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Welcome to islaam.ca
islaam.ca admin 11 June 2015 Uncategorised
Islaam.ca is a website run by convert Muslims based in Canada (troid.ca), that presents information on Islām and Muslims in a format that is both presentable and understandable to the non-Muslim viewer. Our objective is to educate non-Muslims about Islām in a positive manner, directing the visitor to learn about tawhīd (monotheism) and to understand the purpose of creation. We encourage you also to view our forums section for interesting discussion on current affairs and our blog (coming soon). If you would like to contact us, feel welcome, we are here to help you learn about Islām!
Say (O Muḥammad): "O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians): Come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allāh, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allāh. Then, if they turn away, say: "Bear witness that we are Muslims." (Ālī ʿImrān, 3:64)
Bin Laden's Speech Contains Hidden Message
islaam.ca admin 21 July 2013 Uncategorised
By Hassan Abdi
The latest video tape made by al-Qaeda leader Osamah Bin Laden prior to the sixth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks contained a satanical fatwa which appears to have escaped journalists and experts on both sides of the Atlantic.
For those who fail to understand the language and theology of al-Qaeda his words may seem to contain no overt threat to the American public however to his army of wolves the howls of their ideologue and supreme commander are loud and clear.
"You permitted Bush to complete his first term, and stranger still, chose him for a second term, which gave him a clear mandate from you — with your full knowledge and consent — to continue to murder our people in Iraq and Afghanistan. Then you claim to be innocent! The innocence of yours is like my innocence of the blood of your sons on the 11th — were I to claim such a thing," he stated.
In this recent tape Bin Laden is reminding his supporters that he deems those who live in the West to be as guilty as their leaders, because they democratically elected their Governments, and therefore they are lawful targets, men, women and children.
Support islaam.ca - Add Your Monthly Pledge!!
islaam.ca admin 16 March 2006 Uncategorised
Islaam.ca is a 100% non-profit project, funded by donations. The site is organised and maintained under the supervision of 'The Reign of Islamic Da'wah Centre' in Toronto, Canada. We are not funded by any government, charity or organisation. Our viability is maintained by the will of Allah, the ever-Merciful, through the kind donations of our supporters (locally and international) and through the sales of items from our store (local and online).
The Reign of Islamic Da'wah is a unique non-profit orginization which strives hard to spread pure Islam to the Muslims and non-Muslims alike. We continue to broaden our spectrum of da'wah activities and islaam.ca is the launching pad in a long list of Islamic Information projects. Through time, we hope to fortify islaam.ca with continuing weekly updates (articles/audios) in addition to news and added forums. If Allah wills, we hope to establish donation drives to supply tens of thousands of our da'wah pamphlets throughout the Americas and beyond.
Here is a basic summary of our expenses -
Web Hosting $100 $1200
Domain Registration --- $15
Site Design,Development and Maintenance --- $0
Graphic Design --- $0
Total Expense $1215
A Small Pledge, A Great Benefit
Imagine a gateway towards clarifying Islam to the global audience that requires only a small amount of support. Tens of thousands of people each month could benefit from this effort, now is your opportunity to add your support:
"And whatsoever you spend of anything (in the cause of Allah), He will replace it. He is the Best of those who grants sustenance." [Qur'an, Saba' 34:39]
The Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said, "Whoever calls to guidance will have a reward similar to the reward of the one who follows him, without the reward of either of them being lessened at all." [Related by Muslim (8/61)]
"And those who give that (their charity) which they give (and also do other good deeds) with their hearts full of fear (whether their alms and charities, etc., have been accepted or not), because they are sure to return to their Lord (for reckoning)." [Qur'an, Mu'minoon 23:60]
Islaam.ca features:
An easy to navigate interface collecting articles, audio, essays, news items and more
A forum for discussion about Islam, Muslims, Islam in the News, Reverts to Islam etc.
Articles from Islamic scholars from the middle ages to reverted Muslims of today
Audio lectures and speeches clarifying and inviting to Islam from around the world
Radio broadcasts of Islamic Information shows
Testimonials - 'Why I became a Muslim' from revert (convert) Muslims.
Downloads - printable pamphlets, flash presentations, background images...
FAQ - A variety of short Q&A about Islam
Islaam.ca community - accessible accounts that grant forum access and more
A strong 'search and filter' engine to make it easy to find what you need on Islam
Add a monthly pledge (best):
Add a one-time donation:
Option 1 : $10.00 CAD - monthlyOption 2 : $20.00 CAD - monthlyOption 3 : $40.00 CAD - monthlyOption 4 : $50.00 CAD - monthlyOption 5 : $75.00 CAD - monthlyOption 6 : $100.00 CAD - monthly
Do You Really Know the Qur'an's Message?
Like the Torah and the Bible, the Qur'an (sometimes spelled Quran, Koran, Coran) is revelation from our Lord and Creator. The Qur'an is the final revelation, revealed to Muhammad, the last Messenger, in order to return people to the true monotheistic religion of all previous Prophets and Messengers. The Qur'an is still preserved in its original, Arabic language and is free from error, addition or subtraction. The fundamental message from our Creator in the Qur'an is the same as that revealed in the previous scriptures; to worship not but God, not to associate partners in worship with Him and to enjoin good and forbid evil. This message was confirmed and implemented by His appointed Prophets and Messengers. And who believe in (the Qur'an and the Sunnah) which has been sent down (revealed) to you (Muhammad Peace be upon him) and in [the Turât (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel), etc.] which were sent down before you and they believe with certainty in the Hereafter. (Resurrection, recompense of their good and bad deeds, Paradise and Hell, etc.). [Qur'an, 2:4]
The Ten Commandments?
The Bible has the famous 'Ten Commadments.' What about Islam? Does it have such a code of conduct which overviews some of the beliefs and rights of the reliigion? This short article will help to educate the enquiring mind better about the Qur'an, and perhaps knock down some misplaced notions about the Noble Qur'an and its message.
Is there anything in the Qur'an similar to the Ten Commandments of the Bible?
Islam on the Caribbean Airwaves
islaam.ca admin 25 January 2007 Uncategorised
Islam in Focus
A live radio show broadcast every thursday from the Caribbean island of Dominica. The radio show is also available to stream live over the internet and features a call-in portion for local residents. The show is a testament to the growth of Islam in the West Indies and features conversation and dialogue from local Muslims.
Thursdays @ 7PM (local time) [6PM EST or 11PM BST]
Phone in Portion available (local)
Text your questions to (1 767) 245-3206 | (1 766) 6151821 | (1 767) 276-2899
Listen in Live (see timings above) @ http://media.cwdom.dm/dbs
Learn more about Islam in Dominica
University Discourse: Key Differences Between Islam and Christianity
islaam.ca admin 28 December 2006 Uncategorised
The similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism are often discussed but what is it that sets Islam apart from Christianity? Some people respect the Islamic belief but consider it unnecessary to become 'Muslims.' This lecture was given to an audience of Muslims and Christians (both Catholics and Protestants) in predominantly Christian, N. Ireland. Belfast is a city which was wrecked by paramilitary war for decades in which Catholics and Protestants have often considered each others version of Christianity as something foreign, the religion of Islam is something distant and unknown to many in the province, this lecture was given to promote dialogue, discussion and eventual agreement that Allah (Almighty God) is to be worshiped alone, furthermore that the call of Moses, Jesus and all other prophets of this One, True God was 'one call', a monotheistic call which is the basis of Islam.
From the topics discussed:
The Nature of 'God'
Muhammad, the Muslim substitue for Jesus (in divinity)?
Multiple Messengers, a Single Message (Tawheed - Montheism)
Prophets: Divinely commissioned not solely 'Divine'
The Concept of the 'Trinity'
Extensive Q&A with the Audience
Listen to this Interesting Discourse
Everyone Wants to Attain True Happiness, Right?
islaam.ca admin 22 November 2006 Uncategorised
Happiness is a common goal that everyone strives to attain. Philosophers, intellectuals, doctors and artists alike, all are in search of the causes of happiness and ways to escape anxiety.
The reality is however, that the solutions being presented achieve only partial or imaginary happiness. They are more or less like drugs, taken to feel temporary relief, but when their effect withdraws, anxieties return twice fold.
This booklet before you invites you to ultimate happiness and will take you by the hand towards true success.
Searching for Happiness?
Islam: A Religion of Justice in all Circumstances
islaam.ca admin 15 October 2006 Uncategorised
A look at how Islam views any form of injustice or oppression. Even in the face of aggression, oppression or times of strife, Islam does not permit the Muslims to exceed unlawful boundaries or to seek personal revenge.
The Messenger of Allah, may peace be upon him, informed us that Allah said: O My Servants, indeed I have prohibited injustice for myself, and I have prohibited it amongst you."
The noble scholar; 'Abdul 'Azeez Aal Ash Shaykh comments:This is general to all mankind, whether they are Muslim or not, it is not permissible for any one person to oppress another even if they were enemies or harbored hatred for one another. Enmity and hatred do not authorize anyone in the legislation of Islam to be unjust or practice oppression."
University Discourse about Islam
islaam.ca admin 16 August 2006 Uncategorised
Islam: The fastest growing religion in the world, specifically, the fastest growing religion amongst women and young people. Why?! Considering the negative press given to Islam and the Muslims in recent years, why is it that so many are turning to Islam; a religion often mentioned in the same breath as terms such as 'oppressive', 'backward' and 'tyrannical.' This open lecture given at York University in Toronto (2005) was an invitation for Non-Muslims to enter a dialogue about Islam. An opportunity not only learn about the reality of Islam but an opportunity to enter a dialogue towards agreement that the Supreme Creator should be singled out in Worship. Unlike a prototypical lecture, this event was more of a discourse between the speaker and the audience creating a unique experience for all involved.
"Say: O people of the Scripture: Come to an agreement between us and you: that we shall worship none but Allah (God), and that we shall ascribe no partners to unto Him, and that none of us shall take lords besides Allah (God). And if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are they who have surrendered (unto Him)." (Qur'an: 5:72)
Islam's War on Terror - Toronto Seminar
- Islaam's War on Terror -
The Khawaarij: A Legacy of Evil & The Hallmarks of Ahlus-Sunnah
"An Enlightening Exposé on the theology and callers of the khawaarij (renegade terrorists) in our time, in contrast to the hallmarks of the People of the Sunnah and the Correct & Pure Islamic Methodology"
July 21, 22 & 23, 2006 - Toronto, Canada
'The Reign of Islamic Da'wah' in Toronto is organising a seminar to educate the Muslim community in detail about terrorism, the terrorist idelogy, the importance of being educated about pure Islam and the correct and true Islamic stance against such evils. It is one of many efforts to 'educate' the Muslim community in-depth about 'the thelogical roots' of these extremist movements in an effort expose and eliminate such methodologies. More Details to follow...
"Verily, this affair (Islam) shall reach as far as the day and night reach...
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, The Merciful
The Prophet Muhammad (may Allah raise his rank and grant him peace) once prophesized: "Verily, this affair shall reach as far as the day and night reach. Allaah shall not leave any house, whether made of clay/brick or animal hides, except that He has made this Deen (Islam) to enter into it, honouring the honourable ones, disgracing the disgraced: an honour that Allaah bestows upon Islam; and a disgrace that He disgraces disbelief with." (Silsilatus-Saheehah, 3rd hadeeth [narration], Vol. one; page 7, Imaam al-Albaanee)
Carib Territory Mosque, Sinekou, Carrib Territory, Comm. of Dominica
Dominica, a small island in the Caribbean's Lesser Antilles (south east West Indies, not to be confused with the Dominican Republic) is home to some 70,000 people. It is inhabited primarily by people of West African descent and is home to one of the few remaining 'Carib' (indigenous) communities in the Caribbean. Dominica is a tall, rugged, windward island with a very traditional lifestyle. It is worlds away from the hustle and bustle of say, New York or London, however, they both have something in common: the growth of Islam.
How do I become Muslim?
The Shahaadah (declaration of faith) can be declared as follows:
"ASH-HADU ANLA ILAAHA ILL-ALLAAH WA ASH-HADU ANNA MUHAMMADAN RASOOL-ALLAAH".
The English translation is: "I bear witness that there is no deity (none truly to be worshipped) but, Allaah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allaah",
However, it would not be sufficient for anyone to only utter this testimony orally either in private or in public; but rather, he should believe in it by heart with a firm conviction and unshakeable faith. If one is truly sincere and complies with the teachings of Islam in all his life, he will find himself a new born person.
After accepting Islam, we welcome you to visit our 'Contacts' section to find Muslim in your area and to gain access to more books, CDs and other material that will help you on your new way.


""It is the goal of Grounds Construction, Inc. to provide their customers with quality service before, during, and after the project is completed."."
GCI's experience includes many aspects of commercial and residential construction.
We can also assist in the design of the project if needed. Our designers work hard to help meet the needs of the client.
We specialize in construction of tenant finish outs from shell condition or designed remodeling of existing lease spaces as well as residential homes. GCI can also provide complete ground up construction of your project.
Whatever your need is, let Grounds Construction, Inc. help make your next project as easy and successful as possible.
Ed Grounds has over 30 years of experience.


Spotlight on Sodium: How Much Is Too Much, and How Little Is Too Little?
It's a fact: People who consume high levels of sodium tend to have higher blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.1,2 But how much is too much? And how little is too little? The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend the general population limit daily sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg, with high risk groups striving for no more than 1,500 mg.1 The American Heart Association (AHA) supports a 1,500 mg target for everyone.3 But a 2013 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report seemed to question parts of those recommendations, and data from new, high-powered studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine are feeding the controversy. Why is there so much confusion surrounding sodium recommendations? And what should dietitians and other health professionals be advising their clients and patients to do?
Few would dispute that the average American's sodium intake is too high. "The vast majority are consuming excess sodium and can benefit by lowering sodium intake to reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular risk," Appel says. There's some controversy, however, on how low to go. "Too much sodium is bad for you," says Brian L. Strom, MD, MPH, chancellor for Biomedical and Health Sciences at Rutgers University, "but too little sodium might be bad for you as well." In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) asked the IOM to review emerging research indicating that low sodium intake may increase health risks. Strom, who led the resulting IOM Committee on the Consequences of Sodium Reduction in Populations, explains that the committee looked at all health outcomes, not just blood pressure. "Lowering sodium intake does decrease blood pressure, but when you go from a high-sodium diet to a moderate intake, heart outcomes are better, even when the effect of sodium on blood pressure is removed. Then, when you go from moderate sodium intake to low, blood pressure continues to drop, but the benefit on real clinical outcomes does not. In fact, the rate of heart attacks and other adverse clinical outcomes in people on very low sodium diets appears to increase."
The IOM report concluded that, while high levels of sodium intake definitely are related to risk of cardiovascular disease, there aren't enough good data on health outcomes to determine what impact sodium intake below 2,300 mg per day has on the risk of heart disease, stroke, or other causes of death in the general US population.2 In particular, the report found there are no data indicating benefit from dietary sodium levels that low, with some data suggesting possible harm. When they looked at studies on direct health outcomes for high-risk groups, the committee concluded that "there is no evidence that the subgroups should be treated any differently than the rest of the general population," Strom says. "Thus," he concludes, "overall, the evidence does not support recommendations to lower sodium intake to or below 1,500 mg a day."
In August 2014, two studies in the New England Journal of Medicine raised more questions about the value of very low sodium intake. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study used the level of sodium and potassium in urine samples to estimate intake in more than 100,000 people in 17 countries.6 In one analysis, the researchers compared excretion levels with risk of death and cardiovascular events. An estimated sodium intake between 3,000 mg and 6,000 mg per day was associated with a lower risk of death and cardiovascular events than either a higher or lower estimated level of sodium intake.8 Another analysis looked at sodium excretion and blood pressure. Only 4% of participants had estimated sodium intake in line with US guidelines, but sodium intake wasn't related to blood pressure in these people.6,7 According to an analysis of these studies, the results call into question the usefulness of reducing dietary sodium as a population-based strategy for reducing blood pressure.6 The authors acknowledge there are limitations to their studies.7,8 Appel is emphatic that observational epidemiologic studies such as these are misleading. "The large sample size of these studies gives the impression of high quality, but they have major methodological problems. It is very difficult to estimate sodium intake. You have to take multiple urine samples over 24 hours, not just do spot testing as was done in these new studies. There is a high risk of reaching a false conclusion with this kind of study."
There are other concerns with recommending very low sodium intake. "In this case, I'm afraid the perfect is the enemy of the good," Strom says. "It's extremely difficult to consume only 1,500 mg of sodium a day. If people try to get their sodium intake down to 1,500 and fail, they may give up." Appel says it can be discouraging dealing with today's food environment. Seventy-five percent of people's daily sodium comes from processed or restaurant food, and the average restaurant sandwich has 1,000 mg of sodium or more.3,4 It can be hard to consume only 1,500 mg without cooking all meals from scratch.4 There's also the matter of overall nutrition. When the IOM created the original Dietary Reference Intakes for sodium in 2004, 1,500 mg was set as the Adequate Intake.9 "We know the human body needs only 500 mg of sodium a day to survive, but at that level it would be impossible to get enough of the other nutrients we need in our diets; 1,500 mg was felt to be a minimum needed to ensure proper nutrition," Strom says. So will encouraging people to aim for 1,500 mg or lower compromise their overall nutritional health? Appel says no. "At 1,500 it's not difficult to get other nutrients, especially if people avoid processed food. The DASH Sodium clinical trial was able to provide a healthful balanced diet that was also low in sodium."
According to Marisa Moore, MBA, RDN, LD, a spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the debate over sodium recommendations is "complicated, and it's been going on for decades. It seems as if there's no solid answer. The problem is that the research for a generalized recommendation just isn't there." Appel agrees. "Part of the problem is that it takes a lot of effort and resources to do quality sodium research," he says.
Meanwhile, perhaps the debate over numbers is obscuring the larger issue. "When considered collectively, the evidence does link increased sodium intake with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease," says Jessica Lee Levings, MS, RD, LD, a policy analyst/federal contractor for the CDC. "Given current levels of sodium consumption, reducing intake would improve public health."
"In the case of sodium, part of the problem is we're focusing on numbers," Appel says. "To some extent the numbers become a diversion from the goal. It's the process that's important. Any change is good change." Strom agrees that the message goes beyond the numbers. "From a population point of view, the message is to not eat too much or too little sodium," Strom says. "If you currently eat excessive amounts of sodium, try to eat less."
To reduce sodium consumption, the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend using Nutrition Facts labels to choose foods low in sodium, eating more fresh whole foods and fewer processed foods, cooking at home, and asking for lower-sodium options in restaurants.1 Most sodium in the American diet doesn't come from the salt shaker.3 "It's important to remember that the majority of sodium we're consuming is already in the ingredients we buy at the grocery store and bring home to cook," Levings says. "To reduce sodium intake, people must read labels and choose lower-sodium options."
Those labels contain some information that might be surprising to many, Moore says. "A serving of potato chips generally has less sodium than two tablespoons of salad dressing. And it's not just packaged foods that you have to watch out for," she says. "Deli meats are really high, and some foods, like cheeses and other dairy products, are naturally high in sodium. I recommend Swiss cheese as a lower-sodium choice." Sometimes it isn't the amount of sodium in a food that's the problem, but the amount of that food that's consumed. "The No. 1 source of sodium in the American diet is breads and rolls," Levings says. "They aren't necessarily high-sodium foods, but we eat so much that the sodium really adds up."
The American palate is so accustomed to the taste of salt that people may not perceive it in their foods. To change the palate, Moore teaches clients that there are many different ways to achieve flavor besides using salt. "I like to cook, and I think salt is important to bring out flavors. Getting clients to increase vegetable intake is important, and a sprinkle of salt can help make veggies palatable," Moore says. She recommends using salt as a finisher, adding it at the end of cooking. Instead of marinating foods in sodium-laden salad dressings or commercially prepared marinades, Moore recommends citrus juices. "Flavored vinegars are a great option as well," she says. "There are a lot of options out there now. For an Asian flair, try marinating in sesame oil with rice vinegar. Don't be afraid to experiment in the kitchen." Hot peppers add a kick without salt, and herbs and spices are a great way to enhance the flavor of foods, but Moore cautions that cutting out all salt in favor of herbs and spices may not go over well right away. "I recommend cutting salt by 50% or even 25% at first to start getting used to new flavors and actually appreciating the underlying flavor of the food."
While gradual salt reduction is wise, recommendations and advice should be tailored to the individual. "Ideal sodium levels differ from population to population and even among disease states," Moore says. "I encourage RDNs to deliver customized nutrition solutions." Even in a healthy population, needs will vary.
"[Olympic gold medalist] Michael Phelps eats over 10,000 calories a day. There's no way he could ever limit his sodium intake to 1,500 mg," Appel says. "There's science, and then there are practical considerations." Setting reasonable goals is practical as is meeting clients where they are and aiming for incremental change. The high-sodium content in processed and restaurant food can make changing a challenge.
Appel points out that some interventions don't require so much individual change. Reduction in trans fat intake was achieved by changing processed foods, not habits. "Given the food supply, American's high-sodium intake levels are not surprising," he says. "It would make a big difference if we could inch the food industry toward lower-sodium content." Some companies are heeding the call. Lower-sodium versions of spaghetti sauce, for example, already are available in stores.
However, helping clients reduce sodium intake alone isn't the whole answer. Focusing on eating higher quality, nutrient-dense foods should be the focus. "Sodium intake can say a lot about overall diet quality," Moore says. "If someone is eating a lot of high-sodium foods, it's often a sign that their overall diet isn't as nutritionally balanced as it should be." Improving overall diet can be the most essential recommendation. The PURE study looked at potassium as well as sodium.
Based on their results, the authors propose that reducing sodium intake while eating a high-quality diet rich in potassium might achieve greater health benefits than reducing sodium alone.6 Their findings suggest that the effect of sodium on blood pressure may be dependent on the background diet.7 Likewise, the DASH studies demonstrated that the total eating pattern affects blood pressure.1 Encouraging clients to increase intake of fruits and vegetables can be helpful in lowering their cardiovascular risk. Both are naturally low in sodium and high in potassium and have numerous other recognized heart-healthy properties.
Overall, a consensus on sodium recommendations is less important than the general goal of improving diet quality and decreasing excessive sodium intake. Working with clients to develop individualized plans for a healthful diet that will lower sodium intake can have a major impact on their blood pressure and overall risk of long-term health consequences such as hypertension. Regardless of the current state of the research and any questions regarding recommendations, "there is no question that decreasing excessive sodium intake is good for your health," Strom says. "People should read labels, avoid the highest sodium foods, and remember that, as in many things, moderation is the key."
1. US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office; 2010.
2. Institute of Medicine. Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence. http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2013/Sodium-Intake-Populations/SodiumIntakeinPopulations_RB.pdf. Updated May 2013.
3. About Sodium (Salt). American Heart Association website. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/About-Sodium-Salt_UCM_463416_Article.jsp. Updated June 23, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2014.
4. Study questions how sharply US should cut the salt. AP website. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/study-questions-how-sharply-us-should-cut-salt. Updated May 14, 2013. Accessed September 1, 2014.
5. Salt E-Update. New AHA Consumer Sodium Reduction Campaign. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. July 24, 2014.
6. Oparil S. Low sodium intake — cardiovascular health benefit or risk? N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):677-679.
7. Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):601-611.
8. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):612-623.
9. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Water Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Report at a Glance. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx. Updated September 4, 2013. Accessed September 9, 2014.


7 "But very truly I tell you: it is for your good that I am going away. Unless I go away, the [Counselor] will not come to you; but if I go, I will send Him to you."
Even Jesus practiced this. He had terrific "step back moves." His best one was this: He stepped away so that His Spirit would come. He created space for another to impact.
A "Counselor" comes. His Spirit now lives and abides within us. We're not as alone as we might think. He comforts and guides. He's within. There are no true orphans with God (v. 7).
Conviction rises. The chance to see sin, righteousness and judgment as we ought dramatically increases. We get properly awakened instead of numbed to these three important realities (16:8).
Belief rises. Trust in a Savior-Redeemer takes better root. Hope for a permanent, endless way to remove sin's stains is had. The Spirit sees to it that this hope has a home in us (16:9).
Advocacy advances. Better representation comes when Jesus is good to go. Jesus becomes our Advocate to the Father. How great to have such unbeatable representation (16:10)!
Victory insures. Wins get guaranteed (16:11). A sentence has been pronounced against the Evil One. He's condemned, and awaits judgment, first in line. Athlete, if the enemy of our souls loses, that means we who follow Christ win!
Because Jesus was good to go, Oh how we can benefit!
Are you experiencing any of these "step back" benefits? Or are you needing to make a "step back move?" What kind of space do you need to create?


The journey of being a modern woman continues with the collection A Single Woman.
Photographed at The Brake House — a modernist masterpiece nestled in Titirangi's bushscape — the new mood inspires space for contemplation and resonates a quiet power grounded in stillness.
Seeking a fine balance of strength and sensuality, cues of gentleman tailoring are re-envisioned with subtle feminine details, finessed with nonchalant ties and bows, and made in the softest cotton voile, muslin, and silk. Optimistic notes of floral add a sense of play to a palette of neutral tones and patterns of pinstripe, silk dot and herringbone.
A Single Woman offers a mood of self-discovery and an authentic return to wholeness: May it bring love, inspiration, and beauty to your every day.


Some of you may have already seen my stories in Cycling Active and Cycling Weekly and also on-line on the London Cycle Sport website. As well as these publications I have now started doing features for Sportsister, a sports magazine for women. I think this is a great idea for a magazine. Even in this day and age people seem to think that women aren't that bothered about sport. Wrong. We are but it's not always easy to get involved and get the coverage when the various sports disciplines are so male dominated. Women's sports receives less media exposure and sponsorship sport can be quite lean as well. Anyway, this magazine, which was the idea of Danielle Sellwood and Louise Hudson is great for raising the profile of what women do across the various sports. Of course they cover cycling, but they also cover all other sports. Through Sportsister I have had the chance to take part in a few events on their behalf and write event reviews. I was recently at the Cycletta South event, and my next challenge will be to do the Royal Parks Half Marathon. I guess that as well as being able to write I need to be fit! So, after a 5 year absence from any sort of long distance running I will find myself lining up in Hyde Park ready to put myself through 13.1 miles of London Parks. Hopefully I'll get round it before they take down the event hoardings and the marshals go home! In any case, there will be a story from me about the race. I look forward to writing more stories and sharing creative ideas with Danielle and Louise.


Retaining walls are mainly constructed to create a change in elevation and to separate different landscapes. A retaining wall may also be built to create an attractive garden wall or to create vertical elements for privacy around your backyard patio. With many different options such as concrete retaining wall blocks or natural armour stone, your designer will help you choose the correct product for your landscape project.
Swimming pools are increasing in popularity and homeowners want to incorporate their pool decks with their outdoor living space. By installing a pool coping around the perimeter of your pool and either flagstone or interlocking pavers on your pool deck the transition to your backyard patio will be seamless.
The trend today is toward creating outdoor living spaces in the privacy of your own backyard. Building interlocking patios with vertical elements such as benches and pillars can create the relaxed feeling your family and friends will enjoy for many years. Backyards are great for entertaining and your designer will ensure your project will meet your goals.
Natural stone can be incorporated into your landscape construction project in several ways. Armour stone can be used for retaining walls as well as garden accent pieces. Natural stone steps are a very durable and attractive option for any steps on the property. And many clients prefer the look of natural stone coping to add a beautiful finish to their retaining walls, pillars and concrete porches.
Having a beautiful driveway to your home is a great way to welcome your family and friends and adds plenty of character to your home. Your driveway can be constructed using interlocking pavers or a combination of interlocking and asphalt to create the desired look and feel to your home.
Nothing is more satisfying than having a beautifully landscaped front entrance to your home. Landscaping your front entrance adds striking curb appeal to your home while leaving a lasting impression on your friends and neighbours.


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Formula 1: Drive to Survive (2019-)
Docuseries following the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship.
Formula 1: Drive to Survive: Formula One: Drive to Survive Season 3 Season 3 (Full Season)
The 2020 Formula 1 Season starts in March with the Australian Grand Prix canceled at the last moment due to COVID. But the racing restarts in Europe in July. (Netflix) [more inside]
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Download Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book For Everyone And No One Penguin Classics ebook for Free in PDF and EPUB Format. Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book For Everyone And No One Penguin Classics also available in mobi and docx. Read online Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book For Everyone And No One Penguin Classics in mobile or kindle.... View art in video. The following is a transcript of this video. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the main character leaves his home at the age of 30 and retreats into the mountains hoping to find enlightenment.
thus spoke zarathustra a book for everyone and no one penguin classics Download Book Thus Spoke Zarathustra A Book For Everyone And No One Penguin Classics in PDF format.
View art in video. The following is a transcript of this video. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the main character leaves his home at the age of 30 and retreats into the mountains hoping to find enlightenment.
1 Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trans. by R. J. Hollingdale (London: Penguin Books, 1969), 79. 2 I attribute this reading of Nietzsche primarily to Ayn Rand and Francis Fukuyama.


text:
Radio Nacional de España (RNE) es la división de la Corporación RTVE que se encarga de la gestión directa del servicio público de radiodifusión nacional en España. Opera seis emisoras de radio que abarcan todo el territorio nacional excepto una que se sintoniza únicamente en Cataluña (Ràdio 4) y otra disponible para el resto del mundo que emite además de las lenguas cooficiales del país, en portugués, francés, inglés o sefardí (Radio Exterior de España).

Radio Nacional (RNE) es la emisora generalista pública de Radio Nacional de España. Es la cuarta emisora de radio generalista más escuchada del país con 997.000 oyentes, según la 2.ª oleada del EGM de 2022. Se puede sintonizar a través de la radio AM, radio FM, TDT, DAB, internet y aplicación para dispositivos móviles.

Cadenas
En la actualidad, Radio Nacional de España está conformada por seis cadenas de radio:

 Radio Nacional: programación generalista (tradicionalmente se la denominó Radio 1, marca con la que funcionó durante muchos años).
 Radio Clásica: emisora de música clásica.
 Radio 3: programación cultural, social y de música alternativa.
 Ràdio 4: programación generalista en catalán.
 Radio 5: canal de información continua.
 Radio Exterior de España: servicio público exterior.

Historia

Orígenes (1937-1939)

Radio Nacional de España fue fundada por el militar José Millán-Astray y Terreros en Salamanca el 19 de enero de 1937, en plena Guerra civil española, adoptando el adjetivo «nacional» del bando sublevado y dependiendo de la recién creada Delegación del Estado para Prensa y Propaganda. Sus estudios estaban en el Palacio de Anaya de la capital salmantina, sede de la Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda, cuyos primeros directores lo fueron asimismo de Radio Nacional de España.

La primera emisión se lanzó al aire desde un frontón ya desaparecido, situado en la manzana comprendida entre las actuales calles de Salamanca denominadas paseo de Carmelitas, Nueva de San Bernardo y avenida de Filiberto Villalobos.

Su primer director fue Jacinto Miquelarena, periodista. El primer emisor con una potencia de 20 kW, de la marca Telefunken fue un regalo de la Alemania nazi al Estado Nuevo franquista.

En estos momentos se empieza a conocer el inmenso potencial propagandístico de la radio, que sería ampliamente explotado por los dos bandos enfrentados en la contienda civil.

A partir del 14 de junio de 1937, Radio Nacional de España asume las funciones de cabecera de la radio del bando sublevado. Hasta esa fecha esa función la había venido desempeñando Radio Castilla de Burgos, la cual elaboraba la información y la propaganda que obligatoriamente debían emitir todas las emisoras que iban cayendo en manos de los sublevados a la Segunda República.

Durante los primeros años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, hasta el desembarco aliado en Italia en 1943 y el revés alemán en Stalingrado, Radio Nacional de España colaboró con las Potencias del Eje retransmitiendo los noticiarios en español de las radios oficiales alemana e italiana.

Dictadura franquista (1939-1975)
La gestión de la radiodifusión estatal (en la figura de Radio Nacional de España) será un asunto espinoso durante la dictadura franquista debido a la importancia que se le asignaba a esta actividad. De esta forma, Radio Nacional de España dependerá de la Subsecretaría de Prensa y Propaganda (dependiente del Ministerio de Gobernación) del 31 de mayo de 1940 al 20 de mayo de 1941. La remodelación ministerial del 20 de mayo de 1941 supondrá la creación de la Vicesecretaría de Educación Popular que dirigirá el proyecto de radiodifusión del franquismo hasta 1945. En ese año se creará la Subsecretaría de Educación Popular en el Ministerio de Educación Nacional el 27 de julio de 1945 que será la nueva encargada de la gestión de Radio Nacional. El último cambio se producirá en 1951 con la creación del Ministerio de Información y Turismo que será el organismo gestor de la radio (y la futura televisión) durante el resto de vigencia del régimen.

El control de la radiodifusión no terminaba en lo burocrático. Una vez terminada la Guerra Civil española, Francisco Franco dictó una orden el 6 de octubre de 1939 por la que sometía a censura previa de Falange Española Tradicionalista de las JONS la programación de las emisoras privadas de radio y además otorgaba a Radio Nacional de España la exclusiva de los servicios informativos. Como consecuencia de esta orden, todas las emisoras tanto públicas como privadas, debían conectar con Radio Nacional de España para transmitir los diarios hablados elaborados por la cadena oficial. Estos diarios hablados, normalmente uno a mediodía y otro por la noche, eran conocidos como el parte, término de reminiscencia militar que recordaba los partes de guerra. Tanto es así que se iniciaban con el toque de atención de un cornetín de órdenes, y más adelante con una adaptación de una llamada militar a reunión del siglo XV (la llamada "Generala", que se hizo famosa) y finalizaban con otro, seguido por la invocación Gloriosos caídos por Dios y por España. ¡Presentes! y a continuación el Himno Nacional.

En esta situación la única información distinta de la oficial, a la que podían acceder los españoles, eran los informativos en español de la BBC, Radio Francia Internacional o los de Radio España Independiente, conocida como La Pirenaica, una emisora creada por el Partido Comunista de España con sede en Bucarest (Rumania).

Aunque ya desde los tiempos de la guerra civil se habían venido efectuando diversas emisiones para el exterior en varios idiomas, hasta abril de 1945 no se instala el centro emisor de Onda Corta de Arganda del Rey (Madrid) dotado con un emisor de 40 kW, muy potente para la época, cuando el servicio exterior adquiere gran importancia, con emisiones tanto en español como en inglés, especialmente destinadas a América.

A partir de este momento se inicia un lento caminar de la radio pública española, motivado por la penuria de medios, por una parte, y el bloqueo internacional por otra, y que impediría hasta 1955 el ingreso de Radio Nacional de España en la Unión Europea de Radiodifusión (UER).

A finales de los años 1950 y principios de los 1960 comienzan a introducirse avances técnicos como la Frecuencia Modulada (FM) y las emisiones estereofónicas.

En 1964 se produce la primera gran reestructuración de Radio Nacional de España. Se crea una red de centros emisores territoriales dotados de potentes emisores de Onda Media, con potencias entre 250 y 500kW que permiten una cobertura total del territorio nacional y en condiciones aceptables de buena parte de Europa. Estos centros normalmente emiten la misma señal, al estar interconectados con los estudios centrales de Madrid, aunque también disponen de estudios en sus cabeceras territoriales para emitir información propia en determinados intervalos horarios.

En noviembre de 1965 aparecía el segundo programa, que vendría a denominarse Radio 2 (desde 1994, Radio Clásica) a través de una red de emisoras en FM dedicado especialmente a la música, aprovechando las especiales cualidades que para ello ofrece este método de transmisión.

También se crea una cadena paralela de carácter comercial, denominada Radio Peninsular (desaparecida en 1973, a excepción de su emisora de Barcelona en 1984).

Transición española (1975-1989)
En 1971 Radio Nacional de España inaugura un nuevo centro emisor de onda corta para el servicio exterior. Este nuevo centro que supera con mucho al de Arganda, se sitúa en la localidad toledana de Noblejas. Este servicio denominado Radio Exterior de España - R.E.E. sufriría en 1975 una profunda reorganización, potenciándose las emisiones con destino a los españoles en todo el mundo y suprimiéndose las emisiones en lenguas eslavas que hasta entonces se venían transmitiendo con destino a los países tras el Telón de acero.

Con la llegada de la democracia se producen diversos cambios. Uno de ellos es la supresión el 25 de octubre de 1977 de la obligación de conexión de las emisoras privadas con Radio Nacional de España para la emisión de sus diarios hablados. A partir de entonces cada emisora era libre de elaborar los contenidos de sus propios informativos.

En 1979 se extiende a toda España el tercer programa, denominado Radio 3 a partir de entonces, que había venido funcionando desde 1953 solo en Madrid, con contenidos educativos y culturales y que fue ampliando su programación a temas musicales.

De forma paralela a las emisoras privadas y a las de Radio Nacional de España, durante la dictadura habían venido funcionando otras cadenas semioficiales (autorizadas), pertenecientes a la Cadena de Emisoras Sindicales (C.E.S.), al Movimiento, R.E.M. - Red de Emisoras del Movimiento y a la Organización Juvenil, C.A.R. - Cadena Azul de Radiodifusión.

Disueltas las cadenas, sus emisoras se engloban el año 1981 en una sociedad estatal denominada Radio Cadena Española (R.C.E.) No obstante, algunas de estas emisoras tuvieron que ser clausuradas al no estar sus frecuencias comprendidas entre las asignadas a España en los convenios internacionales de distribución del espectro radioeléctrico.

Además, en el año 1981 se dejó de emitir el tradicional rezo del Ángelus, el cual se sustituyó por unas campanadas y un mensaje avisando de que era la hora del ángelus, esta vez sin el Avemaría de Franz Schubert ni el texto del rezo.

Democracia (1989-2007)

En 1989 las 70 emisoras de Radiocadena Española se fusionaron bajo una única marca, Radio Nacional de España, convirtiéndose en Radio 4 de RNE, una cadena de 24 emisoras en frecuencia modulada de ámbito autonómico. Su elevado coste económico y su escasa audiencia fue la causa de su desaparición a las 20.00 horas del 24 de julio de 1991 al conectar con Radio 1 (desde 2008 Radio Nacional de RNE). Excepcionalmente, la emisora Radio 4 de RNE en Sevilla se mantuvo en antena hasta la clausura de la Exposición Universal de Sevilla de 1992, mientras que Ràdio 4 mantuvo sus emisiones en Cataluña.

En 1989 las 46 emisoras restantes de la extinta Radiocadena Española formaron Radio 5, una cadena de ámbito local y de marcado carácter comercial. Su escasa rentabilidad provocó su definitiva reconversión el 18 de abril de 1994 en radiofórmula informativa añadiéndole el sobrenombre Todo Noticias.

Con la extinción del Ente Público RTVE y el nacimiento de la Corporación RTVE el 1 de enero de 2007, Radio Nacional de España entró en estado de disolución-liquidación como sociedad mercantil estatal.

Estatutos
Radio Nacional de España fue hasta el 1 de enero de 2007 una sociedad mercantil estatal, financiada en su totalidad por los Presupuestos Generales del Estado.

Desde 1973 estuvo integrada en el Ente Público RTVE, que cambió en 2007 su denominación a Corporación RTVE, regulada en la Ley 17/2006 de 5 de junio, de la radio y la televisión de titularidad estatal y el Real Decreto 15/2012, de 20 de abril, que modificó el régimen de administración de la Corporación.

Listado de directores

Listado de directores de informativos

La cadena generalista de RNE: Radio Nacional
Radio Nacional (denominada oficialmente Radio 1 hasta 2008) es la cadena pública generalista de radio, perteneciente a la Corporación RTVE, de la que es la principal de sus seis emisoras. Es una cadena de ámbito nacional, que puede escucharse en todo el territorio español, así como en el resto de la península ibérica, además de en regiones fronterizas con Francia y territorios del África del Norte que formaron parte de Protectorado español de Marruecos como Ifni o el Sahara español. Además, desde 2013, la página web de la emisora permite a través de cámaras web observar los estudios y la realización de algunos programas en directo.

La directora de Radio Nacional es María Elena Gómez Sánchez desde julio de 2020.

Según el Estudio General de Medios, el estudio que sirve en las emisoras de radio para la contabilización de las audiencias, Radio Nacional contaba en julio de 2022 con  997 000 oyentes, siendo la octava cadena de radio española.

Bajo el eslogan de RNE La que quieres, la programación de la principal cadena del grupo de emisoras hermanas se desarrolla en programas deportivos (con Radiogaceta de los deportes y Tablero deportivo), culturales (El ojo crítico o La estación azul), informativos (con España a las 6, 7, 8 y 9 —integrado en el magacín matinal Las mañanas de RNE—, 14 horas y 24 horas) y magacines (como Las tardes de RNE, Gente despierta, De película, No es un día cualquiera, La sala y Espacio en blanco).

Frecuencias

FM

AM

DAB
 Barcelona: 10A 209.936MHz y 11B 218.640MHz
 Madrid: 9D 208.064MHz y 11B 218.640MHz
 Buñola/Mallorca: 9D 208.064MHz

TDT
 Red de cobertura estatal: RGE1

Imagen
La imagen corporativa de Radio Nacional de España no fue uniforme hasta 1980. A principios de los años 70 el logotipo era muy similar al de Televisión Española, con las siglas de la emisora compuestas con formas rectangulares. Cuando la emisora comenzó a publicitarse en medios en 1977 tras el fin de su monopolio informativo, se presentaron las siglas con la tipografía Helvética comprimida y en minúsculas, para finalmente unificar toda la imagen corporativa a partir de 1980, cuando se lanzó un logotipo común para todas las emisoras que conformaban Radio Nacional de España consistente en las siglas de la emisora unidas entre sí y en diagonal.

El nuevo manual de marca de la Corporación RTVE, creado por la empresa de branding SUMMA e introducido en agosto de 2008, también se aplicó a RNE. Los nuevos logotipos están compuestos en minúscula y con degradados rojos. Al igual que el resto de la imagen corporativa de la Corporación, la marca genérica de la emisora tiene la letra 'e' de mayor tamaño que las demás.

Logotipos de RNE 1

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Emisoras de radio de España
Emisoras de radio fundadas en 1937
Cadenas de radio de España de ámbito nacional

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RAE 2008
The RAE (Research Assessment Exercise) 2008 measured research excellence wherever it was found in universities and other research organisations in the UK. Birmingham City University submitted seven 'high value' units of assessment and as a result exceeded all expectations with marked improvements in the quantity and quality of its outputs with all areas submitted containing elements judged to be 'world class'. Nearly one-fifth of our total submission received this ranking, more than any other post-1992 university. In addition, three-quarters achieved 'internationally recognised' status.
The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) was designed to evaluate the quality of research in UK higher education institutions and the assessment was used in the selection process in the distribution of funds by the UK higher education funding bodies.
The primary purpose of the RAE 2008 was to produce quality profiles for each submission of research activity made by all higher education institutions. The main body of the assessment took place in 2007-08, and the outcomes were published by the funding bodies on 18 December 2008.
Further highlights of RAE 2008 included its pioneering research in art and design being ranked among the top 10 submissions in the country with a rating of 100 per cent world-leading research environment, while Birmingham Conservatoire, now a part of the Faculty of Performance, Media and English was ranked as one of the top three in the country and the best outside of London.
Unit of Assessment
Town and Country Planning 1.9* 2.0* 1.0* 1.6* 8
Business and Management Studies 1.7* 2.0* 0.9* 1.2* 8
Social Work and Social Policy and Administration 2.2* 2.2* 2.0* 2.1* 6
Education 1.9* 2.2* 0.9* 1.6* 3.5
English Language and Literature 2.1* 2.1* 2.0* 2.0* 13.4
Art and Design 2.7* 2.3* 4.0* 3.0* 34.5
Music 2.4* 2.4* 2.5* 2.0* 13.5
The grades are:
4* world-leading
3* internationally excellent ... "but which nonetheless falls short of the highest standards of excellence"
2* recognised internationally
1* recognised nationally
Grade Point Average
1. University of Warwick 966.35 29 2.80
2. University of Birmingham 1174.58 49 2.64
3. Aston University 237.05 4 2.43
Keele University 285.15 14 2.41
5. Birmingham City University 86.95 7 2.31
6. University of Wolverhampton 151.37 11 2.01
7. Coventry University 135.85 16 1.85
8. Staffordshire University 71.40 10 1.62
9. University of Worcester 23.10 4 1.54
10. Newman University College 7.80 3 1.52
This result pushed the University up 26 places in the research excellence league tables, providing a huge boost to our profile and firmly repositioned us as a leader among our peers in the modern university sector.
The University's RAE 2008 performance was rewarded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) with nearly £1.8 million of 'quality-related' funding.
Further evidence of the recognition of our excellent research in the arts was recognised by the prestigious Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), which rewarded our success by sharing a £200 million funding pot through the Block Grant Partnership, with Birmingham City University being one of only four post-1992 institutions eligible to apply for this support for postgraduate arts students. Only universities that displayed 'excellent strategic planning' were considered for the coveted block grants.
Application of Research


text:
Psychology and Psychiatry
Causes and symptoms
Pyromania is defined as a pattern of deliberate setting of fires for pleasure or satisfaction derived from the relief of tension experienced before the fire-setting. The name of the disorder comes from two Greek words that mean "fire" and "loss of reason" or "madness." The clinician's handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , also known as the DSM, classifies pyromania as a disorder of impulse control, meaning that a person diagnosed with pyromania fails to resist the impulsive desire to set fires—as opposed to the organized planning of an arsonist or terrorist.
The position of the impulse-control disorders as a group within the DSM-IV-TR (DSM, fourth edition, text revised) diagnostic framework, however, has been questioned by some psychiatrists. The differential diagnosis of pyromania and the other five disorders listed under the heading of impulse-control problems (intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania , pathological gambling, trichotillomania , and impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified) includes antisocial
personality disorder (ASPD), mood disorders, conduct disorders (among younger patients), and temporal lobe epilepsy. It is not clear whether the impulse-control disorders derive from the same set of causes as ASPD and mood disorders, or whether "impulse-control disorder" is simply an all-inclusive category for disorders that are otherwise difficult to classify. Some American researchers would prefer to categorize pyromania and the other disorders of impulsivity as a subset of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.
In addition, the relationship between pyromania in adults and firesetting among children and adolescents is not well defined as of 2002. Although pyromania is considered to be a rare disorder in adults, repeated firesetting at the adolescent level is a growing social and economic problem that poses major risks to the health and safety of other people and the protection of their property. In the United States, fires set by children and adolescents are more likely to result in someone's death than any other type of household disaster. The National Fire Protection Association stated that for 1998, fires set by juveniles caused 6,215 deaths, 30,800 injuries, and $11 billion in property damage. It is significant that some European psychiatrists question the DSM-IV-TRdefinition of pyromania as a disorder of impulse control precisely because of the connection they find between adolescent firesetting and similar behavior in adults. One team of German researchers remarked, "Repeated firesetting, resulting from being fascinated by fire, etc., may be less a disturbance of impulse control but rather the manifestation of a psychoinfantilism, which, supported by alcohol abuse , extends into older age." Pyromania is considered a relatively rare impulse-control disorder in the adult population in North America.
Firesetting in children and adolescents
Although most cases of firesetting in the United States involve children or adolescents rather than adults, the DSM-IV-TRcriteria for pyromania are difficult to apply to this population. Most younger firesetters are diagnosed as having conduct disorders rather than pyromania as DSM-IV-TRdefines it; significantly, most of the psychiatric literature dealing with this age group speaks of "firesetting" rather than using the term "pyromania" itself.
Some observers have attempted to classify children and adolescents who set fires as either pathological or nonpathological. Youngsters in the former group are motivated primarily by curiosity and the desire to experiment with fire; some are teenagers playing "scientist." Most are between five and 10 years of age, and do not understand the dangers of playing with fire. Few of them have major psychological problems.
Those who are considered to be pathological fire-setters have been further subdivided into five categories, which are not mutually exclusive:
Firesetting as a cry for help. Youngsters in this category set fires as a way of calling attention to an intrapsychic problem such as depression, or an interpersonal problem, including parental separation and divorce or physical and sexual abuse.
Delinquent firesetters. Firesetters in this category are most likely to be between the ages of 11 and 15. Their firesetting is part of a larger pattern of aggression, and may include vandalism and hate crimes. They are, however, more likely to damage property with their firesetting than to injure people.
Severely disturbed firesetters. These youths are often diagnosed as either psychotic or paranoid, and appear to be reinforced by the sensory aspcts of fire setting. Some set fires as part of suicide attempts.
Cognitively impaired firesetters. This group includes youngsters whose impulse control is damaged by a neurological or medical condition such as fetal alcohol syndrome.
Sociocultural firesetters. Youngsters in this group are influenced by antisocial adults in their community, and set fires in order to win their approval.
Pyromania in adults
Pyromania in adults resembles the other disorders of impulse control in having a high rate of comorbidity with other disorders, including substance abuse disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders , and mood disorders. As of 2002, however, few rigorously controlled studies using strict diagnostic criteria have been done on adult patients diagnosed with pyromania or other impulse-control disorders.
Most studies of causation regarding pyromania have focused on children and adolescents who set fires. Early studies in the field used the categories of Freudian psychoanalysis to explain this behavior. Freud had hypothesized that firesetting represented a regression to a primitive desire to demonstrate power over nature. In addition, some researchers have tried to explain the fact that pyromania is predominantly a male disorder with reference to Freud's notion that fire has a special symbolic relationship to the male sexual urge. A study done in 1940 attributed firesetting to fears of castration in young males, and speculated that adolescents who set fires do so to gain power over adults. The 1940 study is important also because it introduced the notion of an "ego triad" of firesetting, enuresis (bed-wetting), and cruelty to animals as a predictor of violent behavior in adult life. Subsequent studies have found that a combination of firesetting and cruelty to animals is a significant predictor of violent behavior in adult life, but that the third member of the triad (bed-wetting) is not.
The causes of firesetting among children and teenagers are complex and not well understood as of 2002. They can, however, be described in outline as either individual or environmental. Individual factors that contribute to firesetting include:
Antisocial behaviors and attitudes. Adolescent firesetters have often committed other crimes, including forcible rape (11%), nonviolent sexual offenses (18%), and vandalism of property (19%).
Sensation seeking. Some youths are attracted to firesetting out of boredom and a lack of other forms of recreation.
Attention seeking. Firesetting becomes a way of provoking reactions from parents and other authorities.
Lack of social skills. Many youths arrested for firesetting are described by others as "loners" and rarely have significant friendships.
Lack of fire-safety skills and ignorance of the dangers associated with firesetting.
There are discrepancies between adult researchers' understanding of individual factors in firesetting and reports from adolescents themselves. One study of 17 teenaged firesetters, 14 males and three females, found six different self-reported reasons for firesetting: revenge, crime concealment, peer group pressure, accidental firesetting, denial of intention, and fascination with fire. The motivations of revenge and crime concealment would exclude these teenagers from being diagnosed with pyromania according to DSM-IV-TRcriteria.
Environmental factors in adolescent firesetting include:
Poor supervision on the part of parents and other significant adults.
Early learning experiences of watching adults use fire carelessly or inapproriately.
Parental neglect or emotional uninvolvement.
Parental psychopathology. Firesetters are significantly more likely to have been physically or sexually abused than children of similar economic or geographic backgrounds. They are also more likely to have witnessed their parents abusing drugs or acting violently.
Peer pressure. Having peers who smoke or play with fire is a risk factor for a child's setting fires himself.
Stressful life events. Some children and adolescents resort to firesetting as a way of coping with crises in their lives and/or limited family support for dealing with crises.
Firesetting among children and adolescents and pyromania in adults may be either chronic or episodic; some persons may set fires frequently as a way of relieving tension, others apparently do so only during periods of unusual stress in their lives.
In addition to the outward behavior of firesetting, pyromania in adults has been associated with symptoms that include depressed mood, thoughts of suicide, repeated conflicts in interpersonal relationships, and poor ability to cope with stress.
The true incidence of pyromania in the general American population remains unknown. Of the six impulse-control disorders listed in DSM-IV-TR, only trichotillomania and pathological gambling appear to be common in the general population (4% and 3% respectively). Pyromania, like intermittent explosive disorder and pathological gambling, is diagnosed more frequently in men than in women.
Repeated firesetting appears to be more common in children and adolescents than in adult males. In addition, the incidence appears to be rising in these younger age groups: in 1992, males 18 and younger accounted for 40% of arrests for firesetting; in 2001, they accounted for 55%. As of 1999, 89% of juvenile arrests for firesetting involved males; 79% involved Caucasian juveniles. Within the group of male juveniles, 67% were younger than age 15, and 35% younger than age 12.
Less is known about the incidence of pyromania among adults. Some researchers have theorized that children and adolescents attracted to firesetting when they are younger "graduate" in adult life to more serious crimes with a "macho" image, including serial rape and murder. A number of serial killers, including David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam" killer, and David Carpenter, the so-called Trailside Killer of the San Francisco Bay area, turned out to have been firesetters in their adolescence. David Berkowitz admitted having started more than two thousand fires in Brooklyn-Queens in the early 1970s.
Another hypothesis regarding pyromania in adults is that it is more likely to emerge in the form of workplace violence. The recent rapid increase in the number of workplace killings and other violent incidents—a 55% rise between 1992 and 1996—is a source of great concern to employers. One of the complications in the situation is that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed by Congress in 1990, forbids employers to discriminate against workers with mental or physical disabilities as long as they are qualified to perform their job. Since 1996, the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) reports that the third-largest category of civil rights claims alleging employer discrimination concerns psychiatric disabilities. In 1997, the EEOC issued a set of guidelines on the ADA and psychiatric disabilities. Significantly, the EEOC excluded pyromania (along with kleptomania, compulsive gambling, disorders of sexual behavior, and the use of illegal drugs) from the list of psychiatric conditions for which employers are expected to make "reasonable accommodation." The EEOC's exclusion of pyromania indicates that workers with this disorder are considered a sufficiently "direct threat" to other people and property that employers are allowed to screen them out during the hiring process.
DSM-IV-TR specifies six criteria that must be met for a patient to be diagnosed with pyromania:
The patient must have set fires deliberately and purposefully on more than one occasion.
The patient must have experienced feelings of tension or emotional arousal before setting the fires.
The patient must indicate that he or she is fascinated with, attracted to, or curious about fire and situations surrounding fire (for example, the equipment associated with fire, the uses of fire, or the aftermath of firesetting).
The patient must experience relief, pleasure, or satisfaction from setting the fire or from witnessing or participating in the aftermath.
The patient does not have other motives for setting fires, such as financial motives; ideological convictions (such as terrorist or anarchist political beliefs); anger or revenge; a desire to cover up another crime; delusions or hallucinations; or impaired judgment resulting from substance abuse, dementia, mental retardation, or traumatic brain damage.
The fire setting cannot be better accounted for by antisocial personality disorder, a conduct disorder, or a manic episode.
Diagnosis of pyromania is complicated by a number of factors; one important factor is the adequacy of the diagnostic category itself. As was mentioned earlier, some psychiatrists are not convinced that the impulse-control disorders should be identified as a separate group, in that problems with self-control are part of the picture in many psychiatric disorders. Bulimia nervosa , borderline personality disorder , and antisocial personality disorder are all defined in part by low levels of self-control.
Another complication in diagnosis is the lack of experience on the part of mental health professionals in dealing with firesetting. In many cases they are either unaware that the patient is repeatedly setting fires, or they regard the pattern as part of a cluster of antisocial or dysfunctional behaviors.
Treatment of children and adolescents involved with repeated firesetting appears to be more effective when it follows a case-management approach rather than a medical model, because many young firesetters come from chaotic households. Treatment should begin with a structured interview with the parents as well as the child, in order to evaluate stresses on the family, patterns of supervision and discipline, and similar factors. The next stage in treatment should be tailored to the individual child and his or her home situation. A variety of treatment approaches, including problem-solving skills, anger management, communication skills , aggression replacement training, and cognitive restructuring may be necessary to address all the emotional and cognitive issues involved in each case.
Pyromania in adults is considered difficult to treat because of the lack of insight and cooperation on the part of most patients diagnosed with the disorder. Treatment usually consists of a combination of medication—usually one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—and long-term insight-oriented psychotherapy .
The prognosis for recovery from firesetting among children and adolescents depends on the mix of individual and environmental factors involved. Current understanding indicates that children and adolescents who set fires as a cry for help, or who fall into the cognitively impaired or sociocultural categories, benefit the most from therapy and have fairly positive prognoses. The severely disturbed and delinquent types of firesetters have a more guarded outlook.
The prognosis for adults diagnosed wih pyromania is generally poor. There are some cases of spontaneous remission among adults, but the rate of spontaneous recovery is not known.
Prevention of pyromania requires a broad-based and flexible approach to treatment of children and adolescents who set fires. In addition to better assessments of young people and their families, fire-safety education is an important preventive strategy that is often overlooked.
Arson —The deliberate setting of fires for criminal purposes, usually to collect insurance money or to cover up evidence of another crime. It is distinguished from pyromania by its connection with planning and forethought rather than failure of impulse control.
Comorbidity —Association or presence of two or more mental disorders in the same patient. A disorder that is said to have a high degree of comorbidity is likely to occur in patients diagnosed with other disorders that may share or reinforce some of its symptoms.
Delusion —A false belief that is resistant to reason or contrary to actual fact. Common delusions include delusions of persecution, delusions about one's importance (sometimes called delusions of grandeur), or delusions of being controlled by others. Pyromania is excluded as a diagnosis if the patient is setting fires on the basis of a delusion.
Kleptomania —A disorder of impulse control characterized by repeated stealing or shoplifting of items that the person does not need.
Spontaneous remission —Recovery from a disease or disorder that cannot be attributed to medical or psychiatric treatments.
Trichotillomania —A disorder marked by repeated pulling and tugging of one's hair, usually resulting in noticeable hair loss on the scalp or elsewhere on the body.
In addition to preventive measures directed specifically at firesetting, recent research into self-control as a general character trait offers hope that it can be taught and practiced like many other human skills. If programs could be developed to improve people's capacity for self-control, they could potentially prevent a wide range of psychiatric disorders.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Baumeister, Roy F., PhD. "Crossing the Line: How Evil Starts." In Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1999.
Douglas, John, and Mark Olshaker. Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.
Lion, J. R., and A. W. Schienberg. "Disorders of Impulse Control." Treatments of Psychiaric Disorders. 2nd edition, edited by Glen O. Gabbard. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
Everall, Ian Paul, and Ann Leconteur. "Firesetting in an Adolescent Boy with Asperger's Syndrome." British Journal of Psychiatry 157 (August 1990): 284-288.
Hollander, E., and J. Rosen. "Impulsivity." Journal of Psychopharmacology 14 (2000): S39-S44.
Laubichler W., A. Kuhberger, P. Sedlmeier. "'Pyromania' and Arson. A Psychiatric and Criminologic Data Analysis." [in German] Nervenarzt 67 (September 1996): 774-780.
Slavkin, Michael L. "Enuresis, Firesetting, and Cruelty to Animals: Does the Ego Triad Show Predictive Ability?" Adolescence 36 (Fall 2001): 535-540.
Slavkin, Michael L., and Kenneth Fineman. "What Every Professional Who Works with Adolescents Needs to Know About Firesetters." Adolescence 35 (Winter 2000): 759-764.
Strayhorn, Joseph M., Jr. "Self-Control: Theory and Research." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (January 2002): 7-16.
Swaffer, Tracey, and Clive R. Hollin. "Adolescent Firesetting: Why Do They Say They Do It?" Journal of Adolescence 18 (October 1995): 619-624.
Zugelder, Michael T. "Dangerous Directives? Liability and the Unstable Worker." Business Horizons 42 (January-February 1999): 40-48.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-3007. (202) 966-7300. Fax: (202) 966-2891. www.aacap.org
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Socioeconomic Factors and the Incidence of Fire. Washington, DC: United States Fire Administration and National Fire Data Center, 1995.
Rebecca J. Frey, Ph.D.
The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health
"Pyromania ." The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Pyromania ." The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 21, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania-0
"Pyromania ." The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania-0
Pyromania is defined as a pattern of deliberate setting of fires for pleasure or satisfaction derived from the relief of tension experienced before the fire-setting. The name of the disorder comes from two Greek words that mean "fire" and "loss of reason" or "madness." The clinician's handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , also known as the DSM, classifies pyromania as a disorder of impulse control, meaning that a person diagnosed with pyromania fails to resist the impulsive desire to set fires—as opposed to the organized planning of an arsonist or terrorist.
The position of the impulse-control disorders as a group within the DSM-IV-TR (DSM, fourth edition, text revised) diagnostic framework, however, has been questioned by some psychiatrists. The differential diagnosis of pyromania and the other five disorders listed under the heading of impulse-control problems (intermittent explosive disorder , kleptomania , pathological gambling, trichotillomania , and impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified) includes antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), mood disorders, conduct disorders (among younger patients), and temporal lobe epilepsy. It is not clear whether the impulse-control disorders derive from the same set of causes as ASPD and mood disorders, or whether "impulse-control disorder" is simply an all-inclusive category for disorders that are otherwise difficult to classify. Some American researchers would prefer to categorize pyromania and the other disorders of impulsivity as a subset of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.
In addition, the relationship between pyromania in adults and firesetting among children and adolescents is not well defined as of 2002. Although pyromania is considered to be a rare disorder in adults, repeated firesetting at the adolescent level is a growing social and economic problem that poses major risks to the health and safety of other people and the protection of their property. In the United States, fires set by children and adolescents are more likely to result in someone's death than any other type of household disaster. The National Fire Protection Association stated that for 1998, fires set by juveniles caused 6,215 deaths, 30,800 injuries, and $11 billion in property damage. It is significant that some European psychiatrists question the DSM-IV-TR definition of pyromania as a disorder of impulse control precisely because of the connection they find between adolescent firesetting and similar behavior in adults. One team of German researchers remarked, "Repeated firesetting, resulting from being fascinated by fire, etc., may be less a disturbance of impulse control but rather the manifestation of a psychoinfantilism, which, supported by alcohol abuse, extends into older age." Pyromania is considered a relatively rare impulse-control disorder in the adult population in North America.
Although most cases of firesetting in the United States involve children or adolescents rather than adults, the DSM-IV-TR criteria for pyromania are difficult to apply to this population. Most younger firesetters are diagnosed as having conduct disorders rather than pyromania as DSM-IV-TR defines it; significantly, most of the psychiatric literature dealing with this age group speaks of "firesetting" rather than using the term "pyromania" itself.
Some observers have attempted to classify children and adolescents who set fires as either pathological or nonpathological. Youngsters in the former group are motivated primarily by curiosity and the desire to experiment with fire; some are teenagers playing "scientist." Most are between five and 10 years of age, and do not understand the dangers of playing with fire. Few of them have major psychological problems.
Those who are considered to be pathological firesetters have been further subdivided into five categories, which are not mutually exclusive:
Severely disturbed firesetters. These youths are often diagnosed as either psychotic or paranoid, and appear to be reinforced by the sensory aspects of fire setting. Some set fires as part of suicide attempts.
Pyromania in adults resembles the other disorders of impulse control in having a high rate of comorbidity with other disorders, including substance abuse disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. As of 2002, however, few rigorously controlled studies using strict diagnostic criteria have been done on adult patients diagnosed with pyromania or other impulse-control disorders.
Most studies of causation regarding pyromania have focused on children and adolescents who set fires. Early studies in the field used the categories of Freudian psychoanalysis to explain this behavior. Freud had hypothesized that firesetting represented a regression to a primitive desire to demonstrate power over nature. In addition, some researchers have tried to explain the fact that pyromania is predominantly a male disorder with reference to Freud's notion that fire has a special symbolic relationship to the male sexual urge. A study done in 1940 attributed firesetting to fears of castration in young males, and speculated that adolescents who set fires do so to gain power over adults. The 1940 study is important also because it introduced the notion of an "ego triad" of firesetting, enuresis (bed-wetting), and cruelty to animals as a predictor of violent behavior in adult life. Subsequent studies have found that a combination of firesetting and cruelty to animals is a significant predictor of violent behavior in adult life, but that the third member of the triad (bed-wetting) is not.
INDIVIDUAL. The causes of firesetting among children and teenagers are complex and not well understood as of 2002. They can, however, be described in outline as either individual or environmental. Individual factors that contribute to firesetting include:
Lack of social skills. Many youths arrested for firesetting are described by others as "loners" and rarely have significant friendships.
There are discrepancies between adult researchers' understanding of individual factors in firesetting and reports from adolescents themselves. One study of 17 teenaged firesetters, 14 males and three females, found six different self-reported reasons for firesetting: revenge, crime concealment, peer group pressure, accidental firesetting, denial of intention, and fascination with fire. The motivations of revenge and crime concealment would exclude these teenagers from being diagnosed with pyromania according to DSM-IV-TR criteria.
ENVIRONMENTAL. Environmental factors in adolescent firesetting include:
Peer pressure. Having peers who smoke or play with fire is a risk factor for a child's setting fires himself.
Less is known about the incidence of pyromania among adults. Some researchers have theorized that children and adolescents attracted to firesetting when they are younger "graduate" in adult life to more serious crimes with a "macho" image, including serial rape and murder. A number of serial killers, including David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam" killer, and David Carpenter, the socalled Trailside Killer of the San Francisco Bay area, turned out to have been firesetters in their adolescence. David Berkowitz admitted having started more than 2,000 fires in Brooklyn-Queens in the early 1970s.
Another hypothesis regarding pyromania in adults is that it is more likely to emerge in the form of workplace violence. The recent rapid increase in the number of workplace killings and other violent incidents— a 55% rise between 1992 and 1996— is a source of great concern to employers. One of the complications in the situation is that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed by Congress in 1990, forbids employers to discriminate against workers with mental or physical disabilities as long as they are qualified to perform their job. Since 1996, the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) reports that the third-largest category of civil rights claims alleging employer discrimination concerns psychiatric disabilities. In 1997, the EEOC issued a set of guidelines on the ADA and psychiatric disabilities. Significantly, the EEOC excluded pyromania (along with kleptomania, compulsive gambling, disorders of sexual behavior, and the use of illegal drugs) from the list of psychiatric conditions for which employers are expected to make "reasonable accommodation." The EEOC's exclusion of pyromania indicates that workers with this disorder are considered a sufficiently "direct threat" to other people and property that employers are allowed to screen them out during the hiring process.
The patient does not have other motives for setting fires, such as financial motives; ideological convictions (such as terrorist or anarchist political beliefs); anger or revenge; a desire to cover up another crime; delusions or hallucinations ; or impaired judgment resulting from substance abuse, dementia , mental retardation , or traumatic brain damage.
The fire setting cannot be better accounted for by anti-social personality disorder, a conduct disorder , or a manic episode.
Treatment of children and adolescents involved with repeated firesetting appears to be more effective when it follows a case-management approach rather than a medical model, because many young firesetters come from chaotic households. Treatment should begin with a structured interview with the parents as well as the child, in order to evaluate stresses on the family, patterns of supervision and discipline, and similar factors. The next stage in treatment should be tailored to the individual child and his or her home situation. A variety of treatment approaches, including problem-solving skills, anger management, communication skills, aggression replacement training, and cognitive restructuring may be necessary to address all the emotional and cognitive issues involved in each case.
Pyromania in adults is considered difficult to treat because of the lack of insight and cooperation on the part of most patients diagnosed with the disorder. Treatment usually consists of a combination of medication— usually one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors— and long-term insight-oriented psychotherapy .
In addition to preventive measures directed specifically at firesetting, recent research into self-control as a general character trait offers hope that it can be taught and practiced like many other human skills. If programs could be developed to improve people's capacity for self-control, they could potentially prevent a wide range of psychiatric disorders.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition, text revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association,2000.
Baumeister, Roy F., PhD. "Crossing the Line: How Evil Starts." In Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1999.
Douglas, John, and Mark Olshaker. Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.
Lion, J. R., and A. W. Schienberg. "Disorders of Impulse Control." Treatments of Psychiaric Disorders. 2nd edition, edited by Glen O. Gabbard. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
Everall, Ian Paul, and Ann Leconteur. "Firesetting in an Adolescent Boy with Asperger's Syndrome. " British Journal of Psychiatry 157 (August 1990): 284–288.
Hollander, E., and J. Rosen. "Impulsivity." Journal of Psychopharmacology 14 (2000): S39–S44.
Laubichler W., A. Kuhberger, P. Sedlmeier. "'Pyromania' and Arson. A Psychiatric and Criminologic Data Analysis." [in German] Nervenarzt 67 (September 1996): 774–780.
Slavkin, Michael L. "Enuresis, Firesetting, and Cruelty to Animals: Does the Ego Triad Show Predictive Ability?" Adolescence 36 (Fall 2001): 535–540.
Slavkin, Michael L., and Kenneth Fineman. "What Every Professional Who Works with Adolescents Needs to Know About Firesetters. " Adolescence 35 (Winter 2000): 759-764.
Strayhorn, Joseph M., Jr. "Self-Control: Theory and Research." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (January 2002): 7–16.
Swaffer, Tracey, and Clive R. Hollin. "Adolescent Firesetting: Why Do They Say They Do It?" Journal of Adolescence 18 (October 1995): 619–624.
Zugelder, Michael T. "Dangerous Directives? Liability and the Unstable Worker." Business Horizons 42 (January-February 1999): 40–48.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-3007. (202) 966-7300. Fax: (202) 966-2891. <www.aacap.org>.
Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders Frey, Rebecca J.
Frey, Rebecca J. "Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Frey, Rebecca J. "Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 21, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania
Frey, Rebecca J. "Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania
pyromania •Campania, Catania, pannier •apnoea •Oceania, Tanya, Titania •biennia, denier, quadrennia, quinquennia, septennia, triennia •Albania, balletomania, bibliomania, crania, dipsomania, egomania, erotomania, kleptomania, Lithuania, Lusitania, mania, Mauritania, megalomania, miscellanea, monomania, nymphomania, Pennsylvania, Pomerania, pyromania, Rainier, Romania, Ruritania, Tasmania, Transylvania, Urania •Armenia, bergenia, gardenia, neurasthenia, proscenia, schizophrenia, senior, Slovenia •Abyssinia, Bithynia, curvilinear, Gdynia, gloxinia, interlinear, Lavinia, linear, rectilinear, Sardinia, triclinia, Virginia, zinnia •insignia • Sonia • insomnia • Bosnia •California, cornea •Amazonia, ammonia, Antonia, Babylonia, begonia, bonier, Catalonia, catatonia, Cephalonia, Estonia, Ionia, Laconia, Livonia, Macedonia, mahonia, Patagonia, pneumonia, Rondônia, sinfonia, Snowdonia, valonia, zirconia •junior, petunia •hernia, journeyer
"pyromania ." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"pyromania ." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 21, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pyromania
"pyromania ." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pyromania
Irresistible urge to start fires.
Little is known about pyromania. The term comes from the Greek words pyr (fire) and mania (madness). It is a rare condition, listed under the heading of impulse control disorders . Pyromania is not the same as arson (deliberate fire-setting), and not all arsonists (fire-setters) are pyromaniacs. Fires are often started by individuals with this disorder deliberately and with careful planning, rather than by accident. A key feature of this disorder is the presence of repeated association with fire, but with no evidence of a reason or motivation for the fire (such as profit or to hide criminal activity). Nearly all pyromaniacs are male. Pyromania may begin in childhood , but there is no conclusive data regarding the typical age of onset. Similarly, there is no documented link between fire-setting in childhood and adult pyromania.
See also Impulse control disorders
Morrison, James. DSM-IV Made Easy: The Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis. New York: Guilford Press, 1995.
Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
"Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 21, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania
"Pyromania ." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pyromania
py·ro·ma·ni·a / ˌpīrōˈmānēə/ • n. an obsessive desire to set fire to things. DERIVATIVES: py·ro·ma·ni·ac / -ˈmānēˌak/ n. py·ro·ma·ni·a·cal / -məˈnīəkəl/ adj. py·ro·man·ic / -ˈmanik/ adj.
"pyromania ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"pyromania ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Encyclopedia.com. (January 21, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pyromania-0
"pyromania ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pyromania-0
pyromania (py-roh-may-niă) n. an excessively strong impulse to set things on fire.
—pyromaniac adj., n.
A Dictionary of Nursing
"pyromania ." A Dictionary of Nursing . . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Jan. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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"pyromania ." A Dictionary of Nursing . . Retrieved January 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pyromania
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text:
The Pendle Witch Child
It's 1612 and a woman is in a courtroom. She's accused of killing three men through witchcraft. She's presented with a confession that she denies, then a girl is brought to testify against her. The girl bursts into tears as the woman screams at her desperately, and the woman is removed back to the dungeon.
Once the girl has her audience she jumps upon to a table and calmly denounces the woman as a witch. She's the woman's own daughter and she's nine years old. Jennet Device was a key witness in a trial that would lead to the execution of 10 people, including all members of her own family. But twenty years later, Jennet herself would come to be standing in the court charged with the same offense.
Jennet, a nine year old beggar, was part of a bigger story - of justicers, clerics, and physicians, even the king himself. Someone who would normally have been lost to history has lived on because of a chilling role in one of the most disturbing witch trials on record.
This is a story about fear, politics, religion, science and magic. But it's also about words and stories and just how powerful they can be. The two trials that shaped the life of this little girl are emblematic of a much bigger story - the transition between a pre-modern world and a supposed age of reason. And yet our fear of evil has never really gone away... neither, some say, has evil itself.
Fear of evil was endemic in England, four hundred years ago, when King James I was on the throne. James was living in fear of Catholic rebellion in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot. Recently arrived from Scotland he was on the throne in a strange land and some parts of his new kingdom were particularly troubling.


Communicate in style with these personalized notecards with colored envelopes! Sending a note is so much more personable than an email or text. This hand printed note card features a lovely design and a place to hold your initials beautifully. This card is a stylish way to send a short note or greeting to someone you love or simply want to impress. Choose your own color palette according to your design needs. This also makes a thoughtful gift for a bride on her wedding day or bridesmaid gifts.


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After 200 test cases, Well-Horse has officially launched its Purple Mush salve for Canker (an infection of the frog, sole, bars hoof wall and/or heel). Made from Amazon plant resin, Purple Mush is designed to start working immediately, without any surgery. The cost is $100/hoof for a standard horse and $200/hoof for a large draft horse.
To find out more, check out www.well-horse.com.


It's powered by a liquid cooled 1,352cc inline four cylinder engine with Variable Valve Timing, producing 152.9bhp at 8,800rpm and maximum torque at 6,200rpm. Power reaches the rear wheel via a shaft drive.
The bike is heavily based on the ZZR1400 sports bike, sharing the same 1,352cc engine in a lower state of tune (-35bhp) for easier low-mid speed riding. The main difference is the addition of a tall electrically adjustable screen, panniers, a more relaxed riding position and shaft drive which unfortunately adds a lot to the overall weight.
Storage is great with huge hard panniers, there's a glovebox on top of the fuel tank, a 12V socket for sat navs and keyless start. The 5 Y-spoke 17" wheels take a 120/70 tyre at the front and 190/50 at the rear.
Accessories include a top box, ABS (adds 4kg), heated grips and taller screen.


Inspired by his youth development and nonprofit work as a student at Morehouse College, Jason Green has dedicated his career to creating positive change in education. As a member of the leadership team with Redbird Advanced Learning, Jason partnered with Stanford University's Graduate School of Education to re-envision professional learning. He led the design of the Redbird Professional Learning Platform which now helps prepare thousands of teachers globally for 21st century learning. Jason has traveled nationally and internationally to help schools and districts build cultures of innovation and adapt to education's changing landscape. Jason has spoken at leading universities and conferences including Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, NCSM and iNACOL and has been featured in the Miami Herald, Philadelphia Inquirer, and NBC. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Morehouse College, Jason is driven by the belief that all children have a right to a high-quality education. Jason holds an MBA from the Wharton School of Business and an M.S. Ed from University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education. Jason has served as an adjunct professor and a board member for various nonprofits. Connect with Jason on Twitter @jasontoddgreen.


text:
Q: Обновление exim на Centos 6 Недавно в новостях увидел предупреждение о найденной уязвимости в exim версии 4.91 и ниже, позволяющая получить доступ к root. В связи с чем решил обновиться командой:
yum update exim
Однако обновление произошло только до версии 4.91-1 . Не могу нигде найти информацию о том, как обновить до 4.92 . Есть ли способ обновиться прямо сейчас?

A: Пока что только в тестовой ветке:
yum --enablerepo=epel-testing update exim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Are you ever watching a T.V. show with your kids and the language turns ugly? Fine, let's give it a biblical name. The language turns sinful. Period, I can't justify it. We've all been there. You use to say something but now you both pretend that you didn't hear what you just heard. She use to look at you (mom/dad) like "what are you gonna say/do? Are you gonna change the channel?" after hearing the cussing. Now, you don't dare look each other in the eyes. Just keep pretending.
Did you know that TV profanity went up 69% between 2005 and 2010 alone?
We're pretending that the old "garbage in garbage out" isn't really true. That aside (for a future conversation), let me tell you about our Guardian.
We noticed it most as we would sit down with our DQ Blizzards and watch Biggest Loser. The cussing was definitely a piece of the show. What could we do? That's when we found it. The Guardian (http://familysafemedia.com/tv_guardian_summary.html). It filters out at least 9 out of 10 cuss words if not all of them. It pops up a replacement phrase like "move your tail" across the bottom of the screen.
Wanna stop pretending? Get your guardian today (tell 'em Pastor Patrick sent ya).