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India, Karnataka PB, New Education Lot Offering
By David Shaub Stallings
1,200-1,500 meters above sea level
December-March
Coffee came to India, by way of Yemen, in the late 1600's. As coffee mythology would have it, the plant was first trafficked out of Yemen by a Sufi monk, Baba Budan, who was passing through the region on his way home from Mecca. It was illegal to take coffee that was not boiled or roasted (both processes being ones that kill the seed, and thus prohibit the plant from further propagation), and as such the monk was forced to smuggle the seeds out of the country (seven of them, on his chest - as the legend goes). Baba Budan took the seven seeds and cultivated them in Chikmagalur, a region located in the modern-day state of Karnataka in southwestern India. The crop has thrived there since.
The lower altitudes and hot, moist climate of India means that the country is much better suited to the production of Robusta than Arabica, which produces best in cooler climates and at higher altitudes. Robusta is in the same genus as Arabica, but a different species of coffee. Robustas are typically known for having strong unpleasant flavors of rubber, a pronounced nutty quality, and a powerful bitterness (likely because coffees from this species are much higher in caffeine, a very bitter compound). They do, however, have many positive traits as well. It just so happens that these positive traits are almost exclusively ones related to agriculture. They do well in hot, low altitude regions, they are much more drought resistant than arabica plants, they are resistant to many diseases and funguses that arabica plants are not, they are high yielding, etc. India has placed a strong emphasis on producing high quality robustas and has succeeded greatly, crafting remarkably palatable versions of a coffee species largely ignored by the vast majority of the specialty coffee industry.
This lot, like all other lots currently and previously on the Passenger offerings menu, is not a robusta lot. Rather, it is the arabica species (the species that is much more capable of producing sweet, complex and delicious cups of coffee). This lot was produced by smallholders in the Chikmagalur region at the foothills of the Mullayanagiri mountain range. The variety is Kent 975, a tell Typica selection that was likely bred on Kent Estate in India. The coffee in this region is all grown under heavy shade, which is necessary due to the oppressive summertime heat. As with Kenyan coffees, the PB in this case refers to screen size – in this case peaberry. Typically coffee cherries produce two seeds. In the case of a peaberry, which accounts for roughly 5% of the coffee seeds produced by any given plant, only one seed is produced inside of the coffee cherry. Since the singular seed is not limited in developmental space by another seed, it is not forced to develop a flat side, as is typically the case with coffee.
Why this coffee is being presented as an Education Lot:
There are a number of factors that place this coffee squarely within the scope of the Education Lot mission. The Kent variety that makes up this lot was the likely first variety selected for its resistance to rust, a fungus that attacks the leaves of coffee plants and can devastate farms. Secondly, being the sixth largest coffee producing country in the world, any Indian coffee certainly makes it into the category of a coffee with socio-economic importance. But, the factor which our green buying team deemed most apt when looking for an Indian coffee to offer on our educational menu was the fact that India was the second country (after Yemen) in the history of human coffee consumption, to cultivate coffee commercially. While Yemen does still produce coffee, it does so on nowhere near the same scale that India does. As such, India is a historically relevant coffee producing country to present as an Education Lot. This is the second lot we are presenting this year from the Chikmagalur region. They both fill the same role on the Education Lot menu, but were both too enjoyable to select one over the other.
Browning sugars, cherry, dried fruits and complex herbal qualities are found on the nose of this coffee. In the cup a distinct black tea quality grounds flavors of macadamia nuts, sweet basil, and baking spice qualities.
Coffee was taken to India by way of Yemen sometime around 1670. Legend has it that a Sufi monk named Baba Budan smuggled coffee out of Yemen while returning home from visiting Mecca and cultivated it in India where hills in the region of Chikmagalur still bear his name (Bababudangiri). Whether it was these smuggled seeds or the work of the Dutch in the late 1600's that took coffee to India, the fact is that coffee has thrived in India since the late 17th century. This lot, from the Chikmagalur region of Karnataka, is clean, complex and interesting and being presented as an Education Lot for the historically significant role that Indian coffee production has played. This coffee is part of our Education Lot series. Read more about our Education Lots on our blog.
Home ↳ Articles ↳ India, Karnataka PB, New Education Lot Offering


Property News - Family owners of Abington Hotel, Biggar, exit after 27 years.
Abington Hotel near Biggar, South Lanarkshire, host to French Emperor Prince Louis Napoleon in 1839, is set to change hands, after 27 years in the same family ownership. The 30-bedrom hotel, situated close to Junction 13 of the M74 motorway, sits in three acres of ground and features a lounge bar, conservatory, dining room, conference room and a range of staff accommodation. Selling agent Colliers International is inviting offers over £495,000.
The 'Emperor's chair', reputedly used by Prince Louis Napoleon ahead of his shooting party on the nearby Lanarkshire moors, still graces the hotel and forms part of the sale.
Duncan and Susan MacBride, who have owned and operated the business for more than 27 years, are retiring from the trade.


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JANNIS
Agia Pelagia is a small coastal town with a lovely beach, suitable for relaxing holidays in Crete. 20 kilometres west of Heraklion, as the national road drifts high above the coastline, you'll begin to see the first impressive pictures of Agia Pelagia – the type of pictures that postcards are made of.
At least twice in past times Agia Pelagia has been destroyed and washed into the sea. Once was probably due to a seismic sea wave from the earthquake that created Santorini. Before 1965 there was almost nothing in Agia Pelagia, which was a small port from where they transferred wood and coal to Heraklion. In 1965, a man appeared and started buying land from the locals for 5,000 drachmas (approximately 17 EUR) for 1,000 square meters (or 1 strema, the common way of measuring land in Greece). Soon another buyer showed up and he offered double the price.
Agia Pelagia, Ligaria and Mononaftis
The large deep cove of Agia Pelagia itself is surrounded by the smaller Ligaria Cove on the east and Mononaftis Bay on the west. The picturesque white buildings, the bluish-green of the Mediterranean and the varying shades from sandy brown to lush green along the shore, create a landscape of rare beauty. Agia Pelagia is an alwayse-inspiring example of the beauty of Cretan Nature and it's almost impossible to resist taking a closer look.
We drive downhill to the main area of Agia Pelagia, which is built amphitheatric-like on the hills and slopes around the shore, creating an even more impressive sight when viewed from above. Along the road, which slopes quite steep at times, you'll begin to see the first of the hillside hotels, and tourists sweating as they walk uphill from the beachfront.
Useful Infomation about Agia Pelagia
Agia Pelagia has just about everything you'll need on your holiday: super markets for fresh bread and other local products and produce, pharmacy and a doctor's office, car and bike rentals, tourism and sightseeing offices, internet cafe and an ATM (automatic cash machine). There are daily buses to Heraklion (20 kilometres) but the departure/arrival times are not always exact, and there is no night bus service.
If you plan to visit Heraklion, and plan to stay late, you can take the bus there, but you will have to return by taxi, which costs about 35 euros (2019). In the winter Agia Pelagia has only a few hundred inhabitants and only one or two tavernas and a supermarket will remain open. The situation changes drastically during the tourist season.
The central beach of Agia Pelagia
It is sandy, with umbrellas and beach chairs, plus water sports and diving centres, which offer beginners' courses. The bay deepens relatively fast, but in the middle of the beach there is a long and narrow rocky plate which provides a small area safe for children. There is a good selection of tavernas and cafeterias along the beachfront.
A small beach
on the peninsula of the Capsis Beach Resort. It's a nice, but tiny beach, with just enough sand for about four or five people to lay down their beach towels. You can get there by swimming or by peddle boat. To find it you must look at the centre of the peninsula for an inlet with steep sides and green waters.
The Ligaria beach
east of Agia Pelagia. This one is also sandy, with umbrellas and several tavernas. The bay is smaller, but it is also protected from the north winds, and rent-rooms are available.
The beach of Made
You can get here from the Ligaria road, but it is not particularly attractive. It is used mainly by the locals for tying up their fishing boats. A big hotel imposes above the bay.
The Psaromoura beach
Another rather small beach, preferred by locals on weekends. There are umbrellas, but it is not protected from the north winds, and the water can get choppy. To find it, continue on the road after the Capsis hotel, but you may have to ask a local for accurate directions.
Mononaftis beach
west of Agia Pelagia. This is a lovely small cove with umbrellas, restaurants and hotels, but it is not protected from the north winds. The beach is beautiful with sand and pebbles, but, here too, the water deepens rapidly. The tavernas which surround the beach create a claustrophobic sensation which is soon forgotten as you immerse yourself in the pleasurably cool waters.
Knossos Minoan Palace
Knossos, the famous Minoan Palace lies 5 kilometres southeast of Heraklion, in the valley of the river Kairatos. The river rises in Archanes, runs through Knossos and reaches the sea at Katsabas, the Minoan harbour of Knossos. In Minoan times the river flowed all year round and the surrounding hills were covered in oak and cypress trees, where today we see vines and olives. The pine trees inside the archaeological site were planted by Evans. Constant habitation for 9,000 years has brought about great changes to the natural environment, so it is hard to imagine what the Minoan landscape was like.
The village of Rogdia
The village of Rogdia, high above the bay, stands out for the unique view it affords of the cove below and the entire city of Heraklion in the distance. The tavernas offer good food, along with the beautiful vistas, and they attract the residents of Heraklion along with the tourists. The village streets are narrow, dotted with traditional Cretan homes, and there is the Monastery of Savathiana, which is one of the most beautiful Cretan monasteries.
The village of Achlada
The area of Agia Pelagia is almost totally owned by people who came down from the high village of Achlada. Visit this quaint village situated on top of the mountain over Agia Pelagia, offering an incredible view of the Fodele bay and the sea beyond.
Fodele
Heading west on the national road from Agia Pelagia, turn off at the sign for Fodele village. Fodele is known as the birth place of painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos, better known as El Greco. The house where he was born is now a museum, featuring copies of his work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Use this page to get the list and advertising rates for all Travel and Tourism related magazines in India. There are more than 60 magazines circulated in India that covers topics on Travel and Tourism. Advertising rates for these magazines are can be downloaded by selecting Travel and Tourism in the category filter of the magazine planner. In addition to the advertising rates, circulation details and images for all Travel and Tourism related magazines in India can be found here.
Travel and Tourism Magazines covers topics on places to travel, rating and reviews by travel editors and many a times covers deals. A unique aspect of the readers of Travel and Tourism magazine is that while it is read by Indians, a significant readership of these magazines comes from travelers from abroad. Magazines like National Geographic which are popular outside of India and read a lot by people visiting the country. Another aspect of readership for travel and tourism magazine is that a lot of floating readers read these magazines. "Floating Readers" is a term used for readers who read the magazine only sometime and not throughout the year. Travel and Tourism magazines are sought after at the time of planning a vacation and during the travel. Advertising in Travel and Tourism magazine therefore is very effective for the brands.
Popular advertisers in Travel and Tourism magazines are hotels, tourism departments, events, airlines, travel agents and brands selling products related to travel.
Few of the top names in Travel and Tourism magazines are Lonely Planet, National Geographic, Manorama Traveler and Outlook Traveler.
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12/11/2017 – News / Environment / Climate / Africa / Green Climate Fund
African Development Bank and Green Climate Fund team up to unlock Africa's potential
"Only by defeating the climate change threat in Africa can we reach a global solution," said Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank (AfDB) while signing a partnership agreement with the Green Climate Fund.
He called on AfDB and GCF to "work together to win this war," while signing an Accreditation Master Agreement (AMA). These legal arrangements allow Accredited Entities such as AfDB to implement GCF-approved projects.
"Together with the Green Climate Fund, we can do a lot to move the continent towards low-carbon and climate-resilient development."
Approved as a GCF Accredited Entity in March 2016, AfDB is working on a series of mitigation and adaptation initiatives at the national and regional levels designed to enhance African countries' access to GCF resources.
GCF Executive Director, Howard Bamsey said GCF's partnership with AfDB will be key in unlocking the potential across the African continent to pursue climate resilient and low-emission growth.
"The AfDB has already shown through its climate change action plan that it is committed to helping African countries implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement," advised Mr Bamsey. "Together, we work for Africa's progress."
AfDB's climate action plan, which runs from 2016 to 2020, is designed to ensure that inclusive and green growth across the African continent will also improve water, energy and food security, and promote the sustainable use of natural resources.
During the last five years before its current climate plan, AfDB mobilised about US$12 billion for low-carbon and climate resilient projects, with its internal resources accounting for more than 80 per cent of those investments.
Headquartered in Côte d'Ivoire, AfDB was established in 1964 to promote investment in public and private capital to reduce poverty and improve living conditions across Africa.
Latest issue – Vol 2/20
– Sustainability focus
– A new remote realm
– Alternative reality: AR and VR's life beyond gaming
See full edition
Oil and Gas Automation and Digitalization 2021
The Arab Mining Convention 2021
The 21st China International Petroleum & Petrochemical Technology and Equipment Exhibition (cippe2021)
NEW CHINA INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CENTER, BEIJING, CHINA
∆ back to top
© 2020 Industry Networker, United Kingdom | All Rights Reserved


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Daily Mail spiked Northern Rock story, MPs told
US edition of OK among rumoured magazine closures
Television Journalism
Bloomberg cuts at least 100 jobs in TV channel revamp
By Paul McNally Twitter
Financial news provider Bloomberg has announced it is cutting about 100 jobs in the US and reviewing its staffing levels in Europe and Japan in a restructuring of its TV operation.
The company is closing its foreign-language TV services – broadcasting in French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish – to focus on running one single English-language global business news channel.
The channel will draw on Bloomberg's 1,600 reporters in bureaux around the world, who will provide analysis on breaking news stories from cameras at their desks.
The restructuring was announced to staff on Wednesday by Bloomberg's multimedia chief executive Andy Lack, who joined the company last October after working at NBC and CBS News.
A Bloomberg spokeswoman confirmed that about 100 job cuts in the US faced the axe, and other cuts in Europe, the UK and Japan were possible but not yet finalised.
"We're positioning the television network for growth but the broadcast operations need to restructure in order to grow and make programming changes," she told Press Gazette.
Channel 4 news boss Dorothy Byrne's MacTaggart Lecture in full
Royal Television Awards: Channel 4 News scoops seven awards while Sky News named top news channel
2018 British Journalism Awards shortlist revealed: 'This is what Dame Cairncross needs to protect'
Twitter and Bloomberg announce plan for 24/7 streaming news service on the platform
"We will leverage our tremendous global television production assets and the 145 bureaux Bloomberg has around the world.
"That combination doesn't exist at any other television network, and we are planning to take full advantage of it."
She added that the company was hiring about 1,000 extra staff this year in other areas of the business, including the print news division, which supplies stories to more than 350 newspapers and magazines including the New York Times and Le Monde.
Bloomberg was founded by current New York mayor Michael Bloomberg in 1981.
This week's announcement of job cuts is understood to be Bloomberg's first major redundancy trawl in its 28-year history.


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Alex Murley Joins Team Toth
Murley Joins Team Toth For 2017 WorldSSP300 Campaign
We are delighted to announce that 17 year old Alex Murley will spearhead Team Toth Yamaha's 2017 World Supersport 300cc Championship campaign aboard the all new R3.
Murley the 2015 Kawasaki Junior Cup champion in the UK, finished 14th overall in this year's European Junior Cup with some stunning performances in both qualifying and the races in what was his debut season outside of Great Britain.
Alex will run #18 in the newly introduced WorldSSP300 category next year will run alongside the prestigious Superbike World Championship at 9 prominent European circuits.
Testing will begin in early 2017, with Alex's team mate due to be announced beforehand.
Alex Murley: "I'm really happy to join Team Toth for 2017. They're a great team, are very professional and have been in World Championship competition for many years both in the GP and Superbike paddocks. I'm really excited for new challenge and I'm confident that the Yamaha R3 together with the support of the team will give me a great chance to have a strong season. I know it will be a quick and competitive field but I think we can do a great job together. Big thanks to my family and for Imre and everyone at Team Toth for giving me this chance I can't wait to get started!"
Imre Toth – Team Toth Principal: "Team Toth is very happy to confirm our participation in the new category WorldSSP300 with Alex Murley. We are sure of his talent following his impressive year in the EJC and because he won the UK Junior Championship in 2015 with a 300cc bike, so I'm sure with our combined experience we will make an interesting season. We will race with the Yamaha R3 which we believe is the best bike to run at the front and which we believe will allow us to achieve the best position. We happily welcome Alex together with his parents and sponsors to our team. We will shortly present our second rider who will also compete in WorldSSP300 next year alongside Alex."
Be sure to follow Alex via his social media channels throughout 2017 for up to the minute news, photos and results as they happen.
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Welcome to the home of thriller writer Harry Hunsicker. For up-to-the minute happenings, follow him on Twitter.
Literacy fundraiser
This past weekend I was honored to serve as the master of ceremonies for a gala honoring James Patterson, the world's bestselling author. Mr. Patterson was interviewed by David Morrell, cofounder of the International Thriller Writers and the creator of John Rambo. The proceeds from the event benefited a great organization, the Literacy Instruction for Texas, or LIFT. The evening served as the kickoff for the 50th world mystery convention, known as Bouchercon, essentially ComicCon for mystery and thriller fans.
The Devil's Country film
Big fun on the red carpet at the North Texas Film Festival, talking up the movie version of The Devil's Country (still in development) with the director of the project Jonathan Brownlee.
Texas Sicario is out today!
My eighth crime thriller was published today. Texas Sicario is a sequel to 2017's widely acclaimed The Devil's Country but also a standalone in its own right, a story of loneliness, grief, and violence.Buy a copy today!
Very grateful to have friends who support my career by hosting book parties. We sold a lot of copies yesterday and ate some great barbecue. Thanks, Anne and Steve, Interabang Books, and Pecan Lodge.
On the Set: The Devil's Country
The drunk's name is Chuck. Purporting to be retired from the film industry, Chuck is at the end of the bar, just out of frame, rambling on about how we're all a bunch of amateurs, with our lights and our cameras and our director, the latter telling everyone where to go and what to do like he's oh, I don't know, directing. Every so often, Chuck slaps the scarred wood surface of the bar to make his point, almost knocking over his mug of beer. Other times, he argues with people who aren't there, a natural hazard for someone who views a 12-pack as part of their minimum daily requirements, emphasis on minimum.
The glam life, this movie making. Continue reading →
Filed under Kindle-in-Motion, Publishing, The Devil's Country
Early Review – The Devil's Country
Nice words from the Library Journal for my new thriller The Devil's Country.
"Hunsicker's latest introduces a sympathetic hero who struggles with his own demons as much as he strives to solve the crime at hand." —Library Journal
The full review will post later this month.
It never gets old.
Author's copies of my sixth thriller arrived today. THE GRID, available August 25, 2015, wherever books are sold.


Nothing is secret on the internet — we know this. We get Facebook ads for shoes we look at on ASOS and Instagram ads for products we mention on Facebook. The eyes and algorithms are everywhere. Sometimes it's creepy, sure. But today it's great, because it means that everyone has a perfect, beautiful Spotify playlist of the songs we loved in high school.
Spotify just launched Your Time Capsule, a personalised playlist for every user. These are "songs to take you back in time to your teenage years. Bring on the memories with 2 hours of iconic throwback tracks — all picked just for you."
You can find your own eerily accurate trip down nostalgia lane by searching "Your Time Capsule" in Spotify, or by clicking here. Of course, it can't be perfect. My playlist includes music from 2011, which is neither "throwback" nor anywhere near my teenage years — but it's mostly radio hits from the mid-'90s and songs I really loved. The Suicide Machines and Del Amitri? I feel so seen. Seen by the spooky algorithm gods, sure — but seen!
Mine has gone to a time much earlier than my teenage years. Heck, before I was born! Good tracks though.


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Вибори до Сенату США 2020 року - вибори до верхньої палати Конгресу Сполучених Штатів Америки, які відбулися 3 листопада 2020 року, в ході яких розподілялись 33 місця зі 100. З них 21 місце належало республіканцям, а ще 12 - демократам. У підсумку республіканці поступилися демократам одним місцем, доля ще одного місця республіканців наразі не визначена - вона буде вирішуватись на другому етапі виборів у Джорджії 5 січня 2021 року. Переможці цих виборів обираються на шестирічний термін - з 3 січня 2021 року по 3 січня 2027 року. Окрім цього, були також проведені спеціальні вибори для двох місць, що до цього займались республіканцями - Джоном Маккейном (помер у 2018 році), та Джоном Айзаксоном (у 2019 році пішов у відставку в зв'язку зі станом здоров'я). За підсумками цих виборів республіканців позбавили місця в Аризоні, де їхній інкумбент поступився кандидату-демократу.

На попередніх виборах до Сенату США у 2014 році республікаці відібрали у демократів 9 місць, у такий спосіб сформувавши більшість у Сенаті, яку вони продовжували утримувати після виборів 2016 та 2018 років. Станом на початок 2020 року, республіканці займали 53 місця у Сенаті, демократи - 45, незалежні депутати, що підтримували демократів - 2. Враховуючи позачергові вибори у Аризоні та Джорджії, Республіканській партії вдалося відстояти на виборах 2020 року 23 місця, Демократичній - 12. Жодне із місць незалежних депутатів не було переобране.

Для того, аби сформувати після інаугурації Камали Гарріс на посаді віце-президента нову більшість, демократам треба було набрати додаткових 3 місця. Не дивлячись на рекордні фандрайзингові збори, їм так і не вдалося здобути перемогу в кількох конкурентних штатах - зрештою, вони здобули місця в Аризоні та Колорадо, втім, втратили одне місце в Алабамі. У зв'язку із виборчими законами штату Джорджія, відповідно до яких кандидати повинні набрати не менше 50% голосів на загальних виборах, два сенаторських місця визначатимуться на другому турі виборів у січні 2021 року.  У разі, якщо республіканцям вдасться отримати одне або два мандати, вони зможуть зберегти свою більшість у Сенаті. У разі, якщо обидва місця дістануться демократам, вперше з 2000 року в Сенаті буде встановлений партійний баланс тоді як голос Камали Гарріс дозволить демократам контролювати верхню палату з мінімальним відривом.

Етапи виборчого процесу

Результати

Примітки
Вибори 2020 у США
Листопад 2020
Події 3 листопада

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is known to us that WDM (Wavelength-division Multiplexing) can increase network bandwidth by allowing data streams at different frequencies to be sent over a single optical fiber. With the advent of this technology, different wavelengths can be assigned to optical transceiver like CWDM SFP+ & DWDM SFP+ transceiver, thus expanding and optimizing the network capacity. This post aims to be a buyer's guide of 10G CWDM SFP+ and DWDM SFP+ module selection.
Both CWDM SFP+ and DWDM SFP+ transceivers are based on the popular SFP form factor. They are commonly used in 10G Ethernet and all can reach a maximum speed of 11.25G. However, they are different in such aspects as wavelength, distance, and application.
10G DWDM SFP+ transceiver operates at nominal DWDM wavelengths from CH17-CH61, supporting a transmission distance up to 80km. It is specifically designed for carriers and large enterprises that require a scalable, flexible, cost-effective system for multiplexing, transporting and protecting high-speed data, storage, voice and video applications. Since the wavelengths for DWDM network is boarder, 10G tunable DWDM SFP+ transceiver is also available in DWDM system, which can change the channel according to actual needs.
CWDM SFP+ can typically support up to 18 channels, while DWDM SFP+ can support more than 40 channels on one strand of fiber. Although customers can gain more capacity and longer link distance from the DWDM SFP+, they have to pay more since cost of it is more expensive than CWDM SFP+. For customers that don't require a long transmission distance, CWDM SFP+ may be the first choice. But in the long-term, DWDM SFP+ serves the future trend for high-density network better.
Compared with normal SFP+ modules, CWDM and DWDM SFP+ are more expensive due to the cost brought by different working modes. And as it has been mentioned before, CWDM SFP+ tends to be cheaper than DWDM SFP+. And generally speaking, the longer the supported transmission range is, the more expensive it would be for CWDM or DWDM transceivers. Also, transceivers from a third-party CWDM and DWDM SFP factory are much cheaper than the original manufacturers. Therefore, to purchase compatible modules can help you save a large sum of money.
As mentioned above, affordable transceivers can bring you a big save, but you need to pay attention to the reliability. Although the price for compatible modules is nice, not all of them on the market are qualified. If you don't want to go "buy cheap, buy twice", you need a reliable supplier. Reputed third-party suppliers like FS have their own test labs to ensure the compatibility and quality of the transceiver. Customers can also enjoy after sale service and warranty from these trustworthy CWDM SFP+ suppliers.
Common Questions When Buying and Using CWDM and DWDM SFP+ transceivers?
1. How About the Price of CWDM SFP+ Transceiver and DWDM SFP+ Transceivers?
Generally speaking, the branded CWDM and DWDM transceivers are much expensive than compatible ones. Here we take Cisco CWDM-SFP10G-1470 and Cisco DWDM-SFP10G-61.41 for example. The prices for the original ones are $1500 and $2,345, while CWDM SFP10G 1470 from FS only takes $360 and $369 respectively.
2. Do Cisco Switches Have to Be Used with Original Cisco CWDM SFP+?
No. There are many compatible transceivers provided by third party transceiver supplier that you can adopt to replace Cisco CWDM SFP+ or even Cisco DWDM SFP+. If you can get your transceivers from a reliable third-party supplier, they will be just as dependable as the Cisco branded ones, but for a fraction of the price.
3.Is It Possible to Convert the Conventional Wavelength like 850nm into DWDM or CWDM Wavelength?
Yes. If you need to convert the wavelengths into CWDM or DWDM wavelengths, you can employ an OEO converter to make this happen. OEO converter realizes wavelength conversion based on the O-E-O transformation technology.
4. How to Choose Between 100GHz and 50GHz in DWDM Channel Spacing?
Compared with 50GHz, the 100GHz C-Band is the commonly used in the telecom industry. The spacing between the channels is 0.8nm and it's around 1550nm. The colors or wavelength are named in channels and channel 17 to 61 is commonly used. The 50GHz with 0.4nm spacing and other spectrum bands can be provided by most manufacturers as well.
5. How to Select the Suitable Fiber Cables for CWDM and DWDM SFP+ Transceivers?
Fiber optic cables can be categorized into two types: single-mode and multimode fiber optic cables. The former is normally used for long-distance transmission while the latter for short-distance transmission. For CWDM and DWDM SFP+ transceiver, which can support a link up to 80km, we choose single-mode fiber cables terminated with LC connector.
6. Is There a Difference Among CWDM and DWDM Wavelengths for Transmission Quality? Which Wavelengths Are Better?
Yes. Different wavelength may deliver different transmission quality. Generally speaking, 1470nm and 1550nm are the most widely used wavelength, with 1550nm being more popular since the attenuation of 1550nm is lesser and ensures better transmission quality in long-distance application.
As it has been mentioned before, to purchase compatible transceivers from a reliable source can be a real money-saver. The following table displays the information of compatible CWDM and DWDM SFP+ Transceivers from FS.
Compatible Brand Cisco, Juniper, Brocade, HPE, H3C, Dell, Ciena etc. Cisco, Juniper, Brocade, HPE, H3C, Dell, Ciena etc.
Also, FS provides customized services, including SFP vendor name, interface type, distance, wavelength, DDM/DOM, temperature, label, label design, and shipping package. If you need customized service or you're unsure of which type you need, you can contact FS and they will help you.
As a leading supplier for optical products, FS can provide all the equipment you need for building a CWDM or DWDM network. And all these products are assured with a warranty and return policy.


Quick Take: A handful of Rolex watches got updates this year, including the iconic Datejust. This is one of the most recognizable timepieces in history, and for Baselworld 2019 Rolex introduced a new model with a black sunray-finished dial and the fluted bezel that defines its profile. This model, in a unisex 36mm case, combines a steel case and bracelet with a white gold bezel.
Who It's For: As one of the watches most closely linked with Rolex's prestige, the Datejust is meant as much for Rolex fans and collectors as it is an aspirational piece for first-time buyers. With a case and bracelet that mix steel and white gold components side by side, this will lean towards the higher-end buyer. It's a great option for someone who wants a luxury watch that features precious metal — but who doesn't need to show off with more obvious gold tones. The 36mm sizing means it can be worn easily by women and men, but the black dial offers the most clearly masculine iteration currently available in this configuration — a second new version features a mother-of-pearl dial and a bezel and indexes set with diamonds.
Key Features: Steel-and-gold watches are often referred to as "two-tone," but in steel and white gold two-tone doesn't quite capture how this watch looks. In the end, not every possible configuration of dial, bezel, and case material is represented in Rolex's collection, so new models simply give shoppers more options. The new Datejust 36 is powered by Rolex's in-house automatic 3235, a new-generation movement with a power reserve of 70 hours. It is water-resistant to 100m in Rolex's signature Oyster case, comes on a swanky-looking Jubilee bracelet, and has price of $8,200.


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Africa: Underdeveloping African Agriculture
AfricaFocus Bulletin
June 12, 2013 (130612)
(Reposted from sources cited below)
"These interventions from AGRA [Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa] and the G8 are, first and foremost, about opening markets and creating space for multinational corporations such as Yara, Monsanto and Cargill, to secure profits. ... As world leaders speak in philanthropic terms about 'ending hunger', behind the scenes Africa's seed and trade laws are being 'harmonised' to the whim of agri-business giants. The efforts of Africa's farmers over millennia stand to be privatised and expropriated, while traditional and vital practices such as seed saving and sharing stand to be criminalised." -- Francis Ngang, Secretary General of Inades-Formation (http://www.inadesfo.net/)
This AfricaFocus Bulletin contains a recent statement by African civil society groups, challenging the claim by the G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition that their programs benefit African farmers and food security. In fact, as this statement and multiple other reports document, the insistence on private-sector-led development, without adequate checks and policy direction by government and farmers themselves, is contributing to the dispossession of African farmers for the primary benefit of large private-sector firms from around the world. A sampling of links to relevant reports is included at the end of this Bulletin.
Another AfricaFocus Bulletin released today and available on the web at http://www.africafocus.org/docs13/moz1306.php, but not sent out by e-mail, contains an open letter from Mozambican, Brazilian, and Japanese civil society groups addressed to the leaders of Mozambique, Brazil, and Japan, challenging the multinational Pro-Savana Programme in the Nacala corridor of northern Mozambique. The Programme is being introduced without adequate consultation and environmental checks, they argue, and in its present form will do irreparable damage to the small farmers of the affected area.
Official background on the New Alliance programs, including texts of cooperation agreements signed with African countries, is available at http://www.feedthefuture.gov / direct URL: http://tinyurl.com/q95c5rc
For previous AfricaFocus Bulletins on agriculture issues, visit http://www.africafocus.org/agexp.php
++++++++++++++++++++++end editor's note+++++++++++++++++
Statement by Civil Society in Africa
Modernising African Agriculture: Who Benefits?
Press release on the statement: http://tinyurl.com/mcnx6je
Direct URL for full statement, including names of signatory organizations, also available in French and Portuguese: http://tinyurl.com/pk8b5wr
Contact for comments:
Meriem Louanchi: +213 21 6985 / meriem.louanchi@gmail.com
Million Belay: +251 11 550 71 72 / melca@ethionet.et
Francis Ngang: +225 22 40 02 16 / francis.ngang@inadesfo.net
Moses Shaha: +254 67 31686 / moses_388ke@yahoo.com
Elizabeth Mpofu: +263 772 44316 / ezimmpofu@gmail.com
African agriculture is in need of support and investment. Many initiatives are flowing from the North, including the G8's "New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Africa" and the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). These initiatives are framed in terms of the African Union's Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP). This gives them a cover of legitimacy.
But what is driving these investments, and who is set to benefit from them?
The current wave of investment emerges on the back of the gathering global crisis with financial, economic, food, energy and ecological dimensions. Africa is seen as underperforming and in control of valuable resources that capital seeks for profitable purposes. The World Bank and others tell us Africa has an abundance of available fertile land, and that Africa's production structure is inefficient, based as it is on many small farms producing mainly for themselves and their neighbourhoods.
Africa is seen as a possible new frontier to make profits, with an eye on land, food and biofuels in particular. The recent investment wave must be understood in the context of consolidation of a global food regime dominated by large corporations in input supply (seed and agrochemicals) especially, but also increasingly in processing, storage, trading and distribution.
G8 and AGRA: a new wave of colonialism
Opening markets and creating space for multinationals to secure profits lie at the heart of the G8 and AGRA interventions. Both initiatives are built on the basis of public-private partnerships (PPPs) with the large multinational seed, fertiliser and agrochemical companies setting the agenda, and states and institutions (like the G8, World Bank and others) and philanthropic institutions (like AGRA and others) establishing the institutional and infrastructural mechanisms to realise this agenda.
Multinational corporations like Yara, Monsanto, Syngenta, Cargill and many others want secure markets for their products in Africa. In the first place, security means protection of their private ownership of knowledge in the form of intellectual property (IP) protection. Across Africa, so-called 'harmonisation' of laws and policies are underway to align African laws and systems with the interests of these multinationals.
Harmonisation of trade laws means opening borders across the continent to free trade. But this is a skewed free trade, one that favours the 'formal sector' of goods and services that have gone through approval and registration processes. Farmers and other producers of goods and services who cannot afford to enter the official approval system are marginalised and trading of their products is rendered illegal.
Private ownership of knowledge and material resources (for example, seed and genetic materials) means the flow of royalties out of Africa into the hands of multinational corporations. In some countries where laws protecting the interests of corporations are well established –ndash; for example in South Africa –ndash; multinationals have entirely occupied domestic seed and agrochemical sectors with profits flowing out of the country. The same is happening for agricultural services, trade, manufacturing and even selling of food.
The private companies are not acting on their own. They are using investment-friendly government policies and plans to advance their agenda.
CAADP and regional investment policies: facilitating 'orderly' processes of colonialism
There are many well-meaning organisations and individuals who view CAADP as an African-based investment plan. But Africa is not isolated from the world. CAADP emerged at the height of neoliberalism globally in the early 2000s. African governments were mired in the consequences of decades of structural adjustment that saw the net outflow of financial and other resources from Africa to the rest of the world. The New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was an initiative by selected African governments to integrate Africa into global flows of capital. The expectation was that profit-generating investment, and creating the conditions for protection of this investment, were Africa's chance to catch up with the rest.
African governments, desperate for some financial relief, are willing to make whatever changes are necessary to bring capital into their countries. The multinationals are setting the terms: harmonisation, free trade and protection of private IP or no investment. It is therefore of little use calling for CAADP to be placed at the centre of investment plans. CAADP itself is a compromised instrument, calling for the very policies and programmes favoured by the multinationals.
Food security and corporate-driven investment in Africa
Harmonisation, free trade and the creation of institutions and infrastructure to facilitate multinational penetration into Africa are presented as the answer to food insecurity on the continent. Multinational corporations, African states, states outside Africa, philanthropic institutions, multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and even some nongovernment organisations are all part of this agenda. Surely so many organisations and people cannot be wrong?
The logic is that of the Green Revolution: introduce yield-and sales-enhancing technologies and systems, provide credit for producers to access these technologies, and anticipate increasing returns from sales to cover the increasing cost of inputs. Expand access to markets globally and regionally to absorb increased production.
This model can benefit some, as Green Revolutions in Asia and to a lesser extent in Latin America have shown. However, it also has negative social and ecological side effects. Green Revolution technologies benefit relatively few farmers, often at the expense of the majority. These technologies produce concentration of land ownership, increasing economies of scale (production has to be at a large scale to get into and stay in markets), and a declining number of food producing households in a context of limited other livelihood options.
Ecological concerns about Green Revolution technologies are rising to the top of the global agenda, especially loss of biodiversity when commercial hybrids and GM seed dominate (especially maize as a staple crop in Africa, and the introduction of soya as the basis of biofuels and commercial intercropping approaches), soil degradation and water pollution caused by excessive use of manufactured chemicals in synthetic fertilisers, and water shortages caused by wasteful water use in irrigation.
The Green Revolution produces uneven benefits, favouring farmers with financial resources of their own, with access to more land, and with some formal education. The majority of resource poor farmers are excluded from public support for agriculture, with infrastructure and institutional frameworks designed for the minority to benefit.
Currently African food security rests fundamentally on small-scale and localised production. The majority of the African population continue to rely on agriculture as an important, if not the main, source of income and livelihoods. In most sub-Saharan African countries, agriculture is the primary economic activity for between 50% and 90% of the population. Even though there is growing urbanisation, the majority will continue to rely on agriculture for their livelihoods for decades to come. The rural population continues to grow in absolute terms even while the urban population grows as a proportion of the total population.
We know that all of these people will not benefit from these new investments. Seen as more inefficient than those producers who are in a position to adopt the new technologies, many will be forced out of agriculture to become passive consumers. Instead of building the broad base of producers, G8 and AGRA investments, supported by African government policies and resources, will narrow the base of producers.
The practical results of the recent surge in investment in African agriculture expose the empty rhetoric of African food security. Blatant land grabs are well known across the continent. Mega projects such as the ProSavanna project in northern Mozambique are displacing farmers from their lands and imposing large-scale production structures for export. Favourable investment terms (for example tax free zones and laws on repatriation of profits) undermine even the questionable benefits increased foreign exchange brings. Meanwhile actual farmers are separated from the land and the only realistic option for a livelihood. African governments and their investment 'partners' enable and implement these projects.
First and foremost, differentiated strategies are required, so that local and informal markets, proven lowinput and ecologically sustainable agricultural techniques including intercropping, on-farm compost production, mixed farming systems (livestock, crops and trees), on-farm biofuel production and use, and intermediate processing and storage technologies are recognised and vigorously supported. The emphasis here is on individual and household food security first, with trade arising from surpluses beyond this. The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) provides detailed and scientifically sound proposals in this regard.
Open access technologies are an essential principle, especially seed, where all recent technological advances are based on 10,000 years of collective experimentation and sharing. No-one and no corporations should be allowed to privatise the results of ongoing research. Companies can sell their new varieties, but once sold, they reenter the common pool that anyone should be able to use and improve on at will.
Green Revolution technological development leads to an ever-increasing gap between conception and execution, that is between the knowledge that goes into producing a new seed variety and those who use the seed. An alternative, based on open source technologies, is a far closer working relationship between decentralised technicians and producers to define the research and development agenda (what traits are farmers looking for in specific locations, what crops are priorities for further development etc). Plant breeders are still able to make profits by selling new varieties to those who want to buy fresh seed, especially commercial farmers. But if farmers choose to reuse and adapt seed once they have bought it, that must be their right.
We therefore call on the G8, AGRA, CAADP and other similar institutions to:
Acknowledge variation amongst farmers and commit to providing appropriate, dedicated support to all food producers rather than only a thin commercial layer;
Abandon efforts to assert private ownership of germplasm, agricultural techniques and knowledge and to accept that these all emerge from a common pool
Invest in and facilitate open source technological development together with farmers;
Invest in ecological agriculture following the IAASTD proposals;
Development finance to be based on grants and public programmes not for profit.
Ensure smallholder women and men farmers are at the centre of any strategy for increasing investment in this sector. There should be recognition of the ongoing broad consultation of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) on Responsible Agricultural Investments (RAI). This process was the result of a decision of the CFS in 2011 following their rejection of the World Bank blueprint for Principles on Responsible Agricultural Investment in 2010. Statement signed by:
Other recent related reports and statements include
(1) Civil Society Statement on COMESA Seed Trade Laws
http://tinyurl.com/n8xdnuv
(2) Oakland Institute report on fraud in Herakles Farms' venture in Cameroon
http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/herakles-exposed
(3) Friends of the Earth Liberia report on landgrabbing by palm oil companies in Liberia
http://www.foei.org/simedarby
(4) Oxfam blog - "Does the World Bank speak with forked tongue on Land Grabs?
http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?p=14291
(5) Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, "Land Grabs and Fragile Food Systems"
http://www.iatp.org / direct URL: http://tinyurl.com/mze55n9
(6) Oxfam blog on the New Alliance: "an initiative in need of repair"
http://tinyurl.com/kytowca
(7) UK civil society statement on the G8's New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition
http://waronwant.org / direct URL: http://tinyurl.com/pdx7a72
(8) George Monbiot - "Corporate Carve-Up"
http://www.monbiot.com/2013/06/10/corporate-carve-up/
A guide to even more critiques of the G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition is available on http://www.actionaidusa.org / direct URL: http://tinyurl.com/nwgjv43
AfricaFocus Bulletin is an independent electronic publication providing reposted commentary and analysis on African issues, with a particular focus on U.S. and international policies. AfricaFocus Bulletin is edited by William Minter.
AfricaFocus Bulletin can be reached at africafocus@igc.org. Please write to this address to subscribe or unsubscribe to the bulletin, or to suggest material for inclusion. For more information about reposted material, please contact directly the original source mentioned. For a full archive and other resources, see http://www.africafocus.org
Read more on |Africa Economy & Development||Africa Agriculture|
URL for this file: http://www.africafocus.org/docs13/ag1306.php


"XR" is a new trailer frame style that is now available on all 2,300 pound to 4,000 pound capacity boat trailers. Our field tests have revealed that by replacing the keel roller with eight rollers on the front cross member significantly improves the loading characteristics for late model aluminum boats with hull designs that are wider, flatter and without lift strakes. The new configuration has two – four roller clusters on either side of the keel of the boat that help center the bow as the boat is loaded.
Length of Roller Rack: Front – 25 in.
Length of Roller Rack: Rear – 57 in.


In a context of increasing ethnic diversity, culturally competent strategies have been recommended to improve care quality and access to health care for ethnic minorities and migrants; their implementation by health professionals, however, has remained patchy. Most programs of cultural competence assume that health professionals accept that they have a responsibility to adapt to migrants, but this assumption has often remained at the level of theory. In this paper, we surveyed health professionals' views on their responsibility to adapt.
Five hundred-and-sixty-nine health professionals from twenty-four inpatient and outpatient health services were selected according to their geographic location. All health care professionals were requested to complete a questionnaire about who should adapt to ethnic diversity: health professionals or patients. After a factorial analysis to identify the underlying responsibility dimensions, we performed a multilevel regression model in order to investigate individual and service covariates of responsibility attribution.
Three dimensions emerged from the factor analysis: responsibility for the adaptation of communication, responsibility for the adaptation to the negotiation of values, and responsibility for the adaptation to health beliefs. Our results showed that the sense of responsibility for the adaptation of health care depended on the nature of the adaptation required: when the adaptation directly concerned communication with the patient, health professionals declared that they should be the ones to adapt; in relation to cultural preferences, however, the responsibility felt on the patient's shoulders. Most respondents were unclear in relation to adaptation to health beliefs. Regression indicated that being Belgian, not being a physician, and working in a primary-care service were associated with placing the burden of responsibility on the patient.
Health care professionals do not consider it to be their responsibility to adapt to ethnic diversity. If health professionals do not feel a responsibility to adapt, they are less likely to be involved in culturally competent health care.
The increasing ethnic diversity of populations in Europe has transformed the delivery of health care and the habits of health professionals . Health professionals are required to adapt to specific demands by migrant patients in order to lower linguistic or cultural barriers that prevent these groups from accessing adequate care [2, 3]. This adaptation requirement is reinforced by international and national recommendations. In an increasingly multicultural Europe, health systems, health services, and health professionals are under pressure to become "migrant-friendly" [4–7]. Indeed, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe  recommended that "the governments of the member states promote the involvement and participation of all parties concerned (researchers, policy makers, local health authorities, health professionals, representatives of ethnic minority groups and non-governmental organisations) in the planning, implementation and monitoring of health policies for multicultural populations". This involves a wide range of strategies: health policies, the deployment of interpreters and intercultural mediators in health facilities, the development of culturally-specific health services or ethnically sensitive health promotion campaigns, etc. [8–10] (see Table 1). All these strategies concern the individual, institutional, and political levels and interact in order to reduce the gap between migrant and non-migrant populations [11–13].
Cultural competence is operationalised chiefly through health policies and action plans for diversity in health care, but also through the labour market and in education [12, 13].
Adequacy of health care facilities in relation to the needs of migrant and minority patients, including both structural aspects of hospitals and training for health professionals .
•Specific adaptations within the health services: providing meals that respect various religious practices, collaboration with traditional healers and religious leaders, etc.
Cultural competence is operationalised through the development of knowledge, attitudes, and skills that aim to increase the quality of health care delivered to migrant patients within a culturally sensitive perspective .
However, despite efforts to implement and broaden these strategies, disparities still persist in the quality of care and access to health care between ethnic minorities and the rest of the population [14–17]. Although the organisation of health services and health systems varies from one country to another, migrants and ethnic minorities still have lower levels of access to health promotion facilities and health prevention [18, 19]. They also experience worse health outcomes in acute  and chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus  and asthma . This leads to temporary or permanent complications, increasing the burden of diseases among these vulnerable groups: e.g. higher rates of amputations due to inadequate management of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been reported among ethnic minorities .
One way to reduce these ethnic inequities is to make health professionals modify their attitudes and become culturally competent [8, 9, 12]. Culturally competent health care is defined "as one that acknowledges and incorporates—at all levels—the importance of culture, assessment of cross-cultural relations, vigilance toward the dynamics that result from cultural differences, expansion of cultural knowledge, and adaptation of services to meet culturally unique needs" (from Betancourt et al. 2003, p 294 ). Becoming culturally competent involves a broad spectrum of interventions and strategies, requiring various degrees of adaptation, from marginal changes to radical ones [8, 9, 24–27] (see Table 1). It also requires health professionals to acknowledge their responsibility to provide solutions. Awareness of ethnic diversity and being aware that a solution is needed are the first two steps in most models of cultural competence [28–31]. Being aware of ethnic diversity assumes that health professionals acknowledge that their patients are heterogeneous and that their cultural background is likely to influence their perceptions and health behaviours. Moreover, health professionals are also required to identify their own cultural and professional background and the consequences of this identity for their practice. In that context, the second step, "being aware that a solution is needed", involves the health professionals acknowledging that biases, prejudices, or non-adapted attitudes may occur when encountering a migrant patient. Most programmes aimed at developing cultural competence focus on health professionals or the health system as the actors responsible for adaptation [28, 29, 31, 32]. These programmes assume that once health professionals are aware of the need for cultural competence, they will also feel a responsibility to adapt their behaviour. This assumption has often remained at the level of theory and it is still unclear whether health professionals feel responsible for the entire process of adaptation to ethnic diversity or whether they feel that this responsibility is shared with patients. In the patient-health professional encounter, the health professional is the person who is most knowledgeable about clinical matters and technical interventions, because the health professional has been trained in these fields. However, when it comes to the attitudes and behaviour of health professionals in terms of empathy, kindness, a sense of responsibility, and patient-centeredness, it is generally assumed that those attitudes and kinds of behaviour are mostly intrinsic to the persons concerned and are not always attitudes learned during training . Although progress has been made in delivering patient-centred medical education, in practice the biomedical model still dominates the organisation and delivery of care. In Belgium, the training curricula of physicians and, to a lesser extent, of nurses is mostly focused on specialty medicine, with a low emphasis on family medicine, which is traditionally more patient-centred . In this study, we set out to assess whether health professionals feel responsible for adapting health services to cope with a multicultural society. We carried out a survey of health professionals in order to describe who feels a responsibility to adapt in health care situations that involve cultural diversity.
This study is part of a larger research project – COMETH (Competence in Ethnicity and Health) – that aims to evaluate and understand the cultural competence of health professionals in Belgium. We used a purposive cluster sampling model where the cluster was a health service. First, we selected three geographical zones, according to the number of foreign residents, in Brussels and Wallonia (Belgium) . Foreign residents were defined according to the definition used in the national statistics of the Belgian Ministry of Economy: "a foreign resident is a non-Belgian resident with a legal permit of residence in Belgium" 1. This definition included recognised refugees but excludes registered asylum-seekers and irregular migrants (e.g. migrants with an overstayed visa or migrants who do not fulfil the requirements to apply for asylum).
The zones were categorised in low exposure to immigration (proportion of foreign residents of 6.6% and below), medium exposure (proportion of foreign residents between 6.7% and 18.7%), and high exposure (proportion of foreign residents of 18.8% and higher) . In 2011, at the national level, the resident foreign population represented 10.2% of the entire population . Sixty-seven per cent of foreign residents are from the EU-27; Moroccans, Turks, and Congolese are the three main foreign nationalities outside the EU-27 .
In each geographical zone, we selected the largest hospital and the largest primary care service, according to the annual number of registered patients. In each hospital, we recruited at least four services: a chronic patient-centred care service, an acute patient-centred care service, a chronic non-patient-centred care service, and an acute non-patient-centred care service [37–39].
Two hospitals and one primary care service declined participation in the project. Two hospitals did not have a communicable diseases unit. In one hospital, the psychiatric unit declined to participate in the project due to an internal reorganisation at the time of the study. We ended up with 5 primary care services and 4 hospitals, including 19 inpatient health services. The 19 inpatient health services were: 4 geriatric units, 4 intensive care units, 4 oncology units, 3 psychiatric units, 2 communicable diseases units, 1 palliative care unit, and 1 endocrinology unit.
All health professionals and volunteers working in the service were invited to participate in the research. Preliminary consent was obtained from the management of each institution. We then met the physician and the nurse in charge of each selected service to obtain further consent. When this consent was delivered, we met the whole team to present the project and asked them for their consent. Participants were free to withdraw their consent during the survey process.
Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire from June 2010 to June 2012. Participants had one month to complete the questionnaire. The introductory statement of the questionnaire recalled the objectives of the research and defined what we meant by "migrant". We defined a migrant as "first-, second-, and third- generation migrants, undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, refugees, ethnic minorities, cultural minorities, returned nationals, religious minorities…but excluding other types of minorities such as sexual minorities" . Reminders were sent to the head nurse and the doctor-in-chief of each service each week during the one-month data collection period.
This study was approved by the Hospital University Ethics Committee of the Université catholique de Louvain and by Belgium's national Privacy Commission (Ordinary Declaration No. 1304326281174). As our database includes nominations of the respondents, access to data requires the authorisation of the Privacy Commission.
Our dependent variable was the relative sense of responsibility for adaptation of health care. We used and adapted the scale of relative responsibility developed and validated by Hudelson and colleagues in Switzerland . The scale of relative responsibility contains 5 semantic differential items (Table 2): adaptation to the values of the host country, the provision of interpreters, patient's wishes to be treated by a male or a female doctor, the provision of written information in a language acceptable to the patient, and adaptation to health beliefs. Each item ranges from 1 to 7, 1 meaning full agreement that adaptation is the responsibility of the health professional and 7 meaning full agreement that adaptation is the responsibility of the patient. The respondents were asked to take a position on whether the adaptation was the responsibility of the patient or the responsibility of the health professional.
Instructions: In the following propositions, you may choose between two possible attitudes when encountering migrant patients in your health service. Please, choose the statement corresponding to your opinion (one answer by proposition).
A score below 4 implies that the responsibility is placed on the health professionals or the health institutions while a score over 4 implies that the responsibility is placed on the patients. A score of 4 corresponds to an intermediate attitude in which the responsibility is shared by the patient and the health professional.
The psychometric properties of the scale and the similarities between the Belgian and Swiss contexts were decisive in its adoption as an instrument for data collection. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.65. The test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.83 (CI95% 0.78-0.88). We obtained the consent of Patricia Hudelson to use her scale.
Our independent variables included objective and subjective exposure to migrant and ethnic minority groups, individual sociodemographic factors, and service-level factors. Objective exposure was measured by the localisation of the service in geographical zones with low exposure to immigration, medium exposure, or high exposure. Subjective exposure was measured by the frequency of exposure to intercultural situations as experienced by the health professionals. We developed a specific scale, adapted to the Belgian context. This scale was based on previous surveys in Belgium and Europe [42–44]. We performed specific factor analysis for the scale of subjective exposure to obtain final variables for analysis. The development of the scale is beyond the scope of this paper and is not presented here.
The individual sociodemographic factors were gender (male/female), age (mean age and by categories), nationality (Belgian, EU 27-European (from a member state of the European Union2), and non-European), languages spoken (national Belgian languages, i.e. French and Dutch, other European languages, and non-European languages), country of birth (Belgium, EU 27-European, and non-European), country of childhood (Belgium, EU 27-European, and non-European), and languages spoken with parents (national Belgian languages, i.e. French and Dutch, other European languages, and non-European languages). Professional characteristics were: professional qualification (nurses or care assistants, physicians, allied health professionals, administrative and social workers – including social assistants, volunteers, and faith assistants), working hours (full-time versus part-time), years of experience (by categories), additional training (additional qualification for nurses or physicians), culturally competent education (at school, at the hospital, or by personal choice), professional experience abroad (in an OECD country or in a non-OECD country), and additional functions in the service: head of service, clinical referent, non-clinical referent (e.g. informatics), student supervisor, others.
Service-level factors were the paradigm of care (patient-centred care versus non-patient-centred care), the length of stay (acute unit versus chronic unit), the type of service (intensive care, geriatrics, psychiatry, oncology, including the palliative care and endocrinology units, communicable diseases units, and primary care services), and the institution.
The analysis unfolded in three stages. First, we computed descriptive statistics. Second, we did a factorial analysis to analyse the correlations across the relative responsibility items. We also used factor analysis to convert the items into a continuous score of relative responsibility. After the factor analysis, we tested the normality of the distribution of the factors and decided to conserve the loading factors in the further analysis. Finally, we regressed the dependent variables resulting from the factor analysis on independent variables at the individual and institutional levels. We included all the variables in a regression model with a stepwise procedure to select the significant variables (at alpha = 10%) in the final analysis. Based on the results of the regression model, we fitted a mixed regression model to capture within-service and within-institution clustering. Sixteen observations had missing values and were not included in the regression models. Analyses were made with the SAS 9.2 software.
We contacted 872 members of the staff of the 24 services and we received 569 replies, yielding a participation rate of 65%. We compared participation rates across professional groups and found no statistical differences, particularly between nurses (62%) and physicians (53%). Most of the respondents were nurses or care assistants (59.7%, see Table 3), administrative and social workers (16%), physicians (12.3%), and allied health professionals (12%). Our sample reflected the distribution of health professionals in Belgian health services [45, 46]. Most of the respondents were Belgian. Sixteen per cent of the participants had a high level of exposure to migrant patients.
Table 4 displays the distribution of the relative responsibility for adaptation in health care according to the health professionals.
We found that different features were associated with different views on responsibility. The provision of interpreters and written information were reported as being the responsibility of health professionals, while patients were expected to adapt to the gender of health professionals and to the values of the host country. Indeed, more than half of the respondents (55.3%) reported that patients had to adapt to the gender of health care professionals. We found that most respondents were unclear about adaptation to health beliefs: a third (36.8%) thought that the responsibility was the health care professional's, while 36% thought the responsibility was the patient's.
We compared the attribution of responsibility according to the professional background of the respondents. We did find small but non-significant differences between the various professions in our sample. Physicians declared themselves more responsible for providing interpreters (mean score 2.8 ± 1.39) and written information (mean score 3.17 ± 1.44) to migrant patients than other health professions (mean score for paramedics 3.12 ± 1.55; mean score for administrative staff 3.44 ± 1.82; mean score for nurses 2.82 ± 1.57). Nurses and care assistants expected more often that the patients should adapt to the gender of health professionals (mean score 4.69 ± 2.01) than other health professionals (mean score for paramedics 4.44 ± 2.03; mean score for administrative staff 4.39 ± 2.15; mean score for physicians 4.39 ± 2.07).We also compared the attribution of responsibility between the formal heads of services and the rest of the health professionals. We did find small but non-significant differences between the two groups. Heads of services tend to consider health professionals more responsible for adapting health care for migrants than the rest of the health professionals.Based on the scree plot after Varimax rotation, we retained three factors (see Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). Factor 1 was correlated with item 2, "providing interpreters" (0.88), and item 4, "providing written information" (0.76). Factor 2 was correlated with item 1, "values of the host country" (0.67) and item 3, "gender concordance" (0.90). Factor 3 was correlated with item 5, "health beliefs" (0.97).
The horizontal axis (Factor 1) is influenced by the items "Written Information" and "Interpreters". The horizontal axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to instrumental communication". The vertical axis (Factor 2) is influenced by the items "Gender Concordance" and "Values". The vertical axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to the negotiation of values".
The horizontal axis (Factor 1) is influenced by the items "Written Information" and "Interpreters". The horizontal axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to instrumental communication". The vertical axis (Factor 3) is influenced by the item "Health Belief". The vertical axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to health beliefs".
The horizontal axis (Factor 2) is influenced by the items "Gender Concordance" and "Values". The horizontal axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to the negotiation of values". The vertical axis (Factor 3) is influenced by the item "Health Belief". The vertical axis is resumed by "Responsibility for adaptation to health beliefs".
We interpreted factor 1 as "Responsibility for adaptation to instrumental communication" as it comprised two items related to communication (the provision of interpreters and the provision of written information). We interpreted factor 2 as "Responsibility for adaptation to the negotiation of values", because it comprised items related to the values of the host country and gender concordance. Factor 3, interpreted as "Responsibility for adaptation to health beliefs", comprised item 5: health beliefs.
Each factor resulting from the factor analysis was integrated into a regression model in order to identify the predictive covariates of responsibility (Table 5). Overall, no independent variable was common to the three responsibility factors, although some independent variables were common to two responsibility factors. Each score ranged from -2 to 2. A score below 0 implied that the responsibility was attributed to the health professional. A score over 0 implied that the responsibility was attributed to the patients.
±Indicates the reference category- Indicates non-significant results ┼random intercept = service.
A score below 0 implied that the responsibility was attributed to the health professionals.
A score over 0 implied that the responsibility was attributed to the patients.
Compared to non-Belgians, Belgians placed more responsibility on patients than on health professionals or the health services in relation to the negotiation of values and instrumental communication. Compared to the other professions, physicians placed more responsibility on health professionals than on patients in relation to instrumental communication and adaptation to health beliefs. When compared to health professionals working in another health service, health professionals working in primary care placed more responsibility on the patients than on health professionals in relation to communication. When compared to health professionals working in another health service, health professionals working in primary care service placed more responsibility on health professionals than on patients in relation to the negotiation of values. When compared to health professionals working in another health service, health professionals working in an intensive care unit placed more responsibility on patients than on health professionals in relation to adaptation to health beliefs.
We surveyed health professionals in 24 health services to find out who was considered to be responsible for adapting health services to a multicultural society. The results imply that attitudes to responsibility for the adaptation of health care depend on the nature of the adaptation required: when the adaptation directly concerned communication with the patient, health professionals declared they are the ones to adapt, but for cultural preferences the responsibility seems to fall on patients' shoulders. For responsibility regarding communication, primary care services placed more responsibility on patients than on health professionals when compared to non-primary care services; but for the negotiation of values it was the other way round.
How can we explain that responsibility falls on health care providers for instrumental communication, whereas it falls on patients for the negotiation of values? Four elements may contribute to our understanding of the attribution of responsibility: the legal framework, the training of health professionals, the organisational culture, and the adaptation to communication as a prerequisite to other adaptation issues.
Firstly, the Belgian legislation on patient rights  states that health professionals have to provide all information which concerns the patient and may be necessary to understand his health status and its probable evolution. Moreover, this information must be delivered in clear language. This statement clearly places the legal responsibility for communication on the health professional. Moreover, the provision of clear information is needed to obtain the informed consent of the patient. As physicians are mostly in charge of informing patients and obtaining their consent for treatment, it is thus understandable that they are more likely to place greater responsibility on health professionals than are other health professionals such as nurses or allied health professionals. The Belgian law on patient rights, however, does not deal with the negotiation of values between health professionals and patients. In fact, the legislation on patient rights does not deal with patients' preferences: it mainly focuses on informed consent and the refusal of health care . Moreover, if a patient is not satisfied with the services provided by health professionals, the patient has the right to consult another health professional or to be treated in another health service. Choosing the health professional is an important right in the Belgian health system which, in a sense, may shift the responsibility of adaptation on the patient shoulders [45, 47, 48].
Secondly, the training curricula for health professionals are still for the most part concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills. All non-technical skills, such as empathy or kindness, are assumed to be part of the personality of the health professional and are not strongly emphasised in the curriculum. As most health professionals adapt a paternalistic style of communication, they may not perceive the need to negotiate on patients' values, especially in the Belgian context where patients may change health professionals or health services if they are not satisfied with them [49–53]. It could, as a consequence, be easier for health professionals to place more responsibility for the negotiation of values on patients than on health professionals.
Moreover, in the absence of formal training in cultural competence, Belgian health professionals identified the lack of knowledge and skills in cultural competence as one of their main difficulties when caring for migrants . Supporting and organising formal training in cultural competence for health professionals has been recommended by experts in order to promote fair health care for migrants and ethnic minorities in Belgium [55, 56].
Thirdly, the attribution of responsibility may depend on the organisational culture, norms, and beliefs in the health services. Indeed, a health service is more likely to develop culturally competent care if the organisational culture makes resources available to cope with ethnic diversity [12, 25, 26]. Primary care services may feel less responsible because they count with fewer human resources compared with hospitals. Consequently, when compared to hospitals, primary care services have fewer opportunities to avail of interpreters or support for the provision of information in several languages. Intercultural mediators, funded by the Belgian federal state, are restricted to general and psychiatric hospitals, although some Internet-based mediation initiatives are currently being developed for primary care services . These initiatives, thus, remain less accessible to primary care services or solo health professionals such as general practitioners, physiotherapists, and home nurses.
Fourthly, the adaptation to communication issues may be a prerequisite to other adaptation issues. In other words, when health professionals cannot communicate with migrant patients because of language barriers, they may be less likely to adapt their practices to the needs of migrant patients [54, 58]. When language barriers arise, health professionals are less likely to identify the emotions of the patients and more likely to fail to identify the needs of the patients [59, 60]. Moreover, health professionals may be more supportive of resources that benefit the health professionals themselves . Interpreters, for example, facilitate diagnosis and the elaboration of a treatment plan. So it makes sense for health professionals to support the implementation of initiatives of that kind, as they are directly related to carrying out their job. They will reduce diagnosis errors, the length of stay in emergency rooms or in general hospitalisation, the number of additional examinations, and, ultimately, will reduce the costs of hospitals and primary care services .
Compared to the study by Hudelson and her colleagues , our study relied on a more diverse sample of health professionals. While Hudelson and her colleagues only sampled physicians and medical doctors, our sample was made up of nurses, health assistants, physicians, paramedics, and administrative staff in outpatient and inpatient services. However, we did not observe significant differences between professions, even though a previous study reported such differences . One major difference between the results of Hudelson and her colleagues and our study concerns gender concordance. While, in the Hudelson study, professionals declared that they would adapt to a gender concordance request made by a patient, in our study, professionals declared that patients have to adapt to the gender of the health professional. This difference could be partly explained by a statement issued by the National Council of Physicians of Belgium, which repeated, in a recent statement, that the patient could not choose the gender of the health professional in emergency situations .
Our study has some limitations. Of the three health services that declined participation, two were considered to be highly exposed to immigration. This could affect our results: health professionals may feel less responsibility for adapting health care to migrants when they are more exposed to migrant patients. Accordingly, our results may represent a "best" case of the Belgian situation. Further studies should involve a different sample, with a view to ensuring a balanced representation of the different levels of exposure to immigration.
The second limitation is related to the first. As the management of cultural and ethnic diversity in health care remains a sensitive topic, we cannot underestimate the risk of a social desirability bias at the individual level. Again, our results may depict a more positive situation than actually exists.
To our knowledge, this study is one of only a few that have looked at the question of who feels responsible for the adaptation of health care in Europe. To conclude, we would like to highlight two key messages. First, responsibility for adaptation is multidimensional, depending on the nature of the adaptation required by the situation. Health professionals may feel more responsible when the adaptation in question is directly connected to their professional roles, such as having the right information in the right place and at the right time to provide adequate treatment. Negotiation between patients and health professionals remains marginal.
Second, health professionals felt they shared the responsibility with patients. If health professionals do not feel responsible for adaptation, they are less likely to be involved in culturally competent health care. Further studies should investigate the relationship between the responsibility of health professionals and the development of culturally competent interventions. Moreover, further studies could usefully pay more attention to health professionals' perception of their responsibilities.
1As there is no ethnic census in Belgium, these data are the only official source of statistics on the foreign population in Belgium.
2No respondent came from a European country outside the European Union. If any had, we would have added an additional category labelled "European outside EU-27".
The authors would like to thank Patricia Hudelson for authorising the use of her scale and its adaptation to the Belgian context. The authors warmly thank Séverine Henrard and Sébastien Petrolito for their advices in relation to statistical analyses and the three reviewers for their encouraging comments. Computational resources were provided by the supercomputing facilities of the Université catholique de Louvain (CISM/UCL) and the Consortium des Equipements de Calcul Intensif en Fédération Wallonie Bruxelles (CECI), funded by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (F.R.S.-FNRS). MD was a research fellow of the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique from 2009 to 2013 (F.R.S.-FNRS) and is currently a post-doctoral researcher funded by the program Prospective Research for Brussels of INNOVIRIS (2014-2015).
MD designed the protocol of the study, collected the data, carried out the analysis of the findings of the COMETH project. VL helped to design the protocol, drafted the manuscript, and contributed to the analysis of the findings. Both authors contributed to the drafting of the manuscript and gave their approval to the final version of the manuscript.


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text:
Patrice Bergeron a modern-day John Havlicek
SportsBruins
Stamina, versatility, efficiency trademarks of relentless Bruins, Celtics greats
BOSTON, MA. – APRIL 27: Patrice Bergeron #37 of the Boston Bruins warms up before Round Two, Game Two of the Eastern Conference Playoffs against the Columbus Blue Jackets at the TD Garden on April 27, 2019 in Boston, Massachusetts. (Staff Photo By Matt Stone/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald)
By Tom Keegan | Thomas.Keegan@bostonherald.com | Boston Herald
PUBLISHED: April 27, 2019 at 6:32 pm | UPDATED: April 27, 2019 at 11:00 pm
It's only natural to use a modern comparable when trying to describe a great one from the past to someone too young to have had the pleasure of watching the athlete compete.
When news spread of the death of Celtics great John Havlicek during the Bruins' series opener Thursday night against the Columbus Blue Jackets, it occurred to me from my seat in the halo of the Garden that I was watching Hondo's play-alike.
One Garden and two generations later, I find myself asking the same questions about Bruins center Patrice Bergeron as I asked about Havlicek from my seat on the floor of our den in Rochester, N.Y., watching with my father and brothers.
"How can he be over there already when he was just way back there?"
"Why hasn't he collapsed of exhaustion yet? If I'm tried of watching him go, go, go, why does he look so fresh?"
"How unbelievably annoying must this guy be to play against?"
Havlicek, No. 17, used all 94 feet of parquet to disrupt opponents the way Bergeron, No. 37, uses all 200 feet of ice to gain the edge on his foes.
Hondo's versatility might not stand out as much in today's position-less NBA, but in his era, most players easily slid into a compartment as either a guard, forward or center. Havlicek was a guard/forward, whichever position the Celtics needed more at the moment.
Name something Bergeron doesn't do well on a rink. Best defensive forward in the game, one of the greatest at winning draws of all-time, slick passer and scorer, strong in front of the net, a bumper on the power play, a skilled penalty killer. Name any aspect of the game and his presence makes teammates better. Same for Havlicek on the hardwood.
You can find teammates and foes in both sports with deadlier shots than Hondo and Bergy, but put them in a big spot and watch them find the net.
Havlicek's most famous play was a steal, against the 76ers of Wilt Chamberlain and Hal Greer in the 1965 Eastern Conference finals, fitting considering he was named either the first or second NBA All-Defense team eight times.
Bergeron has won the Selke Trophy, awarded to the NHL's top defensive forward, four times and currently is a finalist for the eighth consecutive year, this time joined by Ryan O'Reilly of the St. Louis Blues and Mark Stone of the Las Vegas Golden Knights.
Havlicek, like Bergeron, moved so efficiently that it was sometimes easy to overlook his extraordinary athleticism. What stood out was that he never stopped moving, always found something productive to do to further his team's cause, a la Bergeron.
Sometimes crossing sports is required to find the best comparisons. The first time I watched Allen Iverson weave through traffic on his way to points for Georgetown, Barry Sanders came to mind. Wayne Gretzky and Larry Bird shared similar radar that made them play quicker than they appeared. Muhammad Ali's left jab and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's sky hook were such unstoppable forces delivered with such grace and beauty.
But I'm not sure any of those crossovers hits quite as cleanly as Hondo and Bergy. So strong, such a great feel for their respective sports, so consistently reliable.
Winning Game 1 of this series didn't rid the Bruins of all their concerns. What's keeping David Pastrnak from playing well? Is he healthy? Are his bad decisions with the puck the result of him pressing? Is his youth showing? Is Brad Marchand at risk of crossing the line and incurring a penalty at the worst possible time? The notion came to mind when he stomped on Cam Atkinson's stick in overtime.
But the only ones ever worrying about Bergeron are the poor souls who must play against him.
Bruce "Butch" Cassidy must experience the same soothing feeling watching Bergeron lace his skates that Arnold Jacob "Red" Auerbach, Bill Russell and Tom Heinsohn felt watching Havlicek knot his sneakers.
Celtics hope Kemba Walker, Enes Kanter can solve chemistry problem
Tom Keegan
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text:
By Indira Kasaeva
The Transformers star was arrested for public intoxication on Friday at an entertainment district. According to the Texas police "due to pending adjudication, no further details will be released at this time." After being arrested he was taken into Travis County Jail to determine whether there is enough evidence to proceed with case. The mugshot of the actor went viral though.
It is not the first time LaBeouf gets taken into police custody. The actor has a long time struggle with alcohol abuse. Last year he was also arrested for creating unrest at a theatre performance on Broadway in New York; shouting comments in obscene language, refusing to leave the building and even spitting at a police man. In this incident LaBeouf was pleaded guilty and had to seek treatment from alcohol addiction which apparently didn't go that well.
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text:
Q: How to build a look up function with multiple keys in spark I am new to spark, and asked a similar question last week. It compiled but not working. So I really don't know what to do. Here is my problem: I have table A containing 3 columns, like this
-----------
A1  A1  A3
-----------
a    b   c

and Another Table B like this
------------------------------------
B1  B2  B3  B4  B5  B6  B7  B8  B9
------------------------------------
1   a   3   4   5   b   7   8    c

My logic is: A1 A2 A3 are my key, and it correspond to B2 B6 B9 in table B. I need to build a look up function that takes A1 A2 A3 as key and returns me B8.
This is what I tried last week:
//getting the data in to dataframe
val clsrowRDD = clsfile.map(_.split("\t")).map(p => Row(p(0),p(1),p(2),p(3),p(4),p(5),p(6),p(7),p(8)))
val clsDataFrame = sqlContext.createDataFrame(clsrowRDD, clsschema)

//mapping the three key with the value
val smallRdd = clsDataFrame.rdd.map{row: Row => (mutable.WrappedArray.make[String](Array(row.getString(1), row.getString(5), row.getString(8))), row.getString(7))}

val lookupMap:Map[mutable.WrappedArray[String], String] = smallRdd.collectAsMap()

//build the look up function
def lookup(lookupMap: Map[mutable.WrappedArray[String],String]) =
udf((input: mutable.WrappedArray[String]) => lookupMap.lift(input))

//call the function
val combinedDF  = mstrDataFrame.withColumn("ENTP_CLS_CD",lookup(lookupMap)($"SRC_SYS_CD",$"ORG_ID",$"ORG_CD"))

And this code compiles, but doesn't really return me the results I need. I am thinking it's because I am passing in an array as the key and I don't really have array inside my table. But when I tried change the map type as Map[(String,String,String),String], I don't know how you pass it in the function.
Tons of thanks.

A: If you are trying to get B8 value for every matching of A1 with B2 and A2 with B6 and A3 with B9, then simple join and select methods should do the trick. Creating a lookup map would create complexity.
As you explained you have to dataframes df1 and df2 as
+---+---+---+
|A1 |A2 |A3 |
+---+---+---+
|a  |b  |c  |
+---+---+---+

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|B1 |B2 |B3 |B4 |B5 |B6 |B7 |B8 |B9 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|1  |a  |3  |4  |5  |b  |7  |8  |c  |
|1  |a  |3  |4  |5  |b  |7  |8  |e  |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

Simple join and select can be done
df1.join(df2, $"A1" === $"B2" && $"A2" === $"B6" && $"A3" === $"B9", "inner").select("B8")

which should give you
+---+
|B8 |
+---+
|8  |
+---+

I hope the answer is helpful
Updated
According to what I understood from your question and comments below, you are confused on how to pass array to your lookup udf function. For that you can use array function. I have modified some parts of your almost perfect code to make it work
//mapping the three key with the value
val smallRdd = clsDataFrame.rdd
  .map{row: Row => (mutable.WrappedArray.make[String](Array(row.getString(1), row.getString(5), row.getString(8))), row.getString(7))}

val lookupMap: collection.Map[mutable.WrappedArray[String], String] = smallRdd.collectAsMap()

//build the look up function
def lookup(lookupMap: collection.Map[mutable.WrappedArray[String],String]) =
udf((input: mutable.WrappedArray[String]) => lookupMap.lift(input))

//call the function
val combinedDF  = mstrDataFrame.withColumn("ENTP_CLS_CD",lookup(lookupMap)(array($"SRC_SYS_CD",$"ORG_ID",$"ORG_CD")))

You should have
+----------+------+------+-----------+
|SRC_SYS_CD|ORG_ID|ORG_CD|ENTP_CLS_CD|
+----------+------+------+-----------+
|a         |b     |c     |8          |
+----------+------+------+-----------+

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