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Rabbinic Commentators after Rashi on Isaiah 53
In this article I want to cover the views of the commentators from the time of Rashi on. There have been literally dozens of commentaries written since his time, but very few are considered authoritative. For that reason I would like to explain how we should evaluate the works and how serious they are taken[1].
With regard to authority there are two issues that need to be considered:
First is the type of work we are looking at. Is the work an actual commentary or is it a single verse being quoted in the middle of a discussion. Except for one example, all of the works I will discuss in this article are found in the work by Driver and Neubauer[2]. In that work we find examples of both. In this article I will only deal with those entries that are real commentaries[3] and not stray verses.
Commentaries obviously have more authority and tell us more since they were written to explain the passages. Rabbinic works are filled with stray verses being used with no concern as to their original context or conformity to the literal meaning, and as such would have no weight in our discussion as to what the Rabbis or Judaism contend is the meaning of Isaiah 53.
Besides that we need to consider the nature of the work itself. Some are parts of commentaries on the whole of Isaiah, and some were written more as polemics to counter Christian views on this chapter. While the later would indicate what Jews held, even though written in a polemical manner, it is important to know that they are polemical as they have a lesser claim to objectivity.
Finally, there are different styles of commentary. Some follow Rashi and deal with the text in a literal manner, while there are some that do not. Those that do not explain it according to the literal meaning are of little value in this discussion. One simple test is to ask if the 'servant' is always the same person throughout chapter 53. If not, then there is a strong reason to believe that it is not meant literally.
Clearly a selection written by as part of a general commentary on Isaiah, which is written to elucidate the literal meaning has the greatest authority. On the other end, a Midrashic non-literal commentary has the least authority.
The second issue is that of the author himself. Not all Rabbis are of equal weight[4] in Judaism, nor are all commentators. The view of a Rambam (Maimonides) has more weight than that of Rabbi Schwartz of small town USA. The Driver book is a mixed collection and even contains many commentaries from people who are not Orthodox at all and are therefore not authoritative for Judaism. In general we can give a hierarchy as to their acceptability.
The highest level are those whose works have been considered important enough to be placed in the work called Mikros Gadolos, which is a collection of commentaries on the Biblical text that is in common use with religious Jews. Also of importance are works authored by major Rabbinic authorities that were not included for various reasons. An example of the later would be the Abarbenal, whose commentary is not in the Mikros Gadolos, mostly because of its length, but whose commentaries on Tenach have been accepted universally by Jews.
Below that would be Rabbis whose works are known and can be found mentioned in works mentioning those Rabbis who were always considered significant. The two main works I looked at are Shem HaGadolim by the Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (Chida) and Sefer HaDoros. Anyone who was significant or wrote a book that was important is mentioned in one or both of those works.
Below that are obscure figures or unknown works, who we know little about. Driver in the Preface to his work mentions the sources and authors for all his entries. Many are impossible to know who they were as they were not widely accepted. Therefore we cannot say that what they say is authoritative.
Below that are the Karaite authors, or authors who were not Orthodox who have no authority in Rabbinic Judaism, and whose views carry no weight. For Orthodox Jews to look at them as authoritative is like looking at Karl Marx as an authority in Judaism.
I will be going through all the selections which appear in Driver and Neubauer and presenting them in order from highest authority to lowest[5]. I will try to give a little information about each author (if we have any) in addition to what their view was.
MAJOR RABBIS:
I would like to first examine those Rabbis whose status and authority are indisputable within Jewish tradition and by Orthodox Jews today. When they say something, Orthodox Jews listen. I will first go through those who appear in the Mikros Gadolos and then to the other major Rabbis who wrote commentaries.
Mikros Gadolos:
Rabbi Yosef Kara[6]: French exegete who lived at the time of Rashi or slightly before that. He authored a commentary on Nach. He explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel.
Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra[7]: 12th century Spanish Rabbi, author of a commentary on the Tenach and various works on grammar and other subjects. Ibn Ezra explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel.
Rabbi David Kimchi[8]: Also known as the RaDaK, lived in the 13th century and wrote an important commentary on the Tenach and works on grammar. Radak explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel.
Rabbi Yechiel Hillel ben David[9]: 18th century Rabbi and author of the commentaries on the Nach called Metzudos Dovid, and Metzudos Tzion. The former is an explanation of the text and the later deals with issues of grammar and word meaning. He explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel
Rabbi Meir Leibish Malbim[10]: 19th century Rabbi who wrote a commentary on most of Nach. His commentaries include explanations of the words and their grammar and a simple commentary on the meaning of the text. He explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel.
Some may see a conspiracy here; with all these people following lockstep with Rashi, but that can be dispelled by looking at another prophecy which some Christians see as Messianic, Isaiah 42:1-4. Rashi says it refers to Israel as does Ibn Ezra, Rabbi Yosef Kara says it is about Cyrus, and the Radak, Metzudos and the Malbim say it is about Moshiach. These Rabbis did not follow Rashi like puppets. They carefully examined the text and when the literal meaning seemed different to what Rashi said, they were always ready to disagree. That they all agree is a sign that those who are the most learned when they search for the literal meaning can come to only one conclusion: Isaiah 53 is about Israel. We will see that this is the case with the other Rabbis we will examine.
Most of the major Rabbis attained that status for their writings on the Talmud or Jewish Law[11]. There are very few major Rabbis with commentaries on Isaiah 53 that are not in the Mikros Gadolos.
Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman[12]: Rabbi from the 13th century known for his important commentaries on the Talmud and the Torah. He is called the RaMBaN by Jews and Nachmonides by the non-Jewish world. Except for his commentary on the book of Job, we have no commentary on any of the other books of Nach from him. I have written an article in more detail about this already.
This passage is a polemical answer, and not a commentary. This commentary was written because in his debate with apostate Pablo Christiani he was challenged with the Midrash Tanchuma that applied Isaiah 52:13 to the Messiah. This was supposed to be a proof that Isaiah 53 was about the Messiah. The Ramban stated that Isaiah 53 was about Israel, but that he could explain it according to the Midrash, and that it does not support the idea that the Messiah dies as the Christians contend. The selection in Driver is that explanation which he subsequently wrote.
Don Yitzchok Abarbanel[13]: 15th/16th century commentator and political figure in the court of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. He was the author of commentaries on Tenach which have achieved wide acceptance. His commentary on Isaiah 53 starts off polemical and follows the view that it applies to Israel, although he mentions King Josiah as an alternative.
Rabbi Moshe Al Sheich: 16th century Rabbi from Sefad. I have an article explaining his view where I have shown that his commentary is more of a Midrashic sermon. He explains Isaiah 53 based on a Midrash that refers to the suffering of the righteous.
An examination of these Rabbis shows that we have 8, but only 6 of them can legitimately be called literal commentaries. The other two are Midrashic. The Ramban has a polemical commentary to show that if one takes the Midrashic view that it is the Messiah, it still does not support the Christian view[14]. The final one, by the Al Sheich, is a sermon/Midrashic commentary and is about the suffering of the righteous based on a Midrash that talks about suffering.
MINOR RABBINIC FIGURES:
These minor Rabbis are those mentioned in Driver who I have found mentioned in Orthodox sources of Rabbis like Shem HaGadolim of the Chida or Seder HaDoros. Usually the entry for these Rabbis was about their books alone, although sometimes there is biographical information about these Rabbis in these works. Many of the works were polemical:
Rabbi Jacob bar Reuben[15]: This is taken from his important polemical work called Wars of the Lord, written in 1170. This work had a lot of influence in later generations when Jews were forced into debates with Christians. This was written against a Christian opponent to defend Judaism. He argues that Isaiah 53 does not apply to Jesus, but that it refers to Israel.
Rabbi Yeshaya m'Trani[16]: 13th century Rabbi. This is from his commentary on Isaiah where he says Isaiah 53 is about Israel.
Nizzahon Vetus[17]: According to Dr. David Berger[18] this is a collection of Polemic arguments from Ashkenaz[19] dating from the 12th and 13th century. They were collected for use in the forced debates. It argues that Isaiah 53 is about Israel.
Rabbi Shem Tov ibn Shaprut[20]: 14th century Spanish talmud scholar and philosopher. He, like many other Rabbis in Spain was involved in debates with Christians[21]. This comes from a work written about them. He explains how it applies to Israel.
Rabbi Moshe Cohen of Tordesilla[22]: 14th century Spanish Rabbi and author of the work Ezer Emunah (Aid to the Faith) which defends Judaism against Christian attacks. It is based on a number of debates he was involved in. He applies this passage to Israel.
Rabbi Shlomo Astruc[23]: 14th century Spanish rabbi and author of Midrashai HaTorah. Sometimes he is called En Shlomo Astruc. According to the Chida 'En' was a title for a great person. His commentary is complex: 52:13 is about the Messiah; 52:14 Israel; 52:15 both, the rest is about Israel's suffering.
Rabbi Yom Tov Lipmann Muhlhausen[24]: 15th century Rabbi. This entry comes from his work Nizzahon which defends Judaism against both Christians and Karaites. The commentary is polemical and contends Isaiah 53 is about Israel.
Rabbi Avraham Farisol[25]: 16th century Rabbi from Avignon. Author of a polemical work called Shield of Avraham which is a debate with Christians. He explains this passage as a reference to Israel.
Rabbi Meir Aramah[26]: Wrote a commentary in Isaiah called Urim v'Tummim. This chapter is explained with regards to Israel in exile.
Rabbi Samuel ben Avraham Laniado[27]: 16th century Rabbi from Aleppo. After a discussion of the various views of different commentators he explains it as describing the suffering of the righteous. He seems to be strongly influenced by the Al Sheich on this as he refers to the same Midrash that the Al Sheich uses in his commentary and explains it in a similar manner.
Rabbi Naftali ben Asher Altshuler[28]: Early 17th Century Rabbi who authored a commentary on Nevuim and Kesuvim. His commentary on Isaiah 53 is the most complex and confusing one I have seen with various verses applied to the Messiah ben David, Messiah ben Yosef and others to Israel: 52:13 Messiah ben David; 52:14 Israel; 52:15 Messiah ben David; 53:1-2 Israel; 53:3 Messiah ben David and Israel; 53:4-8 Messiah ben Yosef; 53:9 Israel or Messiah ben Yosef; 53:10 Israel (unclear); 53:11-12 Messiah ben David
Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac de Marini[29]: Rabbi in Padua in the end of the 17th century. He authored a work called Tikkun Olam on Isaiah. He explains it with regards to Israel.
Rabbi Menasha ben Yisroel[30]: 17th century Rabbi from Amsterdam. He was the author of many works and had his own printing press. This entry is a polemical text where he answers questions about the Jewish interpretation of Isaiah 53 as being Israel.
Of the 13 works mentioned here a full 7 are polemical ones, all of which follow the view that it applies to Israel. Of the others 4 are literal commentaries which also follow the view that the suffering servant is Israel. One of those does associate 52:13, 15 with the Messiah. The last two are Midrashic commentaries, one like the Al Sheich is about the righteous, the other is all over the place with some verses about Israel and others about the Messiah the son of David and others the Messiah the son of Joseph.
In these two sections on the well known Rabbis we see that when they are literal commentaries on Isaiah 53, they support the idea that the suffering servant is Israel.
OBSCURE JEWISH SOURCES:
The Rabbis here are mentioned in Driver, but I could not find any information on them in Orthodox sources, and in some cases in no sources outside of Driver's Preface.
Judah ben Balaam[31]: 11th century grammarian and poet. It is speculated he wrote a commentary on the whole Tenach. His commentary delves deeply into the grammar of the chapter. He indicates that it is talking about Jeremiah.
Eliezer of Beaugenci[32]: French Scholar who also wrote a commentary on Ezekiel and other books. Isaiah 53 is understood in a similar manner as Saadiah Gaon, as he applies it to the prophets.
Tanchum of Jerusalem[33]: 13th century figure. His commentary is on the grammar, and indicates he sees it as an individual, but there is no identity as to who he means.
Yosef ben Nathan[34]: 13th century Rabbi from Sens; this has a polemical introduction followed by an explanation showing how it applies to Israel.
Rabbi Yitzchok Eli Kohen[35]: Early 14th century figure, applies Isaiah 53 to Israel.
Rabbi David de Rocca Martini[36]: Author of Zechus Adam of unknown date. He explains it as being about Israel.
Rabbi Saadiah ibn Danan[37]: 15th century Rabbi in Grenada and later Oran. He has an interesting commentary where he explains it as being about King Hezekiah.
Rabbi Solomon ben Melekh[38]: Author of a Bible commentary called Machlol Yofi. Primarily a commentary on the grammar of the passage, he does mention in one place that the suffering is Israel's.
Gershom ben Nathan[39]: 16th century figure. Subject is Israel.
Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac Levi[40]: 17th century Rabbi from Salonica. This is similar in construction to the commentary of the Al Sheich. 52:13-15 is about the Messiah. From 53:1-12 he talks about Israel (especially 1-2) and also the righteous. He also mentions Moses in verse 12.
Rabbi Avraham the Proselyte[41]: The entry is from a 17th century Spanish text. Nothing is known of the author. This is a very polemical piece. He spends most of the time showing it is not about Jesus, and then he states that it is about Israel, but does not develop an argument for that position.
Avraham ben Judah Hazan[42]: Late 16th century Hazan who authored a commentary on the Nevuim and Kesuvim. Isaiah 52:13 he sees as referring to the righteous and the Messiah, and the rest of Isaiah 53 is Israel.
Rabbi Isaac Lopez[43]: Rabbi in Aleppo in the late 17th early 18th century. It is a highly polemical work. It starts with his answering the Christian interpretation of Isaiah 53, and then he goes on to explain that it is about Israel.
Rabbi Joshua Segre[44]: Late 18th century author of a polemical work called 'Ashem Toli'. This entry is highly polemical. He starts with an answer to the Christian view of Isaiah 53, and then he explains it as being about Israel except for verses 52:13 and 15 which he applies to the Messiah.
Rabbi Joseph Passini[45]: Rabbi in Rome in the mid 19th century. He applies it to King Hezekiah.
For these obscure figures there is more variety. Eight of them see the subject as being Israel alone, four of which are polemical works. Two more see the first verses about the Messiah and the rest Israel. Of the rest one we don't know who the author means, two are about Hezekiah, one about Jeremiah and one about all the prophets.
From here we do not see any support for the Christian claims.
UNKNOWN SOURCES:
These are sources that Driver found in manuscript form. None of them say who the author is.
Anonymous Arabic Translation[46]: Part of an Arabic commentary on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Minor Prophets. Isaiah 52:13 is applied to the Messiah, the rest to Israel or the righteous of Israel.
Anonymous[47]: Manuscript that must be from at least the 16th century as it mentions Abarbenal. He follows explicitly Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Radak and Abarbenal and explains it as being about Israel.
Anonymous - Fuente Claro[48]: Spanish manuscript of unknown date which explains that Isaiah 53 is about Israel.
All three are in line with the view that Isaiah 53 applies to the Israel. One applies 52:13 to the Messiah, and the rest to Israel/the righteous.
KARAITES and NON-ORTHODOX:
The following sources are by 'non-Orthodox' authors including Karaites. They have no authority but are of some interest. They include three sources often quoted by missionaries, erroneously, as being authoritative for Jews. One is a Karaite and the other two are non-Orthodox Jews.
Yaphet ben Ali[49]: Karaite contemporary of Saadiah Gaon (early10th century). He gives it a Messianic interpretation. Interestingly he mentions Saadiah Gaon's view that it applies to all the prophets and specifically Jeremiah[50]. He also mentions that other Karaites apply it to the righteous.
Jacob ben Reuben[51]: 12th century Karaite. Isaiah 53 is applied to the 'wise' (i.e. the righteous).
Aaron Ben Yosef the Elder[52]: Karaite author of Mivchor Yashirim. He applies Isaiah 53 to the 'wise' (i.e. the righteous).
Moshe Ibn Crispin[53]: As I wrote in my article on Ibn Crispin he was a philosopher who was 'outside' of the mainstream Orthodoxy of his time. He actually attacks the Rabbis in a very disrespectful manner in this entry. He interprets it with respect to the Messiah.
Isaac Troki[54]: 16th century Karaite scholar who wrote the classic apologetic work, Faith Strengthened. He explains Isaiah 53 as referring to Israel.
Herz Homberg[55]: Late 18th early 19th century Austrian educator. He was a 'Reformer' at the forefront of a movement that attempted to interfere with and shut down the Orthodox yeshiva system in Galicia in Austria. He attacks Rashi and other great Rabbis and interprets it as being about the Messiah.
Samuel David Luzzato[56]: 19th century Italian secular scholar and poet. He applies it to Israel in exile.
By reviewing what we have seen above we can come to a few simple conclusions.
1. There is no support for the idea that there are Rabbis of any significance who see the literal meaning of Isaiah 53 as being about Israel.
2. If we examine the views here we see overwhelmingly that the suffering servant is seen as Israel in the commentaries that are literal in nature.
3. We also see that some sources do follow the Targum/Tanchuma and apply 52:13 to the Messiah. (And sometimes a few more verses also.) But the rest and especially the suffering is about Israel.
4. There are a few cases where the righteous are considered the servant, which is an alternative to Israel.
5. We see only three Rabbis of any significance that do not agree that the suffering servant is only Israel. But none of them are literal commentaries.
6. There is more variation in the writings of the more obscure figures and the non-Orthodox.
7. The sources missionaries quote from to support their view are either distorted, or from sources that are non-Orthodox.
© Moshe Shulman 2014 http://www.judaismsanswer.com
For more information, questions answered, or help with missionaries you can reach Moshe Shulman at outreach@judaismsanswer.com.
[1] It would seem clear that just as no one would consider taking what Karl Marx says as authoritative with regards to Judaism, likewise views of non-religious or non-'Orthodox' Jews should not. Likewise, the views of a Rabbi who was recognized as an authority but a large part of the Jewish people needs to be taken more seriously than an obscure Rabbi who was not taken seriously by his generation or later. That is the basic purpose of this evaluation.
[2] The Suffering Servant of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters. First published by KTAV under the name of 'The Fifty Third chapter of Isaiah according to the Jewish Interpreters' and republished by Wipf and Stock Publishers in 1999. This commentary by the Malbim is actually mentioned in the Preface, and they rejected using it.
[3] The others will be covered in another article that will explain them alone.
[4] This is not just the case with commentaries, but also in Jewish legal works.
[5] There is one selection that does not appear in Driver, the Malbim, because he came after they wrote their book. He is included because he is often found in the Mikros Gadolos.
[6] Driver XI page 41.
[7] Driver XII page 43
[8] Driver XIII page 49
[9] Driver XLVII page 367
[10] Driver on page xx of his Preface states specifically that he rejected using the commentary of the Malbim because it was 'philosophical'. That is incorrect. The Malbim has been added to many of the more modern versions of the Mikros Gadolos because his language is very clear and easy to understand.
[11] The Rambam, Maimonides, is a good example. He wrote no commentary on any book of the Tenach.
[12] Driver XX page 78.
[13] Driver XXIX page 153
[14] It should be noted that many times in his debate he showed that Midrashim quoted by his opponent did not support the view he was taking. This needs to be looked at in the same manner.
[15] Driver XIV page 57
[16] Driver XIX page 75
[17] Driver XXII page 90
[18] The Jewish Christian Debate in the High Middle Ages page 17
[19] Germany/France as opposed to Sefard which would be Spain and North Africa.
[20] Driver XXIII page 99
[21] He is the Shem Tov of the famous Shem Tov Hebrew Matthew which he had for his disputations.
[22] Driver XXIV page 115
[23] Driver XXV page 129
[24] Driver XXVIII page 147
[25] Driver XXXIII page 221
[26] Driver XXXV page 240
[27] Driver XL page 295
[28] Driver XLIII page 318
[29] Driver XLIV page 324
[30] Driver page 436
[31] Driver LII page 550
[32] Driver XVII page 66
[33] Driver LIII page 553
[34] Driver XVIII page 71
[35] Driver XXVI page137
[36] Driver XXX page 198
[37] Driver XXXI page 202
[38] Driver XXXII page 217
[39] Driver LV page 561
[40] Driver XXXVIII page 275
[41] Driver XXXIX page 290
[42] Driver XLII page 314
[43] Driver XLV page 340
[44] Driver XLVII page 355
[45] Driver XLIX page 406
[46] Driver XVI page 64
[47] Driver XXXIV page 229
[48] Driver LI pager 429
[49] Driver VI page 19
[50] See my article on Saadiah Gaon.
[51] Driver XV page 61
[52] Driver XXI page 86
[53] Driver XXIVa page 115
[54] Driver XXXVI page 243
[55] Driver XLVIII page 400
[56] Driver L page 412


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FutureWeld and Frontier Techni-Kote Industries Announce Merger
PHOENIX, AZ and CHINO VALLEY, AZ – FutureWeld Co., Inc. ("FutureWeld") and Frontier Techni-Kote Industries, LLC ("FTK") today announced that the companies have agreed to merge and form Frontier Group, Inc. ("Frontier Group" or the "Company").
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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This pair of triangular earrings is made from thick gold sheet, and inset with diamonds, rubies and emeralds.
Each is topped with a spherical emerald, and each has another five emeralds beneath, from which suspended pearls and red and green glass beads are suspended.
Each is fitted with a gold wire 'fish' hook to allow the earring to be worn.
The pair are in a stable and wearable condition. Probably one or two pearls and glass beads are deficient but not overtly noticeable. Some amendments at the very tops beneath the emerald and fish hooks is visible, suggesting perhaps that the mechanism by which the earrings are worn has been changed or modernised.


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Home Russia & China China Is India making ballistic missiles to counter military capability of China?
Is India making ballistic missiles to counter military capability of China?
Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal |
India's military hardware shopping spree and advancing of nuclear weapons arsenal are increasing the security dilemma of the Asian nations. It is debatable whether India would be able to establish its hegemony in South Asia and balance the increasing influence of China in Asia. Nevertheless, the gigantic New Delhi investment in the military sector unleash devastating arms race in the Asia and undermine the strategic stability in South Asia.
The United States is encouraging the Indian military buildup for its own political, economic and military objectives. The recently released Trump administration National Security Strategy applauds India's "leadership role in Indian Ocean security and throughout the broader region" to balance China in the Asian strategic setting.
The operational ready Agni-V would have serious geostrategic repercussions. It would compel India's strategic competitors to invest in the long-range nuclear vehicles, which is detrimental for the Asian strategic stability as well as economic prosperity.
Since the American's endorsement of India as a Great power in South Asia and Indian Ocean, the New Delhi has been endeavoring to prove its military credentials. Indeed, for such a role, India requires a more lethal, resilient, and rapidly innovating military muscle. Therefore, India's ballistic and cruise missiles inventory, especially Agni-V operational perfection is having soothing impact on the American strategic enclave.
Conversely, it would be intensifying the security dilemma of the Asian nations as well as Indian Ocean littoral states. It's because, Agni-V strike-range covers entire China and Asia; and also parts of Europe and Africa. India successfully conducted the 'first pre-induction trial' of the indigenously built 17-metre Agni-V on January 18, 2018.
Read more: Is 'Full Spectrum Deterrence' an effective nuclear policy for Pakistan?
It is a nuclear capable, intercontinental ballistic missile having range more than 5,000km (5,500-5,800km). It was the third consecutive test from a canister on a road-mobile launcher from Dr Abdul Kalam Island off Odisha.
We had a good deterrence with Agni-III and an upgrade with Agni-IV. But Agni-V gives you a total quantum jump in that capability." Indeed, it is a game changer not only in Southern Asia but also in other parts of the world.
"The canister-launch version provides the capability to quickly transport the missile and launch it from anywhere." It was reported that the three-stage solid, all-composite rocket motors, Agni-V "zoomed to a height of over 600km in its parabolic trajectory and then splashed down around 4,900km away towards Australia in the Indian Ocean barely 19 minutes later." It flies at 24 times speed of sound. It carries 1.5-tonne nuclear warhead.
The recent Agni-V testing timing is very important. It is a signal to both adversaries and allies. The United States had announced China and Russian Federation its current strategic competitor and expressed its serious reservation on both states increasing military capabilities. It is very much in need of a reliable Asian strategically.
Read more: Pakistan must employ strong defence policy to deal with US
Therefore, Washington would be facilitating directly and indirectly New Delhi in settling the serious technological and material impediments, which have been obstructing the production of reliable Agni missile series since 1992. The series of successful developmental tests of Agni-V indicate that sooner the missile will be inducted into the tri-service, Strategic Forces Command, which manages India's nuclear arsenal.
It is a nuclear capable, intercontinental ballistic missile having range more than 5,000km. It was the third consecutive test from a canister on a road-mobile launcher from Dr Abdul Kalam Island off Odisha.
The successful test of Agni-V enabled New Delhi to strike Beijing and Shanghai, across the whole Asia, 70 percent of Europe, and Eastern Africa. Many Indian analysts' claimed that: "This is the first time India will have a true deterrence. We had a good deterrence with Agni-III and an upgrade with Agni-IV. But Agni-V gives you a total quantum jump in that capability."
Indeed, it is a game changer not only in Southern Asia but also in other parts of the world. Thus, the operational ready Agni-V would have serious geostrategic repercussions. It would compel India's strategic competitors to invest in the long-range nuclear vehicles, which is detrimental for the Asian strategic stability as well as economic prosperity.
Read more: India's flirtation with the 'war talk' has Nuclear war clouds hovering…
To conclude, within the South Asia India is coercing and intimidating its' neighbouring states with its military might. Out of the region, it is signaling its military striking prowess. Hence, Agni-V confirms Indian allies, especially United States that it is capable to contribute effectively in their defensive fence and balancing the military capability of China in Asia.
Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal is Associate Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. He is also an advisor on Non-Proliferation to SASSI, London and a course coordinator at Foreign Services Academy for the Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Email: jaspal_99@hotmail.com. This piece was first published in Pakistan Observer. It has been reprinted with permission. The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Global Village Space's editorial policy.
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We have found 1 matching profile in Madison, AL for Randy Ruple.
Randy Ruple was 57 years old when arrested in Madison, AL.
Summary: Arrested on charges of DOMESTIC VIOLENCE THIRD DEGREE on April 17, 2013 was Randy Joe Ruple. The 57-year-old Ruple was arrested by Madison County Law Enforcement. Bond was set at unknown amount for the M charge because Ruple is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Police agencies listed here may assist with more information including court dates: Madison County Law Enforcement.


This post is about our son, Stanley.
Here he is as a toddler lining up his cars across a picnic bench in a park that was full of children playing on the swings and slides together. He never even noticed the other kids, not unless they were Honda enthusiasts that is.
His first words were 'Mercedes', 'Audi' and 'BM Goo Goo Goo' and at the tender age of just 3, he could tell you the make and model of every car that he passed in the street.
He couldn't however, say 'Mummy', or 'Daddy'…..or even 'Hello'.
We have always know that Stan was different to other children.
He could read and write at age 3, but he could not understand a word of any of it. He could recite the alphabet backwards and also in Russian and Spanish, but not be able to tell you that he was hungry. He could count in Chinese and tell you the numbered order of every Mr Men book ever written, but he couldn't answer when someone asked him what his name was.
Where there were awesomely wonderful elements of his character to marvel at, there were equal concerns for his basic development.
All kids can become obsessed with things, but Stan has always taken his interests to a whole new level - a level that a regular, old neurotypical person like myself could never begin to understand.
His first all-consuming passion was for the alphabet.
Like most parents, my husband and I wanted to be supportive of his interests, so we embraced his passion like it was our own and let the alphabet consume our lives for a whopping 3 and a half years.
There were alphabet and number puzzles as far as the eye could see and most days, my husband and I risked tripping and falling to our deaths in order to embrace our child's passion.
Hell, if we did trip and fall to our deaths, at least we'd have known how many steps it took to kill us on our way down.
Thanks to this particular obsession, I not only learnt how to navigate my way down the stairs without becoming paralysed, but I also learnt how to expertly mop a floor without disturbing a very sacred line-up, which was absolutely NOT allowed to be disturbed from its position in the middle of the hallway for a two whole weeks!!
It even got to the point that Stan insisted we use him and his brother, Bob, to spell out actual words using their bodies.
Behold, the word WINE spelt with human children!!!
Finally, when his obsession with the alphabet came to a much-welcomed end, he moved on to greener (and less annoying) pastures and my husband and I felt tremendous relief! We were FREE from the alphabet! FREE after all those years of suffering!!!
But then, because we blatantly did something horrendous in our former lives that warranted extra punishment, Stan's little brother suddenly became transfixed by the little bastards and before we knew it, we were saying 'Goodnight' to 26 letters before individually tucking- in each one before he would agree to go to sleep.
NB. This situation is still ongoing, as is my passion for wine.
Whilst Bob shared his bed with 26 foam letters, Stan moved on to Minions and we amassed over 300 of them (and he could tell you the exact order in which every one of them was bought). Then, came the fixation with Arctic Wildlife and he would spend hours listing all of the species of birdlife in the Antarctic whilst my husband and I screamed silently into a bundle of towels.
Tell me, do you know what a 'Black-legged Kittiwake' is?
Well I do. As does my husband. As does every child from Stan's class back in 2013.
NB. If you don't know, Google it. Because I am DONE with the wretched creature and I can speak no more of it.
As wonderfully entertaining, remarkable, frustrating and occasionally (but often) tedious these passions have been, they have been quite detrimental to Stan when it came to making friends. After all, what five year old child wants to discuss the 90 different species of Whales when chowing down on their Wotsits in the playground at breaktime?
This is where Stan struggled. He found it hard to relate to his peers and thus became the child who didn't get invited around other children's houses and seldom got a party invitation. Despite being rather positive up until this point, I began to feel immense sadness and concern for his future given that the thing that I hold most dear in my own life is my family and my wonderful friendships.
I worried, just as every parent worries about their child, but in the words of Bon Jovi, I knew I had to 'Keep The Faith'.
There was a day when I thought that he would never speak. Now he won't shut up!!
There was a day when I thought that he would only ever call me 'excuse me'. Now he calls me 'Mummy' (about 3000 times a day at extreme decibels).
He has learnt to express an interest in others. He has learnt to talk to other kids about different things, NOT just about whatever his all-consuming passion might be.
Some years later, we have relocated back to Wales to be near family and he has thrived in this new and wonderfully supportive environment. He now has an abundance of friends who love him exactly for who he is and he is the happiest that I have ever seen him.
Just last week, I had half of the street in my house helping me to make him a cake for his birthday whilst he stayed in the living room engrossed in his current obsession that is the game, Roblox.
Behold the cake designed and produced by the hands of lovely, accepting children!!
This cake is made by the muddy hands of five young boys under the age of 8. theres three sneezes that went into the mix and a couple of errant boogies. all in all, a true expression of love from the hands of babes.
His 9th birthday party was attended by a bunch of gorgeous boys from his class who all bought him thoughtful Roblox-themed gifts that they knew he would love. And to top it all off, they all came to the field to help him learn how to ride his new bike. They whooped and cheered him on as he glided down the hill with a massive smile on his face.
Again, riding a bike is something that I never thought he would do, but he has proved me wrong.
My house is now full of children all of the time; children who have stopped by to play with him. More often than not, I have ten pairs of tiny shoes at my door, ten new samples of urine on my bathroom floor and I probably spend over £1000 a month on Potato Waffles and chicken nuggets after entertaining his pals day after day.
It has been a difficult but tremendous journey up until this point and our journey continues.
This child has taught me so much. I have learnt how to be patient, how to be a better communicator, how to be more empathetic, more reasonable, more kind. I have learnt to celebrate every milestone, no matter how small, because each and every one is an achievement for him.
Most importantly, I have learnt NEVER to underestimate my child, or anyone else for that matter.
One day, I know he will be able to actually sit on a chair and eat a meal with cutlery.
One day, I know that he will be able to walk through the door after a long day at school and not explode into a rage for no apparent reason.
One day, I know that he will ride his bike without falling off, drink from a cup without the need for a straw and be able to play pass the parcel without collapsing into uncontrollable tears when he doesn't win.
One day, I know he will change the world in a big way, in the way that he has changed ours.


text:
Kaden Culinary Delights
Brooklyn Cooperative Preschool
Located in Southeast Portland, Oregon, Brooklyn Preschool was founded in 1971, on the belief that children and parents benefit from a shared learning atmosphere. We foster community and a shared responsibility for our children, while playing an active role in their preschool experience. About Brooklyn Preschool →
Please join us for our annual open house Saturday February 5th, 10 am - 11:30 am held on Zoom this year. Please fill out the following form to be sent the information on how to join this virtual tour of what Brooklyn has to offer your family. CLICK TO SIGN UP
Brooklyn Preschool follows the COVID-19 requirements and recommendations set by the Oregon Department of Education's Early Learning Division (ELD) and Oregon Health Authority to establish standards of health and safety in our community. We require staff and membership (household members ages 12+) to be vaccinated against COVID-19.
Brooklyn is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization with direct donations helping to support programming and accessibility initiatives. Your tax deductible donation is greatly appreciated.
Learn more about Brooklyn
A cooperative preschool is a parent-run preschool, in which the school's member-families offer classroom support, in addition to taking on a family job that contributes toward the school's day-to-day operations.
Merry Enriquez
Teacher Merry has been leading classes at Brooklyn Preschool for over 15 years! She was even a family -teacher in our Brooklyn classroomswhen her two daughters were in preschool. As a child, she attended a cooperative preschool in North Portland.
2022-23 New Student Application
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Our Priority Enrollment Weekend for the 2022-2023 school year begins with the application link posted on our website at 3pm on February 5th, following the Open House, and runs through Monday Feb 7th at 3pm. If more applications than spots in a class are received during this 48 hour window, then spots will be awarded through lottery selection and a waitlist will be formed.
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James 5:5, NIV: You have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence. You have fattened yourselves in the day of slaughter.
My dieting is somewhat intermittent�and it shows. For some reason, I am perplexed by that, and I should not be. Within the span of a week, I may have a few good days wherein I stick to my diet, but those days are often mixed together with a few bad days. The trouble with such a diet is that it does not work, and it is reflected in a person�s poor physical fitness. The same can be said of our spiritual fitness. We can go to church once a week, or maybe read our Bibles a couple times a week, but miss out on the good shape we could be in because the rest of the week is cluttered by things that are not good for our spiritual condition. Either way you look at it, self-indulgence is something that gratifies now, but fails to truly satisfy ever. Indulging our wants will leave us, in some cases, overweight; in other cases, spiritually weak; and most assuredly, always wanting.


Province Lake Golf was originally built in 1918 as a 9-hole course along the shores of Province Lake by Joseph Emery and his friends and business associates. Emery, a native of Dover, N.H., served as president of Lord & Taylor in New York City and visited Province Lake each summer. The original course was designed by Lawrence Van Etten, who laid out a number of courses on the East Coast, including a course at Deal Country Club in New Jersey and the original Wykagyl Course in New Rochelle, N.Y.
In 1988, a second nine was built, designed by renowned East Coast architect Brian Silva. Silva's work includes the Captains Course and Cape Cod National in Brewster, Mass., Black Creek, outside Chattanooga, Shaker Hills in Harvard, Mass., and Cyprian Keyes Golf Club in Boylston, Mass.
Although the back nine is shorter than the front, it is a more challenging set of holes based upon tighter fairways, smaller landing areas, and the water hazards that were introduced. Over the years, many other improvements have been made in our irrigation and layout. We've also renovated many of the original buildings on the property.
Province Lake Blends the Past and the Future of Golf in "One Scenic 18".
The first hole is a 400-yard par-4 from the back tees (237 yards from the front), which makes for a good opener. The generous fairway helps you start your game with relaxation. The 2nd hole (461 yards from the back and 330 from the front) is a long straightaway. The hole is lined with tall fescue on the left, which gives it extra definition and the green can be reached in two offering an early birdie or even eagle attempt.
One of the most outstanding holes on the front nine is the 6th, a par-5 nicknamed "Lakeside Belle." Pictured here to the left, it measures 530 yards from the back and 327 from the front. It's a challenging hole which travels along beautiful Province Lake.
The par-4 8th, playing at 382 yards from the back and 276 from the front, is the well-known "Hour Glass" fairway. There you hit to a fairway with a wide-open landing area, which narrows slightly and then becomes wider again. A brook runs along the right hand side and then crosses the fairway about 275 yards from the back tees. "You'll want to hit as close as you can to that point, and then make your second shot over the creek and up to the elevated green."
You've probably heard this said before about golf courses: "Every hole is different." But our back nine certainly fits that expression in a way that few others can.Take the 11th, a breathtaking par-3, which is 175 yards from the back and 113 from the front. You'll be hitting downhill to a huge green where the view is stupendous. There's a gorgeous sighting of the lake behind the green. As a matter of fact, you can see Province Lake from fourteen of the eighteen holes.
The 16th, 17th and 18th holes are truly a test of accuracy and strategy, featuring out-of-bounds areas on both sides of the fairways.
"Temptation," the 17th, is a big dogleg left par-4 (382 yards from the back and 229 from the front). The thrill is hitting the green with your approach shot. The green is very large - 6,000 square feet. Take heed of the bunker behind the green and the water on the left. If you've got the long shot, you can take a risk-reward blast over the trees on the left aiming straight to the green. But cautious players may want to drive to the center of the fairway, and then hit a 150-yard approach to the green.


A good memory space is surely an extremely great tool. Having the ability to remember details or statistics with a moment's observe come in convenient regularly. But how can you obtain a razor well-defined storage? This information will offer you some pointers on what you can do to improve your memory.
One important thing which has been seen to help maintain your recollection and head functionality over time, is socializing. Developing a robust social class and plenty of connection and conversation with family and friends can help you to keep your memory moving easily both now and also as you age also.
Have a running checklist of the things that you wish to accomplish daily. As you may finish one object, cross it away and proceed to the next. Simultaneously, always keep incorporating things towards the bottom of your list while they develop. In this manner you can expect to never forget what you should do after that.
If you are searching for methods to enhance your recollection, then deal with other folks and work together on suggestions together. When you do that, your brain fires in another way than it will once you work towards something by yourself. Inflatable bounce concepts off other individuals to see how differently you commence to consider.
Prevent using tobacco tobacco to maintain your memory space from getting negatively impacted. Research has shown how the recollection of cigarette smokers suffers more than compared to non-smokers. You most likely didn't will need one more cause to quit, but probably this is one that allows you to eventually put down that package.
Frequently challenging the brain may help you boost your memory. Discovering new, intricate jobs like a unfamiliar language or how to engage in a music instrument will assist the human brain keep energetic. Keep in mind old saying "Make use of it or get rid of it?" The same thing's real for the brain!
If you find that your recollection has deteriorated considerably in the short time period, it is important that you can see your personal doctor right away. Abrupt memory loss might be a indication of a more critical medical problem, like Dementia or Alzheimer's Condition, that may outcome folks of any age.
Though this is a reality that lots of people have no idea, chewing gum can boost your memory space. Healthcare professionals are finding how the movement of bubble gum a bit improves your heartrate. Including the smallest rise in pulse rate might help supply more oxygen on the brain, as a result increasing recollection.
Mnemonic devices can be a terrific way to help you memorize information and facts. Mnemonics are merely a means to recall specifics by associating them some familiarized impression or word. By way of example, each and every element of a listing could possibly be associated with a blossom that begins with the same letter, or you might transform a list in to a remarkable rhyme.
To improve commit labels to memory space, replicate a person's label after an intro, and check out to generate some thing in regards to the particular person that might help you remember her or his name. Should you meet a Bob who mentions that he or she loves fishing, you might associate his title with a bobber like these applied to a sport fishing collection, for instance.
Use visualization to jog your storage and assist with remembering the minds and ideas which can be crucial that you you. You might want to add more visible tools for yourself if it assists you to remember info once you study a textbook. You are able to bring charts and graphs of your very own to assist you remember.
To help keep your recollection in suggestion-top shape, exercise working with it routinely. In the event you don't use your storage, it is going to gradually grow to be weaker and weakened after a while. The easiest way to make it in shape is simply by regularly difficult it with your daily lifestyle. This is often something as simple as carrying out a crossword puzzle or as complicated as trying to commit to memory the names of all of the people in the arachnid family. Just locate fun ways to test and problem your memory every day.
Your memory space is definitely an awesome advantage, and it's one particular you ought to aim to boost. A strong storage may benefit you in a multitude of methods and will create your life a lot less stressful. Use the advice given on this page and you'll soon discover it simpler to remember specifics, as soon as you will need them.
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VinoRepublic
Chateau de Beaucastel
Ktima Kir-Yianni
Epanomi
Ktima Gerovassiliou
Domaine Papagiannakos
The Vinonaut
The outsider who became legend
The Romano Dal Forno winery at Val d'Illasi in Valpolicella is the epitome of beauty and innovation. Far away from the prestigious classico zone of Valpolicella, the soil is mainly alluvial with unique volcanic pockets. It is 300 metres above sea level. The weather is reasonably cold during the winter, although less so than it used to be; as a result, ripening is no longer a problem. The landscape around Val d'Illasi is far more Mediterranean, with an abundance of orchards and olive groves.
Romano's family has owned vineyards for four generations. In the years following the Second World War, at a time when agriculture had fallen into steady decline, Romano's dream of establishing his own winery, and living off it, was considered nothing if not eccentric. Growing grapes was seen as merely an addition to a farmer's income, and this area of Valpolicella was completely unknown in terms of wine production.
Fortunately Romano refused to follow established thinking, and a chance encounter with the legendary winemaker Giuseppe Quintarelli, known as il Maestro della Valpolicella, proved invaluable. As an apprentice to the great Quintarelli, Romano began to learn and develop the art of fine wine, not least his mentor's emphasis on long periods of maturation. He produced his first vintage in 1983, and Romano proved himself to be a visionary of the most tenacious variety.
Dal Forno not only continues the tradition established by Quintarelli, but in the process it has developed a new, world-class tradition of its own.
A visit to the Dal Forno winery is like stepping into a space-age laboratory run by technicians who exude pure Italian finezza.
Dal Forno's sworn enemy is oxygen, which is being tackled with modern, high-tech innovations. Highly specialised vacuum pumps have been developed that suck the air out of the containers where the wine is racked. Dal Forno himself developed the wine tanks. In the final bottling, nitrogen – a colourless and odourless gas – replaces the air from the atmosphere to minimise oxidation. It also helps to preserve the colour, aroma and flavour of the wine and all its rich phenolic, fruity substances.
Dal Forno also revolutionised the system of appasimento, a traditional technique used in Valpolicella to wither the grapes slowly after harvest which allows more complex substances to develop in the berries. For the Valpolicella Superiore the grapes are withered for 45 days, and 90 days for the Amarone.
Dal Forno noticed that the grapes were drying unevenly, depending on where they were in the drying room and how the bunches were placed in the crate. He designed a bespoke system of movable fans that circulated among stacked crates, ensuring that all the grapes had the same amount of air. The system, which is computer controlled, runs non-stop day and night, exactly mimicking nature. Windows open and close depending on the weather.
As a result, the grapes are dried equally and for longer. In Dal Forno they have a saying: "Even the best chef in the world needs good tools. That's why we need the most modern and advanced technology. And if it doesn't exist, we'll design it."
Perfect appassimento!
If there is just one word that sums up the Dal Forno family, it would be passion. Forty years in winemaking is the blink of an eyelid, but in that time Dal Forno has become a synonym for quality. It is an extraordinary achievement that would not be possible without dedication and persistence. The extremely low yield from the vines and the super-concentration of the grapes results in the small production of the winery.
Two techniques are used to keep the berries concentrated and the wine so dense. First, there is a severe green harvest that leaves fewer bunches of grapes on each plant.
Secondly, the density of the planting is one of the highest in the world. Valpolicella law dictates a minimum density of 3,300 plants per hectare, whereas at Dal Forno the density is 13,000 plants per hectare. It forces the vines to compete with one another and develop deep roots, which in turn produces a ridiculously low but intense yield. A single bottle of wine needs the grapes from 12 or 13 vines. But quality is paramount, even if the costs and investment are huge. "The aim," according to one of Romano's three sons Marco, "is the vibration of the heart."
As they experimented in the past with different types of oak and different periods of barrel ageing, Dal Forno produced vintages that varied from year to year. Even then, though, the wines were always dense and complex and never boring. Those qualities have never been lost, but in the last 20 years the style has become more consistent and defined.
And if the vintage is not considered good enough, they will not hesitate to skip Amarone production.
The vision hasn't changed for Dal Forno. The perfect grapes. The appassimento method. The vinification. The ageing. The best that nature can provide combined with the best that technology can offer. This way they believe they can not only create a great wine, but something that can change perceptions and spread happiness.
And now with Romano's sons Marco, Luca and Michele in full support of their father's vision, the future of the Dal Forno winery is assured.
Main photo Wilson Daniels photo archive.


Eden floated on a raft in the ocean, trying to capture the scent, but not quite able to. Black bubbles began to float to the surface and then the scene flickered and fizzed out. The real Eden took off the old headset and used an ancient swear word. Once again she was lying on the bamboo mat in the Childcare center. She looked distastefully at the rescued Elkoo headset, held together by a few pieces of tape. She put it in a hollowed out compartment that she had dug through the wall behind a picture.
"Sometime, I am going to get a real Elkoo headset-the REALLY forbidden kind!" she swore to herself, and then headed off to the nourishment area.
"Do not push.Do not shove.Stay in line.Wait your turn,"the robot matron droned on and on as it handed out food packets and beverage tabs.Eden took her share and went "outside".At twelve,she was allowed to enter the virtual playground alone.The program was running a rain storm which kept everyone else inside.Eden loved the rain.She raised her face to the bruised purple clouds and laughed.Even though the drops were only tiny shafts of light,it was exciting to her.She was spinning around and around,forgetting about her meal and enjoying the moment when she realized she was being watched.
Paternal Android Star Seven was standing beside three Bravelanders at the edge of the playground and one of them was pointing her way.Bravelanders were dark and very tall with only a tuft of white hair at the back of their heads.Eden had never seen one up close except for Avery Bear,a little one brought in after a flood.It was lost and frightened and she felt pity for it.She had taken it under her wing and cared for it for a year until its parents were found.It had grown two feet in that time as Bravelanders mature more rapidly than humans.
"Eden Nexus,number 7777,return to quarters immediately."
Swallowing hard,Eden made her way toward the group.As she got closer she realized that one of the Bravelanders was none other than her friend Avery Bear all grown up .


text:
Cupples releases book based on his life experiences, connections with faith
What the 'F'
By Christopher Braunschweig Newton Daily News
Christopher Braunschweig/Daily News
Doug Cupples, a Jasper County Supervisor, decided at the beginning of the New Year to write a book sharing his life experiences with readers. Cupples will hold a book signing of "Faith is my F-Bomb" 6 p.m. Thursday at Discover Hope.
Doug Cupples challenged himself to write for two hours before bed every night. All he had to go by were his memories, his life experiences and how his relationship with God played a part in those 30 stories of personal ups and downs and in-betweens. Months later, Cupples compiled his writings into a self-published book called "Faith is my F-Bomb."
This was a first for Cupples, who considers himself more of a storyteller than a writer. Drawing inspiration from different points in his life, Cupples said he was encouraged by a life coach to put pen to paper, all the while thinking about the book's overarching themes of mentorship and faith.
It didn't take much convincing. At the start of the new year, Cupples hit the ground running and revisited events from as far back as his childhood to more than a week after he was elected to a seat on the Jasper County Board of Supervisors in 2016.
"I said, 'You know what? I'm going to do it.' Because the reality is: we say we want to do things and then we don't do 'em and we don't do 'em and we don't do 'em. And before long you're 47 years old and you've not done a lot of the things you wanted to do," Cupples said.
He examined each memory with a critical eye, searching for some sort of meaning or questioning how those experiences molded him into who he is today. Cupples said his coach helped him refine the smaller details and the structure of the book itself, like naming chapters after words beginning with F — like forfeit, fluke and favor.
Writing his book was a thrilling process for the now-self-published author, who feels it has helped him discover who he is by writing about his life. But for as enlightening as it was revisiting old memories, it was also just was challenging for Cupples.
Confronting and sharing past failures was no easy task. As was another particular passage in which Cupples recollects his feelings and details surrounding his daughter Bailey's cancer diagnosis. The family found out about the leukemia 10 days after Cupples had been elected as a Jasper County Supervisor.
Cupples said his wife, Missy, practically lived at the hospital. She was a trooper, he said. The diagnosis, he added, put a lot of stress on his family, his marriage, his job and his income, among other things.
"It was a pretty rough time to say the least," Cupples said. "But she came out on the flipside — that happens to be the name of that chapter … She got off of chemotherapy April 2 this year. She was two years cancer free as of March 3. It's been a journey. We're so thankful. She just got her blood test yesterday and she's good to go."
Other stories feature a conversation he has with his daughter Lexie, as well as an interesting boat trip with his son Cade. Cupples wrote about how he met his wife and how his parents' divorce may have affected him.
Every experience and every memory and all the things that happen to people in their lives, he said, "are lessons to be learned."
So what was the lesson gained when writing this particular book?
"What I learned was when you write stories about your life and you're writing purposefully to try to help people, you really do discover who you are," Cupples said.
Cupples will host a book signing of "Faith is my F-Bomb" at 6 p.m. Thursday at Discover Hope 517 Ministry. Cupples has agreed to donate $3 to the host organization for every copy of the book sold.
Contact Christopher Braunschweig at 641-792-3121 ext. 6560 or cbraunschweig@newtondailynews.com


text:
Q: Web server script running continuosly what I'm trying to do is a web server that simply answers clients requests. I am able to use PHP scripts, an executable written in C++ or services written in Java to create the response, but the problem is they always have to be loaded with every request from the client, which lowers the efficiency and requires me to save data in some file or db to exchange them between requests (can't use sessions, exchanging data between various clients).
So I'm looking for some script that would run continuosly on the server, "listen" to incomming requests, produce an answer and send it back. Useful, but not necessary features would be:
- based on C/C++, but doesn't have to be
- able to deal with http, since the clients is a website sending JSON
- can be easily used with some server solution
My idea was like having a one C++ program running continuously maintaining all the informations in the CPU and sharing it's memory with small programs, that would be started with each request comming, that would grab the data from the shared memory and do some processing to create the answer (no extensive computing, can be loaded multiple times). Does it sound a little possible?
Would be enough to name some technology work checking out, thank you, Martin C.

A: I'm not sure why you think that you cannot do this with java servlets, but you're wrong. Or maybe I don't understand what you want to do.
Servlets have an init() method that you can use to initialize data when the application server starts. This data is then accessible to all requests, e.g.:
@WebServlet(urlPatterns="/somePath", loadOnStartup=1)
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
    private Object sharedData;

    @Override
    public void init() throws ServletException {
        sharedData = <Your code to load data>
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        out.println(sharedData); // This is just an example of using sharedData
        ...
    }
}

Note that there is only one instance of the servlet, so data will be loaded only once and the same servlet instance will serve all requests (with multiple threads).
If requests can also modify the shared data, you have to be carefull to keep the code thread-safe. But if you're only reading it, it's pretty simple.

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text:
La'o Hamutuk
From La'o Hamutuk, the Timor-Leste Institute for Development Monitoring and Analysis. For more, see http://www.laohamutuk.org.
Husi La'o Hamutuk, Institutu ba Monitor no Analiza Dezenvolvimentu iha Timor-Leste. Bele hetan tan husi http://www.laohamutuk.org.
LH asks Security Council to consider justice and sustainable development
On 22 November 2011, the United Nations Security Council discuss UNMIT. La'o Hamutuk wrote to call Council's attention to some information and concerns. A slightly abridged version follows below, the original has footnotes but not links.
La'o Hamutuk
Timor-Leste Institute for Development Monitoring and Analysis
Rua Martires da Patria
Bebora, Dili, Timor-Leste
Dear Distinguished Members of the United Nations Security Council:
The Timor-Leste Institute for Development Monitoring and Analysis (La'o Hamutuk) is a local civil society organization which has monitored and analyzed the mandates and activities of the United Nations in Timor-Leste since 2000, during four UN Missions. We frequently meet with UN officials and write to the Security Council, especially about the still unfulfilled promise by the international community to end impunity for crimes against humanity committed during the illegal Indonesian occupation between 1975 and 1999.
We have studied the Secretary-General's recent report on UNMIT (S/2011/641) from January through September 2011 and would like to share some observations with you before your debate next week. We believe that the report leaves out some important issues, and would like to try to help give the Council a broader, deeper understanding of the situation in Timor-Leste and UNMIT.
Good Governance, Human Rights and Justice
The Secretary-General's report is optimistic about the consolidation of peace, stability and development in Timor-Leste. That optimism is based on assurances by political and State leaders, superficial progress of the situation, and the efforts by the UN and other agencies to consolidate peace and stability through institutional and capacity building.
Unfortunately, there is often a gap between leaders' words and what most citizens experience every day. Considering current realities here, the positive steps taken by UNMIT, other agencies and Timor-Leste's government in recent years do not fully address people's essential and long term needs.
Continuing impunity for past crimes undermines peace, stability and development. When accountability is ignored, institutional consolidation alone cannot overcome weaknesses which threaten to undo the accomplishments of UN missions in Timor-Leste over the last twelve years. We regret that the current report appears not to understand this fundamental principle.
The 2006 crisis should teach us a lesson, and similar crises can arise in future if impunity continues to flourish. Although the UN and others previously highlighted impunity for 1975-1999 crimes and the 2006 crisis as a cause of future instability, that lesson may have been forgotten. Even with functional state institutions working to maintain peace, stability and justice, the lack of accountability is a time bomb that can explode at any time. Stability requires every citizen to comply with the rule of law, and that everyone is confident that others will also do so. As we discuss below, impunity undermines this bedrock of democracy.
We remain concerned about the UN's preoccupation with maintaining security through police and military force. As we wrote to the Security Council in February 2010:
"People feel secure when they can live without fear of crime, civil disorder, repression, starvation, disease, and other major disruptions to the lives of their families. Although some of these concerns can be addressed with 'security forces,' the more difficult and fundamental ones require inclusive, equitable service delivery and economic development. Indeed, if significant numbers of people remain impoverished and alienated -- while a few enjoy the benefits of affluence and power -- no amount of bullying by men and women with guns can provide security."
Last July, La'o Hamutuk expressed this concern to the Development Partners Meeting in Dili:
"Avoiding or preventing physical conflict should not be the primary dimension for measuring effectiveness of a government or donor program. Improving the quality of people's lives –as defined by international standards for human rights (economic and social as well as civil and political) – is also relevant. Starvation, diarrhea, kidney disease and toxic pollutants can be just as fatal as bullets, and far more Timorese people are killed by preventable diseases than by violence. For example, the great majority of the more than 2,000 Timorese children under five who die every year are victims of avoidable or curable conditions, while homicide took only 39 lives in Timor-Leste 2010."
We regret that the Secretary-General's report and UNMIT itself fail to give enough attention to atrocious sanitation, nutrition and health care that kill and injure far more people than causes which can be addressed by soldiers and police officers. We encourage the Security Council to give more attention to human resource development (education and health), agriculture and non-oil industrial development which can free this country from import dependency and reduce poverty sustainably, over the long term.
Unfortunately, the National Priorities and Millennium Development Goals deal more with organizational structures than effective measures, and budget allocations by Timor-Leste's government and development partners fail to comply with these priorities or adequately address these goals, spending the lion's share of their resources on physical infrastructure and policing.
The Millennium Development Goals-Suco program to build five houses per year in each sub-village is problematic. Not only is it costing more than twice the budgeted amount, but the use of imported, prefabricated houses undercuts local industrial and economic development and the sustainability of these homes. La'o Hamutuk discussed this in our recent submission to Parliament on the proposed State Budget for 2012.
We appreciate the publication of the long-awaited 2011 UNDP National Human Development Report Managing Natural Resources for Human Development: Developing the Non-Oil Economy to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, but regret that UNDP retreated when the Government attacked the report, removing it from UNDP's website (it is still available from La'o Hamutuk) and failing to publish a Tetum version.
The Secretary-General's report mentions that state expenditures are driving strong economic growth, but fails to discuss inequalities inherent in this growth, which is largely concentrated in the capital and among companies receiving government contracts. The living conditions of the majority of our people, outside the capital and not among the upper class, have barely improved or gotten worse. Although cash transfers have helped some avoid starvation, this will be unsustainable when already-declining oil and gas revenues run out in about 12 years. Timor-Leste's non-oil private sector today consists almost entirely of subsistence agriculture, importers and government contractors. If local production to replace imports and add value to agricultural products is not improved, poverty will increase drastically when the oil revenues run out.
Timor-Leste's total petroleum wealth could pay for public spending equivalent to $1.72/citizen/day for the next 40 years. The proposed $1.76 billion 2012 budget, a 35% increase over 2011, will spend at more than double that rate, and is enabled only by nonrenewable petroleum revenues. Timor-Leste has a billion-dollar non-oil trade deficit in goods and services; how can this continue after the oil and gas are used up?
La'o Hamutuk has expressed concerns about the new TimorGAP National Oil Company and the proposal to develop the "Tasi Mane" southwest coast petroleum infrastructure corridor. We believe that they are misguided and will not help Timor-Leste escape petroleum dependency, and encourage the Security Council and UNMIT to support Timor-Leste's sustainable, non-oil development.
During the last decade, UN missions around the world, including in Timor-Leste, have learned lessons about drawing down and preparing for their termination. We hope that the UNMIT withdrawal from Timor-Leste next year will gain from these experiences. In particular, we urge continuing UN engagement in areas of economic development and human rights.
Refusing to accept permanent impunity
During the last 13 years, the UN has taken some actions to reduce impunity for crimes against humanity committed during the Indonesian occupation. This Council established the Serious Crimes Unit and Special Panels in 2000, but their mandate was unfortunately restricted the last ten months of the 24-year illegal occupation. The SCU indicted 391 people but was only able to bring 87 (all Timorese) to trial, convicting 84. The rest are shielded from accountability by Indonesia, and the UN has not taken effective action to end this violation of international law.
Unfortunately, the UN is not following its own principle – reaffirmed by the nations of the world in the Rome Statute – never to tolerate enduring impunity anywhere in the world. This betrayal is especially egregious in Timor-Leste, both because of the pervasive, prolonged nature of the crimes and because they were committed by agents of one state against citizens of another. The UN Security Council and General Assembly explicitly condemned them numerous times between 1975 and 1999.
As we move toward the end of UNMIT's mission next year, the UN has unacceptably circumscribed the scope of UNMIT's work to end impunity. In 2006, Security Council Resolution 1704 instructed UNMIT to finish investigations for 1999 cases not completed by the Serious Crimes Unit, establishing the Serious Crimes Investigation Team (SCIT) with no mandate to issue indictments or prosecute alleged perpetrators. Even if SCIT finishes its work before UNMIT ends, there is no avenue to achieve accountability. Indonesian officials continue to obstruct justice, and Timor-Leste's leaders – responsible for a tiny, new nation which has suffered horrendously from crimes by its western neighbor – remain cautious without credible assurance of international support.
The July conviction and sentencing to nine years imprisonment of Besi Merah Putih militia member Valentim Lavio was not successful because the prolonged process and lack of pre-sentencing detention allowed him to flee to Indonesia; his co-indictee also remains at large. Once again, failures of the international community to prevent impunity have enabled a criminal to escape accountability.
Recommendations for the UN Security Council and UNMIT
Consider Timor-Leste as a test case for accountability for crimes against humanity, creating an opportunity to redeem the name of the United Nations by showing that the institution and its member states are serious about their promise never to tolerate impunity. One initial step would be to discuss and act on the recommendations of the 2005 Commission of Experts, which include the creation of international mechanisms when national ones are incapable of achieving accountability. In addition, the Security Council could extend SCIT's mandate and duration to include investigating and prosecuting serious crimes committed as part of the Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste between 1975 and 1998, and allocating sufficient resources to this task.
Assist Timor-Leste's economic development in a realistic, sustainable way which does not depend on temporary and capital-intensive petroleum infrastructure. In addition to supporting Government priorities and programs, the UN can provide expertise and longer-term perspectives for long-term, non-oil development. In particular, the UN could help Timor-Leste to develop its human resources – especially education and health care – to enable its future development.
Remember that during 2012, Timor-Leste's government and citizens will be dealing with many pressing issues in addition to elections and UNMIT withdrawal, and look for ways that the United Nations and the international community can avoid neglecting other critical concerns.
UNMIT is likely to leave Timor-Leste a little over a year from now, but more than a million Timorese people will continue to live here, and deserve better support from the international community than they have received during the last 36 years.
José Pereira, Inês Martins, Mariano Ferreira, Juvinal Dias, Charles Scheiner
Labels: English
Anonymous 03 February, 2012 03:27
Dear La'o Hamutuk
Having read your letter I have to say that I am pleased with the accuracy of your vision.
I sincerely hope you to be listened...!
Thank you so very much!
Web links / ligasaun
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About / kona ba La'o Hamutuk
Dili, Timor-Leste
La'o Hamutuk is a Timorese non-governmental organization (NGO) which has worked since 2000 to monitor and analyze the activities of international and government agencies in Timor-Leste, to make development responsive to the needs and desires of the people. We focus on international institutions and systems, trying to protect food sovereignty and avoid the "resource curse" in petroleum-dependent Timor-Leste, as well as to enhance democratic governance and justice.
La'o Hamutuk, hanesan Organizasaun Naun-Governmental (ONG) Timor-oan, ne'ebe servisu desde 2000 atu monitor no analiza atividade sira husi ajensia internasional no governmental iha Timor-Leste. Hodi hanoin katak dezenvolvimentu iha ne'e tenke responde ba povo nia nesesidade no povo nia hakarak. Ami foka ba sistema no institusaun internasional sira, atu proteje soberania ai-han no evita "malisan rekursu" iha Timor-Leste, ne'ebe depende makaas ba rendimento petrolifeiro. No mos atu hadiak liu tan governasaun ne'ebe demokratiku no justisa.


NBA - Patrick McCaw: "Ringrazio tutti, so che Vince non l'ha fatto intenzionalmente"
Thank you everyone for your thoughts and prayers! God definitely is watching over me, I'm blessed beyond measure! I know you didn't mean to harm me in any way! To my coaches, teammates, friends and family I love you guys so much for being there with me!!!


Is Valentine's Day Weekend a good time to find single women to date?
Emily's Take: I think that it is as good as any other day. Single ladies tend to hate Valentine's Day (or Singles Awareness Day) so getting a date for that night might actually be a little easier. However, the fact that I'm getting this e-mail three days before the big holiday probably means that most single ladies (at least the ones I know) have already made plans to celebrate the day with their single friends. I'd approach this group of ladies with caution - watch them for a bit first. Do they seem to be enjoying themselves or gossiping bitterly about anyone matched up? It seems like women are on one side of that coin or the other. If they're having a good time with it, then it could be a great how we met story!
If you do have a first date for Valentine's Day, I'd avoid going overboard on emphasizing that it is a holiday. Take her to the Olive Garden, or somewhere similar that ensures that you'll still be served a good meal. You want to go somewhere nice for a date that won't be filled to the brim or put more pressure on the date than there already is. A less crowded option means that you'll have the time to sit and talk and you won't be rushed by a waiter who is ready to seat the next round of reservations.
Adding a single rose and a small box of chocolates would be a nice touch. If you need a recommendation; my favorite are Hershey's Hugs and Kisses in a heart shaped box – likely sold at any quality grocery store near you. High class, I know.


Engage! – Postcards from the Border.
Say no to racism and yes to colourful Nijmegen this Sunday!
Callout Nijmegen against Racism – two day solidarity & anti-racism marathon – 25 & 26 November To fight, together, for a world that makes solidarity without borders its first priority, we will organize an anti-racist marathon on the 25th and 26th of November, with workshops, discussions, food, movies, parties and actions to strengthen the fight… Continue reading Say no to racism and yes to colourful Nijmegen this Sunday!
Laura is working extremely hard to finish the documentary. The result will be shown on the 16th of September in the Dobbelmannkloster (Dobbelmannweg 1). Doors open at 19:00. Movie starts at 20:00. Come and share!
Engage! - Postcards from the Border.
Film fragments of autonomy. Lesvos in Nijmegen.
Lesvos is coming to Nijmegen! As you know, two of our group have been to Lesvos. Now, Laura is about to finish the movie and we are going to screen fragments on the Kaaij on the first weekend of September. As the dear Miro put it: "On Lesbos, where refugees are marginalized, our Laura courageously… Continue reading Film fragments of autonomy. Lesvos in Nijmegen.
Hello friends, it's Laura, I'm sharing here this video with you, featuring some of the footage shot during our stay on Lesvos. From personal experience I can tell you that it would be pretty bad, if No Border Kitchen Lesvos couldn't continue doing their job- which is fighting for human rights and the autonomy of refugees.
They cook every day vegan hot food and give our foodboxes with ingredients to cook for 350 ppl, worth $7000 monthly.
Their urgent crowd-funding campaign is now LIVE!
Please read, donate and share to help them hit the ground running!
"No Border Kitchen Lesvos currently supports 350 refugees to cook and subsist autonomously.
We work alongside refugees failed by the broken asylum system and the bloated NGOs, standing with them as they self-organise and live outside the detention regime at Moria prison camp.
✊ Save No Border Kitchen Lesvos — fight for refugee autonomy!
Thanks from our side again to everyone who supported our campaign and project in order to be able to go to Lesvos, work there and film in the first place: Thanks crowd, thanks Alert Youth Fund.
Individuals fight like lions for dignity on Lesvos, prison island.
Some friends from our justpeople collective were supporting at the greek border for two months. Laura gives a personal account on what she feels, being back now. Hello! I have been back in the Netherlands for about two weeks now. Time to let some thoughts and emotions settle. I've seen the darkness of enforced EU… Continue reading Individuals fight like lions for dignity on Lesvos, prison island.
You want a bag made of lifejackets? It's a beauty!
Hello Nijmegen. Would you like one of these amazing bags? They are made of lifejackets and create job opportunites for refugees and locals on Lesvos. Very good initiative against the waste problem on the island! Write us until Monday 08:00 am which one you'd like to buy, we pick them up at Mosaik Support Center and bring them on our way back to the Netherlands.


text:
L'iperpnea è l'aumento della profondità degli atti respiratori rispetto alla norma.

Descrizione
Nel soggetto adulto a riposo, ad ogni atto respiratorio fluiscono circa 500 cc d'aria (tale valore è detto volume corrente). In caso di iperpnea, il valore del volume corrente aumenta, portando ad un aumento della ventilazione polmonare (prodotto del volume corrente per la frequenza respiratoria).

Si osserva fisiologicamente al termine di uno sforzo fisico, in quanto l'aumento della ventilazione polmonare migliora l'ossigenazione del sangue.

L'Iperpnea non è da confondere con la dispnea che è invece un respiro difficoltoso e affannoso nel soggetto che non riesce a ventilare sufficientemente i polmoni e di conseguenza a ossigenare adeguatamente i globuli rossi del sangue.

Voci correlate
Respiro patologico
Respirazione polmonare
Dispnea
Iperventilazione
Tachipnea

Segni clinici

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