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Home»Portals»Human Performance»OGHFA
Hearing and Noise (OGHFA BN)
Flight Safety Foundation
A safety-conscious crew needs to know how and when hearing-related issues are likely to affect performance. This Briefing Note (BN) describes the process of hearing and issues that can arise related to it during flight. It will discuss the impact of noise on hearing and how performance is subsequently affected.
Hearing has a much greater impact on performance than most people realize. Modern aircraft designs put high demands on vision as the primary sense for information gathering, but such designs can lead to increased attentional demands that have the potential to decrease situational awareness. To compensate, sound has become more important for delivering information or to divert a pilot's attention to an area that needs monitoring.
At a very basic level, the ability to hear a signal will affect a pilot's ability to respond to that signal. A signal could be missed because of physical problems related to the ear or because of environmental issues such as noise.
In addition to signal interference, noise associated with flight can cause physiological and/or psychological problems that can degrade performance. This BN will discuss these problems and how various levels of noise affect hearing and performance.
Physical features of sound
Sound is a vibration that is transmitted through various media such as air or water. Sound is simply a series of compressions (where molecules are dense) and rarefactions (where molecules are sparse). A vibration will move at different speeds depending on the medium. In air at sea level (20 C, 68F), the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s; in water (20 C) at sea level, the speed is 1,482 m/s.
Sound waves travel outward in all directions from their source until they are blocked. As a wave, sound has two main characteristics, frequency and amplitude, and a vibration occurs over a single wavelength. Frequency is typically expressed in Hertz (Hz), a measure of how many vibrations occur in one second, and directly corresponds to the pitch of a sound (Table 1). For example, a pure sine wave of 440 Hz corresponds to the note A on the fourth octave of the piano. The higher the frequency the higher the pitch.
When measuring sound in air, sound pressure level is almost always expressed in decibels (Figure 1). The logarithmic decibel scale uses a reference sound pressure of 20 micro pascals (μPa) which is considered the threshold of human hearing and is roughly equivalent to the sound of a piece of paper falling to the ground. Most measurements of audio equipment are made relative to this reference point.
Figure 1. The decibel scale
Table 1. The frequencies of sound
Infrasonic (<20 Hz) Inaudible to humans
Low bass (20 to 80 Hz) Explosions, thunder and the lowest notes of a musical organ
Upper bass (80 to 320 Hz) Drum kit, cello, trombone and bass
Mid-range (320 to 2,560 Hz) Much of the richness of instrumental sounds occur in this range
Upper mid-range (2,560 to 5,120 Hz) Frequency for which the human ear is the most sensitive; contributes to the intelligibility of speech
Treble (5,120 to 20,000 Hz) Brilliance or "air" of a sound, but can also emphasize noise
Ultrasonic (>20,000 Hz) Inaudible to humans
Physiology of hearing
The ear consists of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. It contains receptors for both hearing and equilibrium (balance). The receptors for equilibrium are the semi-circular canals. More information on equilibrium is in the Vestibular System and Illusions BN.
The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Sound waves are collected by the pinna and travel through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Sound waves striking the eardrum cause it to vibrate. The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear (Figure 2).
Figure 2. The outer ear
The middle ear (Figure 3) contains the following:
Eustachian tube extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx, permitting air to enter or leave the middle ear cavity. Its function is to equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. Normally the walls of the tube are collapsed. Swallowing and chewing actions open the tube to allow air in or out as needed for equalization. Equalizing air pressure ensures that the eardrum vibrates maximally when struck by sound waves. The air pressure in the middle ear must be the same as the external atmospheric pressure in order for the eardrum to vibrate properly. "Popping" the ear opens the eustachian tubes, equalizing air pressures.
Ossicles consist of three linked and movable bones that convert sound waves striking the eardrum into mechanical vibrations. These three bones are the smallest in the human body and are named for their shape.
hammer joins the inside of the eardrum
anvil is the middle bone that connects the other two
stirrup footplate attaches to the cochlea.
Tympanic cavity is air-filled and carved out of the temporal bone. It connects to the throat/nasopharynx via the eustachian tube.
Tympanic membrane (ear drum) separates the external ear from the middle ear. It is stretched across the end of the ear canal and vibrates when struck by sound waves. These sound waves are transmitted to the three auditory bones. These then transmit the vibrations to the fluid-filled inner ear at the oval window.
Figure 3. The middle ear
The inner ear (Figure 4) consists of two inter-connected pathways for the vestibular and auditory systems. Both involve the following structures:
Figure 4. Inner ear
The inner ear contains the corti organ which is the hearing sensor. The process of hearing involves the transmission of vibrations and the generation of nerve impulses. When sound waves enter the ear canal, vibrations are transmitted by the following sequence of structures: eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window of the inner ear, perilymph and endolymph within the cochlea and hair cells of the organ of corti. When the hair cells bend, they generate impulses that are carried by the 8th cranial nerve to the brain. Sounds are heard and interpreted in the auditory areas of the temporal lobes.
Effects of noise
Noise can have either an extra-auditory or auditory effect on a pilot. Both of these effects may significantly affect performance and health.
Extra-auditory effects
Extra-auditory effects occur when biological and complex cognitive processes are affected by noise. Noise can act as a nonspecific physiologic stressor and can alter endocrine, cardiovascular and neurologic functions. These altered functions can cause biochemical changes that may have negative health effects.
Most notably, noise can cause an increase in heart rate, vaso-constriction, digestive activity and muscular tension. Also, a 75 dB noise may change the diameter of the eye's pupil, which can significantly impact visual acuity.
The effects of noise on performance are complex. However, from an operational point of view, one of the most important issues is how noise affects attention. A number of studies have explored this issue. Two classic studies of the effects of noise on performance are described below. In one study conducted by Hockey (1978), subjects were asked to perform a "clock test" where they were required to detect critical signals (i.e., the double jump of the needle on a clock). The critical signals were infrequent and occurred randomly. In this study two factors were combined:
One-clock condition with 113 dB versus 79 dB
Three-clock condition with 113 dB versus 79 dB.
Results showed that noise had no significant effect on performance in the one-clock condition, but in the the three-clock condition, the higher level of noise significantly decreased performance (Figure 5). This finding demonstrated that noise tends to decrease the ability to share attention between several concurrent tasks, especially when the tasks must be performed for extended periods of time.
Figure 5. Effects of noise exposure of performance to a clock test (Hockey, 1978)
Hockey further explored this topic in an experiment where subjects were asked to perform a tracking task and a detection task at the same time (Figure 6). For the tracking task, the higher the percentage of time spent on the target, the better the performance. In the detection task, performance was measured as correct detection of a signal. Results showed that higher levels of noise actually helped to maintain performance on the tracking task over time. For the detection task, noise improved detection of the signals located in the center of the field of vision, but decreased detection performance when the signal was in the periphery.
Figure 6. Effects of noise on dual task performance (Hockey, 1978).
Auditory effects
Speech intelligibility is affected by the signal-to-noise (s/n) ratio. Ideally the s/n is higher than 0 dB, which means the signal is louder than the noise. Figure 7 shows the effects of s/n ratio on word articulation (the number of test words correctly identified in an intelligibility test). This figure shows that as the s/n ratio increases so does the correct identification of words. In other words, as a person's voice becomes louder than the background noise, the voice is more easily understood.
Figure 7. Word articulation as a function of signal-to-noise ratio.
Auditory fatigue is a Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) that occurs after exposure to noise.
Figure 8 shows that this shift can reach up to 40 dB after exposure to 106 dB for 100 minutes. Simply put, an increase of 40 dB in a signal would be needed for a person to hear with the same acuity as before the exposure to the 106 dB noise for 100 minutes.
Figure 9 shows that a TTS can last for several hours and up to 45 hours for frequencies around 5,000 Hz where many components of speech are found.
Pathological effects of noise
Exposure to noise may induce pathological effects, mainly cardio-vascular disease. This is due to the generation of high levels of adrenaline that narrow blood vessel diameter resulting in increased blood pressure. After three to five years of regular exposure to 85 dB noise, morbidity increased significantly increased. Other common pathological problems related to noise are cholesterol issues, gastric ulcers, sleep disturbances and mental stress.
Approximately 10 percent of the population in industrialized societies has significant hearing loss. Pathological effects of noise on hearing are known as a Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS), meaning the threshold of hearing has permanently increased. One of the difficulties of detecting PTS is that in the early stages a person may not be aware of any issues. Figure 10 shows that at an early stage (Curve 1) speech is not affected and the person is still able to hear others speak. At this stage, only a specialized exam (audiogram) is able to detect the problem. As PTS increases as depicted by Curves 2 and 3, the hearing loss affects speech intelligibility, and the person starts to be aware that there is an issue.
A PTS may occur after a short exposure to noise higher than 90 dB or as a result of cumulative exposure to relatively moderate levels of noise, such as 70 dB.
Figure 10. Progressive development of hearing loss
Sound is a compression and rarefaction of some medium such as air or water
The ear consists of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. It contains receptors for both hearing and equilibrium (balance)
Extra-auditory effects occur when biological and complex cognitive processes are affected by noise
Noise can have a negative effect on performance when multiple tasks are being performed at once, but sometimes noise can help maintain performance when a task is spread out over an extended period of time
Noise can mask speech when its magnitude is near that of the speech
As signal-to-noise ratio increases, so does the intelligibility of words
After prolonged exposure to increased noise levels, a person may experience a temporary threshold shift where signals must be "louder" than normal to be heard by the individual. This state is usually temporary but can sometimes be permanent
Exposure to noise may induce pathological effects, mainly cardio-vascular disease. This is due to the creation of high levels of adrenaline that narrow blood vessel diameter and the resultant increase in blood pressure.
Associated OGHFA Material
Briefing Note
Vestibular System and Illusions
Industry references
ANSI S3.2-1989, "Method for Measuring the Intelligibility of Speech Over Communication Systems"
HOCKEY (G.R.). "Effects of Noise on Human Work Efficiency" In: D.N. May (ed.), Handbook of Noise Assessment. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978.
OGHFA, Personal Influences, Human Factors


Alan Summers is a Japan Times award-winning writer, and founder of With Words (a literature and literacy based not-for-profit organisation) started in 2006.
He is currently the haiku editor for Lakeview International Journal of Literature and Arts (first issue February 2013); fellow founding haiku editor for Bones Journal (new and gendai haiku); and on the panel of editors for Yet To Be Named Free Press.
Alan is a former General Secretary of the British Haiku Society; and a Foundation Member for the Australian Haiku Society. He is also busy on a children's novel; an adult crime thriller; as well as The Kigo Lab (an experiment with Western season words for haikai literature as full-blown kigo for eco-critical writing).
Does Fish-God Know is Alan's collection of gendai haiku and experimental short verse.
You are currently browsing the archive for Alan Summers.


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Prof Mark Geller
Foster Court
Malet Place
WC1E 6BT
m.geller@ucl.ac.uk
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hebrew-jewish/staff/academic-staff/mark-geller
Jewish Chronicle Professor of Jewish Studies
Professor Mark Geller - Jewish Chronicle Professor of Jewish Studies
Professor Geller came to UCL's Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies in 1976, when the Department consisted of only five members of staff and a handful of students. He completed his first degree at Princeton University in Classics, one year of which was spent at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He completed his PhD at Brandeis University in Mediterranean Studies, where he was introduced to several Semitic languages, including Aramaic, Akkadian, Ugaritic, and Arabic, and he wrote his dissertation on the subject of Aramaic magic bowls in relation to Rabbinic texts.
After coming to London, Mark studied Akkadian and Sumerian for several years with W. G. Lambert, and subsequently spent a year (1980-81) in Munich at the University's Institute for Assyriology and Hittitology, as Alexander von Humboldt-Fellow, working with D. O. Edzard. The result of this work was his first book on Sumerian incantations texs known as Udug-hul ('evil demons'). It was during this period that the bulk of the work was completed on a volume of copies of Sumerian literary tablets from the British Museum, together with a Danish colleague, Bendt Alster.
In 1987-88, Mark received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to work in Philadelphia and Chicago on Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual incantations. This was followed up by a year (19994-5) spent at the Netherlands Institute of Advanced Studies in Wassenaar, as part of a research group on 'Magic and Religion in the Ancient Near East'.
His inaugural lecture was delivered in 1994 on the subject of the survival cuneiform, providing evidence for the survival of cuneiform script into the third century AD. This research has provided the basis for his recent studies of connections between Akkadian and Aramaic magic and medical texts, particularly comparing cuneiform tablets with information in the Babylonian Talmud.
In the summers of 1996 and 1998 he received further grants from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung to work in the museums and institutes in Berlin, Jena, and Leipzig.
Mark acted as Head of Department from 1984-1993, and since 1982 has served as Director of the Institute of Jewish Studies at UCL, in which capacity he has organised many conferences and public lectures.
In 2000-2001 Mark again received a fellowship from the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Wassenaar, and spent the year working in a research group on Greek and Babylonian medicine. This was followed by grants from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, to spend three months at the Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin, in 2002, 2007, 2008, and 2009.
He has also received a grant from the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine, to spend 2005-2006 in Paris working on ancient Babylonian medicine.
Mark is currently on secondment from UCL, serving as Visiting Professor for the History of Knowledge at the Freie Universität Berlin.
1974 Doctor of Philosophy Brandeis University

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Home / Press Releases / Six Days of Action against the Occupation of Palestine
Six Days of Action against the Occupation of Palestine
in Press Releases May 5, 2007
40 Years is Enough!
Six Days of Action against the Occupation of Palestine – June 6-12 2007
Global Day of Action – June 9 2007
from Kibush 40 Coalition, 5 May 2007
The second week of June will mark forty years since the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six Day war. This is now the longest enduring military occupation in the world. While the Israeli government evades negotiations that would end the occupation and lead to a just peace, the lives of Palestinians continue to be crushed daily by closures and economic strangulation, their land confiscated for settlements and their communities made into prisons by the Segregation Wall.
At the same time, violence in the region continues to supply ideological fuel for the G8 governments in their 'War on Terror', explicitly declared as a never-ending, pre-emptive global war which justifies erasing civil liberties, supporting oppressive regimes, and attacking refugees and migrants. We are all victims of this war: in Palestine and Israel, in Iraq and in Colombia, in Germany and in the U.S.A.
With the occupation at forty it should be clear to all that its forceful hegemony cannot be resisted by established political means alone. This is both morally insufficient and doomed to practical failure. As a strategic and practical alternative, the "Occupation 40" coalition is calling for six days of actions to mark forty years of occupation, on June 6 to 12 2007. A Global Day of Action has also been called on June 9.
The coalition is a democratic and non-hierarchical action platform of grassroots Israeli groups and organizations. Peace organizations, artists, students' groups, internal refugees, anarchists, animal rights activists, communists and individuals participate in this initiative. The six-day convergence in Israel will include demonstrations, direct actions, discussions and cultural events.
This is a call-out for international direct actions against the occupation on June 6-12. We call in particular for actions against corporations profiting directly from the occupation that publicly shame them and/or cause them economic damage. Information on corporations involved with the occupation is available HERE and many other sources, including a recent report by War on Want available HERE.
We hope that actions will be organized to be decentralized and trust them to the initiative and self-organization of affinity groups around the world.These days of action fit well into this summer's international action calendar:
• June 5 – An international day of action against militarization, wars
and occupations, in the run-up to the G8 summit in Germany.
• June 6-8 – Protests against the G8, with the participation of Palestinian and Israeli activists and Palestine Solidarity groups from around Europe.
• June 6-12 – 6 days of action against the Occupation, in Palestine/Israel and Internationally
• June 9 – Rally in London, Global Day of Action Against the Occupation
• June 10-11– Protest, teach-in and lobby in Washington DC
Please distribute this call widely, and please organize for action with your groups and networks. We can use this symbolic moment to hit out at those who benefit and profit from the pain and despair in Palestine, and to send the Israeli and G8 governments a message they cannot ignore.
Kibush 40 Coalition:
Anarchists Against the Wall
Coalition of Women for Peace
Gush Shalom
Hadash
Indymedia Israel
Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions
Machsom Watch
Ta'ayush
International links:
Campaign to End the Israeli Occupation (USA)
Campaign Against Israeli Apartheid (Canada)
Enough Coalition (UK)
Global Actions	2007-05-05
ISM Media Group
Tagged with: Global Actions
Protesters break through replica of Apartheid Wall in Bethlehem symbolic run
Salama remembers Razan
Demonstration in Nabi Saleh attacked by settlers and Army


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text:
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    if (!attribute(i).is_nullable()) result += " NOT NULL";
  }
  return result;
}

}  // namespace supersonic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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We wanted to share a quick and easy summer recipe with all our wonderful patients in Boise. The reason we love this recipe is that it has a lot of vitamins and nutrients that are also very good for your teeth, and it always leaves you feeling filled, but not overly stuffed!
Use light instead of albacore white canned tuna to get all the nutrition without too much mercury. Chopped peppers and carrots add beta carotene and vitamin C. Serve it on a bed of fresh spinach leaves for an added burst of lutein.
In a medium bowl, flake the tuna into small pieces with fork. Add the carrot, celery, red and yellow pepper, scallion, mayonnaise, and lemon juice, and mix well with a fork.
Line a plate with the spinach and place the tuna mixture on top. Arrange the tomato slices around the tuna. Serve, and enjoy!
Do you have a healthy summer recipe you'd like to share? Give us a call or comment on our Facebook profile, and we'll feature the best recipes in an upcoming article for all of our Boise patients to enjoy.


The Ogle County Airport may be small, but it has a lot of different features to offer to its members and guests. One of those features being hangars to store aircraft. There are four large hangars facing the grass runway and several "t" hangars as well.
There are sites available for building private hangars. The land is leased from OCPI and the builder owns the hangar with a 50 year lease with a 50 year extension. Certain restrictions apply to the builder and he must conform to standard building codes.
On the east side of the airport private developer has five acre lots for sale. These are intended for building a home with an attached (or close to) hangar and the prices is much more modest than anything to the east of the Rock River.
For more information or questions pertaining to hangars at the Ogle County Airport ask any OCPI board member for more details and/or phone numbers.


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Dallas Soccer News - June World Cup warmup between Ivory Coast El Salvador Dallas Texas, Didier Drogba
Frisco to host June World Cup warmup between Ivory Coast and El Salvador
Published 3/1/2014 12:13:28 PM by staff from dallas
Get read North Texas, Didier Drogba is coming to town! Ivory Coast will be facing off against El Salvador in a Road to Brazil friendly on June 4th. The Ivory Coast is also playing Bosnia a few days before coming to Dallas.
Most think the Ivory Coast got a very good draw for the 2014 World Cup as they landed in Group C along with Colombia, Greece and Japan. Colombia is a very dangerous side, but Ivory Coast should be favored to advance barring a slipup against Greece or Japan.
We should be treated to such studs as Didier Drogba, Yaya Toure, Wilfried Bony, Gervinho and Saloman Kalou suiting up for the important warmup match. It will be termed termed a friendly, but with Brazil 2014 only days away it will be all business!
Tickets to the June 4 friendly will go on sale on Monday, March 17, with a special pre-sale on Wednesday, March 12. The game also counts as a bonus ticket match for FC Dallas season ticket holders.
Label: June World Cup warmup between Ivory Coast El Salvador Dallas Texas, Didier Drogba


A long time ago, in the tenth century, Benedictine monks arrived in this corner of southern France. They built an abbey in a clearing in the forest beside the Célé River and lived here in peace for four hundred years.
In 1368, during the Hundred Years War, the abbey was destroyed by the English invaders. It was rebuilt, only to be attacked again in the sixteenth century during the Wars of Religion.
All that remains intact is the Chapter House where the monks met each day.
During the summer, guided tours of the ruins (en français) are available from the Tourist Office next door but visitors are free to wander through the remains of the abbey at any time.
Before you arrive, download a map of the village Les clefs de…Marcilhac-sur-Célé (or ask for one at the Tourist Office) which will take you on a guided walk past fifteen historical sites and buildings, including the mill built by the monks in the Middle Ages, several grand nineteenth-century homes and the Tourist Office itself which is housed in a fifteenth-century half-timbered home.
Which long-distance walk visits Marcilhac-sur-Célé?
I am sure you would love it! It is a beautiful part of the world and there are so many interesting things to see!


 Bruce K. Waltke. The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1-15. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004), 174.
 Iain Duguid. "Wisdom Literature" (Lecture: Westminster Theological Seminar, Glenside, PA, March 28, 2017). See also Proverbs 1:7, and Waltke, Proverbs, 174.
 Waltke, Proverbs, 188. Also, Proverbs 1:8-19 and Andrew Styer "The Violence of Foolishness." ProclamationPca.com. Accessed July 3, 2018. http://proclamationpca.com/proverbs-the-wisdom-of-god/.
 Romans 3:10-23, 6:23; Ephesians 2:1-10.
 Matthew 5:17-20; John 14:6, Galatians 2:11-5:7; 1 John 3:5-8.
 Romans 3:28, 11:6; Ephesians 2:8-10.
 Romans 12:2, 1 John 2:1-3:24.
 Genesis 3; Psalm 141:10; Proverbs 3:35, 5:22, 12:12-13, 13:5-6, 29:6; Isaiah 57:21; Romans 5:12-21, 6:23; 1 Corinthians 3:3; Ephesians 4:17-19.
 John 15:18; 1 John 3:15.
 Matthew 10:22; John 8:31-32, 14:6.
Posted on August 3, 2018 by Seth Dunn and filed under Devotions and tagged Proclamation Presbyterian Church Wisdom literature Logos Bible Software exclusive salvation in Christ Waltke Duguid.


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Home Oil And Gas News Ailing Crewman Medecaved from Accommodation Barge off Puerto Rico
Ailing Crewman Medecaved from Accommodation Barge off Puerto Rico
A Coast Guard helicopter crew rendezvous with the 400-foot DB Superior Performance barge June 28 2021, approximately 140 nautical miles south of Ponce, Puerto Rico during the medevac of a barge crewmember who was experiencing possible cardiac distress. (Photo: U.S. Coast Guard)
An ailing crewmember was medevaced from a a 400-foot accommodation barge Monday, approximately 140 nautical miles south of Ponce, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Coast Guard said.
Watchstanders at Coast Guard Sector San Juan received a call from the DB Superior Performance barge reporting a medical emergency for a 46-year-old crewmember who was experiencing possible cardiac distress and required specialized medical care ashore. At the time of the emergency, the tugboat Crosby Leader was towing the barge on a voyage from Brazil to the U.S.
Coast Guard watchstanders directed the launch of an MH-60T Jayhawk helicopter from Air Station Borinquen to conduct the medevac. Upon arriving on scene, the helicopter crew lowered their rescue swimmer, along with a rescue basket, who worked with the crew to secure patient and hoist him aboard the aircraft.
The Coast Guard helicopter transported the patient to the Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where awaiting Emergency Medical Service personnel received and transported him to the Pavia Hospital in San Juan.
"The crew was put together on extremely short notice, however everyone did their part to ensure a successful outcome despite the challenging conditions," said Lt. Shea Smith, Coast Guard MH-60T aircraft commander for the case. "This goes to show the importance of standardization within the aviation community. It was a great case with an excellent outcome. We are happy we could help a fellow mariner in distress get to a higher level of care."


Part of hosting with the WolrdVIU Homestay program is agreeing to the host expectations and responsibilities and understanding the Hosting Experience Manual. The manual acts as a support and resource for host families to provide the best hosting experience. This most current edition is from Spring 2018.


Guitarist Kim Simmonds is the leader and founding member of Savoy Brown, the British Blues-rock band who rose to fame in the Blues Boom of the 60s, gathered a big following in The States and are still touring today. Kim has extended his boundaries by going back to acoustic Blues as a solo artist, and through his other creative outlet as a painter, with his work on some of his album covers.
Kim was born in Newbridge, Wales UK in 1947, and learned guitar from listening to his big brother's Blues albums. Aged 18, he was drawn to the Blues clubs of London, immediately formed Savoy Brown and recorded a single for Mike Vernon's tiny mail-order Purdah label.
Mike's day job was as a producer for Decca Records, and he went on to produce their first four albums for the major label. Kim has always been the leader of Savoy Brown, but other musicians have been subject to frequent change: the line-up that cut their first album 'Shake Down' already had two new members. That was an album was all covers of well-known Blues tunes, and it was followed by the mostly self-written 'Getting to the Point', following the recruiting of guitarist 'Lonesome' Dave Peverett and monocle-wearing singer Chris Youlden. Their third release, 'Blue Matter' was a mixture of studio and live tracks, and 'Louisiana Blues' from this album has always been a fixture of their live show.
Touring The States got them a loyal following, and their album 1969 'A Step Further' sold well there. The same personnel recorded 'Raw Sienna', but their 'one-eyed' singer Chris had left when they cut 'Looking In', and 'Lonesome Dave' and the other members left en masse to form the successful Blues-rock band Foghat. Kim's response was to recruit Paul Raymond and Andy Sylvester from Stan Webb's Chicken Shack, and Stan himself joined for a while later too. The new line-up recorded 'Hellbound Train' which made the Billboard Top 40 Album chart and Savoy Brown singles often featured in the lower reaches of the Hot 100 in the mid-70s. The band has continued to record and play gigs all over the world up to the present day, and many well known musicians have done a tour of duty with Savoy Brown. Keith Boyce and Barry Paul (Heavy Metal Kids), Dave Walker (Fleetwood Mac/Black Sabbath), Andy Pyle (Kinks), Jimmy Kunes (Cactus) and John Humphrey (Gary Moore Band) all appeared for a while, and Hubert Sumlin was a regular guest in the early 90s.
Kim's second solo acoustic effort includes the poignant 'Blues for Lonesome', dedicated to Savoy Brown guitarist, Dave Peverett.
Savoy Brown could never claim to be a 'supergroup', but they have always been able to pull a crowd and sell some albums, and they continue to do so, with their 2011 release 'Voodoo Blues' getting great revues. As well as leading that band, Kim has a parallel career as a solo artist since his acoustic album 'Solitaire' in 1997. Displaying a sure touch with his playing, he has issued four albums of self-written, modern Blues issued on the Blue Wave label, and frequently plays solo gigs, especially around the Eastern seaboard.


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Daily Archives: 1, September 1, 2021
He Gave Them A Chance: The Unilateral Decider BLM Advocate And PA Gov. Tom Wolf Decided Too Many School Districts Decided Wrong Now Wolf Has Decided To Decide For Them
Posted on 1, September 1, 2021 | Leave a comment
The move is a reversal from his initial stance earlier this month, when he said he wanted to leave the decision on mask requirements to individual school districts…
Kids are at low COVID risk in schools, but masking could do long term damage
Jul 22, 2021 The UK has decided to keep kids out of masks. "It's important that primary schoolchildren don't wear face coverings," says Public Health England's medical adviser Dr. Susan Hopkins. She …
Prior to his leading a BLM protest march against law enforcement during his mandated lockdown, BLM advocate Tom Wolf greets protesters at the Capitol in Harrisburg, PA.
The Pennsylvania School Boards Association said that the decision on masking should have been left to local school officials, but that it would nevertheless remind school districts "of their legal obligation related to the directive."
"Our members remain committed to the health and safety of their students and staff, and while they have welcomed the expertise and guidance of state and federal agencies, they are in the best position to evaluate and promptly respond to the ever-evolving conditions in their own communities," said Nathan Mains, the group's chief executive officer.
The Democratic governor took action after the Republican leaders of the House and Senate rejected his request to pass legislation requiring masks in classrooms.
Rep. Jesse Topper, R-Bedford, said Tuesday that the 10 school districts he represents have worked up their own plans to mitigate COVID-19. He said the coming statewide mandate makes him "beyond furious."
Pennsylvania to mandate masks in K-12 schools, day cares
Associated Press|1 day ago Masks will be required in all Pennsylvania K-12 schools, Gov. Tom Wolf was set to announce Tuesday, reversing course
Pennsylvania issues indoor mask mandate for K-12 schools
Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf (D) on Tuesday announced that masks will be required inside K-12 school buildings. The big picture: The move is a reversal from his initial stance earlier this month, when he said he wanted to leave the decision on mask requirements to individual school districts, citing guidance from the CDC, which "strongly recommend" the practice: "They're not mandating it, and …
Biden Checks Time As Caskets Unloaded
'Most disrespectful thing': Gold Star families blast Biden for checking watch during ceremony for fallen


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What follows is a discussion of several transactions that the Examiner analyzed for the Enron bankruptcy court. These represent only a portion of the many transactions that the Examiner analyzed, but constitute a large number of the transactions with respect to which he focused on the conduct of attorneys. In most of these cases, the Examiner found that Enron's lawyers potentially could be liable to the company under various causes of action. In some instances, the Examiner did not find potential liability. These transactions are included in my discussion, however, because they can be used to explore certain ethical issues that can arise in transactional practice. The Examiner sometimes provides enough detail that it is possible to construct a tentative description of how things may have unfolded as they did. In these instances, the deals have particular pedagogical value by providing an opportunity to identify and discuss why lawyers did not recognize potential warning signs. In other cases, the details are sparser. These transactions are most useful as the basis for posing questions based either on the actual events or hypothetical variations on them. Finally, some deals afford an opportunity both to suggest possible explanations for behavior as well as to generate questions for discussion.
Regan, Milton C., "Teaching Enron" (2005). Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 313.


Are you getting your required daily dose of water? Your might not be replacing the water in your body as fast as your body is using it.Your body needs its water. So how do we know whether we are lacking this miracle fluid in our body?
Dry mouth-If you are constantly reaching for your water bottle, it is very likely that you are dehydrated. Your dry mouth is a sign sent out by your body, that it needs water.
Color of urine-If your urine is not clear and yellow or brown in color, then it is a sign that your body is not getting enough fluids. Your kidneys are not having enough fluids to flush out the body's toxins. If you want to know if you're getting dehydrated, take a look at your pee.
Constipation-Water helps in getting the waste out of your body. So If there is lack of water, the body finds it more difficult to push the waste out of the body. Hence, the constipation.
Fatigue and Dizziness-When there is not enough water in your body, blood flow to your brain decreases, thereby causing lowered pressure. So if you're feeling dizzy after a workout, do not wait to drink an extra bottle of water.
The decreased water levels in your body prevents the body from performing its regular body functions, so might also feel tired if your are dehydrated. So drink plenty of water and keep dehydration at bay. Your body needs it to be healthy.


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Home / Careers / Job Search Results / Network Engineer (Senior) - TS/SCI with Poly
Network Engineer (Senior) - TS/SCI with Poly
Travel Required: No
Support an organization's local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), customer networks, Intranet and Internet and other data communications systems or a segment of a network system.
Monitor network to ensure network availability to all system users and perform necessary maintenance to support network availability.
Proactively identify risks in the network and develop a plan to mitigate them. Provides support of numerous business requirements into telecommunications (e.g., LAN, MAN, WAN, Voice and Video).
Diagnose hardware and software problems, and replace defective components.
Maintain and administer computer networks and related computing environments, including computer hardware, systems software, applications software, and all configurations.
Plan, coordinate, and implement network security measures in order to protect data, software, and hardware.
Operate master consoles in order to monitor the performance of computer systems and networks, and to coordinate computer network access and use.
Perform routine network startup and shutdown procedures, and maintain control records.
Design, configure, and test computer hardware, networking software and operating system software.
Perform a full range of upgrades to the existing network architecture.
Review user requests for upgrades or additions to the network to assess impact on network performance and provide advice and guidance on the most practical technical approach to meeting user requirements.
Perform long term O&M activities to include tier 3 troubleshooting and problem resolution.
Utilize complex network analysis tools to identify and correct problems in the network.
Prepare troubleshooting procedures for restoring the network to optimal performance levels.
Provide fault management for the network and supports performance management functions.
Respond, isolate, and resolve network troubles. Monitor alarms and alerts to identify network elements causing network degradation or failure.
Monitor security posture of the network, and report suspected violations to designated authority.
Coordinate with configuration management and implementation teams.
Analyze network characteristics (e.g., traffic, connect time, transmission speeds, packet sizes, and throughput) and recommends procurement, removals, and modifications to network components.
Create and/or maintain operating systems, communications software, data base packages, compilers, assemblers, and utility programs.
Apply software, hardware, and standards information technology skills in the analysis, specification, development, integration, and acquisition of open systems for Information Management (IM) applications.
Ensure these systems and applications are compliant with standards for open systems architectures, reference models, and profiles of standards - such as the IEEE Open Systems Environment (OSE) reference model - as they apply to the implementation and specification of IM solutions on the application platform, across the application program interface (API), and the external environment/software application.
Evaluate and recommend COTS applications and methodologies that can be acquired to provide interoperable, portable, and scalable information technology solutions.
Directs compilation of records and reports concerning network operations and maintenance.
Troubleshoots network performance issues.
Analyzes network traffic and provides capacity-planning solutions.
Monitors and responds to complex technical control facility hardware and software problems.
Interfaces with vendor support service groups to ensure proper escalation during outages or periods of degraded system performance.
Manages the purchase, testing, installation, and support of network communications, including LAN/MAN/WAN systems.
Monitors and responds to hardware, software, and network problems.
Provides the routine testing and analysis of all elements of the network facilities (including power, software, communications machinery, lines, modems, and terminals).
Utilizes software and hardware tools, identifies, and diagnoses complex problems and factors affecting network performance.
Troubleshoots network systems when necessary and makes improvements to the network
Candidate must have hands on troubleshooting and fault isolation of IT business systems.
Applicant must have a strong understanding of the OSI model and configuration of routing protocols such as EIGRP, OSPF, MPLS, BGP, LDP. Candidate must have a total of 12 years of applicable experience.
The experience can be a combination of degree and work history.
BS degree and 8 – 12 years of prior relevant experience or Masters with 6 – 10 years of prior relevant experience. May possess a Doctorate in technical domain.
This position requires ability to satisfy a government administered high-risk screening.


Support after-sales data analysis, rapid statistical distribution of poor data distribution, trends and early warning.
Real-time recording and monitoring of customer complaints processing time and progress, effective management of customer complaints processing.
Record maintenance, renovation process data for maintenance data analysis, early warning, quality improvement.


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Bridgeport police: assault involved two people 'known to each other'
News // Police Reports
Peter Yankowski
July 8, 2020 Updated: July 8, 2020 9:19 a.m.
An assault reported by police Tuesday as a possible stabbing involved a dispute between two people "known to each other," Bridgeport police said Wednesday.
Police were called to the 500th block of Hallett Street in the city's East Side neighborhood shortly before 8 p.m. for a report of an assault with a deadly weapon.
Police said the victim had a scratch or abrasion on the back of his neck, and said the case is still under investigation.
It was the first of two assaults reported in the city within less than 24 hours.
Police reported a stabbing on Arctic Street, also on the East Side, the following morning about 10 hours after the Hallett street assault was reported.
Reach Peter on
Peter Yankowski is a breaking news reporter for Hearst Connecticut Media. He previously reported for the Danbury News-Times and, before that, the Ridgefield Press.


Aero Peek is a handy feature in Windows that lets users quickly "peek" behind their open application windows and get a quick glance at their desktops without needing to move or close anything. But for some users who don't use the feature, Peek can become annoying when it is accidentally triggered. Here's how to disable Peek in Windows 10.


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strivetogether Tag
by Bailey McBride
[caption id="attachment_54715" align="aligncenter" width="960"] ImpactTulsa team members and community partners share where they were tuning in from for the opening keynote of the 2020 StriveTogether Cradle to Career Convening.[/caption] While normally the end of September would bring an opportunity for the ImpactTulsa team to join together...
Dr. Delia Kimbrel Recognized with National Award for Community Service
On Friday, StriveTogether announced that ImpactTulsa Director of Research and Data Analysis Dr. Delia Kimbrel has been named the 2020 Bill Henningsgaard Cradle to Career Champion Award winner. " I can't think of anyone more deserving of this honor or anyone who more exemplifies the tenacity,...
in Blog, Education
by Impact Tulsa
Equity in Education: Advancing Racial Equity in Public Schools
by Laura Latta, Ph.D., Director of Post-Secondary Partnerships and Research Editor's Note: This is the fourth and final installment in the ImpactTulsa multi-part series, Equity in Education. For the previous three installments, please check the bottom of this post. A Personal Note When I began writing this series...
Beyond Ally to Anti-Racist: Lessons from a White Leader on a Lifelong Journey
By Lauren Thiesse The acts of racism like the recent violence against unarmed Black people across our nation including George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, and many others, are not a new occurrence. Black people have spoken out about these injustices for lifetimes. Many people who...
Continuous Learning and Improvement (CLI) Frequently Asked Questions
What is continuous learning and improvement (CLI)? It's an approach to improvement by which a team uses data to refine a problem, sets goals, and implements small tests of change to identify practices that are successful and can be scaled to a larger scope; CLI...
in Blog, Education, Updates
ICAP 101: Preparing for Life After High School
By Laura Latta, Ph.D. Preparing for life after high school can feel like an exciting adventure and also a challenging obstacle course. There are many steps that students must take to prepare themselves for their post-high school college, career, or military dreams. In 2019, an Oklahoma...
Collective Impact 101
By Lauren Thiesse, MPA Tulsa County has an abundance of nonprofit organizations and public agencies, each with its own unique mission to support our community. When organizations work together, their missions are able to support one another and their individual successes are amplified. This is called...
TULSA RECEIVES SUPPORT FROM STRIVETOGETHER TO GET BETTER RESULTS FOR KIDS
StriveTogether grant will help local partnership form youth council, diversify leadership council TULSA, OKLA. — StriveTogether, a national network working to bring communities together around data to make decisions and improve results for kids, today announced Tulsa as an awardee for the second round of its...


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2022 Hyundai Tucson Offers Daring Looks, More Power
The Hyundai Tucson 2022 offers a bold appearance, more power and space, and the compact SUV has more power and hybrid models as it aims to stand out against the Toyota Rav4 and Honda CR-V.
How Big Is The Hyundai Tucson?
The design of the 2022 Hyundai Tucson
The change in proportions means more space inside. The 2022 Tucson is 5.9 inches longer, 0.6 inch wider and 0.6 inch taller than the model it replaces, with its wheelbase also increasing by 3.4 inches. This means the new Tucson is now roughly the same size as the Honda CR-V or Toyota RAV4, two SUVs that have also gotten bigger recently.
At 181.3 inches, the Tucson is 6.1 inches longer than before, and its new wheelbase of 108.3 inches has grown by 3.4 inches. It's also about a half inch wider and taller. Without the optional panoramic sunroof, Hyundai says its passenger space increases by 6.0 cubic feet, to 108 cubic feet, and cargo volume is up to 39 cubic feet (80 cu ft with its rear seats folded). That's 8 cubic feet more than the 2021 model.
The Tucson Limited model we've seen in person comes equipped with a 10.3-inch touchscreen, HVAC capacitive controls, ambient lighting, and another 10.3-inch screen for the instrument cluster. The bottom edges get an 8.0-inch touchscreen with a 4.2-inch LCD on the dashboard, but it takes advantage of wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, which is something you don't get with the 10.3-inch touchscreen.
The Hyundai Tucson Has Three Engine Options
The 2020 Hyundai Tucson will be powered by a 2.5-liter naturally aspirated four-cylinder engine that makes about 190 hp and 185 lb-ft of torque, per Hyundai's estimates. An eight-speed automatic sends that power to the front or all four wheels. Those power numbers put the Tucson right in line with competitors such as the CR-V, RAV4, or Nissan Rogue. Hyundai estimates the front-drive Tucson will deliver 28 mpg in combined fuel economy.
Those opting for the Tucson hybrid or plug-in hybrid will get a 1.6-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine mated to a six-speed automatic, an electric motor, and standard all-wheel drive. The regular hybrid gets a 1.49-kWh battery to deliver about 226 hp and 258 lb-ft, per Hyundai's estimates, while getting 37 mpg combined. The plug-in hybrid uses a 13.8-kWh battery that allows the Tucson to cover about 28 miles on electric drive only before reverting to full-hybrid operation. Power numbers rise to around 260 hp and fuel economy numbers increase to about 70 mpg-e. But fuel economy estimates for the PHEV are not as good as the rest of the segment—the Toyota RAV4 Prime gets 94 mpg-e, and the Ford Escape PHEV is rated at 102 mpg-e (though that's front-drive only)
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ELSTAT: 0.9% GDP recession during first half of 2016
The Greek statistics authority ELSTAT has published its provisional tables and figures…
29 Αυγούστου 2016, 12:45 Ενημερώθηκε: 29 Αυγούστου 2016, 12:45
The Greek statistics authority ELSTAT has published its provisional tables and figures on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the second quarter of 2016.
According to ELSTAT's figures, there was a 0.9% rate of recession in the second quarter, followed by a 1% rate of recession in the first quarter. Initial predictions suggested a 0.7% and 0.8% rate respectively.
On a quarterly basis, the estimated rate of growth amounted to 0.2%, compared to an 0.3% rate in the initial predictions.
The full set of figures and tables is available online
ELSTAT
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Q: App store approval process for Hybrid Apps I want to know what is the process that apple follows to approve a hybrid app (developed using PhoneGap) submitted to the App Store?
I read that PhoneGap is approved by Apple as a framework for building native apps but couldn't find any guidelines for the same.
So i would like to know some key points that should be taken into consideration while developing hybrid apps that will prevent it from being rejected on the app store.
Thanks!!!

A: http://developer.apple.com/appstore/resources/submission/tips.html
http://developer.apple.com/appstore/resources/approval/guidelines.html
check out the point 12.3 in particular

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Internet provided by Quantum Internet Solutions Ltd.
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In ADSL, Bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the customer premises (downstream) than the reverse (upstream). Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers for Internet access for primarily downloading content from the Internet, but not serving content accessed by others.
ADSL works by using the frequency spectrum above the band used by voice telephone calls. With a DSL filter, often called splitter, the frequency bands are isolated, permitting a single telephone line to be used for both ADSL service and telephone calls at the same time. ADSL is generally only installed for short distances from the telephone exchange (the last mile), typically less than 4 kilometres (2 mi), but has been known to exceed 8 kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire gauge allows for further[clarification needed] distribution.
At the telephone exchange, the line generally terminates at a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL are typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reach a conventional Internet Protocol network.
There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL.
The marketing reasons for an asymmetric connection are that, firstly, most users of internet traffic will require less data to be uploaded than downloaded. For example, in normal web browsing, a user will visit a number of web sites and will need to download the data that comprises the web pages from the site, images, text, sound files etc. but they will only upload a small amount of data, as the only uploaded data is that used for the purpose of verifying the receipt of the downloaded data or any data inputted by the user into forms etc. This provides a justification for internet service providers to offer a more expensive service aimed at commercial users who host websites, and who therefore need a service which allows for as much data to be uploaded as downloaded. File sharing applications are an obvious exception to this situation. Secondly internet service providers, seeking to avoid overloading of their backbone connections, have traditionally tried to limit uses such as file sharing which generate a lot of uploads.
Currently, most ADSL communication is full-duplex. Full-duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency-division duplex (FDD), echo-cancelling duplex (ECD), or time-division duplex (TDD). FDD uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user.
With commonly deployed ADSL over POTS (Annex A), the band from 26.075 kHz to 137.825 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138–1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Under the usual DMT scheme, each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. These frequency channels are sometimes termed bins. During initial training to optimize transmission quality and speed, the ADSL modem tests each of the bins to determine the signal-to-noise ratio at each bin's frequency. Distance from the telephone exchange, cable characteristics, interference from AM radio stations, and local interference and electrical noise at the modem's location can adversely affect the signal-to-noise ratio at particular frequencies. Bins for frequencies exhibiting a reduced signal-to-noise ratio will be used at a lower throughput rate or not at all; this reduces the maximum link capacity but allows the modem to maintain an adequate connection. The DSL modem will make a plan on how to exploit each of the bins, sometimes termed "bits per bin" allocation. Those bins that have a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will be chosen to transmit signals chosen from a greater number of possible encoded values (this range of possibilities equating to more bits of data sent) in each main clock cycle. The number of possibilities must not be so large that the receiver might incorrectly decode which one was intended in the presence of noise. Noisy bins may only be required to carry as few as two bits, a choice from only one of four possible patterns, or only one bit per bin in the case of ADSL2+, and very noisy bins are not used at all. If the pattern of noise versus frequencies heard in the bins changes, the DSL modem can alter the bits-per-bin allocations, in a process called "bitswap", where bins that have become more noisy are only required to carry fewer bits and other channels will be chosen to be given a higher burden.
The data transfer capacity the DSL modem therefore reports is determined by the total of the bits-per-bin allocations of all the bins combined. Higher signal-to-noise ratios and more bins being in use gives a higher total link capacity, while lower signal-to-noise ratios or fewer bins being used gives a low link capacity. The total maximum capacity derived from summing the bits-per-bin is reported by DSL modems and is sometimes termed sync rate. This will always be rather misleading, as the true maximum link capacity for user data transfer rate will be significantly lower; because extra data are transmitted that are termed protocol overhead, reduced figures for PPPoA connections of around 84-87 percent, at most, being common. In addition, some ISPs will have traffic policies that limit maximum transfer rates further in the networks beyond the exchange, and traffic congestion on the Internet, heavy loading on servers and slowness or inefficiency in customers' computers may all contribute to reductions below the maximum attainable. When a wireless access point is used, low or unstable wireless signal quality can also cause reduction or fluctuation of actual speed.
In fixed-rate mode, the sync rate is predefined by the operator and the DSL modem chooses a bits-per-bin allocation that yields an approximately equal error rate in each bin. In variable-rate mode, the bits-per-bin are chosen to maximize the sync rate, subject to a tolerable error risk. These choices can either be conservative, where the modem chooses to allocate fewer bits per bin than it possibly could, a choice which makes for a slower connection, or less conservative in which more bits per bin are chosen in which case there is a greater risk case of error should future signal-to-noise ratios deteriorate to the point where the bits-per-bin allocations chosen are too high to cope with the greater noise present. This conservatism, involving a choice of using fewer bits per bin as a safeguard against future noise increases, is reported as the signal-to-noise ratio margin or SNR margin.
The telephone exchange can indicate a suggested SNR margin to the customer's DSL modem when it initially connects, and the modem may make its bits-per-bin allocation plan accordingly. A high SNR margin will mean a reduced maximum throughput, but greater reliability and stability of the connection. A low SNR margin will mean high speeds, provided the noise level does not increase too much; otherwise, the connection will have to be dropped and renegotiated (resynced). ADSL2+ can better accommodate such circumstances, offering a feature termed seamless rate adaptation (SRA), which can accommodate changes in total link capacity with less disruption to communications.
Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk problems that affect other lines in the same bundle.
There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.
ADSL initially existed in two versions (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installations at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 and G.992.2 (also called G.dmt and G.lite respectively). Therefore, all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation scheme.
ISPs (but users rarely, apart from Australia where it's the default) have the option to use interleaving of packets to counter the effects of burst noise on the telephone line. An interleaved line has a depth, usually 8 to 64, which describes how many Reed–Solomon codewords are accumulated before they are sent. As they can all be sent together, their forward error correction codes can be made more resilient. Interleaving adds latency as all the packets have to first be gathered (or replaced by empty packets) and they, of course, all take time to transmit. 8 frame interleaving adds 5 ms round-trip-time, while 64 deep interleaving adds 25 ms. Other possible depths are 16 and 32.
"Fastpath" connections have an interleaving depth of 1, that is one packet is sent at a time. This has a low latency, usually around 10 ms (interleaving adds to it, this is not greater than interleaved) but it is extremely prone to errors, as any burst of noise can take out the entire packet and so require it all to be retransmitted. Such a burst on a large interleaved packet only blanks part of the packet, it can be recovered from error correction information in the rest of the packet. A "fastpath" connection will result in extremely high latency on a poor line, as each packet will take many retries.