text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:int}

Half of the stable isotopes heavier than iron are produced by the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) when neutron captures are faster than beta decays. This process requires extreme neutron densities and explosive environments, therefore the two favourite candidates are: core-collapse supernovae, where neutron stars are born, and neutron star mergers. After a successful core-collapse supernova, there is a neutrino-driven wind  consisting of matter ejected by neutrinos emitted from the hot proto-neutron star. For many years, this was the preferred scenario for the r-process, even if the conditions were only  slightly neutron rich or proton rich and thus not enough for the r-process (for a review see \cite{Arcones2013a} and reference therein). In contrast, the r-process has been observed in neutron star mergers. After the gravitational wave detection of GW170817 \citep{Abbott2017a}, there was an observation of the kilonova light curve produced by the radioactive decay of the neutron-rich nuclei formed during the r-process \citep{Metzger2010a, Abbott2017a}. Also Sr was directly observed in the kilonova spectrum \citep{Watson2019a}. Still there are many open questions concerning the astrophysical site and the nuclear physics involved.

Observations of the oldest stars in our galaxy and in neighbour dwarf galaxies \cite[see e.g.,][]{Frebel2018a, Reichert2020a, Cote2019a} indicate that the r-process occurred already very early, even before neutron star mergers could significantly contribute. This points to  rare supernovae, and recent investigations have shown that magneto-rotational supernovae could account for this early r-process contribution \cite[see e.g.,][]{Winteler2012a, Nishimura2017a, Moesta2018a, Reichert2020b}. Another hint from observations is that the elements between Sr and Ag may be produced by a separate or additional process to the r-process \citep{Travaglio2004a, Qian2000a, Montes2007a, Hansen2014a}. One possibility to explain these observations is the neutrino-driven ejecta from core-collapse supernovae \citep{Qian1996a, Wanajo2011a, Arcones2011a, Arcones2014a}.

In neutrino-driven, neutron-rich supernova ejecta, the weak r-process can form the lighter heavy elements between Sr and Ag \cite[see e.g.,][]{Bliss2018a}. Initially the matter is close to the neutron star and very hot, therefore a nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) is established. As matter expands the temperature drops and individual nuclear reactions become important. \cite{Bliss2018a} have investigated all possible conditions expected in neutrino-driven, neutron-rich supernova ejecta and identified those where nuclear reactions are important. In the weak r-process, the nucleosynthesis path is determined by (n,$\gamma$)-($\gamma$,n) equilibrium and stays close to stability. Consequently, compared to the expansion timescale,  $\beta$ decays are too slow  to move matter to higher proton numbers and ($\alpha$,n) and (p,n) reactions become important as they are faster \citep{Bliss2017a}.

Therefore, in order to use observations to understand the astrophysical conditions where lighter heavy elements are produced, one has to reduce the nuclear physics uncertainties of the key reactions. In a broad sensitivity study \citep{Bliss2020a}, several ($\alpha$,n) reactions have been identified as critical because of their impact on the abundances under different astrophysical conditions. These reactions rates are calculated from the cross sections computed with the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model which relies on nuclear physics inputs. Recently, a series of sensitivity calculations were performed to evaluate the theoretical uncertainty of these cross section calculations \citep{Pereira2016a, Mohr2016a, Bliss2017a}. These works identified different $\alpha$+nucleus optical potential parameter sets ($\alpha$OMP's) as the main source of uncertainty. The difference between the cross section based on  various $\alpha$OMP's can exceed even an order of magnitude \citep{Pereira2016a}. Therefore, experiments are critical to reduce the uncertainties of the rates. Low energy alpha-induced reaction cross section measurements were frequently used to constrain the parameters of the $\alpha$OMP's used in astrophysical calculations \citep{Sauerwein2011a, Scholz2014a, Kiss2015a}. However, such precise experimental data, reaching sub-Coulomb energies are typically missing for isotopes located at or close to the weak r-process path \citep{Bliss2017a}.

Here we contribute to a more reliable weak r-process calculation by measuring the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction cross section for the first time at energies relevant for the weak r-process nucleosynthesis and by using the precise data to evaluate the $\alpha$OMP's used in the nucleosynthesis network. This reaction is one of the bottlenecks that sensitively affects the production of nuclei between 44 $\leq$ Z $\leq$ 47 \citep{Bliss2020a}. We demonstrate that reducing the nuclear physics uncertainty to a 30\% level is critical and enough to get accurate abundance predictions.

\begin{figure*}
\center
\resizebox{0.85\textwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics[clip=]{spectra.eps}}}
\caption{\label{fig:spectra}
$\gamma$-ray spectra, measured for one hour, taken on detA, t$_{waiting}$ = 9.5 h after the 11 MeV irradiation (left panel); and on detB, t$_{waiting}$ = 62.6 h after the 9 MeV irradiation (right panel). The peaks used for the analysis are marked.
}
\end{figure*}

This paper is structured as follows. In Sect.~\ref{sec:exp}, we present our experimental approach. The results including a theoretical analysis are in Sect.~\ref{sec:res}, and the impact of those on the weak r-process is in Sect.~\ref{sec:rproc}. Finally, we provide a short summary and conclusions are given in Sect.~\ref{sec:sum}.

\section{Experimental approach}
\label{sec:exp}

The cross section measurement was carried out at the Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki)
using the activation technique. The targets were prepared by electron beam evaporation of metallic Zr onto 6 $\mu$m thick Al foil backing. Similarly to our previous cross section measurements \citep{Korkulu2018a, Kiss2018a}, the absolute number of target atoms was determined with the Rutherford Backscattering technique using the Oxford-type Nuclear Microprobe Facility at Atomki \citep{Huszank2016a}. The energy and the diameter of the beamspot of the $^4$He$^+$ beam provided by the Van de Graff accelerator was 2.0 MeV  and 2.5 $\mu$m, respectively. Two Silicon ion-implanted detectors (50 mm$^2$ sensitive area and 18 keV energy resolution) were used to measure the yield of the backscattered ions, one of them was placed at a scattering angle of 165$^{\circ}$ and the other one was set to 135$^{\circ}$. Target thicknesses between 1.23 x 10$^{18}$ and 1.54 x 10$^{18}$ Zr atom/cm$^2$ were found with an uncertainty of typically 5\%.

\begin{table}
\center
\caption{\label{tab:decay}Decay parameters of the reaction product $^{99}$Mo and its daughter $^{99}$Tc$^m$, taken from \cite{Browne2017a, Goswamy1992a}.}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Residual} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Half-} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Energy} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Relative } \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{nucleus} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{life [h]} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{[keV]} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{intensity [\%]} \\
\hline
$^{99}$Mo    &  65.924 $\pm$ 0.006   & 40.58 &  1.04 $\pm$ 0.03 \\
&& 181.07 & 6.05 $\pm$ 0.12 \\
&& 366.42 & 1.20 $\pm$ 0.02 \\
&& 739.50 & 12.20$\pm$ 0.02 \\
&& 777.92 & 4.31 $\pm$ 0.08 \\
$^{99}$Tc$^m$  &  6.0072 $\pm$ 0.0009 & 140.51 & 89 $\pm$ 4\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The Zr targets were irradiated with $\alpha$ beams from the MGC cyclotron of Atomki. The energy of the $\alpha$ beam was between $E_\mathrm{lab}$ = 6.5 MeV and $E_\mathrm{lab}$ = 13.0 MeV, this energy range was scanned with energy steps of 0.5 MeV - 1.0 MeV. The length of the irradiations varied between $t_\mathrm{irrad}$ = 6 h to $t_\mathrm{irrad}$ = 48 h with beam currents of 0.5 - 1.4 $\mu$A. Longer irradiations were carried out at lower energies to (partially) compensate the lower cross sections. The number of the impinging $\alpha$ particles was obtained from current measurement. After the beam-defining aperture, the chamber was insulated and secondary electron suppression voltage of $-300$~V was applied at the entrance of the chamber. From the last beam-defining aperture the whole chamber served as a Faraday cup. The collected charge was measured with a current integrator, the counts were recorded in multichannel scaling mode, stepping the channel in every minute to take into account the possible changes in the beam current.

The cross sections were measured using the activation technique \citep{Gyuerky2019a}. The decay parameters of the $^{99}$Mo reaction product are summarized in Table \ref{tab:decay}. The $\beta^-$ decay of $^{99}$Mo is followed by the emission of numerous, relatively intense $\gamma$-rays, which were detected by two Germanium detectors: a Low Energy Photon Spectrometer (detA) and a 50\% relative efficiency HPGe detector (detB), both equipped with a 4$\pi$ lead shield. DetA has low laboratory background (about 0.585 1/s in the 50-2000 keV energy region), its resolution is excellent, but with increasing $\gamma$-ray energies its detection efficiency decreases sharply. Accordingly, this detector was used to measure the yield of the $E_{\gamma}$ = 40.58~keV, $E_{\gamma} = 140.51$~keV (belonging to the daughter isotope $^{99}$Tc$^m$), $E_{\gamma} = 181.07$~keV and $E_{\gamma} = 366.42$~keV transitions. The laboratory background of detB is higher (about 5.071~1/s in the 100-2000~keV energy region), however, its detection efficiency is much higher for the higher energy $\gamma$-rays, therefore, this detector was used to measure the yield of the $E_{\gamma} = 739.50$~keV and $E_{\gamma} = 777.92$~keV $\gamma$-rays, also. After the irradiations, $t_\mathrm{waiting}\approx 2.0$~h waiting time was used in order to let the short-lived, disturbing activities decay. The duration of the $\gamma$-countings were two-to-six days in the case of each irradiation and the spectra were saved in every hour. Typical off-line $\gamma$ spectra, measured with detA (left panel) and detB (right panel), can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:spectra}. The activity of the samples irradiated at $E_\mathrm{lab} = 8$~MeV and higher were measured with both detectors, the resulting cross sections were found to be always consistent. The half-life of the $^{99}$Mo is known from large number of experiments with uncertainty less than 0.01\% \citep{Stone2014a}. The activity of the samples irradiated with alpha beams of $E_\mathrm{lab} = 12$~MeV and $E_\mathrm{lab} = 13$~MeV energies were measured for more than 2 weeks, the deadtime and relative intensity corrected peak areas were fitted with exponential using the least square method. The resulted half-lives, having $\chi^2$ always below 1.3, are in agreement with the literature value within their uncertainties, which proves that no other $\gamma$ transitions pollutes the peaks used for cross section determination.

The low yields measured in the present work necessitated the use of short source-to-detector distances for the $\gamma$-countings carried out after the irradiation of the Zr targets with alpha beams of $E_\mathrm{lab} = 9.0$~MeV and below. The absolute detection efficiency was derived for both detectors using the following procedure: first, using calibrated $^{60}$Co, $^{133}$Ba, $^{137}$Cs, $^{152}$Eu, and $^{241}$Am sources, the absolute detector efficiency was measured in far geometry: at 15 cm and 21 cm distance from the surface of detA and detB, respectively. Since the calibration sources (especially $^{133}$Ba, $^{152}$Eu) emit multiple $\gamma$-radiations from cascade transitions, in close geometry no direct efficiency measurement was carried out. Instead, in the case of the high energy irradiations (at and above 10~MeV) the yield of the investigated $\gamma$-rays was measured both in close and far geometry. Taking into account the time elapsed between the two countings, a conversion factor of the efficiencies between the two geometries could be determined and used henceforward in the analysis.

\section{Results and theoretical analysis}
\label{sec:res}

The measured $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo cross section values are listed in
Table \ref{tab:res}. The effective center-of-mass energy in the second column
takes into account the energy loss of the beam in the target. The quoted
uncertainty in the $E_\mathrm{c.m.}$ values corresponds to the energy stability of
the $\alpha$-beam and to the uncertainty of the energy loss in the target,
which was calculated using the SRIM code \citep{SRIM}. The activity of several
targets were measured using both detA and detB, in these cases the cross
sections were derived from the averaged results weighted by the statistical
uncertainty of the measured values. The uncertainty of the cross sections is
the quadratic sum of the following partial errors: detection efficiency (5\%),
far-to-close detection efficiency correction factor ($\leq$ 2\%), number of
target atoms (5\%), current measurement (3\%), uncertainty of decay parameters
($\leq$ 4\%) and counting statistics ($\leq$ 15.3\%). The new data are shown
in Fig.~\ref{fig:results}, and a comparison to theoretical predictions is
made.

The $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction was already studied in several works \citep{Chowdhury1995a, Pupillo2015a, Hagiwara2018a, Murata2019a}. However, because the literature data do not reach the lowest energies, and because of the significant scatter of the literature data below 11~MeV, the further analysis is restricted to our new experimental results.
\begin{table}
\center
\caption{\label{tab:res} Measured cross sections of the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction. The last five rows show the
average results (weighted by the statistical uncertainties) of the measurements carried out at the same energy.}
\begin{tabular}{cl}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$E_\mathrm{c.m.}$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Cross section}\\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{[MeV]} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{[mbarn]} \\
\hline
	6.22	$\pm$	0.02	&	(2.49	$\pm$	0.52) $\cdot$ 10$^{-4}$ \\
	6.22	$\pm$	0.02	&	(2.54	$\pm$	0.48) $\cdot$ 10$^{-4}$ \\
	6.67	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.65	$\pm$	0.22) $\cdot$ 10$^{-3}$	\\
	6.66	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.64	$\pm$	0.19) $\cdot$ 10$^{-3}$	\\
	7.19	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.32	$\pm$	0.13) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$	\\
	7.18	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.42	$\pm$	0.11) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$	\\
	7.66	$\pm$	0.02	&	(6.29	$\pm$	0.62) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$	\\
	7.66	$\pm$	0.02	&	(6.29	$\pm$	0.49) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$	\\
	8.14	$\pm$	0.03	&	(2.14	$\pm$	0.17) $\cdot$ 10$^{-1}$	\\
	8.62	$\pm$	0.03	&	(7.90	$\pm$	0.67) $\cdot$ 10$^{-1}$	\\
	9.11	$\pm$	0.03	&	(2.48	$\pm$	0.19) $\cdot$ 10$^{0}$ \\
	9.58	$\pm$	0.03	&	(5.27	$\pm$	0.51) $\cdot$ 10$^{0}$ \\
	9.59	$\pm$	0.03	&	(5.58	$\pm$	0.43) $\cdot$ 10$^{0}$ \\
	10.55	$\pm$	0.03	&	(3.48	$\pm$	0.29) $\cdot$ 10$^{1}$	\\
	11.51	$\pm$	0.04	&	(8.38	$\pm$	0.71) $\cdot$ 10$^{1}$	\\
	12.47	$\pm$	0.04	&	(1.33	$\pm$	0.12) $\cdot$ 10$^{2}$	\\
	12.47	$\pm$	0.04	&	(1.36	$\pm$	0.10) $\cdot$ 10$^{2}$	\\
\hline
\hline
	6.22	$\pm$	0.02	&	(2.52	$\pm$	0.48) $\cdot$ 10$^{-4}$	\\
	6.66	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.64	$\pm$	0.18) $\cdot$ 10$^{-3}$	\\
	7.18	$\pm$	0.02	&	(1.38	$\pm$	0.11) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$  \\
	7.66	$\pm$	0.02	&	(6.29	$\pm$	0.49) $\cdot$ 10$^{-2}$  \\
	9.59	$\pm$	0.03	&	(5.47	$\pm$	0.41) $\cdot$ 10$^{0}$	\\
	12.47	$\pm$	0.04	&	(1.35	$\pm$	0.10) $\cdot$ 10$^{2}$	  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The new experimental data for the $^{96}$Zr ($\alpha$,n) $^{99}$Mo\ reaction have been
analyzed in the statistical model (SM), complemented by the recently suggested
pure barrier transmission model (PTBM) \citep{Mohr2020a}. In a schematic notation,
the cross section of an $\alpha$ -induced ($\alpha$,$X$)\ reaction is given by
\begin{equation}
\sigma(\alpha,X) \sim \frac{T_{\alpha,0} T_X}{\sum_{T_i}} = T_{\alpha,0}
  \times b_X
\label{eq:SM}
\end{equation}
with the transmission coefficients $T_{\alpha,0}$ of the incoming $\alpha$ -particle, $T_i$ for
the outgoing particles ($i = \gamma, p, n, \alpha, 2n$, etc.), and the
branching ratio $b_X = T_X / \sum_i T_i$ for the branching into the $X$
channel. Usually, the transmissions $T_i$ are calculated from optical model
potentials for the particle channels and from the $\gamma$ -ray strength function
for the ($\alpha$,$\gamma$)\ capture channel. For further details, see
e.g.~\cite{Rauscher2000a,Rauscher2011a}.

For the $^{96}$Zr ($\alpha$,n) $^{99}$Mo\ reaction in the energy range under study (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:results}) the neutron channel is dominating
because the proton channel is closed or suppressed by the Coulomb barrier and
the $\gamma$ -channel is typically much weaker than the neutron channel. Thus, the
branching ratio to the neutron channel is $b_n \approx 1$, and the ($\alpha$,n)\ cross
section is almost identical to the total $\alpha$ -induced reaction cross section
$\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$ . From Eq.~(\ref{eq:SM}) it can be seen that the ($\alpha$,n)\ cross section is
essentially defined by the transmission $T_{\alpha,0}$ which in
turn depends only on the chosen $\alpha$OMP. Other ingredients of the statistical model affect the branching ratios
$b_X$, but have only minor influence on the ($\alpha$,n)\ cross section because of
$b_n \approx 1$. For completeness we note that below the ($\alpha$,n)\ threshold at
5.1~MeV, we find $b_\gamma \approx 1$, and the ($\alpha$,$\gamma$)\ cross section approaches
the total cross section $\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$.

\begin{figure}
\center
\resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics[clip=]{96Zr_S_fig3.eps}}}
\caption{\label{fig:results} Comparison of experimental and theoretical
  astrophysical S-factors of $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction
  as a function of the energy (the inset shows the same data on linear
  scale). Excellent agreement with $\chi^2/N < 1$ is only obtained for the
  PBTM calculation, scaled by a factor of 0.65 (full line). The wide range of
  TALYS predictions is indicated by the grey-shaded area. Further discussion
  see text.
  }
\end{figure}

It is obvious from Fig.~\ref{fig:results} that predictions of the ($\alpha$,n)\ cross
sections in the SM vary over more than one order of magnitude at the lowest
energies whereas at energies above 10~MeV most predictions agree nicely. For
better readability of Fig.~\ref{fig:results}, we restrict ourselves to the
presentation of the widely used $\alpha$OMP's by
\cite{McFadden1966a},
\cite{Demetriou2002a}, and
\cite{Avrigeanu2014a}; the latter is the default $\alpha$OMP in TALYS (which is a widely used nuclear reaction code; the calculations shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:results} were carried out using version 1.9).

The reason for the wide range of predictions was identified and discussed in \cite{Mohr2020a}.
The usual SM calculations show a dramatic sensitivity to the
tail of the imaginary potential. To avoid this sensitivity, an alternative
approach was suggested in \cite{Mohr2020a} to use the PBTM model for the
calculation of the total reaction cross section $\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$ . The Supplement of
\cite{Mohr2020a} provides the new ATOMKI-V2 $\alpha$OMP which reproduces measured ($\alpha$,n)\ cross
sections over a wide range of masses and energies with deviations below a
factor of two. This holds also for the present $^{96}$Zr ($\alpha$,n) $^{99}$Mo\ reaction (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:results}). However, there is a slight overestimation of the
experimental results over the full energy range under study (dotted line in
Fig.~\ref{fig:results}). Therefore the calculation from the ATOMKI-V2
potential was scaled by a factor of 0.65 to obtain best agreement with the new
experimental data. These scaled cross sections were used to calculate the
astrophysical reaction rate $N_A$$\left< \sigma v \right>$\ (see below).

Although the scaling factor of 0.65 is within the estimated uncertainty of the
new approach of \cite{Mohr2020a}, a brief discussion of this factor is
appropriate:

($i$) Technically, the ATOMKI-V2 potential is a complex $\alpha$OMP which approximates the
calculations in the PBTM with small deviations. In the present case, the
ATOMKI-V2 calculation of the total cross section $\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$\ is about 10\% higher
than the underlying PBTM calculation.

($ii$) The ATOMKI-V2 potential distinguishes between semi-magic and non-magic
target nuclei; the latter (like $^{96}$Zr\ in this work) require a deeper
potential with volume integrals of $J_R = 371$ MeV\,fm$^3$ whereas the
semi-magic targets are characterized by a lower $J_R = 342.4$
MeV\,fm$^3$. Depending on energy, the lower $J_R$ for semi-magic targets
increases the effective barrier and thus
reduces $\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$\ by about $15 - 25$\%. An analysis of $^{96}$Zr ($\alpha$,$\alpha$) $^{96}$Zr\ elastic
scattering at 35 MeV \citep{Lund1995a,Lahanas1986a} requires volume integrals around
$J_R \approx 350$ MeV\,fm$^3$, thus indicating that $^{96}$Zr\ behaves more like a
semi-magic nucleus. As a consequence, the usage of the global value $J_R = 371$ MeV\,fm$^3$
instead of the locally optimized $J_R \approx 350$ MeV\,fm$^3$ leads to
an overestimation of $\sigma_{\mathrm{reac}}$\ by about $10 - 20$\%.

Combining the above arguments ($i$) and ($ii$) provides a reasonable
explanation for the obtained scaling factor of 0.65 for the ATOMKI-V2 result
using the global $J_R = 371$ MeV\,fm$^3$ for non-magic target nuclei.

Finally, the agreement of the scaled ATOMKI-V2 calculation with the
experimental data is excellent with $\chi^2$ per point of about 0.6 whereas
calculations with the different $\alpha$OMPs within TALYS show a different energy
dependence (see Fig.~\ref{fig:results}) and cannot reach $\chi^2/N < 3$ (even
with arbitrary scaling factors). The ATOMKI-V2 approach, scaled by the factor
of 0.65, is thus the preferred option for the calculation of the astrophysical
reaction rate $N_A$$\left< \sigma v \right>$ .

The lowest experimental data point at about 6.2 MeV is located only 1.1 MeV
above the ($\alpha$,n)\ threshold at 5.1 MeV. The astrophysical reaction rate
$N_A$$\left< \sigma v \right>$\ results from the folding of a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution
with the energy-dependent cross section $\sigma(E)$. At higher temperatures,
the folding integral is essentially determined by the new experimental
data. At lower temperatures, the calculation of the rate has to rely on the
calculated cross section between the threshold at 5.1 MeV and the lowest data
point at 6.2 MeV. Because of the excellent reproduction of the energy
dependence of the ($\alpha$,n)\ cross section we estimate an overall uncertainty of
less than 30\% for all temperatures. The obtained reaction rates are listed in
Table \ref{tab:rate}. Compared to previously recommended rates, e.g.\ from
REACLIB \citep{REACLIB,Cyburt2010a}, STARLIB \citep{STARLIB,Sallaska2013a}, or
NON-SMOKER \citep{Rauscher2000a} which vary by more than one order of magnitude, the
uncertainty of the present recommended rate is reduced significantly to about
30\%.
\begin{table}
\center
\caption{\label{tab:rate}Recommended astrophysical reaction rate $N_A$$\left< \sigma v \right>$\ of the
  $^{96}$Zr ($\alpha$,n) $^{99}$Mo\ reaction.
}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$T_9$} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$N_A$$\left< \sigma v \right>$\ (cm$^3$\,s$^{-1}$\,mole$^{-1}$)} \\
\hline
  1.0  & 2.09$\times 10^{-25}$ \\
  1.5  & 1.36$\times 10^{-16}$ \\
  2.0  & 5.44$\times 10^{-12}$ \\
  2.5  & 5.01$\times 10^{-09}$ \\
  3.0  & 7.11$\times 10^{-07}$ \\
  4.0  & 7.03$\times 10^{-04}$ \\
  5.0  & 4.44$\times 10^{-02}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Impact on weak r-process}
\label{sec:rproc}
We investigate the impact of the new experimental data on the nucleosynthesis of
lighter heavy elements in neutron-rich supernova ejecta. We use astrophysical
trajectories based on the neutrino-driven wind model of \cite{Bliss2018a}.
Each trajectory corresponds to a combination of astrophysical parameters which are
expected for neutrino-driven winds. The 36 trajectories under consideration (see Table I of
\cite{Bliss2020a}) cover electron fractions between 0.40 and 0.49,  entropies between
32 and 175 $k_{\rm{B}}$ per nucleon, and expansion timescales from 9.7 to 63.8 ms.
In that work, the authors identified the conditions for which ($\alpha$,n)
reactions have a significant impact on the final abundances.
Under such conditions, \cite{Bliss2020a} used 36 trajectories to identify key
($\alpha$,n) reactions.
The reaction $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo is in their list of key
reactions.
Our nucleosynthesis calculations are performed with the WinNet reaction network \citep{Winteler2012a}.
Reaction rates are taken from the JINA REACLIBV2.0 \citep{REACLIB,Cyburt2010a} library
except for ($\alpha$,n) reactions for which TALYS 1.6 with the GAOP $\alpha$OMP  was used (for more details see \cite{Bliss2018a,Bliss2020a}).
Replacing the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate with the values from
Tab.~\ref{tab:rate} results in a reduction of the final abundances by more than
10\% in 17 and by more than 20\% in 6 of the 36 trajectories.
More importantly, the reduced reaction-rate uncertainty leads to a significant
improvement in the accuracy of the nucleosynthesis predictions.
Following \cite{Bliss2020a} we estimate the uncertainty of the
$^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate calculated with the GAOP with the
factors 0.1 and 10 and the uncertainty of the updated (PBTM) reaction rate with 30\%
(see Sect.~\ref{sec:res}).
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{abundances.pdf}%
\end{center}
\caption{Elemental abundances for four trajectories from \cite{Bliss2020a}.
  The lightly shaded regions correspond to the uncertainties due to variations
of the previously used $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate by factors
10 and 0.1.
The solid bands correspond to the uncertainties due to variations of the updated
reaction rate by 30\%.}
\label{fig:abund}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:abund}, we present the impact of the reduced uncertainty of the
new experimentally based reaction rate for four representative trajectories from
\cite{Bliss2020a}.
Changes of the final abundances resulting from the variation of the GAOP and
PBTM $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate are represented by the shaded
and solid bands, respectively (note that the figure shows solid colored bands
and not thick lines).
If large amounts of elements heavier than Tc are produced (e.g.,
trajectory MC1 in Fig.~\ref{fig:abund}), the abundances are not sensitive to
$^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo, because the nucleosynthesis path runs along
more neutron-rich nuclei.
Trajectories that do not produce any elements beyond Mo (e.g., trajectory
MC14 in Fig.~\ref{fig:abund}) are not sensitive either.
For roughly half of the 36 trajectories, the variation of the previously used
$^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate leads to a significant spread (up
to a factor of 6 between the lower and upper estimate) in the elemental
abundances between Ru and Xe (e.g., trajectories MC8 and MC18 in
Fig.~\ref{fig:abund}).
In all of these trajectories, the lower uncertainty of the PBTM reaction rate
leads to greatly improved accuracy in the final abundances.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:uncertaintiyMC8}, we show the abundances for trajectory MC8 in detail.
The orange and blue bands represent the uncertainty as estimated for the GAOP
and the PBTM reaction rate, respectively.
The dashed and dotted lines in the upper panel show the abundance pattern
calculated with upper and lower uncertainty estimation of the GAOP reaction
rate, respectively.
In the bottom panel, we show the uncertainty for each element relative to the
abundances calculated with the unvaried GAOP reaction rate,~$Y_{\rm base}$.
Since $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo forms a bottleneck for this trajectory, an
increase of the reaction rate results in higher abundances of elements heavier than Tc.
The PBTM reaction rate is slightly lower than the GAOP reaction rate and thus
the abundances are slightly lower than $Y_{\rm base}$.
An exception is the abundance of Rhodium which is not sensible to
$^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo.
Rhodium possesses only one stable isotope, $^{103}$Rh, which in all trajectories
is mainly produced by the decay of $^{103}$Nb.
Its abundance is therefore not correlated to $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo.

In summary, the reduction of the uncertainty to 30\% is sufficient to get
very accurate abundances.
This accuracy is crucial for comparing theoretical nucleosynthesis calculations
with observations.
A similar reduction of the uncertainties for other reactions is necessary to
reliably compare nucleosynthesis calculations with observations.
The PBTM should allow for such a reduction of uncertainties; a detailed investigation is in preparation.
This will allow to constrain the astrophysical site of the weak r-process and to
further understand core-collapse supernovae and the origin of the lighter heavy
elements.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{uncertaintybands_MC8.pdf}%
\end{center}
\caption{Influence of the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo rate on trajectory MC8.
         Upper panel: Abundance uncertainty of elements between Ru and
         Cd. The orange and blue bands correspond to the previously used
         (GAOP) and the updated (PBTM) reaction rate, respectively.
         The dashed and dotted lines show the abundance pattern calculated with
         upper and lower uncertainty estimation of the GAOP rate, respectively.
         Lower panel: Abundance uncertainties relative to the unvaried GAOP
         reaction rate,~$Y_{\rm base}$,
         in a linear scale.}
\label{fig:uncertaintiyMC8}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary and Conclusions}
\label{sec:sum}
In a recent sensitivity study of the weak r-process \citep{Bliss2020a}, the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction was identified as a bottleneck for the nucleosynthesis between ruthenium and cadmium, i.e.\ for nuclei with $Z = 44 - 48$. The typically assumed uncertainties of ($\alpha$,n)\ reaction rates of a factor of 10 lead to significant uncertainties for the nucleosynthetic yields in the weak r-process of about a factor of 5; thus the nuclear uncertainties prevent any robust astrophysical conclusion.

In the present study, the cross section of the $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction has been measured for the first time from energies close above the reaction threshold at 5.1 MeV up to about 12.5 MeV, thus covering the region relevant for the weak r-process. The chosen activation technique provides the total production cross section of $^{99}$Mo which is an excellent basis for the calculation of the astrophysical production rate of molybdenum from $^{96}$Zr by $\alpha$-induced reactions. The high precision experimental data have been analyzed in the statistical model, using global $\alpha$OMP's and complemented by the recently suggested PBTM model. It was found that the PBTM model --- re-scaled by 0.65 --- excellently reproduces the new experimental data. The best-fit from the scaled PBTM was used to calculate the astrophysical reaction rates as a function of temperature. For the full temperature range of the weak r-process, the uncertainty of the reaction rate could be drastically reduced from the usually assumed factor of 10 down to about 30\%.

A repetition of the nucleosynthesis calculations of \cite{Bliss2020a} with the new experimentally based $^{96}$Zr($\alpha$,n)$^{99}$Mo reaction rate and its small uncertainties leads to very well-constrained nucleosynthesis yields for the $Z = 44 - 48$ range. As the PBTM is typically able to predict $\alpha$-induced reaction cross sections with uncertainties below a factor of two, a re-calculation of the full weak r-process network with updated rates from the PBTM will lead to more robust nucleosynthesis yields which in turn should enable a major step towards stringent constraints for the astrophysical conditions and the site of the weak r-process.

\acknowledgements{
The authors thank Julia Bliss, Fernando Montes, Jorge Pereira, and Zs.\ F\"ul\"op for valuable discussions. This work was supported by NKFIH (NN128072, K120666, K134197), and by the \'UNKP-20-5-DE-2 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities of Hungary. G. G. Kiss acknowledges support from the J\'anos Bolyai research fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. MJ and AA were supported by the ERC Starting Grant EUROPIUM-677912, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through SFB 1245, and Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR. This work has benefited from the COST Action "ChETEC" (CA16117) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The nucleosynthesis computations were performed on the Lichtenberg High Performance Computer (TU Darmstadt).}

\bibliographystyle{apj}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Dennis Nilsen Confesses To More Murders From 'Beyond The Grave' In New Book
Anne Hathaway Teases Horrifying Transformation As Grand High Witch In The Witches Remake
Last updated 2:19 PM, Thursday October 15 2020 GMT+1
Anne Hathaway has given fans a glimpse of the horror that they can expect when she dons the guise of the Grand High Witch in the remake of The Witches.
The 37-year-old actor shared a short video in which she revealed the terrifying transformation that she'll be making, including an absolutely horrendous set of teeth and a wide grin that The Joker would be proud of.
Academy Award winner Hathaway, who has previously starred in The Devil Wears Prada and The Princess Diaries, is completely unrecognisable in the short vid that she shared with her 18.5 million or so Instagram followers.
Sharing the clip, which also featured a few teasers from the forthcoming film, Hathaway wrote: "What has a witch ever done to you?"
Credit: Warner Brothers
Also featured in the short video are co-stars Octavia Spencer, Jahzir Bruno and Stanley Tucci.
It shows some of the stars of the movie telling fans how they can spot a witch, should the need ever arise.
Spencer said: "The witches wear long gloves up to their elbows."
Witches also 'don't have hands; they have claws', apparently.
Anne Hathaway Will Star As Grand High Witch In The Witches Remake
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Tucci added that witches can be identified because they have 'larger nostrils than most'.
Kadeem then pointed out that witches 'don't have any toes'.
Anne Hathaway Apologises For Her Character In The Witches Following Backlash
Right, we're starting to build up a picture here. They'll probably be recognisable by the mortifying wide grin and filed-down teeth, too.
The movie, which is to be released ahead of Halloween, is a remake of the classic 1990s film of the same name, which is in turn based on a Roald Dahl story.
Hathaway is stepping into the shoes of Anjelica Huston, who gave an iconic performance in the original as the Grand High Witch.
It's a straight-up remake, directed by Robert Zemeckis, and follows the exact same plot, which is to say, a coven of witches is discovered that is trying to turn kids into mice.
It was actually supposed to have been out by now, but - and you'll never guess why - it has been delayed until towards the end of October.
If you're dead keen to see how terrifying Hathaway's performance is compared to Huston's, you can get stuck in on 26 October on Premium Video On Demand (PVOD) in the UK and on HBO Max from 22 October in the US.
At least you'll be somewhat prepared for the big reveal after this video.
Featured Image Credit: Warner Brothers
Topics: TV and Film, Celebrity, US Entertainment
Tom Wood is a LADbible journalist and Twin Peaks enthusiast. Despite having a career in football cut short by a chronic lack of talent, he managed to obtain degrees from both the University of London and Salford. According to his French teacher, at the weekends he mostly likes to play football and go to the park with his brother. Contact Tom on [email protected]
Follow @TPWagwim

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We deliver eco-friendly Solvent Dyes which are known for their attractive color combination and beautiful round shape. Our provided dyes are free from impurities and soluble in solvents. These dyes are available in airtight packaging option to ensure their long shelf life. Our offered dyes are widely demanded in chemical, plastic and rubber industries. Known for its accurate composition and perfect pH value, these Solvent Dyes are made from chemical compounds.


A Cushing ulcer, named after Harvey Cushing, is a gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressure. It is also called von Rokitansky-Cushing syndrome. Apart from in the stomach, ulcers may also develop in the proximal duodenum and distal esophagus.
The mechanism of development of Cushing ulcers is thought to be due to direct stimulation of vagal nuclei as a result of increased intracranial pressure. Alternatively, it may also be a direct result of Cushing reaction. Efferent fibers of the vagus nerve then release acetylcholine onto gastric parietal cell M3 receptors, causing insertion of hydrogen potassium ATPase vesicles into the apical plasma membrane. The end result is increased secretion of gastric acid with eventual ulceration of the gastric mucosa.
As Cushing ulcers have a higher incidence of developing after shock, sepsis or trauma, diagnosis should include recent medical history evaluation. Both endoscopy and angiography can be used to locate the lesion or ulcer, though endoscopy is more commonly used as a first-line diagnosis procedure.
Most episodes of Cushing ulceration resolve on medical intervention, consisting primarily of rinsing the area with saline and the administration of antacids.
Patients should also be put on proton pump inhibitors during the course of treatment until their intracranial pressure lowers to a normal level.
^ synd/982 at Who Named It?
^ Wijdicks, Eelco F.M. (2011-06-01). "Cushing's Ulcer: The Eponym and His Own". Neurosurgery. 68 (6): 1695–1698. doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e318212babf. ISSN 0148-396X. PMID 21346647.
^ Moody, F. G.; Cheung, L. Y. (Dec 1976). "Stress ulcers: their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". The Surgical Clinics of North America. 56 (6): 1469–1478. ISSN 0039-6109. PMID 793064.
^ Marrone, GC; Silen, W (May 1984). "Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of acute gastric mucosal lesions". Clinics in Gastroenterology. 13 (2). ISSN 0300-5089.
This page was last edited on 13 February 2019, at 05:08 (UTC).


The mythical Merlion, the legend of grand proportions and ambitions of Singapura (singa meaning Lion, and pura meaning city in Sanskrit), has always been larger-than-life in stories and in person. Reincarnated as a more cuddly self, we hope it continues to spread our island's sunny smiles!
ISO8124 certified. Complies with toy safety standards, machine washable.


text:
Exclusive: Duke Lacrosse Grand Jurors Speak Out
ByCHRIS CUOMO and LARA SETRAKIAN, Law & Justice Unit
Feb. 6, 2007 — -- In the spring, a grand jury in Durham, N.C., indicted three Duke University lacrosse players on charges of rape, sexual offense and kidnapping of an exotic dancer.
Now, for the first time, members of that grand jury have broken their silence.
In an exclusive interview with ABC's "Good Morning America," two grand jurors described how they felt about the twists and turns that had rocked the case in the more than 10 months since a fateful lacrosse team party in March 2006.
Fearing reprisals, the two grand jury members chose to remain anonymous, asking that their faces not be shown and their names be withheld, given the controversial and high-profile nature of the case.
Because they are legally constrained from discussing details of what happened in the grand jury room, they discussed only what had happened since the indictments.
When asked whether he would have made the same decision today to indict lacrosse players Collin Finnerty, Reade Seligmann and David Evans, the first grand juror said he had second thoughts.
"Knowing what I know now and all that's been broadcast on the news and in media, I think I would have definitely … made a different decision," he said to ABC News.
"I don't think I could have made a decision to go forward with the charges that were put before us. I don't think those charges would have been the proper charges, based on what I know now," he said.
In contrast, the second grand juror said he did not regret the decision to indict, but he said that he now had new doubts based on what he had learned as the case had unfolded.
"I don't know for sure whether she was raped, you know, because of everything that … came out," he said. "I'm not sure, to tell you the truth."
Ultimately, the district attorney could not be sure either. In December, eight months after the grand jurors brought their indictments, prosecutor Mike Nifong dropped rape charges against the players when the accuser said she could not recall key details of the crime.
The grand jurors who spoke to ABC News described being surprised and baffled by that development.
"What do you mean you're not sure whether you got raped or not? That … didn't add up," said the second grand juror.
"It raised a lot of doubt," the first said.
"The next thing I was wondering is, 'OK. … If you're dropping the rape charges, why are you even going to try to go forward with charges of assault and kidnapping? If no rape occurred, why, why go ahead and try to. … Prosecute on the other charges?'"
Because they are legally constrained from discussing details of the evidence or events that took place inside the grand jury courtroom, the jurors could only talk about what had happened in the time since the indictments.
Certain facts about the Duke lacrosse grand jury have been made public, however.
According to court documents, the only witnesses to testify and present evidence to the jury were Sgt. Mark Gottlieb and investigator Benjamin Himan, both with the Durham Police Department.
The grand jury heard dozens of other cases during the two days that it met to consider the Duke lacrosse case. The jury needed at least 12 out of 18 votes in order to return a "true bill" -- a decision to indict.
Seligmann and Finnerty were indicted on April 17. Evans was indicted on May 15, one day after his graduation from Duke University.
Battling charges of ethical misconduct, Nifong recused himself after the North Carolina State Bar opened an investigation into his handling of the case.
What did the grand jurors make of his decision?
"I thought it was the correct thing to do," the first grand juror said. "I don't think he's a bad person. He just maybe made a bad decision."
That sympathy extended to those on all sides of the case.
"A lot of people will be affected by this. If they are found not guilty, and we do [find] out that no assault or kidnapping happened … then you have a lot of lives that were directly affected," the first grand juror said. "You can't go back and undo any of this."
The second expressed particular concern for the accuser, and was particularly worried that her name had been besmirched since the case began.
While her identity has not been revealed in the mainstream media, personal details about her have been circulated on the Internet.
"I think, if anything, the alleged victim. … Her life is ruined," he said.
Both grand jury members emphasized that they felt they did the right thing based on what they knew at the time. By design, grand juries only hear evidence from the prosecution, and the standard for indicting anyone is low.
They also emphasized their position as grand jurors: The grand jury's decision was just a first step, and it is up to the trial process to determine whether a crime actually occurred.
That task now rests with special prosecutors with the North Carolina Attorney General's Office, who are now weighing whether to proceed on the remaining sexual assault and kidnapping charges.
The Duke lacrosse case is back in court on May 7. Nifong's trial on ethics charges by the North Carolina State Bar is scheduled for June.
Rony Camille in Durham contributed to this article.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: OSGI Manifest in eclipse plugin How do I include an OSGI Manifest in an eclipse plugin easily? Thanks.

A: What do you mean including a manifest in Eclipse plug-ins? An Eclipse plug-in project already contains an OSGi manifest.mf, as every Eclipse plug-in is an OSGi bundle.
This manifest is already included in the binary distribution also, and you can edit it using the plugin.xml/manifest editor.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NEW COLOR! This Off White Top with Ruffle Bottom is such a soft and comfortable piece. It's simple yet sophisticated - that's how you will look and feel in this cute top. Not to mention it's so easy to pair with anything already in your closet!


Monticello's powerful introductory film orients all Monticello visitors to key notions regarding Jefferson's ideas and accomplishments, especially his core concepts about liberty that have reached far beyond his place and time in history to the present day.
Thomas Jefferson's World illustrates how Jefferson's vision for America and his optimism about the future were driven by his fundamental beliefs in human rights, personal freedom, and democratic values.
Jefferson's crucial role in America's revolutionary struggle for independence, his political career, his varied interests, and the conflict in his championing liberty while owning slaves all are explored.
The new film also acquaints viewers with the other people - both enslaved and free - who lived and worked on Jefferson's mountaintop, the activities of the plantation, the main house, and to the extraordinary landscapes of Monticello for which Jefferson had such deep affection.
The visually rich 15-minute film, developed by Monticello historians and Donna Lawrence Productions of Louisville, Ky., is shown three times per hour every day in high-definition on a 16-foot by 9-foot screen with six-channel surround sound in the 2,400-square foot, 125-seat Theater located on the courtyard level of the Smith Education Center.


text:
THURSDAY TRAINING SESSIONS – FOR ALL TEAMS
Our managers and coaches are taking a well earned break for the month of June 2013. Thursday night training sessions for all of our teams will be postponed for the month of June 2013. Last night's training (Thursday 30 May 2013) will be the last for 4 weeks. The 4 weeks are: 6 June; 13 …
AGM – Monday 6th June
Our 6th Annual General Meeting will take place on Monday 24 June 2013 at 7.00pm at the The Deepdale Labour Club, Skeffington Road, Preston. The Agenda :- Receive a report of the activities of the Club over the previous year; Receive a report of the Club's finances over the previous year; Elect the members of the …
Saturday Player Development Centre
Due to holiday commitments the PDC (formerly Saturday Morning Club) will be closed on Saturdays 25 May 2013 and 1 June 2013. The coaching sessions will recommence on Saturday 8 June 2013 through to Saturday 29 June 2013 inclusive. The PDC will then be closed for the months of July and August.
Under 14s/15s/16s Presentation Evening Awards
The Under 14's, 15's and 16's was held on the 10th May. The event, held at Deepdale Labour club saw all registered players receive their annual trophy for representing the club. It was a big night for Under 16 manager Steve Collison who said a fond farewell to his Under 16 team. Steve has managed …
Winning end to Under 14s treble year
Treble Triumph for Under 14s The Under 14's completed an unbeaten season with a 3-0 victory away at TMS at the weekend. The trophy haul consisted of; West Lancs Girls' Football League U14 Division, West Lancs Girls' Football League U14 Cup and the LFA U14 County …
PNEWJFC Under 12s 2013/2014
Our U12s will be playing 9-a-side football next season and will need more girls in the squad; we especially need a goalkeeper. Any girls interested in joining our U12s please attend our Open Trials Nights, details as follows: VENUE: PENWORTHAM PRIORY ACADEMY, CROW HILLS ROAD, PENWORTHAM, PRESTON, PR1 0JE The Club are holding their annual Open …
U9s News
Code of Conduct – Coaches
Code of Conduct – Parents
Code of Conduct – Players
Constitution and Club Rules
FA Guidance for Under 18's – social networks, emails and texts
FA Respect Code of Conduct – Coaches
FA Respect Code of Conduct – Parents
FA Respect Code of Conduct – Photography Guidelines
FA Respect Code of Conduct – Young Players
Player Consent Form
Funds 4 Clubs
Lancashire Football Association
Newsletter 1 – Sept 14 Start of Season 2014/5
Newsletter 2 – Xmas 2014
Newsletter 3 – Easter 2015
PNE FC
PNE WFC
The Football Association
West Lancashire Girls League
Copyright © 2012-2019 PNE Womens Junior Football Club. All rights reserved.


text:
Ohio Advancing Bill to Update Breeder Laws
Back To Legislative Alerts
By AKC Government Relations
Mar 16, 2018 | 4 Minutes
On Wednesday, the Ohio House Government Accountability and Oversight Committee advanced a bill that makes numerous changes to the state's laws regulating high volume dog breeders.
As passed by the committee, House Bill 506, sponsored by Representative Brian Hill, is an effort to update the laws in a reasonable manner. We thank Representative Hill for making several amendments based on AKC's requests before the bill was passed by the committee. Representative Hill has acknowledged as well that he understands further amendments are needed, and the AKC is continuing to work closely with him and other stakeholders including sportsmen, breeders, and veterinarians on this measure.
In late 2017, the Humane Society of the United States filed a petition for a ballot initiative in the November 2018 election to place into the state constitution vague, restrictive, and harmful regulations on anyone who owns eight intact females – regardless of their age (which means it could subject someone who has one or two adult females and a litter of puppies to regulation as a high volume breeder). The ballot initiative would mandate specific kennel temperature requirements that do not take into account breed, or the fact that young puppies must be kept at warmer temperatures. Other mandates would include enclosure sizes that are significantly larger than those currently required by the Ohio Department of Agriculture or the USDA, meaning that anyone who met the proposed definition of high volume breeder would have to rebuild their kennels and/or ensure they have enclosures of this size in their home for their dogs.
Petitions are being circulated throughout Ohio to place this dangerous measure on the November 2018 ballot. Should HSUS and other animal rights groups collect enough signatures and the ballot measure passes, then these regulations would be placed directly into the state constitution and be extremely difficult to ever change.
Representative Hill agreed with the AKC, breeders, sportsmen, veterinarians, and others that this is not the best way to enact change for dogs, and that an open legislative dialogue is the more appropriate venue for any amendments and changes to the current state law.
Components of House Bill 506:
As passed by the committee, House Bill 506 contains many new provisions, including:
New Definition of "high volume breeder" – Under this bill, a high volume breeder is an establishment that keeps, houses and maintains six or more breeding dogs (meaning a fertile, unspayed, adult dog) AND meets one of the following criteria:
In return for a fee or other consideration, sells 5 or more dogs to a pet store or dog retailer (a retailer is defined in current law as someone who sells at wholesale for resale), or
In return for a fee or other consideration, sells 40 or more puppies in a calendar year to the public, or
Keeps, houses and maintains at any given time in a calendar year, more than 60 puppies under the age of 6 months that have been bred on the premises of the establishment and have been primarily kept, housed and maintained from birth on the premises.
An establishment must BOTH maintain 6 or more breeding dogs as defined AND meet one of these three criteria to be considered a high volume breeder. Just maintaining 6 breeding dogs will not be considered to meet the threshold of a high volume breeder. AKC continues to ask that the definition of breeding dog be further clarified to state that breeding dogs as defined are female dogs.
Clarified standards of care for high volume breeders – The standards of care in House Bill 506 include requiring food sufficient to maintain normal body condition provided in accordance with a nutritional plan recommended by a veterinarian; access to potable, clean, and sanitary water; and a primary enclosure with measurements that are based on a dog's length and regulations regarding flooring and sanitation that are based on current Ohio Department of Agriculture rules. Outdoor enclosures require protection if the climatic or ambient temperature poses a threat to the health of the individual dog, rather than specific temperature requirements that do not take into account specific breeds, such as those proposed in the ballot measure.
Requirement that pet stores and dog retailers must verify that breeders meet Ohio's standards of care. Prior to obtaining an animal, a pet store or dog retailer (someone who sells to pet stores or at wholesale for resale) must verify that a breeder, whether in Ohio or out of state, verify the standards of care at the breeder's kennel and keep records on this verification, in order to ensure that dogs sold in Ohio pet stores were raised in kennels that meet Ohio's minimum standards.
The Ohio House of Representatives is expected to vote on House Bill 506 next week. While the sponsor has acknowledged that further clarifications and changes are needed before the bill is finalized, the AKC greatly appreciates the many amendments in this bill that were made to clarify provisions in the introduced bill and current law, and will continue to work with Representative Hill to address additional amendments.
Contact Representative Brian Hill and thank him for working with the AKC and for his desire to have an open legislative dialogue on this issue. Also mention that you agree that the legislature is more appropriate than a ballot measure for addressing dog and breeder laws. If you are a constituent (Guernsey and Muskingum Counties), please be sure to mention that to him. His phone, e-mail, and social media contacts may be found on his legislative web page: http://www.ohiohouse.gov/brian-hill
Contact your State Representative and express your comments on House Bill 506. Also let them know you appreciate that many amendments have already been made to ensure a clear, reasonable law. Use the "Find My Legislators" tool at legislature.ohio.gov to find the name and contact information for your State Representative.
The American Kennel Club is continuing to work very closely with Representative Hill, the General Assembly, and other interested parties on this important issue and will provide more updates and information as soon as they are available. For questions, you may contact AKC Government Relations at doglaw@akc.org.


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HomeNews Archives2018Catholic schools promote kindness as antidote to bullying, anxiety
Catholic schools promote kindness as antidote to bullying, anxiety
September 27, 2018 admin 2018, Current News, Featured News, Featured South Carolina, National, News, News Archives, Schools, South Carolina
NASHVILLE, Tenn.—In recent years, Catholic Charities school counselors have noticed an unsettling trend of more anxiety and less empathy among their young students.
A variety of factors, including increased screen time and social media usage, more homework and extracurricular activities, along with less recess and unstructured free time, is leaving children "missing out on connection-with each other and with their communities," according to Catholic Charities counselor Melissa Smith.
"It sometimes seems like we're putting out fires, and we wanted to be proactive instead," said fellow Catholic Charities school counselor Amy Sturm, who began brainstorming the idea for a "kindness campaign" last spring. "We knew we needed to give kids active opportunities for them to be kind and connect with others."
That realization has prompted all schools in the Diocese of Nashville to kick off their own incarnations of a yearlong kindness campaign.
"We're very excited that the schools are running with this," said Rebecca Hammel, superintendent of schools for the Diocese of Nashville. "This is a very intentional effort to be who we're called to be by Christ."
By designing the kindness campaigns to run in all schools in the diocese for the entire school year, the counselors are hopeful that it will have a lasting and positive impact.
"It's like preventive medicine," said Smith, who counsels children and families at St. Edward School. If schools actively embrace a culture of kindness, she said, "hopefully we'll avoid some anxiety, bullying and friend trouble," and ultimately have less anxiety and depression among young people.
Some schools, including St. Edward, have been utilizing anti-bullying programs such as Olweus for years, but "we wanted to put a more positive spin on the language," Smith told the Tennessee Register, Nashville's diocesan newspaper.
"Even the littlest ones can understand acts of kindness," said Marsha Wharton, principal of St. Edward.
At the school, which is one of the most racially and ethnically diverse schools in the diocese, "the kids are accepting and respectful of all different kinds of people," she said, and the kindness campaign is an ideal way to reinforce respect for other cultures. "It's a strength of St. Edward that the students learn to be kind and accepting of people different than them."
"We've seen a decline in civility in the larger society and we don't want that to be reflected in our schools," said Smith.
"Kids are hard-wired for kindness, but they do need to be shown models of kindness," she added.
The school counselors designed the campaign to intentionally weave empathy and kindness back into the schools and to better meet the social and emotional needs of students. But they knew it had to be accessible for teachers and parents and fun for students to get the necessary community buy-in.
Sturm, the counselor at Immaculate Conception School in Clarksville, helped design a kindness campaign kickoff event with the theme of "Mission Possible," held earlier in September. The children were given cards identifying each one as an "official agent of kindness," and given envelopes bearing special "missions" like "make someone else smile."
"The kids were so excited to have these little missions," said Sturm. "This will really help them become 'agents of change.'"
At St. Edward, Smith helped organize a pep rally to kick off the kindness campaign and held an evening session with parents to talk about how they can model kindness at home as well as help their children cope with tough issues.
"For this to be successful at school, we also have to promote a culture of kindness at home," she said.
Smith, along with other volunteers, plans to post affirming messages in the school restrooms. "A lot of times when kids get overwhelmed, that's where they go, and wouldn't it be nice when they went in there if they saw a note that says, 'you are loved'?"
Each school may have their own twist on promoting kindness this school year, but "they are all taking the initiative to lift other people up," Hammel said.
Generally, each school will set up a "kindness committee," made up of teachers, parents and students to organize events or activities that help enrich the kindness experience on each school campus throughout the year.
Schools are encouraged to start and end each day with an intentional focus on kindness such as a short prayer, quote, or student recognition.
Catholic Charities counselors have also designed an online "kindness toolkit" full of age appropriate resources including books, videos and activity suggestions. The toolkit will have information readily available to teachers to implement in their classrooms.
At the heart of the kindness campaign, for all children in Catholic schools, "we're called to love our neighbor," Smith said. "And we show God's love by how we love one another."
By Theresa Laurence/Catholic News Service
Laurence is a staff writer at the Tennessee Register, newspaper of the Diocese of Nashville.
CNS photo/Theresa Laurence, Tennessee Register: Students at St. Edward School in Nashville, Tenn., Annalise Ho, left, and Mehetabel Mikael, hold a sign promoting kindness during a Sept. 13 kindness campaign kickoff pep rally at the school.
Suffering rises along with water levels in Pee Dee, Horry County
Time to heal, restore unity, evangelize, pope tells Catholics in China
A Day of Hope helps students, shares the message of Jesus' love
September 11, 2017 Christina Lee Knauss | The Catholic Miscellany 2017, Current News, Featured News, Featured South Carolina, News, News Archives, Schools, South Carolina, Uncategorized
MYRTLE BEACH—More than 200 children and their families received some much needed help and a message of God's love on a recent Saturday along the Grand Strand. At the YMCA of Myrtle Beach on Aug. […]
St. Gregory the Great chooses their annual saint winners
April 30, 2015 Amy Wise Taylor | The Catholic Miscellany 2015, Beaufort Deanery, Featured Beaufort, Featured South Carolina, News, News Archives, Schools, St. Gregory the Great School - Bluffton
BLUFFTON—Katie Lyons, fifth grade, Casey Laing, fourth grade and Alec Yanachik, third grade, all students at St. Gregory the Great School, received the St. Patrick Award from the Ancient Order of Hibernians recently. The honor […]
St. John the Baptist sisters move south
November 17, 2017 Christina Lee Knauss | The Catholic Miscellany 2017, Cardinal Newman School - Columbia, Columbia Deanery, Current News, Deaneries, Featured Columbia, Featured News, Featured South Carolina, News, News Archives, South Carolina, St. Joseph - Columbia, St. Martin de Porres School - Columbia, St. Peter School - Columbia
COLUMBIA—A group of four Sisters of St. John the Baptist recently arrived in the Midlands to begin a new era of ministry in the Diocese of Charleston. They came to South Carolina in the late […]


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Have you ever wondered what to do with the sculpture you just bought?
See below for some examples of custom pedestals.
Click on each picture to see the sizes and where the pedestal is available.
What functional details go into making a good pedestal?
prevent scratches, and are adjustable to compensate for uneven floors.
and stain color to complement the art object placed on it.
Woods used in prior pedestals include Oak, Purpleheart, Mahogany, and Walnut.
Do you need a sculpture to go with that pedestal?


You'll receive a confirmation email that you may refer to for group information.
Schedule your group's volunteer shift using link in email.
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Click to visit our volunteer schedule. Do you have a specific date and time in mind?


She was right. I am just grieving. This year was a horrible year in some ways but it was also life changing in others. The year started out with the death of an amazing man in my life. It was then followed by months of steroid injections at my stoma site. Following that, I admitted myself to a hospital because my panic attacks were becoming increasingly severe. I felt better after that and connected with some fellow IBDers, participated in Get Your Guts in Gear and things have been fairly positive from then on. However, I was so overwhelmed with everything that was going on with me in that moment, I never had any time to mourn me and the person I was. I also never had time to mourn Brian, the man who was taken from me far too early.
This concept of grieving when it comes to my life is one that I am pretty familiar with but don't believe I have ever had enough stability in my health to allow for it. I mentioned in a previous post http://keepingthingsinsideisbadformyhealth.wordpress.com/2012/10/29/tackling-physical-emotional-challenges-pick-one/ how it is beyond difficult to deal with physical issues and emotional at the same time. I think what has happened over the past 12 years was that I was being hit hard physically nonstop, day after day, month after month, year after year that I haven't had any time to mourn the loss of who I was. I never was able to mourn the loss of my colon and what that represented (normalcy). I never was able to mourn the loss of my Jpouch. I was never able to mourn the loss over the person I was before I got sick. I was never able to mourn the loss of the many body alterations I have had to go through. I have just been unable to grieve and go through the stages of grief.
I was lucky that I was able to see my psychologist today. I really needed to talk to her because I knew there was something just not right with me. It was really helpful for me to understand what was going on inside of me. I do feel like I know myself very well but sometimes I get so overwhelmed it is hard for me to pinpoint exactly what is going on in my psyche.
For those of us with IBD (crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) or any other chronic illness, I think we all need to go through the stages of mourning at some point in our lives. It is so important to recognize that it is okay to feel like that. It is okay to feel so overwhelmed and need to just let it all out and cry. It is difficult to keep it all inside (hence the name of my blog). All of the things we go through as patients is really hard. Allow yourself time to grieve and time to heal. It is okay. I always thought there was something wrong with me but I am here to tell you there is NOT. I would honestly say there is something a bit wrong with you if you don't have some kind of emotional reaction to the loss of the life you once had.
Tonight I am going to take a deep breath and try to relax for the first time in over a week. Try to do the same… even if you are going through some emotional turmoil of your own.
Powerful words from a very wise young woman. I am glad your counselor is there for you.
Grieving is never easy. Doing it over a loved one and losing who we are in the same year is really tough… I know. I have to say kudos because you recognized there is a problem and you sought out help. That is something I regret not doing. Just know that you are strong person and you have a lot of support behind you.
I know it sounds gross, but I always thought of grief as throwing up….you have to get it up and out…and you always feel better and can rest. You have a lot in there…let it out. I have no doubt you can handle it…you are strong. Love you.
Your honest words are coming at a good time for me. I have been a mess and not recognizing it until today. I too need to just be. Sit and calm the hell down. I can feel the difference in my gut when I remember that it does matter how I choose to deal with life. Thank you for sharing what you did. It's helpful.
And in three days, we can take a part of our journey together.


China should "significantly" increase military spending and build more nuclear weapons as a response to US president-elect Donald Trump, an editorial in the nationalistic Global Times newspaper said yesterday.
China should "build more strategic nuclear arms and accelerate the deployment of the DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missile" to protect its interests, should Trump attempt to corner the country in an "unacceptable way," it said.
"China's military spending in 2017 should be augmented significantly," it added in the print article run in both English and Chinese.
The paper is not part of the official state media, but has close ties to the Chinese Communist Party.
The US president-elect frequently savaged China on the campaign trail, even calling it the US' "enemy" and pledging to stand up to a country he says views the US as a pushover.
The editorial follows a Twitter tirade by Trump earlier in the week blasting China's trade and foreign policies, as well as a protocol-shattering decision to accept a congratulatory telephone call from President Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文).
On Wednesday, Trump selected Iowa Governor Terry Branstad, who has close ties to Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) dating back to the mid-1980s, as ambassador to China — potentially welcome news for Beijing, which called him an "old friend" upon receiving reports of his nomination.
Nevertheless, the state-owned China Daily newspaper remained pessimistic about the future of relations with the US.
An editorial yesterday said that although China had thus far responded to Trump with "laudable" prudence, further provocations from the unpredictable politician would jeopardize Sino-US ties.
This story has been viewed 14457 times.


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What Does Sweet Klara of Sweden Have To Say About Dial A Smile Home Teeth Whitening System?
Swedish beauty and fashion vlogger, Klara M, has a following of over 37,000. Her YouTube channel reviews beauty, fashion and lifestyle, so when she demonstrated and reviewed Dial A Smile home teeth whitening system, we were excited to hear what she thought of our products.
It was important to Klara to mention that her review was not sponsored, and that she spent her own money on her Dial A Smile kit. She started the demo out by mentioning that like many of us, her teeth were stained from drinking coffee and tea. Other than whitening toothpaste, she had never used home teeth whitening products before, and Dial A Smile was her first experience.
As the video continued, Klara displayed all of the components of her kit before demonstrating our 20-minute process step by step. Her video is time-lapsed and is only 8-minutes long.
Once Klara finished the teeth bleaching process, she brushed and rinsed and then showed us her results. Klara was thrilled to see her teeth several shades whiter. She also remarked that the experience was pain-free.
Would she recommend Dial A Smile by Whitening Lightning to others? Klara gave a resounding YES!!! Watch the video in its entirety below.
Both Dial A Smile and Zero White teeth whitening kits are popular among beauty experts the world over. Whitening Lightning is proud to see our products achieve international fame.
Although our prices are exceptionally LOW, the Bright Express Teeth Whitening Kit was developed because Whitening Lightning is sensitive to the fact that we all live within a specific budget and we wanted to make teeth whitening possible for everyone.
The Bright Express Teeth Whitening Kit is the most affordable of our home teeth whitening kits. As with any of the Whitening Lightning teeth whitening products, you'll never sacrifice effectiveness. Bright Express Teeth Whitening Kit is quick, convenient and for less than the cost of a trip to the dentist you can erase dull and dingy stains that detract from your gorgeous smile.
Visit our website and check out our special discounts and sales.
Southern California innovator and CEO of Gerard Cosmetics, Jennifer Gerard, wheeled her home teeth whitening company, Whitening Lightning onto the teeth whitening scene in 2010. Whitening Lightning became an international rage among celebrities, entertainers and their fans. In 2014 sister company, Gerard Cosmetics took center stage. Beauty experts around the world are thrilled and impressed by the quality of these fine cosmetic products. Visit our website to watch a collection of demo videos.


My client is a 3 star Regional Housebuilding contractor, who work in the residential sector building 2 - 6 bed homes. They are currently looking to recruit 1 x experienced Freelance Housebuilding Site Manager for a temp - perm position in Crewe.
If you are interested in this vacancy and would like to apply, please send your CV to Aran/Danielle at Bromak or call Aran on 07887661329 or 01142 130900.


text:
The Myth of Sisyphus All Study Guides Homework Help Lesson Plans
The Myth of Sisyphus
by Albert Camus
Why was Sisyphus punished?
Sisyphus was punished because he murdered his guests, arousing the ire of Zeus, the god of guest-friendship. The specific punishment of rolling the stone up the hill was assigned to him after he tricked Hades, the god of the underworld, into releasing him from his chains. Sisyphus then chained up Hades in his place, which meant that no one could die while Hades remained a prisoner.
"Why was Sisyphus punished?" eNotes Editorial, 30 Aug. 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-was-sisyphus-punished-2398638. Accessed 30 Jan. 2023.
Colin Cavendish-Jones, Ph.D.
College Professor, Lawyer
M.A. from Oxford University Ph.D. from St. Andrews University
As is often the case in Greek mythology, there are various versions of the myth of Sisyphus. It is generally agreed that he was punished for offending Zeus, and that one of the reasons for this is that he murdered guests in the palace of Ephyra, where he was the king. Zeus, as well as being king of the gods, was the patron of "xenia" or "guest-friendship," meaning that any offense against a guest was particularly hateful to him.
The specific incident which made Zeus devise such a cruel punishment for Sisyphus, rather than simply consigning him to Tartarus, occurred after Sisyphus's death. Zeus commanded Hades, the god of the underworld (or, in some versions, Thanatos, the spirit of death) to chain Sisyphus down. Sisyphus asked Hades to demonstrate the mechanism of the chains and, catching him unawares, escaped and chained down his former captor in his place.
While Hades was chained down, no one could die. This meant that the old and sick had no release from their pain, while Ares, the war god, complained that battle had become a travesty without the possibility of death. It was for this piece of trickery that Zeus is supposed to have doomed Sisyphus to rolling the stone up the hill forever.
Download the entire The Myth of Sisyphus study guide as a printable PDF!
Why does Camus imagine Sisyphus happy at the end of The Myth of Sisyphus?
Camus concludes The Myth of Sisyphus by stating: The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man's heart. One must consider...
How did the myth of Sisyphus (Greek myth) influence the modern world? Sisyphus is an ancient greek myth where Sisyphus cheats death.
What are some rhetorical devices used in "The Myth of Sisyphus"?
Display the image of Sisyphus as the absurd hero as discussed in Albert Camus' The Myth of Sisyphus.
What, in your opinion, represents the constant struggle of rolling the stone in "The Myth of Sisyphus?"
Explain the "Myth of Sisyphus."
In "The Myth of Sisyphus," what is the role of the consciousness in shaping the character of Sisyphus? And what do you think is the value it presents?
Latest answer posted August 27, 2021 at 4:43:57 AM
What is Camus's approach to the function of art?


text:
Kings é um filme irlandês de 2007 escrito e dirigido por Tom Collins e baseado na peça de Jimmy Murphy, The Kings of the Kilburn High Road. O filme é bilíngue, com diálogos em irlandês e inglês. Ele estreou no Festival de Cinema de Taormina (Itália) em junho de 2007, e foi selecionado como a entrada oficial da Irlanda para o Oscar 2008 na categoria de melhor filme internacional. O filme conta a história de um grupo de amigos irlandeses que, após emigrar para a Inglaterra 30 anos antes, se encontram para o funeral de um amigo. Em 2008, o serviço postal irlandês, An Post, emitiu uma série de selos em homenagem à indústria cinematográfica irlandesa. Colm Meaney, como Joe Mullan, foi destaque no selo de 55 centavos.

Sinopse
Em meados da década de 1970, um grupo de jovens deixa Connemara Gaeltacht com destino a Londres e ambiciona uma vida melhor. Depois de trinta anos, eles se encontram novamente no funeral de seu amigo mais novo, Jackie. O filme intercala flashbacks de um jovem perdido na Irlanda com a dura realidade da vida moderna.

Por alguns, os trinta anos foram árduos, trabalhando em canteiros de obras em toda a Grã-Bretanha. Lentamente, a verdade sobre a morte de Jackie se torna clara e os amigos descobrem que precisam um do outro mais do que nunca. No entanto, no final, os amigos se separaram para sempre, seguindo caminhos separados.

Elenco

Prêmios
Em 2007, Tom Collins ganhou o prêmio de novos localizadores do Director's Guild of America / Irlanda. O filme em si foi indicado para um recorde de 14 prêmios irlandeses de cinema e televisão (IFTAs) em 2008, passando a ganhar 5 IFTAs, incluindo o de melhor filme em língua irlandesa.

Prêmios IFTA (2008) -

Venceu –

 Melhor Ator Coadjuvante em Longa-Metragem – Brendan Conroy
 Melhor Edição – Dermot Diskin
 Melhor Trilha Sonora Original – Pol Brennan
 Melhor Som – Ken Galvin, Ronan Hill, Dominic Weaver
 Prêmio Especial de Língua Irlandesa

Nomeado –

 Melhor Ator em um Papel Principal em um Longa-Metragem – Colm Meaney
 Melhor Ator Coadjuvante em Longa-Metragem – Donal O'Kelly
 Melhor Figurino – Maggie Donnelly
 Melhor Diretor de Fotografia – PJ Dillon
 Melhor Cabelo e Maquiagem – Muriel Bell, Pamela Smyth
 Melhor Design de Produção – David Craig
 Melhor Diretor de Cinema – Tom Collins
 Melhor Roteiro de Filme – Tom Collins
 Melhor Filme – Jackie Larkin, Tom Collins

Notas

Filmes de drama da Irlanda
Filmes em língua irlandesa
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da Irlanda de 2007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dutch Schultz Died A Millionaire, But Where Did All His Money Go?
By William DeLong | Edited By John Kuroski
Dutch Schultz was a wealthy gangster, known for having millions of dollars. Even after his death, people are still looking for the remnants of that wealth.
Dutch Schultz, born Arthur Flegenheimer to German immigrant Jews in 1902, grew up in the slums of The Bronx. After his father left the family as a teenager, the impressionable young man turned his impoverished state into a life of crime as a professional gangster. His violent life caught up with him, eventually, but not before leaving behind a trail of blood, mayhem, and perhaps a buried treasure.
Dutch Schultz began his criminal career with petty burglaries and theft, which led to an arrest at the age of 17. Schultz served 17 months in prison for burglary, the only prison time he ever saw in his life. It was during his time in prison that he eschewed his birth name and became Dutch Schultz because, as he put it, Flegenheimer was too long to for newspaper headlines.
Dutch Schultz's mugshot.
Once out of prison, Schultz connected with organized crime bosses Lucky Luciano and Legs Diamond. Schultz developed a relationship with fellow criminal Joey Noe, and the two formed their own gang.
In the 1920s, the pair ran bootlegging operations for New York City saloons during Prohibition, often coercing rival establishments to buy from his gang. At one point, Schultz kidnapped and tortured one saloon owner who refused to buy from him.
Dutch Schultz's reputation preceded him from this point onward. His territory was The Bronx, where he grew up. The lucrative part of New York was across the river in Manhattan, where Schultz saw plenty of opportunity. This led to territorial disputes with Italian gangsters, and Schultz took a pragmatic approach to running business.
Diamond's turf was in Manhattan, so the mobster ordered a hit on Noe, Schultz's business partner and confidante, in October 1928. Schultz retaliated for the killing by offing Diamond's close associate Arnold Rothstein. Not one to settle for mere lap dogs, Schultz's men were supposedly responsible for Diamond's untimely murder in 1931.
Wikimedia Commons Vincent Coll, middle, leaving court in New York.
Dutch Schultz's illegal operations were no small feat. By 1928, he was supplying speakeasies in The Bronx with $2 million worth of alcohol, which translates to $28.8 million in 2018 dollars. At the height of his empire, Schultz brought in $54,126 of profit per month, or $780,000 in contemporary money. That kind of money doesn't go unnoticed for long.
Schultz clashed with other gangs as his bootlegging enterprise grew, and rivals feared Schultz would take away their business. Vincent Coll, a former associate of Schultz's, got into a bloody gang war with him in the early 1930s that left dozens dead. The bloodbath didn't stop until Coll was killed in February 1932.
By this point, the federal government began to pursue Schultz. Rather than rely solely on bootlegging illegal alcohol, Schultz entered into the illegal gambling market to diversify his interests. His group ran slot machines and a policy racket (a lottery) for a few years until the Feds indicted Schultz in 1933 on income tax evasion charges.
The gang leader then went into hiding before turning himself in November 1934. He stood trial twice for tax evasion, but two juries could not convict him. Rather than leave well enough alone, New York's special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey wanted to prosecute Dutch Schultz for his illegal policy racket.
Wikimedia CommonsDutch Schultz's grave in upstate New York.
Somewhere among all of this chaos, there were rumors of buried treasure in the Catskill Mountains in upstate New York. Locals in Phoenicia, New York, said they saw fedora-wearing men with shovels along Esopus Creek near Phoenicia. Allegedly, there is a steel box filled with millions of dollars on the banks of this idyllic waterway near a small, innocuous town. Treasure hunters come to the town looking for the booty, which has yet to be found.
Now, Dutch Schultz turned his ire away from rival gangs and blamed Dewey for his business downturn as he awaited trial for tax evasion. The feds indicted Schultz again in October 1935, and Schultz was furious. He put out a hit for Dewey himself, and rival mobsters decided Schultz was done.
Gangsters hired the infamous group Murder Inc. to carry out a hit on Schultz on Oct. 23, 1935. One man shot Schultz right below the heart in the bathroom of Newark's Palace Chophouse restaurant.
Even in death, Schultz refused to go quietly. He dragged himself out of the bathroom and slumped onto a table at the restaurant. At the hospital, he gave a doctor $10,000 to ensure good care.
The doctor returned the money to the mobster's bedside, fearing he would owe the gangster a debt later in life. In and out of consciousness, Dutch Schultz died 22 hours after the shooting. He muttered a mostly incomprehensible statement to the police, but he refused to name his murderers. Allegedly, Dutch Schultz's last words were: "Oh, oh, dog Biscuit, and when he is happy he doesn't get snappy." He was just 33.
Much like his last words, the rumors of a buried treasure in upstate New York are fanciful notions put forth by an angry man who could never get past his inner demons.
Next, check out these facts about another notorious gangster, Al Capone. Then, take a look at Mickey Cohen, a Jewish-American gangster who took over Los Angeles.
William DeLong
William DeLong is a freelance wordsmith. He thanks you for reading his content.
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The NCAA's Ruling On Lia (Will) Thomas And The Impact On Emma Weyant and Reka Gyorgy
(3-21-22) Two swimmers, Emma Weyant and Reka Gyorgy, were impacted at last week's NCAA National Swim and Dive meet. Transgender Penn swimmer Lia (Will) Thomas picked up a national championship in the 500 freestyle…the result will change the look of women's sports in the future.
The Impact Of Will Thomas On NCAA Ruling
Emma Weyant swims for the University of Virginia and represented the USA at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. This past week she finished in second place to Lia (Will) Thomas in the women's 500 at the national championships.
Emma Weyant takes second 🥈 in the 500 free with the third-fastest time in UVA history – 4:34.99! #GoHoos pic.twitter.com/yRiErvzjkY
— Virginia Swimming and Dive (@UVASwimDive) March 17, 2022
How good is Weyant…her team won this year's NCAA national title, she won the silver medal in the women's 400-meter individual medley at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games, a three-time U.S. National Champion, a two-time Junior Pan Pacific medalist and a four-time Florida High School Athletic Association 4A State Champion in the 500 freestyle and 200 individual medley.
Lia Thomas on the podium as a National Champion at Women's Swimming NCAAs will most likely become one of the most famous images in the history of collegiate swimming. pic.twitter.com/OXtjRt0mu4
— Kyle Sockwell (@kylesockwell) March 18, 2022
To many Weyant is the truewinner of the women's 500 freestyle.
Fifth-place finish and first-team All-America honors tonight for Lia. She goes 1:43.40 in the 200 free final. Proud of her effort today, look forward to tomorrow when all three Quakers swim (Catherine and Anna in the 1650 free, Lia in the 100 free)! #FightOnPenn 🔴🔵 pic.twitter.com/EiVnR8VPYB
— Penn Swimming & Diving (@PennSwimDive) March 18, 2022
Virginia Tech swimmer Reka Gyorgy finished 17th in the preliminary heats of the 500 freestyle at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championships last Thursday, meaning she missed out on the following day's semi-finals by just one place.
Virginia Tech swimmer Reka Gyorgy has released a full statement on the NCAA allowing Lia Thomas to compete in the 500 freestyle. She was 17th in the event.
"Every event that transgender athletes participated in was one spot taken away from biological females throughout the meet" pic.twitter.com/Z0J9lUY3pN
The following is the letter sent to the NCAA Virginia Tech swimmer Reka Gyorgy–
Who is Reka Gyorgy? a swimmer who competes internationally for Hungary. Her last result is the 14th place in the the women's 200 m medley – heat during the European Championships 2021. She competes in 100 m backstroke, 200 m backstroke, 200 m medley, 400 m medley, 50 m backstroke and 4×100 m medley.
Today Show You Tube Video – Lia Thomas Becomes 1st Transgender Athlete To Win NCAA championship
The debate over this is the just the beginning of what the future holds for women's sports. Will the impact be enough to impact the NCAA ruling in the future.
Emma WeyantLia (Will) ThomasReka GyorgyTransgender
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