text:
Catherine Bodet dite Catherine Lara, née le  à Poissy (Yvelines), est une auteure-compositrice-interprète, arrangeuse et productrice française.

Biographie

Début de carrière
Catherine Lara, nom de scène de Catherine Bodet, est fille de parents violonistes et pianistes. Son père est médecin de profession. Elle étudie le violon dès l'âge de cinq ans. Elle rend plusieurs fois hommage à son instrument de prédilection dans ses chansons, telle que Nuit magique par exemple. Elle obtient le  du conservatoire de Versailles en 1958, puis le  de violon au conservatoire national de Paris en 1965. Le  de musique de chambre lui est décerné au conservatoire national de Paris en 1966.

En sortant du Conservatoire de Paris, elle crée un orchestre de chambre, Les Musiciens de Paris, dont elle est le premier violon et qu'elle dirige pendant huit ans. Elle crée ensuite le Quatuor Lara qui accompagne des chanteurs sur scène comme Claude Nougaro ou Nana Mouskouri. Elle a aussi accompagné des titres de Françoise Hardy et certains de ceux du premier album de Maxime Le Forestier, Mon frère. Elle écrit deux chansons pour Barbara (sur l'album Amours incestueuses, 1972). Cette même année, elle écrira la musique de T'as pas le temps, une chanson d'inspiration néo-classique qui connaît un succès éphémère.

Denise Glaser la découvre et la soutient, l'invitant dans son émission dès 1972, pour la sortie de son premier album, Ad Libitum, sur des textes de Daniel Boublil. Elle compose la musique de Docteur Françoise Gailland en 1975. En 1977, William Sheller lui rend hommage dans une chanson de son album Symphoman. Elle participe à l'album Contes de traviole de Richard Gotainer en 1979. À partir de l'album Coup d'feel en 1979, sa musique s'affirme délibérément rock. Elle apparaît cheveux courts et torse nu sur la pochette de Geronimo en 1980, puis en cuir pour La Rockeuse de diamant, imposant un look audacieux et libéré.

À partir de 1981, elle enregistre sous le label Tréma, et publie l'album Johan, dont les paroles sont de Pierre Grosz. Elle compose la musique des films Les hommes préfèrent les grosses et La Triche. En 1982, elle compose la musique du spectacle Revue et corrigée, qui est un échec. Mais en 1983, la chanson La Rockeuse de diamant, écrite par Élisabeth Anaïs et composé avec le guitariste Claude Engel, est un succès ainsi que l'album du même nom comportant également Famélique ou encore Autonome.

L'affirmation
Dans la chanson Autonome (1983), Catherine Lara affirme le fait d'être lesbienne : « Longtemps j'ai pensé ce que pensaient les autres, Longtemps j'ai vécu comme si j'étais une autre […], Longtemps j'ai connu des amours parallèles […] Jusqu'au jour, où Autonome, Autonome, Libre d'aimer une femme ou un homme… » (paroles de la chanson Autonome de Luc Plamondon). Féministe convaincue, Catherine Lara est une des premières stars à avoir fait son coming out en France. Au-delà de la chanson Autonome, Catherine Lara s'affirme en 1986, lors de l'émission Mon Zénith à moi. Interrogée par l'animateur Michel Denisot : « Qu'est-ce que vous regardez en premier chez un homme ? », Catherine Lara répond : « Sa femme ». Elle a été la compagne de l'humoriste Muriel Robin de 1990 à 1995.

1986-1990 : concerts et succès discographiques
Elle donne deux concerts à l'Olympia en 1983. L'album Flamenrock sort en 1984. Il est écrit et composé en compagnie de la même équipe que l'album précédent. Puis elle joue sur la scène du Zénith de Paris en 1985.

En 1986 sort son album Au milieu de nulle part, écrit par Sebastian Santa Maria et Luc Plamondon. La chanson titre devient un grand tube. Catherine Lara est alors consacrée meilleure interprète féminine aux Victoires de la musique et le clip reçoit une Caméra d'or au Festival de Cannes. L'album est entièrement composé et arrangé en collaboration avec un jeune pianiste suisse venant du Chili, Sebastian Santa Maria. Catherine Lara reprendra l'air de Nuit magique pour composer des jingles de La Fréquence Magique, radio qui deviendra Europe 2 et dont elle fut la marraine et également animatrice occasionnelle. En 1987, elle publie une autobiographie : L'Aventurière de l'archet perdu (éditions Carrère-Lafon). La chanteuse retrouve Sebastián Santa María pour la composition de ses deux albums suivants : À travers les autres, en 1987, et Rocktambule, en 1988, dans lequel Bernard Lavilliers, travaillant également avec le jeune musicien, est invité pour un duo. Dans ce dernier album, elle rend hommage à Daniel Balavoine avec la chanson I.E.O. Les années 1980 de la chanteuse s'achèvent à l'Olympia en 1988, concert retracé dans un album live Lara live, sorti depuis en DVD.

Depuis 1990 : une carrière plus discrète
Un projet ambitieux d'opéra-rock romantique aboutit en 1991 avec la sortie de l'album Sand et les Romantiques, sur les textes de Luc Plamondon et la musique d'Eddie Rosemond et Catherine Lara. Elle y tient le rôle de George Sand, entourée de Claude Lauzzana (Alfred de Musset), Véronique Sanson (Marie Dorval), Richard Cocciante (Frédéric Chopin), Daniel Lavoie (Eugène Delacroix) et Maurane (la muse de la musique). Le spectacle est mis en scène par Alfredo Arias au Théâtre du Châtelet en 1992.

Elle soutient Les Restos du cœur, Sidaction et Sol En Si. Elle est en outre l'une des rares artistes françaises à s'exprimer publiquement sur son homosexualité. À partir de Maldonne (1993), Jean-Jacques Thibaud écrit les paroles de ses chansons. Elle crée aussi en 1996 le générique de Terre indigo. Avec Roger Louret pour les textes, elle arrange l'opéra de Georges Bizet L'Arlésienne, joué aux Folies Bergère en 1997. En 2000 sort son album Aral, réalisé avec les musiciens du groupe Deep Forest. Elle coécrit Tous ensemble, la chanson officielle de l'équipe de France de football pour la Coupe du monde 2002, interprétée par Johnny Hallyday.

Catherine Lara a été faite chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres en 1990, puis Chevalier (1992), et enfin Officier (2004) de l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur.

En 2004, Catherine Lara compose et publie le spectacle musical Graal qui sera certifié or. L'auteur Jean-Jacques Thibaud en cosigne les textes. Les interprètes Pablo Villafranca, Pascal Lafa et Curt Close apparaitront entre autres dans le casting.

En 2007, Catherine Lara se produit dans plusieurs villes de France pour présenter en concert son dernier album studio sorti en 2005, Passe-moi l'ciel, ainsi que l'album-film Behind the wall qui sortira sous le titre Au-delà des murs en mars 2009, un coffret CD/DVD. Tiré de ce DVD, une scène parisienne : le 23 juin 2009 au Palais des sports de Paris où plus de  personnes se sont donné rendez-vous pour une soirée exceptionnelle.

2010 est le début d'une longue série de concerts. Catherine, qui voulait absolument aller vers son public, a réalisé un tour de France (Bretagne, Normandie, PACA, Nord, Lorraine, Alsace, Centre, Aquitaine…). Un nouvel album chanté qui a fait la joie des inconditionnels de Léo Ferré fut enregistré pendant l'été 2010 pour une sortie le 14 mars 2011. La tournée de Catherine Lara l'a menée notamment deux soirs à Paris, sur la scène mythique de l'Alhambra.

Le , elle a présenté le Concours Eurovision 2011 avec Laurent Boyer à France 3.

En 2012, elle participe à la tournée Âge tendre et Têtes de bois saison 7.

En 2012, a également sorti le disque Au cœur de l'âme yiddish, disque où Catherine Lara reprend quelques-uns de ses plus grands succès, entourée de musiciens yiddish, le Sirba octet. En 2013, deux concerts à l'Alhambra (Paris) de Paris affichant complet et une date en banlieue parisienne ont permis d'assurer la promotion de ce CD.

Depuis 2014, elle signe la bande originale des épisodes de la série Capitaine Marleau sur France 3

Depuis 2015, elle fait partie, à titre bénévole, du conseil d'administration du théâtre de Poissy.

Lors de la campagne pour l'élection présidentielle de 2017, elle participe à un meeting de soutien au candidat En marche ! Emmanuel Macron, le 17 avril à Bercy.

En mars 2018, elle crée le spectacle Bô Le Voyage Musical, au théâtre le  art à Paris.

En 2020, elle fait une tournée pour fêter ses cinquante ans de carrière et faire ses adieux à la scène.

Le 31 décembre 2020, Catherine Lara s'est vue décerner le grade de Commandeur à l'Ordre National du Mérite.

Militantisme
Le , à l'occasion de la Journée internationale des droits des femmes, elle participe à un défilé à Tunis organisé par l'Institut français intitulé " Over fifty... et alors ?" un défilé consacré aux femmes qui ont franchi la barre des cinquante ans.

Bilan artistique

Publications

Théâtre
 1971 : L'Espace du dedans de Henri Michaux, mise en scène Jacques Échantillon, Festival du Marais
 1997 : L'Arlésienne d'Alphonse Daudet, mise en scène Roger Louret, musique de Georges Bizet, arrangements Catherine Lara avec pour interprètes principaux : Bernadette Lafont et Jean Marais

Discographie

Albums studio

Albums concept
 1982 : Revue et corrigée
 1991 : Sand et les romantiques
 1996 : Terre indigo - Thèmes & Variations (BO de la série composée par C. Lara et Sylvain Luc)
 2005 : Graal

Albums instrumentaux
 1999 : Aral
 2009 : Au-delà des murs  (coffret CD 12 titres + DVD live 18 titres)
 2018 : Bô, le Voyage Musical

Albums en public
 1984 : Catherine Lara en concert à l'Olympia
 1988 : Lara live

Compilations

DVD live
 2003 : Lara Live - Olympia 1988 (16 titres)
 2009 : Au-delà des murs (coffret DVD 18 titres + CD 12 titres)

 Radio
 1986 : composition de l'habillage de « La Fréquence Magique », rebaptisé le « programme Europe 2 », où elle fut la marraine de son lancement et aussi animatrice

 Télévision
 2020 : I Love You coiffure'' de Muriel Robin : Nicole

Notes et références

Discographie : https://www.discogs.com/fr/artist/420010-Catherine-Lara

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste des interprètes de Léo Ferré.

Liens externes

 Notice biographique sur RFI Musique

Chanteuse française du XXe siècle
Chanteuse des années 1970
Chanteuse des années 1980
Chanteuse des années 1990
Violoniste française
Artiste de Columbia Records
Artiste d'Universal Music Group
Personnalité féminine française de la radio
Collaborateur d'Europe 2
Musicien à la radio
Animatrice sur Europe 2
Membre des Enfoirés
Personnalité ayant fait son coming out
Prix Raoul-Breton
Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres
Élève du conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Versailles
Naissance en mai 1945
Naissance à Poissy
Naissance en Seine-et-Oise
Commandeur de l'ordre national du Mérite
Personnalité du lesbianisme français


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Q: add Exists operator in a union sql query I have two tables that am using union to combine the result-set of them my problem here is Each SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns and data types, I don't have the same number of columns so am creating null columns
select
d.deal_id as order_id,
EXISTS(select * from table1 c where d.user_id = c.user_id) as IsUser, --this returns boolean value
from table 1 c
union
select
cast(o.id as varchar) as order_id,
coalesce('No_user'::text,'0'::text) as IsUser, --i get an error :UNION types boolean and character varying cannot be matched
from table2 o

how can I create a null column in table2 that matches the boolean data type of the table1

A:
how can I create a null column in table2 that matches the boolean data type of the table1

By putting NULL into the SELECT list of the second query.
Generally (in SQL) the datatype for the column is dictated by the first query in the union set and other queries must match. You don't need column aliases for subsequent queries either, but they may help make a query more readable:
select
  d.deal_id as order_id,
  EXISTS(select * from table1 c where d.user_id = c.user_id) as IsUser, --this returns boolean value
from table 1 c
union
select
  cast(o.id as varchar) as order_id,
  null --IsUser
from table2 o

If you have a case where the type of the column in the first query is different to what you want in the output, you cast the first column:
select 1::boolean as boolcol
UNION
select true

This will ensure that the column is boolean, rather than giving a "integer and bool cannot be matched". Remember also that, should you need to, NULL can be cast to a type, e.g. select null::boolean as bolcol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
What expertise elected representatives of Tehraners have in 11th parliament?
MNA – The elected representatives of Tehraners have considerable experience and expertise in executive, legislative, academic, seminal, and research fields.
The results of the 11th Parliamentary election in Tehran were finalized last week. Most of the elected members are from the principalists. All of the 30 members of the Coalition Council of the Revolutionary Forces were able to win the majority of votes in Tehran and enter the new Parliament.
The following table provides an overview of the elected representatives in Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat in the 11th Parliament:
1 Mohammad Baqer Ghalibaf Ph.D. in political geography from Tarbiat Modares University, Commander of IRGC Air Force, Police Chief of the Islamic Republic, Tehran Mayor
2 Seyed Mostafa Agha Mir Salim MA in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Poitiers, France and graduated from college of petroleum and engine majoring in internal combustion engine engineering, Deputy of political and social affairs in Ministry of Interior, Department of Political and Social Affairs, Ministry of Interior, Minister of culture and Islamic guidance, A true member of the Expediency Council, Faculty member of Amir Kabir University of Technology.
3 Morteza Agha Tehrani Faculty Member of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Ph.D. in the philosophy of mysticism from the US, Tehraner's representative in the 8th and 9th Parliament, the head of the cultural commission in the Parliament.
4 Elyas Naderan Ph.D. in economics from the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France, member of the 7th, 8th and 9th Parliament, Faculty member of Tehran University.
5 Seyyed Mohsen Dehnavi Ph.D. in Nano Biotechnology from Sharif University of Technology, responsible for the domestic production of imported drugs in Iran and producing over 130 essential drugs in the country, Faculty Member and Assistant Professor of the Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Deputy of production and commercialization in the Biotech Development Organization, Former Head of Basij in Sharif University of Technology.
6 Seyyed Mahmoud Nabavian Ph.D. in Comparative Philosophy from Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Member of the 9th Parliament, Vice-President of the Institute of Political Thought of Islam, Deputy of the Political Thought of Islam Institute, Faculty Member of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.
7 Seyyed Ehsan Khanduzi Ph.D. in Economics from Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, former Economic Director-General in the Parliament's research center, Secretary of the Economic Council of IRIB, Assistant professor in Allameh Tabataba'i University and head of Islamic Economics Department in the university, Member of Board of Directors of the Transparency and Justice Watch.
8 Eqbal Shakeri Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Doctor of Civil Engineering from University of Manchester, England, Professor in Amirkabir University of Technology, Representative of Tehran City Council in the fourth term, Head of Civil and Real Estate Division of Islamic Azad University, Secretary-General of the Students Islamic Association in Europe, Vice-Chancellor for Student and Cultural Affairs, Amirkabir University of Technology.
9 Abol-fazl Amoei Ph.D. student of political science, Tehran University, Political Expert for Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Second Secretary of the Islamic Republic Embassy in Japan, Media Coordinator for the Seven round of Islamic Republic Nuclear Talks, Former editor of Tehran Times English newspaper.
10 Bijan Nobaveh vatan Media Activist, MA in Media Production from IRIB college, Representative of Tehran in the 8th and 9th Parliament. Member of the Cultural Commission in the Parliament.
11 Mojtaba Tavangar MA in Energy Economics, Senior Researcher in the Parliaments Research Center for more than 10 years, Deputy of Basij office in Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, The head of
Media and Scientific Publishing Center in Islamic Azad University, Director of Supervision and Research Office of the Board of Trustees and Founders of Islamic Azad University, Energy Economics researcher.
12 Fatemeh Rahbar Ph.D. in Strategic Management from Iran University of Industries and Mines, Member of the 7th, 8th and 9th Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Article 90 Commission in the 9th Parliament and Deputy Chairman of Cultural Commission in the 7th and 8th Parliament, Chairman of the Women and Family Faction in the 9th Parliament, Deputy of Health and Support for Families in Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, Advisor to the Vice-President of the IRIB.
13 Mohsen Pirhadi Ph.D. in International Relations from Allameh Tabataba'i University, Member of the Board of Directors in the 4th term of Tehran City Council, Commercial Director of Iran Trade council, Director of Resalat Newspaper, Head of Tehran Municipality Basij Organization, Deputy of Social and Cultural Affairs of district 3 and 7 of Tehran Municipality.
14 Ruhollah Izadkhah Economics lecturer at University, Ph.D. in Technology Management from Allameh Tabataba'i University, member of the Strategic Council and the Educational Deputy of Iran Think Association Network.
15 Ahmad Naderi Ph.D. in Social Sciences in the field of Political Anthropology from Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, The head of Social Studies and Research Institute at Tehran university, Faculty Member in Social sciences Faculty at Tehran University, Former chancellor of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran branch, Former Head of the Department of Anthropology in the Faculty of Social Sciences at University of Tehran, Former Secretary of the Assembly of Islamic Associations of German region.
16 Abdol Hossein Ruholamini Najaf Abadi Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics from King's College London, Deputy of student affairs in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Director of Technology and Research Committee in the Secretariat of the Expediency Council, Head of the House of Iranian Parties, Director of the Pasteur Institute, Faculty member of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
17 Seyyed Nezam Al-Din Mousavi Ph.D. in Political Sciences from Tehran University, Former Director of Fars News Agency, Former Deputy of Astan Quds Razavi Communications, Chairman of the Cultural Council in the Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order Headquarter, Director of Javan Newspaper.
18 Zohreh Elahian Specialist physician in general diseases, Representative of Tehran, Shemiranat, Rey, Islamshahr and Pardis in the 8th Parliament, Member of Board of Directors of the Parliamentary National Security and Foreign Policy Committee, Member of the Supreme Council of Basij Organization in Iran Medical Society, Chairman of the Human Rights Committee in the 8th Parliament.
19 Malek Shariati Niasar Ph.D. in Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty Member in the Energy Institute and lecturer, Member of Strategic Committee for the center of Iran Green energy in the International Section of the Ministry of Energy, responsible for implementing the plan proposed by the Secretariat of the comprehensive law of reforming energy consumption pattern in the Ministry of Energy, Advisor to the Energy and Environment Research Institute, Advisor to the Energy Commission and also to the Chairman of the JCPOA Commission in the 9th Parliament.
20 Mehdi Sharifian Ph.D. in Cultural Systems Engineering from Imam Hossein University, Director of the President's foreign and domestic trips in the 9th and 10th administration, Deputy of political and security affairs in the Governorate of Firoozkooh County, The Executive Consultant of Ofoq Sima Channel, Executive Secretary of Astan Quds Razavi Arbaeen committee and the Broadcasting of Islamic Republic along with Khatam Al-osia cultural Foundation, The son of a Martyr.
21 Seyyed Reza Taqavi High seminal level, Head of the Policy-making Council for Friday Prayers Leaders, representative of Ayatollah Khamenei in the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Member of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Member of the 4th and 5th Parliament, The Chairman of The Islamic Art and Guidance Commission in the Parliament.
22 Somayeh Rafiei MA in Environmental Management and Planning from Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch in Tehran, Advisor to the women and youth affairs in the Department of Environment and the vice-president of the Organization, Advisor to the infrastructure affairs of the Special investigation bureau in the presidential office, Director General of International Conferences and Meetings in the National Center for Globalization (Presidential), Director of Environmental Department of Ara Research Center, Chairman of the first meeting of environmental activists with the Judiciary Chief.
23 Seyyed Ali YazdiKhah Graduated from Technical School, Director General of the Educational Office in Tehran and its counties, Head of the Public and Judicial Culture of the Society office in the Cultural Department of the Judiciary, war Veteran, Head of the Scientific and Educational Institute of Warriors of Islam.
24 Ali Khezrian Political Activist and member of the central council for the Independent Islamic Association of Students, MA in Political Science from Mofid University, Director of Iranian Students Newsletter and the Director of Information of Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei office in Universities.
25 Reza Taqipoor Anvari ICT minister in the 10th administration, Ph.D. in Advance sciences of Management from the University of Bordeaux, France, Member and Spokesperson in the 4th term of Tehran City Council, member of the National Cyberspace Council.
26 Fatemeh Qasenpoor Ph.D. in Comparative Philosophy from Allameh Tabataba'i University, Director of Hura Magazine, Director of Women and Family Research Center, Tehran branch, Director of Mehrkhaneh News Agency, Assistant professor and the head of social sciences Department at the Women and Family Research Center, Director of Taranom Andisheh Foundation.
27 Mojtaba Rezakhah Post-doctoral in Optimization Management, Faculty Member of Tarbiat Modares University, CEO and member of the board of Directors of Dadeh Pardazan Asan Miveh, CEO of Kelardasht Decorative Stone Company, Research Assistant at Newmont Company, Denver, Colorado, US, Research Assistant, Adolph Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile.
28 Zohreh Sadat Lajavardi Daughter of Martyr and University lecturer, MA in theology from Osool Al-din University, Advisor to veteran affairs and Director general of the Presidential Center for Women's and Family Affairs
29 Gholam Hossein Rezvani Faculty Member of Amirkabir University, MA in Electrical Engineering from Tarbiat Modarres University, Vice President of the Planning and Budget Organization in the 9th administration.
30 Ezat Allah Akbari Talarposhti Ph.D. in International Law from Allameh Tabataba'i University, Chairman of the Industry and Mine Commission in the 9th Parliament, Member of the 5th and 8th Parliament, Head of Tehran Industries and Mines Organization, CEO and chairman of Board of Directors in the Production Support and manufacturing oil products, Director General for political affairs of police forces in Mazandaran Province.
Iran elections, Iran's parliamentary elections, Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf	March 3, 2020
Bank transactions face closer scrutiny
Tehran hotspot of virus outbreak in Iran

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: there is no unique constraint matching given keys for referenced table PostgreSQL I have created an ER diagram by using PostgreSQL and try to create tables according to exported .sql file but I get an error. I might do a structural fault. If you notice a structural mistake about Entity Relationship Diagram can you explain me?
Error:
Error image
Here is my ER diagram:
ER DIAGRAM IMAGE
Here is my exported SQL Script:
BEGIN;

CREATE TABLE public."Persons"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    name character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    surname character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    email character varying(30),
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."System_Personals"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Job_Seekers"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    ssn character(11) NOT NULL,
    birth_date date NOT NULL,
    password character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Employers"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    company_name character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    website character varying(40) NOT NULL,
    phone_number character(11) NOT NULL,
    password character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Jobs"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    role character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    definition character varying(500) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    title character varying(100) NOT NULL,
    company_name character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    role character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    city_name character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    salary bigint NOT NULL,
    job_definition character varying(300) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Cities"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    name character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Activations"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    email character varying(30) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Employer_Activations"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE public."Job_Seeker_Activations"
(
    id bigserial NOT NULL,
    ssn character(11) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

ALTER TABLE public."System_Personals"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Seekers"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Employers"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."System_Personals"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Jobs" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Employers"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Cities" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (city_name)
    REFERENCES public."Cities" (name)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (role)
    REFERENCES public."Jobs" (role)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (job_definition)
    REFERENCES public."Jobs" (definition)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Employer_Activations"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Activations" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Seeker_Activations"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (id)
    REFERENCES public."Activations" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Seeker_Activations"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (ssn)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (id)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Activations"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (email)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (email)
    NOT VALID;

END;

Why I get that error? Any help?

A: All of these are in violation:
ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (city_name)
    REFERENCES public."Cities" (name)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (role)
    REFERENCES public."Jobs" (role)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Job_Announcements"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (job_definition)
    REFERENCES public."Jobs" (definition)
    NOT VALID;

ALTER TABLE public."Activations"
    ADD FOREIGN KEY (email)
    REFERENCES public."Persons" (email)
    NOT VALID;

The manual:

A foreign key must reference columns that either are a primary key or form a unique constraint.


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text:
« 'Being a burden': an Illegitimate Ground For Assisted Dying
Organ Donation: Presumed Consent and Focusing on What Matters »
Illegal Strikes and Political Obligation – What Reasons Do We Have To Obey The Law?
Published September 19, 2017 | By Jonathan Pugh
The issue of public sector pay rises has been at the forefront of political discussions in the UK in recent months. The controversy can be traced back to at least 2013, when the government placed a 1% limit on such pay rises, a figure that falls below recent levels of inflation, meaning that the cap has made public sector workers financially worse off in real terms. Earlier last week, the government announced that it would allow ministers some flexibility to breach this limit, as well as announcing small rises in the pay of some public sector workers. However, critics have labelled these measures as divisive and insufficient.
Len McCluskey, the leader of the Unite union in the UK, has recently added to this controversy when he told a BBC interviewer that he would be willing to back illegal strike action in order to oppose the cap on public sector pay rises. Under legislation introduced last year, legal industrial strike action in the UK public sector now requires the support of at least 40% of all those entitled to vote in the relevant ballot. Moreover, the ballot itself must also have at least 50% turnout in order to be valid. In his interview, McCluskey intimated that he would support strikes that did not meet this second condition. In turn, this has led commentators to call on Jeremy Corbyn, the leader of the opposition, to clarify whether he too would support illegal strikes.
I do not intend to address the moral and economic considerations involved in the question of the amount that a fair society should pay to its public sector workers. Rather, I shall be interested in the nature of the reasons that we may have to obey laws we disagree with, and the implications that our answer to this question may have for whether we should support illegal strikes of this sort.
Why Should We Obey The Law?
We often have some self-interested reason not to break the law. This is typically true in the indirect sense that individuals who break the law will often face punishment for doing so. However, it can also be true in a more direct sense, since some laws may also be aimed at safeguarding one's own well being. Consider, for instance, laws prohibiting trespassing on railways; part of the reason that such trespass is illegal is that the act is highly dangerous for the trespasser herself. Our prudential reason to obey this law is partly derived from its content; we have self-interested reason to avoid the dangers of trespassing on railways.
We also may have moral reasons to follow laws that are grounded by the particular content of the law in question. Consider for instance, the law against murder; one's reason to obey the law is plausibly derived in large part from the strength of one's moral reason not to kill people.
However, the requirements of the law can depart from what is in our interests, and indeed from what morality may require. Some, such as McCluskey, might claim that this is arguably true of the legislation governing public sector industrial action in the UK. For another example, liberals might claim that laws prohibiting abortion in some countries are both immoral and detrimental to individual well-being. Assuming that there are some cases in which the requirements of the law and the requirements of morality diverge, can we have moral reasons to obey laws that we take to be immoral?
Those who endorse the concept of political obligation claim that citizens do have some moral reason to obey such laws, simply by virtue of the fact that they are codified in the law of one's society. This reason amounts to what H L A Hart described as a content-independent reason to follow the law, in that it is a reason that "functions independently of the nature or the character of the action to be done".[1]
Why suppose that we could have this sort of content-independent moral reason to obey the law? Whilst I cannot address the numerous attempts to answer this question here, I shall briefly outline some of the more prominent theories, and their implications in the context of the public sector pay dispute (for a more exhaustive and detailed discussion of such theories, and for further readings, see here, here, and here).
For some, it might be claimed that this question is misguided from the outset; the thought here is that simply to be involved in a political association such as a civil society inextricably involves bearing certain obligations, including the obligation to obey the laws of one's society. Such obligations do not require, and perhaps do not admit of further moral justification, much in the same way as the obligations that we bear towards our close family members.
However, we might find it plausible to suppose that political obligation does require further moral justification. One prominent trend in the literature exploring such justification has been to appeal to the moral force of consent. On this approach, political obligation is understood to be grounded by the fact that the individual has in some sense consented to being governed by the state; by virtue of this consent, she has a duty to obey the law. Naturally, the most pressing problem for this approach is whether we can truly say that all citizens have provided a token of valid consent to such governance.
To see why this is a problem, consider first the point that political obligation supposedly applies to all members of the society in question. In order to capture this, perhaps it might be claimed that all citizens have tacitly consented to governance by virtue of their choice to reside in a certain place. However, it is far from clear that this consent would qualify as valid; citizens may not understand that their choice of residence entails obedience to all present and future laws, and they may not have the option to withdraw this consent. Their choice of residence may also be a function of coercive forces that undermine the voluntariness of their choice, and thus the validity of this token of consent.
On the other hand, if the consent theorist stipulates conditions that aim to ensure that the consent provided to governance is valid, it becomes less clear that the theory will capture all of the members of the society to whom the political obligation supposedly applies. For instance, although one might arguably claim that an informed individual voting for the winning candidate in a democratic election closely resembles an individual giving a token of valid consent to governance, it is implausible to claim that the political obligation can apply to all members of one's society, if the obligation can only grounded by consent of this sort. Indeed, in the current context, it seems plausible that many of those who would support public sector pay rises will have voted against the current government. The claim that they nonetheless have a political obligation grounded by their consent seems tenuous at best.
The final approach to the content-independent reasons undergirding political obligation that I shall consider here, and one that H. L. A. Hart himself endorsed, appeals to considerations of fairness. Members of society typically receive and accept benefits in return for their submission to the law; through its laws, the state may, amongst other things, protect, medically treat, and educate its citizens. If one were to not only receive but also to accept these benefits without submission to governance by the state, then this would violate a norm of fairness. Accordingly, political obligation, it might be claimed can be grounded by considerations of reciprocity, the thought that we should 'do our bit' by complying with the system of law that brings us these benefits. To do otherwise would be to free-ride on the sacrifices of others.
This is an apposite theory with which to conclude this brief overview of the discussion of political obligation in the present context, since the public sector pay cap example provides an excellent illustration of a potential tension in the fairness approach. It seems somewhat to perverse to claim that considerations of fairness demand that public sector workers obey laws placing strict legal conditions on striking, when the very motivation for such strikes is the apparent lack of fairness with which they have been treated by having the pay cap imposed in the first place.
Where does leave the concept of political obligation? Naturally, I have not been able to canvass all of the nuances of the theories of the obligation's justification here; as such, the problems that I have briefly alluded to above should not be taken to amount to an all things considered argument in favour of anarchism. However, even if a political obligation can be justified, and we do have some content-independent moral reason to obey the law, this does not settle the further matter of whether it should be taken to override the strong content-dependent moral reasons we might plausibly have to oppose certain laws. Few would doubt the morality of those who historically opposed laws enshrining slavery, apartheid, or the discrimination of women. However, if we are to count Len McCluskey amongst the company of such moral dissenters to political obligation as Nelson Mandela and the suffragettes (as he has suggested), then we must address prior questions concerning the strength of our moral reasons to change the current pay levels of public sector workers.
Hart, H. L. A. (Herbert Lionel Adolphus). Essays on Bentham: Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
[1] Hart, Essays on Bentham, 254–55.
Posted in Current Affairs, Jonny Pugh's Posts, Political Philosophy, Politics | Tagged Len McCluskey, Political Obligation, Public Sector Pay Cap, Strikes
Bryan Frances on Philosophical Fiddling While the World Burns: Second Movement


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BS: Brexit #3: A futile gesture?
Jim Carroll 03 Mar 19 - 10:51 AM
Backwoodsman 03 Mar 19 - 03:39 PM
Iains 03 Mar 19 - 03:52 PM
KarenH 03 Mar 19 - 05:23 PM
Stanron 03 Mar 19 - 06:11 PM
Steve Shaw 03 Mar 19 - 07:00 PM
Backwoodsman 04 Mar 19 - 02:32 AM
Dave the Gnome 04 Mar 19 - 03:10 AM
DMcG 04 Mar 19 - 09:57 AM
Donuel 04 Mar 19 - 12:56 PM
SPB-Cooperator 04 Mar 19 - 01:25 PM
Raggytash 05 Mar 19 - 08:03 AM
SPB-Cooperator 05 Mar 19 - 11:09 AM
David Carter (UK) 05 Mar 19 - 12:21 PM
Jim Carroll 05 Mar 19 - 01:12 PM
Bonnie Shaljean 05 Mar 19 - 02:24 PM
Steve Shaw 06 Mar 19 - 04:27 AM
Iains 06 Mar 19 - 04:53 AM
David Carter (UK) 06 Mar 19 - 05:26 AM
Raggytash 06 Mar 19 - 04:21 PM
robomatic 06 Mar 19 - 06:47 PM
Subject: RE: BS: Brexit #3: A futile gesture?
From: Jim Carroll
Date: 03 Mar 19 - 10:51 AM
Happy Birthday Baccy
You don't look a day over 89
From: Backwoodsman
Date: 03 Mar 19 - 03:39 PM
Back to the thread topic.
Restaurant critic A.A. Gill writing about Brexit in the Times before his death in Dec 2016. Words of great wisdom which our resident Brexit-Brigade would do well to consider, educate themselves, and get back to reality...
"It was the woman on Question Time that really did it for me.
She was so familiar. There is someone like her in every queue, every coffee shop, outside every school in every parish council in the country. Middle-aged, middle-class, middle-brow, over-made-up, with her National Health face and weatherproof English expression of hurt righteousness, she's Britannia's mother-in-law. The camera closed in on her and she shouted: "All I want is my country back. Give me my country back."
"It was a heartfelt cry of real distress and the rest of the audience erupted in sympathetic applause, but I thought: "Back from what? Back from where?"
"Wanting the country back is the constant mantra of all the outies. Farage slurs it, Gove insinuates it. Of course I know what they mean. We all know what they mean. They mean back from Johnny Foreigner, back from the brink, back from the future, back-to-back, back to bosky hedges and dry stone walls and country lanes and church bells and warm beer and skittles and football rattles and cheery banter and clogs on cobbles. Back to vicars-and-tarts parties and Carry On fart jokes, back to Elgar and fudge and proper weather and herbaceous borders and cars called Morris. Back to victoria sponge and 22 yards to a wicket and 15 hands to a horse and 3ft to a yard and four fingers in a Kit Kat, back to gooseberries not avocados, back to deference and respect, to make do and mend and smiling bravely and biting your lip and suffering in silence and patronising foreigners with pity.
"We all know what "getting our country back" means. It's snorting a line of the most pernicious and debilitating Little English drug, nostalgia. The warm, crumbly, honey-coloured, collective "yesterday" with its fond belief that everything was better back then, that Britain (England, really) is a worse place now than it was at some foggy point in the past where we achieved peak Blighty. It's the knowledge that the best of us have been and gone, that nothing we can build will be as lovely as a National Trust Georgian country house, no art will be as good as a Turner, no poem as wonderful as If, no writer a touch on Shakespeare or Dickens, nothing will grow as lovely as a cottage garden, no hero greater than Nelson, no politician better than Churchill, no view more throat-catching than the White Cliffs and that we will never manufacture anything as great as a Rolls-Royce or Flying Scotsman again.
"The dream of Brexit isn't that we might be able to make a brighter, new, energetic tomorrow, it's a desire to shuffle back to a regret-curdled inward-looking yesterday. In the Brexit fantasy, the best we can hope for is to kick out all the work-all-hours foreigners and become caretakers to our own past in this self-congratulatory island of moaning and pomposity. And if you think that's an exaggeration of the Brexit position, then just listen to the language they use: "We are a nation of inventors and entrepreneurs, we want to put the great back in Britain, the great engineers, the great manufacturers." This is all the expression of a sentimental nostalgia. In the Brexiteer's mind's eye is the old Pathé newsreel of Donald Campbell, of John Logie Baird with his television, Barnes Wallis and his bouncing bomb, and Robert Baden-Powell inventing boy scouts in his shed.
"All we need, their argument goes, is to be free of the humourless Germans and spoilsport French and all their collective liberalism and reality. There is a concomitant hope that if we manage to back out of Europe, then we'll get back to the bowler-hatted 1950s and the Commonwealth will hold pageants, fireworks displays and beg to be back in the Queen Empress's good books again. Then New Zealand will sacrifice a thousand lambs, Ghana will ask if it can go back to being called the Gold Coast and Britain will resume hand-making Land Rovers and top hats and Sheffield plate teapots.
"There is a reason that most of the people who want to leave the EU are old while those who want to remain are young: it's because the young aren't infected with Bisto nostalgia. They don't recognise half the stuff I've mentioned here. They've grown up in the EU and at worst it's been neutral for them. The under-thirties want to be part of things, not aloof from them. They're about being joined-up and counted. I imagine a phrase most outies identify with is "women's liberation has gone too far". Everything has gone too far for them, from political correctness — well, that's gone mad, hasn't it? — to health and safety and gender-neutral lavatories. Those oldies, they don't know if they're coming or going, what with those newfangled mobile phones and kids on Tinder and Grindr. What happened to meeting Miss Joan Hunter Dunn at the tennis club? And don't get them started on electric hand dryers, or something unrecognised in the bagging area, or Indian call centres , or the impertinent computer asking for a password that has both capitals and little letters and numbers and more than eight digits.
"Brexit is the fond belief that Britain is worse now than at some point in the foggy past where we achieved peak Blighty
"We listen to the Brexit lot talk about the trade deals they're going to make with Europe after we leave, and the blithe insouciance that what they're offering instead of EU membership is a divorce where you can still have sex with your ex. They reckon they can get out of the marriage, keep the house, not pay alimony, take the kids out of school, stop the in-laws going to the doctor, get strict with the visiting rights, but, you know, still get a shag at the weekend and, obviously, see other people on the side.
"Really, that's their best offer? That's the plan? To swagger into Brussels with Union Jack pants on and say: " 'Ello luv, you're looking nice today. Would you like some?"
"When the rest of us ask how that's really going to work, leavers reply, with Terry-Thomas smirks, that "they're going to still really fancy us, honest, they're gagging for us. Possibly not Merkel, but the bosses of Mercedes and those French vintners and cheesemakers, they can't get enough of old John Bull. Of course they're going to want to go on making the free market with two backs after we've got the decree nisi. Makes sense, doesn't it?"
"Have no doubt, this is a divorce. It's not just business, it's not going to be all reason and goodwill. Like all divorces, leaving Europe would be ugly and mean and hurtful, and it would lead to a great deal of poisonous xenophobia and racism, all the niggling personal prejudice that dumped, betrayed and thwarted people are prey to. And the racism and prejudice are, of course, weak points for us. The tortuous renegotiation with lawyers and courts will be bitter and vengeful, because divorces always are and, just in passing, this sovereignty thing we're supposed to want back so badly, like Frodo's ring, has nothing to do with you or me. We won't notice it coming back, because we didn't notice not having it in the first place.
"Nine out of 10 economists say 'remain in the EU'
"You won't wake up on June 24 and think: "Oh my word, my arthritis has gone! My teeth are suddenly whiter! Magically, I seem to know how to make a soufflé and I'm buff with the power of sovereignty." This is something only politicians care about; it makes not a jot of difference to you or me if the Supreme Court is a bunch of strangely out-of-touch old gits in wigs in Westminster or a load of strangely out-of-touch old gits without wigs in Luxembourg. What matters is that we have as many judges as possible on the side of personal freedom.
"Personally, I see nothing about our legislators in the UK that makes me feel I can confidently give them more power. The more checks and balances politicians have, the better for the rest of us. You can't have too many wise heads and different opinions. If you're really worried about red tape, by the way, it's not just a European problem. We're perfectly capable of coming up with our own rules and regulations and we have no shortage of jobsworths. Red tape may be annoying, but it is also there to protect your and my family from being lied to, poisoned and cheated.
"The first "X" I ever put on a voting slip was to say yes to the EU. The first referendum was when I was 20 years old. This one will be in the week of my 62nd birthday. For nearly all my adult life, there hasn't been a day when I haven't been pleased and proud to be part of this great collective. If you ask me for my nationality, the truth is I feel more European than anything else. I am part of this culture, this European civilisation. I can walk into any gallery on our continent and completely understand the images and the stories on the walls. These people are my people and they have been for thousands of years. I can read books on subjects from Ancient Greece to Dark Ages Scandinavia, from Renaissance Italy to 19th-century France, and I don't need the context or the landscape explained to me. The music of Europe, from its scales and its instruments to its rhythms and religion, is my music. The Renaissance, the rococo, the Romantics, the impressionists, gothic, baroque, neoclassicism, realism, expressionism, futurism, fauvism, cubism, dada, surrealism, postmodernism and kitsch were all European movements and none of them belongs to a single nation.
"No time for walls: the best of Europe, from its music and food to IM Pei's pyramid at the Louvre, depends on an easy collision of cultures.
"There is a reason why the Chinese are making fake Italian handbags and the Italians aren't making fake Chinese ones. This European culture, without question or argument, is the greatest, most inventive, subtle, profound, beautiful and powerful genius that was ever contrived anywhere by anyone and it belongs to us. Just look at my day job — food. The change in food culture and pleasure has been enormous since we joined the EU, and that's no coincidence. What we eat, the ingredients, the recipes, may come from around the world, but it is the collective to and fro of European interests, expertise and imagination that has made it all so very appetising and exciting.
"The restaurant was a European invention, naturally. The first one in Paris was called The London Bridge.
"Culture works and grows through the constant warp and weft of creators, producers, consumers, intellectuals and instinctive lovers. You can't dictate or legislate for it, you can just make a place that encourages it and you can truncate it. You can make it harder and more grudging, you can put up barriers and you can build walls, but why on earth would you? This collective culture, this golden civilisation grown on this continent over thousands of years, has made everything we have and everything we are, why would you not want to be part of it?
"I understand that if we leave we don't have to hand back our library ticket for European civilisation, but why would we even think about it? In fact, the only ones who would are those old, philistine scared gits. Look at them, too frightened to join in."
From: Iains
yawm!
From: KarenH
I will just say once again that it was YOU who predicted that Brexit would lead to a return to "sectarian violence". You, yourself, personally.
Can't be bothered to respond to your twistings of what I posted and what I think.
You're calling me a 'Little Englander'?
WHAT that is THAT about? It's all in your head, Jim.
"Pretty sensible line to draw given the Irish tendency to murder each other". I'm standing by that: I think that this is precisely why the line was drawn where it was: because otherwise there would have been more bloodshed.
Maybe, rather than spouting about DUP 'bigots' (are there no Catholic bigots?) and using the pejorative word 'Prods', Jim should think about some of the initiatives shown here, which also shows the depths of the problems:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-47373925
The bit that caught my attention was 'children as young as two already exhibit signs of sectarian bigotry'.
From: Stanron
Backwoodsman, may I say that I prefer your postings without fecal expletives. I managed to read the first five or six paragraphs of your posting before giving up. It will hit the spot for remainers but for this leaver it is just a squashed toothpaste tube of irrelevant diatribe.
We are not leaving Europe. We are leaving the European Union. The European Union is a political construct that follows the pattern of the failed Roman Empire and the failed Catholic church. It is a hierarchical power structure that focuses power out of the hands of the demos into the hands of an elite. Long and soon may it fail.
From: Steve Shaw
The European Union is a trading bloc first and foremost. It sets standards for trade as high as anywhere in the world. You can't have a trading bloc of 28 fiercely independent nations without politics. But nearly everything agreed by those countries is agreed by consensus. Any nation or commission who gets above itself is at the mercy of a very powerful veto structure. There is no European army because it has been vetoed by the UK. There is no ever-closer union because the UK doesn't want it. If you think that leaving is taking back control, come back in a couple of years' time, Stanron, and tell me how we've stopped the US from taking control of our trading standards. Do remember to tell us how to get the chlorine out of your Sunday roast. Remember to tell us how those hormones in your beef are helping to make your mouth water, and tell us triumphantly how you've taken back control of our food quality. The trouble is, Stanron, that every time you come on here posting about brexit you bring nothing apart from brainless received wisdom. You've never actually looked into anything first, never. I can only assume that you acquire your unthinking opinions from those braying Question Time audiences. It's a real shame, old chap. But you're not untypical, unfortunately for the well-being of this country.
The European Union is not a trading bloc first and foremost. We had that with the EEC. Various treaties since then changed the Economic Community to a Political Community. If you don't have the intellectual chops to actually understand what has gone on since then you shouldn't post your misunderstandings here.
What absolute nonsense. Approximately half our trade, imports and exports, is with the EU. About one percent of our GDP is tied up with the EU and almost half of that is tied up with agriculture (and agriculture comprises around 0.75% of our GDP). Hardly any of our domestic laws that are not connected with EU trade and agriculture have anything to do with the EU. The EU has no say over our domestic legal system, our currency, our taxation policy or anything else to do with the way we decide to run the place. We have to abide by high standards of democracy, human rights and food safety. Any objection to that, Stanron, or would you rather have us dictated to by a country with far lower standards who don't need us though we need them? You can't win here, Stan, unless you turn yourself into a Boris. Thing is, some of us, unlike you, have bothered to look things up.
Approximately half our trade is with an economy which is failing into recession. You think we should devote ourselves to support that?. I think we should align ourselves with a secure future outside of the EU. You talk about our being dictated to by the US. We are now dictated to by the EU. You cannot provide any evidence that EU authority is better for the UK than proposals by the USA.
No, but we can read the bloody papers. Anyone for enforced chlorine chicken and hormonal beef, which we will have to take whether we like it or not because we've decided to take back control? Thing is, Stanron, I've given you some particular issues but all you can do is flail about with predigested generalities. Do try to focus.
Of the approx. 34,000 laws on the UK 's statute book, only around 4,500 have been influenced by the EU. Of those approx. 4,500 laws, only 72 were 'forced on us' - i.e. we were out-voted and had to accept the decision of the majority. 72 laws out of a total of 34,000. Hardly a case of being 'controlled by' the EU, is it?
And regarding 'Elites', who do you think has driven the BrexShit campaign for the purposes of their own financial gain? Why it's the UK 's own Elite of course - shady, immensely wealthy characters in the shadows, acting for no other purpose than their own, huge financial interests, pushing the buttons of the bigots, the xenophobes, the Union-Jack-boxers-brigade, the easily-led, and the feeble-minded, in order to get their way. You think you're 'Taking Back Control', but you've been bamboozled by the UK's own Elite into giving them complete control, and their purpose has nothing to do with your best interests. And, of course, the controls which the EU currently have in place to rein-in their excesses will no longer apply after BrexShit. As Al Jolson famously said, "You ain't see nothing yet!".
The weird thing, BWM, is that the people who are spouting the Brexit mantra are happy to believe the far right of the Tory party and UKIP, would like to to trade with Trump and countries far more totalitarian than the EU, yet try to tell us that Corbyn is too extreme and the EU is the big bogeyman. Do you see the pattern here? It is not entirely their own fault. The right wing media and puppet masters of the government are extremely powerful and have done their jobs well. It is up to us to try to destroy their grip on politics. Revolution no longer needs to use violence. Education released us from the thrall of the church. It will do the same with the new religion that has Murdoch as pope but it will take a while. The dinosaurs on here will die out and the young will shake their heads in disbelief.
And with regard to Stanron's comment about my 'Fæcal expletives', it's my opinion that Brexit really is absolute shit, and everyone, including the Muppets who voted for it, will end up eating it. Therefore I reserve the right to continue to draw everyone's attention to that, and 'Brexshit' it will remain in anything and everything I post on the subject.
If anyone doesn't like it, I really don't give a rat's arse.
From: DMcG
I am not wholly swayed by the idea Brexit is largely driven by the elite protecting their financial interests. However when bills are pulled apparently because of money laundering amendments it raises questions.
Arrff, arrff, arrff...something to give us a smile as the BrexShit catastrophe continues to roll on and on.
Hilarious - or it would be if Grayling wasn't such an utter twunt, but apparently an 'Untouchable' as far as The Praying Mantis is concerned.
From: Donuel
Dave and the backwoodsman seem to admit the ridiculous eventuality of what's coming and the super rich may welcome it OR NOT depending on the version of reality they will see.. So why not let them see what is coming with a 'virtual' or a 'soft opening' of Brexit RIGHT NOW
Never mind the Schwartzfield equation reasoning for this but its time to throw the fear of god at those who reside in the black hole of untold wealth.
From: SPB-Cooperator
Backwoodsman, If May chooses to hand back her library ticket that is her choice. I choose not to give mine back.
OK Donuel, if we have a trial 'Brexit' then let that include consular officiels at every point of entry in the EU (at no cost to the tax payer) to intervene in case a fascist border-official tries to prevent freedom of movement for UK nationals. Lets have a commitment whereby every time a UK national is denied a single benefit of EU membership, that this is automatically escalated into a full diplomatic incident.
From: Raggytash
More gloomy reports about a no deal Brexit this time from BMW who suggest that jobs would be at risk in their Cowley plant if no deal is reached over Brexit. This is on top of a similar warning from Toyota.
Has anyone got any GOOD news about Brexit?
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/05/bmw-mini-cowley-no-deal-brexit-toyota
Interesting discussion of the future validity of driving licenses held by British citizens domiciled here
"Has anyone got any GOOD news about Brexit?"
APPARENTLY NOT
If police outside of UK try to fine motorists for not having an IDP, just need to say that they must send the penalty notice for the personal attention of May, and UK tax payers or the Conservative party, or Department of Transport employees will pay it. No further discussion required.
From: David Carter (UK)
So I wonder how the brexiteers will spin the loss of a British icon such as the mini? Thats taking out country back, isn't it?
THEY'LL PROBABLY MINIMISE IT'S IMPORTANCE
Yebbut, yebbut, yebbut..."Weer taking are cuntry back".
From: Bonnie Shaljean
Yeah. Back to the stone age.
Precisely, Bonnie.
A piece in today's Guardian entitled "Food fight: doubts grow over post-Brexit standards" not only highlights in some detail the poor agricultural practices in the US which are bound to cause conflict in negotiations for any trade deal but also must have us doubting whether we can reach any sort of deal with the US at all (even Toryboy George Eustice has those doubts). If you think it's just about the talismanic chlorinated chicken spat, read the piece. That particular example of fowl play is just the tip of the iceberg.
The FDA allows up to 4% of a can of cherries to have maggots, 5% if they are brined or Maraschino. Up to one maggot or five fly eggs per 250ml of canned fruit juice is also allowed under American food regulations.
Tomato juice is good, you can have up to five fly eggs and one maggot per 100g of tomato juice. Fifteen fly eggs and one maggot per 100g is allowed for tomato paste and other pizza sauces. Mushrooms are really sexy, mushrooms you can have twenty maggots of any size per 100g of drained mushrooms or per 15g of dried mushrooms. That's twenty maggots of any size.
It means thatAmericans at the moment are on average are likely to ingest between one and two pounds of flies, maggots and mites each year without knowing it.
"Now the FDA say that's safe and they're probably right and the future of protein consumption is probably going to involve more and more insects
The eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of certain insects have been eaten by humans from prehistoric times to the present day. Around 3,000 ethnic groups practice entomophagy. Human insect-eating is common to cultures in most parts of the world, including Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Eighty percent of the world's nations eat insects of 1,000 to 2,000 species. In some societies entomophagy is uncommon or taboo. Today, insect eating is uncommon in North America and Europe, but insects remain a popular food elsewhere, and some companies are trying to introduce insects as food into Western diets. FAO has registered some 1,900 edible insect species and estimates that there were, in 2005, some two billion insect consumers worldwide. They suggest eating insects as a possible solution to environmental degradation caused by livestock production.
Bush Tucker Man
What bothers me a bit about the chlorinated chicken spat is how it is all being presented about food safety. When the subject cropped up a while back a survey suggested that animal welfare was a big concern to UK consumers, not just food safety.
How convenient it is to forget that.
Iains, thats a diversionary tactic, this isn't about eating insects, it is about bacteria, growth hormones and antibiotics. Yes I would be prepared to eat insects. But not ones produced to US food hygiene standards.
I wonder what the yanks on here think about their chlorinated chicken, hormonal beef and the rest. I suppose not many of them bother clicking on brexit threads (which could indicate that they enjoy a higher level of sanity than we Brits).
I'm reminded of the graffiti I saw on a toilet cubicle wall when I was at Imperial College in 1969: "Eat shit. 150,000,000 flies can't be wrong."
Try to ignore him, David.
David Carter.I suspect in the US the agenda is driven by multinational
"food" companies whereas in the EU it is driven by faceless bureaucrats.
Difficult to determine which is the better for looking after the consumer. Superficially it would appear no contest. In detail perhaps a slightly different story emerges. Neither is on the side of angels.
Germany's prestigious IFO Institut has crunched the numbers on the economic impact of no deal on 44 countries and predicted that Ireland would be hit three times harder than the UK by a no-deal Brexit, taking a massive 8.16% hit to their economy. Guido hears that Ireland has been the main EU27 country holding out against any reference to the UK's basic Vienna Convention treaty rights over the backstop.
I stated this some months back and was laughed at.
It is not a situation for anyone to laugh over. Ireland's intransigence will create no winners, just losers.
https://order-order.com/2019/03/06/german-economists-no-deal-will-hit-ireland-three-times-harder-uk/
To my knowledge no one has ever suggested that Brexit would not have a detrimental effect on Ireland, in particular, and the EU in general.
IF perchance I am incorrect perhaps you could show us all the post(s) that said as much.
However I will not hold my breath as I know you will be unable to do so.
9 and counting.
From: robomatic
Every time I linger on the topic of Brexit I think of that classic Goon Show moment (on the radio):
"Cheer up, dear listeners, Old England isn't finished yet. . .
It's finished. . .
NOW!"
And so it goes on.
Today Primark has informed 200 of it's staff they must move to Dublin or face redundancy.
Any good news about Brexit yet?
From the Washington Post
Britain is one of the richest and most
advanced democracies in the world. It is
currently locked in a room, babbling away to
itself hysterically while threatening to blow
its own kneecaps off. This is what nationalist
populism does to a country.
Very astute :-(
Laters poll from Northern counties show 76% opposed to British policy, 67% opposed to DUP handling of Bexit and 67% wish to remain in Europe
Britain is now relying on the support of a party that does not have its own people's support
Jim Carroll
PM says if deal fails we may never leave EU
Sounds like the end game to me.
If she succeeds she will claim the credit for getting the best deal
If she fails she will claim others sabotaged it and it is their fault
Gawd, I hate politicians...
And that is precisely what I predicted when she became PM.
Ms Leadsom said she was still hopeful of a breakthrough, but added it would depend on the EU "coming to the table and taking seriously the [UK's proposals]".
Still not understanding that the EU has no other obligation than to defend its own interests, and that it is the EU not the UK that decides what the EU's interests are, I see.
All part of the Deflection-Policy of the Tories, they do it on every issue - usually involving either inaccurate references to the last Labour government and the 2008 worldwide financial crash, or of the "Look over there - Corbyn anti-semitism/enemy of the people/friend of terrorists/allotment produce-show cheat" kind.
On this occasion they are trying to deflect the blame for their own incompetence and stupidity on to the EU's negotiating team. The BrexShiteer-Muppets might - or should that be will - fall for it, but those of us who aren't so stupid know where the blame truly lies, and it's not with the EU.
A Friend just sent me this from one of teh Irish papers
Telling us what we already knew, of course
Science has dim view of Brexiteers' brains
Jonathan Leake
Science Editor
It is a belief that some pro- Europeans already hold dear but a group of scientists now claim to have confirmed it: Brexit voters are less bright than remainers.
Researchers gave 11,225 volunteers psychological tests before the referendum and asked how they intended to vote. Results suggest that leavers tended to be less numerate, more impulsive and prone to accepting the unsupported claims of authoritarian figures.
"Compared with remain voters, leave voters displayed significantly lower levels of numeracy and appeared more reliant on impulsive thinking," said the researchers, based at the University of Missouri.
Social scientists are increasingly interested in how personality affects voting. Authoritarian people, who favour conformity and obedience, make up about a third of the population. In America, they account for a higher proportion of voters for Donald Trump.
The research suggests that there may be similar divides in the UK. "Participants expressing an intent to vote to leave reported significantly higher levels of authoritarianism and conscientiousness... than those voting to remain,"
researchers said in a paper submitted to the Public Library of Science journal.
Nigel Farage, the MEP and former Ukip leader, said the research was "divisive and arrogant. Remain voters may have higher IQs but I'm not sure many could boil an egg or set up a business. They are well primed for the public sector and living off the taxpayer. The authoritarianism line is strange as leave voters want to be free while remain voters back an undemocratic authoritarian regime. What you can't measure in IQ tests is patriotism which is a strong driver with leavers. Whether that's rational or not is a separate question."
Perhaps the key finding, however, is not about the brain power of leavers and remainers but the risk of using referendums to decide complex issues. Many voters, the scientists conclude, "lack the skills to critically evaluate information... raising a fundamental question as to whether direct democracy in the form of binary, winner- takes-all, referendums is an appropriate mechanism for deciding complicated political issues."
Switzerland's direct democracy system has worked very well since 1848.
We have people claiming to be well educated scientists posting on this forum. It does not automatically follow that their pronouncements are correct.
The problem is not whether a direct democracy can work in a written constitution which describes how all the bits fit together - it can - or whether an evolved, indirect democracy like ours can work - it can - but how you get both approaches to fit together without any arbitration system to say which has priority when. And it is not good enough for either approach to declare 'we do'.
But in the light of crucial defining decisions being taken in the next few days, or being shirked, I would suggest a debate on the merits of direct or indirect democracy is perhaps not the main issue of importance.
"It does not automatically follow that their pronouncements are correct."
Said the feller who insists on interminably infects this forum with the opinions of a masked criminal blogger
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text:
Eleanor Hager
Eleanor Hager, 86 of Harvey passed away peacefully with family by her side on March, 23, 2014 at the St. Aloisius Nursing Home, Harvey.
Funeral services will be held on Saturday March 29, 2014 at 10:30 a.m. at the St. Anthony Catholic Church of Selz.
Visitation will be held at the Hertz Funeral Home of Harvey on Friday March 28 from 2:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Prayer services will be on Friday at 8:00 p.m. at the Hertz Funeral Home.
Burial will be in the church cemetery.
Eleanor was born October 13, 1927 in Rugby, the daughter of Andrew and Magdalena (Schiff) Wentz, She grew up on their family farm southeast of Rugby and attended country school. It is here where she learned the value of love of family and hard work that served her throughout her life.
On October 11, 1949, she was married to John Hager at Little Flower Catholic Church in Rugby. John and Eleanor farmed in the Wolford area until 1964 when they moved to their farm northwest of Selz, where they owned and operated their family farms in both the Selz and Rugby areas for more than forty years. Eleanor was a member of St. Anthony's Catholic Church in Selz. She moved into St. Aloisius Long Term Care in January 2012 due to health reasons.
Eleanor's greatest passion was time spent with her family. She enjoyed frequent visits with them, including annual trips to California for many years. She shared both special celebrations and everyday activities with her family. She gifted her family with the creation of a family tree, writing many letters to gather and assemble the information. She enjoyed the process of reaching out, gaining knowledge, and sharing this information.
Eleanor was preceded in death by her parents and son, Mark, who passed away in 1974. Eleanor will be greatly missed by many. She is survived by her husband, John, four daughters, Donna (Roger) Altepeter of East Grand Forks, MN, Lenora (Greg) Bottom, Granite Bay, CA, Bonnie (Donald) Jundt, Grand Forks, ND, Linda (Rick) Lessard, West Fargo, ND. They have twelve grandchildren, Kris Altepeter in Bismarck, ND, Adam (Jenna) Altepeter, Plymouth, MN, Lindsey (Ryan) Martens, Germany, Carolynne Bottum, Woodland, CA, Katharine (Rick) Harrison, Albuquerque, NM, Genevieve (Scott) Perrett, Granite Bay, CA, Jeremy (Rebecca) Jundt, East Grand Forks, MN, Ryan Jundt, Grand Forks, ND, Tarrah (Jeff) Baars, Mosinee, WI, Jennifer, Andrea and Scott Lessard in West Fargo, ND. They have seven great-grandchildren, including: Christian, Nicholas, and Leah Jundt, Alexis Bottum and Benjamin Perrett, Hannah and Julia Baars. Eleanor was looking forward to the birth of two additional great-grandchildren.


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Home » My mind is just a broken machine: Part IV of book review series on AI in law (263)
My mind is just a broken machine: Part IV of book review series on AI in law (263)
By Dan Currell on October 3, 2021
Posted in Artificial Intelligence, Book Reviews
Hal, Val, and the lawyer governance problem that's hindering AI in law
Oscar Reutersvärd is the "father of the impossible figure." Some of his impossible figures are captured on the Swedish stamps shown above. The figures are, of course, quite possible — they're just ink on paper. But our brains turn quickly from seeing some shapes to the "realization" that they are "impossible" because the 3-D world our minds are trying to construct cannot exist.
Our powerful, broken minds
The problem is in our brains, of course. Not only do humans use analogy and inference to build world models, as I discussed in the first two installments of this book review series on AI (Posts 232 and 237), we do it involuntarily. (Part III of this four-part series is Post 250, which focused on opportunities and challenges of expert systems.)
Nick Chater, a professor of behavioral science at University of Warwick Business School, articulates this masterfully in The Mind is Flat: The Remarkable Shallowness of the Improvising Brain (2018). Our brains take disconnected slivers of data through a surprisingly narrow perceptive field and use them to build a world.
Most of what we believe we are experiencing directly is an illusion, an analogy to reality that we hold in our minds. Reutersvärd's drawings highlight the involuntary nature of our world-building by isolating rare instances where our brains continue to insist on trying to extend the analogy even after we have concluded that it can't be done.
Computers aren't confused by Reutersvärd's drawings because they don't have a world model. Their missing world models account for the chasm between machines and lawyers since analogy, inference, and world model-building are core to what lawyers do.
The mental glitch illustrated above reflects both an asset and a liability: we fill in the blanks creatively, preconsciously inserting things that may or may not be there at all. That's our great gift, and it's what humans have to contribute to any process involving people and machines. But it comes at the expense of reliability: because we creatively build a world that our own minds find totally convincing, we are capable of engaging and sustaining major errors without dissonance. We also have terrible memories.
Our minds are broken, and yes also extraordinarily capable.
Our powerful, broken machines
Computers don't think the way we do in any respect, and they therefore lack the ability to do many things that seem simple to us. But a machine's way of "thinking" is highly reliable. A computer can capture and return information with near-absolute fidelity, which is very different from my brain – and probably yours, too. Even the iPhone MCMLXXXIV won't be able to play Pictionary, but it will be able to store and recall with fidelity every picture ever drawn. (For an illustration of the difficulty our brains have with even one instance of image recall: first, imagine a picture of a tiger. Now, count the stripes on her tail.)
As AI techniques like deep neural networks are brought to bear, they can achieve things we simply couldn't, like finding patterns in millions of pages of documentation or predicting rain with precision. Computers have great data recall, and they may come to have great data precall, if you will, in the right instances. But they do so by applying totally different "thinking" techniques. Among other things, machines have no ability to check their conclusions against a mental image or analogy of the world. Their inability to run this sort of "common sense" audit of conclusions partly explains why even the best image recognition tools can be manipulated to think a tiny insect is a manhole cover or conclude with 99% certainty that a university building is a triceratops dinosaur. There's no ability to error-correct by imagining a context into which these surprising conclusions can be placed, because computers can't imagine anything.
Our machines are broken, and yet also extraordinarily capable.
Hal, Val and the absence of process design
Computers will replace associates when a partner can talk about an issue in her office for six minutes, scrawl twelve words onto a yellow legal pad, hand it to Hal the machine associate, and know that the project will be carried out just as badly as it would have been by Val, a recent graduate of Yale Law School.
Kidding – not kidding, as the kids say. Hal would screw up the assignment differently than Val would. We can expect Hal's achievements to be more impressive and his mistakes far more bizarre. Val's mistakes will be more acceptable under the standards of common sense because they will happen when she fills in the rest of that yellow legal pad with a framework that doesn't turn out to align to what the partner will have said she clearly wanted.
The problem here is not with Hal or Val, of course. It's with the partner. And we can go one level up and say that the source of the problem is with the system, or absence of one, for specifying process and outcome in legal work. Hal and Val are both broken machines, neither entirely suited to the task — Val for her imprecise recall and inability to read thousands of pages per second, and Hal for his total lack of analogical reasoning and the resulting absence of all common sense.
But since Val has at least a prayer of "correctly" construing the assignment by filling in the blanks, legal leaders remain shockingly lazy about design. Lawyers build first and design later, preferring to see how it goes with the first few rows of bricks before pausing to decide whether the client needs a cathedral or an outhouse.
To the extent we're only working with human lawyers, and perhaps because they are getting paid for hours rather than outcomes, we can get away with scrawling a few words on the yellow legal pad and calling it a plan. It's a terrible practice that gives rise to all the Keystone Cops episodes at law firms. But its continuing ubiquity suggests that the practice isn't fatal.
Remarkably, for all their power, AI tools have no ability to self-correct, and an associate's fidelity to a partner's vision is certainly improved when a design is in place before she is asked to start laying bricks. The winners in AI implementation won't be the firms that are "good with technology" or even necessarily "innovative." The winners will be those that master the act of pairing Hal's genius with Val's genius while steering around each of their stark shortcomings. They will be the firms with strong process design and process control. Cf. Post 248 (Rob Saccone making point that AI has the potential to be a new and powerful form of leverage with enormous cost and quality advantages that would wipe out late adopters).
Weaving together these dissimilar capabilities won't be easy, but the design principles might be as simple as this:
If analogy and metaphor is essential to the task, it's for the human
If analogy and metaphor can be eliminated from the task, it's for the computer
Working out what precisely that means in a response to a FTC Second Request under Hart-Scott-Rodino is likely a very granular exercise. And it's one that law firms aren't generally great at.
In fact, law firms might not even be capable of it.
Law's broken governance and the future of AI
Lawyers are, on average, bad at process design and control in the way lawyers are, on average, bad at everything: some are great at it and the rest pretend they've never heard of it.
The trouble with this kind of variability, beyond the obvious, is that process is a team sport, and the process is only as strong as its weakest link. (For a good business novel — no, really — that explores this idea in detail, check out Eliyahu Goldratt's The Goal.) A lawyer might be great at process control, but a group of lawyers is certainly terrible at it. See Post 241 (Alex Hamilton of Radiant Law arguing that only a greenfield law firm will be capable of fully embracing process, and literally betting his career on it).
Couldn't a group of lawyers all pinky-swear to commit themselves to the disciplines of process design and control? Well, in theory, yes. But in practice, law firms cannot govern themselves the way any other sort of business can. A law firm is like a shopping mall whose stores can leave, taking their customers with them, when the mall's rules no longer suit them. The mall is careful to keep its best tenants happy. This is euphemized as "collegiality."
For the advancement of the profession, this kind of "collegiality" might need to be euthanized.
Decentralized power and centralized process control cannot coexist, and this may be lethal to law firms' effective adoption of advanced technologies. Advanced technologies require well-articulated and consistently enforced processes to control the variability that comes from pairing them with humans — and law firms are not built for the consistent enforcement of anything.
Could a firm's partners vest real authority in a Chief Process Officer? Sure. They might even abide by those rules, even after realizing how much autonomy they had given up. But at some point, a partner with a lot of clients would leave for a firm with no such constraints, and a reckoning would shortly follow.
Perhaps this creates an opening for non-law firms, or perhaps for law firms with very different governance. Cf. Post 241 (Alex Hamilton exhorting patience to those looking for a rise of the vertically integrated law firm that combines law with data, process, and technology). Either way, I expect the winners in an AI-enabled legal market to be the organizations that can figure out and agree to governance that can sustain the kind of process necessary to fully exploit a portfolio of powerful, broken machines.
Tags: AI, Alex Hamilton, artificial intelligence, Chief Process Officer, Eliyahu Goldratt, Hal, Nick Chater, Rob Saccone, The Mind is Flat, Val, Yale Law School
Dan Currell
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Brass tacks re: Artificial Intelligence in legal (264)
"My new Volvo is a Mazda": Part III of book review series on AI in law (250)
Did Robbie the Robot really learn to read? (book review) (237)
Case study: impact of AI and Big Data on low-risk contract negotiations (236)
Legal's AI rocket ship will be manned (book review) (232)
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