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Búrgos je mesto na severu Španije in zgodovinsko glavno mesto Kastilje. Nahaja se na sotočju pritokov reke Arlanzón, na robu iberske osrednje planote. Ima okoli 180.000 prebivalcev v mestu in še 20.000 v metropolitanskem območju. Je glavno mesto province Burgos, v avtonomni skupnosti Kastilja in Leon. Zakoni Burgosa ali Leyes de Burgos, ki so prvič urejali obnašanje Špancev proti domačinom v Ameriki, so bili tukaj razglašeni leta 1512.

Búrgos Ima veliko zgodovinskih znamenitosti posebnega pomena: stolnica, razglašena za svetovno dediščino UNESCO-ja v letu 1984 , samostan Las Huelgas Reales in kartuzija Miraflores ter veliko število cerkva, palač in drugih stavb iz srednjega veka. Mesto je obdano s parkoma Fuentes Blancas in Paseo de la Isla.

Kastiljski plemič, vojskovodja in diplomat El Cid Campeador je pomembna zgodovinska osebnost mesta, saj je bil rojen nekaj kilometrov severno od Búrgosa, tukaj pa je odraščal in se izobraževal.

Mesto predstavlja glavno stičišče v severni Španiji vzdolž Camino de Santiago, ki poteka vzporedno z reko Arlanzón.

Ima dobro razvit transportni sistem, ki tvori glavno komunikacijsko vozlišče v severni Španiji. V letu 2008 je mednarodno letališče Búrgos začelo ponujati komercialne lete. Poleg tega naj bi  AVE vlaki za visoke hitrosti začeli obratovati leta 2015.

Muzej evolucije človeka je bil odprt leta 2010 je edinstven svoje vrste na svetu in bo predvidoma postal eden izmed top 10 najbolj obiskanih muzejev v Španiji. Muzej ima prvega Evropejca, ki so živeli na tem območju pred 800.000 leti.

Burgos je bil izbran kot španska prestolnica Gastronomije leta 2013.

Toponim
Obstaja več možnih izvorov imena. Ko je bilo mesto ustanovljeno, so se okoliški prebivalci preselili v utrjene vasi, ki so jih Vizigoti imenovali Burgos, kar je pomenilo kraje utrjene z obzidji (gotsko baurgs) . Mesto se je najprej imenovalo Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" ali "Glava Kastilije").

Zgodovina
Prvi ljudje (Arhaični Homo sapiens, natančneje Homo antecessor) so živeli okoli Burgosa že pred okoli 800.000 leti. Ko so ozemlje zasedli Rimljani, je bila, kar je sedaj pokrajina Burgos, Keltsko-ibersko mesto. V rimskih časih je bilo del Hispania Citerior (Prednja Hispanija) in nato Hispania Tarraconensis (Tarakonska Hispanija). V 5. stoletju so Vizigoti pregnali Svebe, nato so skoraj vso Kastilijo v 8. stoletju zasedli Arabci, čeprav le za kratek čas. Alfonz III. Asturijski, tudi Veliki, kralj León, Galicije in Asturije, je ozemlje osvojil približno sredi 9. stoletja, zgradil več gradov za obrambo krščanstva, od koder je nato osvajal še ostala izgubljena ozemlja. Regija je postala znana kot Castilja (lat. castella), to je 'dežela gradov'.

Burgos je bil ustanovljen leta 884 kot postojanka za širjenje krščanskih meja , ko je Diego Rodríguez Porcelos, grof Kastiljski, urejal to ozemlje z nalogo spodbujati rast števila krščanskega prebivalstva. S tem namenom je zbral prebivalce znotraj utrjenih naselij. Na začetku se je mesto imenovalo Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" ali "Glava Kastilije"). Okraj (condado) Burgos, last kralja Leona, še naprej upravljajo grofje in se je postopoma razširilo. Eden od teh grofov, Fernán González, se je osamosvojil.

V 11. stoletju je mesto postalo sedež katoliškega škofa in prestolnica Kraljevine Kastilja. Burgos je bil velika postaja za romarje na poti v Santiago de Compostela  in trgovsko središče med Biskajskim zalivom in jugom, ki je pritegnilo nenavadno veliko tujih trgovcev, ki je postala del mestne oligarhije in izključila druge tujce. Med 13. in 14. stoletjem je bil Burgos najljubši sedež kraljev Leóna in Kastilje in mesto njihovih grobnic. Consejo ali mestna občina Burgos je bila trdno v rokah razreda premožnih caballeros villanos ("kmečkih vitezov"), ki je zagotavljala monarhiji kontingent vojakov: kraljeva listina iz leta 1255 in 1266 je odobrila tistim državljanom Burgosa, ki so imeli v lasti konje, da si lahko sami oprostijo davke pod pogojem, da še naprej živijo znotraj mestnega obzidja. Trgovcem je uspelo naslediti od katedralnega kapitlja, kot glavnega kupca zemljišč po letu 1250; trgovsko poslovanje so izvajali skupaj z občinskimi ali kraljevimi funkcijami in pošiljali svoje sinove v Anglijo in v Flandriji, da bi pridobili izkušnje v čezmorski trgovini. Nekaj družin znotraj hermandades ali bratovščine, kot sta Sarracín in Bonifaz, je uspelo monopoliziranje alcalde  ali župana; posebno sodišče,  alcalde del rey je v Burgosu prvič omenjeno leta 1281. Z vladavino Alfonza X. je oprostitev ne-žlahtnih vitezov in verskih korporacij, v kombinaciji s pretiranimi darili in donacijami samostanom in posameznikom, prineslo velik pritisk na blaginjo na področju gospodarstva.

V stoletju po osvojitvi Sevilje (1248), je Burgos postal poligon za kraljevo politiko  povečanja moči proti consejo, deloma s spodbujanjem pravice do pritožbe consejo do kralja. Leta 1285 je Sancho IV. conseju dodal nov organ, ki naj bi ga obvladoval: jurado, ki je bil pristojen za pobiranje davkov in nadzor nad javnimi deli; kralj si je pridržal pravico do izbire svojih članov. Mesto je spoznalo, da je nevarnost za njegovo avtonomijo prišla s precej neurejeno aristokracijo kraljevih manjšin. Burgos se je leta 1295 in 1315 pridružil hermandades mestom, da bi se skupaj vzajemno zaščitila. V 14. stoletju je imel uradni kraljevi vdor v mestno upravo namen preprečiti izbruhe nasilja, ki bi ga povzročili velik razred manjših trgovcev in obrtnikov, na katere je padla davčna obremenitev. Alguacil bil kraljevi urad ustanovljen za razsojanje nesoglasij.
9. junija 1345 je Alfonz XI. Kastiljski ukinil mestno vlado in ustanovil neposredno kraljevo oblast nad  Burgosom preko Regimiento šestnajstih imenovanih moških.

Leta 1574 je papež Gregor XIII. škofa povzdignil v nadškofa, na zahtevo kralja Filipa II.

Burgos je bil prizorišče številnih vojn: z Mavri boji med Leónom in Navarro in med Kastiljo in Aragonom. V polotoški vojni proti Napoleonovi Franciji, med 19 septembrom - 21. oktobrom 1808,  je bil oblegani Burgos prizorišče umika vojvode Wellingtona. Spet v 19. stoletju, je bil Burgos prizorišče bitke carlistov v državljanski vojni španskega nasledstva. Med špansko državljansko vojno, je bil Burgos baza upornikov nacionalistične vlade generala Franca.

Geografija in klima
Na nadmorski višini 856 metrov ima mesto Burgos celinsko sredozemsko podnebje (KÖPPEN CSB). Značilne so zelo hladne in vetrovno zime. Pozimi je vedno sneg in temperature pod lediščem. Temperaturna območja so lahko ekstremna, precej bolj je suho kot španskih obalnih regijah, čeprav so padavine čez vse leto. Povprečna letna količina padavin je 546 mm, povprečna letna relativna vlažnost je 72%. V zimskem času temperature zelo pogosto (skoraj vsak dan) padejo pod ledišče, pogosto dosežejo temperature -10 °C. V poletnih mesecih so povprečne temperature 27,5 °C. Najnižja zabeležena temperatura v Burgosu je bila -21 °C in to 20. januarja 1885. Najvišja zabeležena temperatura je bila 39 °C in to 13. avgusta 1987.

Glavne znamenitosti
Burgos je bogat po starih cerkvah in samostanih. Tri najbolj izstopajo: katedrala s svojo kapelo Condestables de Castilla, samostan Las Huelgas in kartuzijanski samostan Miraflores. Manjše pomembne cerkve so še San Esteban, San Gil (Sancti Aegidii), San Pedro, San Cosme y San Damian, Santiago (Sancti Jacobi), San Lorenzo in San Lesmes (Adelelmi). V Convento de la Merced so jezuiti, tudi zgodovinskega in arhitekturnega pomena je Hospital del Rey.

Med drugimi zanimivimi arhitekturnimi objekti je mestno obzidje z znanimi vrati Santa María, postavljena kot prvi vhod cesarja Karla V. in obok Fernan González

Gotska stolnica

Gradnja gotske stolnice v Burgosu se je začela leta 1221 in se nadaljevala predvsem od 13. do 15. stoletja. Je na seznamu UNESCO-ve svetovne dediščine. Zahodno pročelje spremljajo stolpi, ki se končajo v osmerokotne fiale prekrite s kamnitim [[krogovičje]m. Srednji del, ki služi kot vhod, ima tri alabastrne pilastre, interkolumnij, ki nosijo panele s slikami, ki predstavljajo mučeništvo svetnikov. Fasada je bogato okrašena z odlično površinsko dekoracijo.

Osmerokotna kapela Condestable, polna okrasja, visokih reliefov in gotsko zasnovo, ima na strehi kot zaključek balustradne stolpiče, koničaste igle in kipe. V spodnjem delu so grbi, grbovni ščiti in levi narejeni v skupini. Zunanjost zakristije je okrašena z izrezljanim krogovičjem, figurami angelov in vitezi v oklepih. Tabernakelj je sestavljen iz dveh osmerokotnih delov v korintskem slogu.

Monasterio de las Huelgas
Monasterio de las Huelgas Reales (Opatija Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas) na obrobju mesta, je bila ustanovljena leta 1180, po nalogu kralja Alfonza VIII. Začela se je v pred-gotskem slogu, potem pa je bil dodan skoraj vsak slog. Samostani so bili opisani kot "tekmeci za lepoto tako v podrobnostih kot oblikovanju in morda neprekosljivi v čemerkoli v svoji starosti in slogu v katerem koli delu Evrope" (1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica). En samostan ima polkrožne loke z občutljivimi in različnimi stebri; drug ima šiljast slog zgodnje gotike. Notranjost cerkve ima ogromne stebre, ki podpirajo veličastne oboke. Vhod je moderen. Ta samostan je imel v zgodovini izredne privilegije kraljev in papežev.

Kartuzija Miraflores
Kartuzija Miraflores (Cartuja de Miraflores) se nahaja približno štiri kilometre od zgodovinskega središča mesta. Med zakladi kartuzije so leseni kip sv. Bruna, leseni korni sedeži in grob kralja Juan II. in njegove žene Izabele Portugalske, zgrajen iz marmorja z alabastrnima ležečima podobama ter grob njunega sina , princa Alfonza. Izdelavo pripisujejo Gilu de Silou, ki je izdelal tudi olrat, ki naj bi bil pozlačen z zlatom iz prvega tovora iz Novega sveta. Okoli zgornjega friza so kipi angelov v miniaturi. Francoski vojaki so v vojni za neodvisnost (1814) pohabili to čudovito delo, odrezali nekaj glav in jih odnesli v Francijo. Hčere kralja Juana II. po prvi ženi, Katarina, princesa Asturije, in Eleonora, princesa Asturije, sta tudi pokopani v samostanu.

Zgodovinski center
Mesto ohranja svoj srednjeveški zgodovinski center, ki leži v mejah mestnega obzidja.

Muzeji
Burgos ima skupaj 10 muzejev, najnovejši pa muzej človeške evolucije (10. najbolj obiskan muzej v Španiji):
 Muzej človeške evolucije je bil odprt 13. julija 2010. Temelji je na najdbah iz arheološkega najdišča Atapuerca, 20 km vzhodno od Burgosa. Atapuerca je bila imenovana na Unescov seznam svetovne dediščine. Vsebuje več jam, kjer so bili najdeni fosili in kamnita orodja prvih znanih hominidov v Zahodni Evropi.
 Muzej mesta Burgos hrani pomembne dokumente o zgodovini mesta od prazgodovine do danes. Sedež ima v renesančni palači Íñigo Angulo
 Museo del Libro Fadrique de Basilea, muzej knjige

Promet

Letališče
Letališče Burgos se nahaja le 5 km iz centra mesta, z dnevnimi leti do mednarodnega letališča Barcelona ter spomladi in poleti na Palmo de Mallorca in Orly.

Železnica

Mesto velja za prvovrstno železniško vozlišče. Leta 2010 so zaznamovali 150 let od prihoda prve železnice v mesto. Prvi vlak je bil prisoten 25. oktobra 1860. Glede na to, da se nahaja na pol poti, je Burgos kmalu postala pomembno središče komunikacije med centrom in severom države.

Od decembra 2007 je bilo mesto povezano z glavnimi mesti provinc z vlaki visokih hitrosti Alvia. 12. decembra 2008 je bila odprta nova železniška postaja z imenom Burgos-Rosa de Lima. Nahaja se v bližini Villímar na severovzhodu mesta in je prilagojena za prihodnjo hitro progo. Leta 2015 bo AVE, vlaki za visoke hitrosti, približal mesto Madridu v samo 84 minutah, oziroma Bilbau v 70 minutah.

Tramvaj
Projekt za izvedbo tramvaja je bil načrtovan v dolžini Boulevarja, uradno imenovanega Avenida de Valencia. To bi bilo približno 12 km z začetkom pri železniški postaji Burgos-Rosa de Lima in koncem pri Univerzi Burgos. Vrednost je bila ocenjena med 80 in 120 milijonov evrov.

Zaradi gospodarske krize in cen nepremičnin, je bil projekt začasno odložen.

Avtobus
Burgos ima mednarodno avtobusno postajo, ki se nahaja v središču mesta, le nekaj sto metrov od katedrale. Povezuje mesto s skoraj vsemi regijami Španije, kakor tudi s številnimi evropskimi mesti (Amsterdam, Baslu, Bernu, Bratislavi, Bruslju, Kölnu, Hamburgu, Frankfurtu, Ženevi, Gdansk, Kijevu, Lizbona, Ljubljana, Lviv, Lodž London, Lyon, Marseille, Moskva, München, Nica, Pariz, Porto, Praga, Rotterdam, Sofia, Haag, Varšava, Zürich) in celo mesti severne Afriko (Casablanca, Marakeš, Rabat).

Kolo
Mesto ima svoj sistem javne izposoje koles, imenovano Bicibur. Zasnovan je z lokalnim podjetjem in ima več kot 20 točk za distribucijo koles po vsem mestu. Mreža več kot 100 km kolesarskih stez je 6. največja kolesarska mreža v Španiji.

Trajnostna mobilnost
Burgos se je zavezal za trajnostno mobilnost in je zmagal kot CiViTAs mesto leta v letu 2007, to je najpomembnejša nagrada na evropski ravni in nagrada Energy Globe leta 2008 (Nobelova nagrada za trajnostnost) v kategoriji zrak. Mesto je vodilno med španskimi mesti v smislu trajnostne mobilnosti z velikimi prizadevanji za središče mesta brez avtomobilov, prost sistem izposoje koles in 100% čist javni prevoz. Burgos zdaj vodi CiViNET omrežje, ki se ukvarja s trajnostno mobilnostjo v mestih v Španiji in na Portugalskem.

Univerza
Pogosto skrajšano "UBU", Univerza v Burgosu, je javna univerza s približno 10.000 študenti, ki študirajo več kot 30 različnih dodiplomskih programov, več kot 20 doktorskih programov, kakor tudi več uradnih Masters in drugih podiplomskih programov. Ustanovljena je bila leta 1994, ko je bila razdeljena Univerza v Valladolidu.

UBU sodeluje s projektom Erasmus, študentski program izmenjave Evropske unije in vsak semester gosti študente iz različnih držav Evropske unije, kot tudi Islandije, Lihtenštajna, Norveške in pridruženih držav vzhodne Evropi. Poleg tega študentje iz različnih regij po vsem svetu, tudi Kitajske, Latinske in Severne Amerike, da lahko sodelujejo v programih izmenjav. V celoti ima Univerza Burgos sporazume za izobraževanje z več kot 100 mednarodnimi akademskimi institucijami.

Pobratena mesta
Burgos je pobraten z:
 Bruges, Belgija
 Loudun, Francija
 Pessac, Francija
 San Juan de los Lagos, Mehika
 Valencia, Španija
 Vicenza, Italija

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

 Map of Burgos
 Spanish Tourism: Burgos
 Camino de Santiago
 Museum of Human Evolution
 Ayuntamiento de Burgos
 Burgos Chamber of Commerce
 University of Burgos
 International University of Isabel I de Castilla
 Burgos news
 Museo Militar de Burgos
 Fadrique de Basilea Book Museum
 Photos of Burgos

Mesta v Španiji


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Oct 4, 2020 - Politics & Policy
SurveyMonkey poll: Trump faces little GOP fallout over COVID disclosure
Margaret Talev
Screenshot from Twitter video Trump posted from Walter Reed hospital Saturday night
Just 1 in 10 Republicans says President Trump is handling his own COVID-19 diagnosis irresponsibly, according to a SurveyMonkey snap poll for Axios after he disclosed testing positive.
Why it matters: If these findings hold, it suggests that as unsettling a moment as this is — and for all the questions it's raised about Trump's commitment to public safety or the well-being of supporters and staff — he may not pay a price inside his own party with a month left in the election.
Joe Biden's national lead over Trump was holding steady at 52%-44% in SurveyMonkey's latest daily tracking poll.
Trump's job approval remained underwater but unchanged, at 44%.
Democrats and independents want the remaining debates and campaign events for both candidates to go virtual or be scrapped altogether, while most Republicans want them to go ahead in person.
What they're saying: "The reality we're in is, how locked in both sides are," said SurveyMonkey chief research officer Jon Cohen.
"There's not an indication anything's changed yet," he said. While there could be a shift as Americans learn more about the facts, he said the data suggests that "there's not a lot of openness to incorporating facts on the ground."
By the numbers: 73% of Democrats and 58% of independents say Trump handled his diagnosis irresponsibly, while 88% of Republicans say he acted responsibly, in the national survey of 1,448 U.S. adults, conducted Oct. 2-3.
Between the lines: Even after the president had symptoms severe enough to be admitted to Walter Reed Medical Center for several days, to be medicated with special drugs and monitored by a team of doctors, 63% of Republicans said they wanted presidential campaign events to continue in person.
Just 16% of Democrats agreed — the rest said Biden and Trump campaign events should be virtual (70%) or canceled (12%).
Most independents also want events to be virtual (57%) or canceled (18%).
A majority of Republicans also want the next presidential debate, which had been set for Oct. 15, to go forward and to take place in person, while Democrats disagree; 55% of Democrats say it should become a virtual event and one-fourth say it should just be canceled.
Methodology: This SurveyMonkey online poll was conducted October 2-3 among a national sample of 1,448 adults in the U.S.
Respondents for this survey were selected from the more than 2 million people who take surveys on the SurveyMonkey platform each day.
The modeled error estimate for this survey is ±3.5 percentage points. Data have been weighted for age, race, sex, education and geography using the Census Bureau's American Community Survey to reflect the demographic composition of the United States age 18 and over.
Alayna Treene, author of Sneak Peek
Jan 7, 2021 - Politics & Policy
Congress certifies Joe Biden's Electoral College win
The House reconvenes Wednesday night for the joint session after pro-Trump mobs stormed the Capitol. Photo: Saul Loeb - Pool/Getty Images
A joint session of Congress ended a day of siege by officially certifying on Thursday President-elect Joe Biden's Electoral College win in the November election, the final step ahead of his Jan. 20 inauguration.
The bottom line: The final votes in Congress confirm that Biden will be the 46th president of the United States—despite some Republican lawmakers' challenges and the rampage through the Capitol by supporters of President Trump.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Alpha Geek Radio: TMS 1080: Now, in HD!
TMS 1080: Now, in HD!
Damn stupid power! Garry Marshall has moved on. Sizemore doing bad things more. Gaze into the Nick Cartoon! Full time Pokemon pays! Therapy Thursday and more on this episode of The Morning Stream.


Designer Jamie Wei Huang's SS18 collection, "Dew", was inspired by the fragmented recounting and retelling of personal experience. It was a concept drawn from Huang's reflection on her own traditional Taiwanese culture, and captured by the beautiful, hesitantly accumulative piano piece which instigated her show.
The story began in stripes. Blues, pinks and greens growing in depth and vivacity with each piece, a gradual solidifying of colours to correlate that of re-emerging memory; the punctuation of bold reds, yellows and cobalt in the shoes and accessories, providing those colourful splashes of certainty which continue to emerge throughout the collection.
Huang's Spring/Summer designs favour easy-fit clothing; wedding dresses and jumpsuits tying into her signature style of elongated silhouettes with a focus on creating contemporary fashion for the modern woman.
The concept of construction was apparent in the rough-cut hems, sewn on pockets and undisguised use of zips, drawstrings and metallic rings which both decorated the pieces and acted as functional elements of the designs.
Creative cut-outs were another standout feature, with gaping knees and bare-backed jackets building on the impression of fragmented recollection, while asymmetric designs alluded to the inevitable incompleteness of memory.
Denim-look fabrics, and the brave contrasting of colour-block socks with easy slip-on sandals concluded the collection with a sense of layered individuality, promoting self-expression through contemporary fashion.
Originally from Taiwan, Huang graduated from Central Saint Martins College in London in 2012, launching her designer label Jamie Wei Huang to great critical acclaim in 2013; winning both the "Designer For Tomorrow" award, and the "Elle talent Award" for her AQ14 collection. Huang's designs are now sold internationally in luxury retailers such as Harvey Nichols, Dover Street Market, David Jones Sydney and mimma ninni.


If the snooker coach can improve the players overall work rate and get him to focus on specific training routines that are enjoyable but constructive then success is just around the corner. A training program needs a strong player's commitment and it will analyse the player's true skill level.
Over the years I have learnt that every player is different and each player has their own individual style of play as some are good potters, have a good temperament, but they all need a quality training program, if they want to improve, and realize their true potential.


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Home » Weekly Torah Portion » Parents & Kids » Family Parsha
Gaining Self Confidence
Shlach (Numbers 13-15)
Jun 17, 2000 | by Nesanel Yoel Safran
The way we look at ourselves has a lot to do with how other people look at us. In this week's Torah portion, the Jewish people were all set to go and settle the beautiful land of Israel. But first they decided to send a few men in advance to check out the land and report back to them. The men they sent were great leaders, but when they got there, most of them lost their confidence and became afraid. When they returned to the people, they told them "Compared to the people already living there, we look like grasshoppers in our eyes and in their eyes." The Torah's message is that because they felt weak like grasshoppers, that's how the people living in the land looked at them too. After hearing the bad report, the Jewish people were afraid to go into the land, even though God had promised them it would be all right. This meant they had to spend 40 more years wandering through the desert before they finally made it.
In our story, a boy learns a lesson about self-confidence.
"A QUIET BOY"
Reuven was "the quiet boy." In fact, some of the kids in Reuven's class weren't even sure if he could talk at all!
Day after day, he would sit in class while Mr. Greenbaum, the teacher, would ask the kids questions and try to get everyone involved. But Reuven would just keep quiet, even when he knew the right answers.
"They'll probably just laugh at anything I have to say," he thought to himself.
Even though Reuven was strong and fairly athletic, when all the boys would get together and play ball during lunch break, Reuven would just sit by himself off to the side.
One day during the break, Mr. Greenbaum came over to Reuven. "Hey, why aren't you playing ball?" he asked with a friendly smile.
Reuven felt embarrassed. Looking down at the ground, he quietly answered, " I can't play as well as those guys. I'll probably just drop the ball."
The teacher looked out at the kids playing for a minute, then turned to Reuven and said, "Take a good look at the game. Do you see anyone else dropping the ball?"
Reuven shielded his eyes from the bright afternoon sun. He couldn't believe what he saw. It seemed like almost every few seconds someone would drop the ball or do something else wrong.
"Do you see what I see?" asked Mr. Greenbaum.
Reuven nodded.
The teacher continued, "Even though most of these guys also make mistakes sometimes, they're still out there playing. And in class too, almost half the time when somebody answers one of my questions, he gets it wrong. But he keeps trying anyway."
Just then the bell rang to end the recess. Mr. Greenbaum put his hand on Reuven's shoulder as they walked back into the school building. "You're a good guy," the teacher said with a smile. "You're not perfect, but neither is anyone else. But if you keep hiding yourself, nobody will ever see who you are, and that would be a shame because you are someone special."
Reuven smiled.
In class that afternoon, Reuven, "The Quiet Boy," began to speak up for the first time. And he and everyone else found out that even "The Quiet Boy" had something to say.
Q. Before Reuven had his talk with his teacher, how do you think he felt when he watched the other kids play ball?
A. He thought they could all play better than him. And he was afraid to join in.
Q. How about after the teacher spoke to Reuven and told him to look at the game? What changed?
A. Then he felt less afraid. He saw that a lot of kids didn't play so well, but they joined in anyway. He felt maybe it was okay for him to play also.
Q. What do you think someone with self-confidence would tell himself if he made a mistake?
A. He might say, "Oh well, better luck next time. Mistakes happen to everybody. It wasn't so bad, etc."
Q. What would someone without self-confidence say when he made a mistake?
A. Something like, "Oh no! I did it again! I'm really no good at this. Everybody's going to laugh, etc."
Q. How do you feel when you make a mistake? Do you ever think you have to be perfect?
Q. What's the difference between being self-confident and being haughty or conceited?
A. A haughty person usually likes to put other people down. He tries to pretend he's perfect. But a self-confident person feels good about himself and other people. He realizes he's not perfect but he's a good person anyway.
Q. Can a person be humble and self-confident at the same time? How?
A. Yes. When we realize that our good qualities are a gift from God, we remain humble. But at the same time, we recognize the talents and strengths that we have.
Q. Do you think it's better to try and fail, or not to try?
A. It's better to try, and even if you fail, at least you had a chance to succeed. And even from failures you can learn things and grow.
Nesanel Yoel Safran
Nesanel Yoel Safran is a writer, chef, and a teacher/student of Jewish spirituality. He blends these assorted vocations on his blog, Soul Foodie, where you can join him on mystical cooking adventures and glean practical wisdom for the kitchen – and for living. https://soulfoodiecom.wordpress.com/
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Your Web site might be so full of pages, links, graphics and interaction that you forget why you built it in the first place! Here's the most important question to ask: What is the single most important action you want a Web site visitor to take?
If you already have a Web site, you might think you're doing everything right to get the response you want. But go through the process again, this time walking through it in your Web site visitor's shoes. You might be surprised to see how many obstacles you've inadvertently put in their place.


text:
Year in Review	Health & Medicine
Approval of gene therapies for two blood cancers led to an 'explosion of interest' in 2017
CAR-T cell therapy treats patients for whom other therapies haven't worked
CANCER CRUSH In CAR-T cell therapy, a cancer treatment approved by the FDA this year for certain blood cancers, a patient's T cells (teal) are genetically modified to hunt down and kill cancer cells (blue).
Prasad Adusumilli, ©2017 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
By Laurel Hamers
This year, gene therapy finally became a clinical reality. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved two personalized treatments that engineer a patient's own immune system to hunt down and kill cancer cells. The treatments, the first gene therapies ever approved by the FDA, work in people with certain blood cancers, even patients whose cancers haven't responded to other treatments.
Called CAR-T cell immunotherapy (for chimeric antigen receptor T cell), one is for kids and young adults with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, approved in August (SN Online: 8/30/17). The other is for adults with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, approved in October. Other CAR-T cell therapies are in testing, including a treatment for multiple myeloma.
"It's a completely different way of treating cancer," says pediatric oncologist Stephan Grupp, who directs the Cancer Immunotherapy Program at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Grupp spearheaded the clinical trials of the newly approved ALL therapy, called Kymriah.
Researchers are developing many different versions of CAR-T cell therapies, but the basic premise is the same: Doctors remove a patient's T cells (immune system cells that attack invaders) from a blood sample and genetically modify them to produce artificial proteins on their surfaces. Those proteins, called chimeric antigen receptors, recognize the cancer cells in the patient's body. After the modified T cells make many copies of themselves in the lab, they're unleashed in the patient's bloodstream to find and kill cancer cells.
T cells awakened
T cells genetically engineered to make the chimeric antigen receptor can recognize and target tumor cells.
T. Tibbitts
CAR-T cell therapy is particularly exciting because it works well in people whose cancers haven't responded to other available treatments, says Renier Brentjens, an oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. Of the 63 kids and young adults treated in a clinical trial of Kymriah, 83 percent had their cancers go into remission within three months.
Now that these therapies have been clinically approved, there's been an "explosion of interest" in the approach, says Dario Campano, an immunopathologist at the National University Cancer Institute in Singapore. Going forward, he expects to see even more rapid progress in the technology. Fifteen years ago, Campana helped develop the chimeric antigen receptor that's used in Kymriah today. For now, the treatments are approved for use only when other treatments have failed, but someday CAR-T cell therapy could be the first treatment doctors try, he says.
One drawback is the price. Kymriah costs $475,000 for a onetime treatment, according to Novartis, which makes Kymriah. The non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment made by Gilead Sciences, called Yescarta, is listed at $373,000. The total price tag for treatment could be higher when the costs of dealing with side effects and complications are factored in.
The approach is approved only for blood cancers. Using CAR-T cell therapy on solid tumors will require finding ways to get the T cells past additional cellular roadblocks, Grupp says.
A version of this article appears in the December 23, 2017 issue of Science News.
FDA approval brings first gene therapy to the United States. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, August 30, 2017.
FDA approves CAR-T cell therapy to treat adults with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, October 18, 2017.
How to make CAR-T cell therapies for cancer safer and more effective
By Laurel Hamers June 27, 2018
Designer T cells emerge as weapons against disease
By Susan Gaidos May 30, 2014
Memory cells enhance strategy for fighting blood cancers
By Tina Hesman Saey February 14, 2016


The word 'professional' means competency, skill and ethical intent. This is what Hypnosis Connection's Professional Hypnosis Training offers every student.
To be competent you must be exposed to, and understand, the information and knowledge about all aspects of the art and science of hypnosis. Hypnosis Connection's curriculum is comprehensive, our library extensive, our personalization and individual coaching unsurpassed. You are encouraged and given every opportunity to transform mere competency into mastery of skill.
Skill is the result of knowledge put into action. Practice. Doing it. Not just listening to lectures and taking copious notes. But actually demonstrating knowledge, internalizing critique and improving.
Skill will set you apart from all other hypnotists as each skill level is different. Each client approach is as unique as the client himself. Client results and achievement are the only justifiable reasons for a hypnotist's existence—to improve the lives of those we serve.
You cannot be professional without ethical intent. A desire to do what's right all the time. The ability to serve your client in the best possible way. To never be satisfied with your skills, but always searching to improve. To put aside your ego so you may build the ego of a client in need.
This is what makes a professional hypnotist and sets you apart from the crowd. Embrace these three essential components of professionalism and your success is insured. Success will seek you out because of your rarity and dedication to serve your client.
Are you willing to offer your time, energy and resources for the purpose of helping people help themselves? If so, you have found the right training source at Hypnosis Connection.
It's innovative, detailed and unlocks the secrets to what is known today as conversational hypnosis.
Presented by the expert artistry of Scott McFall and Heather McFall who have combined their more than 50 years experience to offer you crystal clear, easy to understand, simple to implement professional hypnosis training.
If you have any questions or need clarification, you are invited to call (239) 322-4586. All students are screened before acceptance into training to assure an exceptional training experience for each student attending.
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The English Department offers five scholarships described below. Please read the descriptions and application instructions carefully. For all scholarships, a college transcript (if available) and a letter of recommendation are required. Additional requirements may include an essay, a writing sample, and/or letters of support, and these additional requirements vary for each scholarship.
•	a letter of recommendation from a faculty member.
You may apply for more than one English Department Scholarship, however, you need only submit (attach) one college transcript and one instructor recommendation. Once you have attached the required transcript and recommendation letter, you will select the scholarship (or scholarships) you wish to apply for and upload the required writing and support documents.
After reading the descriptions below, proceed to the next page to apply.
The English Department scholarship is funded by contributions made by the English Department faculty and staff, and is open to students pursuing any area of study (an English major or minor is not required). Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in Language Arts courses such as English Composition, Literature, Speech and Communications, Foreign Language, and Philosophy, with an overall GPA of 3.0 and a 3.3 GPA in English and Language Arts coursework. Applicants must also demonstrate involvement in extra-curricular activities.
•	A One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, double-spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include your educational history and goals, coursework in English and Language Arts, and involvement in extra-curricular activities.
•	A Writing Sample: Submit an essay, a research paper, or a writing project completed for a college level class, no more than 12 pages in length.
The Barb LaBelle and Helen Beuker Scholarship for Women's Studies (Gender Studies) and Literature honors two English Department colleagues and friends for their passion for literature, their commitment to theater, and the advancement of women in education. Applicants must demonstrate interest and/or coursework in one or more of the following areas: Women's/Gender Studies, Literature and/or Drama as Literature, Writing and/or publication (including journalism), Involvement in theater, and/or Involvement in women's organizations.
•	An Essay of 500-1000 Words: 12-point type, double-spaced. Describe your interests, educational goals, and involvement in one or more of the required areas: women's/gender studies, literature, drama as literature, writing and/or publication, theater, and women's organizations.
•	GPA Requirement: Minimum overall GPA of 3.0.
Creative Writing Scholarships are awarded based on quality of writing and demonstrated interest in the field of creative writing. Accepted writing samples include fiction, creative nonfiction, poetry, playwriting, screenwriting, and hybrid or cross-genre forms. Grade point average is not a determining factor in the selection process.
•	A One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, doubled spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include your writing history, interests, and goals.
•	A Writing Sample of up to 10 pages: Single-space poetry with one poem per page; double-space fiction, creative nonfiction, or any other prose forms; use standard left-aligned format for playscripts and screenplays.
Elva VanHaitsma taught at GRCC in the English Department for 30 years. She inspired her students through her love of poetry and literature. This scholarship is meant to support students who intend to complete a Bachelor's degree in English, Literature, and/or Writing. Applicants must demonstrate academic ability and a commitment to completing a Bachelor's degree in English, Literature, and/or Writing.
•	A One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, double spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include related coursework, experiences, and your commitment to completing a Bachelor's degree.
•	A Writing Sample: of up to (3) original poems, a short story, a literary critique, or a research paper on a literary topic.
The Sigal Peace and Justice Scholarship recognizes leadership and/or volunteerism in areas of the environment, housing, feeding and caring for the poor and the elderly, racism, multi-culturalism, inter-faith dialogue, international understanding, or other worthy peace and justice causes. Applicants must demonstrate involvement in one (or more) areas and provide documentation from supervisors and/or peace and justice related organizations impacted by your time, efforts, and/or work.
•	An Essay of 500-1000 Words: 12-point type, double spaced. Describe your interest in and efforts on behalf of peace and justice causes and/or organizations. The essay should address the nature of your work and time and efforts given toward completing the work.
•	One to Three Letters of Support: from Supervisors and/or Peace and Justice organizations impacted by your work.
•	GPA Requirement: Minimum overall 2.5 GPA.
Before applying for an English Department Scholarship, applicants must complete a General Application. Students wishing to be considered for ONLY the English Department Scholarship only need to complete the required questions marked with an asterisk on the General Application Section. The English Department does not read or consider any additional information or essays that appear within the General Application.
I understand that I must meet the GPA requirement for each scholarship to which I apply. If my GPA does not meet the minimum GPA requirement when the Fall semester GPA is calculated (after the end of the Fall semester), any GPA-dependent scholarship award and/or scholarship funds applied to my student account will be withdrawn.
Please upload a Letter of Recommendation from a faculty member.
Attach a One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, double-spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include your educational history and goals, coursework in English and Language Arts, and involvement in extra-curricular activities.
Attach a Writing Sample: Submit an essay, a research paper, or a writing project completed for a college level class, no more than 12 pages in length.
Attach an Essay of 500-1000 Words: 12-point type, double-spaced. Describe your interests, educational goals, and involvement in one or more of the required areas: women's/gender studies, literature, drama as literature, writing and/or publication, theater, and women's organizations.
Upload a One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, doubled spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include your writing history, interests, and goals.
Upload a Writing Sample of up to 10 pages: Single-space poetry with one poem per page; double-space fiction, creative nonfiction, or any other prose forms; use standard left-aligned format for playscripts and screenplays.
An Essay of 500-1000 Words: 12-point type, double spaced. Describe your interest in and efforts on behalf of peace and justice causes and/or organizations. The essay should address the nature of your work and time and efforts given toward completing the work.
One to Three Letters of Support: from Supervisors and/or Peace and Justice organizations impacted by your work.
Optional Second Letter of Support: from Supervisors and/or Peace and Justice organizations impacted by your work.
Optional Third Letter of Support: from Supervisors and/or Peace and Justice organizations impacted by your work.
Attach a One-Two Page Cover Letter: 12-point type, double spaced. Summarize your eligibility for this scholarship. Include related coursework, experiences, and your commitment to completing a Bachelor's degree.
Attach a Writing Sample: of up to (3) original poems, a short story, a literary critique, or a research paper on a literary topic.


"My uncle, Dr. Mirza-Alikhani, went to Ross University back in '83, so I was lucky enough to be familiar with Ross and knew it would get me where I wanted to go. Ross was the only medical school that I applied to," he says.
He adds, "Now here I am, 10 years after starting med school is when I became a board-certified general surgeon. Ross to me means the opportunity to do what I've always wanted to do. Everything that I am now I owe to Ross. Ross gave me that chance and I took that chance and I ran with it, and now here I am.


Ian McEwan has already secured his place in my heart with Atonement and On Chesil Beach which is the reason why it is always disappointing when I read a work of his that does not live up to his aforementioned masterpieces. Granted, The Children Act is still classic McEwan, combining readability with profundity, yet I felt that it wasn't as complete and as deftly written as the other two. Reading Fixed Ideas, I remain convinced that Joan Didion is one of the greatest political writers that America has ever produced. I know she is mostly known for her personal writing yet it is still her fierce intellect and vivid dissections of the American sociopolitical sphere that continues to fascinate me. The two Arthur Millers that I read in commemoration for the author's centennial were both great plays although The Crucible was better than Enemy of the People. Simenon's Red Lights was a a good read about a man's exploration of his darker side and its consequences and the book had the potential to be great yet it seemed to me that the ending wasn't as good as the rest of the book. On Booze contains The Crack-Up, one of the best confessional essays I've ever read, yet the rest of the book was mediocre with some of the contents feeling like they've just been included just to bring up the page count. Three Years is definitely not Chekhov's best as it meanders at certain points of the narrative and it felt like it would've been great as a short story but ultimately fell short as a novella.
A Sorrow Beyond Dreams by Peter Handke – My second attempt at reading Handke with my first a considerable failure, not even reading more than 10 pages. I expect this one to have a more favorable result since A Sorrow Beyond Dreams is really the Handke book that I've wanted to read ever since it came across my radar while reading The Marriage Plot by Jeffrey Eugenides who also provided the introduction to this NYRB Classics edition.
The Autobiography of Red by Anne Carson – My first Carson and I know next to nothing about this except the rave reviews about the book that I've come across online.
The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith – Aside from being a reader, I'm also a film buff and one of the movies I'm excited about this month is Carol starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara which was based on this novel by Highsmith about the then-forbidden love between two women during the 1950s.
The Housekeeper and The Professor by Yoko Ogawa – Admittedly, I know nothing about this novel and its author yet I was compelled to buy and read this because of a blurb by Paul Auster.
Mean Woman by Alicia Borinsky – An unknown writer from Latin America whom I know nothing about? Count me in.
That's it for my reading list this November. Until next time, folks.


Woot! Woot! It's Friday! We have a crazy fun weekend planned and I can't wait for Hub to get home so we can start enjoying it together! One of our plans is our friends Super Bowl Partay!! Are you ready for some foootballll!? I'm so excited!! I flipping love Peyton Manning and couldn't be happier for him...except if he still played for the Colts...and he was taking them to the Super Bowl, not the Broncos. AND I'm so glad our friends are going to be doing the hosting. We thought about throwing a Bowl Bash, but then we got lazy and waited for someone else to suggest throwing a party. It worked out! So today I'm showing off a super popular recipe that would be a perfect addition to any Super Bowl Party! Homemade Soft Pretzel Bites!
I found it about a year ago and make it all the time. I was so afraid of yeast before and after I made this recipe and have messed it up several times :) That is until now! Hub bought me a food thermometer for Christmas and I'm able to get the "warm" water to the perfect desired temperature. Now making these amazingly-soft-yet-also-super-crunchy pretzel bites is a snap!
The best part about making these is when you boil the water and add the baking soda! It does this crazy bubbly foam up thing, so you can't pour it in too fast. I love food science stuff. At the end I got a little lazy and made some longer sticks, too. No matter what the shape or size, these are delicious!
I also made an awesome cheese sauce to go with these. I kind of made it on the fly last minute and just threw a bunch of stuff together, but I'll try and give as close of measurements as possible. Once you get the base, you really can make the cheese sauce your own. Pick out your favorite cheese and seasonings and get to dipping! These babies don't last long.
1. Mix together the warm water, sugar, yeast and melted butter in your mixer bowl with your dough hook attachment. Let it sit for about 10 minutes.
2. Combine 4 1/2 Cups of flour and salt together and add to the yeast mixture on slow speed, continue mixing on slow. Once all the flour is in, turn up the speed to medium and mix until the dough pulls away from the bowl. If the dough seems too sticky, add in the extra flour a little bit at a time. Take out the dough and knead on a lightly floured surface with your hands for a few minutes.
3. Roll the dough into a ball. Coat a large bowl with oil and roll the dough around in the bowl until the dough has a layer of oil on it. Cover with a towel and let rise until doubled in size, about an hour.
4. Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. Grease a large baking sheet.
5. Start pulling out chunks of the dough and roll into a long rope that is the same thickness throughout. Cut into 1 inch pieces.
6. Boil the water in a large saucepan on high heat. Once boiling, SLOWLY add in the baking soda. If you go too fast, it will boil over and you'll have a huge mess. Throw in several pretzel pieces and let boil for about 30-45 seconds. Remove with a slotted spoon and place on the baking sheet, making sure the pieces don't touch.
7. Brush the egg wash over the pretzel bites and sprinkle on the coarse salt. Place in the over and bake for about 13-15 minutes, or until they are the desired golden brown you want them to be. Remove and immediately add more salt and transfer to a wire rack.
I added garlic butter on top of mine and served with a cheese sauce.
Melt the butter in a small saucepan. Add in the flour and stir until combined. Add in the milk and stir for about 1 minute. Add in all the cheese and seasonings and stir constantly until cheese is melted. Serve with your favorite pretzel bites or tortilla chips. Enjoy!
Need some great sauce pans? Check these out!
What about an affordable yet amazing Kitchenaid?
You could easily keep off the salt and brush the bites with melted butter and cinnamon sugar when they come out of the oven and serve with some icing! Yummy dessert! What are you planning on making for the Big Game this Sunday? Can't wait to hear your recipes! Might even try a few myself! Hope you all have a great weekend!
Haha that is too funny! I promise I won't hold it against you. Great state, great schools. Love your site! Your last post was hilarious and those shoes are too funny. Plus your little boy is adorable. And I am obsessed with my long hair. I wouldn't cut it for anything, no matter how hard it is to work with :) Following you in as many ways possible. Can't wait to see what you write about next. Thanks for following me, too!
Oh yum! These look so good. I haven't made pretzels in ages!!
These look perfect for the Superbowl!
These look tasty! They would definitely be a big hit during the game.
MM! Oh my those looks more than delicious! Love them. Can't wait to try!
Those look so yummy! I'll definitely try it!!
These look delicious! Pinned it! Thanks for sharing at Titus 2 Tuesday!
Thanks for another great recipe. My kids would love these. Thanks for linking up at Tell Me About It Tuesday. We hope you hop over and share with us again next week.
mmm you literally are making my stomach growl at this haha! Great recipe!
acting up. Following you and liking you every other way possible though :) Hope you have a great weekend!!
This sounds soo amazing!!!! I'm thinking I need to try this!!
Thanks Shelly! Yes you should definitely try these out! I love your site and am a huge fan. Your link party is one of my favorites. Hope you have a great weekend!
These look AWESOME! I wish I had some right now!
Oh! These look delicious. I really want to try and make my own cheese sauce!
Thanks for sharing this with us at our Marvelous Monday Party! Pinning! Looks like a great snack!
There is nothing better than homemade soft pretzels and these look amazing, especially paired with the cheese sauce!
These look delicious! I think I could eat these all day! Thanks for sharing this with us at Sewlicious Home Decor! Pinned to the food board!
These look soooo good! I must give these a try. Stopping by from Foodies & Crafties Soiree.
I love soft pretzels. This is the perfect party food! Thank you for linking to the In and Out of the Kitchen Link Party. Hope to see you next week.
Stopping by from the Four Seasons hop. What a great recipe, they look so good! I can't wait to try them!
These look delicious! Thanks for sharing on the weekend re-Treat link party!
so yummy! I love preztel bites and with a cheese sauce? Heaven :) How easy is it to use the dry active yeast? I'm always a little worried.
Hey Sandra! Big fan of yours. The hardest/easiest part of working with the dry active yeast is getting the water temperature right. As long as you do that, the rest is easy. I use a digital thermometer to get the water between 105-115 degrees and these always turn out great.
I just booked marked this recipe. I can not wait till my husband gets home and show him. He loves to bake breads.....I love it that I don't have too. Thank you for sharing it on our Four Seasons Blog Hop. Pinning now.
These look scrumptious! Thanks for sharing the recipe I can't wait to try it!
I just made pretzels the other day, but mine was large ones, these look delicious.
I just love Pretzel's and your Pretzel Bites look awesome! Hope you are having a great weekend and thanks so much for sharing with Full Plate Thursday.
We just made large pretzels for the Super Bowl. Pretzels are incredible homemade. Thanks for sharing your bites with us on foodie friday.
These look delicious Thank you for linking up at Tasty Tuesdays! Your post has been pinned to my Recipes from Tasty Tuesday board. I can't wait to see what you link up next week!


text:
Stonewalls Lost Arm.
Somewhere on the back roads of Virginia, specifically between Fredericksburg and Richmond lies the little hamlet of Guinea Station. During the war it was the supply base for the Confederate Army and a major rail hub. It also has the inauspicious history of being where a very important man in the Confederate Army had his arm amputated and eventually lost his life. Stonewall Jackson could have lived, he was recovering. But Pneumonia took hold and he died ,so the rest is history. If he lived there would be other battles but the results ultimately would be the same, the new Confederate nation would be defeated. But oh what a different drama would be played out. Think Gettysburg with Stonewall on the first day and you can have a fun time imagining all the scenarios. The area around Guinea Station is quite and somber now. Apparently no one visits, except of course the staff of Confederate Planet . Image. Cottage where Jackson died and where his arm was originally buried.
http://123essay.org/essaytigers-com-review/ link
Very to the point post. Life is bursting full of distractions and cynics who will discourage you. But it's important to remember that life is also full of opportunities.


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// ODEBUG explodes since the work is still queued.
+	* req_list, so it could have been requeued before we grabbed &lock.
+	* sure it is safe to free.


Mungantiwar responded by pointing out that the Supreme Court had allowed the tigress to be shot and that it was done only after it tried to attack forest officials who attempted to tranquilise it.
More than 150 people had spent months looking for her including teams of trackers and armed officials on the backs of elephants using infrared cameras, a paraglider, drones and sniffer dogs to capture the man-eating tigress. Speaking with the Times of India, wildlife activist Jerryl Banait said Avni's killing violated the National Tiger Conservation Authority's (NTCA's) rules.
A tranquilliser dart was sacked at the animal.
Broadcaster NDTV said Avni was killed after a huge operation involving sniffer dogs, trip cameras, nearly 200 people and even a hang glider.
Gandhi also expressed concern over the well being of the two cubs left behind after the killing of their mother. However, due to dense forest and darkness, they were unable to do so and finally a bullet was sacked in which the tigress fell on the spot.
She also came down heavily on Mungantiwar for giving order to private marksman Shafat Ali Khan's son to carry out the hunting operation."Every time he has used Hyderabad-based shooter Shafat Ali Khan, and this time his son has also appeared in the scene illegally to murder the tigress", she said in a tweet.
Replying to a query by the bench of justices Bhushan Dharmadhikari and S M Modak, he said no deaths have been reported in the last two months because of these measures. The staff started alerting the passersby about the presence of the tiger. "The tigress died on the spot", according to a statement from the Maharashtra Forest Department. "So as a reflex action of self-defence, Mr. Asghar fired from a distance of about 8-10 metres".


There are also articles on this site more generally about internal-gear hubs.
We have links to technical information on most Sachs/SRAM hubs.
and the G8 8-speed and G9 9-speed hubs.
The German company Fichtel & Sachs, often called only "Sachs", started making internal-gear hubs in the early 20th century. In 1997, the American company SRAM acquired Fichtel & Sachs, and so recent products carry the SRAM name. SRAM quit making internal-gear hubs in February, 2017, citing a race to the bottom in the market, and the increasing popularity of e-bikes.
In the mid-20th century, Sachs specialized in products for utility cyclists -- two-speed kickback hubs, three-speed hubs and coaster brakes -- while Sturmey-Archer offered a broader product line, including many narrow-ratio hubs intended for use by avid recreational cyclists and racers.
Starting in the 1980s, Sachs expanded its line of internal-gear hubs to include hybrid gearing systems -- first the Orbit, a two-speed hub with proprietary sprockets, then the 3 x 7 followed by the 3 x 8, and 3 x 9 DualDrive 2 systems and the 3 x 10 DualDrive 3 using a three-speed internal-gear hub and Shimano-compatible cassettes. These newer hubs are especially useful on small-wheel bicycles, because the step-up top gear avoids the need for an extra-large chainwheel. Sachs also introduced 5-speed and 7-speed models and the Elan, a very large and heavy 12-speed hub which was a marketing failure. In the 2007 model year, SRAM introduced the i-Motion 9-speed hub. It was withdrawn, and as of 2014, SRAM offered an 8-speed hub, the G8, and a different 9-speed, the G9, but they also were withdrawn. In 2013, manufacture of SRAM internal-gear hubs was moved from Germany to Taiwan, though engineering was still in Schweinfurt, Germany and in 2017, as described, the line of internal-gear hubs was discontinued..
SRAM internal-gear hubs are notable for the fine quality of machining of their internal parts. Gear-tooth surfaces and bearing races are smooth. The SRAM 3-speed, in particular, has higher measured drive efficiency than other 3-speed hubs, possibly due to the quality of the machining.
Most Sachs/SRAM internal-gear hubs are quite rugged, like classic Sturmey-Archer hubs, with simple and conservative mechanical design. Exceptions are the i-Motion 9 and Elan, which were overcomplicated and failure-prone. Older hubs shifted with pullchains, but one weakness with recent hubs is the plastic "clickbox" shifter mechanism which clamps onto the right end of the hub axle and is vulnerable to damage. A guard is sold, and it should always be installed. With the Elan and the 8- and 9-speed hubs, SRAM abandoned the "clickbox" for a pulley mechanism inboard of the right dropout.
Older Sachs 3-speeds and the 3 x 7 used a trigger shifter like Sturmey-Archer's, which could be fastened to any handlebar. A Sturmey-Archer trigger also will work with these hubs. A Sachs trigger will not work with a Sturmey-Archer hub, which needs a longer cable pull between the top and middle gear. An old Shimano drop-bar front-indexing STI shifter for triple chainwheels also works with a Sachs hub -- my Bike Friday has Shimano RSX STI brake-lever shifters, and the hub shifts flawlessly. (Bike Friday adds a small return spring to the cable to take up extra slack in the top gear. You need to do that too.) The newer SRAM hubs which use a clickbox were generally available only with twist shifters that fit flat handlebars. SRAM's assumption seems to have been that performance-oriented bicyclists don't care to use internal-gear hubs -- a bit of a self-fulfilling prophecy. There are various tricks to make the SRAM shifters compatible with drop bars -- for example, attaching a mountain-bike bar end to the stem. Aftermarket shifters also are reported to be in the works.
The 5-and 7-speed models with clickboxes use a single cable and concentric pushrods, with a dual bellcrank inside the clickbox. I've considered modifying a 7-speed to use a pullchain on the left side and bellcrank on the right.
The DualDrive hubs and Spectro T3 are supposed to be used only with their proprietary shifters, but they have a pullrod, not a pushrod, suggesting that a conversion to use a pullchain might be possible. Shimano-compatible cassettes that attach to DualDrive hubs work with a wide range of derailers and shifters.
The DualDrive hubs have aluminum shells and are relatively light in weight. Other than this, SRAM has paid relatively little attention to weight reduction over most of its internal-gear hub product line. Many models have been available only with heavy steel shells. The Spectro S7, for example, was made in three versions -- with no brake, with a coaster brake and with a drum brake. They all weigh about the same. You might expect the drum brake version to weigh more, but it is the only one with an aluminum alloy shell. The steel shells of the other 7-speeds are very thick and heavy.
The i-Motion 9 9-speed hub, introduced in 2006 (and since discontinued) has been described as a "cannonball" because of its size and weight! A version with a carbon fiber shell was marketed, but the weight of the internal parts is still substantial. The G8 8-speed hub, introduced in 2013, and G9, introduced in 2014 and since withdrawn, are larger but lighter and have a much simpler internal mechanism.
Many Sachs/SRAM hubs have coaster brakes, and these hubs must be lubricated with grease -- often two types of grease: one for the gear mechanism, so it doesn't make the pawls stick; another for the brake parts, to resist heat buildup.
Phil Wood Tenacious Oil is a good choice, if used in moderation and replenished once every thousand miles or so, or at least once every couple of years. Too much oil will get messy, while stale Phil oil will gum up and can make the pawls stick. The stickiness that keeps Phil Wood oil from being messy also allows it to gum up.
Also see the more general advice on this site about lubricating internal-gear hubs, and on types of oil.
My favorite Sachs/SRAM hubs are discontinued models -- the 3 x 7 DualDrive, discontinued in 2000, and the S7 7-speed with drum brake, discontinued in 2010.
The 3 x 7, unlike the later DualDrive models, can take an 11-tooth sprocket only after modifying the cassette body or adding a spacer as described here. Bike Friday modified the cassette body on its bicycles. I prefer the 3 x 7 over the more recent DualDrive models because the 3 x 7 has pullchain shifting, no vulnerable clickbox, and compatibility with drop-bar shifters. I equipped the 3 x 7 on my Bike Friday with a 13-15-17-19-21-24-28 cassette, so the hub's high and low gears each gave me two additional nicely-spaced speeds. Then I found a 33-tooth dished sprocket in Sheldon's basement and added that, widening the range -- see details about putting 8 or 9 sprockets on a 7-speed body here.
The S7 7-speed hub can be set up for an overall range from 27 through 82 gear inches, excellent for utility riding in a hilly area. The weight of the drum-brake version is reasonable, thanks to the aluminum shell. I plan to build an S7 into a wheel for a Raleigh Twenty.
I have spares of both the S7 and 3 x 7 hubs or I wouldn't be using them.
The G8 and G9 look promising for urban use, but I don't have hands-on experience with them.
Aaron's Bicycle Repair in Seattle, Washington, USA specializes in repair of internal-gear hubs and stocks parts for SRAM hubs including discontinued models.
Other options? I needed two internal parts for a 3 x 9 DualDrive hub. Bike Friday has installed DualDrive hubs on many of its small-wheel bicycles, and so I contacted Bike Friday's German distributor -- writing in German, yet! I found that the parts would cost me over $200, nearly the full price of a complete internal assembly.
Then I contacted Bike Friday directly. Bingo! Bike Friday cannibalizes returned DualDrive hubs to maintain a supply of spare parts. Tim Link at Bike Friday was able to send me the needed parts for $30. Thanks Tim! If you also need parts for a DualDrive hub, you might give Bike Friday a call.
In Europe, Sachs/SRAM hubs are common and spare parts, both new and used, are more widely available. They are going to be harder to get, now that production has been discontinued.
The axle threading of most SRAM internal-gear hubs is unusual, 10.5mm x 26 TPI, but close enough to that of many Sturmey-Archer hubs (13/32 x 26 TPI) that Sturmey-Archer axle nuts are usable in a pinch. The i-Motion 9, G8 and G9 use common 10 x 1mm threaded axle nuts.
My intention here is to provide the best information I can on rebuilding Sachs/SRAM hubs.
You do well to keep a spare hub for parts.
The first thing to check if a hub doesn't get all the gears is whether the problem is in the shifter, or the hub.
On older hubs with a pullchain, the chain should only be able to pull out a tiny bit farther in its tightest position. Having established this, the hub should shift correctly into all of the gears. If an indexed Shimano brake-shift lever is used to shift a 3 x 7 hub, as on some Bike Fridays, there needs to be an additional return spring on the cable to latch the shift lever. Bike Friday can supply this item.
The 5- and 7-speed hubs use dual, concentric pushrods. With the clickbox removed, the hub should be in its lowest gear. Pushing the outer pushrod in should shift the hub to the middle (direct drive) and highest gear. Pushing the inner pushrod in should shift the hub from low, to second, and in the 7-speed, to third gear. If the clickbox doesn't shift the hub to these gears, then it is the problem. If these gears work with the clickbox installed but the 4th gear of the 5-speed, or 5th and 6th of the 7-speed don't work, you may have to push on both rods at once to isolate the problem. You may need an assistant to help with this.
If a DualDrive or other three-speed hub with a pullrod doesn't shift properly, remove the clickbox and pull out the pullrod (which has a head with a screwdriver slot) as far as it will go, while spinning the rear wheel forward so the shifting mechanism will release. Stop the wheel, hold the rod in the outermost position with pliers, turn the crank forward and see whether the hub is in low gear (the wheel turns slower than the sprocket). Release the rod in two steps and you should get middle and high gear. If so, the problem is with the clickbox, shifter or cable, so replace those. Otherwise, the problem is internal.
Here are some information sources for rebuilds.
There are pages on this site about hubs which get little coverage elsewhere: the G8 8-speed and G9 9-speed hubs, the i-Motion 9-speed hub, the Elan, and the Orbit 2 x 6 (or 2 x 7) hybrid-gear hub.
SRAM keeps an excellent resource online. You can start with SRAM's technical page. The Product Manuals and Quick Starts listed on that page cover installation and adjustment of hubs.
If you are going to rebuild a hub, then you need to look at the Technical Manuals. The manual for each year is very similar except for the introduction of new models and deletion of discontinued ones. Some archived manuals are here but others have been moved to SRAM's Chinese site. The 1999 manual ( another source) (yet another source) (yet another) (auf Deutsch) (en français) is the only one online which covers the Elan/E12 and the 3 x 7. The 2015 spare parts manual covers the G8, G9 and DualDrive 3.
Aaron's Bicycle Repair also has technical information online about Sachs/SRAM hubs, including tips for practical assembly and disassembly.
Sutherland's Handbook of Internal-Gear and Coaster Brake Hubs, published in 1992 and now online on this site, has very complete information, including trouble charts and comparative parts lists, on Sachs two-speeds and the models 415, 515, H3102 and H3111 3-speeds. (Disclaimer: I was one of the authors!) The Third Edition of Sutherland's Handbook for Bicycle Mechanics, published in 1981, and Fourth Edition, published in 1985, cover most of these hubs. Many bicycle shops keep copies.
Karsten Stielow's site Karstilo.net covers many Sachs hubs from the 1960s onwards.. The text is in German but there are many exploded drawings and photos.
A reader of this site has sent us links to a photo guide to rebuilding the S7, along with some additional useful information -- in Russian.
Walter Jakuba, Das Zweirad -- has ample information on Sachs hubs from the 1950s through 1990s. The site is in German but the clickable links in the column at the right side lead to lists of hubs. Most of the exploded drawings and parts lists are in both German and English. They are best viewed if you right click (in Windows; or use a similar command on the Mac) and select "Only This Frame". Das Zweirad sells a considerable selection of spare parts for Sachs and SRAM hubs.
Jens Hansen's Scheunenfun (barn-find fun) site has information on many older Fichtel & Sachs hubs:: exploded drawings, parts lists and step-by-step rebuilding instructions, with photos. The text is in German, but the drawings should make the rebuilding process clear enough. Hansen sells replacement parts for older hubs, too.
Andree Schote's site also has information (in German) on older Fichtel & Sachs hubs.


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How far can Mourinho's United go?
Mourinho's summer strategy takes shape | United Rant - unitedrant.co.uk
With Mourinho's second season with United under way, I offer my opinion on whether Mourinho can bring back United to be a dominant force.
by Tom Saunders
14 October 2017 00:09 Sat 14 Oct 2017 00:09:00 BST
When Sir Alex Ferguson retired from management in May 2013, Manchester United were left with a huge hole at the heart of the club. A club that had been at the pinnacle of English and world football for so long now seemed like a lost child without its father.
The three years that came after the Scots departure only underlined the importance of Sir Alex's leadership qualities along with his larger than life personality.
With a total of three managers (including Ryan Giggs' interim stint at the end of the 2013/14 season) and only one piece of silverware, the United fans' fears had come true and the red of Manchester had fallen behind their rivals at the top of the Premier League.
Despite Louis Van Gaal's FA Cup triumph in 2016, it was clear that the United board were already looking elsewhere and there was only one name on the public's lips.
The club tried to keep quiet while the media speculated over who LVG's replacement could be until eventually the worst kept secret was unveiled - the special secret...if you like.
Jose Mourinho had on numerous occasions expressed his love, admiration and respect for United in interviews prior to his appointment. His post-match interview as Real Madrid manager, after they knocked United out of the Champions League, is one that immediately comes to mind.
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It was the perfect fit, a club of such stature and magnitude needed a man with a trophy-laden resume and the self-confidence to call himself 'The Special One' to take the reigns.
The Mourinho name attracted some of the top players around Europe, targets that were not snapped up by Van Gaal or Moyes during their respective tenures such as Pogba, Ibrahimovic and Mkhitaryan. The board showed early financial faith in their new man, with approximately 120 million pounds being spent on Pogba and Mkhitaryan alone. The stage had been set, had United finally found the man to fit the Sir Alex shaped void?
Well, after two trophies in Jose's first season with the club, United looked like they had done just that. Things were not perfect by any means, with league form being an issue, while the style of play was not too dissimilar to the Portuguese's failed counterparts. A 6th place finish was actually worse than both of Louis Van Gaal's campaigns, with the Red Devils slipping up multiple times, accumulating a total of 15 draws.
However, the EFL Cup and Europa League successes added a reason for optimism for Mourinho's second campaign, and if history repeats itself 'The Special One' will have a very successful season (Jose has won trophies in his second season at Porto, Chelsea, Inter and Madrid).
As far as the second campaign is concerned...so far so good
With 6 wins out 7 so far in the league along with a 100% record in the Champions League thus far, Mourinho looks to be sticking to the second season script.
More new signings joined the club in the summer of 2017, in the hope that all of the draws from the season prior would be transformed into wins, this process looks likes its fully in fruition because of one name, Romelu Lukaku.
But back to the subject, (I'm sure the Belgian will get more of a mention in another article) the question is then with all the potential of this current squad reaching the heights of the United that dominated during the Fergie Era, will Mourinho create a legacy of his own at the Theatre of Dreams?
In my opinion, yes. The future certainly looks bright, despite Mourinho's despondent looks in the majority of his interviews. Performances are looking strong and dominant and in terms of squad depth, it's the best team United have had since the Champions League winning side of 2008, (just my opinion of course).
He has the support of the board, the fans, the players and most importantly (in the modern footballing world) he has the statistics and managerial record to give fans real hope that he can actually turn United back around into a title-winning side.
Tom Saunders
22 year old aspiring journalist from Essex. Currently doing an MA course in Sports Broadcast Journalism at Staffordshire University. I've always had a burning passion for sport and it is has been my lifelong ambition to write about my passion for a living.
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Alpha Centauri Gets a New Moniker as 227 Star Names Are Clarified
By Elizabeth Howell 2016-11-28T21:44:13Z Science & Astronomy
According to a new official designation by the International Astronomical Union, the neighboring star system Alpha Centauri will be known as "Rigil Kentaurus." This wide-field view of the sky around the bright star system was created from photographic images forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2. Image released Oct. 17, 2012.
(Image: © ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2)
"Alpha Centauri" is getting the boot. The longstanding star name has been displaced by its ancient counterpart in a new International Astronomical Union (IAU) catalog that designates 227 official names for different stars in the sky.
The move was intended to reduce confusion, according to the IAU. For instance, a star like Fomalhaut has at least 30 different names, so it's difficult to figure out what to call it — or even how to spell it. Variations over the years have included Fumalhaut, Fomalhut and even the unusual Fomal'gaut.
The IAU, which is the official arbiter of astronomical names, chose single names to refer to those stars that have historically had many. Some of the decisions may rattle longtime observers, however. For example, the binary star Alpha Centauri, which lies 4.35 light-years from the sun, is now known officially as "Rigil Kentaurus," the ancient name for the system. [What Do We Know About Alpha Centauri?]
Neighboring Proxima Centauri — the closest star to the sun, at just 4.22 light-years away — will keep its name, which will make it easier to keep track of the nearest exoplanet to Earth (which is currently known by the name Proxima b.)
In many cases, the names are the same as before; for instance, while Vega is reported to have dozens of different names, "Vega" will stand as the official name, echoing the decisions of star catalogs in the Western Hemisphere for centuries. Official alphanumeric designations for stars, which are used by professional astronomers, will remain the same.
"Since the IAU is already adopting names for exoplanets and their host stars, it has been seen as necessary to catalogue the names for stars in common use from the past, and to clarify which ones will be official from now on," Eric Mamajek, chair and organizer of the working group, said in a statement.
The decision comes after the IAU's working group on star names began combing the literature in May 2016 to determine which star names would be officially approved. The group favored one-word names as well as those names that had histories in astronomy, culture or the natural world. (Many star names, the IAU noted, have not changed much since the Renaissance and come from Greek, Latin and Arabic roots.)
"The group aims to decide which traditional star names from cultures around the world are the official ones, in order to avoid confusion," the IAU said in the statement. "Some of the most common names for the brightest and most famous stars in the sky had no official spelling, some stars had several names, and identical names were sometimes used for completely different stars altogether."
The full list of the 227 stars is available on the IAU's website. This catalog includes 18 star names that were approved in December 2015, 14 of them proposed and voted on by the public for the NameExoWorlds contest. The approved stellar names will not be available for asteroids, planetary satellites or exoplanets "so as to further reduce confusion," the IAU said of the listing.
Follow Elizabeth Howell @howellspace, or Space.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.