text:
Hayward, California
For the community in Mariposa County with this name, see Hayward, Mariposa County, California.
City in California, United States
Historic Hunt's Cannery water tower[1][2]
Heart of the Bay[3]
Location of Hayward in Alameda County, California.
Location in California
Show map of California
Hayward (the United States)
Coordinates: 37°40′08″N 122°04′51″W / 37.668820°N 122.080796°W / 37.668820; -122.080796[4]Coordinates: 37°40′08″N 122°04′51″W / 37.668820°N 122.080796°W / 37.668820; -122.080796[4]
• Type
Council-Manager
Barbara Halliday[6]
• State Senate
Bob Wieckowski (D)[7]
• Assemblymember
Bill Quirk (D)[8]
• U. S. rep.
Eric Swalwell (D)[9]
63.82 sq mi (165.31 km2)
18.29 sq mi (47.36 km2) 28.9%
105 ft (32 m)
• Rank
3rd in Alameda County
37th in California
3,490.21/sq mi (1,347.57/km2)
UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes[13]
94540–94546, 94552, 94557
GNIS feature IDs
277607, 2410724
Carnation[3]
www.hayward-ca.gov
Hayward (/ˈheɪwərd/; formerly Haywards, Haywards Station, and Haywood) is a city located in Alameda County, California in the East Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area. With a 2014 population of 149,392, Hayward is the sixth largest city in the Bay Area and the third largest in Alameda County.[14] Hayward was ranked as the 37th most populous municipality in California. It is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont Metropolitan Statistical Area by the US Census.[15] It is located primarily between Castro Valley and Union City, and lies at the eastern terminus of the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge. The city was devastated early in its history by the 1868 Hayward earthquake. From the early 20th century until the beginning of the 1980s, Hayward's economy was dominated by its now defunct food canning and salt production industries.
1.4 21st century
2 Former communities
6.1 Manufacturing
6.3 Former businesses
6.3.1 Hunt Brothers Cannery
6.3.2 Other former businesses
6.4 Top employers
7 Infrastructure
7.1.1 Freeways
7.1.2 Public transit
7.1.3 Aviation
7.2 Health care
8 Arts and culture
8.1 Downtown Hayward
8.2 Historic landmarks
9 Parks and protected areas
11.1 California State University, East Bay
11.2 Chabot College
11.3 Life Chiropractic College West
11.4 Primary and secondary schools
14 Sister cities
Early history[edit]
Human habitation of the greater East Bay, including Hayward, dates from at least 4000 BC. The most recent pre-European inhabitants of the Hayward area were the Native American Ohlone people.[16]
19th century[edit]
In the 19th century, the land that is now Hayward became part of Rancho San Lorenzo, a Spanish land grant to Guillermo Castro, in 1841. The site of his home was on the former El Camino Viejo, or Castro Street (now Mission Boulevard) between C and D Streets, but the structure was severely damaged in the 1868 Hayward earthquake, with the Hayward Fault running directly under its location. Most of the city's structures were destroyed in the earthquake, the last major earthquake on the fault. In 1930, that site was chosen for the construction of the City Hall, which served the city until 1969.[17]
William Dutton Hayward arrived during the gold rush and "squatted" as he began to build a house next to the creek at the site of the old Polamares School. Guillermo Castro's Vaqueros came by one day and told Hayward to get off of Castro's property. William did leave, but went to Guillermo Castro directly and asked to buy a piece of his land. Castro sold him the area of what was east of Castro Street, now Mission Blvd and north side of A Street. William Hayward built a grand hotel on the property. He and his wife ran the hotel, which eventually burned to the ground around 1916.[citation needed]
Hayward was originally known as "Hayward's", then as "Haywood", later as "Haywards", and eventually as "Hayward". There is some disagreement as to how it was named. Most historians believe it was named for William Dutton Hayward, who opened a hotel there in 1852.[18] The U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System states the city was named after Alvinza Hayward, a millionaire from the California Gold Rush.[19][20] Regardless of which Hayward the area was named for, the name was changed to "Haywood" when the post office was first established in 1860.[21]
Castro emigrated to Chile with most of his family in 1864, after he lost his land in a card game. His name survives in the community of Castro Valley, located in the valley next to Hayward, which Castro used to pasture his cattle. The ranch was split up and sold to various locals, William Hayward among them. William Hayward's fortunes took a turn for the grander when he constructed a resort hotel, which eventually grew to a hundred rooms. The surrounding area came to be called "Hayward's" after the hotel.[citation needed]
William Hayward eventually became the road commissioner for Alameda County. He used his authority to influence the construction of roads in his own favor. He was also an Alameda County supervisor. In 1876, a town was chartered by the State of California under the name of "Haywards". The name of the post office was then able to change because of the loss of the apostrophe before the "s". This change occurred in 1880.[21] It remained "Haywards" until 1910 when the "s" was officially dropped. William Hayward died in 1891.
Historic Hermann Mohr home, Depot Road[22]
Hayward grew steadily throughout the late 19th century, with an economy based on agriculture and tourism. Important crops were tomatoes, potatoes, peaches, cherries, and apricots. Hunt Brothers Cannery opened in 1895. Chicken and pigeon raising also played important roles in the economy. A rail line between Oakland and San Jose, the South Pacific Coast Railroad, was established, but was destroyed in the 1868 earthquake.[23] the Hayward shore of the Bay was developed into extensive salt evaporation ponds, and was one of the most productive areas in the world, with Leslie Salt one of the largest companies.[24]
The first San Mateo–Hayward Bridge opened in 1929, connecting the city to the San Francisco Peninsula.[25]
During the 1930s, the Harry Rowell Rodeo Ranch, now within the bounds of Castro Valley, drew rodeo cowboys from across the continent, and western movie actors such as Slim Pickens and others from Hollywood.[26][27]
Baptist Minister John Carlos Derfelt placing War Relocation Authority ID tag on Reverend Sui Hiro of the San Lorenzo Holiness Church. Hayward, 1942[28]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Hayward.
Prior to World War II, Hayward had a high concentration of Japanese Americans, who were subject to the Japanese-American internment during the war. The war brought an economic and population boom to the area, as factories opened to manufacture war material. Many of the workers stayed after the end of the war. Two suburban tract housing pioneers, Oliver Rousseau and David D. Bohannon, were prominent builders of postwar housing in the area.[29]
The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District was formed in 1944.
California State University, Hayward opened in the Hayward Hills in 1957. Southland Mall was dedicated in 1964.
The second San Mateo–Hayward Bridge opened in 1967. The City Center Building opened in 1969 and acted as the new city hall until 1989 when the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged the building and forced the city government to move out. The building was closed to the public in 1998, with the new Hayward City Hall opening the same year.
BART began operating in the Bay Area in 1972, with stations in downtown Hayward and south Hayward.
The Hunt Brothers Cannery closed in 1981. The Russell City Energy Center began operating in 2013 at the Hayward shoreline.
The city's downtown area was slated for redevelopment in 2012 and 2013, with landscaping, new businesses opening up, and older ones getting facade upgrades.[30]
Warren Hall on the California State University, East Bay campus was demolished in 2013.
In May 2015, the city's former shoreline landfill has declared a site for conversion to a solar farm, set to generate enough electricity to power 1,200 homes. It will be one of 186 sites in the Regional Renewable Energy Procurement Project.[31]
21st century[edit]
In October 2015, construction began for the Hayward 21st Century Library and Heritage Plaza. The plaza is expected to open sometime in 2019.[32][33]
Former communities[edit]
Mount Eden was a former city that was incorporated into Hayward in the 1950s, at the same time as Schafer Park.[21][34]
Russell City was a former unincorporated community. It existed from 1853 until 1964. It is now the location of an industrial park. The Russell City Energy Center, a 429 megawatt natural gas-fired power plant, built by Calpine, is located there.[35][36]
Stokes Landing, Hayward Heath, and Eden Landing were communities now within Hayward city limits.[21]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 63.7 square miles (165 km2). 45.3 square miles (117 km2) of it is land and 18.4 square miles (48 km2) of it (28.90%) is water.
The Hayward Fault Zone runs through much of Hayward, including the downtown area. The United States Geological Survey has stated that there is an "increasing likelihood" of a major earthquake on this fault zone, with potentially serious resulting damage.[37]
San Lorenzo Creek runs through the city.
Hayward borders on a large number of municipalities and communities. The cities bordering on Hayward are San Leandro, Union City, Fremont, and Pleasanton. The census-designated places bordering on Hayward are Castro Valley, San Lorenzo, Cherryland, Sunol, and Fairview.
South Hayward Hills
Hayward, California - South Hayward BART station and surrounding area
South Hayward
Interchange of Interstate 880 and California State Route 92
Southland Mall and Chabot College
Hayward Airport
See also: San Francisco Bay Area § Climate
Find sources: "Hayward, California" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hayward has a Mediterranean climate, and contains microclimates, both of which are features of the greater Bay Area. In 2012, the USDA rated Hayward as a zone 10A climate.
Climate data for Hayward, California
(3.84) 672
165.0 182.0 251.0 281.0 314.0 330.0 300.0 272.0 267.0 243.0 189.0 156.0 2,950
Source: The Weather Channel,[38] usclimatedata.com[39] for Sunshine hours data
See also: Demographics of California
1970 93,058 28.0%
1990 111,498 19.1%
2010 144,186 3.0%
Est. 2018 159,620 [12] 10.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[40]
2010[edit]
The 2010 United States Census reported that Hayward had a population of 144,186.[41] The population density was 2,261.8 people per square mile (873.3/km²). The census determined racial and ethnic makeup of Hayward was 49,309 (34.2%) White, 17,099 (11.9%) African American, 1,396 (1.0%) Native American, 31,666 (22.0%) Asian (10.4% Filipino, 3.9% Chinese, 3.0% Indian, 2.7% Vietnamese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Korean, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.1% Pakistani), 4,535 (3.1%) Pacific Islander, 30,004 (20.8%) from other races, and 10,177 (7.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 58,730 persons (40.7%), giving Hayward an aggregate Hispanic/Latino plurality population as categorized by census determined racial and ethnic groups. 30.2% of Hayward's population is Mexican, 2.5% Salvadoran, 1.5% Puerto Rican, 1.2% Nicaraguan, 1.0% Honduran, 0.5% Peruvian, and 0.2% Cuban.[42] Hayward is the second most diverse city in the state by Census figures.[43] It has been ranked nationwide as highly diverse, in combination with Oakland and Fremont.[44]
The Census reported that 141,462 people (98.1% of the population) lived in households, 1,954 (1.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 770 (0.5%) were institutionalized.[45]
There were 45,365 households, out of which 18,284 (40.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,720 (47.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,495 (16.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,344 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,037 (6.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 421 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 9,359 households (20.6%) were made up of individuals and 3,193 (7.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 persons. There were 32,559 families (71.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.60 persons.[46]
The city's age demographics were 35,379 people (24.5%) under the age of 18, 16,064 people (11.1%) aged 18 to 24, 44,005 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 34,096 people (23.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 14,642 people (10.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.[47]
There were 48,296 housing units at an average density of 757.6 per square mile (292.5/km²), of which 45,365 were occupied, of which 23,935 (52.8%) were owner-occupied, and 21,430 (47.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.6%. About 75,039 people (52.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 66,423 people (46.1%) lived in rental housing units.[45]
Demographic profile[48]
Total Population 144,186 – 100.0%
One Race 134,009 – 92.9%
Not Hispanic or Latino 85,456 – 59.3%
White alone 27,178 – 18.8%
Black or African American alone 16,297 – 11.3%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone 492 – 0.3%
Asian alone 31,090 – 21.6%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 4,290 – 3.0%
Some other race alone 352 – 0.2%
Two or more races alone 5,757 – 4.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 58,730 – 40.7%
The 2000 Census reported there were 140,030 people, 44,804 households, and 31,945 families in the city.[49] The population density was 1,219.6/km² (3,158.6/mi²). There were 45,922 housing units at an average density of 400.0/km² (1,035.8/mi²). The racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 42.95% White, 10.98% Black or African American, 0.84% Native American, 18.98% Asian, 1.91% Pacific Islander, 16.81% from other races, and 7.52% from two or more races. 34.17% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 44,804 households out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 20.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.3% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.58.
The population profiled by age was 26.8% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $51,177, and the median income for a family was $54,712. Males had a median income of $37,711 versus $31,481 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,695. 10.0% of the population and 7.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 11.7% of those under the age of 18 and 7.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Former City of Hayward logo
Government[edit]
Hayward has a council–manager government. Hayward's mayor is Barbara Halliday, elected in June 2014.[50][51][52][53] City Council and other government meetings are cablecast on cable TV channel KHRT-TV.
The city received an "AA", and an "AA+" rating for its general obligations, from the Fitch Group in 2012.[54]
In July 2012, Hayward began working on an updated 25-year General Plan, which was adopted on July 1, 2014.[55] The city last updated their General Plan in 2002.
The Hayward Hall of Justice, a branch of the California Superior Court, is the largest full-service courthouse in Alameda County.[56]
According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Hayward has 70,194 registered voters. Of those, 39,327 (56%) are registered Democrats, 6,960 (9.9%) are registered Republicans, and 21,104 (30.1%) have declined to state a political party.[57]
Hayward is a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections. The last Republican to receive at least one-third of the vote was George H. W. Bush in 1988.
Hayward vote
by party in presidential elections
2016 79.5% 37,640 15.3% 7,228
1988 61.8% 20,594 36.9% 12,308
See also: List of companies based in Hayward, California
Manufacturing[edit]
Hayward has a large number of manufacturing companies, both corporate headquarters and plants. This includes some high-tech companies, with Hayward considered part of a northern extension of Silicon Valley.[58] Manufacturing plants in Hayward include Annabelle Candy,[59] Columbus Salame,[60] the Gillig bus company, Impax Laboratories, the Shasta soft drink company, and a PepsiCo production and distribution center.[61]
Retail[edit]
Southland Mall is the largest shopping center in Hayward.
Former businesses[edit]
Hunt Brothers Cannery[edit]
The economy of Hayward in the first half of the twentieth century was based largely on the Hunt Brothers Cannery. The cannery was opened in Hayward in 1895 by brothers William and Joseph Hunt, who were fruit packers originally from Sebastopol, California.[62] The Hunts initially packed local fruit, including cherries, peaches, and apricots, then added tomatoes, which became the mainstay of their business. At its height in the 1960s and 1970s, Hunt's operated three canneries in Hayward, at A, B, and C Streets; an adjacent can-making company; a pickling factory; and a glass manufacturing plant. From the 1890s until its closure in 1981, Hunt's employed a large percentage of the local population. The air around Hayward was permeated by the smell of tomatoes for three months of each year, during the canning season. The canneries closed in 1981, as there were no longer enough produce fields or fruit orchards near the cannery to make it economically viable. Much of the production was moved to the Sacramento Valley. The location of the former canneries is marked by a historic water tower with the Hayward logo.[63] A housing development now occupies much of the former cannery site.[64]
Other former businesses[edit]
Much of the Bay coastal territory of Hayward was turned into salt ponds, with Oliver Salt and Leslie Salt operating there.[65][66] Much of this land has in recent years been returned to salt marshes. A 1983 image of the ponds appears on a 2012 U.S. postage stamp.[67] The Mervyns department store chain was headquartered in Hayward, until it declared bankruptcy in 2008.
Top employers[edit]
According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[68][68] the top employers in the city were (in alphabetical order):
Alameda County Sheriff's Department†
Manheim Auctions (AKA Bay Cities Auto)
Berkeley Farms
California State University, East Bay†
Chabot College†
City of Hayward†
Hayward Unified School District
Gillig†
Impax Laboratories†
Marelich Mechanical
Pentagon Technologies
Siemines Building Tech
St. Rose Hospital†
† indicates employers wholly located or headquartered in Hayward
Two businesses which had significant employment in fiscal year 2006, Mervyns (1,300), and Pacific Bell (940), no longer operate in Hayward.[68]
Hayward service organizations
Infrastructure[edit]
Hayward maintains the Hayward Fire Department (with 9 stations)[69] and the Hayward Police Department. Hayward has its own water and wastewater systems, but a small northern portion of the city's water is managed by the East Bay Municipal Utility District.[70] The Hayward Public Library opened at the intersection of C Street and Mission Boulevard in 1951. In 2013, plans were under development to construct a $60 million library across the street from the existing building, with funding uncertain.[71] Construction began on the library in 2016.[72]
Freeways[edit]
Aerial view of San Mateo–Hayward Bridge. Foster City in foreground, Hayward across San Francisco Bay, Mount Diablo in background (left)
Hayward is served by Interstate 880 (also known as the Nimitz Freeway), Interstate 580 with a major intersection near downtown connecting State Route 238 and Interstate 238, State Route 92 (Jackson Street) and State Route 238 (Mission Boulevard/Foothill Boulevard). State Route 92 continues west as the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge. The intersection of 880 and 92 was reconstructed over a four-year period, with completion of the project in October 2011.[73][74] Mission Boulevard has been long known for chronic traffic congestion. Past proposals to convert Mission Boulevard to a freeway or build a 238 bypass have been controversial. One proposal, to build a freeway parallel to Mission Boulevard, extending a freeway south from 580 where it turns east towards Castro Valley, and connecting to Industrial Boulevard, had land purchased, but was cancelled in 2004 after years of debate.[2] The land is now scheduled for sale and zoning.[75]
Mission, Jackson, and Foothill all converge at one congested intersection south of downtown, known historically as "Five Flags" for a line of flagpoles located there. To alleviate congestion in the downtown area, the city has converted the A Street, Mission and Foothill triangle to one-way thoroughfares (counterclockwise), and is adding road improvements, landscaping, and telephone/cable undergrounding to Mission Boulevard south to Industrial Boulevard, and to Foothill Boulevard north to 580.[76] The plan, the Route 238 Corridor Improvement Project, broke ground July 2010, completed rerouting in 2013, and was completed in 2013.[77][78][79]
Public transit[edit]
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), the regional rapid transit system, has two stations in Hayward: the Hayward station, in downtown; and the South Hayward station, near the Hayward–Union City border. BART operates a repair yard in Hayward.[80][81] The AC Transit bus system, which provides bus service for Alameda County and Contra Costa County, operates in Hayward, and has a repair/training center located there. Amtrak, the national rail passenger system, provides daily service at its Hayward station for the Capitol Corridor train, which runs between San Jose in the South Bay, and Auburn in the Greater Sacramento area.
Aviation[edit]
Main article: Hayward Executive Airport
Hayward has a general aviation airport, the Hayward Executive Airport. The Hayward Air National Guard station was located at the airport in 1942, until being reassigned to Moffett Field in 1980.[82]
Health care[edit]
Hayward has one hospital with emergency departments, St. Rose Hospital,[83] which was at risk of closure as of 2012.[84] A Kaiser Permanente Medical Center closed in 2014, replaced by a San Leandro hospital.[85][86][87] Horizon Services, which administers substance abuse recovery programs in Hayward and other locations in the Bay Area, operates out of Hayward, as does the Family Emergency Shelter Coalition. The Hayward Fire Department opened the Firehouse Clinic in November 2015, the first combined fire station/medical center in California.[88]
Cemeteries[edit]
Four cemeteries are located in Hayward: Chapel of the Chimes,[89] Mount Eden,[90] Mount Saint Joseph Cemetery,[91] and Holy Sepulchre, the last two being Catholic cemeteries.[92]
Arts and culture[edit]
The city created the Hayward Public Art Program in 2008, to create murals to beautify the city and combat graffiti, and has commissioned numerous murals throughout the city.[93][94] The program won a League of California Cities Helen Putnam Award of Excellence in 2011.[95]
Hayward Public Art Program mural detail (Jean Bidwell, artist)
Hayward has been a Tree City USA since 1986.[96] Hayward declared itself a nuclear-free zone, a largely symbolic act, in 1987.[97] The city is the setting for the Hayward Gay Prom, one of the earliest and longest-running gay proms in the United States. The city introduced road signs in 2015 encouraging better behavior while walking or driving, using phrases like "It's a speed limit, not a suggestion".[98][99]
The slang term "Hella", which has spread globally, is said to have its roots in Hayward, tracing back to the 1970s.[100][101]
Downtown Hayward[edit]
Main article: Downtown Hayward
Many of Hayward's cultural landmarks and points of interest are in its downtown area. Three city hall buildings have been built: Hayward City Hall; the City Center Building, an abandoned 11-story building and Hayward's second city hall; and the first city hall at Alex Giualini Plaza, whose architectural motifs form the current city logo.
Other downtown features include the Hayward Area Historical Society museum, which relocated and re-opened in June 2014; Buffalo Bill's Brewery, one of the first brewpubs in California; Cinema Place, one Hayward's two movie theatre, with associated murals and an art gallery.[102]. Many of the Hayward Public Art Program murals are located downtown.
Historic landmarks[edit]
See also: List of buildings and structures in Hayward, California
Hayward has two sites in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): the Green Shutter Hotel and Eden Congregational Church. A third site, Meek Mansion (also in the NRHP), while not within city limits, is managed by HARD and the Hayward Area Historical Society. The three sites are also on the California Register of Historical Resources.[103] Agapius Honcharenko's Ukraina Ranch is the only California Historical Landmark in the city.[104]
Julio J. Bras Portuguese Centennial Park[105]
Parks and protected areas[edit]
Hayward has four parks administered by the East Bay Regional Park District: the Don Castro Regional Recreation Area, Dry Creek Pioneer Regional Park, the Hayward Regional Shoreline, and Garin Regional Park. The Eden Landing Ecological Reserve is located at the Hayward shoreline, and includes 600 acres of salt ponds set to be converted to tidal wetlands.[106] Hayward is also home to the oldest Japanese garden in California designed along traditional lines. The 3.5 acre Japanese Gardens was dedicated in 1980.[107] The garden is administered by the Hayward Area Recreation and Park District (HARD), which operates a number of parks and facilities, primarily in Hayward, including Kennedy Park, the Sulphur Creek Nature Center, the Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center, and Memorial Park with the Hayward Plunge swim center.[108] HARD is the largest recreation district in California.[109]
Sports[edit]
The East Bay FC Stompers amateur soccer team is based in Hayward. The All Pro Wrestling professional wrestling promotion and training school is based in Hayward, and performs shows there.[110] Hayward was briefly considered for the new home of the New York Giants baseball team in 1957, with San Francisco acquiring the team.[citation needed]
The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District operates the Skywest and Mission Hills golf courses. In addition to the two public golf courses, TPC Stonebrae, a private golf club, operates in Hayward. It hosts the Ellie Mae Classic (formerly known as the TPC Stonebrae Championship), part of the Web.com Tour since 2009.[111]
California State University, East Bay[edit]
Main article: California State University, East Bay
California State University, East Bay campus, overlooking Warren Hall (demolished in August 2013) and the Hayward flatlands
Hayward is home to the main campus of California State University, East Bay (CSUEB), formerly known as California State University, Hayward.[112] It is a public university within the California State University system. Pioneer Amphitheatre is located there, and is host to public music festivals.
Chabot College[edit]
Main article: Chabot College
Hayward is the home of Chabot College, a community college in the Chabot–Las Positas Community College District.[113]
Life Chiropractic College West[edit]
Main article: Life Chiropractic College West
Life Chiropractic College is also situated in Hayward. Founded as Pacific States Chiropractic College in 1976 it is most well known for its Doctor of Chiropractic program.
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
Hayward is served by the Hayward Unified School District (HUSD),[114] which operates three high schools, Mount Eden, Tennyson, and Hayward High. Additional high schools include the Eden Area Regional Occupational Program, the Leadership Public Schools, Hayward charter school (ranked #2 among charter schools statewide by a University of Southern California study)[115] and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation charter public high school, Impact Academy of Arts and Technology.[116] The New Haven Unified School District operates in Union City and South Hayward, with one high school, Conley–Caraballo, located in Hayward. The San Lorenzo Unified School District operates Royal Sunset High School within Hayward.[117] A large private high school, Moreau Catholic High School, is located in Hayward. Hayward was the recipient of a 2010 Promise Neighborhood grant from the United States Department of Education, through CSUEB.[118][119][120]
Two newspapers of general circulation cover Hayward. From 1944 to 2016, Hayward ran a daily newspaper, the Daily Review, published most recently by Bay Area News Group. The Tri-City Voice newspaper, based in Fremont and published twice weekly, covers Hayward as well as the Tri-City area of Fremont, Newark, and Union City. It was founded in 2002.[121] The East Bay Express weekly newspaper, founded in 1978, covers Hayward as part of its East Bay coverage. Local television stations, and AM and FM radio from Oakland and San Francisco reach Hayward, as do some stations from San Jose, Sacramento, and Salinas. The city's cable TV carrier is Comcast. California State University, East Bay's student-run newspaper, The Pioneer, has covered the East Bay since 1961. Chabot College's student radio station, KCRH, operates mostly within city limits.
Flags, at roundabout, near Mission Hills Golf Course
Main article: List of people from Hayward, California
People from Hayward who are strongly associated with the city include: founder William Dutton Hayward, and the Ukrainian patriot and Greek Orthodox priest Agapius Honcharenko, who created a farm whose location is now an historic landmark. High-profile people from Hayward include football coach Bill Walsh, former Oakland Raiders coach Jack Del Rio, figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi, professional wrestler and actor Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, and former Treasurer of the United States Rosa Gumataotao Rios. Charles Plummer, prior to becoming Alameda County Sheriff, was the Police Chief of Hayward.
Sister cities[edit]
Hayward is the sister city of:
Funabashi, Chiba, Japan[122]
Ghazni, Afghanistan[123]
Faro, Portugal was formerly a sister city, c. 1979[105]
Book: Hayward, California
San Francisco Bay Area portal
^ ""Acceptance of Cannery Water Tower from ConAgra, Inc.", City of Hayward document, 2004 (pdf)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ a b "Hayward cottages now owned by Caltrans considered for historical designation". ContraCostaTimes.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ a b "ACCESS HAYWARD". Retrieved February 18, 2015.
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^ For example, see Kirkbride, Wayne, "Golden Dreams and the Success that Followed," Sierra Mountain Times, Retrieved on April 27, 2009; and GeoQuery: Places: USGS Geographic Name Information Server; TerraFly GeoQuery website, Retrieved on April 27, 2009
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^ "Mayor & City Council – Welcome!". City of Hayward. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
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^ "Santa Clara VTA receives state funding to expand BART facilities", RT&S, December 7, 2012
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^ Replogle, Jill (July 8, 2011). "Kaiser's San Leandro Medical Center Hits Its High Mark – San Leandro, CA Patch". Sanleandro.patch.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
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^ Ordinance No. 87-024, An Ordinance Establishing Nuclear Free Hayward Archived December 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
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^ "Street Sign Says 'Cross the Street, Then Update Facebook'". Popularmechanics.com. February 13, 2015.
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^ a b "Portuguese Centennial Park – Hayward, CA – Municipal Parks and Plazas on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Eden Landing Salt Pond Restoration Project, at the Save The Bay website". Savesfbay.org. April 21, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hayward, California.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hayward.
Hayward history at City website
City of Hayward Geographic Information System website, with a high quality city map
[2] map of Alameda County, showing Hayward's borders (Alameda County website)
Hayward Area Historical Society (HAHS) website
interactive map of the Hayward area, at historycrossroads website
Hayward data at the East Bay Economic Development Alliance website
"Hayward 2040", community website for the Hayward General Plan
Places adjacent to Hayward, California
San Lorenzo Castro Valley
(Cherryland) San Ramon
(Fairview)
(San Francisco Bay)
San Mateo–Hayward Bridge
Foster City Fremont
Newark Union City
City Center Building
Alex Giualini Plaza
Eden Congregational Church
Green Shutter Hotel
Don Castro Regional Recreation Area
Dry Creek Pioneer Regional Park
Garin Regional Park
Regional Shoreline
Shoreline Interpretive Center
Eden Landing Ecological Reserve
Kennedy Park
Colleges and
California State University, East Bay
Primary and
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Hayward High
Tennyson High
Mount Eden High
New Haven USD
Conley-Caraballo Continuation
San Lorenzo USD
East Bay Arts High
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Leadership Public Schools, Hayward
Moreau Catholic High School
Mission Boulevard
Hayward Executive Airport
Amtrak station
Hayward BART
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Skywest Commons
Russell City Energy Center
Hunt Brothers Cannery
Meek Mansion
Mervyn's
Warren Hall
Ukraina Honcharenko
William Dutton Hayward
Russell City
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County seat: Oakland
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Kilkare Woods
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Mowry Landing
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Scotts Corner
Former settlements
Alisal
Decoto
Drawbridge
Eden Landing
Goecken
Hayward Heath
Laddville
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John Valdivia
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Garrad Marsh
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Acquanetta Warren
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Tim Flynn
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Jesse Molina
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Erik Peterson
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Paula Devine
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Eugene Montanez
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R. Rex Parris
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James C. Ledford Jr.
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Barbara Halliday
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Joe Gunter
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Elliot Rothman
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Glenn Hendricks
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Sam Abed
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Patrick J. Furey
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Terry Tornek
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James T. Butts Jr.
(Inglewood)
Wade Harper
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Harry Ramos
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Cheryl Heitmann
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Tom Butt
(Richmond)
Lloyd Johnson
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Margarita L. Rios
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Raymond A. Buenaventura
(Daly City)
Bob Frutos
(Burbank)*
Alice Patino
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Nathan Magsig
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Vertaa kaikki 6 hotellia kohteessa Bachenbrock ja varaa online.
Holiday Home Altes Land.1 is set in Bachenbrock. The accommodation is 44 km from Hamburg.
The holiday home comes with 2 bedrooms, a TV with cable channels and a fully equipped kitchen that provides guests with an oven. Private parking is available at the holiday home.
Villa Hollern-Twielenfleth 1 offers a children's playground.
Holiday Home Altes Land.2 is situated in Bachenbrock. The accommodation is 44 km from Hamburg.
The holiday home is equipped with 2 bedrooms and a fully fitted kitchen with an oven and a fridge. A TV with cable channels is provided.
Set in Bachenbrock in the Lower-Saxony region, Holiday Home Altes Land.3 has a terrace. Guests staying at this holiday home have access to a fully equipped kitchen.
The holiday home comes with a cable TV. Private parking is available at the holiday home.
Villa Hollern-Twielenfleth 3 offers a children's playground.
Set 29 km from Hamburg and 6 km from Stade, Ferienhaus Scout 48 im Feriendorf offers accommodation in Bachenbrock. The unit is 41 km from Bad Bramstedt.
The kitchen features a dishwasher. A flat-screen TV with cable channels, as well as a CD player are featured. Other facilities at Ferienhaus Scout 48 im Feriendorf include a barbecue.
Huoneita: Holiday Home, Two-Bedroom House.
Ferienhaus Wigwam im Feriendorf Al is a holiday home set in Bachenbrock, 29 km from Hamburg. The unit is 6 km from Stade.
The unit is fitted with a kitchen. A flat-screen TV is available. Other facilities at Ferienhaus Wigwam im Feriendorf Al include a barbecue.
Set in Bachenbrock in the Lower-Saxony Region, this holiday home is 29 km from Hamburg. Guests benefit from terrace.
The kitchen is equipped with a dishwasher. Towels and bed linen are available in this self-catering accommodation.


DAVID DE GEA exhibited an absolute goalkeeping masterclass against Liverpool today earning plaudits from a host of United legends.
Rio Ferdinand said on twitter that the Spanish shot-stopper was fast-aproaching Edwin van der Sar and Peter Schmeichel status.
At one point Ferdinand compared De Gea to a wall, and after the game Ole Gunnar Solskjaer said it was the best goalkeeping performance he'd seen at Old Trafford.
Phillip Neville and Peter Schmeichel were also both keen to praise the 24-year-old, calling him simply 'Brilliant'.
David de Gea was unplayable all afternoon against Liverpool, keeping Raheem Sterling and Mario Balotelli at bay despite a shaky defensive performance from united.
The Spaniard has now kept four clean sheets this season and is proving a vital member of Van Gaal's squad as they pressure Manchester City and Chelsea.


If you read my post from last week you have seen that I am facing some major road blocks in my road to success.
I have spent a lot of time trying to figure out a way to make things easier now that I am working. Now that I am not home during the day I am finding it a lot harder to plan meals, cook, clean ... The list goes on and on.
Although the last 11 days off work flew by I was able to put together a game plan.
It took me a while to figure it out but if it works for me it will all be worthwhile. I first went to my blog and searched all of my old recipes. These recipes have worked for me in the past so I am hoping they will work for me once again. Plus I wouldn't have posted them if I didn't like them which means less experimenting. I'm not saying I won't try new recipes but for now this was the easiest way to go.
I printed out all of the recipes and then laminated each one individually. See pic below.
Then I made a meal planning calendar for the whole month of January using the recipes. You can click here to see my calendar.
After I made the calendar I printed and laminated it and then started the grocery list. My husband was so helpful and took my huge list to the grocery store and picked everything up for me. It was such a huge help because I was able to get cleaning and laundry done while he was gone. Here are pictures of my list.
After my husband got home I put everything away and then started on some chicken salad for my lunches this week. This weeks lunches (for me) will consist of chicken salad on a bagel thin, fat free pringles, fat free rice pudding and strawberries.
I decided to make a chicken salad recipe that I have used in the past. According to my blog I really enjoyed it. ;) So I am giving it a try.
It's chicken salad with, fat free plain vanilla yogurt and craisins. I might even add some chopped pecans into it tomorrow. Let's just say that I can't wait for lunch tomorrow!
Tomorrow's dinner will be Crockpot Balsamic Chicken. I will post the recipe tomorrow if it is any good. It is a super simple meal and I can't wait to try it out. My husband picked up some crockpot liners for me today at the store. I have never used them before so I am very excited to see how they work. I'm hoping they are as easy as they say. No clean-up sounds perfect.
I have all of my ingredients out on the counter (except the cold ingredients) and ready to be placed in the crockpot before I leave the house tomorrow. I even asked my husband to pick up paper products so that I won't have to wash as many dishes each night. This should save a little time too. I know it's not good for the environment so I hope to only do this until I get a better handle on things.
I will tell you a little more about this awesome device in another post but for now I will tell you that I am enjoying it immensely and I can tell it's really going to help me with my weight loss and becoming more active and healthy.
It's such a cool little device. As soon as I have more time I will tell you about all of it's cool features and graphs. It is so easy to use and so accurate. I love logging my food into it and seeing how many calories I ate compared to how many I burned. It's super neat!
I plan to wear this daily and continue to check my activity level throughout the day to encourage me to stay on track. They even have and iPhone app!!!
I have to say that I am embarrassed to write about how I have been lacking in this area in my life lately. I seem to be so busy with everything else in my life and I forget to spend time reading God's word.
How am I going to grow as a Christian if I don't spend time reading from the Bible? I realized along with many other things that I need to set aside specific time to spend with God and reading His word.
I first had to figure out the plan and now that I have it down I will be starting my special time with God tomorrow morning at 6:30am. :) Yes, with a smile!
I know it's going to be hard to get up earlier then usual every morning but I need to do it and with God's help I know that this will work. I am very excited to have my alone time with God. If you have children you know how hard this can be.
I purchased a new devotional to read each morning. It's called "Daily Seeds From Women Who Walk In Faith" by Schmidt, Melinda, Lustrea, Anita, Neff, Lori. I was going to order from Amazon until I realized that it was almost $10 cheaper to get it on my Kindle. So Kindle it is! I'm very excited to start reading it.
Wish me luck with my early start tomorrow!
That's about all I have come up with so far on my plan to success. I am praying that I can handle it all and that these few changes will take some stress off of my shoulders and free up some time so that I have time for the more important things like my family.
What have you found successful when it comes to simplifying your life?
all three conspired to make me successful too even though it is still a daily choice.
I love this post, Jessica! You are really inspiring me. When I need to simplify my life, I find myself trying to say "No" more so that I have more time for myself. Getting my husband to chip in more helps immensely, too. Happy 2012!


Important! eBay recommends that you use the Account API to set up all your fulfillment, payment, and return business policies. This guide remains active for archival purposes only.
The Business Policies Management API allows sellers to create and manage business policies (payment, return, and shipping). Sellers can easily create these business policies and associate them to an eBay category group. Since every listing on eBay is linked to a category, this API will allow you to create a business policy and immediately apply it to all listings for a group of categories. By using the Business Policies Management API, sellers will no longer have to recreate, reassign, and update the same payment, return policy, and shipping settings/values for each individual listing. Managing business policies through this API will help sellers save significant time in creating and updating their listings.
Business Policies are now available on all eBay sites. A seller can opt in to Business Policies through the Sell section in My eBay. A seller can verify whether or not their account is opted in to Business Policies by making a call to Trading API's GetUserPreferences, and including the ShowSellerProfilePreferences flag in the call request. In the GetUserPreferences response, the seller will look for a 'true' value in the SellerProfilePreferences.SellerProfileOptedIn field. Regardless of opt-in status, a seller can actually use the Business Policies Management API to create and manage business policies, but that same seller will not be able to access the Business Policies Management UI on the eBay site nor apply specific business policies to listings until the account has been opted-in to Business Policies.
Once a seller's account is opted into Business Policies, the payment, return, and shipping options/values set in the default business policies will automatically be set whenever the seller lists an item. It is then at the seller's discretion to modify, delete, or add new settings/values in Web flow or by using an addSellerProfile or setSellerProfile call. The seller also has the option of using/referencing another (non-default) business policy (in Web flow or through the Item.SellerProfiles container in an Add/Revise/RelistItem Trading API call).
The Business Policies Management API is a SOA service that is meant to be consumed by users who want to programmatically create and manage business policies. The API allows you to create payment, return, and shipping business policies. The settings/values captured in these business policies can then be automatically applied to eBay listings.
When a seller lists an item, the Business Policies Management API verifies which Business Policies category group that the item belongs to (based on the eBay category the item is listed under), and then retrieves and applies the default business policies for that Business Policies category group.
Previous to the concept of business policies, a seller had to specify and update payment, return, and shipping settings/values for each individual listing. This meant that the seller had to enter the same information repeatedly for each listing. With Business Policies, a seller can partially automate (through Web flow or through Trading API's Add/Revise/Relist calls) the process of listing, revising, or relisting an item.
One business policy can be associated with multiple category groups.
A category group can be associated with many business policies.
Currently, the valid values for a category group names are 'ALL' (all non- motor vehicle categories) and 'MOTORS_VEHICLE' (all motor vehicle categories). The 'MOTORS_VEHICLE' category group is not valid for return policies, as return policies cannot be used with motor vehicle listings. In the future, there may be other valid values for category group names.
The first business policy (payment, return, or shipping) that the seller creates (or eBay creates for the seller) for a category group becomes the default policy for that category group and policy type combination. However, you can modify the "default" payment, return, or shipping policy through My eBay or through the setSellerProfile call. Only one policy can be set as default for the category group and policy type combination at any given time.
Assign a category group to which the business policy will apply by setting the categoryGroup.name value to 'ALL' or 'MOTORS_VEHICLE'. Optionally, set the assigned category group as default by including and setting the categoryGroup.default value to 'true'. If the categoryGroup.default field is included and set to 'true', the business policy (and its settings) will apply to all newly created listings that fall under that category group. However, the seller cannot pass in a categoryGroup.default value of 'true' if a default business policy already exists for that category group and policy type combination. The 'MOTORS_VEHICLE' category group is not valid for return business policies, as return business policies cannot be used with motor vehicle listings.
Define the policy type by including the profileType field and setting its value to 'PAYMENT', 'RETURN_POLICY' or 'SHIPPING'.
Assign a name to the business policy through the profileName field. It is a good idea to give the business policy a descriptive name so you can easily identify it. All business policy names should be unique within each policy type (payment, return, shipping).
Optionally, provide a text description of the business policy through the profileDesc field.
Optionally, provide the siteId value of the listing site. If this field is not provided, the siteId value defaults to the seller's registration site.
Specify the details of each policy type that is being created through the paymentProfile.paymentInfo, returnPolicyProfile.returnPolicyInfo, and/or shippingPolicyProfile.shippingPolicyInfo containers.
To modify an existing business policy, you use the setSellerProfile call. First, you want to identify the payment, return, or shipping business policy to modify by providing a valid value in the profileName and/or profileId field in the request. Then, you can modify any existing value defined for a business policy or add fields to a business policy. For example, you might want to add additional acceptedPaymentMethod values for a payment business policy, or add a text description of the return policy through the returnPolicyInfo.description field, or add an additional domestic shipping service through an additional domesticShippingPolicyInfoService container.
Note: Modifying an existing business policy creates a 'clone' of that business policy, and all listings that referenced the previous business policy are reassigned to the new business policy. Active listings that are in restricted revise mode will be assigned to the new business policy, but values/settings will remain unchanged.
Another use case for using the setSellerProfile call is to change the default business policy for a category group and policy type combination. It would actually require two setSellerProfile calls to perform this action. In the first call, you'd identify the current default business policy through the profileId field, identify the category group that the business policy belongs to in the categoryGroup.name field, and then pass in a value of 'false' in the categoryGroup.default field. In the second call, you'd identify the business policy that you want set as the new default business policy through the profileId field, identify the category group that the business policy belongs to in the categoryGroup.name field, and then pass in a value of 'true' in the categoryGroup.default field.
To retrieve one or more business policies, you use the getSellerProfiles call. The seller has the option of retrieving all existing business policies (no input parameters), specific business policies identified by profileId and/or profileName value(s), or business policies matching the specified profileType value(s).
To delete one business policy, you use the removeProfile call. To identify the business policy to delete, the seller passes in the profileId value. To delete multiple business policies, you use the removeSellerProfiles call. To identify the business policies to delete, the seller passes in multiple profileIds values.
Note: A business policy that is associated to one or more active listings cannot be deleted. Instead, these listings have to be reassigned to other active business policies first using a ReviseItem call or the Business Policies Management UI. Similarly, the default business policy for a policy type (return, payment, shipping) cannot be deleted.
Shipping business policies that have identical shipping services (with the exception of shipping costs) and identical settings (such as domestic and international shipping types, handling times, ship-to locations, rate tables, etc.) can be consolidated using the consolidateShippingProfiles call. When shipping business policies are consolidated, the shipping business policy that is used/referenced by the seller most frequently is kept, and the others are removed from the seller's account. Active or scheduled listings inherit the shipping business policy (and all its values/settings) that is kept after the consolidation, but the shipping costs that were specified for each shipping service in the newly deleted shipping policies are kept on the respective listings.
The consolidateShippingProfiles call runs asynchronously. The status of a shipping policy consolidation job can be retrieved by using the getConsolidationJobStatus call.
Note: As a seller continues to create numerouse listings, there's a good chance that permutations in shipping settings will continue to accumulate. Due to this reason, it is recommended that client applications are set up to execute regular consolidateShippingProfiles calls.
The shipping costs for all domestic and international shipping services, that are defined in the domesticShippingPolicyInfoService and intlShippingPolicyInfoService containers of the shipping policy, can be overridden by supplying a ShippingServiceCostOverrideList.ShippingServiceCostOverride container for each domestic and international shipping service defined through the shipping policy.
Shipping costs include the shipping cost to ship one item (ShippingServiceCost in Trading API), the shipping cost to ship each additional identical item for a multi-quantity listing (ShippingServiceAdditionalCost in Trading API), and a shipping surcharge if one is applicable for the shipping service (ShippingSurcharge in Trading API).
For all domestic shipping services defined in the shipping business policy, the ShippingServiceType field in the ShippingServiceCostOverrideList.ShippingServiceCostOverride container should be set to 'Domestic', and for all international shipping services defined in the shipping business policy, the ShippingServiceType field should be set to 'International'. For both domestic and international shipping services, the ShippingServicePriority value in the ShippingServiceCostOverrideList.ShippingServiceCostOverride container should match the sortOrderId value for the matching shipping service in the shipping business policy.
Note: Once a shipping cost value is overridden on an active listing, it remains overridden, even if its respective value is changed in the shipping business policy that is associated to that listing.
If the seller meets all Top-Rated Seller requirements, and the business policy meets all Top-Rated Plus listing requirements for the listing category, an ETRS flag is returned in the output under the categoryGroup container. For more information on Top-Rated Seller and Top-Rated Plus listings, see the Becoming a Top Rated Seller and qualifying for Top Rated Plus help topic.
In most cases, the names of data fields in the Business Policies Management API directly map to the names of data fields in the Trading API listing calls. The main difference is the initial character is lowercase in the Business Policies Management API, and the initial character is uppercase in the Trading API listing calls. The following table maps payment, return policy, and shipping-related fields in the Business Policies Management API to payment, return policy, and shipping-related fields in the Trading API listing calls.
dispatchTimeReason: this new shipping policy field allows the seller to provide a text description that provides more detail about handling time and the shipping of an item.
separate enumeration values used to specify domestic and international shipping services: shippingPolicyInfo.domesticShippingType and shippingPolicyInfo.intlShippingType values in a shipping business policy will replace the enumeration value specified in the Trading API through the Item.ShippingDetails.ShippingType field.
shippingOption: this new shipping business policy enumeration value allows the seller to to summarize which regions/countries he/she is willing to ship to.
buyerResponsibleForPickup: this new shipping business policy boolean field allows the seller to communicate to the buyer that the buyer is responsible for the pickup of the vehicle.
freightShipping: this container allows the seller to provide more information to the buyer regarding freight shipping details.
Customers can enable Business Policies in their Sandbox account by going to the Business Policies Sandbox Opt-in page. For more information about testing Business Policies, refer to Testing Overview in the Making a Business Policies Management API Call document.


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Home / Health Library / Articles
Caffeine: Tips for Breaking the Habit
Caffeine is a natural substance found in more than 60 plants. The FDA considers caffeine to be both a food additive and a drug. This article explores caffeine's effect on the body, how much is too much, symptoms of caffeine overload, and tips for breaking the caffeine habit.
What is caffeine?
Caffeine is a bitter, white substance that occurs naturally in more than 60 plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves and cacao pods (used to make chocolate). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers caffeine to be both a food additive and a drug.
The most common sources of caffeine for most people are coffee, tea, soda and chocolate. The amount of caffeine in foods and drinks varies. For coffee and tea, the amount of caffeine per cup depends on the brand, the type of beans or leaves used, how it is prepared and how long it steeps. Most soda pops, not only colas, contain caffeine. Energy drinks are growing in popularity, particularly among teens and young adults. The caffeine content of these drinks ranges from 60 mg to more than 250 mg per serving.
Caffeine is the main ingredient in over-the-counter (non-prescription) stimulants that reduce fatigue (tiredness), increase alertness or give an energy boost. It is also added to other over-the-counter and prescription medications.
What effects does caffeine have on the body?
Caffeine passes into the bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine. Once in the bloodstream, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system -- the nerves, brain and spinal cord -- to make you feel more awake and alert. Caffeine reduces fatigue and improves focus and concentration. It also causes the release of acid in the stomach, and some people report heartburn or indigestion after consuming caffeine.
The effects of caffeine can be felt as soon as 15 minutes after it is consumed. The level of caffeine in the blood peaks about 1 hour later and stays at this level for several hours for most people. Six hours after caffeine is consumed, half of it is still in the body. It can take up to 10 hours to completely clear caffeine from the bloodstream.
How is caffeine used in medications?
Caffeine is a common ingredient in many prescription and over-the-counter headache remedies, pain relievers and cold medicines. Through caffeine's effects on the central nervous system, it helps these drugs act more effectively -- and helps the body absorb headache medicines more quickly.
If you are concerned about your caffeine intake, read the product label on over-the-counter medications or the information sheet that comes with prescriptions to determine whether a medication contains caffeine. The FDA requires that the medication labels list the amount of caffeine they contain.
Caffeine is also found in some herbal products that people take as supplements, including guarana, yerba mate, kola nut and green tea extract. These products are not required by law to show their caffeine content on the label, and there is no set standard for caffeine content.
How much caffeine is too much?
The average American adult consumes 200 mg of caffeine a day. This is the equivalent of two 5-ounce cups of coffee or four 12-oz. colas. Consuming up to 400 mg or four cups of coffee, does not cause problems for most people. But caffeine affects people differently, depending on their size, gender and sensitivity to it. In people who are sensitive to caffeine, even moderate amounts can cause insomnia (trouble sleeping), rapid heart rate, anxiety and feelings of restlessness. Health and nutrition experts agree that consuming more than 600 mg of caffeine a day (equivalent of four to seven cups of coffee) is too much.
Teenagers and young adults often drink energy drinks and/or large amounts of strong coffee, putting them at risk of consuming too much caffeine.
What are the symptoms of having too much caffeine?
Symptoms of having too much caffeine include:
Headache, nervousness, dizziness
Having "the jitters" or feeling shaky
Insomnia or sleep that is 'on and off' throughout the night
Racing heart or abnormal heartbeat
Increase in blood pressure
Can an individual develop an addiction to caffeine?
Many people develop a tolerance for caffeine. This means that their body gets used to having caffeine every day. Over time, they must keep increasing their caffeine intake to achieve the desired effects of alertness and ability to concentrate.
What are some tips for breaking the caffeine habit?
Cut down slowly on the amount of caffeine in your diet. If you have developed a dependence on caffeine, an abrupt cutback can cause headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and even flu-like nausea and muscle pain. These symptoms are called 'caffeine withdrawal.' In general, the more caffeine you are used to consuming, the more severe withdrawal symptoms are likely to be. Symptoms of withdrawal begin 12 to 24 hours after the last caffeine intake and can last 2 to 9 days.
People who want to cut down on caffeine often make the mistake of stopping totally. When they experience withdrawal symptoms, they go back to drinking coffee or cola or taking a headache medication with caffeine in it to make the symptoms disappear. This starts the dependency cycle all over again. Avoiding the withdrawal symptoms is one of the most common reasons why people continue their caffeine habit.
To successfully reduce your caffeine intake, gradually reduce the amount of coffee, tea, soda and energy drinks you have each day. Begin to substitute cold caffeinated beverages with water. Water is a healthy choice and satisfies the need for drinking a liquid. Water also naturally flushes caffeine from your body and keeps you hydrated.
If you are a coffee drinker, gradually switch from regular coffee to decaf. First alternate between decaf and regular, then slowly change to more decaf and taper off regular coffee. Gradually reducing your caffeine consumption over a period of 2 to 3 weeks will help you successfully change your habit without causing withdrawal symptoms.
Neurological Institute
The Neurological Institute is a leader in treating and researching the most complex neurological disorders and advancing innovations in neurology.
Medline Plus. Caffeine Accessed 6/2014.
Medline Plus. Medicines in My Home: Caffeine and Your Body Accessed 6/2014.
Iancu I, Olmer A, Strous RD (2007). Caffeinism: History, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. In Smith BD, Gupta U, Gupta BS. Caffeine and activation theory: effects on health and behavior. CRC Press. pp. 331–344.edited by Barry D. Smith, Uma Gupta, B.S. Gupta
International Food Information Council Foundation: "Caffeine & Health: Clarifying the Controversies." 2008. www.ific.org Accessed 6/2014.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You can now subscribe to a news feed that keeps you updated about the status of HxD and other projects at mh-nexus.de.
Thanks to the work of Mircea Fanel, people speaking Romanian can now use HxD in their native language! If you have spotted mistakes or have suggestions for enhancements for any of the localizations of HxD you can report them in the translations forum.
Regarding the quick outlook of what is to come in the next version of HxD: you can expect the next version to be released this year. It will include a data inspector, enhancements for Windows Vista and 7 -- especially concerning UAC and the disk editor, add support for 64-bit processes in the RAM-editor, and get some other smaller enhancements such as privacy settings (history lists).
Last bumped by Maël on 13 May 2010 17:54.


MANILA, Philippines – Malacañang has downplayed concerns of a former Philippine Navy chief about security implications of two Chinese firms likely taking over Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Corp. Philippines.
Currently struggling in massive debt, Hanjin has asked the government to look for an investor who would take over its business, which included a vast shipyard in Subic Bay, Olongapo.
Ceferino Rodolfo, managing head of the Board of Investments, had earlier said two Chinese firms were interested to take over Hanjin's operations in the Philippines.
"It's just a speculation that they will take over. When a company declares bankruptcy, who will be interested in that?" Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said in a Palace briefing.
Pama said possession of Hanjin shipyard in Subic Bay would give owners unlimited access to one of the country's most strategic geographic naval and maritime assets.
But Panelo maintained that "for now" there's no cause for concern.
"For now, we will just be just speculating because we still don't know yet who will take over," he said.
"Why are we concerned on China and not on other countries?" he added.
"For now, we are just speculating. It's all rumor," he said.
Panelo explained that if it's a Chinese company that we're familiar with, there's no issue.


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Home / Information Tools / Knowledgebase / Changing the Mayor's Salary
Changing the Mayor's Salary
Reviewed Date: June 12, 2017
Shechter, Leslie
Mayor--Aldermanic government
Personnel--Compensation
Budgets--Municipal
Budgets--Municipal--Tennessee
MTAS was asked whether a municipality may set the mayor's salary by amending the current budget (approved on July 1), and making the amendment retroactive to July 1.
Knowledgebase-Changing the Mayor's Salary
You have asked whether a municipality with a general law mayor-aldermanic charter may set the mayor's salary by amending the current budget (approved on July 1), and making the amendment retroactive to July 1. While, not specifically prohibited, I do not believe that the mayor's salary may be set in an amending ordinance and made retroactive to July 1.
As you know, the newly revised mayor-aldermanic charter, effective July 1, provides for the compensation of officers as follows:
6-3-109. Compensation. The compensation of all officers shall be established in the ordinance adopting the annual budget and capital program. The compensation of the mayor may not be diminished during the term of office.
The language of the charter specifies that the salary is set in the adopting ordinance, at the time the budget is initially established. I think this provision requires that the salary be set on July 1, or whenever your budget is adopted. It would be my interpretation further, that, while a budget can certainly be amended during the fiscal year, the mayor's salary may not.
The intent of this provision was to allow the municipality some flexibility in determining whether the mayor would be full or part time and to set the appropriate compensation based on that determination. The board is then free to determine the additional personnel needed for the efficient operation of the municipality. The committee was of the opinion that these decisions should be made at the same time the budget is established. In this way, the citizens and the mayor are on notice as to both the duties expected to be performed, and the salary to be received, by the mayor, for that fiscal year.
If you have further questions or concerns about this or any other matter, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Leslie Shechter
Knowledgebase: Mayor's Salary
Knowledgebase: Mayor's Salary and Compensation Are Not the Same Thing
Knowledgebase: Salary Increase for the Board of Mayor and Aldermen
Knowledgebase: Mayor's Salary and COLA
Knowledgebase: Salary Increase for the Mayor During His Present Term of Office
About Our Knowledgebase
MTAS letters and publications were written based upon the law at the time and/or a specific sets of facts. The laws referenced in the letters and publications may have changed and/or the technical advice provided may not be applicable to your city or circumstances. Always consult with your city attorney or an MTAS consultant before taking any action based on information contained in this database.


Since 2015, the French embassy in Ottawa — and for that matter, French embassies around the world — have been promoting France's beloved cuisine through an initiative known as Goût de France / Good France. On Thursday night, the latest edition of the Goût de France / Good France celebrations in Ottawa will be a sustainable-seafood dinner at the lavish Sussex Drive residence of French Ambassador Kareen Rispal that will raise funds for the sustainable seafood program Ocean Wise. Preceded by a cocktail reception, the deluxe meal will be prepared by the ambassador's chef, Laurent Provence, Ocean Wise executive chef Ned Bell and Le Cordon Bleu Ottawa. On the menu are Bell's nordic shrimp tacos, smoked sturgeon with saffron aioli, Provence-style organic wild coho salmon, a cheese course and a dessert course. Wine and champagne will also be served. A seat at the dinner, which starts at 7 p.m., costs $350 and is available at ocean.org/goodfrance.
You might want to go easy on the caffeine to prepare for the first Ottawa Coffee Fest, which will take place Saturday from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. at the Horticulture Building at Lansdowne Park. Advance tickets are $15 (or two for $25) at eventbrite.ca, and children 12 and under are admitted free. Thereafter, tokens are $0.50 each, to be used to buy samples from almost 20 vendors including Bridgehead, CloudForest Coffee, Equator Coffee Roasters, Happy Goat Coffee Company, I Deal Coffee, Hummingbird Chocolate, and Strawberry Blonde Bakery. There will be entertainment, workshops, speakers and more.
For most of the Monday nights over the last 15 years, Le Petit Chicago in Hull has hosted Ottawa up-and-coming jazz players who would play a set and then open things up for jamming. But the end of the bar's lease this month means that the March 25 jazz night will be the venue's last one. Drummer Michel Delage will be in charge of the night, and special guests are expected. Expect a raucous evening and many wishes that Le Petit Chicago will be able to relocate. The music starts after 9:30 p.m. and a tip jar will be circulated to help pay the house band.
Marie-Joseph Angélique was the so-called "troublesome slave" who set fire to the city of Montreal in 1734. Or was she? In this play by the late Lorena Gale, Jenny Brizard brings Angelique's complex character to life, exploring the nature of oppression through historical fiction. Co-produced by two Montreal theatre companies, Black Theatre Workshop and Table D'Hôte Theatre, it runs until March 31 at the National Arts Centre. Tickets and times, nac-cna.ca.
Ottawa's Steve Adamyk Band has a new lineup and a beefy new sound, as demonstrated on their latest album, Paradise, which finds guitarist/bandleader Adamyk joined by drummer Pat Johnson and Johnny O on bass. They celebrate the release of the new album, the band's sixth in nine years, at House of Targ on Saturday, with opening sets by two other punk-influenced Ottawa bands, The Creeps and Sleep Late. Doors open at 9 p.m., showtime is 10 p.m. and admission is $10.
After seven years covering the local music scene, the Ottawa Showbox music blog, a registered not-for-profit organization, is holding its first funding drive this month to raise money for operating expenses. There's also a concert on Friday in the Commons room at MediaStyle, 141 Bank St., second floor, featuring three unique Ottawa bands: Mushy Gushy, Sparklesaurus and Expanda Fuzz. Tickets are $12 at the door. The music starts at 8 p.m.
Three singer-songwriters with a country-folk influence join forces for a triple bill at Osgoode's Vibration Studios, 5488 Main St., at 8 p.m. Friday. In the spotlight are Toronto's Angela Saini and two gentlemen from the Ottawa area, Ray Harris and Patrick Johnson. Tickets are $15 at the door.


MILWAUKEE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 13, 2017-- Marcus Theatres®, a division of The Marcus Corporation (NYSE:MCS), is excited to announce new movie series and more coming soon to its newly acquired Marcus Wehrenberg Theatres. More options and offerings are part of the exciting changes for these movie-going communities.
In anticipation of Oscar night, the movie industry's biggest event of the year, the 2017 Best Picture Festival will be playing at five of the new Marcus Wehrenberg locations. It is a two-day event that features this year's nine Best Picture nominees on back-to-back Saturdays, Feb. 18 (day one) and Feb. 25 (day two). Admission for each day is sold separately. Day one is $28 to see four movies and day two is $35 to see five movies. Participating Marcus Wehrenberg locations include: Bloomington Cine; Chesterfield Cine; Des Peres Cine; Ronnie's Cine; and St. Charles Cine.
Beyond the recently introduced $5 Tuesday Program, other special programs have been added at select locations.
New gift cards also have become universal for Marcus Wehrenberg and Marcus Theatres, meaning that the cards can be used at either/all locations.
VIP and discount tickets are available at www.marcustheatres.com; and booking a private screening or event just got easier, too. Email events@marcustheatres.com or call 800-232-4625.
Two websites – www.marcustheatres.com and www.wehrenberg.com – will merge to become one resource for all Marcus and Marcus Wehrenberg guests at www.marcustheatres.com.
Plans to combine the Wehrenberg MVP loyalty program with the Marcus Theatres Magical Movie Rewards℠ program are underway with updates still to come. Together, these programs will surpass two million members circuitwide this month.
Potential renovations at select properties also are currently under evaluation.
These changes will really enhance the Marcus Wehrenberg guest experience.
For more information and updates about special series, showtimes, additional programs and more, visit www.marcustheatres.com.


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Photo: Isel House volunteers Myra Millward, left, and Sylvia Wesney.
Services Isel House community
Lovers of history have an opportunity to help share a piece of it with the world as a volunteer at Isel House.
Originally set on 1000 acres of land, the historic home was built by the Marsdens, one of Nelsons first families, who arrived in the area in the 1840s.
Isel House has been restored by way of layers of history – from the ornate style of the Victorian era, to the modernist style of the 1950s.
The upstairs rooms have been conserved and hold displays on the history of the house, the grounds, and the community of Stoke.
This year there is another new display for children and families called 'The Tiny Room'.
The house is open to the public every summer from October to April, and visitors are assisted by volunteers, who give information about the house and are responsible for opening and closing it.
Sylvia Wesney is one such volunteer, and it was her love of Nelson's heritage that drew her to it.
"Isel House is so unique, with a rich history regarding its construction, the farm, the park and stories of the families who lived at Isel from 1849. It is so rewarding to see the enjoyment visitors and locals get when they visit Isel, learn its history and enjoy the exhibitions, especially the two children's rooms.
"As a volunteer it is a real pleasure to contribute to Nelson's heritage, ensuring Isel House remains open to the public."
Heritage and Collections Officer Māhina Marshall says Isel House in in need of more volunteers over the summer, and encourages anyone with a love of history and a few spare hours a week to get in touch.
"Being a volunteer host at Isel House is a chance to give back to the community and keep Nelson heritage alive as well as meet people, learn about the history of Nelson and enjoy the satisfaction of keeping this grand old house open to the public."
Shifts at the house are 2.5 hours long, and take place once in the morning and afternoon during the summer period. People are welcome to join with their friends or partners.
If you are interested in becoming a volunteer, please contact mahina.marshall@ncc.govt.nz
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Broadgreen Heritage Rose Walk unveiled
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I am several months late with this news, but it is still worth posting. Alex Yearsley, a principal "campaigner" at Global Witness, one of the first organizations to link diamonds and conflict, has left the group after twelve years. He now works for "business intelligence" company ProVen.
In the first few years of the "conflict diamond" issue, Alex was a constant industry presence, and impressed many as an energetic, super-well-informed and generally fair advocate for his point of view. It was pretty stunning to see Global Witness grow from a small nine-person outfit to a far more high-profile group that was eventually name-checked in the "Blood Diamond" movie. Along with NGO colleagues, Ian Smillie, formerly of Partnership Africa Canada, and Global Witness founder Charmian Gooch, it is difficult to imagine having a Kimberley Process without him. For that, the industry owes him a debt of gratitude.


Specialized Property Management delivers such a high level of performance in Lewisville property management that we deserve a night on stage at the MCL Grand. Only we're not acting. We really do minimize your costs and maximize your income while protecting your property investment. Our professional services are a reality that property owners in Lewisville have told us they cannot live without.
We play an integral role in every phase the rental cycle. In Act I, we prepare your property for rent, market it, then rigorously screen applicants. Act II is where we focus on collecting rent and maintaining your property's condition while complying with laws and regulations. You get real-time updates in your online owner portal, which you can check anytime. Act III is where we renew the leases or manage moves and tenant transitions, and then the performance starts all over again.
WHY CHOOSE SPECIALIZED IN LEWISVILLE?
Higher Customer Satisfaction: Lewisville landlords give us the equivalent of a standing ovation for exceeding their expectations. We maintain a 99% customer satisfaction rating and 4.6-star average rating on Google. The Better Business Bureau gave us two thumbs up with an A+. We guarantee you will be equally impressed.
Unsurpassed Experience in Lewisville Property Management: After 30-years of serving the Lewisville area, we no longer get stage fright. We've seen it all and have a plan for everything. Our efficient processes cover every aspect and contingency of the rental cycle.
Better Tenant Selection: Our team of experts screen applicants better than callback tryouts on Broadway. Our goal is to place the most reliable tenants in your property, so we thoroughly review applications with a four-point credit, employment, criminal activity, and rental history check.
Shorter Vacancies: We work hard to keep your property rented through our aggressive advertising and flexible property showings. Our proactive approach minimizes vacancy days and puts your profits back on track.
Cost Effective Maintenance: Your favorite team at Specialized Property Management may likely be the certified, trained maintenance team. They routinely inspect your property, perform regular maintenance, and respond to emergencies in the middle fo the night, so you are not the one to get the call.
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Pakse Hotel is the unofficial centre of the city's tourism scene and has remained the steadfast favourite accommodation throughout the years, a gathering place for businessmen, the NGO set, tour groups and independent travellers with less restrictive budgets. The six storey mid-market hotel is big enough to accommodate some numbers so it remains a popular choice for foreign tour groups.
Ad Book now! Rates from US$19.77++.
Average rating 8.2 from 843 reviews.
However, the dated fixtures and furnishings certainly raise questions on value for money.
The good news is that the rooms are clean, tidy and solidly built. The furnishings and amenities are clearly out dated but still functioning. Rooms include a mini fridge, kettle, air-con, WiFi, TV, desk and bedside table. Showers are hot and have excellent water pressure. There's good lighting and all except the ECO rooms have windows with a view outside. But you'll have to ignore the tacky fixtures like the style of toilet and soap dispensers found in public washrooms.
Some positives: the location is great and it serves as a tourist hub. It's close to money exchange, laundry, the central market, motorbike rental shops, eateries, Green Discovery, book shop and mini market. Many staff speak English and there's enough volume in the hotel that its relatively easy to find a car share for day-trips to Wat Phou or the Bolaven Plateau, just contact the travel agency in their lobby. The rooftop restaurant Le Panorama has terrific views over the city and is one of the best spots for sunset. The food is adequate, though hearing a manager yell at staff in the open kitchen left a bad taste.
A buffet breakfast is included in the room rate—hopefully served in the lobby restaurant and not in the banquet room like they do when there is a large tour group in house. The experience has as much charm as a soup kitchen served in a gymnasium.
For the few positives there are a lot of caveats, something people may be willing to overlook for a hotel that caters to western travellers. Our final impression was waiting to check out behind two tour groups, having to watch the reception hand write and manually calculate all the bills, and when it came to our turn discovering that the rate advertised on their website was three months out of date. For the same price point, consider Residence Sisouk or Le Jardin. Surely a hotel that has suites for $100 can do better with practical details and invest in upgrades.
Check rates at Pakse Hotel on Booking.com.