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Home Science and Technology Physics Physics complementarity principle
Complementarity
Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
In his 1948/1949 Gifford lectures the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) suggested that theologians make more use of the Complementarity Principle. Articles in Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science from 1966 and elsewhere advocate and also oppose such use in regard to both theology and the relation of science and religion (Reich, 1994).
Bohr had introduced complementarity in 1927: "The very nature of the quantum theory thus forces us to regard the space-time co-ordination and the claim of causality, the union of which characterizes the classical theories, as complementary but exclusive features of the description" (Bohr, p. 115). Thus, complementarity here means to keep distinct what has traditionally been merged. In contrast, the complementarity of the particle-like and the wave-like behavior of light brings together "contradictory" models that traditionally are regarded as excluding each other.
A definition of complementarity that is applicable to both physics and theology reads as follows: Complementarity refers to the possibility that the same entity/phenomenon manifests itself in distinct, categorically different ways. All the differing manifestations need to be described and explained, and be part of an overarching theory of the entity/phenomenon, but not all occur in the same spatial, temporal, or situational context, respectively. Unfortunately, the meaning of the terms complementarity and complementary changes in everyday use (e.g., we are not opposed to or competing with each other but are complementary), as well as in communication theory (in contrast to symmetrical communication between same-level partners, complementary communication takes place between a superior and an inferior position), and in psychotherapy (in a complementary relation between client and psychotherapist the client's wishes regarding mutual love or hate and dominance or subjection are met; in an anti-complementary position none are met).
Given such a difficulty, why nevertheless search for complementarity in regard to science and religion? Because it opens up a logical possibility not covered by the traditional relationships (conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration) as defined by classical logic (Reich, 1996). That logic is binary: If the choice is between A and B, and A is correct, then B must necessarily be wrong. Genuine complementarity involves a trivalent logic, articulated by Hugo Bedau and Paul Oppenheimer in 1961 (compatible, incompatible, and noncompatible), which allows for a context-dependence of the respective explanatory powers. For instance, whereas both science and religion can contribute to the understanding and the significance of the origin and the evolution of the universe, science contributes more to an explanation of what actually happened, and religion to what it means for human living.
Complementarity as defined above involves ontology, epistemology, logic, and methodology. Ontologically, a meta-relation ( entanglement as described in quantum physics by Werner Heisenberg's principle of indeterminacy) is posited between the class of contents/meanings pertaining to science and the class of contents/meanings pertaining to religion. For example, a person to whom God entrusts a mission (religion) also receives the capacity (science) to carry it through. The epistemology calls for ascertaining that the statements concerning science and religion are co-extensional, that is, they refer to the same entity/phenomenon. The logic has already been indicated. And finally, the methodological issue implies that science and religion/theology each use their own methods. From such a perspective one is led to conclude that complementarity cannot be looked for in science and religion tout court, but (if at all) in selected issues (Reich, 2002).
See also Physics, Quantum; Science and Religion, Models and Relations
bedau, hugo, and oppenheim, paul. "complementarity in quantum mechanics." synthese 13 (1961): 201–232.
bohr, niels. collected works, ed. e. rüdinger. vol. 6: the foundation of quantum physics i (1926–1932), ed. j. kalckar. amsterdam: north holland publishing company, 1985.
reich, k. helmut. "the relation between science and theology: a response to critics of complementarity." in: studies in science and theology, eds. george v. coyne and karl schmitz-moormann. vol. 2: origins, time, and complexity. geneva, switzerland: labor et fides, 1994.
reich, k. helmut "a logic-based typology of science and theology." journal of interdisciplinary studies 8, nos. 1–2 (1996): 149–167.
reich, k. helmut. developing the horizons of the mind. relational and contextual reasoning and the resolution of cognitive conflict. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press, 2002.
k. helmut reich
"Complementarity." Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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complementarity principle
complementarity principle, physical principle enunciated by Niels Bohr in 1928 stating that certain physical concepts are complementary. If two concepts are complementary, an experiment that clearly illustrates one concept will obscure the other complementary one. For example, an experiment that illustrates the particle properties of light will not show any of the wave properties of light. This principle also implies that only certain kinds of information can be gained in a particular experiment. Some other information that is equally important cannot be measured simultaneously and is lost.
See W. Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (1930, repr. 1949); N. Bohr, Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (1958); B. L. Cline, Men Who Made a New Physics: Physicists and the Quantum Theory (1987).
"complementarity principle." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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com·ple·men·tar·i·ty / ˌkämpləmenˈtaritē/ • n. (pl. -ties) a complementary relationship or situation: a culture based on the complementarity of men and women. ∎ Physics the concept that two contrasted theories, such as the wave and particle theories of light, may be able to explain a set of phenomena, although each separately only accounts for some aspects. ∎ Law the principle that jurisdictions will not overlap in legislation, administration, or prosecution of crime.
"complementarity." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes
© Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.
complementarity •banditti, bitty, chitty, city, committee, ditty, gritty, intercity, kitty, nitty-gritty, Pitti, pity, pretty, shitty, slitty, smriti, spitty, titty, vittae, witty •fifty, fifty-fifty, nifty, shifty, swiftie, thrifty •guilty, kiltie, silty •flinty, linty, minty, shinty •ballistae, Christie, Corpus Christi, misty, twisty, wristy •sixty •deity, gaiety (US gayety), laity, simultaneity, spontaneity •contemporaneity, corporeity, femineity, heterogeneity, homogeneity •anxiety, contrariety, dubiety, impiety, impropriety, inebriety, notoriety, piety, satiety, sobriety, ubiety, variety •moiety •acuity, ambiguity, annuity, assiduity, congruity, contiguity, continuity, exiguity, fatuity, fortuity, gratuity, ingenuity, perpetuity, perspicuity, promiscuity, suety, superfluity, tenuity, vacuity •rabbity •improbity, probity •acerbity • witchetty • crotchety •heredity •acidity, acridity, aridity, avidity, cupidity, flaccidity, fluidity, frigidity, humidity, hybridity, insipidity, intrepidity, limpidity, liquidity, lividity, lucidity, morbidity, placidity, putridity, quiddity, rabidity, rancidity, rapidity, rigidity, solidity, stolidity, stupidity, tepidity, timidity, torpidity, torridity, turgidity, validity, vapidity •commodity, oddity •immodesty, modesty •crudity, nudity •fecundity, jocundity, moribundity, profundity, rotundity, rubicundity •absurdity • difficulty • gadgety •majesty • fidgety • rackety •pernickety, rickety •biscuity •banality, duality, fatality, finality, ideality, legality, locality, modality, morality, natality, orality, reality, regality, rurality, tonality, totality, venality, vitality, vocality •fidelity •ability, agility, civility, debility, docility, edibility, facility, fertility, flexility, fragility, futility, gentility, hostility, humility, imbecility, infantility, juvenility, liability, mobility, nihility, nobility, nubility, puerility, senility, servility, stability, sterility, tactility, tranquillity (US tranquility), usability, utility, versatility, viability, virility, volatility •ringlety •equality, frivolity, jollity, polity, quality •credulity, garrulity, sedulity •nullity •amity, calamity •extremity • enmity •anonymity, dimity, equanimity, magnanimity, proximity, pseudonymity, pusillanimity, unanimity •comity •conformity, deformity, enormity, multiformity, uniformity •subcommittee • pepperminty •infirmity •Christianity, humanity, inanity, profanity, sanity, urbanity, vanity •amnesty •lenity, obscenity, serenity •indemnity, solemnity •mundanity • amenity •affinity, asininity, clandestinity, divinity, femininity, infinity, masculinity, salinity, trinity, vicinity, virginity •benignity, dignity, malignity •honesty •community, immunity, importunity, impunity, opportunity, unity •confraternity, eternity, fraternity, maternity, modernity, paternity, taciturnity •serendipity, snippety •uppity •angularity, barbarity, bipolarity, charity, circularity, clarity, complementarity, familiarity, granularity, hilarity, insularity, irregularity, jocularity, linearity, parity, particularity, peculiarity, polarity, popularity, regularity, secularity, similarity, singularity, solidarity, subsidiarity, unitarity, vernacularity, vulgarity •alacrity • sacristy •ambidexterity, asperity, austerity, celerity, dexterity, ferrety, posterity, prosperity, severity, sincerity, temerity, verity •celebrity • integrity • rarity •authority, inferiority, juniority, majority, minority, priority, seniority, sonority, sorority, superiority •mediocrity • sovereignty • salubrity •entirety •futurity, immaturity, impurity, maturity, obscurity, purity, security, surety •touristy •audacity, capacity, fugacity, loquacity, mendacity, opacity, perspicacity, pertinacity, pugnacity, rapacity, sagacity, sequacity, tenacity, veracity, vivacity, voracity •laxity •sparsity, varsity •necessity •complexity, perplexity •density, immensity, propensity, tensity •scarcity • obesity •felicity, toxicity •fixity, prolixity •benedicite, nicety •anfractuosity, animosity, atrocity, bellicosity, curiosity, fabulosity, ferocity, generosity, grandiosity, impecuniosity, impetuosity, jocosity, luminosity, monstrosity, nebulosity, pomposity, ponderosity, porosity, preciosity, precocity, reciprocity, religiosity, scrupulosity, sinuosity, sumptuosity, velocity, verbosity, virtuosity, viscosity •paucity • falsity • caducity • russety •adversity, biodiversity, diversity, perversity, university •sacrosanctity, sanctity •chastity •entity, identity •quantity • certainty •cavity, concavity, depravity, gravity •travesty • suavity •brevity, levity, longevity •velvety • naivety •activity, nativity •equity •antiquity, iniquity, obliquity, ubiquity •propinquity
"complementarity." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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Q: UISearchBar expands when editing In my UITableViewController I have a search bar that works perfectly. The only problem is when i press it to edit the search text, it automatically grows bigger, how can I disable this?

A: Select your UIViewController in the storyboard and uncheck the option to extend edges "Under Top Bars" on the right hand side:

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The Chakravarthi Has Lost the People's Trust
Modi's governance style is akin to warming oneself up with a fire that has been lit by inciting emotions about caste, religion and language that lay asleep in the community.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses an election campaign rally in October, 2019. Photo: PTI/Arun Sharma
Devanoora Mahadeva
A character in the Kannada TV serial Silly Lalli called Lalithaamba, a social worker, would always open her mouth to say, "Trust me, trust me please". After passing the Citizenship Amendment Act, our Prime Minister while addressing the shaken public, essentially tweeted, saying "Don't get anxious. Trust me, I am your sevak." Watching this felt like Narendra Modi's words and Silly Lily's social worker Lalithaamba's words were falling into the same rhythm.
The irony is that, in recent times, people have probably not believed anyone like they have believed Narendra Modi. People have trusted him, insanely. Is it just one or two things that Modi has gotten the public to believe and that the people have believed?
He had said he would bring back black money hoarded abroad and would deposit Rs 15 lakh in every Indian's bank account. People believed him. There may even be some who still believe and are waiting.
But today the situation is such that there is no guarantee even about the money that people already have in their own bank accounts. He also bragged and promised people that he would create crores of jobs annually. People believed him and brought him into power.
But with the employment situation today, forget about creating new jobs, the jobs that exist are themselves shrinking. In the past 45 years, the rate of unemployment has increased the most during the Modi regime. Similarly, saying he would double farmers' incomes he has only doubled their distress.
Moreover, during the stressful time that was created after the note ban, Modi's promise to the nation was: "I have only asked for 50 days. Give me time till December 30. After that, if any fault is found in my intentions or my actions, I am willing to suffer any punishment given by the country"
Also read: Why Modi 'Retreated' From the NRC and Why it Will Remain on the BJP's Agenda
It has been nearly three years since Modi uttered these words. Even today, the disaster caused by the note ban is still burning across India. All of this is strongly reminiscent of Mahabharata's Uttara's macho posturing. One can't figure out whether this is the fault of those who believe or the ones who make them believe. People have never trusted anyone else like they have trusted Modi and Modi has betrayed people's trust in way that no one else has done before. I speak these words in pain.
Modi's governance style is akin to warming oneself up at a fire that has been lit by inciting beliefs and emotions about caste, religion, language etc that lay asleep in the community. The most recent example of this is the Citizenship Amendment Act. Where will these take us? More economic collapse, more unemployment, more price rises, more mob lynchings that people indulge in, leading one to doubt whether a government is in existence or not.
The Modi government has failed at resolving the problems that are eating away the nation. He is inciting people's beliefs and emotions so that they may forget the pain caused by these problems. This is like creating another pain to forget the first. But if you provoke beliefs and emotions and let them loose then they become demons baying for blood. This is what is happening today.
If through the CAA and NRC, India is made into a religion based nation it will be like rats and bandicoots burrowing through and eating up the very life of the constitution, disfiguring the very form of it. Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha's President Badagalapura Nagendra's words that "India should not become another Pakistan" is the alarm bell.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and BJP president Amit Shah. Photo: Reuters
If the religion-based Pakistan becomes our ideal, India will lose its Indianness. The mindset of 'my enemy is committing atrocities so I too will commit atrocities' will drag people who think like that into ruin. The Modi-Shah gang, who have set out to make India a religion-based country modelled on Pakistan, are becoming the supreme bhakts of Pakistan without they themselves knowing it. Hence while incorporating models of different countries and different religions there should be some wisdom to it.
For example, however high an eagle flies its eye is always focused on the rotting garbage on land. But for a swan, even if one mixes milk and water, it will drink only the milk. This hamsa ksheera nyaya concept is the very character of Paramahamsa. He assimilated all the positives in Indian philosophies and set aside the contradictions.
Also read: An Indian Kristallnacht in the Making
Vivekananda too saw the good in Hinduism, Islam, Christianity etc. For example, wouldn't brotherhood and hugging, that is inherent in Islam, be a medicine for the Chaturvarna Hindu dharma racked with the illness of untouchability and caste discrimination?
A chakravarthi
should always have everyone's trust even if his governance is viewed as the thuggish governance of palegars
. Otherwise one would feel that it is the palegar sitting in the place of the chakravarthi. For instance, Giani Zail Singh, after becoming the president, conducted himself with the dignity that the position demanded.
Even H.D. Deve Gowda, whose politics in Karnataka was objectionable on several grounds, on becoming the Prime Minister, behaved in a way that was appropriate for his position. He made an attempt to untangle the problems in Punjab, Kashmir, North-east India by winning over the hearts of people.
I have several reservations about Manmohan Singh as well. But upon seeing the collapse of the Indian economy, he spoke with a lot of pain and not a Hitler-like roar. One should heed these softly spoken words. Similarly, the BJP's Vajpayee who said "If India is not secular, then India is not India at all." behaved like a chakravarthi, much like Deve Gowda.
So, a request from Modi-Shah: Don't turn into eagles, do change into swans. The time is close at hand for the country to start a conversation, not just with students, people's organisations and the opposition parties, but also with the innocent believers of the RSS, BJP and its allies.
Devanoora Mahadeva is a Kannada writer who has been conferred with the Padma Shri as well as the Sahitya Akademi award both of which he returned in protest against the growing intolerance in the country. A public intellectual and Dalit activist he has been a guiding force to various social movements in Karnataka and the country.
This article was first published in Kannada in Varthabharati on December 20, 2019. It has been translated into English by Rashmi Munikempanna.

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It is one of my favorite times of year, Valentine's Day! And, I love Valentine's Day, partly because I am a romantic - I adore flowers and cards, going out to dinner. But I relish in the idea that there is a holiday created specifically to celebrate love. And, not just romantic love, but human love. Remember when we were kids and we brought in Valentine's for each of the kids in the class? It was so uplifting to walk away with 20 little cards, some with stickers, some with candy, but all with a cute, sweet, loving message about how great we are, even if some card company came up with that message; it was fulfilling to read it all the same.
This Valentine's Day (aka Month), I invite and encourage you to be the source of love in your life. I am not sure if you have noticed this in your daily interactions, but people are in dire need of being loved. And, providing that love is as simple as validating who they are, appreciating something they did or simply giving someone a hug. The other day, I was at a hotel restaurant. The women serving us, Brenda, was not very friendly. I just smiled and was polite to her. Finally, when everyone had cleared out and it was just the two of us, I took her my plate to save her a trip to my table. As I handed her my plate, she mentioned how tired she was and how, after working a full shift, she had to go home and cook for her son, who was hosting a Super Bowl party at her house. I just stood there and listened to her. I showed interest asking her what she would cook, and remarked how lucky he was to have her as a mom. She smiled and started telling me about her famous chili recipe. This interaction took about three minutes. It does not have to be difficult or time consuming to sprinkle a little love on people. And, opportunities to do so exist everywhere!
There is so much conflict, fighting, tension, traffic, anxiety and fear out there! And, not enough smiles, 'how are yous?', 'it's oks', and 'nice to see yous'. The world is in deep need of these right now. Now, more than ever. We are in a time where we are fixated on someone being right and someone being wrong, good and bad, and there is little acknowledgement of the real truth - we are all in this together. We are one human family and whatever happens to a part of our family impacts every single one of us. So, instead of being the one to talk about what is wrong (and, yes, I understand there is quite a lot to say about) talk about what is right. And, if you don't feel ready to take on the whole world, then take on your office mates, your family, the checkout person where you shop, or the driver in the car next to you. Let someone merge during traffic, even though they drove all the way to the end to cut in... I know, they don't seem like they deserve love, but the truth is all of us have moments where we don't seem like we deserve love, and that is when we need the love the most.
There is a common spiritual belief that as you give, so shall you receive. And, I have found this to be true in all areas of my life. Whatever I tend to give the most of, is what I tend to have the most of. When I coach people on manifesting money, the first lesson is always to give money away, it always comes back to you... multiplied. The same is true for love. Give it away for free. It is not your job to determine who is deserving of your love. That is a waste of time and energy. Your job is to freely give love. Remember, sometimes the person who seems to be least deserving of your love is the one who needs it the most. This month, stretch yourself. See if you can freely give love to one person, who you believe does not deserve it. I guarantee the impact on your life will be monumental. Because, someone may be withholding love from you too, and the only way to open the door to this withheld love is by opening the door to the love you are withholding from others. This month, in as many situations as you possibly can, sprinkle some love on it. And, as you do, you will experience love returned to you in ways you could never anticipate and in quantities you could not imagine. It is always important to love yourself first. If you do not, then there is no excess love to give to others. But, even if at this moment you are not feeling like you have any love to give, I promise, if you rally and follow the steps below, the person who will benefit the most is you! When you give love out, it exponentially boomerangs back to you.
1. Make a list of three to five people who are the most important to you. Ask yourself, have I loved them to the best of my ability? Then, select one person who you may feel is not deserving of your love or kindness.
3. In each interaction you have with another, see if there is anything you can do to sprinkle some love on it. For example, smile at them, look them, in the eyes and thank them for their help, compliment them, stop, look at them, and tell them to have a nice day, and if none of those work (such as with drivers on the highway) just wish them well (in your heart) as you drive past.
I am sending all of you a heart full of love this month and always. May the love you give return to you multiplied! Now, go out there and sprinkle some love on it!


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Dan Mazer (* 1971 in London) ist ein britischer Komiker, Drehbuchautor, Fernseh- und Filmproduzent.

Leben
Mazer studierte Jura an der Universität Cambridge und schloss sein Studium 1994 erfolgreich ab. Während seines Studiums war er aktives Mitglied der Cambridge Footlights, deren Vizepräsident er von 1993 bis 1994 war. Dort lernte er Sacha Baron Cohen kennen, den er als langjähriger Autor und Produzent begleitet. Gemeinsam entwickelten sie die Charaktere Ali G und Borat.

Seit 1994 hat Mazer verschiedene Produktionen für Channel 4, Talkback Productions, HBO, 20th Century Fox und Comedy Central übernommen.

Im Jahr 2005 heiratete Mazer in Marokko die englische Schauspielerin Daisy Donovan, mit der er zwei Töchter hat. Er lebt in London.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
Als Drehbuchautor
 2000–2004: Da Ali G Show (Fernsehserie, 16 Episoden)
 2002: Ali G in da House
 2006: Borat
 2009: Brüno
 2013: Das hält kein Jahr…! (I Give It a Year)
 2016: Dirty Grandpa
 2016: Bridget Jones' Baby (Bridget Jones's Baby)
 2016: Office Christmas Party
 2018: Who Is America? (Fernsehserie, 7 Episoden)
 2020: Borat Anschluss Moviefilm (Borat Subsequent Moviefilm)

Als Produzent
 1998: Fantasy Football World Cup
 1999: The Eleven O'Clock Show
 2001: Ali G: Bling Bling
 2002: Ali G in da House
 2003: Spyz (Kurzfilm)
 2009: Brüno

Als Regisseur
 2003: Da Ali G Show (Fernsehserie, 6 Episoden)
 2006: Dog Bites Man (Fernsehserie, 5 Episoden)
 2013: Das hält kein Jahr…! (I Give It a Year)
 2016: Dirty Grandpa
 2018: Who Is America? (Fernsehserie, 6 Episoden)
 2021: Nicht schon wieder allein zu Haus (Home Sweet Home Alone)

Auszeichnungen
 1999: Silberne Rose von Montreux (The Eleven O'Clock Show, Da Best of Ali G)
 1999: British Comedy Awards (Best New Comedy: The Eleven O'Clock Show, Da Best of Ali G)
 2000: Broadcast Awards (Best Comedy Show: Da Ali G Show)
 2000: RTS Award (Best Comedy Show: Da Ali G Show)
 2001: BAFTA (Best Comedy Performance: Da Ali G Show)
 2001: BAFTA (Best Comedy Show: Da Ali G Show)
 2001: Bronzene Rose von Montreux (Da Ali G Show)
 2007: Nominierung für das Beste adaptierte Drehbuch für Borat (Anthony Hines, Peter Baynham, Todd Phillips und Sacha Baron Cohen)

Weblinks

  bei PFD − leading international literary and talent agency

Komiker
Drehbuchautor
Fernsehproduzent
Filmproduzent
Brite
Geboren 1971
Mann

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Loss of AT&T Byron Nelson Is Trinity Forest Golf Club's Latest Broken Promise
Dallas Settles With 'Will Rap 4 Weed' Activist over Panhandling Prohibition
Hostage Cr-Ice-Is, Day Three: Dallas ISD Won't Open Schools' Doors on Thursday Either
Robert Wilonsky
Robert Wilonsky | February 2, 2011 | 4:22pm
This just in from the Dallas Independent School District, which, apparently, no longer adheres to its 6 a.m.-morning-of policy when it comes to announcing closings:
Continuing weather-related issues will keep Dallas ISD schools and administrative offices closed on Thursday, Feb. 3, 2011. Continue to seek warm shelter and stay off those roads if you can!
That sound coming from the other room is the boy screaming in joy and the wife ... not. That's one way to solve a budget crisis? But in my day, they didn't cancel classes 'cause of cold and ice. No, sir. Why, let me tell you about the winter of '83 ...
Update at 5:26 p.m.: DISD spokesman Jon Dahlander -- who's worked for the district for 15 years and was a student for 12 years before that -- can't recall the last time it called off three days due to weather. Problem is, he reminds this evening, there are but two make-up days on the calendar: April 22 (which is Good Friday) and May 23. So, how will DISD handle the third?
We don't know yet," he says. "It's too early. We'll have some discussions and make some recommendations to the board. It's been a long time since we've seen something like this." He says that if the district were to try to just write off that third day as a lost day, it would first have to ask for a waiver from the Texas Education Agency.
As for why the district called off school for Thursday, it was a combination of several factors -- remaining icy roads, the potential for more rolling blackouts tomorrow and the fact that "in all of our parking lots and on the steps outside the schools, there are still all kinds of chances for people to slip and fall. It's better to be safe than sorry."
Abortion Sanctuary Movement Continues its Long March Through...
Moving on Up: A Project to Place Public Housing Tenants in...
Former UTA Student Sues Fraternity After Hazing Incident...
City Coughs Up 414 Pages of 911 Calls from Car Wash Begging...


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Q: Postgresql crosstab query with multiple "row name" columns I have a table that is a "tall skinny" fact table:
CREATE TABLE facts(
    eff_date timestamp NOT NULL,
    update_date timestamp NOT NULL,
    symbol_id int4 NOT NULL,
    data_type_id int4 NOT NULL,
    source_id char(3) NOT NULL,
    fact decimal
 /* Keys */
  CONSTRAINT fact_pk
    PRIMARY KEY (source_id, symbol_id, data_type_id, eff_date),
)

I'd like to "pivot" this for a report, so the header looks like this:
eff_date, symbol_id, source_id, datatypeValue1, ... DatatypeValueN

I.e., I'd like a row for each unique combination of eff_date, symbol_id, and source_id.
However, the postgresql crosstab() function only allow on key column.
Any ideas?

A: crosstab() expects the following columns from its input query (1st parameter), in this order:

*

*a row_name

*(optional) extra columns

*a category (matching values in 2nd crosstab parameter)

*a value
You don't have a row_name. Add a surrogate row_name with the window function dense_rank().
Your question leaves room for interpretation. Let's add sample rows for demonstration:
INSERT INTO facts (eff_date, update_date, symbol_id, data_type_id, source_id)
VALUES
   (now(), now(), 1,  5, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  6, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  7, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  6, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  7, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1, 23, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  5, 'baz')
 , (now(), now(), 1, 23, 'baz');  -- only two rows for 'baz'

Interpretation #1: first N values
You want to list the first N values of data_type_id (the smallest, if there are more) for each distinct (source_id, symbol_id, eff_date).
For this, you also need a synthetic category, can be synthesized with row_number(). The basic query to produce input to crosstab():
SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
     , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
     , row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id
                          ORDER BY data_type_id)::int                   AS category
     , data_type_id                                                     AS value
FROM   facts
ORDER  BY row_name, category;

Crosstab query:
SELECT *
FROM   crosstab(
  'SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
        , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
        , row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id
                             ORDER BY data_type_id)::int                   AS category
        , data_type_id                                                     AS value
   FROM   facts
   ORDER  BY row_name, category'
, 'VALUES (1), (2), (3)'
   ) AS (row_name int, eff_date timestamp, symbol_id int, source_id char(3)
       , datatype_1 int, datatype_2 int, datatype_3 int);

Results:

row_name | eff_date       | symbol_id | source_id | datatype_1 | datatype_2 | datatype_3
-------: | :--------------| --------: | :-------- | ---------: | ---------: | ---------:
       1 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | bar       |          6 |          7 |         23
       2 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | baz       |          5 |         23 |       null
       3 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | foo       |          5 |          6 |          7

Interpretation #2: actual values in column names
You want to append actual values of data_type_id to the column names datatypeValue1, ... DatatypeValueN. One ore more of these:
SELECT DISTINCT data_type_id FROM facts ORDER BY 1;

5, 6, 7, 23 in the example. Then actual display values can be just boolean (or the redundant value?). Basic query:
SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
     , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
     , data_type_id                                                     AS category
     , TRUE                                                             AS value
FROM   facts
ORDER  BY row_name, category;

Crosstab query:
SELECT *
FROM   crosstab(
  'SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
        , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
        , data_type_id                                                     AS category
        , TRUE                                                             AS value
   FROM   facts
   ORDER  BY row_name, category'
, 'VALUES (5), (6), (7), (23)'  -- actual values
   ) AS (row_name int, eff_date timestamp, symbol_id int, source_id char(3)
       , datatype_5 bool, datatype_6 bool, datatype_7 bool, datatype_23 bool);

Result:

eff_date       | symbol_id | source_id | datatype_5 | datatype_6 | datatype_7 | datatype_23
:--------------| --------: | :-------- | :--------- | :--------- | :--------- | :----------
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | bar       | null       | t          | t          | t
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | baz       | t          | null       | null       | t
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | foo       | t          | t          | t          | null

dbfiddle here
Related:

*

*Crosstab function in Postgres returning a one row output when I expect multiple rows

*Dynamic alternative to pivot with CASE and GROUP BY

*Postgres - Transpose Rows to Columns


text:
office@northernfinnishmutual.com
NFM Auto Agency
Reinsured
Products & Discounts
The agents at Northern Finnish Mutual Insurance are dedicated to providing exactly what you need.
Jerry Heino, Agent - Mellen
Jerry Heino, Agent and third-generation policy holder with Northern Finnish Mutual Insurance, is a service-oriented big thinker who jumped at the opportunity to join the NFM team as an agent in 2007. Patient and empathetic, Jerry says he was drawn to the uniqueness of NFMI and the chance to be involved with people. Customers appreciate his bottom-line orientation when it comes to providing information and advice related to their insurance needs.
After 35 years as the Manager in the agriculture supply business, he retired to pursue personal interests including part-time agriculture, gardening, hunting, fishing, spending time with family, and meeting new people.
Jerry is often asked about insurance, planting a lawn or garden, and crops for the area grain markets. He says life is what you make it…and his is made of deep satisfaction as he connects with NFM customers, listens to their questions and concerns, and provides solutions to insurance challenges faced by individuals, families and businesses throughout the region.
Jerry has traveled to several countries in Europe on a FFA Goodwill tour, to Mexico and Hawaii, and to several southern, western and midwestern states.
Jerry is happily surrounded by four children, four step-children, 24 grandchildren, one great-grandchild, and a dog Toivo—the Finn Lander Shiatsu. He is a life-long member of Moland Lutheran Church, a member of the Church Council and President of the Moland Cemetery Association. He says he would like to see society slow down, enjoy family and friends, enjoy and preserve nature, and work together for a better future.
Myron Ollanketo, Agent - Marengo
Patient and empathetic, Myron Ollanketo, Agent, joined the Northern Finnish Mutual Insurance team as a Board member in 1998 and became an agent in 2006. Customers benefit from his objective, realistic and service-oriented approach as he places a high priority on listening to what customers are saying and giving them the opportunity to explain their needs in detail before providing individual solutions.
Myron's knowledge and experience are the perfect background for answering sought-after advice about insurance, heating and air conditioning, anything propane related, outdoor power and recreation equipment, and vacuum sales and service. He understands firsthand the importance of insuring recreational equipment thanks to his passion for riding motorcycles, snowmobiles, 4-wheelers, tractors and ATVs.
Myron is a life-long resident of Marengo, Wisconsin. Myron has four grown children. He has a love of the northland; the Packers, Brewers and Bucks; and enjoys traveling, home renovation, and spending time with his family.
Myron says to count your blessings every day, especially if you're lucky enough to have your health and a healthy family.
Janice Penn, Agent - Highbridge
Known for organizing programs and projects, Janice Penn, Agent, is a natural leader and insurance agent. She is professional, precise and attentive to detail and takes pride in removing the overwhelming feeling that often comes with making insurance decisions. Customers can rest assured that she will never promise service she cannot deliver.
Where does that systematic, thorough approach come from? We think it dates back to growing up in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin -- a German Catholic farm community where neighbor helped neighbor.
Jan carried those values with her to Ashland County in 1972 where she met like-minded neighbors at her first NFM membership meeting. Within one year she was asked to join the Board of Directors. "The men on the Board said they needed a woman," Jan said. "My name was put before the meeting, and I became the first woman on the Board of NFM. Within a couple of years they decided I should be President, and so I became the first women President of a Wisconsin Town Mutual.
"When some of the Board members and agents began to retire and pass on in the 1980s, we needed agents. I decided to help out. I really feel blessed by having had the opportunity to know some of those old Finnish farmers, loggers and laborers whose families started NFM. They really taught me a lot about the co-op spirit, fairness, and neighborly caring."
Jan says NFM came into existence when no other company would step forward to provide such service in rural Northern Wisconsin.
She believes NFM must continue to leverage resources, skills and knowledge to provide the best insurance possible while being creative in addressing the challenges inherent in providing coverage's for new perils as the community grows and moves toward more sustainable energy resources, home construction, and business/farming ventures.
Jan is the recipient of the League of Women Voters-Wisconsin Leadership Award, the 5 Star Award for Patient Satisfaction and Service, and certified as a National Nurse Practitioner-Adult Health. She serves on the Medical Advisory MA Program at Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College.
When she's not immersed in insurance, Jan is likely working as a Nurse Practitioner at the Ashland Clinic…or planting, harvesting, preserving, fishing, crocheting or knitting…or working on social justice, human equality, health and environmental stewardship projects…or spending time with her husband, daughter, son-in-law, twin grand-daughters plus two cats, two dogs, two horses and lots of chickens.
Great Lakes Insurance Agency Inc. – Ashland
From our very beginnings back on November 11, 1914 we have been a true local cooperative type of insurance company. Dedicated agents and company staff are readily available to assist you with all your insurance needs. Because of the members' dedication, policyholders can enjoy the stability of rates, fair claims settlements and good service.
Northern Finnish Mutual Insurance
Marengo, WI. 54855
© 2018 Northern Finnish Mutual Insurance. All Rights Reserved.
Designed by Accredited Design | Hosted by Accredited Hosting


Do you have days when you seem to experience ongoing hunger, irrespective of how much you've eaten? A rumbling tummy can make it difficult to stick to healthy eating plans, but don't be tempted to throw in the towel; try these tips to help increase satiety.
Research suggests that paring aerobic and resistance training may increase satiety hormones and boost the body's ability to stabilize blood sugar, meaning you feel fuller for longer (compared to cardio exercise alone). By swapping aerobic exercise for weights several times a week you may find you are consuming up to 500 fewer calories per day.
Studies suggest that protein appears to help prolong satiety more than carbohydrates or fat alone. Consuming even a small amount of protein (found in lean meat, eggs, seafood, dairy products, legumes, lentils and soy products) with each of your meals and snacks will help you to stay full whilst still keeping you within your recommended daily calorie allowance.


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The EB-5 program's mission as a catalyst for job creation is the driving force behind its value to the American people: each EB-5 investor must create 10 jobs. Those in the EB-5 industry deal with the numbers of EB-5 job creation on a daily basis. All too often, the people, stories, and faces behind those numbers are overlooked. We had the privilege of interviewing 10 individuals employed by 10 different EB-5 projects set up by 10 different regional centers. The number 10, of course, reflects the number of jobs that each EB-5 investor must create. The investors who immigrate through EB-5 are participating in more than an investment program, more than an immigration program - they are crafting a legacy. Read the following stories with the understanding that each EB-5 investor has an impact on at least as many lives and stories as the following 10 people. Each EB-5 investor participates in the most quintessential of all American legacies: the pursuit of the American Dream.
After her family was displaced by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Nikeia Scott moved around the South, working a series of "odd-jobs," as she calls them. A few years after the hurricane, her two sisters moved to the Lancaster, Tex. area. She did not see them again until 2009, when she moved there herself.
And it is her current job at Lancaster's newly opened Golden Chick restaurant that gives her the family-friendly schedule and weekends off to do just that. After working her "odd-jobs," which included managing a warehouse and selling life insurance, she sought out this specific job even before the restaurant opened for business.
Starting from the beginning is exactly what Scott did. She was hired as a cashier, but three months later she was promoted to shift leader. She noted that she feels she is on the path to further her career in this new position.
"With being promoted to shift manager, I see that there is room for growth here, and I know that I will be rewarded according to my work," Scott said.
That room for growth was important to her, and it has been her whole life. Scott said that she always strives to be "above average" in everything she does, and she knows where that drive to succeed can take her.
Not wanting to take all the credit herself, Scott said her success is a reflection of her customers' satisfaction.
That sense of being so close with her community goes a long way with the people Scott interacts with.
Deep inside Milwaukee's historic Walker's Point neighborhood, near the confluence of the Milwaukee, Menomonee, and Kinnickinnic rivers, sits the Global Water Center. The seven-story building is the physical manifestation of the Water Council, a regional non-profit that drives economic growth in the city's budding "blue tech" industry.
Isaiah Perez has seen the effects of that growth first-hand. Perez is a Milwaukee native that grew up in Walker's Point and attended the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Perez is the member services and development coordinator for the Water Council. He joined the Water Council as an intern before the center officially opened in 2013, and was hired full-time shortly after.
As a Milwaukee native, Perez knew that he wanted to get involved with the Global Water Center early on to help facilitate growth within the industry. After graduating from UWM, he interned at a marketing company. As that internship was coming to a close, he had expressed interest about the Water Council to one of his supervisors. The next thing he knew, he was introduced to several people at the Water Council.
Perez said his position allows him to connect with his community in special and organic ways. His job also affords benefits that he did not expect so early in his career - like paying off student loans and purchasing a home.
Even though the blue technology industry is growing because of the Milwaukee's deep water-related roots, there are still many people in the city that are unaware of what is going on.
"Educating people about what is going on in the water industry here in Milwaukee is the most fulfilling thing," Perez said.
Recent redevelopment of the Walker's Point area has driven an economic resurgence for southeastern Milwaukee, Perez said, though the outlook for the neighborhood was not always this positive.
For Perez, being a part of that growth in his hometown has been a life-changing experience.
For some people, their passion leads them to a specific job. For others, like Cathleen O'Higgins, however, her job led her to discover a passion.
O'Higgins is the health, safety, and environmental coordinator at Dakota Spirit AgEnergy, a company in the ethanol industry. In this position, she works to ensure the safety of the employees and the workers. On the environmental side, she oversees compliance with OSHA and the EPA.
"I have a degree in exercise science, and I kind of fell into health and safety when I moved to Jamestown," said O'Higgins, who is currently pursuing a master's degree in personal hygiene.
Before starting her current job, O'Higgins was not familiar with ethanol. She did a lot of interviewing and learning, and has found the process so interesting that she is considering pursuing further education on environmental topics.
Originally from Toronto, O'Higgins moved to Jamestown, North Dakota, for family, and found a passion in a job that allows her to make an impact on her community.
O'Higgins enjoys the rural lifestyle, including hunting waterfowl and deer. Her love of the outdoors makes her job even more rewarding.
"I feel like I'm doing my part to preserve the environment, especially as an avid fisher and hunter," said O'Higgins.
She also finds satisfaction in knowing that her company is another customer and source of income for local corn growers.
Dakota AgEnergy uses a substantial amount of corn, and the company is able to benefit the economy.
The community in Jamestown is small, and since people know where she works, O'Higgins gets lots of questions.
"It gives me an opportunity to lobby ethanol, to educate the community and people who know me," O'Higgins said.
O'Higgins even posts on Instagram about ethanol now - "It's something I go out of my way to share on my personal media," she said.
Between budgeting, administration and compliance, there is not much the executive director of an assisted living facility does not do.
But Shannon Hundley always finds time to connect with the residents at Renaissance Village Rancho Belago in Moreno Valley, California, where he serves as executive director.
"I've always worked with the elderly in some form or fashion, from skilled work to in-home care, but assisted living has always been my passion and where I want to be," Hundley told EB5 Investors Magazine.
In fact, Hundley has made his entire career about serving the elderly, and has been at it since graduating high school.
"When I graduated high school, the closest thing that I could get to by foot or by bike was a skilled nursing facility," Hundley said. "I started working there in housekeeping, and I moved up through the dietary program and as a rehab aid." Hundley also said that passion carried him through college at Wichita State in Kansas, where he earned a bachelor's degree in healthcare administration and a minor in nursing in 2000.
That commitment to serving his residents shines through when he spoke about meal time at Renaissance Village, where he is often making the rounds, greeting and catching up with residents. He stressed the importance of fostering a more social connection with the people living there.
Meal time helps the residents feel like they are at "home," Hundley said. That feeling of home also extends to the staff.
His job is not only professionally satisfying, but also personally rewarding.
Hundley also added that he feels a sense of pride in what he does, knowing that he makes a difference in people's lives every day.
When the right attitude meets the right opportunity and training, success often follows quickly. For some, very quickly.
positions, but little formal on-the-job training hindered her advancement.
That is, until she began her current job at a Burger King franchise in downtown Chicago, a location financed with EB-5 capital.
Murdock started as a cashier when the location opened, and within a few weeks she moved up to a shift manager position.
Just a few months later, she was promoted to assistant manager. Her responsibilities now include scheduling, hiring, food safety and other restaurant needs.
"I love this job. And when I say I love it – I love it," Murdock said.
After trying other career paths, Murdock knew where she could be the most successful.
Murdock is a prime example of someone with the skills to succeed in their profession, who was simply waiting on the right job and environment to thrive.
Murdock also explained that taking this job has allowed her to cultivate her passion for customer service and for serving her fellow employees. She has even developed a few regular customers along the way.
"We have this older woman who comes in every morning for a cup of coffee and orders a salad to-go for lunch later. When she comes in I already have her order ready," she said.
Customers like this regular can get a coffee anywhere in downtown Chicago, but she comes to Murdock's Burger King instead. There is a certain sense of pride in that, Murdock said.
Outside of work, Murdock maintains a busy schedule with her children. She stressed that this job has greatly improved her quality of life, giving her flexibility and control of her schedule to be with her family. On her off days or on weekends, if she is not working, Murdock is with her kids.
"It really has given me an opportunity to advance my career," she added. Murdock plans to go back to school soon.
Like so many Americans, Murdock was not familiar with the EB-5 program and was not aware that EB-5 funds helped create her job.
David Wanger has been running hospitals for 34 years. He started off as a single-day volunteer when he was a teenager, shadowing a family friend who was the director of a hospital.
That day turned into an entire summer, and that summer blossomed into a career.
Growing up, Wanger's father pushed him into the field, albeit in a roundabout fashion.
Wanger's career has taken him to hospitals across the country in several different capacities. Currently he is the executive director of Green Valley Hospital in Green Valley, Arizona, an EB-5 project developed by the locally-based Green Card Fund.
"I came to Green Valley about 16 months ago and essentially what I heard from everybody was that they were in constant need of a hospital," Wanger said.
Green Valley residents were travelling 45 minutes to an hour to Tucson to get the care they needed, spending an average of $350 million in gross charges every year, Wanger said. The Green Valley demographic, which has an average age of 71, needed a much closer option than Tucson.
Wanger's passion for running hospitals starts with giving people the care that they deserve, he said. That itself must begin with his way of doing things.
Getting the hospital running by himself allowed Wanger to create a unique culture. Rather than grappling with an existing way of doing things, he got to start from scratch.
The most important thing for him, he said, was seeing the community's reaction to finally having a place to get the care they need.
That is a testament to the Green Valley community, which surprises him every day with their enthusiasm, Wanger said.
For Makayla Gesualdo, teaching in the classroom is where she always wanted to be. Last year she taught third grade.
This year she became the instructional coach, the assistant to the principal, and also serves as the curriculum director at Learning Foundation and Performing Arts Charter School.
Gesualdo has been teaching for 10 years, and has been at Learning Foundation and Performing Arts for almost three years.
This is her first year at the charter school's Warner campus, which has a unique dual focus on academics and the performing arts.
Gesualdo herself is no stranger to the performing arts.
When she was younger, from kindergarten to high school, she was in competitive dance classes, so she can relate to a lot of the students at the school.
Working in a school that is not just focused on academics has been personally rewarding, she said.
"I think the greatest thing is that we have kids at the school who love to sing, who love to perform, and to act. To incorporate that into our classroom, and into all of our academics, is great for the kids," says Gesualdo.
"The two really go hand-in-hand," she added.
Before her current position, Gesualdo taught at traditional public schools in the Midwest, then came out to Arizona to teach at another charter school.
Gesualdo was contacted by a mother who was considering moving her daughter to Learning Foundations because she excelled in dance and the mother thought it was important for her to broaden her horizons. They suggested that Gesualdo check out the school and see if she would be interested in moving over.
She feels that being able to combine those passions for the performing arts and teaching has helped her grow as a teacher.
Gesualdo also appreciates the opportunity that the school offers to its students. She was a shy, reserved student, and now knows that if she had been given this opportunity in her school it would have helped her overcome many obstacles.
The job has been rewarding not only professionally, but also personally, she said.
Robert Doyle is a man who loves his job. He knows it, and he wants everyone else to know it, too. He has also seen most of the world, all without leaving New York City.
Doyle has been in the car and driver service industry, in one capacity or another, for 36 years.
Doyle now works for La Puma Car and Limousine Service as their operations manager. La Puma is a subsidiary of NuRide, which recently used EB-5 capital to expand its business, and they brought Doyle in specifically for his current position.
That guest interaction leaves him with a feeling of satisfaction that, at the end of the day, even he cannot describe.
"I come home and talk to my wife and my children and my grandchildren, and I try to explain to them why I come home with this feeling that money can't buy," Doyle said.
That rapport is important from a business and financial perspective, Doyle noted, but it also enhances his personal life in ways that can't be measured with profit margins. He noted that the sense of satisfaction he gets from helping someone get to where they are going is what drives him the most.
"I could do this every day for the rest of my life," he said.
When she retired from the U.S. Navy after 20 years of service, Yolanda Ellis knew that she wanted to continue to serve. Although now, rather than serving her country, she is serving the residents of Lakewest Assisted Living in Dallas, Texas.
Even though it was an abrupt career turn, "it was the right decision," Ellis said.
Ellis quickly discovered that she indeed had a passion for the culinary industry. In the Navy she learned basic food principles and techniques, how to read recipes, and how to manage a kitchen—albeit a very cramped one on an aircraft carrier.
"I definitely started from the bottom learning how to cook and read recipes," she added.
After a two decade career in the Navy, Ellis retired and settled in Virginia while her husband was still active-duty. There, she worked as the congregate nutrition site manager for Senior Services of Southeastern Virginia, a local non-profit.
"When my husband and I relocated to Texas, I already knew that I had a passion for food, but when I took the position [at SSSA], I was able to work with the senior population, and I realized that that was another passion of mine as well," Ellis said.
Ellis said she wanted to combine her passion for food and her passion for customer service and serving the elderly.
"I realized that those two things together were something that I wanted to do, so when I moved to Texas, I started looking for jobs in nursing homes that could combine both of my passions," Ellis said.
Ellis found Lakewest Assisted Living in Dallas in March 2015.
Lakewest is operated by Stonegate Senior Living LLC, which utilized EB-5 financing to finance Lakewest's construction.
She stressed that her interaction with Lakewest's residents is something that drives her to do her best every day. Ellis is more than just a meal planner or dietary specialist. She tries every day to connect with the residents and make sure all their dietary needs are met.
Ellis also said that she gets that same satisfaction by providing nutritious meals for and interacting with the residents of Lakewest, and is grateful that she has found a career after the Navy that allows her to do just that.
Just like when she joined the Navy more than 20 years ago, Ellis' move to the senior assisted living industry is not without its set of challenges. The dietary restriction learning curve has been a steep one, but she is up for it.
The work-life balance she has now is a luxury that Ellis fully enjoys, which enables her to be home every night for family dinner with her son. Ellis is also headed back to school - she already has her associate degree, but now she is pursuing another associate degree in dietetics. The job is going to provide her with the extra credits that she needs to complete the degree.
"This job has given me the opportunity to give back and combine my two passions," Ellis said.
Relocating as a refugee can be a traumatizing and dramatic experience. When moving to the United States, refugees often face cultural and linguistic barriers that can hinder their acclimation to the American lifestyle. Like anyone else, refugees must find employment once they settle here.
Resettled refugees are authorized to work in the United States by the Department of Homeland Security, and many look forward to the employment opportunities offered by their new host country. Despite hardships, Lian Khan Nang has dedicated himself to advancing his career and building a life in the United States.
That is exactly what Nang did when he resettled in Portland, Oregon as a Burmese refugee in 2012.
"Life in Burma is hard, especially where I was," Nang said.
When he resettled in Portland, Nang went to school at Mt. Hood Community College to earn an accountant assistant certificate. But after months of looking for work, he couldn't find anything. That is when he found his current job at the Pearl District Marriott Hotel in Portland.
Lian initially applied to the front desk when the hotel opened in 2014, but he was offered a job in the food and beverage division as a breakfast attendant instead.
"When I first started working food and beverage, I didn't know anything about it," Nang said. After a few weeks of training and another couple of months on the job, he grew to love it.
Nang was recently promoted to food and beverage lead. He carries much more responsibility now, and he could not be happier about his career prospects.
Since he started working at the Pearl District Marriott, Nang has regained a sense of normalcy in his life, and he has plans to further his education to take his career to the next level.
Nang noted the differences between his life since settling in the Pacific Northwest with his relatives and the totalitarian regime oppressing his home country. Those differences may seem complicated by the years of internal conflict in Myanmar, but to him, the simple opportunity to work in the United States has drastically changed his life.


text:
Home/News/Texas/Alien axis spotted in Big Thickets
Alien axis spotted in Big Thickets
Regan Send an email 6 days agoLast Updated: January 23, 2023
On New Year's Eve, Megan Urban, head of interpretation and education at the Big Thickets Nature Reserve, received a phone call from the reserve's chief ranger.
"He just received information about the deer that broke free from this area, from a private ranch in the area," Urban said.
The Big Thicket is a 113,000-acre federal preserve in southeast Texas. These are dense pine forests and swamps, and a variety of animals live here, but not deer.
Courtesy of Pixabay
Axis deer are spotted, brown and white deer that move in herds. They are native to India and Nepal but were introduced to Texas as game animals. They remain quite popular for this purpose.
The deer found in the Big Bush came from a private ranch. Local gamekeepers believe they have identified the ranch they fled from. The owner may face civil penalties, such as a fine, if found guilty of an exemption.
The wasps were sighted towards the end of the deer hunting season, so the head gamekeeper and reserve keeper decided to go ahead and allow Big Thicket hunters to shoot the wasps, as well as the white-tailed deer, if they already had a hunting permit. area – no special tags or fees required.
"If they are there and see a wasp deer, they can take it. They didn't have to tell us, they didn't have to tell the rangers," Urban said.
There was a sense of urgency. Axis deer are not supposed to roam freely in southeast Texas. It is an invasive species, legally in the same category as feral pigs. According to Warren Conway, professor and chairman of the Department of Wildlife Management at Texas Tech University, acting quickly is critical to keep such an animal from becoming established in the ecosystem.
"Early detection, fast response. If they don't want to have a free axis in the Big Thicket, quick response to early detection, that is, get out there and remove them from the landscape, "said Conway.
Urban said that the hunters enthusiastically accepted the opportunity to hunt gray deer in the Great Thicket. But it is not known how many were killed, as hunters are not required to report their results. It is clear, however, that hunting did not remove the entire axis from the area. Local residents reported seeing gray deer in the area a few days after the hunting window for them in the Great Thicket closed.
Axis deer would probably have no problem living in southeast Texas, according to Conway. The climate is more similar to their native range than in other parts of Texas where they have already established a free-roaming population, such as the Hill Country.
Conway and his colleagues are studying how the axial deer and the native white-tailed deer interact. There are some key differences between the two. Firstly, white-tailed deer have a specific breeding season, the axes mate all year round. There is some overlap in their diet, but wasps will eat plants that whitetails do not eat.
Photos from Pixabay, illustration by Raul Alonzo / Texas Standard
"So, really bad dry year, not much plant harvest, who wins? In situations like this, the Axis could prove to be a winner because they have a slightly more flexible diet and are behaviorally dominant over whitetails," Conway said.
This does not mean that wasp deer pose an immediate threat to displace white-tailed deer. But they will provide competition for resources that did not exist before.
They can also increase the risk of spreading chronic wasting, a deadly, highly contagious neurological disease that affects animals such as deer, elk, and elk.
Conway said events like what happened in Big Thicket, where non-native animals leave their enclosures and roam freely in Texas, will continue as the state's largely unregulated exotic animal business continues to thrive.
"I think this is the reality, the fact that we will continue to see escapees and new species appearing in the landscape. These are real problems," he said.
In the Great Thicket, it is still unclear what effect the axial deer will have. Reserve specialists will spend this year looking for evidence of their impact.
"Now that it's 'oh, we have deer in the sanctuary, what should we do?' passed, you know, we have a moment to do some research, do some field research and make a broad management decision," Urban said.
Texas Republicans want to stop these foreign-born citizens from buying land
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The Longhorns women's hoops avenged their previous loss to Oklahoma State by tying for 1st place in the Big 12 with Iowa State.
According to HPD, the man who was stolen by the truck is wanted after the man is found dead at the Timbergros' home.
Editorial: Colleges should stop hiding how much they cost
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The Eagles return to the Super Bowl as the 49ers collapse


I had the privilege of moderating a fascinating panel session at the SIIA On-Demand Conference this past November entitled, "Systems Integrators: A Firsthand, Face-to-Face View on the State of SaaS".
The SIIA recently posted a video of this session on their site. Click here to watch the discussion.


All of our Lite Pods are only available when personalising your PacaPod. Click here to see the bags that you can customise.
The Lite Changer Pod covers all of your mini trip changing needs. It clips onto your pram handle or clips neatly into the back of your PacaPod. Lightweight in design and with the ability to unzip and flat-pack, these make the perfect companions for frequent travellers and those always on the go.


This is the song Jason Aldean was singing when gunshots rang out. It's a beautiful song from the Night Train CD which is one of my favorites. This particular song holds deep meaning in our house. I'm a country music fan, as anyone who knows me already knows.
Some of my happiest memories have been at country music concerts. There is nothing like the power of a live show and the energy in the crowd. I've seen Jason Aldean several times and he never disappoints.
As this morning's news unfolds the only story is of a horrific shooting at the hands of one man with more weapons than the second amendment ever intended at a concert. I'm again wondering, when will it end.
The details of motive are yet to be answered. I'm listening to interviews with other artists who were there and they are all people I've seen before. Just like school shootings impact me personally as a teacher, this hits my heart. It's a sad day.


AJMER: Some of the admit cards of Rajasthan Administrative Services preliminary examination 2018 printed the date of examination as August 10 rather than August 5, spreading panic among the candidates. Such cases were mostly reported from Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) regions.
The Rajasthan Public Service Commission took cognizance of the issue and withheld the faulty admission cards and released new admit cards for those candidates. RPSC Chairman Deepak Uprati said that the RAS preliminary examination 2018 will be held on August 5 only.
According to sources, many candidates approached the commission on Sunday stating that the admission card that they downloaded from the website is showing the date of examination as August 10.
These cases were reported from TSP regions and the wrong date of examination shown in the admission card spread confusion among the candidates. Some candidates maintained that while their friends' admission cards showed the date of examination to be August 5, their card showed it to be August 10.
The matter was reported to the commission and the secretary of the commission, Prem Chand Barwal, said that as soon as the mistake was pointed out, they have stopped the issuance of faulty admission cards and the mistake has been rectified. He added that the exam will be held only on August 5.


Sunny Deol starrer comedy-drama movie Bhaiaji Superhit also features Preity Zinta, Arshad Warsi, Shreyas Talpade and Ameesha Patel in pivotal roles. Sunny is known for his performance in iconic films like Border, Gadar - Ek Prem Katha, The Hero: Love Story of a Spy, Yamla Pagla Deewana and Ghayal.
Bhaiaji Superhit box office collection Day 3: Sunny Deol and Preity Zinta starrer Bhaiaji Superhit has failed to impress the audience. The total earning of the film, as of now, stands at Rs 4.30 crore.
Bhaiaji Superhit box office collection Day 2: Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta starrer Bhaiaji Superhit is a comedy-drama directed by Neeraj Pathak. The film didn't garner any critical appreciation and had a sluggish start at the box office.
Preity Zinta opens up about nepotism in Bollywood, her early days in the field, and her decision to get back to acting after such a long gap.
Preity Zinta is set to return with her new film titled Bhaiaji Superhit. In a candid chat, the actress talks about the challenges she faced while owning an IPL team and also the ongoing Me Too movement in Bollywood.


text:
Readers ask: What Are The Key Components Of A Physical Fitness Program?
1 What are the 4 key components of physical fitness?
2 What are the basic components of a fitness program?
4 What are the 5 components of physical fitness list all 5?
6 What are the 4 steps of a fitness plan?
7 What are the 7 principles of fitness training?
11 What are 5 physical fitness tests?
13 Which is not component of physical fitness?
What are the 4 key components of physical fitness?
Here are the four main elements of fitness:
Aerobic Fitness. Aerobic fitness improves overall health and well-being.
Muscular Fitness. Strength training improves your muscle and bone health, and helps with weight loss.
Flexibility. Flexibility allows you to move your body freely.
Stability and Balance.
What are the basic components of a fitness program?
A complete fitness and exercise program should incorporate three basic components: Endurance (Aerobic), Flexibility, and Strength. Each of these components has specific guidelines, which govern their effectiveness.
What are the 5 components of physical fitness list all 5?
There are five components of physical fitness: (1) body composition, (2) flexibility, (3) muscular strength, (4) muscular endurance, and (5) cardiorespiratory endurance.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: Which 2 Are Components Of Health Related Fitness?
What are the 4 steps of a fitness plan?
There are four stages of mastery for physical fitness; Introduce, Improve, Master, and Generalize. The primary goal when introducing exercise programs is to pair them with reinforcement, taking new and potentially frustrating tasks and adding a component of enjoyment.
What are the 7 principles of fitness training?
JERRY Diaz, a certified National Academy of Sports Medicine personal trainer, said there are seven principles of exercise: individuality, specificity, progression, overload, adaptation, recovery, and reversibility.
What are 5 physical fitness tests?
You might be interested: Question: What Are The Targeted Components Of Health Related Fitness?
Which is not component of physical fitness?
Anaerobic capacity is not a measure of physical fitness as it cannot be used to measure the fitness metrics of a person. Agility is the measure of a person to move fast and run well. Flexibility is the ability of a person to twist his body in different ways.
What Is The Meaning Of The Six Skill Related Components Of Fitness?
Explain How The Skill-related Components Of Fitness Enhance Performance?


Hibs head coach Alan Stubbs insists next week's warm-weather training camp in Spain will be anything but a holiday for the players.
The Leith outfit's attempt to reach the top flight via the play-offs does not begin until 20 May when they will travel to the winners of the clash between Queen of the South and Rangers in the semi-final, first leg.
However, Stubbs, who will fly out with the team on Sunday, has assured supporters there will be little time for the players to relax.
He said: "I'm delighted we managed to finish second in the Championship because it gives me a chance to ease off the players this week and take them away.
"It's not a reward because we haven't won anything, it's just a chance for us to refresh them, get a bit of sun on their backs and train in a nice climate.
The majority of the squad attended the PFA Scotland awards dinner on Sunday and were delighted to see team-mate Scott Allan named Championship player of the year.
The former Dundee United youngster has enjoyed a renaissance under Stubbs at Easter Road after returning north from West Brom last summer.


text:
Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing
Aimee C Smith, Jonathan R Roberts, Eric S Wallace, Pui W Kong
School of Sport
Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (-6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.
Journal of Applied Biomechanics
https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0032
Accepted/In press - 1 Feb 2016
Reference text: 1. Joyce C, Burnett A, Ball K. Methodological considerations for the 3D measurement of the X-factor and lower trunk movement in golf. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(3):206–221
doi:10.1080/14763141.2010.516446. PubMed
2. Brown SJ, Selbie WS, Wallace ES. The X-Factor: an evaluation of common methods used to analyse major inter-segment kinematics during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(11):1156–1163 doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.775474. PubMed
3. Kwon Y-H, Han KH, Como C, Lee S, Singhal K. Validity of the X-factor computation methods and relationship between the X-factor parameters and clubhead velocity in skilled golfers.
Sports Biomech, 2013;12(3):231–246.
4. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Swing kinematics for male and female pro golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(12):965–970 doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038732. PubMed
5. Chu Y, Sell T, Lephart S. The relationship between biomechanical variables and driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(11):1251–1259 doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.507249. PubMed
6. McTeigue M, Lamb SR, Mottram R, Pirozzolo F. Spine and hip motion analysis during the golf swing. Sci. Golf II Proc. World Sci. Congr. Golf 1994.
7. McLean J. Widen the gap. Golf Mag; 1992:49–53.
8. Myers J, Lephart S, Tsai Y-S, Sell T, Smoliga J, Jolly J. The role of upper torso and pelvis rotation in driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(2):181–188
doi:10.1080/02640410701373543. PubMed
9. Cheetham PJ, Martin PE, Mottram RE, St. Laurent BF. The importance of stretching the ''X-factor'' in the downswing of golf: ''the X-factor Stretch.'' In: Thomas PR, ed. Optimising Performance in Golf. Brisbane, Australia; 2001:192–199. http://www.philcheetham.com/wp- content/ uploads/2011/11/Stretching-the-X-Factor-Paper.pdf
10. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Kinematic analysis of swing in pro and amateur golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(6):487–493 doi:10.1055/s-2007-989229. PubMed
11. Horan SA, Evans K, Morris N, Kavanagh J. Thorax and pelvis kinematics during the downswing of male and female skilled golfers. J Biomech. 2010;43(8):1456–1462
doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.005. PubMed
12. Coleman S, Anderson D. An examination of the planar nature of golf club motion in the swings of experienced players. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):739–748 doi:10.1080/02640410601113239. PubMed
13. Wheat JS, Vernon T, Milner CE. The measurement of upper body alignment during the golf drive. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):749–755 doi:10.1080/02640410601113213.
14. Winter D. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human
Movement. New York, NY: John Willey and Sons; 1990:11–50.
15. Richards J. The measurement of human motion: A comparsion of commercally available systems. Hum Mov Sci. 1999;18(5):589–602 doi:10.1016/S0167-
9457(99)00023-8.
16. Helwig NE, Hong S, Hsiao-Wecksler ET, Polk JD. Methods to temporally align gait cycle data. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):561– 566 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.015. PubMed
17. Alkjaer T, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Comparison of inverse dynamics calculated by two- and three-dimensional models during walking. Gait Posture. 2001;13(2):73–77
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240354. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00099-0
18. Cook C, Showalter C. A survey on the importance of lumbar coupling biomechanics in physiotherapy practice. Man Ther. 2004;9(3):164–172 doi:10.1016/j.math.2004.03.003.
19. Huijbregts P. Lumbar spine coupled motions : A literature review with clinical implications. Orthop. Div. Rev. 2004:21–25. http://www.shelbournephysio.ca/images/uploads/79/coupledmo
tio ns.pdf
20. Kwon Y-H, Como CS, Singhal K, Lee S, Han KH. Assessment of planarity of the golf swing based on the functional swing plane of the clubhead and motion planes of the body points.
Sports Biomech. 2012;11(2):127–148. PubMed doi:10.1080/14763141.2012.660799
21. Tinmark F, Hellström J, Halvorsen K, Thorstensson A. Elite golfers' kinematic sequence in full-swing and partial-swing shots. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):236–244
two-dimensional
trunk kinematic variables
10.1123/jab.2015-0032
Comparison of 2d and 3d methods for analysis of trunk - IR2Accepted author manuscript, 512 KB
https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21663
Dive into the research topics of 'Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Golf Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
hexachlorocyclohexane x-factor Medicine & Life Sciences 95%
Biomechanical Phenomena Medicine & Life Sciences 64%
Pelvis Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
Smith, A. C., Roberts, J. R., Wallace, E. S., & Kong, P. W. (Accepted/In press). Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0032
Smith, Aimee C ; Roberts, Jonathan R ; Wallace, Eric S ; Kong, Pui W. / Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing. In: Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2016 ; Vol. 32, No. 1.
@article{2ee870683cd644459e8da2ab5b859d14,
title = "Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing",
abstract = "Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (-6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.",
keywords = "golf, three-dimensional, two-dimensional, X-factor, trunk kinematic variables",
author = "Smith, {Aimee C} and Roberts, {Jonathan R} and Wallace, {Eric S} and Kong, {Pui W}",
note = "Reference text: 1. Joyce C, Burnett A, Ball K. Methodological considerations for the 3D measurement of the X-factor and lower trunk movement in golf. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(3):206–221 doi:10.1080/14763141.2010.516446. PubMed 2. Brown SJ, Selbie WS, Wallace ES. The X-Factor: an evaluation of common methods used to analyse major inter-segment kinematics during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(11):1156–1163 doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.775474. PubMed 3. Kwon Y-H, Han KH, Como C, Lee S, Singhal K. Validity of the X-factor computation methods and relationship between the X-factor parameters and clubhead velocity in skilled golfers. Sports Biomech, 2013;12(3):231–246. 4. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Swing kinematics for male and female pro golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(12):965–970 doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038732. PubMed 5. Chu Y, Sell T, Lephart S. The relationship between biomechanical variables and driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(11):1251–1259 doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.507249. PubMed 6. McTeigue M, Lamb SR, Mottram R, Pirozzolo F. Spine and hip motion analysis during the golf swing. Sci. Golf II Proc. World Sci. Congr. Golf 1994. 7. McLean J. Widen the gap. Golf Mag; 1992:49–53. 8. Myers J, Lephart S, Tsai Y-S, Sell T, Smoliga J, Jolly J. The role of upper torso and pelvis rotation in driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(2):181–188 doi:10.1080/02640410701373543. PubMed 9. Cheetham PJ, Martin PE, Mottram RE, St. Laurent BF. The importance of stretching the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}X-factor{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} in the downswing of golf: {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}the X-factor Stretch.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} In: Thomas PR, ed. Optimising Performance in Golf. Brisbane, Australia; 2001:192–199. http://www.philcheetham.com/wp- content/ uploads/2011/11/Stretching-the-X-Factor-Paper.pdf 10. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Kinematic analysis of swing in pro and amateur golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(6):487–493 doi:10.1055/s-2007-989229. PubMed 11. Horan SA, Evans K, Morris N, Kavanagh J. Thorax and pelvis kinematics during the downswing of male and female skilled golfers. J Biomech. 2010;43(8):1456–1462 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.005. PubMed 12. Coleman S, Anderson D. An examination of the planar nature of golf club motion in the swings of experienced players. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):739–748 doi:10.1080/02640410601113239. PubMed 13. Wheat JS, Vernon T, Milner CE. The measurement of upper body alignment during the golf drive. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):749–755 doi:10.1080/02640410601113213. PubMed 14. Winter D. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York, NY: John Willey and Sons; 1990:11–50. 15. Richards J. The measurement of human motion: A comparsion of commercally available systems. Hum Mov Sci. 1999;18(5):589–602 doi:10.1016/S0167- 9457(99)00023-8. 16. Helwig NE, Hong S, Hsiao-Wecksler ET, Polk JD. Methods to temporally align gait cycle data. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):561– 566 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.015. PubMed 17. Alkjaer T, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Comparison of inverse dynamics calculated by two- and three-dimensional models during walking. Gait Posture. 2001;13(2):73–77 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240354. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00099-0 18. Cook C, Showalter C. A survey on the importance of lumbar coupling biomechanics in physiotherapy practice. Man Ther. 2004;9(3):164–172 doi:10.1016/j.math.2004.03.003. PubMed 19. Huijbregts P. Lumbar spine coupled motions : A literature review with clinical implications. Orthop. Div. Rev. 2004:21–25. http://www.shelbournephysio.ca/images/uploads/79/coupledmo tio ns.pdf 20. Kwon Y-H, Como CS, Singhal K, Lee S, Han KH. Assessment of planarity of the golf swing based on the functional swing plane of the clubhead and motion planes of the body points. Sports Biomech. 2012;11(2):127–148. PubMed doi:10.1080/14763141.2012.660799 21. Tinmark F, Hellstr{\"o}m J, Halvorsen K, Thorstensson A. Elite golfers{\textquoteright} kinematic sequence in full-swing and partial-swing shots. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):236–244",
doi = "10.1123/jab.2015-0032",
journal = "Journal of Applied Biomechanics",
publisher = "Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.",
Smith, AC, Roberts, JR, Wallace, ES & Kong, PW 2016, 'Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing', Journal of Applied Biomechanics, vol. 32, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0032
Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing. / Smith, Aimee C; Roberts, Jonathan R; Wallace, Eric S; Kong, Pui W.
In: Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 32, No. 1, 01.02.2016.
T1 - Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing
AU - Smith, Aimee C
AU - Roberts, Jonathan R
AU - Wallace, Eric S
AU - Kong, Pui W
N1 - Reference text: 1. Joyce C, Burnett A, Ball K. Methodological considerations for the 3D measurement of the X-factor and lower trunk movement in golf. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(3):206–221 doi:10.1080/14763141.2010.516446. PubMed 2. Brown SJ, Selbie WS, Wallace ES. The X-Factor: an evaluation of common methods used to analyse major inter-segment kinematics during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(11):1156–1163 doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.775474. PubMed 3. Kwon Y-H, Han KH, Como C, Lee S, Singhal K. Validity of the X-factor computation methods and relationship between the X-factor parameters and clubhead velocity in skilled golfers. Sports Biomech, 2013;12(3):231–246. 4. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Swing kinematics for male and female pro golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(12):965–970 doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038732. PubMed 5. Chu Y, Sell T, Lephart S. The relationship between biomechanical variables and driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(11):1251–1259 doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.507249. PubMed 6. McTeigue M, Lamb SR, Mottram R, Pirozzolo F. Spine and hip motion analysis during the golf swing. Sci. Golf II Proc. World Sci. Congr. Golf 1994. 7. McLean J. Widen the gap. Golf Mag; 1992:49–53. 8. Myers J, Lephart S, Tsai Y-S, Sell T, Smoliga J, Jolly J. The role of upper torso and pelvis rotation in driving performance during the golf swing. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(2):181–188 doi:10.1080/02640410701373543. PubMed 9. Cheetham PJ, Martin PE, Mottram RE, St. Laurent BF. The importance of stretching the ''X-factor'' in the downswing of golf: ''the X-factor Stretch.'' In: Thomas PR, ed. Optimising Performance in Golf. Brisbane, Australia; 2001:192–199. http://www.philcheetham.com/wp- content/ uploads/2011/11/Stretching-the-X-Factor-Paper.pdf 10. Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Kinematic analysis of swing in pro and amateur golfers. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(6):487–493 doi:10.1055/s-2007-989229. PubMed 11. Horan SA, Evans K, Morris N, Kavanagh J. Thorax and pelvis kinematics during the downswing of male and female skilled golfers. J Biomech. 2010;43(8):1456–1462 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.005. PubMed 12. Coleman S, Anderson D. An examination of the planar nature of golf club motion in the swings of experienced players. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):739–748 doi:10.1080/02640410601113239. PubMed 13. Wheat JS, Vernon T, Milner CE. The measurement of upper body alignment during the golf drive. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(7):749–755 doi:10.1080/02640410601113213. PubMed 14. Winter D. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York, NY: John Willey and Sons; 1990:11–50. 15. Richards J. The measurement of human motion: A comparsion of commercally available systems. Hum Mov Sci. 1999;18(5):589–602 doi:10.1016/S0167- 9457(99)00023-8. 16. Helwig NE, Hong S, Hsiao-Wecksler ET, Polk JD. Methods to temporally align gait cycle data. J Biomech. 2011;44(3):561– 566 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.015. PubMed 17. Alkjaer T, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Comparison of inverse dynamics calculated by two- and three-dimensional models during walking. Gait Posture. 2001;13(2):73–77 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240354. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00099-0 18. Cook C, Showalter C. A survey on the importance of lumbar coupling biomechanics in physiotherapy practice. Man Ther. 2004;9(3):164–172 doi:10.1016/j.math.2004.03.003. PubMed 19. Huijbregts P. Lumbar spine coupled motions : A literature review with clinical implications. Orthop. Div. Rev. 2004:21–25. http://www.shelbournephysio.ca/images/uploads/79/coupledmo tio ns.pdf 20. Kwon Y-H, Como CS, Singhal K, Lee S, Han KH. Assessment of planarity of the golf swing based on the functional swing plane of the clubhead and motion planes of the body points. Sports Biomech. 2012;11(2):127–148. PubMed doi:10.1080/14763141.2012.660799 21. Tinmark F, Hellström J, Halvorsen K, Thorstensson A. Elite golfers' kinematic sequence in full-swing and partial-swing shots. Sports Biomech. 2010;9(4):236–244
N2 - Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (-6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.
AB - Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (-6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.
KW - golf
KW - three-dimensional
KW - two-dimensional
KW - X-factor
KW - trunk kinematic variables
U2 - 10.1123/jab.2015-0032
DO - 10.1123/jab.2015-0032
JO - Journal of Applied Biomechanics
JF - Journal of Applied Biomechanics
Smith AC, Roberts JR, Wallace ES, Kong PW. Comparison of two- and three-dimensional methods for analysis of trunk kinematic variables in the golf swing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2016 Feb 1;32(1). https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0032