irina S. 22. 22. 22, 2017
Although mathematicians often use it, mathematical beauty is a philosophically challenging concept. How can abstract objects be evaluated as beautiful? Is this related to the way we visualise them? Using a case study from graph theory (the highly symmetric Petersen graph), this paper tries to analyse aesthetic preferences in mathematical practice and to distinguish genuine aesthetic from epistemic or practical judgements. It argues that, in making aesthetic judgements, mathematicians may be responding to a combination of perceptual properties of visual representations and mathematical properties of abstract structures; the latter seem to carry greater weight. Mathematical beauty thus primarily involves mathematicians' sensitivity to aesthetics of the abstract.
Crossing the Line: New Intuitions Behind Frankfurt-Type Cases
Mishura A. Axiomathes. 2017. Vol. 27. No. 4. P. 393-402.
Frankfurt-type cases with covered manipulation received a great attention in the debates about freedom of will and moral responsibility. They pretend to give the refutation of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) and to show that we can intuitively blame or praise an agent who was not able to do otherwise. In this paper, I will try to make explicit some basic intuitions underlying the agent's responsibility in Frankfurt-type cases, which were surprisingly ignored in the contemporary debates. The key intuition is that the responsibility of the agent in Frankfurt-type cases is always grounded at the point of overcoming the uncertainty preceding action. This overcoming is crucially important for agent's responsibility and immune to any manipulation of counterfactual intervener.
Undecidability of the transitive graded modal logic with converse
Zolin E. Journal of Logic and Computation. 2017. Vol. 27. No. 5. P. 1399-1420.
We extend the language of the modal logic K4 of transitive frames with two sorts of modalities. In addition to the usual possibility modality (which means that a formula holds in some successor of a given point), we consider graded modalities (a formula holds in at least n successors) and converse graded modalities (aformula holds in at least n predecessors). We show that the resulting logic, GrIK4, is both locally and globally undecidable. The same result is obtained for all logics between GrIK4 and its reflexive companion GrIS4 and for some other modal logics. As a consequence, for the "unrestricted version" of the description logic SIQ, the problem of concept satisfiability (even with respect to the empty terminology) is undecidable. We also give a survey of results on the local and global decidability, complexity, and the finite model property for fragments of GrIK4.
Potoses: Categorical Paraconsistent Universum for Paraconsistent Logic and Mathematic
Vasyukov V. L. Logical Investigations. 2017. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 76-95.
It is well-known that the concept of da Costa algebra [3] reects most of the logical properties of paraconsistent propositional calculi Cn, 1< n <w introduced by N.C.A.da Costa. In [10] the construction of topos of functors from a small category to the category of sets was proposed which allows to yield the categorical semantics for da Costa's paraconsistent logic. Another categorical semantics for Cn would be obtained by introducing the concept of potos { the categorical counterpart of da Costa algebra (the name \potos" is borrowed from W.Carnielli's story of the idea of such kind of categories)
What Hamblin's Formal Dialectic Tells Us About the Medieval Logical Disputation
Pavlova A. Logical Investigations. 2017. Vol. 23. No. 1. P. 151-176.
In this paper we reconstruct a famous Severin Boethius's reasoning according to the idea of the medieval obligationes disputation mainly focusing on the formalizations proposed by Ch. Hamblin. We use two different formalizations of the disputation: first with the help of Ch. Hamblin's approach specially designed to formalize such logical debates; second, on the basis of his formal dialectics. The two formaliza-tions are used to analyze the logical properties of the rules of the medieval logical disputation and that of their formal dialectic's counterparts. Our aim is to to show that Hamblin's formal dialectic is a communicative protocol for rational agents whose structural rules may differ, thus, varying its normative character. By means of comparing Hamblin's reconstructions with the one proposed by C. Dutilh-Novaes we are able to justify the following conclusions: (1) the formalization suggested by Hamblin fails to reconstruct the full picture of the disputation because it lacks in some the details of it; (2) Hamblin's formal dialectic and the medieval logical disputation are based on different logical theories; (3) medieval logical disputation, represented by the formalization of C. Dutilh-Novaes, and the two ones of Hamblin encode different types of cognitive agents
Vasiliev's Clue to Mourdoukhay-Boltovskoy's Hypersyllogistic
Vasyukov V. L. In bk.: The Logical Legacy of Nikolai Vasiliev and Modern Logic. Vol. 387: Synthese Library. Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Springer, 2017. P. 189-198.
In 1926 D.Mourdoukhay-Boltovskoy introduced a hypersillogistic which according to him relates to the traditional syllogistic as a four-dimensional space relates to the three-dimensional space. Unfortunately, his note was too brief to understand the conception introduced. His remark from 1929 in which he refers to N. Vasiliev's metalogic furnishes the clue to hypersyllogistic. In the paper the semantic of model schemes for hypersillogistic is proposed and some possible translations into traditional syllogistic are discussed.
Thought experiments in mathematics
Irina S., Giaquinto M. In bk.: The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments. L.; NY: ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2017. P. 257-278.
It is not news that we often make discoveries or find reasons for a mathematical proposition by thinking alone. But does any of this thinking count as conducting a thought experiment? The answer to that question is "yes," but without refinement the question is uninteresting. Suppose you want to know whether the equation [8x + 12y = 6] has a solution in the integers. You might mentally substitute some integer values for the variables and calculate. In that case you would be mentally trying something out, experimenting with particular integer values, in order to test the hypothesis that the equation has no solution in the integers. Not getting a solution the first time, you might repeat the thought experiment with different integer inputs.
Scalar diversity
van Tiel B., van Miltenburg E., Zevakhina N. et al. Journal of Semantics. 2016. No. 33 (1). P. 137-175.
We present experimental evidence showing that there is considerable variation between the rates at which scalar expressions from different lexical scales give rise to upper-bounded construals. We investigated two factors that might explain the variation between scalar expressions: first, the availability of the lexical scales, which we measured on the basis of association strength, grammatical class, word frequencies and semantic relatedness, and, secondly, the distinctness of the scalemates, which we operationalized on the basis of semantic distance and boundedness. It was found that only the second factor had a significant effect on the rates of scalar inferences.
HSE University → Research Departments → International Laboratory for Logic, Linguistics and Formal Philosophy → Publications


Built-in chipset that converts digital to analog signals.
Flat cable is ideal for tight spaces.
Features a micro USB connector that provides additional power to the converter if needed.
Does not pass HDCP content as VGA is unencrypted.
Output connector: male 15-pin HD.
Length: 2 meters (6.6 feet).


text:
New Film About Centaur and Pudge's involvement in Dunkirk
Home News New Film About Centaur and Pudge's involvement in Dunkirk
The Thames Sailing Barge Trust have released this weekend a new film telling the story of Centaur and Pudge's involvement in the evacuation of troops from the beaches at Dunkirk.
The film which can be viewed on line forms part of the Maldon Heritage Groups History Week which has a Martime theme.
To view the film visit www.bargetrust.org/events and look for Centaur and Pudge Dunkirk Survivors and click on the link.
The film will only be available over the Bank Holiday Weekend.


text:
## Latest Release: 1210.14.1.2 (2022/06/24)
* [azure-chef-extension #371] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/371 Documented the use of chef_server_crt option in azure-chef-extension
* [azure-chef-extension #373] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/373 Add files to help with release process
* [azure-chef-extension #376] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/376 Changes for Rakefile for new process of publishing
* [azure-chef-extension #377] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/377 Update in makefile for automating the process
* [azure-chef-extension #378] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/378 Upgrade rack version to 2.14 for azure-chef-extension

## Release: 1210.14.1.1 (2021/10/14)
* [azure-chef-extension #363] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/363 Fix for python not found error in latest Linux versions
* [azure-chef-extension #366] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/366 Masking the credentials from chef-package-url
* [azure-chef-extension #368] https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/368 Fix for shared.sh script file according to ruby code conventions.

## Release: 1210.14.1.0 (2021/09/01)
* [azure-chef-extension #353](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/353) Changing the default daemon setting to task for windows.
* [azure-chef-extension #357](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/357) Fix TLS for installs from Azure Blob Stores.
* [azure-chef-extension #358](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/358) Removing knife dependency from azure chef extension
* [azure-chef-extension #359](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/359) Unpinning Chef-Infra-Client-16 from azure-chef-extension.
* [azure-chef-extension #360](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/360) Unpinning chef-16 gem from gemspec file.

## Release: 1210.13.5.2 (2021/05/17)
* [azure-chef-extension #345](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/345) Pin to chef 16 until chef 17 is tested and verified in Azure.
* [azure-chef-extension #347](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/347) Pinned to chef-16 gem to fix rspec.
* [azure-chef-extension #344](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/344) Add MSI installer logging.

## Release: 1210.13.5.1 (2021/04/01)
* [azure-chef-extension #337](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/337) Fix for failing deployment of Azure Chef extension in Ubuntu 20.04.

## Release: 1210.13.4.3 (2021/03/16)
* [azure-chef-extension #339](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/339) Remove query params from chef_package_url.

## Release: 1210.13.4.2 (2021/02/02)
* [azure-chef-extension #333](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/333) Remove use of Get Win32_Product API Call.
* [azure-chef-extension #332](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/332) Fix for inconsistent behavior with System Path and error while running dameon as service.
* [azure-chef-extension #330](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/330) Improvement in code of chef-install.sh.

## Release: 1210.13.4.1 (2020/08/19)
* [azure-chef-extension #320](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/320) Fix python syntax error found while testing Redhat 8 for environment variable and Updated example of custom_json_attr.
* [azure-chef-extension #309](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/309) Unpin Chef 15 and pin to latest chef version.
* [azure-chef-extension #308](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/308) Add support for Chef Client 16.

## Release: 1210.13.3.3 (2020/07/30)
* [azure-chef-extension #304](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/304) Fix for #303: enable times out with chef_package_url param
* [azure-chef-extension #306](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/306) Fix for #305: Install fails on Linux when proxy does SSL int.

## Release: 1210.13.3.2 (2020/07/03)
* [azure-chef-extension #300](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/300) Added a new parameter called `chef_package_url` which specifies a url to download Chef Infra Client package (.msi .rpm .deb) and subsequently install.

## Release: 1210.13.3.1 (2020/06/04)
* [azure-chef-extension #293](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/293) Support azure chef extension to chef-15. For this added `CHEF_LICENSE` option
which can be pass as [license acceptance](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension#arm-commands-for-azure-chef-extension)

## Release: 1210.13.2.3 (2020/02/13)
* [azure-chef-extension #287](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/287) Fix empty runlist issue while passing policy_name and policy_group.

## Release: 1210.13.2.2 (2019/11/26)
* [azure-chef-extension #284](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/284) Remove --no-ri and --no-rdoc options from chef-install.sh.
* [azure-chef-extension #281](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/281) Add compatible python path for Rhel8.
* [azure-chef-extension #279](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/279) Fix null-valued expression error.
* [azure-chef-extension #278](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/278) Set path in cron for chef client environment.

## Release: 1210.13.2.1 (2019/08/23)
* [azure-chef-extension #274](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/274) Added `chef_package_path` option to allow custom path of downloaded chef client.
* [azure-chef-extension #266](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/266) Fixes failing specs in recent merge which has wrong check of error code.

## Release: 1210.13.1.1 (2019/08/23)
* [azure-chef-extension #269](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/269) Pin to Chef 14 until Chef 15 is tested and verified on Azure later this year

## Release: 1210.13.1.0 (2019/02/05)
* [azure-chef-extension #261](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/261) Fixes the duplicate node_name in client.rb
* [azure-chef-extension #255](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/255) Fixes environment and run_list params not recognised.

## Release: 1210.12.110.1002 (2018/08/23)
* [azure-chef-extension #271](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/271) Pin to Chef 14 until Chef 15 is tested and verified on Azure later this year.

## Release: 1210.12.110.1001 (2018/04/30)
* [azure-chef-extension #245](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/245) Added `bootstrap_channel` option to install chef client version from `stable`, `current` or `unstable` channel.

## Release: 1210.12.110.1000 (2017/11/15)
* [azure-chef-extension #237](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/237) Updated document for extension sequencing in ARM template.
* [azure-chef-extension #236](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/236) Added support for Oracle Linux.
* [azure-chef-extension #234](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/234) Updated rake task to use azure-extension-cli to publish/unpublish extension in Public cloud
* [azure-chef-extension #229](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/229) Updated rake task to support publishing extension on Gov Cloud
* [azure-chef-extension #228](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/228) Removed backup logic and using n.settings file from C:/Chef during update to fix error coming while upgrading Chef extension version on Windows.

## Release: 1210.12.109.1005 (2017/07/03)
* [azure-chef-extension #217](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/217) Chef-service enable failed, make sure that Azure Chef extension start the chef-client service, If service StartMode is disabled.

## Release: 1210.12.109.1004 (2017/05/18)
* [azure-chef-extension #213](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/213) Fixed runlist conflicts with policy_name and policy_group settings in first-boot.json
* [azure-chef-extension #210](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/210) Update readme with microsoft image
* [azure-chef-extension #209](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/209) Added changes for spliting multiple certificates
* [azure-chef-extension #208](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/208) Fixing OpenSSL `header too long` issue.

## Release: 1210.12.109.1003 (2017/03/31)
* [azure-chef-extension #205](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/205) Fixed extension failure issue for Windows 8.

## Release: 1210.12.109.1002 (2017/03/28)
* [azure-chef-extension #203](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/203) Fixed nested backup issue.
* [azure-chef-extension #200](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/200) Fixed extension bad format issue.
* [azure-chef-extension #197](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/197) Optimized extension install and enable for windows.
* [azure-chef-extension #196](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/196) Renamed chef-service-interval option name to chef-daemon-interval.

## Release: 1210.12.109.1000 (2017/03/17)
* [azure-chef-extension #193](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/193) Added support for environment_variables in windows extension.

## Release: 1210.12.108.1000 (2017/02/17)
* [azure-chef-extension #188](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/188) Add support for chef-client scheduled task

## Release: 1210.12.106.1001 (2017/01/30)
* [azure-chef-extension #187](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/187) add python script to parse env variables

## Release: 1210.12.107.1001 (2017/01/03)
* [azure-chef-extension #185](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/185) Parsing json on Windows 2008

## Release: 1210.12.107.1000 (2016/12/26)
* [azure-chef-extension #178](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/178) Added -daemon option in chef-client service install
* [azure-chef-extension #181](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/181) Moving install steps to enable
* [azure-chef-extension #183](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/183) Skipping reading azure config json file for powershell V2.0
* [azure-chef-extension #184](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/184) Accepting daemon=none instead of auto

## Release: 1210.12.106.1000 (2016/10/19)
* [azure-chef-extension #161](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/161) Added code to read chef_service_interval from extension config file and process it.
* [azure-chef-extension #167](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/167) Adding support for setting custom json attributes in first_boot.json
* [azure-chef-extension #169](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/169) Fetching secret from protectedSettings instead of publicSettings
* [azure-chef-extension #172](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/172) Fixed bug to not generate empty encrypted_data_bag_secret file.

## Release: 1210.12.105.1001 (2016/08/10)
* [azure-chef-extension #157](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/157) Fix for validation.pem file not generating
* [azure-chef-extension #158](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/158) Pinned rack to fix travis failure

## Release: 1210.12.105.1000 (2016/06/27)
* [azure-chef-extension #149](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/149) Removed unrequired flags for Linux Platforms
* [azure-chef-extension #150](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/150) Removed unwanted flags for windows

## Release: 1210.12.104.1000 (2016/06/20)
* [azure-chef-extension #141](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/141) Added support to read environment variables from handler settings file
* [azure-chef-extension #143](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/143) Added retry logic for chef-client download issue on Windows platform.
* [azure-chef-extension #144](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/144) Added check for chef-client installation and to skip installation if exists

## Release: 1210.12.103.1000 (2016/05/24)
* [azure-chef-extension #127](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/127) Updated README for adding uninstallChefClient option
* [azure-chef-extension #133](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/133) Appending Environment path for ruby at the end
* [azure-chef-extension #128](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/128) Use opscode chef's install for chef installation
* [azure-chef-extension #122](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/122) Added code to write chef_client run logs in sub_status field of 0.status file
* [azure-chef-extension #135](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/135) Added support to read ohai_hints in extension
* [azure-chef-extension #136](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/136) Fixed bug when ohai_hints are not passed and modified RSpecs
* [azure-chef-extension #139](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/139) Used different way for downloading opscode install.ps1 file for windows

## Release: 1210.12.102.1000 (2016/03/28)
* [azure-chef-extension #115](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/115) Decrypting validation key if it's provided in Base64encoded format
* [azure-chef-extension #116](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/116) Added AzureChefExtension support for RHEL platform

## Release: 1210.12.101.1000 for Windows (2016/02/04) and 1210.12.101.1000 for Ubuntu (2016/02/12)
* [azure-chef-extension #104](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/104) Fixed pester specs
* [azure-chef-extension #103](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/103) Added uninstall_chef_client flag which determines whether to uninstall chef-client or not.
* [azure-chef-extension #107](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/107) Added code to delete node-registered file during update process as it was not allowing chef-client run during enable process after update.
* [azure-chef-extension #108](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/108) Installing chef from Omnitruck for ubuntu and centos
* [azure-chef-extension #109](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/109) Debian support in azure-chef-extension
* [azure-chef-extension #111](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/110) Modified parsing code which reads bootstrap_version and handled various cases like parsing the contents having new lines
* [azure-chef-extension #112](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/111) Modified sed command to read major version for centos plaform

## Release: 1210.12.100.1000 (2015/12/07)
* [azure-chef-extension #95](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/95) Tagging policy
* [azure-chef-extension #94](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/94) Functional RSpecs for ssl cert support under bootstrap protocol cloud-api
* [azure-chef-extension #99](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/99) Not removing chef-client on extension uninstall

## Release: 1210.12.100 (2015/11/19)
* [azure-chef-extension #80](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/80) Fix uninstall for deleteChefConfig flag
* [azure-chef-extension #86](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/86) Added code for Ubuntu and CentOS to accept version of Chef to download and install
* [azure-chef-extension #87](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/87) Passing bootstrap options to client.rb
* [azure-chef-extension #89](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/89) Moved call to function copy_settings_file after the bootstrap_directory is created
* [azure-chef-extension #90](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/90) Reduce time to install extension for ubuntu
* [azure-chef-extension #92](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/92) Implemented changes for Chef Extension usage examples
* [azure-chef-extension #91](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/91) Added SSL certificate bootstrap support in chef extension for cloud-api protocol

## Release: 1210.12.5.1000 (2015/10/27)
* [azure-chef-extension #71](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/71) Added chef.io url
* [azure-chef-extension #78](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/78) Readme update for centos support
* [azure-chef-extension #76](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/76) Decouple chef-client installation for windows - using omnitruck API
* [azure-chef-extension #79](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/79) Install chef via apt repo on ubuntu

## Release: 1210.12.4.1000 (2015/08/21)
* [azure-chef-extension #53](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/53) Fix for bootstrap_options Chef environment name setting
* [azure-chef-extension #52](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/52) Extension update happens for Linux even if AutoUpdateClient=false
* [azure-chef-extension #55](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/55) Updated version scheme for 1210.12.4.1000
* [azure-chef-extension #59](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/59) Update readme for unavailability of old extensions

## Release: 1210.12.4.1 (2015/07/22)
* [azure-chef-extension #25](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/25) Functional testcases for basic commands of azure chef extension
* [azure-chef-extension #39](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/39) Azure extension handler issue
* [azure-chef-extension #40](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/40) Fixed issue related to preserve runlist if first chef client run fails
* [azure-chef-extension #41](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/41) Functional testcase for disable command
* [azure-chef-extension #42](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/42) Implemented node verify cert bootstrap option
* [azure-chef-extension #46](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/46) Azure extension failing with timeout error
* [azure-chef-extension #43](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/43) Added support for validator less bootstrap
* [azure-chef-extension #48](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/48) Enable cmd fails when chef-client service is not already installed
* [azure-chef-extension #49](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/49) Fixed empty client_key/validation_key issue

## Release: 1207.12.3.0 (2015/05/15)
* [azure-chef-extension #36](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/36) Fixed escape runlist related issue
* [azure-chef-extension #31](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/31) Load azure attributes in hints file for ohai azure plugin

## Release: 1206.12.3.0 (2015/05/12)
* [azure-chef-extension #34](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/34) Fixed update extension process related issues
* [azure-chef-extension #33](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/33) Removed chef-client run with run_list part
* [azure-chef-extension #29](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/29) Updated README doc
* [azure-chef-extension #28](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/28) Implemented changes to append extension generated config to client_rb
* [azure-chef-extension #24](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/24) Fixed Azure chef extension uninstall should not delete c:\chef or /etc/chef by default
* [azure-chef-extension #22](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/22) Implemented changes to preserve runlist if first converge fails
* [azure-chef-extension #16](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/16) Testcases for azure-chef-extension
* [azure-chef-extension #23](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/23) Added log_level attribute and set it to info for detailed log
* [azure-chef-extension #21](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/21) Fix for providing multiple runlist item
* [azure-chef-extension #19](https://github.com/chef-partners/azure-chef-extension/pull/19) Updated Readme for using JSON object to pass options

## Previous  Release: 1205.12.2.1 (2014/04/01)

**See source control commit history for earlier changes.**

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub