text:
US5084606A - Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug - Google Patents
Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug Download PDF
element assembly
heating element
John M. Bailey
Carey A. Towe
Scott F. Shafer
Michael M. Blanco
Caterpillar Inc
1990-05-17 Application filed by Caterpillar Inc filed Critical Caterpillar Inc
1990-05-17 Assigned to CATERPILLAR INC., A CORP OF DE reassignment CATERPILLAR INC., A CORP OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BAILEY, JOHN M., BLANCO, MICHAEL M., SHAFER, SCOTT F., TOWE, CAREY A.
F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
The service life of conventional glow plugs is extremely short when they are continuously energized at an elevated temperature during engine operation in order to assist ignition of non-autoignitable fuels. Such glow plugs typically fail due to thermal stresses and/or oxidation and corrosion.
Herein is disclosed an improved heating element assembly adapted for incorporation in a glow plug. The heating element assembly includes a monolithic sheath having a relatively-thin and generally annular wall defining a blind bore. The heating element assembly further includes a heating device positioned in the blind bore and adapted to emit heat, and a heat transfer device adapted to transfer heat from the heating means to the sheath. The heating device includes a heating filament and a ceramic insulator. THe heating filament is protected against oxidation by being encapsulated in the insulator. The insulator is protected against corrosion by being encapsulated in the sheath. The sheath is formed of a preselected material which is chosen and configured so as to minimize failure of the heating element assembly caused by thermal stresses, oxidation and/or corrosion.
The present invention relates generally to glow plugs and, more particularly, to heating element assemblies for such glow plugs.
2. Background Art
Until recent times, the technology of glow plugs, as applied to diesel internal combustion engines, has primarily evolved to satisfy the requirement of merely assisting the startup of such engines. In this application, it is understood that the diesel engines are burning autoignitable fuels.
Such conventional glow plugs are designed to be temporarily energized, by electrical-resistance heating, to a preselected moderately high temperature (for example, about 900° C./1650° F.) only during the brief period of starting. When cranking the engine during startup, atomized fuel sprayed from an injector contacts or passes in close proximity to the hot glow plug and ignition of the fuel is effected primarily by surface ignition. Because the rotational speed of the engine is quite slow during the cranking and startup phase, fuel remains in the vicinity of the glow plug for a relatively long time compared with normal engine operation. Consequently, the ignition of conventional fuel in a relatively cold engine is accomplished even at the above moderately high temperature. Once the engine is started, such glow plugs are deenergized and the engine continues to operate solely by autoignition of the fuel. Consequently, the deenergized glow plugs are allowed to cool down to a lower temperature which is approximately the engine mean cycle temperature (for example, about 675° C./1250° F.) during normal engine operation.
It has also been customary to preheat conventional glow plugs to the moderately elevated temperature prior to cranking and starting of the diesel engine. In commercial vehicles, such as earthmoving tractors or heavy-duty trucks, there used to be little concern about the time required (typically about one to two minutes) for preheating the glow plugs to the moderately elevated temperature. However, the increased application of diesel engines to light-duty trucks and passenger cars in recent years has caused a greater demand on being able to preheat the glow plugs in a much shorter period of time (typically about one to two seconds being considered acceptable). Thus, in recent years, the technological development of glow plugs has also focused on providing temporarily energizable glow plugs which require less time to preheat before the engine is cranked and started.
In response to scarce and dwindling supplies of conventional diesel fuel as well as the environmental need to develop cleaner burning engines, manufacturers have been developing engines which are capable of burning alternative fuels such as methanol, ethanol, and various gaseous fuels. However, such alternative fuels typically have a relatively low cetane number, compared to diesel fuel, and therefore are reluctant to ignite by mere contact with the heat of compressed intake air.
Applicants have been early leaders in the development of ignition-assisted engines which operate on the diesel cycle but which differ from conventional diesel or compression-ignition engines in that the ignition of the injected fuel and propagation of the flame is not effected primarily by the fuel contacting the heat of compressed intake air during normal engine operation. This hybrid type of engine having ignition-assist will hereinafter be generally referred to as a diesel-cycle engine.
As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,081 issued to Krauja et al. on Jan. 26, 1988 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,172 issued to Bailey on Oct. 22, 1985, one way of facilitating ignition of such fuels is to provide an ignition-assist device which extends directly into the engine combustion chamber. For example, the ignition-assist device may include a continuously energized glow plug which is required to operate at a very high preselected temperature throughout engine operation. For example, such very high preselected temperature may be about 1200° C./2192° F. in order to ignite the above mentioned alternative fuels.
Applicants initially tried to use conventional glow plugs in this application. One type of conventional glow plug is generally shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,378 issued to Takizawa et al. on Oct. 9, 1984. This glow plug has a heating element assembly consisting of a wire filament wound as a single helix around a mandrel which is positioned in a blind bore of a sheath. The sheath is made of heat resistant metal such as stainless steel. The remaining space in the blind bore is then filled with a heat resistant electric insulating powder such as magnesia. In order to compress the heat resisting electrically insulating powder tightly around the filament for providing adequate support of the filament wire and for effecting adequate heat transfer to the metal sheath, the sheath is normally swaged inward to decrease its inside diameter and thereby compact the powder. One end of the filament at the bottom of the blind bore is connected to the metal sheath so that the metal sheath forms part of the electrical circuit.
Applicants found that a glow plug sheath formed from commercially feasible metallic materials is too vulnerable to oxidation and corrosion attack if it is continuously heated in the and exposed to an engine combustion chamber. The sheath is severely attacked by impurities, such as sodium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or vanadium, which enter the combustion chamber by way of fuel, lubrication oil, ocean spray and/or road salt. The metallic sheath is eaten away by these impurities so that the wire filament becomes exposed. The exposed wire filament is then subject to oxidation and corrosion attack and quickly fails.
Another type of conventional glow plug is generally shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,430 issued to Yokoi et al. on Mar. 5, 1985. In this glow plug, the heating element assembly has a spirally-wound wire filament formed from tungsten or molybdenum which is bent in a generally U-shape. The wire filament is embedded in a ceramic insulator formed from silicon nitride (Si3 N4). This design is advantageous for the construction of a ceramic glow plug not only because this ceramic material is an electrical insulator but also because this material can be hot pressed to effect good heat transfer from the filament to the ceramic material. In addition, silicon nitride possesses appropriate physical properties such as high strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high Weibull modulus and high toughness to permit the glow plug tip to survive the severe thermal and mechanical loadings imposed by the engine cylinder.
This glow plug design exhibits satisfactory life when the heating element assembly is electrically energized only during engine startup to effect ignition of the fuel in a conventional diesel engine. However, Applicants have found that this heating element assembly exhibits an unacceptably short life, for example about 250 hours, when operated continuously to effect ignition of methanol fuel in diesel-cycle engines operating in highway trucks. Similar to the metallic sheaths discussed above, the hot surface of the silicon nitride heating element assembly is vulnerable to severe oxidation and corrosion attack from impurities such as sodium, vanadium, phosphorus and/or sulfur. The silicon nitride covering is eaten away by these impurities so that the wire filament becomes exposed. The exposed wire filament is then subject to oxidation and corrosion attack and quickly fails.
Another type of known glow plug is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,781 issued to Nozaki et al. Nov. 22, 1988. In this arrangement, a heating element has a generally U-shaped tungsten filament embedded in a silicon nitride insulator similar to that shown in Yokai et al. However, the silicon nitride insulator is then covered, using a process called chemical vapor deposition, with a coating of highly heat and corrosion resistant material, such as alumina (Al2 O3), silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon nitride (Si3 N4) in an attempt to minimize erosion and corrosion due to combustion gases.
While this reference avers that the coating adequately protects the filament and silicon nitride covering shown in this glow plug against oxidation and corrosion attack, it has been Applicants' experience that ceramic coatings typically exhibit durability problems when they are applied to a glow plug heating element assembly which is continuously energized at a high temperature. If the coating is applied as a relatively thin layer, the coating quickly disappears from the heating element assembly due to the effects of corrosion and erosion. On the other hand, if the coating is applied as a relatively thick layer, the coating quickly flakes off the heating element assembly. Applicants believe such failure is caused primarily by unacceptably high thermal stresses, that are induced in the thick coating, as well as insufficient bonding of the coating to the insulator.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect of the present invention an improved heating element assembly is disclosed which is adapted for a glow plug. The heating element assembly includes a monolithic sheath, a heating means for emitting heat, and a heat transfer means for transferring heat from the heating means to the sheath. The sheath includes a relatively-thin and generally annular wall, having a closed end portion, which defines a blind bore. The heating means includes a heating filament which is sealed in a ceramic insulator. The heating means is positioned in the blind bore and is adapted to be connected to a source of energy.
The improved heating element assembly may be used to effect ignition of fuel burned in various types of combustors. For example, the improved heating element assembly is particularly advantageous for use in diesel-cycle engines which (i) normally operate on low cetane fuels; or (ii) have a relatively low compression ratio; or (iii) which operate for substantial periods of time under cold conditions or conditions which result in marginal autoignition. In each of the above examples, autoignition of fuel is marginal. In order to achieve efficient engine performance, the subject heating element assembly is provided to assist fuel ignition and is capable of being energized either continuously or for extended periods. The subject heating element assembly may also be used in other combustion applications, such as industrial furnaces, where a relatively durable surface-ignition heating element is required for initiating or assisting the ignition and combustion of fuels.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view similar to FIG. 1 but showing a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic enlarged view of one end portion of the heating means of FIG. 2 during a stage of assembly.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic enlarged view of another end portion of the heating means of FIG. 2 during a stage of assembly.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view similar to FIG. 2 but show a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
In FIGS. 1-4, similar reference characters designate similar elements or features throughout the figures. While there are many other uses for reliable, very high temperature heating element assemblies of the present invention, the principal use driving the technological development of this invention has been to effect or assist ignition of fuel on a continuous basis during all or a substantial portion of the normal operation of a diesel-cycle engine. For illustrative purposes, the specification will focus on this use.
In FIG. 1, a first exemplary embodiment of an improved heating element assembly 10 is shown adapted for connection to an electrically energizable glow plug (not shown). Preferably, the heating element assembly 10 includes a pair of relatively large diameter lead wires 18, 20 which are adapted to be connected to an electrical source of energy. The heating element assembly 10 is preferably sealingly connected to a body of the glow plug by a compression fit with the ferrule as disclosed in Assignee's copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/386,064 filed on Jul. 28, 1989. Alternatively, the heating element assembly 10 may be sealingly connected to the glow plug body by brazing or another conventional fastening technique. The subject invention specifically relates to the heating element assembly per se, and the discussion which follows will focus on various exemplary embodiments and methods of manufacturing it.
As shown in FIG. 1, the heating element assembly 10 includes a refractory, corrosion-resistant, substantially-gas-impermeable, ceramic sheath 24, a heating means or device 26 for emitting heat within the sheath 24, and a heat transfer means or device 28 for transferring heat from the heating means 26 to the sheath 24.
The sheath 24 per se is hollow and includes a relatively-thin and generally annular wall 30. The annular wall 30 has an open end portion 31 and an oppositely disposed closed end portion 32 which collectively define a blind bore or cavity 34 of the sheath 24. The annular wall 30 includes an inner peripheral surface 36 and an outer peripheral surface 38 which are both substantially imperforate to the flow of gaseous fluids. Preferably, the inner and outer peripheral surfaces 36,38 are cylindrically-shaped, substantially smooth, and gradually rounded or radiused at the closed end portion 32 so that they are substantially free of stress concentrators. The annular wall 30 has a thickness extending transversely between the inner and outer peripheral surfaces 36,38 which, preferably, is generally uniform along the length of the sheath 24.
The sheath 24 is a monolithic (i.e., single) piece formed of a carefully selected material. Suitable materials for the sheath 24 are selected in accordance with a new design methodology that is not taught by the prior art of glow plugs.
A primary function of the sheath 24 is to protect the heating means 26 from attack by corrosive gases present in the engine combustion chamber. In order to help accomplish this function, the sheath 24 must be able to resist attack by such corrosive gases while the sheath 24 is continuously heated at a preselected very high temperature (for example, about 1200° C./2192° F.). Applicants recognized a need for much more durable glow plugs after Applicants tried to use conventional glow plugs to assist ignition of relatively low cetane fuels in diesel-cycle engines. When attempting to use silicon nitride glow plugs of the type shown in the Yokoi patent, it was found that the silicon portion oxidized and the resultant silicon dioxide reacted with the impurities present in the combustion chamber to form compounds which have a much lower melting point. For example, the silicon dioxide reacts with sodium impurities to form sodium silicate. Sodium silicate formed bubbles which then melted or broke off. This process eats away the silicon nitride and exposes the heating filament to oxidation and/or other forms of corrosion which eventually create a broken electrical circuit.
Applicants found from published literature relating to gas turbine components that a similar corrosive process had been identified where the components were made from silicon nitride and were required to operate at high temperatures for long periods of time. The published literature also disclosed a corrosion test in which silicon nitride specimens were immersed in molten sodium sulfate.
Applicants subjected pieces of a conventional silicon nitride glow plug heating element assembly to this corrosion test and observed that the nature of the corrosion was similar to that experienced by such glow plugs actually operating in in an engine combustion chamber. Applicants are convinced that the corrosion process which attacks conventional ceramic glow plugs in an internal combustion engine is caused by sodium and other impurities which are present in the engine combustion chamber during operation.
Applicants used the following corrosion test to evaluate various candidate ceramic materials. Ceramic samples were weighed and then submerged in molten sodium sulfate (Na2 SO4) at about 1200° C./2192° F. for up to 100 hours. A platinum crucible was used to contain the materials. A twenty to one ratio (by weight) of sodium sulfate to ceramic material was used. Afterwards, the sodium sulfate was dissolved. The dried ceramic material was then weighed, and the weight loss was calculated. The results of corrosion tests on various materials are shown in the following table:
______________________________________                        % WEIGHTCERAMIC MATERIAL           TIME (HOURS) LOSS______________________________________Silicon Nitride <25          100[Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 ]Sialon          <25          100[SiAlON]Aluminum Oxide  100          nil[Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ]Aluminum Oxide with           100          nilSilicon Carbide whiskers[SiC.sub.w --Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ]Mullite         100          nil[3Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 2SiO.sub.2 ]Cordierite      25           nil[magnesium aluminosilicate]Aluminum Titanate           25           nil[Al.sub.2 TiO.sub.5 ]Beryllium Oxide 100          nil[BeO]______________________________________
The above results show that ceramics of the oxide family are hardly affected by the corrosion test while ceramics of the nitride and oxynitride families are severely attacked. Applicants believe that there are potentially many other oxide ceramics, not listed above, which would also pass the corrosion test.
A suitable sheath material must also have substantially no gas permeability. This property is important to help ensure that the sheath 24 effectively seals the heating means 26 from contact with the corrosive gases present in an operating engine combustion chamber. Preferably, the permeability of the sheath 24 is on the order of the atomic diffusion coefficient (for example, a gas permeability coefficient of about 0.0000001 darceys).
Finally, the candidate material must possess properties that will ensure that it does not fail due to thermal and/or mechanical stresses. Heat must flow outwardly through the annular wall 30 of the sheath 24 at a rate which both compensates for the heat lost from the heating element assembly 10 (via conduction to the glow plug body, radiation and convection) and elevates the temperature of the outer peripheral surface 38 to the preselected very high temperature (for example, about 1200° C./2192° F).
Heat flux is generally defined as the rate of transfer of heat energy through a given area of surface. The heat flux through the annular wall 30 of the sheath 24 causes the temperature of the inner peripheral surface 36 to exceed in temperature that of the outer peripheral surface 38. The effect of this difference in temperature between the two surfaces coupled with the coefficient of thermal expansion and Young's modulus or stiffness creates a tensile stress in the outer peripheral surface 38 of the heating element assembly 10.
Applicants have concluded that, under operating conditions, the maximum permissible average thermal stress in the sheath 24 should not exceed some preselected amount of the modulus of rupture (also known as the four-point bend strength) of the sheath material. The following equation was developed to predict resistance to failure caused by thermal stress: ##EQU1## where σ=maximum average thermal stress (MPa)
∝=coefficient of thermal expansion (mm/mm °C.) of sheath 24
E=modulus of elasticity (MPa) of sheath 24
t=thickness (mm) of annular wall 30 of sheath 24 in the direction of heat flux
Q/A=heat flux (W/mm2) through the annular wall 30 of sheath 24
k=thermal conductivity (W/mm °C.) of sheath 24
f=preselected factor
MOR=modulus of rupture or four-point bending strength (MPa) of sheath 24.
A two-dimensional finite element model computer program was used to identify the temperature gradients in the sheath 24 and to determine the thermal stresses which those temperature gradients create. Such modeling showed that the thickness t of the annular wall 30 should be made as thin as practical in order to reduce the thermal stresses to a satisfactorily low level. Thus, the above equation is rearranged by solving for t: ##EQU2##
In order to solve the equation for a given material, quantitative values for the preselected factor (f) and heat flux are selected and inserted into the equation. The factor f effectively represents a margin of safety against failure caused by thermal stresses. The value for f may be selected from numbers greater than zero and equal to or less than one. For example, a value of f equals one would result in no margin of safety. To provide an adequate margin of safety under steady-state operating conditions, f may be selected to be about 0.5. However, due to the existence of transient conditions, it is preferable to select a more conservative value for f which is less than about 0.5 (for example, f equals about 0.25).
Several examples now follow where f is chosen to be 0.25 and Q/A is chosen to be 0.371 W/mm2. It should be noted that, ideally, data on material properties should be obtained at the operating condition of interest. Thus, to the extent such data is available, the material properties for the sheath in each example are given at the exemplary operating temperature of about 1200° C./2192° F. On the other hand, some of the examples involve material properties for which data is not available at the exemplary operating temperature. The data and results in these examples should be carefully considered to determine if it would be valid to extrapolate results for the exemplary operating temperature.
______________________________________material    silicon nitride [Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 ]       (Kyocera SN 220M)E           270,400 MPa @ 1200° C.α     0.0000036 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k           0.0153 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR         400 MPa @ 1200° C.t           4.24 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material    sialon [SiAlON]E           300,000 MPa @ 20° C.α     0.00000304 mm/mm° C. @ 1000° C.k           0.0213 W/mm° C. @ 20° C.MOR         400 MPa @ 1200° C.t           6.30 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material    aluminum oxide [Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ]E           268,000 MPa @ 1200° C.α     0.0000085 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k           0.006 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR         20 MPa @ 1200° C.t           0.035 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material      aluminum oxide with 10% silicon         carbide whiskers [SiC.sub.2 --Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ]E             170,000 MPa @ 1200° C.α       0.000007 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k             0.0065 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR           178 MPa @ 1200° C.t             0.65 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material      sintered mullite [3Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 2SiO.sub.2 ]E             100,000 MPa @ 1200° C.α       0.000005 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k             0.004 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR           150 MPa @ 1200° C.t             0.81 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material    cordierite       [magnesium aluminosilicate]E           61,000 MPa @ 20° C.α     0.0000028 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k           0.0007 W/mm° C. @ 20° C.MOR         55 MPa @ 20° C.t           0.15 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material    aluminum titanate [Al.sub.2 TiO.sub.5 ]E           20,000 MPa @ 1000° C.α     0.00000153 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k           0.00209 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR         120 MPa @ 1200° C.t           0.55 mm______________________________________
______________________________________material    beryllium oxide [BeO]E           344,740 MPa @ 20° C.α     0.00001017 mm/mm° C. @ 1200° C.k           0.0178 W/mm° C. @ 1200° C.MOR         207 MPa @ 20° C.t           0.71 mm______________________________________
It is emphasized that ceramic materials are brittle and, consequently, the stress at any part of the sheath cannot exceed the material strength at that location. In other words, the materials are not forgiving and will not yield as would a metal to reduce the local stress. Instead, the sheath will simply fail by fracturing. It is also noted that the strength actually varies throughout the ceramic sheath. Consequently, the design of a ceramic sheath 24 requires the use of statistical data such as Weibull modulus and the reliability and durability are expressed as a probability of failure. While the last equation above provides the designer with a tool by which the designer can evaluate other candidate materials which have been found to pass Applicants' recommended corrosion test and gas impermeability criteria, accurate design will require the use of advanced analysis tools such as finite element analysis to gain high confidence in the temperatures and probability of failure of the heating element assembly. The above equation may also be used to evaluate non-ceramic materials for the sheath 24.
The last equation above can be used to weigh the trade-offs between the various material properties. For example, plain aluminum oxide (Al2 O3) was one of the first ceramic materials that Applicant considered for the sheath material because it exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. However, Applicants found that a prototype ceramic sheath formed of this material cracked after only a few hours of operation in an engine test. Example No. 3 above also indicates that plain aluminum oxide is an unsuitable material with respect to its ability to survive thermal stresses. When the material property values of plain aluminum oxide are substituted into the last equation above, they produce a maximum allowable thickness t for the sheath annular wall 30 which is too thin to manufacture as well as too thin to withstand mechanical loadings that a glow plug would typically experience in an engine combustion chamber.
Example No. 4 illustrates how the addition of silicon fiber whiskers improves the thermal stress properties of aluminum oxide. This relatively new composite ceramic, called silicon-carbide-whisker-reinforced alumina (SiCw -Al2 O3), was developed by Arco Chemical Company and used primarily for machine tool bits. The addition of the whiskers changes the material properties of that ceramic in a way that substantially improves its thermal shock resistance. The calculated maximum permissible thickness t also indicates that if this material is formed as a solid piece, similar to the silicon nitride insulator which embeds the heating filament shown in the Yokoi patent, it would not possess sufficient thermal and mechanical properties to survive in an engine combustion chamber.
At the present time, silicon-carbide-whisker-reinforced aluminum oxide is Applicants' preferred material for the sheath 24 and it has been proven successful in bench and engine tests. For example, Applicants have successfully made and tested a sheath 24 made of this material which has an annular wall thickness of about 0.5 millimeters/0.02 inches. This annular wall thickness was conservatively chosen to be below the upper limit of 0.65 millimeters/0.03 inches given in Example No. 4 in order to enhance the factor of safety against failure by thermal stresses. On the other hand, this annular wall thickness is sufficient to be practical for manufacturing the sheath 24 as a monolithic piece. This annular wall thickness is also sufficient to provide enough strength for assembling the sheath 24 to the glow plug body and also for surviving the mechanical loading the sheath 24 would experience in an engine combustion chamber. The composite material for the sheath 24 contained about 5 to 40 percent by volume of silicon carbide whiskers and about 95 to 60 percent by volume of aluminum oxide. The silicon carbide whiskers were single crystals having a length of about 5 to 200 microns long and a diameter of about 0.1 to 3 microns.
Example No. 7 suggests that aluminum titanate (Al2 TiO5) might be a promising material from the standpoint of surviving thermal stresses. However, it is deemed to be an unsuitable material for this application because it is not substantially gas impermeable (i.e., its porosity would simply allow corrosive combustion gases to pass through the sheath and attack the heating means 26) and also because its material properties become unstable at high temperatures.
A monolithic sheath 24 can be formed by pressing, slip-casting, injection-molding, or extruding a mixture of the silicon carbide whiskers, aluminum oxide powder, water, and organic binders. In order to make the sheath 24 substantially imperforate, the sheath 24 is then densified (typically to greater than 95% of theoretical density) by sintering, hot-pressing, or hot-isostatic-pressing. If necessary, the final outside diameter of the outer peripheral surface 38 as well as its substantially-smooth profile, inside diameter of the blind bore 34 as well as its substantially smooth profile, the rounded profile of closed end portion 32, and chamfer at the open end portion 31 of the blind bore 34 are formed such as by a machining operation.
Other ceramic oxide materials may also give an acceptable low probability of failure. Mullite is not as strong as aluminum oxide, but it has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity which effectively give a lower calculated thermal stress for a given thickness t of the sheath annular wall 30. Also, silicon carbide whiskers can be added to the mullite matrix to increase the strength of the composite. Beryllium oxide is another material which has a relatively-low strength, but it has a relatively high thermal conductivity and modulus of rupture which collectively make it a promising material. Hafnium titanate and cordierite are materials whose respective low strengths can be offset by their respective extremely low coefficients of thermal expansions. Silicon nitride, sialon, and silicon carbide have material properties which give low calculated stresses, but these materials have low resistance to corrosion which eliminate them as suitable materials for the sheath 24.
Many other ceramic materials (mostly ceramic oxide materials) may be suitable candidates as the material forming the sheath 24. Such suitable materials include plain aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, sodium zirconium phosphate, and chromium oxide densified aluminum oxide. The process of making chromium oxide densified aluminum oxide is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,531 issued to Church et al. on May 11, 1976. If necessary, these materials may be reinforced with ceramic material in the form of particulates or whiskers selected from the group of oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides such as zirconium oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and titanium boride.
The function of the heating means 26 is to provide the energy required to maintain the temperature of the outer peripheral surface 38 of the sheath 24 at the preselected very high temperature (for example, about 1200° C./2192° C.) This energy must be provided at a rate that compensates for the loss of energy from the sheath 24 caused by convection, radiation and conduction to the glow plug body. The heating means 26 should be selected so that the heating means 26 does not impart appreciable stress to the sheath 24 during thermal expansion and/or contraction. However, since the heating means 26 is covered by the protective sheath 24, suitable materials for the heating means 26 do not need to be corrosion resistant.
FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the heating element assembly 10 wherein the heating means 26 includes a monolithic electrically nonconductive insulator 40 and a heating filament 42.
Preferably, the insulator 40 has a generally cylindrical shape and includes a mandrel 44 and an inner sheath 46. The mandrel 44 includes a helical groove 48 formed around its outer peripheral surface and a central bore 49 extending along its longitudinal axis. The groove 48 is arranged as a single helix which preferably has two or more pitches.
Preferably, the heating filament 42 is formed from a continuous single strand of wire formed from a refractory resistance-heating material such as molybdenum, nichrome, alumel, chromel, platinum, tungsten or similar noble metal, tantalum, rhodium, molybdenum disilicide, rhenium, or platinum-rhodium alloys. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, one portion of the heating filament 42 is positioned in the groove 48 of the mandrel 44 and thereby arranged as a single helix. One end portion of the helix, adjacent to the closed end portion 32 of the sheath 24, preferably has a pitch which is finer (i.e., more windings per axial length) than the pitch of the opposite end portion of the helix, adjacent to the open end portion 31 of the sheath 24. Another portion of the heating filament 42 is relatively straight and extends through the central bore 49 of the mandrel 44 in radially inwardly spaced relation to the helical windings of the heating filament 42. Alternatively, the heating filament 42 may be arranged according to other known configurations, such as a double helix, without departing from the present invention.
Preferably, each end portion of the heating filament 42 is connected to a respective lead wire 18, 20. The lead wires 18,20 are spaced apart from one another and a portion of each lead wire is embedded in the insulator 40. The lead wires 18, 20 extend out of the insulator 40 and through the open end portion 31 of the sheath 24. Preferably each lead wire 18,20 is formed of tungsten and has a cross-sectional diameter which is substantially larger than the cross-sectional diameter of the heating filament 42.
The materials for the heating means 26 and sheath 24 should be chosen so that thermal growth and contraction of the heating means 26 is compatible with thermal growth and contraction of the sheath 24. Such thermal compatibility between the sheath 24 and the insulator 40 ensures that the insulator 40 does not induce mechanical stresses into the sheath 24 by outgrowing the confines of the sheath 24 during thermal expansion and contraction.
Preferably, the insulator 40 is formed from any of several ceramic materials, such as silicon nitride (Si3 N4), Sialon (SiAlON), or aluminum nitride (AlN) and may include a densification aid such as magnesium oxide. Suitable materials for the insulator 40 should be electrically non-conductive, thermally conductive and highly resistant to thermal stresses. The material should also be capable of being formed as a monolithic piece which embeds and hermetically seals the heating filament 42 from the effects of oxidation. As previously mentioned, one should also consider the desired thermal expansion as well as thermal conductivity needed for compatibility with the rest of the heating element assembly 10. For example, the insulator 40 may be formed from silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) when the sheath 24 is formed from an aluminum oxide based ceramic material such as silicon-carbide-whisker-reinforced alumina (SiCw -Al2 O3).
The subassembly of the heating filament 42, insulator 40, and a portion of the lead wires 18,20 is positioned in the blind bore 34 of the sheath 24 in generally concentrically spaced relation to the inner peripheral surface 36.
The heat transfer means 28 is interposed between the heating means 26 and the inner peripheral surface 36 of the sheath 24. The heat transfer means 28 performs two primary functions. One function is to support the heating means 26 within the blind bore 34 of the sheath 24. The other function is to provide a means for efficient heat transfer from the heating means 26 to the inner peripheral surface 36 of the sheath 24. Such heat transferred to the sheath 24 then passes through the annular wall 30 of the sheath 24 to maintain the the outer peripheral surface 38 at the preselected very high temperature.
In FIG. 1, the heat transfer means 28 includes filler material 62. The filler material 62 is disposed in the blind bore 34 of the sheath 24 and completely fills the remaining space between the heating means 26 and the sheath 24. The filler material 62 is formed of a heat conductive material which is adapted to readily transfer the heat generated by the heating filament 42 to the outer peripheral surface 38 of the sheath 24 when the heating element assembly 10 is electrically energized. Preferably, the filler material 62 is a cement formed from calcium aluminate and distilled water. Other filler materials may be substituted including zirconium silicate cement, aluminum oxide powder, magnesium oxide powder, or any of the above materials with additions (about 5 to 40% by volume) of silicon carbide, platinum, or molybdenum particulate to make the filler material more thermally conductive.
FIGS. 2-4 show a second exemplary embodiment of the heating element assembly 10'. The heating element assembly 10' is similar to the heating element assembly 10 of FIG. 1 except for the configuration of the heating means 26' and how it is formed. In this embodiment, the heating filament 42' is a generally U-shaped continuous wire which is undulated or corrugated. The generally U-shape of the heating filament 42' defines a pair of spaced apart legs 50,52 and a connecting portion 53. Moreover, the insulator 40' is initially formed from a plurality of ceramic pieces which include an intermediate piece or shim 54 and a pair of outer pieces 56,58. Preferably, the pieces 54,56,58 are individually shaped so that they collectively form a cylindrical shape when when assembled together.
Industrial Applicability
A brief description of various methods of manufacturing the improved heating element assembly 10,10' and its operation will now be discussed.
In first exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, the mandrel 44 is preferably formed by injection molding. During the molding process the helical groove 48 is formed about the periphery of the mandrel 44 and the relatively small central bore 49 is formed by a pin which is extracted before the mold is opened. Moreover, a pair of oppositely spaced apart axial slots are formed on the peripheral surface of the mandrel 44 on the end where the lead wires 18, 20 are to be attached. One of the slots is connected to a passage which radially inwardly intersects the central bore 49.
One end portion of the heating filament 42 is connected to the lead wire 18 by, for example winding, welding or swaging. The free end of the heating filament 42 is then fed through the central bore 49 until the lead wire 20 snaps into place in the slot which intersects the central bore 49. The lead wire 18 is then similarly connected to the other end portion of the heating filament 42. The heating filament 42 is then wound around the mandrel 44 so that the coils are positioned in the molded grooves 48. The lead wire 18 is then snapped into place in the second axial slot. The inner sheath 46, which had been previously injection molded but is still unfired, is then slipped over the above subassembly with a portion of each lead wire 18,20 protruding. Then a temporary boot, preferably formed of tantalum or other refractory ductile material, is temporarily slipped over the above subassembly so that the temporary boot extends beyond the free ends of the lead wires 18,20. The temporary boot may be axially fluted or corrugated to provide radial/tangential resilience and is pinched down to a flat surface beyond the free end portions of the lead wires 18,20. The pinching just described resembles a pinched end of a drinking straw.
The assembly is then heated to drive off organic binder, if any is present, and then the end of the temporary boot is hermetically sealed by a clamp or other device. The assembly is then loaded into a hot isostatic press (HIP) autoclave and the temperature of the autoclave is then raised to about 1371° C./2500° F. and about 20690 kPa/3000 psi. The assembly remains in the autoclave at this high pressure and temperature for about an hour. The assembly is then removed from the autoclave and the temporary boot is opened and the hot isostatically pressed subassembly (consisting of the lead wires 18,20; insulator 40; and heating filament 42) is removed.
The relatively thin walled monolithic configuration of the sheath 24 is controlledly formed to its final shape separate from the heating means 26. The relatively smooth and simple shape of the sheath 24 is virtually free of stress concentrators and is relatively easy to manufacture by, for example, slip-casting, hot pressing, injection molding, or selectively machining solid bar stock.
The filler material 62 is formed by creating a thin mixture of about 250-mesh calcium aluminate cement and distilled water. About two milliliters of distilled water per gram of calcium aluminate provides the preferred consistency for the wet cement that is created. This wet cement is poured into a syringe and excess air is purged therefrom. The injection tip of the syringe is inserted down at the bottom of the empty bore 34 of the sheath 24 and the wet calcium aluminate cement is injected until the blind bore 34 of the sheath 24 is filled.
The heating means 26 (which in FIG. 1 is the subassembly of the insulator 40, embedded heating filament 42, and embedded portion of the lead wires 18,20) is now inserted into the blind bore 34 of the sheath 24. The heating means 26 is immediately pushed all the way down into the blind bore 34 before drying and solidifying of the filler material occurs. The heating element assembly 10 is then x-rayed to ensure that the heating means 26 extends adjacent to the bottom of the blind bore 34 and that there are no electrical shorts or breaks in the electrical circuit defined by the lead wires 18,20 and the heating filament 42. The heating element assembly 10 is then cured overnight in a humid environment. This can be accomplished by placing the heating element assembly 10 in a humidity chamber. After curing, the heating element assembly 10 is dried, for example, in an oven to remove moisture.
A method of assembling the second exemplary embodiment of the heating element assembly 10', shown in FIGS. 2-4, will now be discussed.
The undulated legs 50,52 of the generally U-shaped heating filament 42' are positioned on oppositely facing surfaces of the intermediate piece 54 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. At this stage of manufacture, the intermediate piece 54, as well as the outer pieces 56,58, are in their green or unfired state. The outer pieces 56,58 are positioned against opposite faces of the intermediate piece 54 so that each leg 50,52 of the heating filament 42' is sandwiched therebetween. At this stage of assembly, the three pieces of the insulator 40 collectively resemble a nearly cylindrical shape as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The organic binder in the insulator 40' is burned out and the heating means 26' is hot pressed in a temporary boot between a pair of heated dies 64,66. The heating means 26 is then positioned in the sheath 24 and potted with filler material 62 similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, the filler material 62 in FIG. 2 may be eliminated by incorporating an unfired sheath 24 into the HIP process. The sheath 24 in its unfired state is slipped directly onto the subassembly 42',40",54,56,58 before the temporary boot is applied and the HIP process is begun. In this case, the resultant direct surface contact between the sheath 24 and the heating means 26'" serves as the heat transfer means 28.
In operation of the glow plug 10 shown in FIG. 1, electrical current flows into the lead wire 18, through the heating filament 42, and out through the lead wire 20. The relatively smaller diameter of the heating filament 42 creates relatively more electrical resistance in the heating filament than elsewhere in the electrical circuit and therefore generates heat. This heat is readily communicated by the filler material 62 to the outer peripheral surface 28 of the sheath 24 in order to assist ignition of fuels which do not readily auto-ignite.
Compared to known planar heating filaments, the circumferentially symmetric arrangement of the heating filament 42 within the sheath 24 results in a more uniform or circumferentially symmetric distribution of heat (generated by the heating filament 42) onto the outer peripheral surface 28 of the sheath 24. The relatively finer pitch coils of the heating filament 42 concentrate the heat generated by the glow plug 12 at the free end portion of the heating element assembly 10. The relatively coarser pitch filament windings of the heating filament 42 provide a relatively smooth temperature transition between the relatively straight electrical leads in the glow plug body and the relatively finer pitch filament windings. Such transition helps ensure that there is not a sharp temperature gradient along the longitudinal axis of the heating element assembly 10.
Improved corrosion and oxidation resistance is provided by the protective sheath made from a carefully selected ceramic material. For example, 1 to 2 orders in magnitude of improved sodium corrosion resistance are obtained with alumina-based ceramic materials compared to silicon nitride based materials. Moreover, thermal shock resistance as well as strength is improved by reinforcing various ceramic materials with particulate material. Applicants' design methodology is advantageous for screening and selecting suitable materials for the sheath 24.
The improved heating element assembly may, for example, be incorporated in a glow plug which is continuously energized in an operating internal combustion engine to ensure ignition of relatively lower cetane number fuels. This design helps to protect glow plug heating element assemblies in a very severe environment so that they may experience a longer life than that experienced by previously known glow plug heating element assemblies. This improved heating element assembly may also be used other combustion applications, such as industrial furnaces, where a relatively durable surface-ignition element is required to initiate or assist combustion of fuels.
Other aspects, objects, and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.
1. A heating element assembly adapted for a glow plug comprising:
a monolithic, refractory, corrosion-resistant, substantially-gas-impermeable, ceramic sheath, said sheath including a relatively-thin and annular wall having an open end portion and a closed end portion defining a blind bore;
heating means for emitting heat, said heating means positioned in the blind bore of the sheath and adapted to be connected to a source of energy, said heating means including an electrical resistance heating filament and a monolithic ceramic insulator, said heating filament being hermetically sealed in the insulator; and
heat transfer means for transferring heat from the heating means to the sheath.
2. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein the sheath and heating means each have material properties and configurations which are selected in conjunction to prevent the maximum thermal and mechanical stresses in the sheath and the heating means from exceeding the minimum respective strengths of the materials forming the sheath and the heating means.
3. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said annular wall of the sheath has a maximum allowable thickness (tmax) governed by the following relationship: ##EQU3## wherein tmax =maximum allowable thickness of annular wall of sheath in the direction of heat flux;
f=preselected factor greater than zero and equal to or less than one;
MOR=modulus of rupture of sheath;
k=thermal conductivity of sheath;
∝=coefficient of thermal expansion of sheath;
E=modulus of elasticity of sheath; and
Q/A=heat flux.
4. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said sheath is substantially formed of a ceramic oxide material.
5. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said sheath is substantially formed of a composite ceramic oxide material.
6. The heating element assembly of claim 5 wherein said sheath is reinforced with ceramic material in the form of particulates selected from the group of oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides.
7. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said sheath is substantially formed of a ceramic material selected from the group of reinforced aluminum oxide, beryllium oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, mullite, sodium zirconium phosphate, chromium oxide densified aluminum oxide, and aluminum titanate.
8. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said heating filament is formed of an electrically-conductive refractory material selected from the group of molybdenum, nichrome, alumel, chromel, platinum, tungsten, tantalum, rhodium, molybdenum disilicide, rhenium, and platinum-rhodium alloy.
9. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said heating filament is a continuous strand of wire having a pair of end portions, said heating element assembly further including a pair of electrical lead wires, each of said lead wires connected to a respective end portion of the heating filament and partially embedded in the insulator, said lead wires extending out the open end portion of the sheath.
10. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said insulator is substantially formed from a ceramic.
11. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said insulator is substantially formed from a ceramic selected from the group of silicon nitride (Si3 N4), Sialon (SiAlON) and Aluminum nitride (AlN).
12. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said heat transfer means includes a refractory thermally-conductive filler material positioned in the blind bore between the heating means and the sheath.
13. The heating element assembly of claim 1 wherein said sheath has an inner peripheral surface which defines the blind bore and directly contacts the insulator.
14. A heating element assembly adapted for a glow plug comprising:
a cylindrical monolithic, refractory, corrosion-resistant, substantially-gas-impermeable, ceramic sheath, said sheath including a relatively-thin and smooth annular wall having a closed end portion and defining a blind bore;
heating means for emitting heat, said heating means positioned in the blind bore of the sheath and adapted to be connected to a source of energy, said heating means including a heating filament formed of a continuous single strand of wire hermetically sealed in a non-oxide ceramic insulator; and
heat transfer means for transferring heat from the heating means to the sheath when the glow plug heating element assembly is electrically energized.
a monolithic, refractory, corrosion-resistant, substantially-gas-impermeable, sheath, said sheath including a relatively-thin and annular wall having a closed end portion and defining a blind bore, said annular wall of the sheath having a maximum allowable thickness (tmax) governed by the following relationship: ##EQU4## wherein tmax =maximum allowable thickness of annular wall of sheath in the direction of heat flux,
f=preselected factor greater than zero and equal to or less than one,
MOR=modulus of rupture of sheath,
k=thermal conductivity of sheath,
∝=coefficient of thermal expansion of sheath,
E=modulus of elasticity of sheath, and
Q/A=heat flux;
heating means for emitting heat, said heating means positioned in the blind bore of the sheath and adapted to be connected to a source of energy, said heating means including a heating filament hermetically sealed in a ceramic insulator; and
US07/524,609 1990-05-17 1990-05-17 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug Expired - Fee Related US5084606A (en)
US07/524,609 US5084606A (en) 1990-05-17 1990-05-17 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
JP51548690A JPH05508213A (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23
EP19900916890 EP0528793B1 (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
PCT/US1990/004751 WO1991018244A1 (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
BR909008021A BR9008021A (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Set of heating elements
DE1990608196 DE69008196D1 (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Encapsulated heating coil for glow plug.
AU67210/90A AU6721090A (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
CA 2081103 CA2081103A1 (en) 1990-05-17 1990-08-23 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
ZA912982A ZA9102982B (en) 1990-05-17 1991-04-22 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
MX2581891A MX171975B (en) 1990-05-17 1991-05-16 Filament encapsulated heater for plug ignitor
CN 91103418 CN1056733A (en) 1990-05-17 1991-05-16 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
US07/524,609 Expired - Fee Related US5084606A (en) 1990-05-17 1990-05-17 Encapsulated heating filament for glow plug
JP (1) JPH05508213A (en)
CN (1) CN1056733A (en)
BR (1) BR9008021A (en)
DE (1) DE69008196D1 (en)
MX (1) MX171975B (en)
ZA (1) ZA9102982B (en)
DE4334771A1 (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-04-13 Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A glow plug
US5499615A (en) * 1994-10-28 1996-03-19 Caterpillar Inc. Direct injection propane fuel system for diesel engine applications
US5578349A (en) * 1995-11-30 1996-11-26 Caterpillar Inc. Process for coating a ceramic glow plug portion with a corrosion inhibiting material
US5811761A (en) * 1995-10-12 1998-09-22 Isuzu Ceramics Research Institute Co., Ltd. Ceramic sheath device with multilayer silicon nitride filler insulation
US5906799A (en) * 1992-06-01 1999-05-25 Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation Chlorosilane and hydrogen reactor
US5965051A (en) * 1995-01-24 1999-10-12 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Ceramic heating element made of molybdenum disilicide and silicon carbide whiskers
US6084212A (en) * 1999-06-16 2000-07-04 Le-Mark International Ltd Multi-layer ceramic heater element and method of making same
US6130410A (en) * 1996-12-11 2000-10-10 Isuzu Ceramics Research Institute Co., Ltd Ceramic heater and process for producing the same
US6184497B1 (en) * 1999-06-16 2001-02-06 Le-Mark International Ltd. Multi-layer ceramic heater element and method of making same
US20030045082A1 (en) * 2001-08-30 2003-03-06 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposition of metal oxide and/or low asymmetrical tunnel barrier interploy insulators
US20030207593A1 (en) * 2002-05-02 2003-11-06 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposition and conversion
EP1455086A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2004-09-08 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd Glow plug
US20050087134A1 (en) * 2001-03-01 2005-04-28 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods, systems, and apparatus for uniform chemical-vapor depositions
WO2006000489A1 (en) * 2004-06-26 2006-01-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pencil type glow plug with a glow plug coated with a protective layer
US20060223337A1 (en) * 2005-03-29 2006-10-05 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposited titanium silicon oxide films
US20060270147A1 (en) * 2005-05-27 2006-11-30 Micron Technology, Inc. Hafnium titanium oxide films
US20080110872A1 (en) * 2004-05-20 2008-05-15 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stable Initiator Compositions and Igniters
US20080141651A1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2008-06-19 Eason Martin P Ceramic-encased hot surface igniter system for jet engines
US7405454B2 (en) 2003-03-04 2008-07-29 Micron Technology, Inc. Electronic apparatus with deposited dielectric layers
US7470875B1 (en) * 2005-12-16 2008-12-30 Locust Usa, Inc. Ignitor plug
US20090008378A1 (en) * 2007-07-06 2009-01-08 Kernwein Markus Method for heating up of a ceramic glow plug and glow plug control unit
US20090169900A1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2009-07-02 Juergen Oberle Ceramic Resistor Element or Sensor Element
US20090302022A1 (en) * 2008-06-10 2009-12-10 Wilcox Ernest W Ignitor Plug Assembly
US20090308362A1 (en) * 2006-11-08 2009-12-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel heater
US7776762B2 (en) 2004-08-02 2010-08-17 Micron Technology, Inc. Zirconium-doped tantalum oxide films
US20100277051A1 (en) * 2009-04-30 2010-11-04 Scientific Instrument Services, Inc. Emission filaments made from a rhenium alloy and method of manufacturing thereof
US20100290766A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2010-11-18 Shunji Mochizuki Immersion heater
DE102009060939A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-30 HTM Reetz GmbH, 12555 Electric heating element for high temperature oven, has one-side closed ceramic tube filled with electrically isolating material that is disintegrated into inert and oxygen-binding gas components at high temperatures
US20110198391A1 (en) * 2008-01-04 2011-08-18 Harger, Inc. Exothermic welding assembly
US8501563B2 (en) 2005-07-20 2013-08-06 Micron Technology, Inc. Devices with nanocrystals and methods of formation
US9173753B1 (en) 2012-05-11 2015-11-03 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. System and method for forming an endoluminal device
WO2018079928A1 (en) * 2016-10-27 2018-05-03 대진글로우텍 주식회사 Structure of heating coil assembled and installed in glow plug
DE648978T1 (en) * 1993-10-04 1996-06-27 Isuzu Ceramics Res Inst A ceramic glow plug.
DE650020T1 (en) * 1993-10-20 1996-05-02 Isuzu Ceramics Res Inst Ceramic heater and manufacturing method thereof.
DE19630402C2 (en) * 1996-07-26 2000-12-28 Beru Ag rod flame glow plug
CN1094731C (en) * 2000-05-22 2002-11-27 赵子文 Dewatered snackof mutton soup-roasted bun mixture and its preparing process
WO2007135773A1 (en) * 2006-05-18 2007-11-29 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Ceramic heater and glow plug
JP2012506988A (en) 2008-10-23 2012-03-22 フェデラル−モーグル・イグニション・カンパニーFederal−Mogul Ignition Company Glow plug with an improved seal, the heater probe assembly and method constructed for the
WO2011162074A1 (en) * 2010-06-22 2011-12-29 日本特殊陶業株式会社 Glowplug, production method thereof and heating device
CN102538005B (en) * 2012-02-09 2014-04-23 哈尔滨松江电炉厂有限责任公司 Electrothermal igniter special for band steel zinc-plated furnace or continuous band steel annealing furnace
JP6342653B2 (en) * 2013-12-18 2018-06-13 京セラ株式会社 Heater and a glow plug having the same
EP2886960A1 (en) * 2013-12-23 2015-06-24 SIEVA d.o.o., PE Spodnja Idrija Heating rod comprising a ceramic internal sleeve, glow plug and method for manufacturing the same
GB860466A (en) * 1957-05-14 1961-02-08 Lodge Plugs Ltd Improvements in or relating to glow plugs or hot bulb igniters
CH352188A (en) * 1956-11-17 1961-02-15 Controls Co Of America fuze
US3065436A (en) * 1960-07-12 1962-11-20 Mc Graw Edison Co Sheathed heating element
GB1094522A (en) * 1964-02-10 1967-12-13 Papst Hermann Fuel injection and ignition device for internal combustion engines
US3956531A (en) * 1967-06-01 1976-05-11 Kaman Sciences Corporation Chromium oxide densification, bonding, hardening and strengthening of bodies having interconnected porosity
JPS5872821A (en) * 1981-10-26 1983-04-30 Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd Glow plug and its manufacturing method
US4426568A (en) * 1981-05-21 1984-01-17 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Glow plug for diesel engines
US4476378A (en) * 1981-04-30 1984-10-09 Jidosha Kiki Co., Ltd. Glow plug for use in diesel engine
US4502430A (en) * 1982-11-08 1985-03-05 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Ceramic heater
US4548172A (en) * 1983-06-22 1985-10-22 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Ignition-assisted fuel combustion system
US4721081A (en) * 1986-06-03 1988-01-26 Caterpillar Inc. Flame incubating and propagating apparatus for a fuel combustion system
US4786781A (en) * 1984-10-31 1988-11-22 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Silicon nitride glow plug with alumina corrosion and erosion protective coating
1990-08-23 DE DE1990608196 patent/DE69008196D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
1990-08-23 EP EP19900916890 patent/EP0528793B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
1990-08-23 BR BR909008021A patent/BR9008021A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
1990-08-23 JP JP51548690A patent/JPH05508213A/ja active Pending
1991-04-22 ZA ZA912982A patent/ZA9102982B/en unknown
1991-05-16 MX MX2581891A patent/MX171975B/en unknown
1991-05-16 CN CN 91103418 patent/CN1056733A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Exhibit A, by Kyocera Corp. *
Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5th edition, by R. J. Roark & W. C. Young, published 1975, McGraw Hill Book Company, excerpts, pp. 582 585. *
Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5th edition, by R. J. Roark & W. C. Young, published 1975, McGraw-Hill Book Company, excerpts, pp. 582-585.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 7, No. 165 (M 230) (1310), Jul. 20, 1983 & JP A 58 72821, published, Apr. 30, 1983, By S. Nozaki. *
Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 7, No. 165 (M-230) (1310), Jul. 20, 1983 & JP-A-58 72821, published, Apr. 30, 1983, By S. Nozaki.
The Corrosion of Silicon Based Ceramics in a Residual Fuel Oil FIred Environment, by S. Brooks and D. B. Meadowcroft, Proceedings of the British Ceramics Society, 1978, No. 26, pp. 237 250. *
The Corrosion of Silicon Based Ceramics in a Residual Fuel Oil FIred Environment, by S. Brooks and D. B. Meadowcroft, Proceedings of the British Ceramics Society, 1978, No. 26, pp. 237-250.
U.S. application No. 07/386,064, Titled: Interference Connection Between a Heating Element and Body of a Glow Plug, filed Jul. 28, 1989, by Scott F. Shafer et al. *
U.S. Application No. 07/524,610, Title: Heating Element Assembly for Glow Plug (assignee s copending application), Filed: May 17, 1990, by: Carey A. Towe et al. *
U.S. Application No. 07/524,610, Title: Heating Element Assembly for Glow Plug (assignee's copending application), Filed: May 17, 1990, by: Carey A. Towe et al.
US7476925B2 (en) 2001-08-30 2009-01-13 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposition of metal oxide and/or low asymmetrical tunnel barrier interploy insulators
US7446368B2 (en) 2001-08-30 2008-11-04 Micron Technology, Inc. Deposition of metal oxide and/or low asymmetrical tunnel barrier interpoly insulators
US7589029B2 (en) 2002-05-02 2009-09-15 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposition and conversion
US20040173595A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2004-09-09 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Glow plug
US7923662B2 (en) * 2004-05-20 2011-04-12 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stable initiator compositions and igniters
US20100301406A1 (en) * 2004-08-02 2010-12-02 Ahn Kie Y Zirconium-doped tantalum oxide films
US7687409B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2010-03-30 Micron Technology, Inc. Atomic layer deposited titanium silicon oxide films
US8399365B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2013-03-19 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming titanium silicon oxide
US8076249B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2011-12-13 Micron Technology, Inc. Structures containing titanium silicon oxide
US7572695B2 (en) 2005-05-27 2009-08-11 Micron Technology, Inc. Hafnium titanium oxide films
US8434292B2 (en) * 2006-12-15 2013-05-07 State Of Franklin Innovations, Llc Ceramic-encased hot surface igniter system for jet engines
US8153936B2 (en) 2007-07-06 2012-04-10 Beru Aktiengesellschaft Method for the heating up of a ceramic glow plug
US8581149B2 (en) * 2008-01-04 2013-11-12 Harger, Inc. Exothermic welding assembly
US8422871B2 (en) * 2008-01-29 2013-04-16 Tounetsu Corporation Immersion heater
WO2009152067A1 (en) * 2008-06-10 2009-12-17 Locust Usa, Inc. Ignitor plug assembly
US8022337B2 (en) 2008-06-10 2011-09-20 Locust, Usa, Inc. Ignitor plug assembly
US8226449B2 (en) 2009-04-30 2012-07-24 Scientific Instrument Services, Inc. Method of manufacturing rhenium alloy emission filaments
US8134290B2 (en) 2009-04-30 2012-03-13 Scientific Instrument Services, Inc. Emission filaments made from a rhenium alloy and method of manufacturing thereof
BR9008021A (en) 1993-04-06
ZA9102982B (en) 1992-01-29
MX171975B (en) 1993-11-24
JPH05508213A (en) 1993-11-18
US5601674A (en) 1997-02-11 Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite member and method for making
US5964273A (en) 1999-10-12 Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite internal combustion engine intake/exhaust port liners
US4338380A (en) 1982-07-06 Method of attaching ceramics to metals for high temperature operation and laminated composite
EP0928958A2 (en) 1999-07-14 Sheathed thermocouple lance for measuring temperature in molten metal bath
US6026568A (en) 2000-02-22 High efficiency low-pollution engine
CA2133695C (en) 1999-06-29 Method of operating a diesel engine utilizing a continuously powered glow plug, and glow plug design therefor
US4786781A (en) 1988-11-22 Silicon nitride glow plug with alumina corrosion and erosion protective coating
US6881930B2 (en) 2005-04-19 Glow plug and method of manufacturing the same
US4530884A (en) 1985-07-23 Ceramic-metal laminate
US5590526A (en) 1997-01-07 Burner for stirling engines
KR950001772B1 (en) 1995-03-02 Mounting device for a metallic flue gas catalyst support body and manufacturing method
US20030106311A1 (en) 2003-06-12 Insulated exhaust manifold
US4007435A (en) 1977-02-08 Sensor device and method of manufacturing same
CN1114065C (en) 2003-07-09 Ceramic heater and mfg. method thereof
JPWO2006022131A1 (en) 2008-05-08 Method for producing a firing furnace and the porous ceramic sintered body using the sintering furnace
US5264681A (en) 1993-11-23 Ceramic heater
EP0570914A2 (en) 1993-11-24 Ceramic igniters and process for making same
US5589091A (en) 1996-12-31 Glow plug with prestressed contact surfaces
JPH0536470A (en) 1993-02-12 Ceramic heater
US4814581A (en) 1989-03-21 Electrically insulating ceramic sintered body
WO1997038223A1 (en) 1997-10-16 Glow plug, its production process and ion current detector
US5692373A (en) 1997-12-02 Exhaust manifold with integral catalytic converter
US7223942B2 (en) 2007-05-29 Ceramic heater, glow plug, and ceramic heater manufacturing method
US5998765A (en) 1999-12-07 Ceramic glow plug
US6049065A (en) 2000-04-11 Ceramic heater, a method of making the same and a ceramic glow plug having the ceramic heater
Owner name: CATERPILLAR INC., A CORP OF DE, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BAILEY, JOHN M.;TOWE, CAREY A.;SHAFER, SCOTT F.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005303/0990;SIGNING DATES FROM 19900511 TO 19900514


text:
Law firm? Sign up here
Home » Grooming a parent or carer to access a child charges NSW
Grooming a parent or carer to access a child charges NSW
by George Sten & Co.
The NSW Government has introduced new laws targeted at child sexual offenders with the intention of making prosecuting alleged child sexual offenders easier. The new laws include the offence of grooming a parent or carer to access a child.
Section 66EC of the Criminal Legislation Amendment (Child Sexual Abuse) Act 2018 now makes it an offence for:
an adult person to provide another person (other than a child) with any financial or other material benefit and
who does so with the intention of making it easier to procure a child who is under the authority of the person for unlawful sexual activity with the adult person or any other person.
Where this offence is committed and the child is under the age of 14 years, the accused may be imprisoned for 6 years, or in any other case for 5 years.
This follows evidence being given in the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse which detailed offenders gaining access to children by gaining the trust of parents and carers or 'grooming' parents or carers. The Royal Commission then recommended each state and territory government should introduce laws to amend its criminal legislation to allow a broad grooming offence that captures any communication or conduct with a child with the intention of grooming the child to be involved in a sexual offence.
Section 66EC is now included in the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) in addition to Section 66EB – Procuring or grooming a child under 16 for unlawful sexual activity. This offence carries a penalty of up to 15 years imprisonment where the child is under the age of 14 years or in any other case – imprisonment for 12 years. Offences under Section 66EB also carry standard non parole periods of at least 4 years and up to 6 years. This means if you are found guilty of an offence under Section 66EB, your sentence will be at least 4 years in prison.
Previously conduct such as providing a parent or carer with some kind of benefit with the intention of making it easier to procure a child for unlawful sexual activity was not a criminal offence in NSW.
Section 66EC is vague in its terms and the essential element that the police must prove for a defendant to be found guilty of this offence is that the defendant had the intention of making it easier to procure a child for unlawful sexual activity. If this element is not proved beyond a reasonable doubt then a defendant cannot be found guilty of this offence.
Unless the evidence the police seek to rely on to prove an accused person committed the criminal act proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did commit the criminal act, then the accused person is not guilty. An expert criminal defence lawyer can argue your case and in doing so can ensure the best possible outcome is achieved. This may include:
having the charges dropped altogether due to insufficient evidence
having some of the charges dropped or downgraded to less serious charges
arguing for a lenient sentence in the event the accused is found guilty
If you are charged with an offence of grooming a parent or carer with the intention of gaining access to a child for unlawful sexual activity or grooming a child for unlawful sexual activity, you should speak with a criminal defence lawyer as soon as possible. These are extremely serious charges and if found guilty there is a chance you may be sent to prison.
Sexual offences against children are considered among the most serious criminal offences. As a result, if a person is charged with a sexual offence against a child it is likely they will be ostracized by the community, face unemployment and be limited in where they can travel to. A person will likely face these difficulties before they have had an opportunity to defend the charge(s) in court and before they have been found guilty (if they are found guilty). There are countless cases of persons being charged with serious offence(s) such as a sexual offence against a child and the person is subsequently found completely innocent of all charges. For these reasons it is essential to speak with an expert criminal defence lawyer if you have been charged with any criminal offence or you think you may be charged with a criminal offence.
George Sten & Co have decades of experience defending people accused of serious child sex offences. To speak with an expert criminal defence lawyer, call George Sten & Co on (02) 9261 8640 or 0412 423 569 after business hours. We may also be contacted via email at georgesten@criminal-lawyer.com.au.
View this article at https://criminal-lawyer.com.au/grooming-a-parent-or-carer-to-access-a-child/
Got a legal problem?
Your firm not listed? Click here
Firm details incorrect? Click here
Hi there! We want to make this site as good as it can for you, the user. Please tell us what you would like to do differently and we will do our best to accommodate!
What in particular do you want to let us know about? *
What's the best way for us to get back to you? *
Please enter the characters shown *
Browse by Location /
Browse by Legal Issue /
Visit our professional site /
Edit your legal profile /
Website Development /
Local Lawyers
Sydney Lawyers
Parramatta Lawyers
Central Coast Region Lawyers
Newcastle Lawyers
Wollongong Lawyers
Melbourne Lawyers
Geelong Lawyers
Ballarat Lawyers
Brisbane Lawyers
Cairns Lawyers
Townsville Lawyers
Gold Coast Lawyers
Sunshine Coast Lawyers
Toowoomba Lawyers
Adelaide Lawyers
Perth Lawyers
Hobart Lawyers
Launceston Lawyers
Darwin Lawyers
Canberra Lawyers
© 2020 THOMSON REUTERS (PROFESSIONAL) AUSTRALIA LIMITED ABN 64 058 914 668
Terms & Conditions | TR Privacy Policy | Disclaimer
We've updated our Privacy Statement, before you continue. please read our new Privacy Statement and familiarise yourself with the terms.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Because of power companies' stealth rollout of smart meters a large majority of the public still remains unaware of the dangers they pose to human health. This remains the case even though states such as Maine have adopted an "opt out" provision for their citizens. The devices have not been safety-tested by Underwriters Laboratory and thus lack the UL approval customary for most electronics. Further, power customers are typically told by their utilities that the smart meter only communicates with the power company "a few times per day" to transmit information on individual household energy usage. However, when individuals obtained the necessary equipment to do their own testing they found the meters were emitting bursts of RF radiation throughout the home far more intense than a cell phone call every minute or less.
The dangers of cell phone radiation has been a hot topic of discussion for quite some time and the evidence just keeps on growing. I heard an researcher on a radio show some time back claim that there haven't been ANY studies that show cell phones to be safe. This video will bring you up to speed on the shocking reality of yet another technology that has been known to be dangerous to our health yet proliferated throughout our society anyway.
Science from the '40s to present has demonstrated conclusively the harmful effects of microwave radiation—the platform upon which the entire wireless universe—cell phones, text messaging, WiFi, WiMax and RFID—is built. Yet the wireless network is expanding, with the approval of government "as fast as it can." With virtually zero regulatory oversight, the nation and all the people, plants and animals in it, are bathing in microwave radiation so we can talk, Internet surf, email, text message and play online games wherever and whenever we want. The biophysical effects of enveloping our world in harmful radiation are becoming apparent. What happened to us? How could our desire for wireless convenience so totally suspend our innate survival instincts that we would ignore well-established science plus common sense and finance conditions on this planet that portend our slow and painful deaths without dignity? More embarrassingly, what happened to us that we would so readily allow our children to suffer wireless addiction, sealing their fates to short, sickly, neurologically-impaired lives? The answer lies in the recurring theme in this month's edition of The IO: Education. As a culture, we are taught to accept a foundational matrix of LIES as "facts"—for generations—since birth. Within this matrix, we grow up morally relativistic and believe that the only past and futures that matter are connected to how we feel in the present. The dishonor this mindset does to our forebearers is shameful; the disservice we are doing to future generations is unprecedented in the history of mankind.


ELY, Nev. (April 26, 2017) – At 2 p.m. today, Denny's will officially open its doors unveiling its newest location in Ely. Located inside Hotel Nevada and Gambling Hall at 501 Aultman St., America's diner now invites guests into its booths to enjoy diner classics for breakfast, lunch, dinner and anytime in between.
The new full service restaurant will offer great food and service any time of the day and is conveniently located near The First National Bank of Ely and the White Pine Chamber of Commerce.
Open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, the Ely Denny's will continue to serve delicious food at affordable prices for breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night in a relaxed, friendly environment. Denny's is also known for providing its customers with tremendous value, including these great deals.
AARP Members Save 15 Percent – Show your AARP membership card at participating Denny's restaurants and save 15 percent off your total check.
Denny's is one of America's largest full-service family restaurant chains, currently operating over 1,700 franchised, licensed and company-owned restaurants across the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, New Zealand, Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Guam, the United Arab Emirates, Chile, Curaçao, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Philippines. For further information on Denny's, including news releases, please visit the Denny's website at www.dennys.com or the brand's social channels via Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram or YouTube.


text:
El Jaleo
Painting Analysis
John Singer Sargent's startling and cinematic 1882 canvas El Jaleo, lit from a mysterious source, casts a theatrical and eminently dramatic series of shadows that tower over the even more impressive gestures of the dancer, musicians, and accompanying clappers. The most flamboyant of Sargent's early paintings, this vivid reproduction of a Spanish gypsy ensemble is made even more exuberant by the lack of barrier between the viewer and the performers. The careful articulation of light, space, and the evocation of sound makes the resonant, yet imagined, rhythms of the dance pulsate through the painting. First exhibited at the 1882 Paris Salon when Sargent was only 26, El Jaleo is deeply evocative of its times, reflecting a nineteenth-century preoccupation with the foreign, and an idealisation of the 'other'. Artists and bohemians had idealized the world and life-view of the gypsies for some time, particularly celebrating their nomadism, close kinship ties, and rejection of organized religion. This scene, certainly informed by his 1879 journeys through Spain, saw Sargent embodying his love of Gypsy culture and a imbuing it with the hope and enthusiasm of his youth.
Created upon his return to Paris, Sargent named the painting as such to evoke the name of the dance, the jaleo de jerez, yet utilizing the more emblematic shortening jaleo, which means ruckus or hubbub. Subtitled 'Dance of the Gypsies' to emphasize the subject matter, this canvas is Sargent's most intuitive work, prefiguring the mood of the post-Impressionists and even predicting the gestural and ritualistic worlds of early Modernism. The dramatic effects of light and the highly choreographed staging was studied and composed for over a year before Sargent began work. Without doubt the artist's most ambitious work, El Jaleo is a wonderful geometric reproduction of movement.
© 1st-Art-Gallery.com 2017 - Present - All Rights Reserved, original content, do not copy without permission.
El Jaleo at the Gardner Museum
If you have any request to alter your reproduction of El Jaleo, you must email us after placing your order and we'll have an artist contact you. If you have another image of El Jaleo that you would like the artist to work from, please include it as an attachment. Otherwise, we will reproduce the above image for you exactly as it is.
Retype your e-mail address: *
Recipient's e-mail address: *
Your personal message: *


text:
Asian-African Conference
Home/ Indonesia
China called 'right partner' for Indonesia
By Deng Yanzi and Zhang Haizhou in Jakarta (China Daily)
Comments Print Mail Large Medium Small
Workers assemble a Chinese Geely car in a Jakarta factory. Dadang Tri / Reuters
Xi, meeting with Widodo in Jakarta, says he expects recent deals to bear fruit quickly
Chinese enterprises are being advised to study the Indonesian market, as their lack of understanding is a key challenge that needs to be addressed to fully unlock the huge potential of China's commercial ties with the largest economy in Southeast Asia.
Even though Chinese investment is expected to boom in the coming years, Chinese companies should "avoid haste", said Zhou Hui, minister counselor at the Chinese embassy in Jakarta.
Indonesia's policies on foreign direct investment are "not sustainable and stable enough", he said, suggesting that investors become knowledgeable about local laws, regulations, land use terms and religions and culture.
"China is the right partner for Indonesia. China's level of development, experience, command of management and technology and financial power are just what Indonesia needs," he said.
Meeting with Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Jakarta on Wednesday, President Xi Jinping said recently signed deals should transform quickly into concrete outcomes.
After the meeting, the two leaders witnessed the signing of a cooperative agreement on a high-speed railway project.
During a meeting in Beijing last month, the two leaders witnessed the signing of some $40 billion worth of business deals, including one in which China will build a 180-kilometer high-speed rail line connecting Jakarta with Bandung to the southeast.
Despite progress, however, only 7 percent, or $1.8 billion, of the total $24.27 billion in planned investments between 2005 and last year have been realized, according to statistics from the Investment Coordinating Board, or BKPM, compared with 62 percent for Japan, one of Indonesia's largest sources of foreign investment.
"Our next step is to be more proactive in our approach to Chinese investors. We will maximize our special investment management team and collaborate with our embassy and affiliated economic bureau in China," Franky Sibarani, head of the BKPM, was quoted by The Jakarta Post as saying.
The Indonesian embassy in China plans to set up a special unit to boost Chinese investment, as limited information accounts for the currently low investment, Indonesian Ambassador to China Sugeng Rahardjo said in the newspaper on Monday.
Rising quickly
China has been Indonesia's 12th-largest source of investment over the past five years, and it is rising quickly, with total direct investment growing 37.6 percent to $3.84 billion last year, according to the Chinese embassy. China's direct investment, excluding financial sectors, reached $1.05 billion last year, making Indonesia the second-highest destination among all ASEAN countries.
Rahardjo said that the embassy's goal, assigned by Widodo, was to generate $80 billion worth of Chinese investment in Indonesia by 2020.
Attracting more Chinese investments will also be Jakarta's answer to its recently expanding trade deficit with Beijing.
Bilateral trade totaled $63.59 billion last year, down 7 percent from 2013. Indonesia's trade deficit with China "consistently followed an upward trend in recent years, climbing to $13.02 billion last year from only $4.73 billion in 2010", the Jakarta Post reported recently.
Kiki Verico, head of international trade research at the University of Indonesia, saw the trade deficit as "a positive signal from the investment side".
"It's normal to have a negative trade balance in the early stages of cooperation, but in the long run it will be positive," Verico said.
He said trade will be positive if China makes Indonesia a production base for products to be distributed in Southeast Asia.
"Of course, Indonesia needs to improve its investment environment so Chinese investors are comfortable," he said.
Contact the writer at iris@chinadailyhk.com
Indonesian newspaper hails China for growing with world 2015-04-23 15:00
Bandung Spirit is still needed today 2015-04-23 07:52
Xi upholds spirit of cooperation 2015-04-23 04:29
Chinese president arrives in Jakarta for Asian-African summit 2015-04-22 10:15
Permanent Asian-African forum needed: Indonesia 2015-04-20 16:40
Chinese President Xi Jinping will visit Pakistan and attend the Asian-African Summit and activities commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Bandung Conference in Indonesia from April 20 to 24.
Attend the opening ceremony of the Asian-African Summit;
Meeting with Indonesian President Joko Widodo;
Bilateral meetings;
Attend the closing ceremony of the Asian-African Summit;
Historical walk from Savoy Homann Hotel to Gedung Merdeka;
Attend activities commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Bandung Conference;
China and Zhou lay basis for the future at Bandung Conference
Zhou Enlai: Peacemaker at Bandung
Backgrounder: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Backgrounder: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
China-Pakistan: Ties that bind
Big Talk
Envoy sees many benefits from Xi's Pakistan visit
Iran hopes to promote comprehensive cooperation with China
President Xi's visit to give 'impetus' to China-Pakistan ties
Bandung, host city of Asia-African Conference in 1955
Historic walk jazzing up refreshed Bandung Spirit
More Chinese are Bali-bound, drawn by isle's exotic scenery
Khunjerab Pass: Where China-Pakistan meet
Memorial park guardian: keeper of China-Pakistan friendship
Previous Visits
President Xi attends 9th G20 Summit
President Xi attends SCO summit, visits four nations
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263 Registration Number: 20100000002731


text:
Nixon Visits Moscow
by Tamara Eidelman
translation Nora Seligman Favorov
On May 22, 1972, Air Force One landed in Moscow for the first time. The landing was broadcast live on Soviet television. Huddled around their TV screens, Soviets tried to guess who would exit the plane first – Nixon or Kissinger? As it turned out, it was Mrs. Nixon who first appeared at the door, her husband having very naturally let her go first.
This was the last thing Soviet television viewers expected. The wives of Soviet leaders did occasionally travel with their husbands, but both Khrushchev's and Brezhnev's wives were pretty much kept out of view. Perhaps this was because they weren't much to look at, or perhaps their husbands simply saw no reason for them to make public appearances.
Such was the beginning of this historic visit, the first by a sitting American president to the Soviet Union.* It was also the first time Soviet television viewers saw an American president in a live broadcast. In past decades, this would have been unthinkable.
Digital Subscription Required
Get unlimited digital access for just $2 a month.
Forgot Account ID?
Nixon and Brezhnev's Wild Ride
Part 2 of the Nixon-Khruschev Interview


Since it's premiere on Hardwell On Air, fans eagerly anticipated the release of "Live Out Loud." Masterfully blending Angelika Vee's phenomenal vocal with his signature driving Power House bassline, Styline created the perfect soundtrack for living life to the fullest. Now he is excited for producers in all genres to put their spin on the track and work with Angelika Vee's beautiful vocal.
Styline would like for this to be a creativity contest. The more creative the better, and he is excited to see different genres and styles. There will be no discrimination by the size of the artist, and all submissions will be closely listened too. If there are more than three deserving winners, we will pick them all!
Listen to "Live Out Loud"