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Posted on January 27, 2014 by rgsaltman
This post is available in 3 formats.
1. For the Word Doc version, click on Gerrymandering and then "Open." (Document and tables are easiest to read)
2. For the Google Drive version (using Chrome), click here.
3. The document is also below.
Analysis of Gerrymandering in the
2013/14 House of Representatives
Roy G. Saltman
Political commentators have noted that the cumulative nationwide vote for the US House of Representatives in the November 2012 election showed an apparently anomalous result. The total vote for the Democratic party surpassed the total for the Republican party by almost 1.6 million (out of about 117 million cast), while the number of seats won by Republicans (234) exceeded the Democratic number (201) by 33 in the chamber total of 435.
One cause for this is gerrymandering: that is, the drawing of the boundaries of the single- member districts in a state so as to favor one particular political party. In a state assigned four or more seats, and in which the minority party is strong enough to obtain at least one seat or more, gerrymandered boundaries are often set so as to cram many of the opposition voters into a small number of districts that they will win by large pluralities. This ploy provides the controlling party with a larger number of seats than they would achieve by a proportional division of the state's total vote.
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On Sunday, January 19, 2014, The Washington Post Magazine published a "first person" article by Lon Solomon, now pastor of the McLean Bible Church in McLean, Virginia. Mr. Solomon, who was born to Jewish parents, stated in the article that "I still consider myself Jewish. I'm just a Jewish person who believes Jesus is the Messiah."
It is a fact of life in the 21st century that Pastor Solomon can feel comfortable in reporting his Jewish heritage. We live in an exceptional country where religion is separate from the state; our state-issued identification documents do not include our religion or ethnicity, as they do in some other countries. Nowadays, it is not dangerous to announce your Jewish heritage, as it was in many areas of this country before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Covenants on houses restricting sale to Jews (or Blacks because of race) can no longer be enforced. There are no longer quotas on Jews entering colleges; corporations doing secular business can no longer discriminate in hiring on the basis of religion, and hotels can no longer prevent Jews from checking in solely because of religion (or Blacks because of race).
There is, however, a distinction between having a Jewish heritage and being Jewish. One cannot be Christian and Jewish at the same time. The basic tenet of Christianity, that Jesus was the son of a Jewish woman, Mary, impregnated by God the Father, is antithetical to Jewish belief. The concept of a child of a human female and a male god (often called a demigod) is taken from Greco-Roman culture, not from Jewish history. Heracles, a Greco-Roman demigod, was the son of the mortal woman Alcmene by the god Zeus. Another hero of myth with a similar parentage is Theseus, supposedly the son of the god Poseidon. In Judaism, every person named a messiah (mashiach, meaning annointed one) in the Hebrew Bible or in Jewish history, and there are quite a few, is a mortal human with no divine parentage. An example is Bar Kochba, who led the failed Jewish revolt against Rome in year135 of the Common Era. Cyrus, King of Persia and certainly not Jewish, was named a mashiach because he permitted the Jews to return from exile in Babylon and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.
By becoming a Christian, Pastor Solomon has accepted, or at least not rejected, the extensive anti-Judaism in New Testament writings. If a person has not discovered this fact through his or her own readings of that holy text, many examples may be found by reading modern texts that point out examples. These books include Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews, A History , by Roman Catholic priest James Carroll; Jesus, Judaism, and Christian Anti-Judaism: Reading the New Testament after the Holocaust , edited by professors of religion Paula Fredricksen and Adele Reinharz, as well as the 2013 book Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition by historian David Nirenberg.
The claim of a Christian also to be a Jew is particularly offensive to Jews who have been approached by such persons stating that they were members of a "messianic" Jewish sect. The evangelizers typically want the Jew to accept Jesus, otherwise (the claim is ) that the Jew will go to Hell when he or she dies. Of course, no evidence is supplied that this is the case. This type of activity has perhaps lessened recently, but it was so prevalent in the 1980s and early 1990s that the the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York produced, in 1993, a report of its Task Force on Missionaries and Cults. The report, approved by all major branches of Judaism, stated that such groups "deceptively use the sacred symbols of Jewish observance . . . as a cover to convert Jews to Christianity, a belief system antithetical to Judaism."
Note: Many of the facts presented above were determined during the writer's research in preparation for publication of his book Sacred Humanism without Miracles: Responding to the New Atheists .
Maryland's Touch-Screen Voting System Will Have a Paper Trail
In 2016, Maryland will adopt a new voting system that provides for a paper audit trail. The current system is Direct Recording Electronic (DRE), which does not employ any paper whatsoever. While totally on-line operation is widely used for many computer applications, the Maryland legislature has adopted a requirement not to trust direct recording in the voting process.
The new system will be associated with a database of all registered voters in the state. When a registered voter arrives at a polling station ready to vote, the database will determine the precinct of that voter and, on command of an official, will mark a blank ballot with a bar code that identifies the voter's precinct. Thus, ballots preprinted for every voter's precinct will not be needed in advance.
The voter will enter the precinct-identified ballot into a voting device. The ballot's preprinted bar code will inform the device what specific contests the voter is to consider. The contests will be shown on the device's touch-screen and the voter will touch his/her choices, thereby recording them. The choices will be printed on the ballot in two forms. The first form is English-language, so that the voter can read the choices made. The second form is bar code.
When the voter has finished voting and the ballot is marked, the voter will remove the ballot from the voting device and enter the ballot into a reading device. The reading device, using the printed bar codes, summarizes the voter's choices with choices from all the other voters and it retains the ballot. At the close of polls, the reading devices contain the summaries of the choices of all voters. Later, some ballots may be recounted by hand, to assure voters that the choices printed in bar code match the choices printed in English language.
The system does not employ hand-marked ballots, except for ballots submitted by absentee voters by mail. Hand-marking of ballots by voters allows the issue of the "intent of the voter" to be raised in close elections. Some marks will be too light to be read correctly, some smudges will be misread and some voters will not follow instructions in properly marking their ballots so they can be correctly read. Post-election lawsuits about the winners are costly, resulting in delayed results and lower public confidence in the fairness of the process.
In the new voting system, the uniform markings made by machines do not permit the issue of "intent of the voter" to be raised in ballots voted at polling stations.
Roy G. Saltman, Columbia, MD
The writer is a retired computer scientist and author of "The History and Politics of Voting Technology," published 2006 by Palgrave Macmillan. The book is available in hardcover or paperback.
Posted on December 31, 2013 by rgsaltman
Published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2012.
Praise for the book: http://sacredhumanism.net/praise-for-the-book/
8 Essential Points: http://sacredhumanism.net/8-essential-points/
Roy G. Saltman, the author, is a retired computer scientist. He recalls his first brush with religious dogma: in 1938, when he was six years old and playing on the street with friends, an older boy, in a group just returned from Christian religious instruction, told him that "you killed our God."
A later incident was also significant: in 1953, while attending MIT studying for a master's degree in electrical engineering (obtained in 1955), he found in the Graduate House library a book that had a life-altering influence on his thinking. It was an abridged edition of the famous anthropological work The Golden Bough by Scotsman James G. Frazer, first published in 1890. That book demonstrated to him that there were a large variety of ways, many of them by aboriginal peoples, to enrich life with meaning.
Another profound influence was the death and burial of his wife, Joan, in 2008. He was with her every step of her decline from metastasis of breast cancer, and watched her die in front of his eyes. He began his research for this book soon thereafter, and began by reading books published in 2004 through 2007 by Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Sam Harris, who are collectively designated The New Atheists. The result is thought-provoking, with a viewpoint that, even though the laws of the physical universe are never violated with miracles, religion will continue to serve humans who are aware of their own suffering and ultimate demise.
A concise description of the book is that it examines the problem of finding the sacred within the profane world.
Published by Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
Roy G. Saltman, the author, is an independent consultant who previously published two reports on contemporaneous issues in this field for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). His first report for NIST was sponsored by the Congressional agency now called the Government Accountability Office; his second was sponsored by the (private) John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.
Saltman obtained a BEE at RPI in 1953 and an MS in EE at MIT in 1955. He received the Professional Degree of Electrical Engineer at Columbia U. in 1962 and a master's degree in public administration from American U. in 1976. He was enployed by Sperry Gyroscope Co. from 1955 to 1964 and by IBM from 1964 to 1969. He worked for NIST (formerly called the National Bureau of Standards) from 1969 to 1996, when he retired from fulltime employment.
For a more complete C.V. for Saltman, go to: http://roygsaltman.com/biography/
Synopsis: The first chapter covers in detail the Florida fiasco of 2000, and then chrono-logically traces the evolution of voting technology, from oral voting in the earliest days of this republic to mark-sense ballots and touch-screens used today. Systems used at various times in various states included party-specific paper ballots that caused violence at polling stations, all-party paper ballots, lever voting machines that used no ballots, and pre-scored punch-card ballots. Various types of frauds are discussed. The tangled responsibilities of the federal government, the 50 state governments and DC, and the numerous local governments are analyzed. Several relevant federal laws are presented and described.
Chapter Headings: (1) The 2000 election in Florida: The Family Secret is Exposed. (2) From the Revolution to the Civil War; Consent of the Governed and the Election Clause. (3) The Late 19th Century: Struggling With Voting Rights and Election Fraud. (4) The Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: Mechanization and Political Reforms. (5) The Middle and Late 20th Century: Movements for Equality, Enfranchisement, and Voting Facilitation. (6) The Middle and Late 20th Century: Election Administration and Computing Technology. (7) The Great Awakening After Florida, through July 2005.
Charles Stewart, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: "This is a must read for those interested in the politics of election reform and in how technology and politics intersect in the United States."
Richard G. Smolka, Election Administration Reports: "This work is a major conntribution to current and future debates about how to improve the American electoral system."
R. Michael Alvarez, Professor of Political Science, Caltech, and Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project: "Saltman gives us a broad sweeping historical perspective on voting technologies for American voters. This is going to be an important reference for all interested in improving voting technologies."
Alexander Keyssar, Harvard University: "[This book] contains a wealth of informa-tion about voting technology and how it evolved."
Letter to California Voter Foundation
5025 Broken Oak Lane
Kim Alexander, President
California Voter Foundation
Dear Ms. Alexander,
This letter is prompted by the content of the letter signed by you and 28 other persons that was sent to President Barack Obama on November 20, 2012. While your letter cited "the problem of voters waiting in long lines to cast a ballot," its major thrust was to claim that DRE-based voting machines, as a class, have been "widely discredited because of fundamental usability, security, accessibility, reliability and auditability issues." I do not agree with this assessment.
In my opinion, the priorities in your letter are sadly misplaced. Consider the following:
(1) Federal elections are carried out in many states under the supervision of a Secretary of State who is elected (or selected) as a member of a particular political party. This was a material fact in the Florida presidential debacle of 2000, as well as in Ohio and other states in 2012. In Ohio in 2004, the Secretary of State was co-chair of a political party's campaign. This system is deleterious to public confidence in the fairness of our elections.
(2) In addition to the deliberate creation of long waits to vote, the partisan nature of federal election administration was responsible for the demands that voters show a photo ID. We know that there was no demonstrable fraud that caused this requirement to be implemented. In Pennsylvania, the state admitted in a court filing that there was no fraud and, in that state's legislature, a Republican party leader said openly that the implementation of the requirement would lead to the victory of his party's Presidential candidate. (The courts delayed implementation of the requirement and President Obama won Pennsylvania.) Those citizens without drivers' licenses are, typically, the poor, the young, college students, the elderly, and the handicapped. Minorities form a significant fraction of this group and the group typically votes for the opposition (Democrats) in nearly every (Republican-dominated) state that attempted to implement the photo ID requirement. Vote suppression was the strategy behind the effort.
(3) The setting of boundaries for a state's Congressional Districts is, in most cases, established in a partisan manner, using deliberate gerrymandering to pack supporters of the opposition into as few districts as possible. This permits the majority party to considerably exceed its rightful percentage of Congressional Districts. (Both Democratic and Republican-dominated states do this.) Now, computers can carry out this process in a diabolical manner, creating far more disparity than was possible with manual methods. The signers of your letter, many of whom are computer experts, evidenced no concern whatsoever over this issue.
Attorney General Eric Holder addressed these concerns in remarks delivered at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library on Dec. 11, 2012. He stated that the US Department of Justice had employed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to turn back efforts in 2012 to suppress voting by demands for photo ID in southern states covered by the act. Unfortunately, the act could not be used against northern states, such as Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Wisconsin, not covered by the act. In addition, Mr. Holder called for action "to confront the single largest barrier that American voters currently face, our antiquated voter registration system." He said, furthermore, that "we should consider reforms to the redistricting process for state and federal offices – so districts are drawn in a way that's neutral, that promotes fair and effective representation for all…"
Addressing these problems requires legislation adopted by Congress; the President cannot fix them. Suggesting that the President act by "reviving and re-invigorating the US Election Assistance Commission" (EAC) ignores the actual on-going situation in which the Republican Party refuses to nominate its pair of commissioners. There are no sitting commissioners of the EAC because of this and the situation is unlikely to change unless the Republican Party alters its views. My opinion is that Republicans are unlikely to revise their views because their intent to suppress votes is opposite to the function of the EAC, which is to make it easier to vote.
To alter the partisan nature of election administration, my proposal is to require each state to administer its federal elections, as well as establish the boundaries of its Congressional districts, by a bi-partisan commission. Furthermore, each citizen 18 years and older who does not have a driver's license deserves to receive, free of charge, a photo-based identification card that will guarantee acceptance for voter registration. To charge for this card would be the equivalent of a poll tax, forbidden under Constitutional Amendment XXIV.
In connection with this proposal, I suggest the development and implementation of a National Interstate Database of Vote-Eligible Citizens. I identify this database as "Interstate" because states would remain in charge of registration but, through this system, they would be able to interchange registration data through a standard system of electronic messaging (often referred to as EDI, electronic data interchange). Under this system, each citizen of the US would be assigned a unique voter-identification number similar to, but not identical with the Social Security Number. (The latter could not be used under current federal law.) The national voter-identification number, included in the database, would aid in the tracking of citizens as they more between states, and would prevent duplicate voting from second homes in another state. The development of this system also would help eliminate dead persons from registration rolls. The Social Security Administration would be extremely helpful in establishing such a database, and the database could be managed by the Election Assistance Commission or another agency acceptable to Congress (such as the National Association of State Election Directors).
Mr. Holder addressed this point in his Dec. 11 remarks. He discussed the possibility of "creating a system of automatic, portable registration." My proposal responds to this idea. It is certainly unclear that these proposals have any chance of passage in the current Congress, but I have submitted them to appropriate members of Congress in order to try. It is my understanding that particular members of Congress are preparing their own versions of legislation on these subjects.
Finally, your Nov. 20 letter's hostility to DRE-based voting systems as a class and, therefore, your sole endorsement of mark-sense ballot systems, has no technical basis despite your claim quoted in the first paragraph of this letter. Each system needs to be evaluated individually. Mark-sense ballot systems have the disadvantage that voters do not always follow instructions for hand-marking their ballots. Therefore, marks may vary and some may not be correctly sensed by the machinery. It is not surprising that disputes result and post-election examinations by neutral experts are necessary. Furthermore, central-count systems in which marked ballots have to be manually transported to counting stations provide the opportunity for chicanery during the transportation. Instances of fraudulent treatment of ballots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a good reason for the replacement of ballots with non-ballot lever machines.
In 2002, the Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act. This act provided funds for replacement of older systems (primarily pre-scored punch-card systems), and required that all voting systems have an audit trail. Note that the legislation does not say "paper audit trail." It is highly unlikely that the Congress will work to adopt similar legislation again in the near future, as you request. One effect of this legislation was that it made the use of lever machine unlawful because they do not have an audit trail. In operation of these machines, each set of voter's choices are added to the previous sum for each candidate and issue alternative, and no record of each voter's selections is retained. Nevertheless, lever machines remained in use in New York State until 2009, and I know of no evidence showing that the California Voter Foundation protested the continued use of these machines.
DRE-based voting machines have the advantage that voter's selections are via a touch-screen (in most cases), and therefore, there are no idiosyncratic human-made marks that can confuse a sensing machine. Thus, the user-interface is superior to that of mark-sense ballots. Typically, each voter's selections are retained in a write-once memory, providing an audit trail and the ability to re-sum the selections if necessary. I fully agree that no Internet connection should be permitted. I suggest that instead of blanket hostility, you and your colleagues could provide a set of best practices for DRE-based machines, concentrating on assuring correct and secure software, and other quality-control features that would provide strong confidence that the correct results have been released.
A pertinent point here is that in the election of Nov. 6, 2012, no disputes about vote-counting arose, certainly not in states using DRE-based systems. There is a minority party in every one of these states, with intelligent members capable of recognizing malfeasance or misfeasance if either occurred. Yet, your letter of Nov. 20 chose to stress the non-issue of a paper audit trail and failed to discuss in any detail the obvious issues that came out of the election.
Feel free to transmit this letter to any interested party. I am planning to make it available on my website, roygsaltman.com. My email address is roygsaltman@msn.com.
Note: The writer is author of the book The History and Politics of Voting Technology, Palgrave Macmillan (2006), and is author of the NIST report Accuracy, Integrity, and Security in Computerized Vote-Tallying (1988). The latter report called for abandonment of the pre-scored punch-card voting system used in many states including Florida in 2000. His 1988 advice was ignored until 2001, after the election debacle validated his recommendation.
Letter to Senator Schumer on Federal Elections
Senator Charles Schumer, Chairman
US Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
Dear Senator Schumer:
I am writing to you because of your committee's responsibility for Federal elections. We need new legislation to prevent a re-occurrence of efforts to deny the right to vote in the Nov. 6, 2012 election to citizens without drivers' licenses. Other reprehensible actions to deny the right to vote included reducing the hours and number of early-voting days that polls were open and limiting the signing-in of potential voters so that very long lines resulted.
The citizens who waited patiently for hours in order to vote are the real patriots of our nation. They, as well as the rest of us, deserve to be spared in the future from such anti-democratic practices of partisan officials. To end these heinous attempts, each citizen 18 years and older who does not have a driver's license deserves to receive, free of charge, a photo-based identification card that will guarantee acceptance for voter registration. To charge for this card would be like a poll tax, forbidden under a Constitutional amendment.
To implement this concept, I ask that you consider the possibility of establishing, through Federal law, a National Interstate Database of Vote-Eligible Citizens. I identify this database as "interstate" because states would remain in charge of registration but, through this system, they would be able to interchange registration data through a standard system of electronic messaging (often referred to as EDI, electronic data interchange). Under this system, each citizen of the US would be assigned a unique voter-identification number similar to, but not identical with, the Social Security Number. (The latter could not be used under current Federal law.) The national voter-identification number, included in the database, would aid in the tracking of citizens as they move between states, and would prevent duplicate voting from second homes in another state. The Social Security Administration could be extremely helpful in establishing such a database, and the database could be managed by the Election Assistance Commission (or some other agency acceptable to Congress.)
A subject worthy of your committee's attention is the partisanship shown in some states in managing Federal elections. We saw this in Florida in 2000 with the actions of a partisan Secretary of State, and we have seen it in Ohio in 2012, as well in 2004, when the Secretary of State was co-chair of his political party's campaign, One result of partisanship in State legislatures is extreme gerrymandering of Congressional Districts. The use of computers is responsible for this extreme ability to maximize a political party's representation beyond its actual plurality; manual methods cannot be as diabolical. While, now, only Maine and Nebraska assign their electoral votes by Congressional District, establishing this method in larger, more significant and highly gerrymandered states, could deny majority voters their due in assignment of electoral votes.
A possible remedy to this partisanship is to require each state to administer its Federal elections and to devise the boundaries of Congressional Districts by a bi-partisan commission.
Thank you for considering these ideas.
(1) Richard Dawkins is wrong when he states in The God Delusion (303) that "even mild and moderate religion helps to provide the climate of faith in which extremism naturally flourishes."
* Dawkins is wrong to stigmatize religion because extremists may utilize any writings to support violent actions. Communists used the US Declaration of Independence to rationalize revolution because it states that "when any Form of Government becomes destructive …. it is the right of the People to alter or abolish it."
(2) Richard Dawkins is ignorant of the cultural aspects of religion when he states in The God Delusion (338) that "Small children are too young to decide their views on the origins of the cosmos, of life and of morals."
* Dawkins fails to understand that religion is far more than theology. It involves rituals celebrating the births of children, as well as practices in the home attended by children, and artifacts in the home seen by children that are religious symbols. These aspects of culture pertain whether the home is Christian, Jewish, or Muslim.
(3) Richard Dawkins misunderstands Genesis 22, the binding of Isaac, when he states in The God Delusion (242) that "this disgraceful story is an example of … child abuse."
* Dawkins fails to appreciate the fact that, when this story was written, child sacrifice existed nearby, among Phoenicians and Carthaginians. One function of the story is to show that child sacrifice is unnecessary to please God, an opposite interpretation from Dawkins's view.
(1) Sam Harris is wrong when he states in The End of Faith (21) that "religious moderation appears to be nothing more than an unwillingness to fully submit to God's laws." Harris apparently knows God's desires as well as any fundamentalist preacher.
*Harris is wrong because he has a preconceived idea that true religion is fundamentalist and that religion that is non-violent and tolerant is an aberration. He has it backwards. The jihadis and the haters within every religion are a small minority.
(2) Sam Harris demonstrates his ignorance when he writes in The End of Faith (94) that "Judaism is …. ridiculous in its literalism."
* Harris is totally incorrect because Judaism is interpretive and not literal. For two millennia, Jewish scholars have written midrashim (interpretations) of Biblical passages that make the religion meaningful for contemporary issues.
(3) Sam Harris is wrong when he states in The End of Faith (16) that "to come to terms with the sacred dimension of our existence …. requires no faith in untestable propositions."
* Harris is wrong because no mathematical equations or statistical analyses will determine sacred values. They are developed within ourselves with the aid of mentors and extensive observations. We elect legislators, appoint judges, and empanel juries, all human beings, to make the most important decisions for us in the public sphere.
(1) Christopher Hitchens was wrong when he stated in god Is Not Great (102) that the "Hebrew Bible" is the same as the "Pentateuch."
* Hitchens was wrong because the Hebrew Bible consists of three parts, the Law (which may be called the Pentateuch), the Prophets, and the Writings. When Jesus, in Matthew 7:12, recites the Golden Rule and states that "this is the law and the prophets." he is referring to two of the three parts of the Hebrew Bible. A person only superficially knowledgeable about Christianity and Judaism is not likely to know this.
(2) Christopher Hitchens was blindly ignorant when he wrote in god Is Not Great (225, 226) that male circumcision is "a hideous procedure" and that "medicine has exploded .,.. claims" that the procedure has health benefits.
* Hitchens ignored medical facts readily available, because incontestable findings released before publication of his book make clear that male circumcision has significant health benefits. In Africa, uncircumcised (mainly Christian) men are signifcantly more likely to become HIV-positive than circumcised (mainly Muslim) men. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) have both recommended that male circumcision be provided as an important intervention to reduce heterosexually acquired HIV in men.
(3) Christopher Hitchens's research on religion was superficial and simplistic because, in god Is Not Great (4, 103, 155, 247), he cites only one book on religion by Freud and nothing else.
* Hitchens's research was unacceptably minimal because he failed to cite Freud's other two books on religion, nor any of the writings of other important researchers, such as Durkheim, Eliade, Frazer, Geertz, Malinowski, Robertson Smith, Tyler, or Weber.


Today I want to share with you something really different. Yesterday I was surfing the Internet when I stumbled with a great website: ''Blogger's Wardrobe''. For all of you who doesn't know what is it, they are an online community that choose some fantastic brands and bloggers of the world to associate with their site. It is the first web shop where all items are free for those that are invited.
I'm not really interested in these kind of things, but this includes two of my big passions in life: fashion and blogging, so I told myself, why not try it?
I encourage all of you to check out them site, where you can find great bloggers, with awesome different styles, and them fantastic brands, like, Seafolly, Electrolux, Maska, Minimarket and so on. (You can see some of them in the pics). What I really love the most is that they're so varied, elegant, simple and they have such a good quality.
And what is more, you can also now join this community, every blogger can! What are you waiting for? It's worth it!
GREAT POST & THANKS FOR SHARING!!!
This is great!I dind't know nothing about this!I'll check out the website now!Thankssss!
Great idea, I had never heard about this.
this sounds great. definitely have to check out the site.
es un post genial guapa!!=) un besazo grande!
I just clicked over! Interesting concept..I can't wait to check this out in its entirety tonight.
Love love love! super cool stripe pants too! Beetle Juice! come check out our new post too!
Aw wow, this is such a great idea and good concept to unite fashion bloggers from around the world!
P.S I linked you in my post, hope thats okay?
sounds like such a cool site...I'll have to check it out.
ya he intentado lo que me has dicho corazon, cualquier cosa ya sabes!;) muaaa!
You look absolutely amazing! I love those pants!
Un gran collage, me encanta!!


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Archigrafika creates, amplifies, and unites identities. All the elements of your brand should collaborate to tell your story boldly and clearly. We help you do that. Our approach is open, attentive, and collaborative.
We listen. It's your story, after all – we just help it to be seen and heard.
Archigrafika
44 Greenwich Avenue
info@archigrafika.com
Michael Gerbino
Founder + Creative Director
mgerbino@archigrafika.com
Fueled by his passion for connecting people with spaces and inspired by a lifelong affinity for art, architecture and design, Michael opened Archigrafika in 2009.
Also a collaborator, designer, mentor, teacher, leader, avid pool player and jazz aficionado, Michael is a born communicator. A graduate of Pratt Institute with a BFA in graphic design and photography, he has been an adjunct professor at Pratt since 1985. As a designer and educator, Michael brings over thirty years of experience in branding and design, as well as an innate ability to recognize and nurture talent. His efforts throughout the years have led to Archigrafika's consistent growth in size as well as the depth and breadth of its client relationships.
Carey Platt
cplatt@archigrafika.com
Co-founder, Carey Platt, brings nearly 30 years' experience in the graphic arts industry to Archigrafika. A graduate of SUNY Brockport, his organizational skills and attention to detail provide the perfect balance to the team's leadership. His expertise in project management, print production, installations and client services are as integral to the success of every project as they are to the business itself.
Mike Carsten
mcarsten@archigrafika.com
Since earning his degree at Pratt Institute, Mike has overseen numerous successful projects for a wide variety of clients and businesses. His keen eye for style and design have made him an invaluable member of the Archigrafika team, where he spearheads the design, implementation, and project management of architectural graphics and signage programs. His client-centric, results-driven sensibilities are a perfect fit for Archigrafika's collaborative culture.
Holly Gerbino
Designer + Art Curator
hgerbino@archigrafika.com
A dedicated student of art and design, Holly earned an MA in Art Education from NYU and a BFA from the Parsons School of Design and studied Fine and Decorative arts at NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, & Human Development. She began her career as a freelance illustrator, and joined Archigrafika in 2011, where she applies her significant talents to multiple projects and collaborations, in addition to producing original illustrations for use in printed materials and environmental graphics.
Raphael Senzamici
Photographer + Videographer
rsenzamici@archigrafika.com
Raphael's career has brought him from the Pratt Institute, where he studied communications and photography, to working with numerous brands ranging from the Louvre Museum to Yves St. Laurent to Mobil Oil and BMW motorcycles. His advertising work mixes original photography with distinctive digital techniques for a uniquely memorable effect. His photography has also received acclaim at exhibitions in Paris, Brussels, Japan, and New York.
Danielle Lair Ferrari
dlairferrari@archigrafika.com
Danielle graduated with honors from Parsons School of Design with a BFA in Communication Design and Printmaking, and began her career working as a freelance graphic designer. As a designer, she is also interested in editorial design and branding. Her work is informed by her experience and passion for social, political, and environmental issues, fostered by her upbringing in a multicultural family.
Shannon Su
ssu@archigrafika.com
A graduate from the Pratt Institute's Communications Design department, Shannon has been working as a graphic designer for several years. Previously a sculptor, paper engineer, and illustrator, she also offers a strong background in writing and editing in addition to a lifetime spent managing social media.
Michael Agbeka
Design + Fabrication
magbeka@archigrafika.com
Having earned a degree in Graphic Art and Textiles in his native Ghana, Michael joined Archigrafika in 2009, where he continues to apply his talent and keen instincts to painting, fabrication, installation, screen printing and color matching. Since coming to the USA, Michael has also earned a degree in Advertising and Design from the New York City College of Technology in Brooklyn.
September 1, 2003-December 19, 2017
Star of Toby Tuesdays
For 14 years, he brought us joy with his antics, curiosity, affection and affinity for mischief. In his Autumn years, he perfected the art of napping and cuddling. He had a distinctive personality. He had favorites – both in toys and humans. He was a fierce guardian and loyal companion at home and at work, protecting us from delivery and postal workers.
We looked forward to Toby Time – walks to the office and around the block throughout the day, and Trumpet Time – Toby's duet with me (nuanced howls and barks) whenever I played the trumpet.
He was affectionately known as Toby-Won Kenobi to some and Toby the Terror to others. On our Instagram feed he was our star, always garnering the most likes and comments. He even had his own hashtags: #TobytheTerrier and #TobyTuesdays. It is only fitting that he said goodbye to us on a Tuesday.
© 2023 Archigrafika New York Corp

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Heat oven to 450°F. Make pie crust as directed on box for One-Crust Baked Shell using 10-inch tart pan with removable bottom or 9-inch glass pie plate. Bake 9 to 11 minutes or until lightly browned. Cool. Reduce oven temperature to 325°F.
In medium saucepan, melt chocolate and butter over low heat, stirring until smooth. Set aside to cool slightly.
In medium bowl, beat all remaining filling ingredients. Gradually add egg mixture to chocolate mixture, stirring until well combined. Pour into partially baked shell.
Bake 15 to 20 minutes or until set. Cool completely, about 45 minutes. Garnish each serving with kiwifruit and whipped cream. Store in refrigerator.
Sophisticated, elegant and so easy to make. Bittersweet chocolate is no longer a specialty gourmet ingredient; it's made by national chocolate manufacturers and available in most large grocery stores. In addition to the kiwifruit and whipped cream garnish, a single fresh raspberry on each serving would look smashing!


text:
Join together to give thanks. (1)
Time on the Lake
January sights (1)
Muskrat on ice
2018 Lions Club Fish Derby
Plan to be on the Island for the 41st annual Lion's Club Fish Derby February 10 to noon February 18. Fishermen: make sure you register at Karly's, Middle Bar II, Nelsen's Hall, KK Fiske, or Mann's Mercantile in order to be able to compete and enter your catch. Prizes will be announced at noon outside of Nelsen's Hall on the 18th for the following categories: Lawyers, Salmon/Trout, Perch, Northern, Walleye. Each category offers 3 prizes. There is only a first prize for Whitefish. There will be a brat, hotdog, and chili lunch at Nelsen's starting at 11 A.M. followed by B-I-N-G-O at 1 P.M
Florida-Island Picnic
February 22nd is the annual Island picnic gathering in Florida. It will be held at 11 A.M. at Cape Sabel Drive in Naples. Grace Ann and Barry Carpenter are organizing it with help of others. It is a potluck lunch.
Island Players Winter Show
"Radio Theater" is the next Island Players show on February 11th at the TPAC. There will be a 2:30 and 7 P.M. performance. It will be produced by Henry Mohn. There is a new managing director for Island Players, Sarah Anderson. She replaces Amanda DeWitt who has most recently served as the managing director. Amanda will continue working with Island Players as a board member.
Candidates for the Washington Island School Board are incumbent, Thomas (Tom) Jordan and Robert (Bob) Wagner. There is one seat to be filled. Running for Town Board Supervisors are Elizabeth Holmes, Kirby Foss (incumbents) and William (Billy) Jorgenson. At the January 17th board meeting there will be some appointed positions.
Shanties
15 shanties have appeared on Detroit Harbor and the number may increase as the February Lion's Club Fish Derby draws closer.
2017 Tax Rate
2017 Tax Rates for Town of Washington:
Last eval: 2006;
Aggregate ratio: 1.1555;
Net tax rate per thousand: $11.341899;
Lottery credit: $58.68;
First dollar credit: $33.53.
Fragrant Isle
Fragrant Isle was chosen by the state's leading media brand and tourism television show, Discover Wisconsin, as a 2018 Choice Destination. The TV episode premier of "Door County - Live Life Well" is Saturday, January 13 at 10 a.m. on Fox Sports Wisconsin and at 6:30 p.m. on WFRV Channel 5 where Fragrant Isle is highlighted as Door County's "All Things Lavender Destination". The episode will also be available on discoverwisconsin.com for later viewing.
Visit from Beaver Island
Beaver Island students were flown to our Island on Jan. 6 to compete against the girls' and boys' basketball teams. The Island teams won both games.
WICHP Lunch and speaker
Washington Island Community Health Program News: Colleen Koziara, Nationally Certified Dementia Care Practitioner, will be the next speaker Jan. 18th for Food, Fun, and Facts for Later Life at Findlay's. She will speak and also demonstrate Gentle Chair Yoga. Reservations into Laura Findlay-Hagen by Jan.16th. This includes lunch.
Island brochure
The Washington Island Chamber of Commerce has been working on the 2018 brochure. The Board of Directors is Mary Andersen (President); Linda Elmore (Vice President); Marianna Gibson (Secretary/Treasurer); Members: Hoyt Purinton and Pam Young.


text:
Q: Scan with elasticsearch_dsl and slicing taking a long time I have a query that returns a total of about 50-60 million hits from ElasticSearch. I have tried to split the workload into slices using multiprocessing and while it certainly speeds up the overall process in the beginning, the scan eventually slows down before coming to a halt after gathering about 15-20 million hits. The below code works fine for a smaller result set of about 1 million hits, but I cannot get it to finish in a reasonable amount of time for the larger result set.
    from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch as ES
    from elasticsearch_dsl import Search
    import multiprocessing as mp
    from multiprocessing import Pool
    from functools import partial

    SLICES = 5

    es = ES(['https://example.com/'],http_auth =
                   (user,pwd),timeout = 120)

    def dump_slice(query, index, slice_no):

        s = Search(using=es,index=index).update_from_dict(query)
        s = s.extra(slice={"id": slice_no, "max": SLICES})
        s = s.params(scroll='30m',preserve_order=True,size=5000)
        hits = []
        for d in s.scan():

            my_id = {'id':d.meta.id}
            my_index = {'index':d.meta.index}

            hits.append({**my_id,**my_index,**d.to_dict()})

            if (len(hits) % 250000 == 0):
                logging.info(str(len(hits)) + ' records processed by PID ' +
                              str(mp.current_process().pid))

        return hits

    q = partial(dump_slice, query, index)

    with Pool(SLICES) as pool:
        hits = pool.map(q, range(SLICES))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market will grow at 12.1% CAGR, to be valued at US$ 102.54 Billion by 2025, Owing to high prevalence and increasing incidence of infectious disease are the major factors driving the growth of the market
Coherent Market Insights Releases
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market, by Product Type (Live-attenuated, Inactivated, Recombinant Sub Unit, and Toxoid), by Type (Monovalent and Multivalent), By Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable), by Age Group (Pediatric Vaccine and Adult Vaccine), and by Indication (Infectious Disease, Cancer, and Other Indications) is estimated to be valued at US$ 41.12 billion in 2017 and is estimated to exhibit a CAGR of 12.1% over the forecast period (2017-2025).
Vaccine is a biological preparation that offer active acquired immunity to inhibit or control a particular disease or a group of disease. Vaccination against various bacterial and viral diseases is an integral part of infectious disease control worldwide and is done in adults and infants. According to European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), pertussis and invasive pneumococcal disease account for over 50% of vaccine preventable disease and over 60% of deaths. The completion of immunization schedule from infant to adulthood decreases the burden of vaccine preventable disease significantly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s, 2018 factsheet, immunization averts around 2 to 3 million deaths annually around the globe. Furthermore, according to the same source, around 1.5 million deaths can be prevented by improving vaccine coverage across the globe.
Get Your FREE Sample Copy of the Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market Report 2021
The increasing product launches by market players coupled with rising government immunization programs are the major factors that are expected to drive growth of the global disease control and prevention vaccine market over the forecast period. Moreover, vaccines aids in controlling and preventing viral and bacterial diseases. Vaccines for infectious disease plays an important role in reducing disease incidence and burden of vaccine preventable disease. For instance, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013, around 226,000 people are hospitalized every year and around 3,000-49,000 people are reported to die due to influenza and its complications.
Moreover, global efforts are made to tackle infectious disease by better surveillance and immunization system. For instance, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), incidence of polio decreased by 99% in 2018 compared to 1988, which is attributed to global initiatives for polio eradication by public and private organizations. Furthermore, increasing government initiatives to strengthen immunization program are expected to further boost growth of the disease control and prevention vaccine market. For instance, in 2017, Minister of Health from 194 countries supported Global Vaccine Action Plan to prevent millions of death through more access to vaccine by 2020. Moreover, key players are focusing on developing new vaccines with low price offering better safety and immunity for the disease.
Browse 47 Market Data Tables and 45 Figures spread through 210 Pages and in-depth TOC on "Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market, by Product Type (Live-attenuated, Inactivated, Recombinant Sub Unit, and Toxoid), by Type (Monovalent and Multivalent), by Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable), by Age Group (Pediatric Vaccine and Adult Vaccine), and by Indication (Infectious Disease, Cancer, and Other Indications) – Global Forecast to 2025".
To know the latest trends and insights related to disease control and prevention vaccine market press release
Additionally, key players in vaccine market are focusing on research and development to develop new vaccines with low cost, offering better safety and immunity for the disease and to expand their product portfolio. For instance, in 2017, GlaxoSmithKline plc, received the U.S. FDA approval for phase III clinical trial of its product Shingrix, a recombinant sub unit vaccine for shingles infection in adults. Moreover, manufacturers are focusing on developing vaccines by targeting diseases such as HIV or dengue to expand their product portfolio. For instance, Sanofi received the U.S. FDA approval for its dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, in 2018.
Key players are also focusing on adopting growth strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, in order to strengthen their market position. For instance, in 2014, Pfizer Inc., acquired Baxter's portfolio including marketed vaccines valued at US$ 648 million. The portfolio includes NeisVac-C and FSME-IMMUN/TicoVac vaccines against meningitis.
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Growing Prevalence of Infectious Diseases is Expected to Propel Growth of the Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market
High prevalence and growing occurrence of infectious disease are expected to drive growth of the global disease control and prevention vaccine market. According to the study published in journal Lancet Infectious Disease, between January 2004 and December 2013, around 54,984,661 cases of 45 infectious diseases were reported with average yearly incidence 417·98 per 100,000 in China. Furthermore, according to the same source, Hepatitis B and tuberculosis (TB) has high incidence rate of 81.57 and 80.33 per 100,000, respectively. Moreover, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016, around 212 million malaria cases were reported with the highest incidence in African regions.
The vaccines manufactured with innovative technologies such as recombinant technology or cell-based vaccine production is reducing the gap between demand and supply, which is expected to the global disease control and prevention vaccine market growth in the near future. For instance, in 2013, Protein Science Corporation received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Flubok Trivalent Vaccine, produced by recombinant technology in the U.S. Moreover, in 2016, Seqirus received the U.S. FDA approval for Flucelvax Quadrivalent, cell-culture derived influenza vaccine.
Key takeaways of the Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Market:
The global disease control and prevention vaccine market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 12.1% over the forecast period (2017-2025), attributed to presence of untapped and highly lucrative markets in Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa
Recombinant vaccine is expected to hold significant market share over the forecast period, owing to increasing awareness about disease prevention
Among type, monovalent segment is expected to account for largest market share over the forecast period, owing to high rate of safety and stability of the vaccine
Among age group, pediatric vaccine segment is expected to account for largest market share over the forecast period, attributed to increasing government initiatives for child vaccination program
Among indication, infectious disease segment is expected to account for largest market share over the forecast period, owing to high prevalence of infectious diseases such as typhoid, measles, hepatitis, and others
Key players operating in the global disease control and prevention vaccine market include GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK), Merck & Co. Inc., Sanofi, AstraZeneca PLC, Pfizer, Inc., Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., and Daiichi Sankyo
Research Objective and Assumption
Market Definition and Scope
Market Snippet, By Product Type
Market Snippet, By Type
Market Snippet, By Route of Administration
Market Snippet, By Age Group
Market Snippet, By Indication
Market Snippet, By Region
Coherent Opportunity Map (COM)
Market Dynamics, Regulations, and Trends Analysis
Governmental Initiative
Regulatory Landscape
PEST Analysis
PORTER'S Five Forces
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Product Type, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Share Analysis, 2017 and 2025 (%)
Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2016–2025
Segment Trends
Live-attenuated Vaccines
Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Inactivated Vaccines
Recombinant Vaccines
Toxoid Vaccines
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Type, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Monovalent Vaccines
Multivalent Vaccines
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Route of Administration, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Age Group, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Pediatric Vaccines
Adult Vaccines
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Indication, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Other Indications
Global Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines Market, By Regions, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Share Analysis, By Region, 2017 and 2025 (%)
Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, By Region, 2015–2025
Regional Trends
Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Size and Forecast, By Route of Administration, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Size and Forecast, By Age Group, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Market Size and Forecast, By Indication, 2015–2025, (US$ Million)
Heat Map Analysis
About Us and Sales Contact
Coherent Market Insights is a global market intelligence and consulting organization focused on assisting our plethora of clients to achieve transformational growth by helping them make critical business decisions. We are headquartered in India, having an office at global financial capital in the U.S. and sales consultants in the United Kingdom and Japan. Our client base includes players from across various business verticals in over 150 countries worldwide. We pride ourselves in catering to clients across the length and width of the horizon, from Fortune 500 enlisted companies to not-for-profit organizations, and startups looking to establish a foothold in the market. We excel in offering unmatched actionable market intelligence across various industry verticals, including chemicals and materials, healthcare, and food & beverages, consumer goods, packaging, semiconductors, software and services, Telecom, and Automotive. We offer syndicated market intelligence reports, customized research solutions, and consulting services.
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text:
DPIC Analysis: Exoneration Data Suggests Non-Unanimous Death-Sentencing Statutes Heighten Risk of Wrongful Convictions
Capital sentencing schemes that permit judges to impose a death sentence despite the votes of one or more jurors for life create a heightened risk that an innocent person will be wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death, according to a new Death Penalty Information Center analysis of death-row exoneration data.
DPIC found that one or more jurors had voted for life in more than 90% of the death-row exonerations in states that permitted judges to impose death sentences based on a jury's non-unanimous sentencing recommendations or allowed them to override jury votes for life. The three states that allowed those practices—Florida, Alabama, and Delaware—collectively account for one-fifth of all the death-row exonerations since capital punishment resumed in the United States in 1972.
DPIC was able to determine the jury vote in 30 of the 32 exonerations arising out of death sentences imposed in those states since 1972. In 28 of the 30 cases for which the jury vote is known—an astounding 93.3%—at least one juror had voted for life. DPIC was unable to find information on the jury vote for one 1974 conviction in Florida and a defendant in one Alabama case had waived his right to a sentencing jury.
"Death sentences imposed by judges without the unanimous assent of jurors have long been controversial, and for good reason," said DPIC Executive Director Robert Dunham, who conducted the analysis. "They arose as a means to disenfranchise minority jurors and they often have been applied in an arbitrary, discriminatory, and politicized manner. That they also appear to create a significantly heightened risk that innocent people will be sentenced to death should be an important additional consideration in deciding whether this outlier practice should be permitted to continue or should be abandoned."
Since 2015, six former death-row prisoners who were sentenced to death by judges despite juror votes for life have been exonerated: Derral Hodgkins (2015), Ralph Wright (2017), Clemente Aguirre-Jarquin (2018), and Clifford Williams (2019) in Florida, Anthony Ray Hinton (2015) in Alabama, and Isaiah McCoy (2017) in Delaware. (Click here to enlarge photo montage.)
Alabama executed Nathaniel Woods March 5, 2020, despite a strong claim of innocence and undisputed evidence that he was not the shooter. Two jurors had voted to spare his life. It also executed Domineque Ray on February 7, 2019, with no physical evidence that he was even present at the scene of the murder. The prosecution had withheld evidence that the only person who implicated Ray in the murder was severely mentally ill and psychotic. The jury voted 11-1 to recommend that Ray be sentenced to death. Rocky Myers, who has a strong case of innocence and intellectual disability and received a 9-3 jury recommendation for life, also faces imminent execution.
Paul Hildwin was released from prison in Florida on March 9, 2020 after spending nearly 34 years incarcerated for a murder DNA evidence now shows he did not commit. Despite overwhelming evidence of innocence and a Florida Supreme Court opinion stating he would probably be acquitted on retrial, Florida prosecutors intended to retry Hildwin unless he accepted a plea deal for his release.
Death-row exonerations in the states that permitted judicial override of jury votes for life or death sentences based upon non-unanimous jury recommendations for death. Data as of March 13, 2020. Graphic includes four Florida cases in which defendants were wrongly convicted and sentenced to death in trials that pre-dated the 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Furman v. Georgia but the exoneration occurred after Furman. National total includes all post-Furman exonerations in the DPIC exoneration database.
Prior studies have shown that the availability of judicial override and death sentences imposed by judges based on non-unanimous jury votes produce disproportionately large numbers of death sentences. A 2015 study by the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School and DPIC's 2015 Year End Report found that more than a quarter of the death sentences imposed in the first six years of the 2010s came from the three judicial override/non-unanimous jury states. More than three-quarters of the death sentences imposed in those states during that time involved non-unanimous jury votes for death.
The Data — Exonerations in Florida, Alabama, and Delaware
Florida. The 29 death-row exonerations in Florida since 1973 are the most in the nation, as are the 25 exonerations in cases tried since Furman. Allowing judges to impose death sentences despite one of more jurors voting for life is a major reason why.
For 24 of the 25 death-row exonerations involving Florida's post-Furman judicial override/non-unanimity statute, we know whether judges imposed death sentences despite one or more jurors choosing life. In those 24 cases, juries unanimously recommended death only twice. 22 times, one or more jurors voted for life, including four instances in which judges overrode jury recommendations for life.
Alabama. Six former death-row prisoners have been exonerated in Alabama after post-Furman death sentences. At least one juror voted for life in each of the exonerations in which sentencing juries were impaneled. In three of the cases, judges overrode jury recommendations for life—Larry Randal Padgett (9-3 jury vote for life); Daniel Wade Moore (8-4 for life); and Walter McMillian (7-5 for life). Two other wrongfully convicted death-row prisoners, Anthony Ray Hinton and Wesley Quick, were sentenced to death after non-unanimous sentencing recommendations by their juries. The other Alabama death-row exoneree, Gary Drinkard, waived jury sentencing altogether.
Delaware. There has been one post-Furman death-row exoneration in Delaware. Isaiah McCoy was sentenced to death by his trial judge following the jury's 10-2 sentencing recommendation for death.
Year of Conviction
Year of Exoneration
Jury Vote
(Death)
(Life Override)
Anthony Hinton
10 – 2
Walter McMillian
Randal Padgett
Gary Drinkard
Waived jury
Wesley Quick
Isaiah McCoy
Delbert Tibbs
Clifford Williams
Unknown for Life
Anthony Peek
Annibal Jaramillo
Unanimous for Life
Larry Troy
Juan Melendez
Unanimous for Death
Rudolph Holton
Robert Cox
Bradley Scott
Andrew Golden
Joseph Green
Seth Penalver
John Ballard
Herman Lindsey
Clemente Aguirre-Jarquin
Carl Dausch
Derral Hodgkins
Ralph Wright
The Current Status of Judicial Override and Non-Unanimity Death-Sentencing Statutes
Three death-penalty states permitted judges to impose death sentences by overriding jury votes for life or by basing their death sentences on non-unanimous jury recommendations for death: Florida, Alabama, and Delaware. (To see how other states handle non-unanimous jury sentencing votes, see Life Verdict or Hung Jury? How States Treat Non-Unanimous Jury Votes in Capital-Sentencing Proceedings.)
That changed in 2016 after the United States Supreme Court struck down Florida's death-penalty statute in Hurst v. Florida, declaring that a capital defendant's Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury requires "a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary to impose a sentence of death." The Delaware and Florida supreme courts responded by ruling that a unanimous jury verdict for death was constitutionally required by the Sixth Amendment and/or state constitutional jury guarantees.
The Delaware Supreme Court was the first to act, declaring its capital sentencing procedures unconstitutional on August 2, 2016 in Rauf v. State. Four members of the court ruled that the state's capital sentencing statute unconstitutionally empowered judges, rather than jurors, to decide whether the prosecution had proven the existence of the aggravating circumstances that are a prerequisite to imposing the death penalty. They wrote that the Sixth Amendment required a unanimous jury determination of those facts, beyond a reasonable doubt, before the court could consider imposing a death sentence.
A narrower 3-justice majority of the court also ruled that the facts necessary to impose a death penalty in Delaware included a finding that aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances offered by the defendant as reasons to spare his or her life. Delaware's statute violated the Sixth Amendment, they wrote, because it did not require that jurors unanimously agree that aggravating circumstances outweigh mitigation beyond a reasonable doubt.
In December 2016, the state court ruled in Powell v. State that its decision in Rauf applied to everyone sentenced to death in Delaware, effectively clearing the state's death row. The court's action judicially abolished both judicial override and death verdicts based on non-unanimous jury votes.
In response to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Hurst, the Florida legislature amended its death-penalty statute in March 2016 to require that juries unanimously find at least one aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt and that at least ten jurors vote for death before the trial judge may consider imposing a death sentence. When Alabama then repealed the judicial override provisions in its capital punishment statute in 2017, it ended the practice in the United States. However, the death-penalty amendments in both states applied only to future cases, and prisoners already sentenced to death by judicial override are still subject to execution.
In October 2016, in Hurst v. State and Perry v. State, the Florida Supreme Court declared the state legislature's revision of the state's capital sentencing statute unconstitutional because it did not require a unanimous jury recommendation of death as a precondition for imposing a death sentence. In March 2017, the Florida legislature amended the law to require a unanimous jury vote for death before the trial judge may consider imposing the death penalty.
The Florida legislature's decision left Alabama as the only state to permit judges to base a death sentence on a jury's non-unanimous sentencing recommendation. On January 23, 2020, a newly appointed conservative majority on Florida Supreme Court receded from decisions in Hurst and Perry requiring jury unanimity, signaling its willingness to uphold legislation reintroducing judicial override and non-unanimous death sentences. However, Florida legislative leaders have indicated that they have no intention at present to return to those prior practices.
— Robert Brett Dunham
[Updated March 14 to include the current status of judicial override and non-unanimity statutes.]
Non-unanimity


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Montana is legendary for its outstanding fly fishing and the waters that surround Glacier National Park are no exception. At least once, you should treat yourself to their extraordinary fly fishing adventure while visiting Glacier National Park. We offer daily and multi-day guided trips on the beautiful North and Middle Fork of the Flathead River, and multi-day trips into the Great Bear Wilderness to fish the acclaimed Upper Middle Fork. This is prime habitat for eager, native Westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout that you catch and release. Bring your own gear or let us supply everything you need. A Montana fishing license is required for all fishing trips with the exception of private pond fishing. Purchase your license at Glacier Outdoor Center or purchase online at Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. If you're a beginner, we provide instruction on private ponds where no Montana fishing license is required. One lesson and you may be hooked on fly fishing for life (if you're lucky).
There are few rivers in the country that can offer as fulfilling an experience, both in its fishing and its scenery, as the Flathead River system in Montana. Creating the southwest boundary of Glacier National Park, the North and Middle Fork of the Flathead River are as pristine as they come and have an abundance of native Westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout that are extremely eager to eat just about anything you throw at them. If you're local to the area, or just visiting, stop in Glacier Outdoor Center and Glacier Anglers Fly Shop for local Flathead River fly fishing tips. Our guides have fished these waters since 1976 and are more than happy to share with you the most current fishing information, the hot flies for the season, and just about any other information you're looking for in the area.
Full day of float fishing can be either a hit or miss venture. This was a grand slam – we had an outstanding guide (Chad) who made the experience top notch. Both my wife and I are experienced anglers, but not in fly fishing. Chad offered outstanding instruction, patience and knowledge. A great day on the water including catching fish!


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Чон У Сок (,  31 січня 1998, Кванджу, Південна Корея), також відомий під мононімом Усок (), — південнокорейський репер, співак, автор пісень, модель і композитор. Він дебютував як учасник південнокорейського чоловічого гурту Pentagon у жовтні 2016 року, а також створив дует з Лай Куан Ліном Wooseok X Kuanlin у березні 2019 року під керівництвом Cube Entertainment.

Ранні роки
Чон У Сок народився в Кванджу, Південна Корея, 31 січня 1998 року. У 2017 році він закінчив Школу сценічних мистецтв у Сеулі. У дитинстві він грав на скрипці та фортепіано, регулярно брав участь у конкурсах і отримував нагороди.

Кар'єра

2016–2018: дебют із Pentagon

Усок брав участь у шоу на виживання Mnet Pentagon Maker. Він офіційно дебютував у Pentagon 10 жовтня 2016 року з піснею «Gorilla» з мініальбому Pentagon.

У 2017 році Вусок став співавтором хіта 2 сезону Produce 101 «Never» і дебютного титульного треку Wanna One «Energetic» разом з лідером Pentagon Хуі. Пізніше у вересні Усок знявся камео з іншими членами Pentagon в ролі ідол-гурту Asgard у другому сезоні драмі «Привіт, мої двадцяті!». У листопаді він з'явився у кліпі на дебютну пісню колеги по лейблу Чон Со Йон «Jelly».

24 березня 2018 року Усок дебютував як модель під час 2018 F/W Hera Seoul Fashion Week для дизайнерського бренду R.Shemiste. 19 червня він був представлений у пісні «Ain't No Time» Кім Дон Хана з дебютного мініальбому Кіма D-Day.

2019-дотепер: Wooseok x Kuanlin та сольна діяльність

22 лютого 2019 року Cube Entertainment оголосили, що Усок дебютує в новому проекті разом із колегою по лейблу та колишнім учасником Wanna One Лай Куан Ліном. Дует Wooseok x Kuanlin дебютував 11 березня 2019 року з титульним треком «I'm A Star» і мініальбомом 9801 . Мініальбом містить дві сольні пісні «Always Difficult Always Beautiful» і «Domino», обидві з яких були написані та спродюсовані Усоком.

У 2020 році Вусок брав участь у новому вар'єте-шоу tvN «Декодування мяу» разом із Ю Сон Хо, прем'єра якого відбулася 5 січня. 14 січня Усок був представлений у пісні Чон Йон Юна «Fine Day», і він взяв участь у написанні тексту пісні. У жовтні Усок був підтверджений як учасник реп-шоу Show Me The Money 9. Він отримав один проход і три невдачі від продюсерів, і згодом був виключений з шоу.

20 січня 2021 року було підтверджено, що Усок дебютує у головній ролі у веб-драмі Dingo Music Fling at Convenience Store. У лютому він зіграв головну роль у веб-драмі Nickname Pine Leaf для YouTube-каналу SBS yogurD, де він грає дві різні версії самого себе: поліцейського Чон Сок У та Усока з Пентагону. У липні його взяли на головну роль у його другій веб-драмі Dingo Music Those Who Want to Catch.

Дискографія

Фільмографія

Телесеріали

Веб-серіали

Різні шоу

Примітки

Посилання

Персоналії:Кванджу
Народились 1998
Репери Південної Кореї

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Kaala is the long-awaited film of Superstar Rajinikanth and here finally comes up official release date to be as on April 27th as Summer treat.
Dhanush has tweeted " Mark the date !! #kaalaa #april27 the don of dons is back #Superstar #thalaivar". Kaala is touted to be a mass action entertainer. As Rajini's 2.0 release has been postponed to July makers have decided to release Kaala in the month of April.
Samuthirakani, Pankaj, Huma Qureshi, Sayaji Shinde, Anjali Patil, Eswari Rao, Arvind Akash, Sukanya, Sampath, and others are part of this flick. Pa Ranjith is the director of this massy entertainer.
Write & Share about "Rajinikanth coming as Kaala on.... | Kaala Tamil Movie News | Cinema Profile" !


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Home>EDUCATION TEST BANKS>Test Bank For The New Testament A Student's Introduction 8th Edition by Stephen Harris
Test Bank For The New Testament A Student's Introduction 8th Edition by Stephen Harris
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ISBN-13: 978-1259350139 ISBN-10: 1259350134
Test Bank For The New Testament A Student's Introduction 8th Edition by Stephen Harris quantity
Chapter 02 How the New Testament was Formed and Handed Down to us
1. (p. 24) The official inventory of books considered to be authoritative sources of doctrinal and ethical beliefs by a religious community is called
A. apocrypha.
B. scripture.
C. gospel.
D. canon.
2. (p. 39) Each book in the New Testament first appeared as a separate document independent of the others and circulated by itself in different geographical areas, with the exception of
A. Luke-Acts.
B. John-Mark.
C. Matthew-Luke.
D. 1 John-2 John.
3. (p. 23) What is the only canonical work to survive?
A. Acts
B. Matthew
C. Revelation
D. There are none.
4. (p. 23) How many extant manuscripts with scriptural variations are there?
C. hundreds
D. 144,000
5. (p. 26) Who is "the disciple whom Jesus loved?"
A. No one knows (although some speculate that it was John).
B. Mark
C. Paul
D. Judas
6. (p. 26) Who were not eyewitnesses of Jesus' ministry?
A. Mary and Simon
B. Thomas and Matthew
C. John and Peter
D. Mark and Luke
7. (p. 32-33) What group pioneered the use of the "codex," i.e. a "book" of page-sized manuscript sheets bound together at a hinge?
A. Greeks
B. Gnostics
C. Christians
D. Romans
8. (p. 33-34) Which codex is the most valuable—because it includes all twenty-seven New Testament books, as well as the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepard of Hermas?
A. Codex Sinaiticus
B. Codex Claromontanus
C. Codex Alexandrinus
D. Codex Vaticanus
9. (p. 30) A major development at the end of the fourth century CE was the establishment of
A. papal authority.
B. a centrally located church.
C. the permanent New Testament canon.
D. the Codex Sinaiticus.
10. (p. 30) Who translated both the Old and the New Testament into Latin?
A. Jerome
B. Marcion
C. Martin Luther
D. Bishop Berkley
11. (p. 30) Which Bible has remained the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church since it was first translated into Latin in the fourth-century CE?
A. King James
B. Vulgate
C. Codex Vaticanus
D. Septuagint
12. (p. 30) Which Christian writings were once regarded as virtually equal to "genuine" New Testament works but have since been relegated to obscurity?
A. Jude
B. the Shepard of Hermas
C. the Wisdom of Solomon and the Wisdom of Dionysus
D. the Epistle of Barnabas and the Apocalypse of Peter
13. (p. 32) "Harmonization" refers to what practice?
A. the practice of signing hymns in unison
B. the practice, commonly of scribes, whereby the wording of one Gospel was modified to conform to that of another
C. the practice of knocking down all the social and political barriers between people
D. the practice of fitting all scripture into the same genre
14. (p. 30) What is the oldest surviving manuscript fragment of a New Testament book?
A. the Epistle of Barnabas
B. four chapters of Hebrews
C. four verses from John 18
D. the last ten verses of Revelation
15. (p. 36) Modern translations of the Bible, such as the New Jerusalem Bible, the Revised English Bible, the New International Version, and the New American Bible, have what advantage over the King James Version?
A. Translators worked from a far better Greek text than was available to the editors of the King James Version, and drew on expert scholarship from interdisciplinary fields. Modern translations are also more readable to the average person.
B. Modern translators used the newly discovered original manuscripts.
C. Translators are now using more literary devices and taking poetic license more freely.
D. Translators now use the universal language of the Dead Sea Scrolls to communicate more effectively.
16. (p. 35) When did the entire Bible first become available in English?
A. 11th century
B. 14th century
C. 200 CE
D. 17th century
17. (p. 35) Who translated the Bible into English because he wanted to make Scripture accessible to Christian laypeople who did not understand Latin?
A. John Wycliffe
B. William James
C. William Tyndale
D. Martin Luther
18. (p. 35) Whose Bible translation was the first in a modern language (German) not based on the Latin Vulgate, but rather on the original Hebrew and Greek?
A. Athanasius
B. Johannes Gutenberg
19. (p. 35) Who was the first English translator to work directly from Hebrew and Greek manuscripts?
A. a committee of 72 scholars whose names were not recorded in history
B. William Tyndale
C. James Strong
D. Stephen L. Harris
20. (p. 35) What happened to William Tyndale before he could complete his translation from the Hebrew and Greek into English?
A. He was tried for heresy and burned at the stake.
B. He died of a heart attack.
C. He was made a saint by the Catholic Church.
D. He was arrested for translating without a license.
True / False Questions
21. (p. 24) At no time did a single church authority or council of church leaders formally decide on the contents of the Christian Scriptures.
22. (p. 29) The first Christian emperor was Constantine I (306-337 CE).
23. (p. 32) Scribes commonly modified the wording of one Gospel to make it conform to that of another.
24. (p. 33-34) The Codex Sinaiticus was discovered in the mid-1800s in a monastery at the foot of Mt. Sinai.
25. (p. 36) Modern translations of the Bible are inferior to the King James Version because of the ambiguities found in most modern languages.
26. (p. 35) Martin Luther vigorously protested corruption and abuses in the Roman Catholic Church.
27. (p. 35) The Roman Catholic Church sent for William Tyndale with the request of working on translating the Latin Vulgate into modern languages.
28. (p. 35) The readership of Scripture grew enormously due to the invention of movable type in 1455, which made it possible to print books relatively quickly.
29. (p. 35) As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the readership of Scripture grew quickly.
30. (p. 26) Well into the 17th century, most churches recognized only the one Gospel known to their local group.
31. (p. 35) The Protestant Reformation began in Germany in 1517.
32. (p. 35) The Venerable Bede was the first person credited with translating selected books of Scripture into English.
33. (p. 38) The Scholars Version of the Bible is an in-progress multivolume translation with extensive annotation.
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This Rheims retrospective showcases more than 300 photographs from 35 years of daring, often defiant photography. Personally selected and assembled by Rheims, the collection brings together renowned series such as Chambre Close, Héroïnes, and Rose, c'est Paris. Spanning commercial work and artistic series, the retrospective impresses with each turn of the page, as much for the strength of each image as for the thrilling variety of Rheims's subjects and aesthetics. With equal attention to anonymous subjects cast in the street as to global celebrities including Kate Moss, Madonna, Monica Bellucci, Claudia Schiffer, and Naomi Campbell, the book showcases Rheims's particular interest in female fragility and strength, and of the magic encounter between model and artist which disrupts codes of so-called eroticism to build up a new image system for womanhood.
Patrick Remy has authored several publications and launched two book series, namely Fashion Images de Mode and Strip/Paradise/Desire/Sensation (Steidl). He has also published a number of photographers' monographs and organized several fashion photography exhibitions, in particular in Miami, Tokyo, and Melbourne. He lives and works in Paris.


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– pierwsza i do tej pory najdłuższa manga z serii Digimon. Pięćdziesiąt osiem rozdziałów serii było wydawanych od 21 października 1998 roku do 21 sierpnia 2003 roku.

Opis fabuły
W dniu "Turnieju D1" Yagami Taichi dowiaduje się, że nie zakwalifikował się do niego, ponieważ jego Digimon jest nieznanego typu i nie został zaprogramowany dla tej gry. Gdy Taichi próbuje sprawdzić czy nie jest to spowodowane wadliwym działaniem konsolki słyszy głos wzywający go do Zamku Świętego Anioła. Chłopiec niespodziewanie zostaje wciągnięty do Digital World. Gdy odzyskuje przytomność pierwszą rzeczą, jaką widzi jest żywa wersja jego Veedramona zwanego Zeromaru. Razem z Zero wyrusza w podróż po Digital World w celu znalezienia dogi powrotnej do Realnego Świata. Podczas wędrówki spotykają Gabumona "Gabo", który jak najszybciej musi wrócić do zamku, z którego został wysłany na misję. Niespodziewanie zostają zaatakowani przez Tortomona. Taichi zawiera zakład z Gabo. Jeśli on i Zero pokonają przeciwnika Gabumon zabierze ich do Zamku Świętego Anioła. Taichi i Zero wygrywają a Gabo spełnia swoją obietnicę. Gdy nasi bohaterowie stają przed obliczem Lorda Holy Angemon (eng. Magna Angemon), dowiadują się, że Taichi i Veedramon, są jedyną szansą na ocalenie Cyfrowego Świata przed Demonem (eng. Daemon), który chce przejąć kontrolę nad światem. Taichi postanawia, że pomoże w ocaleniu Digital World i razem z Zero oraz Gabo, który zostaje ich przewodnikiem ruszają w swą wielką podróż.

Bohater Mangi
Taichi Yagami jest główną postacią w tej mandze. Jest chłopcem który dostał V-Pet'a. HolyAngemon ściągnął go do Digiświata. Razem z Veedramonem ze swojego V-Pet'a, Taichi przy pomocy Gabumon odnalazł pięć V-Tags. Poznał Etemon'a, strażnika V-Tags. Pomógł dzieciom wrócić do realnego świata.

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Shōnen


Well, I always knew there was something different about you. Haha! JK. Congrats on the baby boy! May God bless him and keep him. I will be praying for all of you and that that handsome little man is healthy when he arrives. I love you dearly!