text:
Asymptotická analýza neboli asymptotika je v matematické analýze metoda popisující limitní chování funkcí.

Mohou nás například zajímat vlastnosti nějaké funkce , když  roste nade všechny meze ("jde k plus nekonečnu"). V případě funkce , když  roste nade všechny meze, stane se člen  nevýznamným v porovnání s . O funkci  tedy říkáme, že je "asymptoticky ekvivalentní s  pro ". Symbolicky to obvykle zapisujeme , a čteme " se pro  jdoucí k nekonečnu asymptoticky chová jako ".

Příkladem významného asymptotického výsledku je prvočíselná věta. Pokud použijeme označení  (které nijak nesouvisí s Ludolfovým číslem pí) pro funkci, jejíž hodnotou pro libovolné  je počet prvočísel menších nebo rovných , prvočíselná věta říká, že

Asymptotická analýza se často používá v matematické informatice jako nástroj pro analýzy algoritmů, přičemž se jejich složitost často vyjadřuje pomocí Landauovy notace.

Definice
Jsou-li dány funkce  a , definujeme, že tyto funkce jsou ekvivalentní

právě tehdy, když

Symbol  je vlnovka (tilda). Relace je ekvivalence na množině funkcí proměnné ; funkce  a  se nazývají asymptoticky ekvivalentní. Definiční obor funkcí  a  může být libovolná množina, pro kterou je limita definovaná: například reálná čísla, komplexní čísla, kladná celá čísla.

Stejná notace se používá i pro jiné způsoby limitního přechodu: například , , . Způsob limitního přechodu často není uveden explicitně, pokud je jasný z kontextu.

Přestože výše uvedená definice je v literatuře běžná, je problematická, pokud  je nulová nekonečně často, když se  blíží k limitní hodnotě. Proto někteří autoři používají alternativní definici, která používá Landauovu notaci:

 právě tehdy, když

Tato definice je ekvivalentní s předchozí definicí, pokud  není nulová v nějakém okolí limitní hodnoty.

Vlastnosti
Pokud  a , pak za určitých nepříliš omezujících podmínek, platí:

 , pro každé reálné
  pokud

Tyto vlastnosti dovolují, aby v mnoha algebraických výrazech byly asymptoticky ekvivalentní funkce volně zaměňovány.

Příklady asymptotických vzorců
 Faktoriál
 – toto je Stirlingův vzorec
 Partitní funkce
Pro kladné celé číslo n udává partitní funkce p(n) počet rozkladů celého čísla n na součet kladných celých čísel (na pořadí sčítanců nezáleží).

 Airyho funkce
Airyho funkce, Ai(x), je řešením diferenciální rovnice ; má mnoho aplikací ve fyzice.

 Hankelovy funkce

Konstrukce

Obecná
Uvažujme:

kde  a  jsou reálné analytické funkce a  je distribuční funkce.

Pak  se asymptoticky chová jako  pro  a jako  pro .

Pro asymptotické chování dané dvěma různými polynomy
Předpokládejme, že hledáme reálnou funkci, která se asymptoticky chová jako  pro  a jako  pro . Pak požadovaná asymptotická funkce je

Asymptotický rozvoj

Asymptotický rozvoj funkce  je vyjádření této funkce pomocí matematické řady, jejíž částečné součty nemusí vždy konvergovat, ale je takové, že libovolný počáteční částečný součet dává asymptotický vzorec pro . Myšlenkou je, že zahrnutím dalších členů se popis stále zpřesňuje, jak řád funkce  roste.

Zapsáno symbolicky to znamená, že máme  ale také  a  pro každé pevné k. Vzhledem k definici symbolu  znamená poslední rovnost, že  v notaci malé o, tj. že  je mnohem menší než

Relace  nabývá svůj plný význam, pokud  pro všechna k, což znamená, že  tvoří asymptotickou škálu. V tomto případě někteří autoři zneužívají značení a píší  místo  Toto však není standardní použití symbolu  protože neodpovídá definici uvedené v části Definice.

V této situaci relace  skutečně vyplývá ze zkombinování kroků k a k−1; odečtením  od  dostaneme  tj.

V případě, že asymptotický rozvoj pro nějakou hodnotu argumentu nekonverguje, existuje určitý částečný součet, který poskytuje nejlepší aproximaci, takže přidáním dalších členů by se přesnost snižovala. Když se argument přibližuje limitní hodnotě, počet členů tohoto optimálního částečného součtu se obvykle zvyšuje.

Příklady asymptotických rozvojů
 Gama funkce :
 Exponenciální integrál :
 Chybová funkce : kde  je dvojitý faktoriál.

Zpracovaný příklad
Asymptotické rozvoje se často objevují, když je ve formálním výrazu použita obyčejné řada, která musí používat hodnot mimo svou doména konvergence. Můžeme například začít s obyčejnou řadou

Výraz vlevo má smysl na celé komplexní rovině až na , zatímco pravá strana konverguje pouze pro . Pokud vynásobíme obě strany výrazem  a pak je zintegrujeme, dostaneme

Integrál na levé straně lze vyjádřit pomocí exponenciálního integrálu. V integrálu na pravé straně po substituci  rozpoznáme funkci Gama. Po vyhodnocení obou dostaneme asymptotický rozvoj

Pravá strana zřejmě nekonverguje pro žádnou nenulovou hodnotu t. Pokud je však t malé, a řadu vpravo zkrátíme na konečný počet členů, můžeme obdržet docela dobrou aproximaci hodnoty . Použitím substituce  a všimněte se, že  vede k asymptotickému rozvoji uvedenému výše.

Asymptotické rozdělení

Asymptotické rozdělení je v matematické statistice hypotetické rozdělení, které je v určitém smyslu "limitním" rozdělením posloupnosti rozdělení. Rozdělení je uspořádaná množina náhodných proměnných  pro , pro nějaké kladný celé číslo . Asymptotické rozdělení umožňuje, aby se  zvětšovalo neomezeně, což znamená, že  je nekonečné.

Speciálním případem asymptotického rozdělení je, když se poslední položky blíží k nule – tj.  jde k 0 když  roste nade všechny meze. Některé instance "asymptotického rozdělení" se vztahují pouze na tento speciální případ.

Toto je založené na pojmu asymptotické funkce, která se čistě přibližuje k nějaké konstantě (asymptotě) když se nezávislá proměnná blíží k nekonečnu; "čistě" v tomto smyslu znamená, že pro každou dané epsilon existuje nějaká hodnota nezávislé proměnné, od níž se funkce nikdy neodlišuje od uvedené konstanty o více než epsilon.

Asymptota je přímka, ke které se nějaká křivka blíží, ale nikdy se s ní neprotíná. Neformálně můžeme říct, že křivka se dotýká asymptoty "v nekonečnu", ale to není přesná definice. V rovnici  může y nabývat libovolně malých hodnot, když se x zvětšuje.

Aplikace
Asymptotická analýza se používá v několika matematických vědách. Ve statistice asymptotická teorie poskytuje limitní aproximace rozdělení pravděpodobnosti vybraných vzorků, například statistiky poměru věrohodnosti a střední hodnotu deviance. Asymptotická teorie však neposkytuje metodu pro vyhodnocování statistik konečných vzorků rozdělení. Neasymptotické meze však poskytují metody teorie aproximace.

K aplikacím asymptotické analýzy patří:
 V aplikované matematice se asymptotická analýza používá pro vytváření numerických metod pro přibližné řešení rovnic.
 V matematické statistice a teorii pravděpodobnosti se asymptotiky používají pro analýzu dlouhodobých nebo velmi rozsáhlých vzorků chování náhodných proměnných a odhadů.
 V matematické informatice v analýze algoritmů pro porovnávání rychlosti algoritmů.
 Chování fyzikálních systémů, příkladem je statistická mechanika.
 V analýze nehod pro identifikaci příčiny srážky pomocí modelování počtů při velkém počtu srážek v určitém čase a prostoru.

Asymptotická analýza je klíčovým nástrojem pro zkoumání obyčejných a parciálních diferenciálních rovnic, které se objevují v matematickém modelování skutečných jevů. Ukázkovým příkladem je odvození rovnice hraniční vrstvy z úplné Navierovy–Stokesovy rovnice popisující tok tekutiny. V mnoha případech je asymptotický rozvoj řízen malým parametrem : v případě hraniční vrstvy je to bezrozměrný poměr tloušťky hraniční vrstvy k typické délkové škále problému. Aplikace asymptotické analýzy v matematickém modelování se skutečně často točí okolo bezrozměrného parametru, o kterém lze ukázat nebo předpokládat, že je malý vůči měřítku řešeného problému.

Asymptotické rozvoje se typicky objevují při aproximaci určitých integrálů (Laplaceova metoda, metoda sedlového bodu, metoda největšího spádu) nebo při aproximaci rozdělení pravděpodobnosti (Edgeworthova řada). Dalším příkladem asymptotického rozvoje, který často nekonverguje, jsou Feynmanovy diagramy v kvantové teorii pole.

Odkazy

Poznámky

Reference

Související články
 Asymptota
 Asymptotická výpočetní složitost
 Asymptotická hustota (v teorii čísel)
 Asymptotická teorie (statistika)
 Asymptotologie
 Landauova notace
 Člen nejvyššího řádu
 Metoda dominantní rovnováhy (pro obyčejné diferenciální rovnice)
 Metoda sdružených asymptotických rozvojů
 Watsonovo lemma

Externí odkazy
 Asymptotic Analysis domovská stránka časopisu vydavatelství IOS Press
 Článek o analýze časových řad pomocí asymptotického rozdělení

Matematické řady


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They can be used for bowl fillers, basket fillers, or they can be used to add character to any additional decor.
Or we can let the dog play with them.
Okay, don't let the dog play with them, that wouldn't end well. Bless his cute little doggy heart.
I love a good craft project, and these are so sweet. I'll definitely be having a go at these. Thanks for the post!
Such a cute and easy craft Stacey. I definitely would not let my daughters pup play with them, she can destroy the most expensive dog toy in no time.
Simple yet great DIY project. I wouldn't have thought of this one. Thanks for sharing!
What a fun statement idea for décor! Love it.
I like when crafts are cute without being intimidating to take on. What a great way to use up extra cute yarn!
I love DIY home decor! These are so cute!
These are so cool! Such a fun DIY, love this idea!


text:
natural world / review
Life on the Mississippi
February 11, 2016 March 2, 2016 barryhLeave a comment
Mississippi at New Orleans 1873
We would be passing through Louisiana and New Orleans on our short break on the Gulf coast, so it seemed a good idea to find out more about the great Mississippi river whose estuary is located around there.
Where better to start than with Mark Twain's book Life on the Mississipi, written in 1883, and now available free on Kindle. This book made Twain's name, both metaphorically as a writer, and literally in that it gave Samuel Langhorne Clemens his nom de plume, which you will understand if you read it.
Essentially this book is devoted to the great river, which he characterises as the 'second great valley of the world, being exceeded only by the Amazon'. Modern knowledge in Wikepedia puts the Mississipi-Missouri at fourth in the world by length (behind Nile, Amazon and Yangtse) and fifth by area drained.
Most interesting to me is the first part, where Twain describes how, as a callow young man, he was taken in hand and trained to become a pilot of the steamboats that then plied the great river. He gradually learned the art of navigating the boat up and down a thousand miles of river in all weathers, in light and dark, with shifting water levels almost hour by hour. He could spot the reefs forming, whether it was safe to pass over, understand when it was safe to cut through sections that were only passable in full flow. He learned to recognise almost every inch of the featureless banks, where the favourable currents flowed, how to avoid other boats and the logs that frequently passed by.
The narrative is brought to life by numerous examples and fascinating stories of the characters who then plied the river.
The complexity of what was learned can perhaps be appreciated by comparing it to 'the knowledge' of a London taxi driver, where the two-dimensional layout of London's streets is learned by heart, together with the best ways of routing from one area to another. I would suggest that the experiential knowledge of the steamboat pilot is an order of magnitude more difficult to acquire, given the number of dimensions and factors to be considered in real time on the then-wild river.
These were truly heroic individuals, operating at a level rarely achieved by human beings. Indeed the pilot basically ruled the boat's schedule ahead of the captain.
The era when steamboats dominated the Mississipi lasted only about 30 years, up to around the time of the civil war, when it played a significant role.
In the later part of the book, some 25 years later and now an established writer, Mark Twain returned to the Mississipi, passing through his old haunts to see what had changed.
The river was now somewhat tamed and shortened, freight travelled by barge train, the steamboat fleet was decimated to a be just a passenger fleet, and the role of the pilot deskilled to the degree that the captain now definitely ruled the roost on the ship. Twain gives more reflections and stories on how the times have changed, always interesting but perhaps more like a sequence of journalistic vignettes.
Along the way we are given insight into the river's changing role in the history of the United States, from denoting the western border for early settlers, to a national border for French and Spanish dominions, to a primary communication route between north and south, to a springboard for settlement of the West.
Indeed this is a fascinating story, providing food for much reflection as I myself gazed into the waters of the main channel by Canal Street, New Orleans – where the width is only about 750 feet, compared to one mile near the Missouri confluence, but the depth is said to be 200 feet. Now that is deep.
Twain's book is of further historical interest, in that it is said by Wikipedia to be the first book submitted to a publisher as a typewritten manuscript.
The image of the Mississippi at New Orleans 1873 is from a woodcut by A. Measom Jr, public domain, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
Mark Twain, Mississippi, New Orleans, USA
Crazy world?
Gravity and the Universe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
THE GUARDIAN : 31st July
Why Birmingham library needs Google and language classes to keep doors open
by Penny Holbrook, cabinet member for skills, learning and culture
http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2015/jul/31/birmingham-library-google-language-classes
Local Guardian : 31st July
More redundancies announced at Croydon's libraries
http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/13523468.More_redundancies_announced_at_Croydon_s_libraries/
The Lincolnite : 31st July
Is privatisation the key to saving Lincolnshire's libraries?
Matt Osborne "specialises in the provision of freelance professionals into the public and private sectors"
http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2015/07/is-privatisation-the-key-to-saving-lincolnshires-libraries/
Barnet & Whetstone Press : 31st July
Libraries consultation "a wake up call" as readers reject council plans
http://www.barnet-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=4144&headline=Libraries%20consultation
Opinion Research Services : July 2015
Barnet's Future Library Service: Final Report of the Consultation Outcomes
pdf file – 249 pages
https://engage.barnet.gov.uk/consultation-team/library-review/user_uploads/barnet_libraries_final_full_report_2015_07_24_v2.pdf-2
Ledbury Reporter : 31st July
Herefordshire | "Community hub" dream fades for the Master's House?
To keep Ledbury Library going, it would need to be "self-service", and run by volunteers.
http://www.ledburyreporter.co.uk/news/13522280._quot_Community_hub_quot__dream_fades_for_the_Master_s_House_/
Herefordshire Council : 31st July
Income & Savings Proposals | Reduce customer services and libraries across the county
final item
https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/media/8059697/income-and-savings-proposals.pdf
Liverpool Echo : 31st July
Five Liverpool libraries to be handed over to volunteers and community groups
Proposals to go before the authority's ruling cabinet would see libraries across the city taken over by volunteers. The council is also to announce that Jan Parry, president of the Chartered Institute of Library ….
http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/five-liverpool-libraries-handed-over-9765609
Mirfield Reporter : 31st July
Kirklees | Friends group aims to save Batley's central library
http://www.mirfieldreporter.co.uk/news/local/friends-group-aims-to-save-town-s-library-1-7385646
Bucks Advertiser & Review : 28th July
Buckinghamshire | Library opening hours slashed to make £270k saving
http://www.buckinghamtoday.co.uk/news/more-news/library-opening-hours-slashed-to-make-270k-saving-1-6874174
Tags: Barnet Council, Barnet libraries, Birmingham City Council, Birmingham library, Buckinghamshire County Council, Carillion, Croydon Council, Croydon libraries, Google, Herefordshire Council, Herefordshire Libraries, Librarians, libraries, library closures, Library cuts, library news, library staff, Lincolnshire county council, Lincolnshire libraries, Liverpool Council, Liverpool libraries, opening hours, privatisation, public libraries, Public Libraries News, The Library Campaign, volunteers
14 Apr, 2014 15 Apr, 2014
Libraries News Round-up: 14th April 2014
THE GUARDIAN : 14th April 6 Letters | Culture, commitment, libraries and expertise http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/apr/14/culuture-commitment-libraries-expertise Lincolnshire Echo : 14th April Helen Goodman, Labour's Shadow Libraries Minister, visits Ermine Library tomorrow http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/Save-Lincolnshire-Libraries-Helen-Goodman-Labour/story-20954990-detail/story.html Save Lincolnshire Libraries…


text:
China 'hijacked traffic' to spy on the West
China Telecom exploited its points of presence to re-route Western traffic through its servers.
(Image credit: Photo credit: karen roach / Shutterstock)
China has been listening to important communication over the internet for the past three years, by 'hijacking' internet connections.
This is according to a new report issued by researchers at the US Naval War College and the Tel Aviv University, which claims that the nation's third largest ISP, China Telecom, was redirecting traffic using its network in other countries.
The internet is made up of smaller networks (networks used by banks, companies, ISPs, pretty much anyone who has its own block of IP addresses). These smaller networks communicate between themselves through the use of the PoP – Point of Presence, which re-routes traffic between the networks.
China Telecom has PoPs in the US since the early 2000s.
The third and final piece of the puzzle is the Broader Gateway Protocol (BGP), an old protocol with almost no security, which helps data move along.
If this is comprised, the user can re-route internet traffic through any servers you'd want it to. For example, you could send Canada government traffic intended to South Korea, to go through Chinese servers (this allegedly happened in 2016).
"Using these numerous PoPs, [China Telecom] has already relatively seamlessly hijacked the domestic US and cross-US traffic and redirected it to China over days, weeks, and months," researchers said. "While one may argue such attacks can always be explained by normal' BGP behaviour, these, in particular, suggest malicious intent, precisely because of their unusual transit characteristics -namely the lengthened routes and the abnormal durations."
China has been using this practice since late 2015, after signing a pact with the to stop all government-back cyber operations aimed at intellectual property theft. Through this practice, it is essentially still adhering to the pact.
The full report is available for download on this link.
Photo credit: karen roach / Shutterstock


text:
The Saturday Magazine, Tom 12
cannot fail to do,) that the interior surface of the heavy penalty of the law, he can never secede should shells of many fishes possess those delicate tints | he chance to recover. All children subsequently born which form part of the beauty of a Pearl, we are to him are legally subject to its discipline, and must justified in believing that there is some peculiar fluid be educated in its faith; and, even a posthumous child existing in a large number of fishes, which, when is placed in the same circumstances. Instances have dried, presents a surface having that beautiful appear frequently occurred, nevertheless, where bigoted ignoance which we term pearly.
rance has refused Christian rites to the body of a Protestant, though happily the instances are rare.
A distressing case of the kind recently occurred RUSSIA. No. IX.
within thirty miles of Moscow. An Englishman of
unblemished character, an overseer in the establishFUNERAL CEREMONIES. No. 2.
ment of a Russian manufacturer, died suddenly at In our preceding paper of this series, we described the works. His afflicted wife was naturally 'anxious the funeral obsequies of one of the higher classes, not
that her husband's remains should rest besides those because we were won by the costly array of the lordly
of his countrymen in the English burial-ground; funeral, where vanity too often would fain coquet
but the proprietor, dreading the interference of the with death, and ostentation bedizen with its tinsel the police, refused even the loan of a cart to convey dark passage to the tomb, but because it afforded an it thither. Only a short time established in the opportunity of remarking those peculiar customs, country, she knew but little of the language, so little which among the poor are neglected from sheer
as to be scarcely enabled to make herself underpoverty
stood; every human being stood aloof ;—the very The writer of this article, not many months ago,
peasants, influenced doubtless by fear of the legal witnessed a scene of every day wretchedness, which responsibility, refused to lend their carts, though he cannot forbear to describe, as a contrast to the promised liberal recompense. The police urged instant description given. In one of the principal thorough- burial, the master peremptorily ordered the corpse to fares of the ancient metropolis of Russia, during be taken from his premises; and the desolate and the Carnival week, his attention was attracted to a
friendless widow, as a last and inevitable resource, funeral of the humblest aspect. On a rough country applied to the priest, " to give a little earth for cart, drawn by one miserable horse, and driven by a charity." He refused, the deceased not having been ragged peasant boy, was laid a coffin, formed from
of the Greek faith. Entreaties and bribes were alike the trunk of a tree, rudely fashioned with the axe, in vain. Further delay being impossible, a shallow and without one single emblem or ornament, except hole was scooped in the corner of an open field, by a coarse tattered quilt
, half covering it, yet exposing the Russian workmen whom he had superintended; to view the emaciated features of an aged peasant,
by their hands he was laid shroudless, in his unblessed with hoary hair and long gray beard. No mourners
grave; his poor daughter, anxious that some semfollotved, excepting two peasant men, with an old
blance of a religious ceremony should mark the contime-bowed woman, who tottered by their side, and signing of her deceased parent to the earth, attempted who wore the only mark of mourning, a rusty black to read the sublime funeral service of our church; she ribbon bound round the head. The cart was pre- sobbed through a few prayers, but overcome by her ceded by a solitary priest, whose hurried step and rest
feelings fainted beneath the effort, and was borne off less air told that he grudged the unprofitable hour.
by her distracted mother. The hole was filled up, the Curiosity, think it not an idle curiosity, prompted business of the day went on as usual, and the bereaved an inquiry. The old man had dwelt in a common
family sought refuge and consolation among their lodging house for peasantry, and had gone to his countrymen in Moscow. rest the evening before, an evening everywhere in They sought it, and happily they found it too; Russia devoted to festivity: his spirit had taken its
nor did their wrongs go unredressed. The heartflight whilst the din of revelry rung around him. He rending circumstances of the case, were, as a matter was unknown to those whom Christian charity had of courtesy, laid before some individuals of rank and induced to follow him to his place of rest. A stranger influence, previously to seeking redress through an had closed his eyes, and the chill hand of cautious official channel. The Metropolitan, a man of distincharity had given him his coffin, and hollowed out guished learning, piety, and benevolence, before whom his grave. The humble train passed on in silence the affair was laid, directed immediate inquiry to be unnoticed, or noticed but for one brief moment as the instituted. The result confirming the statement given, passer-by raised his hat, hastily crossed himself, and the priest and the police received each a severe muttered the valedictory prayer.
reprimand; and, had a vindictive spirit, in urging to Carriage after carriage dashed rapidly past, filled extremities, prevailed, they would, undoubtedly, have with the youth and beauty of the city, in their gala been severely punished. The end, however, was atattire, hastening to the scene of promised enjoyment tained; the body exhumed and placed in a coffin, was at the public promenade. Few cast a look towards brought to the English burial-ground, where it was the bier of the poor peasant,-for what had youth interred with Christian rites. and beauty to do with old age, poverty, and death?
It is but justice to remark, that in Russia the The contrast was painfully striking.
higher authorities are always ready and energetic in Although by an oukaze, issued in 1801, the laws of the correcting the abuses of subordinates, and in affordempire strictly forbid the interment of a foreigner, of ing protection to foreigners of every nation and of different creed, within the limits of consecrated ground, every creed, but there is considerable difficulty in the Greco-Russian Church refuses the mere ceremo- | getting access to them. If, however, these scenes are nial rites of burial to none. If, however, a Protestant, witnessed in a country where toleration is part of the in his last hours, receive the Holy Sacrament, or the national religion, what may not be expected in those extreme unction, as will sometimes happen in remote
whence it is excluded ? parts of the country, from the ignorant, though wellmeant, zeal of those around, to secure for him a
POVERTY.—That man is to be accounted poor, of whatever
rank he be, and suffers the pains of poverty, whose expenses portion of hallowed earth, he is considered as received exceed his resources; and no man is, properly speaking, poor, within the pale of the church, from which, under the but he.- PALEY.
INDUCE THE DISEASE-STRAINING THE EYE-
SNOW BLINDNESS-EFFECT OF DARKNESS UPON
ON EMPLOYMENTS WHICH INJURE THE number of readers similarly affected to himself. If EYE-SIGHT.
he succeed in reniving from the minds of such, any No. III.
ill-grounded fears and apprehensions concerning the
ultimate result of these singular affections, one great FIXED OR FLOATING SPECKS IN THE EYE-CAUSES, | object of the present article will be achieved; but a REMEDY, PREVENTION - EMPLOYMENTS
still more important object is to warn such of our readers who may be blessed with good and perfect visual organs how they employ them; that is, to
establish in their own minds a clear definition of the We now proceed to notice a few only of the symp- use of an organ and of its abuse ; they will then not toms of amaurosis, and, as far as we can, to trace have the excuse of ignorance, if, in after years, through its cause to an injudicious employment of the organ. any fault or misfortune of their own, they become
(1.) Many of the diseased affections of the eye amaurotic. proceed indirectly from indigestion, a morbid condi There is a case reported by Dr. Travers, in his tion of the stomach, the liver, and bowels, result. Synopsis of the Diseases of the Eye, so interesting, ing from sedentary employment, and the conse and so much in point, that we proceed at once to lay quent want of that exercise of the body which is it before our readers. It is the case of an intelligent so indispensable to the healthy action of all its young gentleman, written by himself, and shows parts. The fine delicate nervous filament, the re clearly the origin, progress, and gradations of this tina, possesses a very remarkable property when disease.
He says, subjected to pressure, namely, that of becoming lumi
About a year and a half ago, the first symptoms appeared nous, or of conveying to the mind a luminous im
which gave me any uneasiness with respect to my sight. For pression This may be seen in health and in a dark several months I read incessantly, not only throughout the rooms, by pressing upon the eye-ball; but its incon- day, but also for five or six hours cach night by candle-light, venient, and even alarming instances, occur when the and I now perceived numerous circular motes, which, comstomach is deranged and headache is present; then bining, formed clouds of irregular figures before my eyes. the blood-vessels of the head are surcharged, and by These motes always appear when I look at the sky or any pressure on the retina produce appearances of various light-coloured object in a strong light; they move with the forms, often a faint phosphorescent haze floating tion to each other, and to the centre of vision; each con
eyes, retaining for some time the same position, with relabefore the eye, varying in shape and colour, and sists of a slightly opaque circumference and a central spot, sometimes of various colours at the same time. The the diameter being, as well as I can judge, about four or morbid sensibility of the retina in these cases is often five minutes of the circle of vision. Sometimes films such, that persons have been able to read even in the appear curved or twisted like hairs, and of the same degree darkness of night *; and it is not an uncommon
of opacity as the motes. There is a collection of these
films always before the right eye, but at such a distance remark with amaurotic patients, that an improvement from the centre of vision as not to disturb sight. The in vision is observed while inflammation is present, number of the motes seems increased by violent exercise, which ceases as the inflammation subsides. These as well as by close reading, or a disordered state of the appearances are not so common as the presence of stomach. Sometimes for a moment a small circular black fixed or floating spots, (musca, or flies, as they are
spot appears near the centre of vision, and sometimes, called,) which darken a small portion of the field of though not so frequently, one faintly luminous. vision. Their presence is very common to persons of which became more vivid as I continued this severe exer
The candle next appeared surrounded with a faint halo, sedentary habit, after about thirty or forty years tion of my sight. When my eyes are unusually weak, or of age, often earlier, depending, of course, on the a light is presented to them after I have been some time average state of health of the individual, and the in darkness, instead of the halo, a globular appearance of " wear and tear" to which he has exposed his eyes.
a muddy yellow colour, surrounds the flame. The fixed spots sometimes co-exist with the floating, retina retaining impressions made upon it. After looking
About six months ago, I began to be annoyed by the and the latter are constantly varying in size and
at any white or bright metallic object, on turning away my shape, which depend on causes not well understood. eyes, I distinctly perceive its outline, in a darker shade, on These spots sometimes appear as globules, or rings, any surface to which I may direct my view; the impression or disks ; they very commonly resemble particles of lasting from two or three seconds to half a minute, accordsoot, transparent vesicles, or minute globules strung ing to the strength of light, the brightness of the object, together like beads on a thread, or small bulbs with
and the length of time for which I have viewed it. The hairs attached to them, or waving lines. With some frequently for a couple of minutes, the sun for a still longer
flame of a candle leaves its image impressed on the retina persons they are seen in the air, or only when the time, the image in both instances being of a muddy yellow eye is directed to the sky, or a white surface; some colour. times they appear only in the flame of a candle or A kind of penumbra surrounds light-coloured objects in lamp, and others see them only on the ground. Some a strong light, and prevents me from accurately distintimes one eye only is affected, at other times both. guishing their outline. When the object is under a suffiThey frequently precede or accompany indigestion, ciently small angle to be seen entire without moving the
eye, it seems double; one image being such as would or bilious headache, or constipation, while they are
appear to a healthy eye, the other much fainter; thus is the often absent when the health is good. These float moon seen, a piece of money, or the gilt letters over shoping spots do not generally interfere with useful vision, windows. These appearances take place indifferently, and they frequently disappear on looking through whether I use either eye or both. spectacles. Such are the general features of the
In a few instances, a very severe exertion of my eyes floating muscæ. Their cause is said by some to produced the appearance of innumerable black partic'es depend on a disordered circulation in the vessels of
dancing before them.
When I read for any considerable time, I have a disthe retina, while others attribute the cause to floating agreeable sense of heat in my eyes, with pain in the eyeparticles in the humours or minute points in the balls, extending to the lower part of the forehead. I am
not constantly subject to headaches, though occasionally The writer of this paper is himself the sunject of alilicted with them, especially if I delay breakfasting for this disease, and, therefore, feels a more than usual any length of time after rising. My tongue is frequently confidence in addressing what, he fears, is a large seldom enjoy a good appetite.
foul for weeks together, my digestion seems weak, and I This is stated on the authority of Dr. Jacob.
I ought to observe, that most of the above-mentioned
cornea.
symptoms seem to have been mitigated since I came to creased by causes opposite in their nature, while London. Since the application of the blisters, the halo their effect is the same. round the flame of the candle has nearly disappeared.
Travellers inform us of a
disease common to the inhabitants of snowy counIt appears then that the muscæ may be removed tries, which disease is called snow-blindness; and it by attention to a few simple rules of regimen, by is found necessary to protect the eyes by means of resting the eye, and giving it only a fair share of a goggle made of wood, leather, &c., with a slit oppodaily employment. If the general health be good, site the pupil. Captain Parry and other arctic trathe constant presence of the floating muscæ may be vellers make frequent mention of this disorder, and regarded as perfectly harmless insects, which are speak of covering the face with black crape, which solitary and will not increase ; but if the health be proved an effectual remedy. On the other hand, perin a low, fitful, and uncertain state, the muscæ, in
sons confined in dungeons have acquired the power common with the insect tribe whence they take their of distinguishing surrounding objects with the greatname, will increase and multiply as time goes on, and est facility in their obscure dwellings, wherein at may in such case be regarded as the prelude to a still their first entrance no light whatever could be demore disordered action of the visual organ.
tected. This power is due, in the latter case, to the In the first division of employments which induce peculiar mechanism of the iris, as well as to the inthis disease, we have spoken of such as are sedentary. creased sensibility of the retina. The iris is comPersons engaged in them are, like ourselves, students, posed of two sets of muscular fibres, the one tending writers, draughtsmen, &c.; also watch-makers, engra- like radii towards the centre of the circle, and the vers, and such as are employed in some factories, other forming a number of concentric circles round as needle-workers, and those whose employments re the same centre, which centre is the pupil, whose quire the head to be bent over their work, by which diameter varies by the action of the two sets of musthe vessels of the eye are often surcharged with blood, cular fibres which compose the iris. When a lumiand its powers taxed beyond endurance, by being nous object is seen the circular fibres contract, and strained to the perception of minute objects. The the radial fibres are relaxed; and thus the size of the very familiar term which we have just employed, pupil is diminished. In dark and obscure situations "straining the eye," is liable to the serious objection the radial fibres contract, and the circular are reof being unmeaning, of conveying no precise idea to laxed ; and the pupil is thus enlarged, so as to admit the mind, although the act indicated by this expres a greater quantity of light. The healthy action of sion is sufficiently intelligible to all. It seems to con the eye very much depends on the perfect operation sist in compressing the eye, by means of the muscles of the fibres of the iris. attached to the globe, and by this means it becomes more convex than is natural. It must, however, be admitted, that we are ignorant how it is that the constant employment of the eye, in viewing minute
WIGS AND HEAD-DRESSES. No. II. objects, where an unusual quantity of light is not Wigs were not generally worn in England until employed, is injurious. It has been inquired, whether many years after they were in common use in Paris. in these cases, the retina is in a state of excitement The first noticed in this country was worn by Henry with morbid sensibility, a state approaching to inflam- the Eighth's fool, Saxon; and in Shakspeare's time mation? or whether it is the very reverse, in a state the players resorted to the use of them to produce of impaired sensibility and defective vitality? Now effect in personating different characters; that great if we may be allowed to hazard a conjecture, we poet makes Hamlet say,—" It offends me to the soul should trace much of the disordered action of the to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a paseye from the above causes, to the employment of the sion to tatters." double convex lens which is so customary with watch In the reign of King Charles the First, long hair makers, engravers, &c., whereby the adjusting powers had become fashionable at the court, and as all were of the eye are ever varying, and this, as we shall see not furnished with flowing locks, it was necessary to further on, is productive of diseased action in the supply the deficiencies of nature by art, and this eye. Again, it must not escape our notice, that per- gradually led to the introduction of the peruke, sons engaged in minute work, constantly employ except amongst the members of the bar, who did not artificial means for condensing the light by means of assume the wig until about 1670. The perukes were shades, globes filled with water, and double convex made to assume the appearance of real hair as much lenses, and so directing it to a small part of their as possible, and arranged so as to flow over each work.table, while the rest of the apartment is com shoulder and down the back; the size of these wigs paratively obscure. It is notorious that minute work continued gradually increasing through the reigns requires a good light, and it is probable, that the of Charles the Second and James, until
, in the reign causes of disease in these cases are to be found in of William and Mary they had reached their fulthe second class of employments, which we are just lest extent. No. 1 is a representation of the kind of about to consider as well as in the present class. wig then worn by persons of distinction. The size of The writer has conversed with a few intelligent watch- these wigs was so excessive, that ten heads would not makers, who state that they suffer much from head have furnished a quantity of hair equal to the conache, &c., while they admit their inability to see tents of one of them; the curls were made to flow clearly objects at great distances. It is also worthy down the back, and hang over the shoulders, half of remark, that the writer has noticed in those per- way down the arms. sons, that the pupil is unusually small, contracted as Louis the Fourteenth's wig was so large, (for the it were to a mere speck. It would be worth inquiry, same fashion prevailed in France,) that he was said to whether a clear view of minute objects is accom rob the heads of his subjects to cover his own; panied by the contraction of the pupil; this is a great was the demand for hair in England, that in point which our readers can ascertain for themselves. 1700, a young country girl received sixty pounds for We need not illustrate this division by cases, since her head of hair, and the gray locks of an old woman, the cause is sufficiently obvious, and the reader can after death, sold for fifty pounds; wigs in common supply instances from his own experience.
were as much as forty pounds each. The clergy had (2.) The sensibility of the retina is morbidly in- hitherto, with some exceptions, worn their own hair,
number of French hairdressers who had introduced themselves into this country.
At the end of the last century the wig began to fall into disuse ; many contented themselves with their natural hair, in which they wore powder, and those who still retained this article of dress were satisfied with a wig of less imposing appearance ; but still, in many cases, the queue was retained, and sometimes it
was made of an extravagant length and thickness, No, l.
tightly bound round with riband so as to resemble a solid mass rather than a bundle of pendant hair.
The statue of George the Third, in Cockspur-Street, only gone out of use in late years. No. 2 shows the London, furnishes a good example of this appendage manner in which the hair was worn by a Bishop of to the wig, but even this sinks into insignificance London in the reign of Charles the Second, before when compared with the queue which was formerly the clergy had assumed the curled wig of more worn by the sailors in the Royal Navy; this reached recent years.
nearly to the bottom of the back, and must have been very inconvenient to the wearer. These tails
were abolished in the navy some years back, and No. 2.
shortly after the filthy powder worn in the hair of the soldiery was also abolished, and the hair was cut close.
The wigs of the latter part of George the Third's reign, as we have noticed, assumed a less dignificd appearance, as shown in the annexed figures. Since
As the wig had reached its largest size during the reign of William, so in the succeeding reigns, those of Anne and George the First, it was more generally worn by all classes, and was made in the greatest variety of forms. About 1720, it was fashionable to tie one-half of it on one side into a club, as in No. 3. A few years after, bag wigs came into fashion ; several that time even wigs of this description have fallen ludicrous specimens of these are represented in the into disuse, and the chief work for the peruke-maker next engravings; the first two are copied from now consists in the manufacture of natural scratches, Hogarth's plates, about 1730, and the third was in as they are called, for the use of those whose health
and comfort require such protection, and of those
whose tastes deem them essential to appearances. No, 5. The real wig is now confined exclusively to the bench
of bishops, many of whom, however, do not wear it, and to the members of the legal profession, who cannot dispense with it.
SELF-LOVE but serves the virtuous mind to wake,
As the small pebble stirs the peaceful lake;
The centre moved, a circle straight succeeds,
Another still, and still another spreads;
Friend, parent, neighbour, first it will embrace,
His country next, and next all human race.
Wide and more wide, the o'erflowings of the mind
Take every creature in of every kind. — POPE.
fashion in 1792. The bag was made of black silk to contain the queue, and was ornamented with a bow or rosette of the same. This rage for wigs was carried to such an extent, that even children were decked out in them. About 1763, the fashion of wearing wigs was on the decline, and that to such an extent, that the peruke-makers of London presented a petition to the king, in which they complained also of the vast
JOIN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND.
PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MOxtiLY PARTS,
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Sold by all Book tallers and Newsreuders in the Kingdom.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CITY OF ROME. PART VIII.
HISTORY OF ST. PETER'S.
building a new church was resumed by Julius II., who The ancient basilica, which preceded the present Cathedral invited different artists to send in their plans. "Such a of St. Peter, was erected in 324, by the Emperor Con- competition," continues the author of Letters of an Archistantine; and it has been a constant tradition of the tect, " took place on this occasion, as is not to be seen in Romish Church that the spot on which it stood was the these degenerate days: Bramante; Giuliano di San Gallo; burial place of St. Peter, after his supposed martyrdom on
Fra Giacomo, or perhaps rather Fra Giocondo; Peruzzio; the site of S. Pietro in Montorio. In the middle of the fif- Raphael; and J. Battista Berti, produced their designs; teenth century this basilica was serging on ruin; and the but that of Bramante was preferred." reigning pontiff, Nicholas V., undertook to erect a new
Bramante began to clear the ground by pulling down a building." on such a scale, and with such accompaniments," | part of the old edifice in 1503 ; the first stone of the new to use the words of Mr. Woods, that even the present structure was laid by Julius himself, on the 18th of April, work, with all its appendages, and the adjoining palace of 1506; it was deposited under one of the four enormous the Vatican, are hardly equal to it. Three straight streets, pillars which support the cupola. Bramante lived to see the with porticoes on each side, were to have conducted to the whole of these four pillars raised as high as the cornice, church. This was to have been formed on the most magni- and upon them the arches turned, upon which the great ficent scale, and finished with the richest materials: adjoin- dome itself rests. He died in 1514. His patron, Julius ing would have been a palace, large enough to afford 11., had died the previous year; but the successor of Julius, accommodation to the pope and all his court; to all the Leo X., carried on the work with increased energy. "It is Cardinals ar:d their attendants; to various officers of govern- well known," remarks Dr. Burton, "that both Július and mient; and, besides this, spacious apartments for as many Leo carried to a much greater length than any of their presovereigns with their numerous suites, as could be ever at decessors the sale of indulgences. The justification of such one time at Rome: add to all this, pleasure-grounds,-gar- a measure was principally taken from the desire entertained dens and fountains, and a great theatre for the ceremonies by the Roman Pontiff for rebuilding the church of St. of coronation." The pope died, however, and with him Peter: and as the Reformation is certainly to he ascribed his rast designs. Fifty years afterwards, the project of in a great degree to the offence raised by this scandalous
* The coronation of the Emperor, apparently is meant. If the traffic, we may say, without aiming at a paradox, that the
design of Nicholas had been carried into effect, his theatre would efforts of the Roman Catholics to beautify their Metropolitan
never have been used ; for it happens that he was the last pontiff who church, contributed, in some degree, to produce the Refor-
was "importuned by the presence of a Roman Emperor.'
Vol. XII.


Do I get out now?
I had bt infinity installed on tuesday, and the speeds have been ok so far, bit varied.
But today has been dire and worse than the speeds I had on o2.
I'm still within my rights to cancel, so do I get out while I can?
Re: Do I get out now?
The speed is more or less the same via other speedtests and I'm getting the same result via nzb downloads too.
this does not look right. you have a high sync, but poor actual download speed over the link.. Your upload looks ok. I would report this as fault.
Already have, It was ok when they installed it, I think it's a case of BT not having enough bandwidth in my area, if that's the case I will cancel it and get FTTC from another provider.
I would check your phone line for "noise" and then if there are clicks etc, report this as a phone problem. As others have said moving provider to another FTTC provider using the same BT network will not be any different.
I also wonder if the BT VDSL box is actually faulty. Was the download tested by the installation engineer?
Certain sporting events might be contributing to a general ownage of the internets today.
Or there may be some sort of localised problem in your area that should clear.
The connection from me to the Cab and back to the exchange is provided by BT open-reach, which isn't causing the problem here, It the bandwidth supplied by BT retail which is.
Anyway the problem seems to have eased, as people has stated recent sporting events may of tipped the network over the edge.
I will give BT benefit of the doubt here, I don't mind slow downs, after all I'm on a contended service, but I don't really want slow downs to this extreme where it's worse than my previous provider every time it gets busy.
Shame . That previous signature spelling was so appropriate to your question.
Just wait till the Olympics! Newnet hardly noticed them (well, throughput dropped sometimes to 40% of profile but nothing really serious, when even IDNet and Zen were getting complaints here about 500Kbps). I don't remember the BT reports.


text:
Roundtable: K-pop fandom?
This week, we asked our writers to voice their thoughts about the joys, sorrows, heartbreak, and drama that comes with K-pop fandom. One can easily make the comparison that K-pop fandom is like playing a team sport…so from Cassiopeia to V.I.P. to ELF to SONE….what behaviors/attitudes are particular to one type of fan group, and why?
Patricia: I've been spending an inordinate amount of time with ELFs lately (comes with the territory of nursing a brand-new fandom, I guess), and I have to say, my perception of the Suju fandom has changed considerably. While it's a given that every fandom has its batch of crazies and incoherent obsessives, the majority of ELFs aren't really butthurt; they just feel cheated. And to be honest, I would be too if I spent as big a chunk of my life and monetary income on a group that seems to consistently be getting the shaft by SM. A lot of ELFs' so-called 'irrational' actions – e.g. buying albums in bulk just to ensure Super Junior's spot in the GDAs; obsessively racking up Youtube view counts; indirectly bashing on SNSD because Suju's material is comparatively inferior, et cetera – are because this fandom has become fragile and there's becoming less and less for these fans to hang on to.
Oh my, am I actually being sympathetic towards a K-pop fandom? What have I become?
On the other hand…Cassiopeia. What is going on, guys? Y'all were so surprisingly chill throughout the lawsuit debacle…but now everything's a cause for a fight. As a former fellow Cassie, I am disappointed. Like, frowny-faces-times-infinity disappointed.
Subi: I just have to say though: I'm really proud of Cassiopeia. After the whole scandal with Dong Bang Shin Ki, this fandom which was arguably the craziest fandom out there, they really matured and grew up. While there are some stragglers who have decided to camp out on the HoMin and JYJ side, for the most part, Cassiopeia has managed to celebrate Dong Bang Shin Ki as they have been in the past, as they are now, and as they will be in the future.
And I don't mean to brag, but we did all shat on the Ideal Type World Cup poll. Just saying.
Nabeela: I've got to agree with Subi on this one – for the most part, the general and more original Cassiopeia has done a good job of celebrating both old and new developments in regard to DBSK. While the stans who've pitched tents on either sides still scare me with their inordinate amount of passion, Cassies as a whole have really demonstrated a lot of maturity and patience for both DBSK and JYJ, and I think those are major qualities that not a lot of fandoms have.
Young-ji: Subi – we love you, but your love for DBSK is starting to scare me…just a little. Anyways – so how do you become a Cassie? Do you pay to be officially called a cassie or is it a self-imposed label? Obviously, I was never a hardcore fan of anything to know the logistics of it. Also, do Cassies have some sort of rituals or events where you DBSK-obsessed ladies gather to pray or perform some sort of ceremony? Again, just curious.
Subi: HAHAHAHA. The only way to be a Cassie is to love Dong Bang Shin Ki with all your heart. But honestly, you can always join the official fanclub or a fan forum or just celebrate your fanship in private. In private, you can do whatever the hell you want. I, for example, have a poster of each member of DBSK and a poster of all 5 of them up on my wall right now (photo is attached for those who do not believe me). And this is something quirky that I do, but every time I get some type of new technology, like when I got my macbook, when I got my iPhone, and when I got my iPad, I always play their first single "Hug" on the product first for good luck.
Amy: You guys are killing me. I got into K-pop because of DBSK and am still a big fan, but I would never call myself a Cassie and look down on them with much disdain because of their inability to differentiate between criticism and slamming when it comes to HoMin and JYJ. See: Nabeela's 800+ comment post. 'Nuff said.
Subi: I will say this: As someone who comes from this specific niche of the fandom, the subject of the scandal is something I, and all other Cassies are extremely sensitive to. And while we're trying to support DBSK with there they are now and where they are going, it definitely is a struggle. This group has obviously split in some fluid meaning of the term and they're both going in different directions. There is an inherent conflict and tension in this separation and so the fandom is struggling to look beyond that and to continue to support them as five.
Megan: I think that Cassies are fiercely protective because DBSK was and is a high-profile group that had to take a lot of crap, from both the public and the inside. Not that it justifies the scary lengths to which they go, but SM manufactures groups to inspire rabid fanbases, and clearly, it works.
Patricia: Nevertheless, I'm with Amy on this one. I only call myself a (former/disillusioned) Cassie because DBSK was my first real kpop fandom, so I went all out with the fandom prayer circles and emotional outbursts…."always keep the faith" doodled all over my school notebooks and everything. Considering my history, I think people would probably call me out for being a Cassie whether I like it or not, so…yeah. *waves red balloon*
But I think the reason why Cassiopeia was so chill throughout the lawsuit debacle was because no one was willing to piss them off with anything that might be perceived as being "bash-worthy" – and granted, its pretty hard to bash a group that's on the verge of breaking up due to unethical treatment on behalf of a giant entertainment company.
So yeah, I think Cassiopeia handled themselves well throughout the lawsuit debacle, but judging from the wank that's been evidenced on every piece we've published that's even been the tiniesy bit critical of JYJ or Homin, I don't think Cassiopeia has matured one bit. I mean, I loved DBSK with all my heart and to a certain extent, I still do….but man, it's like you can't say anything about JYJ/Homin unless its unadulterated, worshipping praise. And even then, you're bound to receive flack from the "opposing side" anyway.
Ree: I'm there with Amy and Patricia. DBSK is my bias band, but I wouldn't call myself a Cassie. They've calmed down in some cases, but holy cow, talk about Cassies vs The World. Or more like Cassies vs Each other vs The World. I don't want to sound like one of those VIPs who thing they're better than every other fandom, but VIP is the only thing I'd call myself- granted, there are crazies in the BB fandom as well. But they're a lot less extroverted, and there's less baggage that comes along with being a VIP. I mean, I don't like T.O.P- and most of them are okay with that as long as I still support the band as a whole- which I do.
Cassies were calm during the lawsuit yeah. But I think in that case it was like they had a common enemy- Lee Soo Man. And I don't know, to me it looked like most of the Cassies were expecting HoMin to come around and sue with JYJ, which is why they all banded together. When ultimately they didn't, there became a huge divide in the fandom- and that's what's starting all these fan wars. If you criticise JYJ- you're HoMin biased. If you criticise HoMin – you're JYJ biased. You say you're OT5- they don't believe you. It makes you want to stop being anything altogether.
Amy: Honestly, I hate all fan groups but I hate VIPs the most. Sorry, to any VIPs in this team who are sane, nice people. But VIPs are just constantly up on every single fangroup about how chill they are, how chill their group is, and like 99% of it is condescending smack that's written off as being "chill." Give me a freaking break. The constant insisting that YG artists are the only ones that are "real" artists, different, blah blah blah. I can't deal with it.
Patricia: Agreed, and I also think YG in itself propagates this 'holier (chiller?)-than-thou' attitude that thus reflects upon the fans. Gah, I just don't like YG, period.
And Ree, about the whole 'disliking-one-member-but-liking-the-group' thing….oh, that's my favorite. I love it when fans are all, like, "YOU AREN'T A TRUE CASSIE/ELF/SHAWOL/WHAT-HAVE-YOU IF YOU DON'T LOVE ALL THE MEMBERS!!!1!!!" *frothing at the mouth* Dude, I will lovingly hate on whomever I please.
Megan: Yeah, that "if you hate one member you can't be a part of x fanclub" thing always did me. I might have been a card carrying Shawol if it wasn't for the fact that Minho makes my knuckles itch. I was almost a Cassie, but I just can't watch Yoochun. And hell, I don't like half of Super Junior.
Bo Kyung: I think it's so hard to like all the members of a group… I mean seriously – it's usually from 4- 13(?!) members in a group, how do they expect us to like them all equally?
Fannie: Something else that I found admirable in the past was Yoseob's attempts to moderate and teach his fans about proper fan behavior. I believe there were two instances when this happened: when he harshly tweeted at his fans to apologize to Rainbow's Jaekyung for maliciously attacking her, and again when he called his fans out on being disrespectful when they put graffiti of Junhyung's name on a wall of his residential building. He gained a lot of respect from the whole K-pop community for these actions and ultimately, it made the B2UTYS a better and more self-aware (and in the long run, respected) fandom (they even wrote an official apology letter to him). I wish more idols would take the initiative to keep their fans in line – it's beneficial to everyone involved, really.
Johnelle: I also gained respect for Yoseob for stepping up and reprimanding fans for their errant behavior. He's only 21, but he showed a lot of backbone in telling fans that they stepped over the line- it's something more idols should do when their fans go to extremes, but few do. Props to B2UTYS too for not flipping out when he scolded them and for their efforts to make amends.
One thing I don't understand is fighting in the same fandom, like when T.O.P. fans were accusing G-Dragon of being an attention whore for doing the GD&TOP album. I don't believe you have to love every member in the group to be a fan, but should there be infighting like that? I didn't even understand when VIPs were complaining that YG was spending too much time and effort on 2NE1 instead of Big Bang- especially when both groups were doing well. It just doesn't make sense to me. Some of the infighting in SM fandoms I can kind-of understand because it's obvious not all groups were being promoted fairly, but in YG it didn't seem that way.
Patricia: But to be honest, I'm kind of uncomfortable with the idea of K-pop fandom as a whole and how militaristically organized it is. I mean, this probably applies more in Asia than anywhere else in the world, but there's something a little offputting about the unified chanting, lightstick waving, mindless dedication of K-pop fandom that makes my Amurrica-influenced, self-over-society mindset queasy. Even though I'm a diehard DBSK, Suju, and SHINee fan, I still hesitate to call myself a Cassie/ELF/Shawol because it feels like I'm joining some sort of cult. I mean, did you ever think of why many people find it ridiculous that Justin Bieber fans call themselves "Beliebers"? That is, besides the fact that it's one of the worst puns to come out of this decade. But I digress…
Chloe W: I totally agree with you Patricia. The whole militaristic organization is scary. Especially when they don't like something. The amount of power the have in the music industry is scary, with their protests and petitions that submit to the Korean government. Moreover, what kills me is the government actually takes in to account what's these fans have to say. I think Cassies a notorious for this. I have never scene ppl across the world organize faster when DBSK was having their scandal. The Americans didn't even organize that fast to save Europe from hitler in WW2. Fandoms are just plain fanatical.
Subi: I just wish Sones and Blackjacks would vote for Miss Seoulbeats.
Tags: SB Roundtable
Youtube's K-Pop Fever
Point: Slave contracts, the grime of K-pop
Roundtable: Favorite Articles of 2020
Roundtable: Spring, Change, and Bias Lists
Roundtable: K-pop Resolutions of 2019
SB Decade in Review: Favorite Summer Tracks
Roundtable: It All Started With Seungri
Roundtable: The Summer of 2018
Roundtable: Thoughts and Experiences of South Asian K-pop Fans
Roundtable: K-pop Valentines of 2019
Roundtable: Favorite Seoulbeats Articles… Ever


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Notion vc - Notion - B2B Cloud & SaaS Venture Capital
Our 10-year birthday present? Announcing Notion Capital Venture Fund IV
Article by Stephen Chandler
"We set out with the ambition to be the 'go to' B2B SaaS investor in Europe."
When we founded Notion in 2009, we felt there was a mouth-watering, once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to help transform an industry and create a huge amount of value along the way. Having built the largest EU SaaS exit, we firmly believed that SaaS, as a fundamentally better way of delivering software, was going to be transformational and that we had a unique perspective.
We also felt that the operating experience and relationships we could bring to bear would be genuinely differentiated in the European market, where VC was an asset class largely run by bankers and treated with some suspicion by founders and investors alike.
So we set out with the ambition to be the 'go to' B2B SaaS investor in Europe.
10 years later, I am pleased to confirm the first close of Notion Capital IV LP, which we expect to exceed $150m at final close – bringing our assets under management in excess of half a billion dollars. We also plan to raise a second growth opportunities fund next year in a continuation of that strategy.
We are no longer an 'emerging manager' (as many define it). We have emerged and, I believe, are earning our seat at the top table of the European venture ecosystem. The new fund reinforces our intention to be the partner of choice for Europe's most ambitious B2B SaaS founders.
From day one, our guiding principle has been to "have fun and make money" as one without the other would always be hollow. This mantra remains today and is stated on our website – as is our desire to be good corporate citizens in our ecosystem (paraphrased as "don't be a d*ck" on our website.)
The thing I feel most proud of is the amazing founders we have managed to attract and the way we have given them a "genuinely differentiated VC experience" (their words, not ours). Companies like Tradeshift (B2B tech unicorn), CurrencyCloud (the global API-based platform for cross border payments), Paddle (the UK's fastest growing software company, Forbes), Mews Systems (disrupting the hotels industry), GoCardless (UK Fintech poster child), and Unbabel (deep tech pioneer).
This is in no small part down to our talented Platform team who go into bat every single day to help our portfolio companies have a clear playbook in all key areas, hire ever better talent and fulfil their potential.
Truth be told, the Platform was not something we had envisaged when we founded Notion – we naively thought that we could provide this support ourselves (whilst also being full time investors in market) – but it has been a huge learning and success story that further differentiates Notion in the market.
What makes Notion different? Playing the long game.
The fact is, B2B tech is about grit, resolve and endurance. Sales cycles are longer, customer acquisition costs are higher and you have to get more right for longer than many other areas of the tech industry.
As SaaS has become the primary area of growth in enterprise tech, Notion has become a fundamental part of the infrastructure for leading founders across Europe. We have achieved this position because of three key characteristics:
Operator advantage — Notion is the only post-seed VC in Europe started by B2B founders. That means a culture of entrepreneurial empathy and investigating the whys and hows, instead of just cold KPIs. We ran and built one SaaS company for ten years and have subsequently invested in and worked with 60+ SaaS companies over the next ten.
Data — with a decade's hands on experience of a growing portfolio, Notion has the inside info on what makes an enterprise SaaS business thrive and leverages this (using proprietary machine learning tools) to augment public data sources and help portfolio companies as well as identify signals from new potential investments we want to get to know.
A platform for growth — alongside the Notion team, you have access to the Notion Platform providing a range of resources including an extraordinary network of people and partners, a full schedule of events, best practice intelligence and talent acquisition support. With a net promoter score in the 80s, our founders agree on the value this offers.
Our future strategy – the same but different
Ten years on from exiting MessageLabs for $700m, we have grown a team of accomplished and experienced investors and operators, a portfolio of the best European SaaS founders and companies, and a widely respected value-added 'platform' to capture and leverage the data and experience to help them succeed.
A big birthday and a new chapter is always a time for reflection on what you have achieved, what you have learned and where you want to take things going forward. I am fresh back from a strategy offsite with the Notion senior team and I can honestly say I have never been so excited about the decade to come: the market opportunity we face with software 'eating the world', with SaaS as the predominant delivery model and Europe proving its ability to create large category-leading outcomes; Notion's position with an established and respected brand and fresh new capital; and our team which is the most talented and aligned it has ever been.
SaaS remains as important today to our strategy as it was when we founded Notion. It is our core focus and our core expertise. But SaaS has evolved in the last 10 years and Notion has evolved its focus to reflect the way the market has changed and is changing.
We still believe there's never been a better time to invest in SaaS with so many processes and workflows still being performed manually or by outdated on-premise software. Indeed with the proliferation of data in the cloud combined with the power of AI you can argue that SaaS has more potential today than it did when it emerged in the early 2000's. We now break down the SaaS market opportunity as follows:
Business Software – SaaS applications that target large horizontal markets such as customer management, accounting, marketing tools and human resource optimisation. Applications delivered in the cloud as an on-demand service with a subscription or usage pricing model.
Industry Disruptors – vertical focused SaaS and associated technologies targeting specific industries such as Fintech, Healthtech, InsurTech, Agritech, Foodtech and Legalltech. The solution will often extend beyond SaaS into payments, platform and marketplace services.
Frontier Tech – deep, ground-breaking tech that typically requires a larger upfront investment in the team and the tech before commercialisation. This includes platforms, infrastructure, cyber-security, and hardware/software hybrid models. We expect Notion IV to be one of the first accredited partners of the National Security Strategic Investment Fund (NSSIF) investing in advanced technologies which contribute to the UK Government's national security mission and that of its allies.
We started Notion as a Series A focussed fund and we remain one today – though the profile of a typical "A" has also evolved in the last 10 years and, in truth, round nomenclature is often inconsistent and misleading. So for our new investment focus we prefer to refer to the profile of company we look for as follows:
Companies at or very close to product market fit with meaningful commercial traction (typically more than €1m ARR).
We will also come in later where a company has scaled further through bootstrapping and or larger seed funding as long as we can achieve our stake objectives.
Our first cheque sizes range from €1m to €8m.
As important as what you will do, is what you won't. So we choose to avoid pure seed (pre MVP, pre PMF) and leave this to our excellent partners and collaborators in the wider market. We will though occasionally invest in pre-revenue businesses in the Frontier Tech category, where there is an exceptional founder and we accept that commercialisation takes a little longer.
It seems LPs are waking up to the opportunity in European venture – where both valuation accretion and realisations were particularly strong in 2018. But I have been saying this for a few years now and it takes a long time. The number of active institutional LPs investing in European VC remains alarming small, which underlines the important role played by state-funded initiatives like British Patient Capital ("BPC") and the European Investment Fund ("EIF").
We are extremely grateful for the support shown by our LPs which include BPC as well as super experienced US venture investors like Texas A&M University Endowment and S-Cubed Capital and the founders of many of the best-known European tech success stories like MoneySupermarket, Moonpig, Ocado, Play.com, TAG, FeelUnique and others.
Finally, I would like to thank long-standing supporter EIF who completed DD on Notion IV and wanted to invest but where we were (disappointingly) unable to mutually agree requirements for a post Brexit world. I am sure most readers share my frustration and dismay at the overall political environment at the moment where clarity on such matters remains elusive. We will continue to be active investors in continental Europe and hope to be able to work with EIF again in the future.
More of the same really. We are always looking for talented and ambitious founders who want to change the world. We will continue to build relationships with the venture community including the many talented angel investors and seed funds who typically invest before us, as well as Series A players to syndicate with and growth equity players to support our companies as they expand. We will continue to diversify our LP base with investors who share our vision and belief in the European opportunity.
Finally, but importantly, we want to play our part in growing and strengthening the wider European eco-system. In May of this year, Notion launched Included, a VC fellowship programme, to increase the number of underrepresented communities within the venture capital industry and the diversity of deal flow.
We have had more than 1,500 applications for 30 places on this 12 month fellowship which starts this month. Whilst Notion was the pioneer behind this initiative, the program is now widely supported and funded by a wide group of European VCs and other sponsors. You can read more at https://www.included.vc/ .
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Notion Capital Managers LLP (OC364955) is Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.
FCA Registration Number: 784032
The fund is supported by the European Union through the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme ("CIP").
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© 2020 Notion vc Ltd. All rights reserved


Who needs the Powerball when you can profit like this?
I see a lot of people that are sad because they didn't win the Powerball. However, are you surprised? Your odds of winning were 1 in 292 million! That's insanely low.
However, why sweat the Powerball when you can book consistent profits with alerts like this one? This stock is about to breakout and you have an edge because you're finding out about it before everyone else does tomorrow... when it's too late and you've already booked your profits!
This stock is coiled and ready for a massive breakout. Just how high could this .0016 cent stock run on Friday?
After close analysis and scouring over financials I am prepared to say this stock could gain as much as 168% on Friday.
Not only does this company operate in the rapidly growing industry of nanotechnology, but the stock has a history of trading at much higher levels providing us with the chance to book big gains off any slight rebound in share prices. Also, this stock has a small float when compared to its competition!
Remember that I said this stock has a history trading at higher levels? Well, pull up the one year chart for this stock and you will very quickly notice that this stock produces 100% gains or more quite often. I'm counting on this occuring once again and to your benefit.
Monday's alert gained 44% in a single day, last week I alerted you to a stock that gained over 120% in one day, and this alert is at a more attractive share price and has a much higher upside than either of those.
This small float stock isn't going to wait on anyone. Subpenny stocks have a very long history of soaring right at the opening bell so you have to be ready to pull the trigger right at 9:30 AM EST.
You could almost triple your investment with this stock in a single day. Make sure you're ready. Click below to get a head start on the competition.
The trading word of the day is hebetude. It means "a state of being dull; lethargy." The opportunity I have for you is the opposite of hebetude – in every way.
FLIB is a sumptuous sub-penny that in my opinion, is about to explode like a rocket. The company has reached as high as .025 and if you do some math you'll see that from current levels traders can extract as much as 1288% worth of gains.
Volatility levels for FLIB are crossing key historical levels which lead me to believe that right now is the best time to lock in the play's upside.
FLIB is very much on the brink of a major breakout. I can feel it in my gut!
The company's RSI position is a dream… Don't believe me? Check out the chart below for yourself. The sweet aroma of the 25 RSI will hug your nose, or your trading account. The bottom line is that FLIB is a major opportunity to cash in on a sweet sub-penny capable of erupting for anything from 200 – 500% over the short term.
If things align well FLIB could even rip its 12-month high to shreds. If that happens you can pack away your trading gear for the rest of January!
FLIB (Formosa Liberty Corporation) is engaged in the development and distribution of High Performance Nano Engineered products, across diverse industries. The company's full line of Nano Engineered Super Oils & Lubes is sold Worldwide and is rapidly gaining market share among Auto Enthusiasts.
FLIB was founded in 2012 and is based in Tiburon, California.
Nanotechnology has had an established role in industry for many years. For more than a decade, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has supported cross-disciplinary nanoscale science and engineering research, helping to spawn global growth in nanotechnology research and development.
To help quantify that growth, Lux Research released a new report on global spending for emerging nanotechnology and the next generation of nano-enabled products.
These findings help illustrate the long-term impact investments in fundamental science and engineering research under an innovative initiative can have on the global marketplace.
What: NSF is part of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a U.S. federal research and development program that coordinates 20 departmental and agency units advancing nanotechnology knowledge. The independent study was funded in part by NSF and NNI's National Nanotechnology Coordination Office.
The survey shows global funding for emerging nanotechnology has increased by 40-to-45 percent per year for the last three years. It shows that revenue from nano-enabled products grew worldwide from $339 billion in 2010 to $731 billion in 2012 and to more than $1 trillion in 2013. Revenue from the United States alone was $110 billion, $236 billion and $318 billion those same years, respectively.
FLIB said in this release that it was pleased to announce that the third quarter financial reports have been posted and reflect the company's completed acquisition of patents and trademarks for NanoSave N1 and NanoSave Tungsten Hull Coat, along with inventory, websites, customer lists and distributors.
NanoSave N1 is the "World's first full line of Nano Engineered Super Oils," with 18 different product blends. Tungsten Hull Coat is a revolutionary nano engineered boat hull coating that greatly reduces bio-accumulation and drag in the water. The coating can be applied to small private boats, yachts and ocean going vessels. These products are currently available on Amazon.com for immediate purchase and through local distributors.
Start your research on FLIB right now.
We do not advise any reader take any specific action. Losses can be larger than expected if the company experiences any problems with liquidity or wide spreads. Our website and newsletter are for entertainment purposes only. Never invest purely based on our alerts. Gains mentioned in our newsletter and on our website may be based on end-of-day or intraday data. This publication and their owners and affiliates may hold positions in the securities mentioned in our alerts, which we may sell at any time without notice to our subscribers, which may have a negative impact on share prices. If we own any shares we will list the information relevant to the stock and number of shares here. We have been compensated $20k cash via bank wire by a third party, ACN, LLC, to conduct investor relations advertising and marketing for FLIB. Stellar Media's business model is to receive financial compensation to promote public companies. This compensation is a major conflict of interest in our ability to be unbiased regarding . Therefore, this communication should be viewed as a commercial advertisement only. We have not investigated the background of the hiring third party or parties. The third party, profiled company, or their affiliates likely wish to liquidate shares of the profiled company at or near the time you receive this communication, which has the potential to hurt share prices. Any non-compensated alerts are purely for the purpose of expanding our database for the benefit of our future financially compensated investor relations efforts. Frequently companies profiled in our alerts may experience a large increase in volume and share price during the course of investor relations marketing, which may end as soon as the investor relations marketing ceases. The investor relations marketing may be as brief as one day, after which a large decrease in volume and share price is likely to occur. Our emails may contain forword looking statements, which are not guaranteed to materialize due to a variety of factors.


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Barbershops, nail and hair salons won't open in the yellow phase of Pa.'s coronavirus reopening; here's why
Updated May 03, 2020; Posted May 01, 2020
Chops DeRosier cuts the hair of Josh Teti at Chops Barbershop on Front Street in Harrisburg. Sean Simmers | ssimmers@pennlive.com June 8, 2017 HARHAR
By Greg Pickel | gpickel@pennlive.com
Many of Pennsylvania's non-life sustaining businesses will be able to operate again in the yellow phase of the state's coronavirus reopening plan.
Barbershops, hair and nail salons, and massage therapists won't be among them.
Gov. Tom Wolf's office said Friday the administration will release a list of businesses that can reopen with what Wolf called 're-engineered business models' once counties reach the yellow stage.
Twenty-four counties will hit that mark on May 8, and there's an explanation for why we already know the aforementioned operations won't make the reopening cut: it is impossible to practice social distancing in those hands-on situations, Health Department Secretary Dr. Rachel Levine said during a news conference Friday.
"Let's look at a scenario," she explained. "If someone was asymptomatic, and they were the person working in the hair salon, they would see, you know, perhaps one person an hour, eight patients a day, and be working five six days a week. They could expose a whole bunch of patients to COVID-19, and then those patients expose other patients, and that's how we get clusters and outbreaks.
"So, even though there might not be that many customers in the salon, it's impossible to practice the social distancing that we're discussing when you're performing those functions, and so that's why they are going to remain closed until we get to a green zone time."
In the yellow phase, bars and restaurants must continue to offer only curbside, takeout, or delivery orders, but places like retailers and pet groomers may be able to reopen. More details are expected Monday.
More coronavirus coverage:
These counties will be the first in 'yellow' as Pa. lifts some coronavirus restrictions
Why isn't your county on the list of 24 where Pa. is lifting some coronavirus restrictions May 8?
Where are Pennsylvania's 46,971 coronavirus cases? May 1 map, county-by-county breakdown