text:
Scaling up the power of connected health
Healthcare systems can harness the data generated by smart devices to create more effective preventative health programs.
Today it is not difficult to wire a bathroom weight scale so it can talk to a smartphone. What becomes more interesting is to make sense of what they are saying.
Alexis Normand, business development manager with Withings.
The big data that is now being generated by measures of people's weight, heart rate or blood pressure collected on hundreds of thousands of everyday devices could change healthcare as we know it. Studying this mass of information could even save overburdened healthcare systems, according to Alexis Normand, the business development manager with Withings.
Withings is a pioneer in the fast growing field of connected health, making intelligent objects like blood pressure cuffs, weight scales, a baby monitor or an Activity Trackers that help users by integrating vital statistics of personal health into applications that allow them follow their progress in weight loss, reducing hypertension or managing diabetes. "We were not the first to put Bluetooth in a weight scale, but Withings was the first time to connect the scale with an application and make it a commercial success," said Normand. "We pioneered the field of connected objects a second time by connecting a blood pressure monitor, again, to an application. It only works with the application. But once they are connected you can record your data, send it to your doctor or integrate it with healthcare software.
"We completed an ecosystem of products this year by providing users with a complete picture of their health with the Pulse activity tracker. An eight gram pocket-sized wonder, Pulse is designed to help users meet their personal health and fitness goals by following heart rate and distance covered running or walking, steps climbed calories burned, and even the quality of their sleep.
Normand said Withings is looking beyond these tools to unlock the power of the devices.
Recently the company identified a cohort of 50,000 users of its products to understand how people used the devices and the resulting benefits.
First the identified population was compared to statistical profiles used by health organizations, such as Body Mass Index, to be sure it was representative of the larger population. Then the historical data for body weight was analyzed. "We found that when users set an objective themselves for weight loss, they were likely to lose twice as much weigh as those who did not," he said. "We also asked whether weighing yourself more frequently had an effect and we found those who weigh themselves once a week lose half as much weight as those who weigh themselves once a day. In other word, he said, what would seem intuitive has been validated: the more people follow their personal health indicators, the more they can improve those measures. What is important here is remembering that while this sounds like common, good sense, healthcare systems today are suffering from a burden of chronic disease that results because people do not follow their own good sense.
The future of healthcare as we know it may be revolutionized by using every day devices to measure everyday activity to help people follow good, common sense.
As your doctor will tell you, reducing weight, increasing daily activity and watching your heart can keep you in good health, and can relieve the increasing burden on healthcare systems. "Twenty percent of the population is over 60 years of age, yet they account for up to 80% of healthcare spending," said Normand, adding that by 2020, these senior citizens will make up 30% of the population. To this point the healthcare economy is centered on curing patients who are sick, with drugs and treatment, he said. "The only economically viable model of prevention today is toothpaste, because everyone understands that if they do not brush their teeth they will fall out," said Normand.
"With widespread use of connected devices, we could create a different model, one where there are economic incentives for companies to keep people healthy. There is an increasing mass of data coming now that can allow healthcare administrators to follow in real-time the effectiveness of their programs and policies to reduce chronic disease," he said. "The tipping point that can lead o real change will come when the health insurers, the payers, understand the power of these devices and convince doctors that they should prescribe connected devices and encourage patients to stay informed about their personal health.
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English Interview 傳媒訪問 【SCMP 訪問】Good vibrations: Hongkongers embrace sound therapy to retune their bodies (South China Morning Post, 27 May 2017)
【SCMP 訪問】Good vibrations: Hongkongers embrace sound therapy to retune their bodies (South China Morning Post, 27 May 2017)
South China Morning Post, 27 May 2016
People are increasingly turning to an alternative treatment in which vibrations generated by striking gongs, singing bowls, tuning forks and the like relieve aches and pains.
// A growing community in Hong Kong and around the world are gathering in wellness centres, beaches and even office meeting rooms for this alternative treatment called sound therapy.
The practice employs sonic vibrations generated by gongs, singing bowls, tuning forks and other instruments to relieve common aches and pains. Besides promoting relaxation, practitioners believe it works by correcting blocked energy flow and out-of-tune frequencies in the body that they reckon lead to various ailments, and can complement chemotherapy.
Western-trained physicians remain sceptical about the efficacy of sound-healing approaches although they recognise their ability to soothe.
The notes banished all thoughts and emotions from my clouded mind, leaving it in total peace for the first time
JASMINE HUI
Nevertheless, Jennifer Tang Yee-tung, co-founder of Sound Therapy Hong Kong, became a staunch advocate of the alternative therapy after suffering a personal tragedy.
Her elder brother died 10 years ago after a five-year battle with cancer, and she blames the illness largely on his high-stress lifestyle.
"He was always wound up and irritable," Tang says. "His passing made me reflect whether good grades and a high-flying career equal contentment. I used to run a sales team at a multinational company, but I didn't feel happy."
It was Jasmine Hui Wing-chi, her then colleague and eventual partner in the sound therapy service, who introduced her to the healing properties of Himalayan singing bowls.
Hui had been hypnotised by the sound of singing bowls after tuning in to a YouTube clip of a performance by Hans de Back, a renowned master of the instrument.
She found their resonance was like no other.
"The notes banished all thoughts and emotions from my clouded mind, leaving it in total peace for the first time," Hui says. "While [notes played on] the violin or piano evoke joy, mystery and perhaps anger, the sound of the singing bowl is neutral and helps me look within myself."
Hui and Tang trained with de Back and eventually quit their jobs to set their Sound Therapy service in Wan Chai two years ago and make it their life mission to promote its benefits.
"I believe sound therapy is my true calling in which I found inner fulfilment," Tang says.
Singing bowl therapies are a more serene and tactile affair compared to gong meditation. When someone comes in complaining of backache or an anxiety attack, they would first have the person lie down on a massage bed.
Singing bowls are then set out in a ring around the client as well as on the torso before they strike the rims of the instruments with padded mallets. This generates subtle, calming and harmonic tones – which many liken to the sound of "om" or "aum", the sound associated with Hindu and Buddhist chants.
We use singing bowls to listen to what their body has to say – it doesn't lie – before we diagnose and treat the patient
JENNIFER TANG
By placing one bowl on the chest and another on the abdomen, the sound waves aren't only heard by the ear, but also felt by the body.
"We use singing bowls to listen to what their body has to say – it doesn't lie – before we diagnose and treat the patient," Tang says.
For the uninitiated, the singing bowl might sound the same when placed around different individuals, but she can tell that her instrument is missing some of the overtones because a poorly organ would absorb those frequencies to self-heal.
// Singing bowls seem to have worked for Sybil Chan, whose family has a history of thyroid disease. Chan always worried that the same fate will befall her and was distraught after being diagnosed with an overactive thyroid last year.
"With hyperthyroidism, I felt like a car parked without killing the engine. I hardly ever felt rested and was walking on an emotional tightrope," says Chan.
She sought help from Tang and Hui and, after 18 months of treatment, Chan says she has being able to keep her thyroid hormone levels in check.
Whereas she used to suffer mood swings associated with the condition, and was often nervous and fatigued, Chan now has a rosy glow on her cheeks and is more energetic and outspoken.
She has become such a convert of the power of singing bowls she even bought one to practise at home.
Asked what she liked best about the bowls, Chan says, "[The vibrations] feel just as satisfying as scratching an insect bite", prompting Hui and Tang to burst into laughter.
*Please note the above are parts of the article extracted from full article.

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personal injury case. It is just one step in the litigation process. It only happens if your injury claim cannot be settled and a lawsuit is filed. In that situation there many things that happen. But, both later settlement negotiations and any eventual trial may result in disaster unless that deposition goes well.
Good attorneys take the time to prepare their clients for the strange world that is the deposition room. For someone who has not been through it before a deposition can be an odd and slightly scary experience. But rest assured, anyone can get prepared to do a good job at it and be ready.
Over the years, I have sat down with hundreds of clients to get them ready for their deposition. Every case has its specifics, and those specifics need to be part of what you and your lawyer talk about in getting ready. But there is also what I call the "basic tool chest" of deposition skills.
Probably 80 to 90% of what I discuss with clients in preparation for their deposition in various cases is the same regardless of the case. You cannot lose site of the fact that a central part of any case is in its specific details. In every case, the facts of the underlying incident guide that essential last 10 to 20% of advice and counsel. However, there is common ground that is covered by almost every bad guy's lawyer during a deposition. Thus, deposition preparation lends itself to a generalized tips and advice.
Without doubt, the advice here is a bit generic. There may be times where the lawyer on the case, who has more knowledge about a specific case, thinks a different approach should be taken. A good attorney will always take the time to prepare a client the way that lawyer believes the particular client should be prepared under the circumstances. Some clients and cases require more than just a little discussion. There are clients that are better served with multiple practice sessions to get comfortable with the process.
What Is A Deposition Anyway?
A plaintiff's deposition is an interview involving questions asked by the lawyer for the other side of the case to which you give sworn answers. During the deposition everything that is said, the questions and answers and comments, are being transcribed by a court reporter. Because it is under oath, at the later trial if you try to change the answers you gave during a deposition, the lawyer can use those contradictions in court to suggest you are lying or untrustworthy.
Who Will Be There At My Plaintiff's Deposition?
bad guy's lawyer. That is who will ask the questions. Sometimes the representative of the insurance company (the adjuster) will be there. And sometimes the bad guy himself is there as well.
The presence of any of these people should not change anything for you. You do need to understand that in addition to getting your sworn answers "on the record" the opposing attorney or others who are there, will be evaluating you in other ways. Your demeanor, appearance and veracity will all be judged to one degree or another. These are more subtle things that can count in the settlement negotiations prior to trial.
What Will I Be Asked In My Deposition?
First, there are some unsurprising topics.
Certainly, the central issues of your case are a prime area for questioning. For example, in an auto accident case, you will be asked about how the accident happened. Things like: what did you see at the scene? where were you going? what did you do? what do you remember happening? These are questions that get to the details of your memory of the event at issue.
Similarly, you will be asked about matters like the nature of the injuries, what medical care you sought and how the injuries impacted your life.
Second, there are topics that regularly surprise clients.
Generally speaking everything is fair game for questions. It does not have to be "relevant" to the case. The surprising things that get asked about are things like, your family and living arrangements, your employment, marital status, old bosses and ex-spouses, past medical history including unrelated injuries, where you grew up, the names of friends, sports you play now and in the past. Pretty much anything the bad guy's lawyer chooses to ask you, the litigation rules let them get away with.
You will likely be asked about any prior workers' compensation claims, or lawsuit of any kind even whether you ever filed prior insurance claims for anything. There are dozens and dozens of such topics that some lawyers ask about. I've even had a lawyer ask questions about a 50 year old client's grade school experiences.
Why Does the Bad Guy's Lawyer Ask Those "Irrelevant" Questions in a Deposition?
To understand why you get those questions you have to understand the lawyer's goal. She is looking for anything he can use against you. It is a sort of "fishing expedition" for the defense attorney. She is looking for something either sinister about you or to get you to be less than forthcoming so she can question your honesty at trial.
One aspect of trials is that they are, in part, morality plays about good and evil. Thus, the defense lawyer will use any fact she can, no matter how small or seemingly irrelevant, to try and show that an injured person is the bad guy and thus "should" lose.
How Should A Plaintiff Get Ready For A Deposition?
In a phrase (and of course the Boy Scout's motto): be prepared.
There are some basic rules that apply to every deposition. Here is a basic outline of those rules.
This means, of course, don't lie but it means a lot more too.
No matter how good, or bad, your case is in the abstract, a lying plaintiff simply starts the funeral march towards an unfavorable result at trial. Most cases don't go to trial, but one way to increase the odds of your case being one that does is doing a bad job at your deposition.
All cases have "uncomfortable testimony," be it on facts of the incident, or something to do with the claimed damages or on the personal issues the other lawyer asks about. These are often areas where the specifics of your case need to be worked through with your lawyer ahead of the deposition. You want to be sure the testimony comes out smoothly, honestly and is placed in the appropriate context. Don't try to hide or run away from troublesome facts, let your lawyer deal with them.
If you guess at an answer you simply cannot be telling the truth in response to the question. To ensure the "whole truth" don't guess or add information you don't know or weren't asked about.
This is the essential difference between depositions and normal conversations among ordinary people. In normal conversations we naturally fill in holes in the story with certain assumptions and guesses. It is not lying, it normal. In deposition, it can be deadly to your case.
Lawyers are remarkably capable of asking questions which make absolutely no sense whatsoever. Whether unclear, vague, ambiguous, compound or what have you, all lawyers who take depositions have done it and we will all do it again. If you don't understand a question: Don't Answer It. You can always ask for a question to be repeated or clarified.
The use of absolutes to answer a question such as "always" and "never" will frequently cause problems. For example, any question designed to get you to make absolute statements like "I've never in my life suffered a headache before this crash," is almost always a trap. It is painful to recall how many times I've heard a client lulled into making such a sweeping comment.
This answer protects you from defense counsel digging up a record 10 years ago when you suffered the flu, had aches and pains including in your neck, and suddenly the testimony comment about NEVER suffering any neck pain, looks deceptive.
You cannot forget a primary reason of nearly every deposition for the bad guy's attorney is to make you look like you are lying. Absolute comments are almost always a problem.
It is the rare client who can remember everything while having his deposition taken. What the lawyer wants to do is "box-in" the plaintiff and limit your ability to tell the jury the whole truth.
Be comfortable with the technical truth.
The Golden Rule of a deposition, no matter who you are or the subject matter of your lawsuit is answer the question. Again though, there is more to it.
It is important to set aside some of the social norms that govern behavior during your deposition. That does not mean be rude, it means be careful.
The goal of the deposition is not to tell your whole story. It is just to answer the bad guy's lawyer's questions. You have to listen carefully to the question and then answer only that question. The basic rule is DO NOT VOLUNTEER ANYTHING.
If a question can be answered "yes," "no," or "I don't know," fairly and truthfully, then answer the question that way. And then shut up.
This does not mean to make every answer into one word answers. Sometimes answering the question requires a sentence or even a couple of sentences. Answer the question you have been asked – and then shut up. Seriously, shut up. What you say is being recorded in black and white, don't make jokes, don't engage in banter, don't try to answer the next question, just sit quietly.
Rules have exceptions, one area that is often an exception to this rule of Don't Volunteer is in discussing how the injury has impacted your life. That is when the questions get to the damages part of your case. I have often had clients who have a hard time articulating all the impacts on their life of the injuries they have incurred at the hands of the defendant. It is important to spend time with your lawyer identifying concrete examples of the impact the injuries have had on your life. This should be part of your preparation for the deposition. The defendant may make an inaccurate evaluation of the case if you are not able to fully explain those impacts.
You will likely have been asked to provide written answer to questions prior to your deposition. Your responses to deposition questions need to be consistent with the answers in written discovery. And consistent with what you told the police for their report or the doctor who was treating you.
For example, describe your injuries to the same parts of your body as you described them when you saw the doctor. A deposition is an unfortunate time to talk about a knee injury that no doctor noted you had.
The bad guy's lawyer loves it when your deposition answers are inconsistent with how your past recitation of the events is reported. At trial, that lawyer will suggest to the jury that every inconsistency in your story is actually a lie. And they do this because it works to undermine your claim.
This is a subset of don't guess or assume. Human beings don't do numbers very well. Time, distance, speed, amount there is nothing that client's get wrong more often and get made to look like liars because of things related to numbers.
How far away was the other car when you first saw it? How long did you wait at the light? How far did your car lunge forward? How much distance was left between their bumper and yours? How long were you unconscious for?
Even though you might feel like you SHOULD know. The reality is you probably don't. So–DON'T GUESS at anything. If you find yourself ready to pop off with your best estimate, instead simply tell him "I would have to guess and I not comfortable with that." That is your answer and the attorney will have to move on.
Your job is to answer questions. Your job is not to confront the lawyer. It is not to be combative or argumentative. Usually we don't have these problems in Idaho depositions. But, if arguing has to occur, let your attorney do it. That's why you hired him or her. Just be patient, responsive, and candid. Your role is to answer questions until there are no more questions to answer.
If the lawyer asks you a question, answer it. If the lawyer never asks about something, don't worry about it. Your lawyer will help you tell your story at the appropriate time. Your job at the deposition is just to answer the questions.
Sometimes a lawyer will pretend that they have some confusion about the case and need clarification. It's an act. They do that in the hopes that you will drop your guard in an effort to help them understand. They want you to just start talking. Getting you comfortable with talking is the first step to you saying something stupid that they can use against you.
Never forget, the defense lawyer is not confused. The defense lawyer is not your friend.
Some clients convince themselves that, despite what I tell them, if they are extra accommodating to the defense attorney or use the exact right word during their deposition the defense attorney will get the insurance company to pull out its checkbook write a fair settlement check. I have never seen it happen.
A deposition is a place where if you are not careful you can lose your case, but you cannot really win it there. If you hunker down, follow the basic rules and your lawyer's advice and don't let down your guard until the deposition is over, then you will have the best outcome you can expect.
Having your deposition taken will most likely be a new experience. At the end of your deposition, if you follow the rules I've given you should feel tired and feel like you worked hard. Oftentimes I have had clients tell me, even though they don't want to do it again, it was an interesting, if not enjoyable, experience.


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I took this photograph as I was walking to Georgetown and noticed the Ghost Bike placed in Dupont Circle by the Washington Area Bicycling Association. The ghost bike was placed in a ceremony on July 10 (more information here) following the death of 22-year old Alice Swanson, who was killed by a garbage truck while riding her bike to work on July 9, 2008, in Dupont Circle.
As I walked by, I noticed the words written on the tire by Alice's mother. They had an impact on me. They will on you too. Click on the image to see them for yourself.
Cyclist Struck Here, originally uploaded by M.V. Jantzen.
Yes. Tears for me, on this bright summer day. I can barely imagine such a loss. The mother's words touch me deeply.


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Treebank Statistics: UD_Low_Saxon-LSDC: Relations: appos

This relation is universal.

11 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as appos.

11 instances of appos (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.90909090909091.

The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with appos: <tt>PRON</tt>-<tt>PRON</tt> (4; 36% instances), <tt>PROPN</tt>-<tt>NOUN</tt> (2; 18% instances), <tt>ADV</tt>-<tt>NUM</tt> (1; 9% instances), <tt>NOUN</tt>-<tt>NOUN</tt> (1; 9% instances), <tt>NOUN</tt>-<tt>PROPN</tt> (1; 9% instances), <tt>NOUN</tt>-<tt>X</tt> (1; 9% instances), <tt>PRON</tt>-<tt>NOUN</tt> (1; 9% instances).

# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 11 appos	color:blue
1	Hee	hee	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	lemma[gml]=hê¹
2	hadde	hebben	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past	0	root	_	lemma[gml]=hebben
3	eyne	en	DET	_	Case=Acc|Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	4	det	_	lemma[gml]=êⁱn¹
4	vrouw	vrouwe	NOUN	_	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	2	obj	_	lemma[gml]=vrouwe²
5	mid	mid	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	7	case	_	lemma[gml]=mit
6	vyv	vyv	NUM	_	NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	lemma[gml]=vîf
7	kinder	kind	NOUN	_	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	lemma[gml]=kint|SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	12	punct	_	_
9	dee	dee	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	lemma[gml]=dê¹
10	aver	avers	ADV	_	_	12	advmod	_	lemma[gml]=āvers
11	alle	al	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|PronType=Tot	9	appos	_	lemma[gml]=al
12	uutsågen	uutseen	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past	4	acl	_	lemma[gml]=ûtsên|SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	12	punct	_	_
14	äs	as	SCONJ	_	_	18	mark	_	lemma[gml]=alsô
15	wän	wan	SCONJ	_	_	18	mark	_	lemma[gml]=wan³
16	see	see	PRON	_	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
17	bast	bast	NOUN	_	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc,Neut|Number=Sing	18	obj	_	lemma[gml]=bast
18	gnageden	gnagen	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past	12	advcl	_	lemma[gml]=gnāgen|SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 14	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 14 appos	color:blue
1	Beskreaven	beskryven	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	lemma[gml]=beschrîven
2	un	un	CCONJ	_	_	10	cc	_	lemma[gml]=unde²
3	to	to	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	7	case	_	lemma[gml]=tô⁴
4	'	'	PUNCT	_	_	5	punct	_	_
5	m	de	DET	_	Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	7	det	_	lemma[gml]=dê¹
6	31.	31.	ADJ	_	Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	7	amod	_	_
7	oktober	oktober	PROPN	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
8	ao.	ao.	ADV	_	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	1817	1817	NUM	_	_	8	appos	_	_
10	heruutgeaven	heruutgeaven	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
11	van	van	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	12	case	_	lemma[gml]=van¹
12	Claus	Claus	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	Harms	Harms	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	archidiakonus	archidiakonus	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
15	an	an	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	17	case	_	lemma[gml]=an
16	de	de	DET	_	Case=Acc,Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	17	det	_	lemma[gml]=dê¹
17	St.	St.	PROPN	_	Case=Acc,Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	Nicolaikarke	Nicolaikarke	PROPN	_	Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	20	case	_	lemma[gml]=in²
20	Kiel	Kiel	PROPN	_	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	10	punct	_	_

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 9 appos	color:blue
1	Beskreaven	beskryven	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	lemma[gml]=beschrîven
2	un	un	CCONJ	_	_	10	cc	_	lemma[gml]=unde²
3	to	to	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	7	case	_	lemma[gml]=tô⁴
4	'	'	PUNCT	_	_	5	punct	_	_
5	m	de	DET	_	Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	7	det	_	lemma[gml]=dê¹
6	31.	31.	ADJ	_	Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	7	amod	_	_
7	oktober	oktober	PROPN	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
8	ao.	ao.	ADV	_	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	1817	1817	NUM	_	_	8	appos	_	_
10	heruutgeaven	heruutgeaven	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
11	van	van	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	12	case	_	lemma[gml]=van¹
12	Claus	Claus	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	Harms	Harms	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	archidiakonus	archidiakonus	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
15	an	an	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	17	case	_	lemma[gml]=an
16	de	de	DET	_	Case=Acc,Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	17	det	_	lemma[gml]=dê¹
17	St.	St.	PROPN	_	Case=Acc,Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	Nicolaikarke	Nicolaikarke	PROPN	_	Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	_	AdpType=Prep	20	case	_	lemma[gml]=in²
20	Kiel	Kiel	PROPN	_	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	10	punct	_	_

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text:
Choqa Balak-e Harqorush (, also Romanized as Choqā Balak-e Harqorūsh; also known as Harqorūsh) is a village in Bijnavand Rural District, in the Zagros District of Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 116, in 24 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

References

Populated places in Chardavol County
Kurdish settlements in Ilam Province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Nike Victory XC 3 Unisex Cross Country Spike Shoe features a forefoot Pebax ® plate for excellent traction on challenging surfaces.
The Nike Victory XC 3 Unisex Cross Country Spike Shoe features a forefoot Pebax ® plate for excellent traction on challenging surfaces. Dynamic Flywire cables and a single-layer mono mesh upper deliver a lockdown fit and lightweight breathability.


text:
Q: Can I associate two or more Web ACLs (WAF) to a single Cloudfront distribution? So, in Cloudfront in the console (web ui), when creating a distribution there is a dropbox for the WAF we want to assign to it. But if I want to assign it with a second one, it replaces the first one.
In the documentation, I haven't found explicitly that assigning 2 WAFs is not possible. So is there a way I can achieve this maybe using awscli or any other method?

A: No, you can't associate more than one Web ACLs to the CloudFront distribution. However, you can put all the rules into one and associate that ACL with the CF distribution if possible.

A: No. You can't associate multiple Web ACL to a resource type (eg: cloudfront/API Gateway etc).

Restrictions on multiple associations
You can associate a single web ACL with one or more AWS resources,
according to the following restrictions:
You can associate each AWS resource with only one web ACL. The
relationship between web ACL and AWS resources is one-to-many.
You can associate a web ACL with one or more CloudFront distributions.
You can't associate a web ACL that you've associated with a CloudFront
distribution with any other AWS resource type.

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/waf/latest/developerguide/web-acl-associating-aws-resource.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to run multiple sudo command over ssh using bash script securely and only entering password once I'm trying to write a local Bash script to automatically (set to run by cron) do multiple remote tasks via SSH including some that require sudo.  I want the password to be read from file, then logon via ssh, and then any remote sudo commands. I also want to make sure the password isn't being sent over network by clear text or in the history of the remote computer.
(something like below which doesn't work)
#! /bin/bash

sshpass -f mypasswordfile ssh -tt remoteid@remotesever  << EOF
$hostname  # remote server name
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y
whoami
# etc.. etc.. assortment of health, security and other maintenance tasks
EOF

A: You need use quotes for this and one -t is enough:
#! /bin/bash

ssh -t remoteid@remotesever "\
  sudo -S apt update; \
  sudo -S apt upgrade -y; \
  sudo -S whoami" <<< $(cat mypasswordfile)

A: i came up with this using heredoc but @wuseman solution looks much cleaner
#!/bin/bash
password=`cat sudopasswordfile`

ssh -t user@host  <<EOF
  echo "$password" | sudo -S whoami
  echo "$password" | sudo df -hT
EOF


text:
\section{Introduction}
Throughout this paper, we denote the \textit{complex plane} by $\mathbb{C}$ and set of integers greater than zero by $\mathbb{N}$.
We assume the function $f:\mathbb{C}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}$ is \textit{transcendental entire function} (TEF) unless otherwise stated.
For any $n\in\mathbb{N}, \;\; f^{n}$ always denotes the nth \textit{iterates} of $f$. Let $ f $ be a TEF. The set of the form
$$
I(f) = \{z\in \mathbb{C}:f^n(z)\rightarrow \infty \textrm{ as } n\rightarrow \infty \}
$$
is called an \textit{escaping set} and any point $ z \in I(S) $ is called \textit{escaping point}. For TEF $f$, the escaping set $I(f)$ was first studied by A. Eremenko \cite{ere}. He himself showed that
 $I(f)\not= \emptyset$; the boundary of this set is a Julia set $ J(f) $ (that is, $ J(f) =\partial I(f) $);
 $I(f)\cap J(f)\not = \emptyset$; and
 $\overline{I(f)}$ has no bounded component. By motivating from this last statement, he posed a question: \textit{Is every component of $ I(f) $ unbounded?}. This question is considered  as an important open problem of transcendental dynamics and it is known as \textit{Eremenko's conjecture}. Note that the complement of Julia set $ J(f) $ in complex plane $ \mathbb{C} $ is a \textit{Fatou set} $F(f)$.

 Recall that the set $CV(f) = \{w\in \mathbb{C}: w = f(z)\;\ \text{such that}\;\ f^{\prime}(z) = 0\} $  represents the set of \textit{critical values}. The set
$AV(f)$ consisting of all  $w\in \mathbb{C}$ such that there exists a curve (asymptotic path) $\Gamma:[0, \infty) \to \mathbb{C}$ so that $\Gamma(t)\to\infty$ and $f(\Gamma(t))\to w$ as $t\to\infty$ is called the set of \textit{asymptotic values} of $ f $ and the set
$SV(f) =  \overline{(CV(f)\cup AV(f))}$
is called the \textit{singular values} of $ f $.
If $SV(f)$ has only finitely many elements, then $f$ is said to be of \textit{finite type}. If $SV(f)$ is a bounded set, then $f$ is said to be of \textit{bounded type}.
The sets
$$\mathscr{S} = \{f:  f\;\  \textrm{is of finite type}\}
\;\;  \text{and}\; \;
\mathscr{B} = \{f: f\;\  \textrm{is of bounded type}\}
$$
are respectively called \textit{Speiser class} and \textit{Eremenko-Lyubich class}.
The \textit{post-singular point} is the point on the orbit of singular value. That is, if $z$ is a singular value of entire function $f$, then $f^n(z)$  is a post-singular point for $n\geq 0$. The set of all post-singular points is called \textit{post-singular set} and it is denoted by
$$P(f) =\bigcup_{n\geq 0}f^n(SV( f))
$$
The entire function $f$ is called \textit{post-singularly bounded} if its post-singular set is bounded and it is called \textit{post-singularly finite} if its post-singular set is finite. A transcendental entire function $ f $ is \textit{hyperbolic} if the post singular set $ P(f) $ is compact subset of the Fatou set $ F(f) $.

The main concern of this paper is to study of escaping set under transcendental semigroup. So we start our formal study from the notion of transcendental semigroup. Note that for given complex plane $\mathbb{C}$, the set $\text{Hol}(\mathbb{C})$  denotes a set of all holomorphic functions of $ \mathbb{C} $. If $ f\in \text{Hol}(\mathbb{C}) $, then $ f $ is a polynomial or transcendental entire function. The set $\text{Hol}(\mathbb{C})$ forms a semigroup  with semigroup operation being the functional composition.

\begin{dfn}[\textbf{Transcendental semigroup}]
Let $ A = \{f_i: i\in \mathbb{N}\} \subset \text{Hol}(\mathbb{C})$ be a set of transcendental entire functions $ f_{i}: \mathbb{C}\rightarrow \mathbb{C} $. A \textit{transcendental semigroup} $S$ is a semigroup generated by the set $ A $ with semigroup operation being the functional composition. We denote this semigroup by $S = \langle f_{1}, f_{2}, f_{3}, \cdots, f_{n}, \cdots \rangle$.
\end{dfn}
Here, each $f \in S$ is the transcendental entire function and $S$ is closed under functional composition. Thus $f \in S$ is constructed through the composition of finite number of functions $f_{i_k},\;  (k=1, 2, 3,\ldots, m) $. That is, $f =f_{i_1}\circ f_{i_2}\circ f_{i_3}\circ \cdots\circ f_{i_m}$.

A semigroup generated by finitely many functions $f_i, (i = 1, 2, 3,\ldots, n) $  is called \textit{finitely generated transcendental semigroup}. We write $S= \langle f_1,f_2,\ldots,f_n\rangle$.
 If $S$ is generated by only one transcendental entire function $f$, then $S$ is \textit{cyclic or trivial  transcendental  semigroup}. We write $S = \langle f\rangle$. In this case each $g \in S$ can be written as $g = f^n$, where $f^n$ is the nth iterates of $f$ with itself. The transcendental semigroup $S$ is \textit{abelian} if  $f_i\circ f_j =f_j\circ f_i$  for all generators $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ of $ S $.

Based on the Fatou-Julia-Eremenko theory of a complex analytic function, the Fatou set, Julia set and escaping set in the settings of semigroup are defined as follows.
\begin{dfn}[\textbf{Fatou set, Julia set and escaping set}]\label{2ab}
The set of normality or the Fatou set of the transcendental semigroup $S$ is defined by
  \[F (S) = \{z \in \mathbb{C}: S\;\ \textrm{is normal in a neighborhood of}\;\ z\}\]
The \textit{Julia set} of $S$ is defined by $J(S) = \mathbb{C} \setminus F(S)$
 and the \textit{escaping set} of $S$ by
        \[I(S) = \{z \in \mathbb{C}: \;  f^n(z)\rightarrow \infty \;\ \textrm{as} \;\ n \rightarrow \infty\;\   \textrm{for all}\;\ f \in S\}\]
We call each point of the set $  I(S) $ by \textit{escaping point}.
\end{dfn}
It is obvious that $F(S)$ is the largest open subset of  $ \mathbb{C} $  such that semigroup $ S $ is normal. Hence its compliment $J(S)$ is a smallest closed set for any transcendental semigroup $S$. Whereas the escaping set $ I(S) $ is neither an open nor a closed set (if it is non-empty) for any semigroup $S$.

If $S = \langle f\rangle$, then $F(S), J(S)$ and $I(S)$ are respectively the Fatou set, Julia set and escaping set in classical iteration theory of complex dynamics. In this situation we simply write: $F(f), J(f)$ and $I(f)$.
For the existing results of Fatou Julia theory under transcendental semigroup, we refer \cite{kri, kum2, kum1, kum3, poo}.
\section{Some Fundamental Features of Escaping Set}

The following immediate relation between $ I(S) $ and $ I(f) $ for any $ f \in S $ will be clear from the definition of escaping set.
\begin{theorem}\label{1c}
 $I(S) \subset I(f)$ for all $f \in S$  and hence  $I(S)\subset \bigcap_{f\in S}I(f)$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let $ z \in I(S) $, then $ f^{n}(z)\rightarrow \infty  $ as $ n \rightarrow \infty $ for all $ f \in S $. By which we mean   $ z \in I(f) $ for any  $ f \in S $. This immediately follows the second inclusion.
\end{proof}
Note that the above same type of relation (Theorem \ref{1c}) holds between $ F(S) $ and $ F(f) $. However opposite relation holds between the sets $ J(S) $ and $ J(f) $. Poon {\cite[Theorem 4.1, Theorem 4.2] {poo}} proved that the Julia set $ J(S) $ is perfect and $ J(S) = \overline{\bigcup_{f \in S} J(f)} $ for any transcendental semigroup $ S $. From the last relation of above theorem \ref{1c}, we can say that the escaping set may be empty. Note that $I(f)\not = \emptyset$  in classical iteration theory \cite{ere}. Dinesh Kumar and Sanjay Kumar {\cite [Theorem 2.5]{kum2}} have mentioned the following transcendental  semigroup $S$, where $I(S)$ is an empty set.
\begin{theorem}\label{e}
The transcendental entire semigroup $S = \langle f_{1},\;f_{2}\rangle$  generated by two functions $f_{1}$ and $ f_{2} $ from  respectively two parameter families $\{e^{-z+\gamma}+c\;  \text{where}\;  \gamma, c  \in \mathbb{C} \; \text{and}\;  Re(\gamma)<0, \; Re(c)\geq 1\}$ and $\{e^{z+\mu}+d, \; \text{where}\;  \mu, d\in \mathbb{C} \; \text{and}\; Re(\mu)<0,  \; Re(d)\leq -1\}$ of functions  has empty escaping set $I(S)$. \end{theorem}

In the case of non-empty escaping set $ I(S) $, Eremenko's  result \cite{ere},  $\partial I(f) = J(f)$ of classical transcendental dynamics can be generalized to semigroup settings. The following results is due to Dinesh Kumar and Sanjay Kumar {\cite [Lemma 4.2 and Theorem 4.3]{kum2}} which yield the generalized answer in semigroup settings.
\begin{theorem}\label{3}
Let $S$ be a transcendental entire semigroup such that $ I(S) \neq \emptyset $. Then
\begin{enumerate}
\item $int(I(S))\subset F(S)\;\ \text{and}\;\ ext(I(S))\subset F(S) $, where $int$ and $ext$ respectively denote the interior and exterior of $I(S)$.
 \item $\partial I(S) = J(S)$, where $\partial I(S)$ denotes the boundary of $I(S)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
This last statement is equivalent to $ J(S)\subset \overline{I(S)} $.
If $ I(S) \neq \emptyset $, then we {\cite[Theorem 4.6]{sub1}} proved the following result which is a generalization of Eremenko's  result $I(f)\cap J(f) \neq \emptyset $ {\cite[Theorem 2]{ere}} of classical transcendental dynamics to holomorphic semigroup dynamics.
\begin{theorem}\label{lu1}
Let $S$ be a transcendental semigroup such that $ F(S)$ has a multiply connected component. Then $I(S)\cap J(S) \neq \emptyset $
\end{theorem}

Eremenko and Lyubich \cite{ere1} proved that if transcendental function $ f\in \mathscr{B} $, then $ I(f)\subset J(f) $, and $ J(f) = \overline{I(f)} $. Dinesh Kumar and Sanjay Kumar {\cite [Theorem 4.5]{kum2}} generalized these results to a finitely generated transcendental semigroup of bounded type  as shown below.
\begin{theorem}\label{4}
For every finitely generated transcendental semigroup $ S= \langle f_1,  f_2,  \ldots,f_n\rangle $ in which each generator $f_i $ is of bounded type, then $ I(S)\subset J(S) $ and $ J(S) = \overline{I(S)} $.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
 Eremenko and Lyubich's  result \cite{ere1} shows that $ I(f) \subset J(f) $ for each $ f\in S $ of bounded type. Poon's result shows  {\cite[Theorem 4.2]{poo}} that $ J(S) = \overline {\bigcup_{f\in S}J(f)}$. Therefore, (from the definition of escaping set and theorem \ref{1c}) for every $ f\in S, \; I(S)\subset I(f)\subset  J(f)\subset J(S)$.

The next part follows from the facts $ J(S)\subset\overline{I(S)} $ and $ I(S)\subset J(S) $.
\end{proof}

\section{Escaping set of Hyperbolic Semigroup}

The definitions of critical values, asymptotic values and singular values as well as post singularities of transcendental entire functions can be generalized to arbitrary setting of transcendental semigroups.
\begin{dfn}[\textbf{Critical point, critical value, asymptotic value and singular value}]
A point  $z\in \mathbb{C}$ is called \textit{critical point} of $S$ if it is critical point of some $g \in S$. A point $w\in \mathbb{C}$  is called a \textit{critical value} of $S$ if it is a critical value of some $g \in S$. A point $w \in \mathbb{C}$ is called an \textit{asymptotic value} of $S$ if it is an asymptotic value of some $g \in S$. A point  $w\in \mathbb{C}$  is called a \textit{singular value} of $S$ if it is a singular value of some $g \in S$. For a semigroup $ S $, if all $g \in S   $ belongs to $\mathscr{S}$ or $\mathscr{B}$, we call $ S $ a semigroup of class $\mathscr{S}$ or $\mathscr{B}$ (or finite or bounded type).
\end{dfn}
\begin{dfn}[\textbf{Post singularly bounded (or finite) semigroup}]
A transcendental semigroup $ S $ is said to be post-singularly bounded (or post-singularly finite) if each $g \in S$ is post-singularly bounded  (or post-singularly finite). Post singular set of post singularly bounded semi-group $ S $ is the set of the form
$$P(S) =\overline{\bigcup_{f\in S}f^n(SV( f))}
$$
\end{dfn}
\begin{dfn}[\textbf{Hyperbolic semigroup}]\label{1m}
An transcendental entire function $f$ is said to be \textit{hyperbolic} if the post-singular set $P(f)$ is a compact subset of $F(f)$. A transcendental  semigroup $S$ is said to be \textit{hyperbolic} if each $g\in S$ is hyperbolic (that is, if $ P(S)$ is a compact subset of  $F(S) $).
\end{dfn}
 Note that if transcendental semigroup $ S $ is hyperbolic, then each $ f\in S$ is hyperbolic. However, the converse may not true. The fact $ P(f^{k}) = P(f) $ for all $ k \in \mathbb{N} $ shows that $ f^{k} $ is hyperbolic if $ f $ is hyperbolic. The following result has been shown by Dinesh Kumar and Sanjay Kumar {\cite [Theorem 3.16]{kum2}} where Eremenko's conjecture holds.
\begin{theorem}\label{2a}
Let $f \in \mathscr{B}$ periodic with period p and hyperbolic. Let $g =f^n+p, \; n \in  \mathbb{N}$. Then $S =\langle f, g\rangle$ is hyperbolic and all components of $I(S)$ are unbounded.
\end{theorem}

\begin{exm}
$ f(z) = e^{\lambda z} $ is hyperbolic entire function  for each $\lambda \in (0, \frac{1}{e}) $. The semigroup $ S = \langle f, g \rangle  $ where $g =f^m +p$, where $ p = \frac{2 \pi i}{\lambda} $, is hyperbolic transcendental semigroup.
\end{exm}

We have generalized the above theorem \ref{2a} to finitely generated hyperbolic semigroup with some modifications. This theorem will be the good source of non-empty escaping set transcendental semigroup from which the Eremenko's conjecture holds.

\begin{theorem}\label{hs1}
Let $ S =\langle f_{1},  f_{2}, \ldots, f_{n} \rangle$ is an abelian bounded type transcendental semigroup in which each $ f_{i} $ is hyperbolic for $ i =1, 2, \ldots, n $. Then semigroup $ S $ is hyperbolic and all components of $ I(S) $ are unbounded.
\end{theorem}

\begin{lem}\label{hs2}
Let $ f $ and $ g $ be transcendental entire functions. Then
$ SV(f \circ g) \subset SV(f) \cup f(SV(g)) $.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
See for instance {\cite[Lemma 2]{ber}}.
\end{proof}
\begin{lem}\label{hs3}
Let $ f $ and $ g $ are permutable transcendental entire functions. Then $ f^{m}(SV(g)) \subset SV(g) $ and $g^{m}(SV(f))\subset SV(f) $ for all $ m \in \mathbb{N} $.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We first prove that $ f(SV(g)) \subset SV(g) $. Then we use induction to prove $ f^{m}(SV(g)) \subset SV(g) $.

Let $ w \in f(SV(g)) $. Then $ w = f(z) $ for some $ z \in SV(g) $. In this case, $ z $ is either critical value or an asymptotic value of function $ g $.

First suppose that $ z $ is a critical value of $ g $. Then $ z = g(u) $ with $ g^{'}(u) =0 $. Since $ f $ and $ g $  are permutable functions, so $ w = f(z) = f(g(u))= (f\circ g)(u) = (g \circ f)(u) $. Also, $ (f\circ g)^{'}(u) = f^{'}(g(u)) g^{'}(u) =0 $. This shows that $ u $ is a critical point of $ f \circ g =g \circ f $ and $ w $ is a critical value of $ f \circ g =g \circ f $. By permutability of $ f $ and $ g $,  we can write  $f^{'}(g(u)) g^{'}(u) = g^{'}(f(u)) f^{'}(u) =0$ for any critical point $ u $ of $ f \circ g $. Since $ g^{'}(u) =0 $, then either $ f^{'}(u) =0 \Rightarrow  u$ is a critical point of $ f $ or $ g^{'}(f(u)) =0 \Rightarrow f(u) $ is a critical point of $ g$. This shows that $ w = g(f(u)) $ is a critical value of $ g $. Therefore,  $w\in SV(g)$.

Next, suppose that $ z $ is an asymptotic value of function $ g $. We have to prove that $ w = f(z) $ is also asymptotic value of $ g $. Then there exists a curve $ \gamma: [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{C} $ such that $ \gamma (t) \to \infty $ and $  g(\gamma (t)) \to z $. So,  $  f(g(\gamma (t))) \to f(z) =w $ as $ t \to \infty $ along $ \gamma $. Since $ f\circ g = g \circ f $, so    $ f(g(\gamma (t))) \to f(z) =w\Rightarrow  g(f(\gamma (t))) \to f(z) =w$ as $ t \to \infty $ along $ \gamma $. This shows $ w $ is an asymptotic value of $ g $. This proves our assertion.

Assume that $ f^{k}(SV(g)) \subset SV(g) $ for some $ k \in \mathbb{N} $ with $ k \leq m $. Then
$$
f^{k +1}(SV(g)) =f(f^{k}(SV(g))) \subset f(SV(g)) \subset SV(g)
$$
Therefore, by induction, for all $ m \in \mathbb{N} $, we must have $ f^{m}(SV(g)) \subset SV(g) $.
The next part $g^{m}(SV(f))\subset SV(f) $ can be proved similarly as above.

\end{proof}
\begin{lem}\label{hs4}
Let $ f $ and $ g $ are two permutable  hyperbolic  transcendental entire functions. Then their composite $ f\circ g $ is also hyperbolic.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We have to prove that $ P(f \circ g) $ is a compact subset of  Fatou set $ F(f \circ g) $. From {\cite[Lemma 3.2]{kum4}}, $ F(f \circ g) \subset F(f) \cap F(g) $. This shows that $ F(f \circ g) $ is a subset of  $ F(f) $ and $ F(g) $. So this lemma will be proved if we prove $ P(f \circ g) $ is a compact subset of $ F(f) \cup F(g) $. By the definition of post singular set of transcendental entire function, we can write
\begin{align*}
P(f \circ g) & =\overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0}(f \circ g)^m(SV(f \circ g))}\\
                 & = \overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0} f^{m}(g^{m}(SV(f \circ g)))}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (\text{by using permutabilty of $f$ and $g$}) \\
                 & \subset \overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0} f^{m}(g^{m}(SV(f) \cup f(SV(g)))} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (\text{by above lemma \ref{hs2}})\\
                 & = \overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0} f^{m}(g^{m}(SV(f))) \cup g^{m}(f^{m + 1}(SV(g)))} \\
                 & \subset\overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0} f^{m}(SV(f)))} \cup \overline{\bigcup_{m\geq 0} g^{m}(SV(g)))}\;\;\;\;(\text{by above lemma \ref{hs3}})\\
                 & = P(f) \cup P(g)
\end{align*}
Since $ f $ and $ g $ are hyperbolic, so $ P(f) $ and $ P(g) $ are compact subset of $ F(f) $ and $ F(g) $. Therefore, the set $P(f) \cup P(g)  $ must be compact subset of $ F(f) \cup F(g) $.
\end{proof}
\begin{proof}[Proof of the Theorem \ref{hs1}]
Any $ f \in S $ can be written as $ f = f_{i_1}\circ f_{i_2}\circ f_{i_3}\circ \cdots\circ f_{i_m}$. By permutability of each $ f_{i} $, we can rearrange $ f_{i_{j}} $ and ultimately represented by
$$
f = f_{1}^{t_{1}} \circ f_{2}^{t_{2}} \circ \ldots \circ f_{n}^{t_{n}}
$$
where each $ t_{k}\geq 0 $ is an integer for $ k = 1, 2, \ldots, n $. The lemma \ref{hs4} can be applied repeatably to show each of $f_{1}^{t_{1}}, f_{2}^{t_{2}},\ldots, f_{n}^{t_{n}}  $ is hyperbolic. Again by repeated application of above same lemma, we can say that $f = f_{1}^{t_{1}} \circ f_{2}^{t_{2}} \circ \ldots \circ f_{n}^{t_{n}}$ is itself hyperbolic  and so the semigroup $ S $ is hyperbolic. Next part follows from {\cite[Theorem 3.3]{sub2}} by the assumption of this theorem.
\end{proof}
\textbf{Acknowledgment}: We express our heart full thanks to Prof. Shunshuke Morosawa, Kochi University, Japan for his thorough reading of this paper with valuable suggestions and comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Things to do in Mission District
For returning travelers
Our most recommended things to do in Mission District
1. Secret Food Tours San Francisco
This tour takes you into the heart of the Mission District, where you will discover an incredibly lively and vibrant neighborhood with a rich cultural and architectural heritage. You and your friends will embark on a three-hour San Francisco gastronomy tour in the heart of the Mission District. You will have the opportunity to discover both the local latino inspired dishes as well as the myriad of cultures that have made their imprint on the Mission today. You will enter a community that fosters stunning political street art, both on the main roads and weaving through the city neighborhoods. All food, desserts, drinks and a professional tour of the city are included in the price. Once your experienced guide shares that you will leave with a stomach full of traditional food, plus local knowledge and sightseeing tips, to enhance the pleasure of your trip that will last with you a lifetime. In the Mission District immigrants made this section of San Francisco uniquely their own. Once home to Irish, German, and Italian Immigrants and now more recently named the epicenter of San Francisco's latino culture. The tour isn't just about eating. Connect the dots so you can truly begin to understand the Mission's thriving culinary scene. Connect with San Francisco's Mission District on a personal level - tasting and learning about the food that the local residents line up at and are happy to share.
2. 49 Mile GoCar Special - All Day For The Price Of 5 Hours
Let a GPS-guided, talking GoCar be your guide during this exciting full-day tour of San Francisco. GoCar lets you experience the beauty of San Francisco and visit places tour buses cannot go – all at your own pace. Zip around in a cute, yellow, storytelling GoCar as it takes you on your own GPS-guided tour. The GoCar is easy and fun to drive and, since it's GPS-guided, it knows where you are – even if you don't. With you in the driver's seat, GoCar not only tells you where to turn, it tells stories that bring San Francisco to life. Follow the directions, or for those more adventurous, blaze your own trail. GoCar will show you the best of San Francisco from the urban parks to the golden beaches, Downtown and Chinatown. You take control of the pace and routes to create a memorable day on the streets of San Francisco. You'll see many of San Francisco's famous tourist destinations such as Pier 39, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Palace of Fine Arts. You'll be guided through some of San Francisco's most beloved neighborhoods, such as the Haight-Ashbury, the Mission, North Beach, and the Castro District. Explore at your own pace, stop for lunch along the way, and see almost all of the famous 49-mile drive past all the beaches, parks, and districts San Francisco has to offer. Let GoCar take you on the road less traveled today.
3. San Francisco: Alcatraz Island and Guided City Tour
Discover the notorious former prison of Alcatraz Island on a guided tour in San Francisco. Take a short tour of the city's beautiful waterfront, spend a few hours on the island, and enjoy a guided city tour of some of the city's famous neighborhoods during the afternoon. Following pickup, enjoy a 30-minute tour of San Francisco's waterfront where you will see notable landmarks such as Embarcadero, Levi's Plaza, and Fisherman's Wharf. Enjoy a brief coffee break at the Ferry Building. Next, make your way to Pier 33 where you'll board the ferry to start your Alcatraz Island tour. Listen to an audio presentation featuring recordings of inmates and guards that worked and inhabited the island. Explore "The Rock" where you will have time for a guided tour and some free time to explore. Take one of the late-morning ferries to San Francisco so you can join for the afternoon portion of your day tour. Cruise along San Francisco's waterfront and the Marina District, and then visit the Palace of Fine Arts. Explore the culturally rich neighborhoods of San Francisco. Learn about what made the Haight-Ashbury, Mission, and Castro districts what they are today and why they're important to so many. After a slow drive through Nob Hill and Chinatown, visit the charming Italian neighborhood of North Beach. Finally, enjoy a trip across the Golden Gate Bridge and pause along the cliffs to admire the beautiful views of the "city by the bay". Take in the spectacular beauty of Golden Gate Park before finishing your tour.
4. San Francisco City Tour
San Francisco is home to some of the most beautiful, historic and notorious sights in the world. Led by an expert guide, encounter the picturesque Golden Gate Bridge, Postcard Row, with its (quite literally) postcard-perfect views. Your guide will collect you from your San Francisco Downtown hotel for this 3.5-hour tour. Visit the Beaux Arts style Civic Center and the famous Opera House. See Twin Peaks and the Golden Gate Bridge. Visit Alamo square, a residential district best known for its Postcard Row. This is a stunning view of seven Painted Ladies and the city skyline.
5. Streets of San Francisco Electric Bike Tour
Enjoy a half-day electric bike tour around the back alleys of San Francisco, exploring North Beach's Little Italy district up-close. Get panoramic views of the iconic Transamerica Pyramid building, and much more. The flat route takes in the Barbary Coast and San Francisco's historic supper clubs. Find out how the neighborhoods have transformed from scandalous to sparkling. Cycle around the Giants' Oracle Ball Park, and into the culturally rich Mission, Castro, and Haight Ashbury neighborhoods. Look at the ever-changing street art scene, and see the locals who rule each area to make their communities unique. Go to Nopa, and take in the charming Painted Ladies of Alamo Square, before visiting the Civic Center. Pedal to Polk Gulch, San Francisco's original gay neighborhood. Finish your tour with at look at Aquatic Park, before cycling to Fisherman's Wharf.
6. San Francisco: Castro LGBTQ Walking Tour
Discover the rich diversity of the world's largest LGBTQ community, the Castro, on this award-winning tour. Join a local LGBTQ activist who will guide you through over 170 years of San Francisco's diverse culture and its historical impact. Visit the Pink Triangle Park and Memorial and more. On your educational, inspirational tour, hear about the life and times of Harvey Milk, the slain supervisor and LGBTQ Civil Rights leader who later created the foundation of LGBTQ culture in this San Francisco neighborhood. Find out where he lived, worked, and advocated for equality. See Castro's abundance of historical LGBTQ sites representing the past, present, and future of this evolving sexual and gender-diverse culture. Pause for reflection in Pink Triangle Park and Memorial, which remembers the thousands of homosexual men persecuted during WWII.Continue to the AIDS Memorial Quilt and Names Project, the GLBT Historical Society, the Rainbow Honor Walk — bronze sidewalk plaques honoring famous LGBTQs who have made an impact in world history — and many more sites besides.
7. San Fran: Carmel, Monterey & Big Sur Full-Day Private Tour
Explore the Big Sur and Monterey areas of California at your own pace, and avoid the hassle of organized bus tours. Traveling by private car, enjoy the comfort of seeing the places you want to see without worrying about your departure or arrival time. Learn more about the famous landmarks with a reliable service, offering maximum security and, most of all, the best level of hospitality in the industry. Following a pick-up from your accommodation in San Francisco (pick-ups in other cities in the Bay Area are available on arrangement), get recommendations on the best places to stop to take pictures or explore further; you decide where you want to go. Take a scenic drive from San Francisco to Carmel and Big Sur via State Route 1, the north-south highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of California. Travel the forested road of 17-Mile Drive. Discover the Mission District and Monterey Bay Aquarium. See all the sights of Fisherman's Wharf. Drive down to the Big Sur Bixby Creek Bridge, and marvel at the flora and fauna of Poit Lobos State Reserve south of Carmel before your return to San Francisco.
8. San Francisco: Mission District Food and Culture Tour
Take an interactive walking tour of one of the United States' best cultural and culinary neighborhoods, San Francisco's Mission District. Be entertained by stories from your expert guide as you sample Latin American cuisine. Meet your guide at the meeting point and hand over the cash for the food so they can pay for the entire group at each of the stops, minimizing waiting times and ensuring you get more for your money. Then, set off on your walking tour and make 4 culinary stops. Hear about the history of the city and learn about the Mission's unique food culture as you walk along the mural-lined streets between the restaurants. See some of San Francisco's coolest historic sights, explore a thriving arts district filled with murals, and, of course, visit a few select restaurants. Come hungry and get ready to dig into all the Mission District has to offer.
9. San Francisco: Alcatraz Entry Ticket and E-Bike Street Tour
Immerse yourself in the vibrant streets of San Francisco on a guided e-bike tour on the first day and on the second day travel by ferry to the island of Alcatraz. Discover the island's dark secrets with an audio tour. Uncover the best of the city on this 2-day tour. Meet your guide and get set up with your e-bike, lock, and helmet. Store your things away in the handlebar bag and rear gear rack. Peddle through the back alleys of North Beach's Little Italy and have up-close views of the iconic Transamerica Pyramid Building. See the Barbary Coast and San Francisco's historic supper clubs. Find out how the neighborhoods have transformed from scandalous to sparkling. Ride around the Giants' Oracle ball park and into the culturally rich Mission, Castro, and Haight Ashbury neighborhoods View the ever-changing street art and the locals make each community unique. Cruise to Nopa and take in the charming Painted Ladies of Alamo Square before visiting the Civic Center. Ride through Polk Gulch and finish your tour at Fisherman's Wharf. Cross San Francisco Bay on a journey to the notorious Alcatraz Prison by ferry. This world-famous prison served as a federal penitentiary from 1934 to 1963 and housed infamous criminals like Al Capone and Robert Stroud, the Birdman. Take the award-winning audio tour and hear the tales of those who lived in Alcatraz. This tour brings history alive through the recounting of tales from correctional officers and prisoners.
10. San Francisco: Sightseeing Day Pass for 30+ Attractions
This day pass has over 30 destinations, museums, and tours to choose from, including some of the most popular attractions all over San Francisco. With the option to select 1, 2, 3, or 5 days, you can enjoy the attractions that interest you most with no fixed start date. With the sightseeing pass, take advantage of included admission to attractions, saving you up to 50% of total visitation costs all over the Golden Gate City. Get to know the unique neighborhoods of San Francisco on the hop-on hop-off bus. Wind your way down the iconic Lombard Street in historic Russian Hill, home of the landmark Ghirardelli Chocolate Factory, then head south through picturesque Nob Hill for a look at lux mansions and gothic cathedrals. Cruise through Chinatown, the oldest and largest Asian center in North America. Nearby, check out the boutique shops and contemporary art galleries surrounding Union Square, or the striking skyscrapers of the Financial District. Pass the colorful "Painted Ladies," the famous Victorian houses bordering Alamo Square Park, then wander through laidback Lower-Haight towards the revolutionary Haight-Ashbury, capital of the 1960s hippie counterculture. To the south, the renowned "the Castro District," the LGBTQ+ mecca in San Francisco, is awash in culture, cuisine, and nightlife. Its neighbor, the trendy Latino-influenced Mission District is a booming center for hipster bars, gourmet restaurants, and music venues. Attractions: • 7D Experience: Combo 7D and Flyer • Oracle Park Tour • Aquarium of the Bay • Escape Game San Francisco • Madame Tussauds San Francisco • Magowan's Infinite Mirror Maze • Ripley's Marvelous Mirror Maze • Asian Art Museum • USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space MuseumMUNI: 1-day visitor pass Tours: • Big Bus 1-day hop-on hop-off bus tour • Hornblower Ferry Cruises: Sacramento Alive After Five Cruise, Sacramento Historical River Cruise, Sacramento Rock the Yacht Cruise, or San Francisco Alive After Five Cruise • Scavenger Hunts San Francisco • Sausalito Bike Rentals & Tours • Wild SF Walking Tours: Haunted SF: The City After Dark • Bay City Bike: Golden Gate Park guided bike tour or comfort full-day bike rental • GoCar: 1-hour tour • Parkwide bike rentals Complete list of attractions can be found on the following link: https://www.sightseeingpass.com/en/san-francisco/day-pass/attraction-list/ota
San Francisco: Castro LGBTQ Walking Tour
Secret Food Tours San Francisco
San Francisco: Alcatraz Island and Guided City Tour
49 Mile GoCar Special - All Day For The Price Of 5 Hours
per group up to 2
San Fran: Carmel, Monterey & Big Sur Full-Day Private Tour
San Francisco City Tour
San Francisco: Mission District Food and Culture Tour
Streets of San Francisco Electric Bike Tour
San Francisco: Alcatraz Entry Ticket and E-Bike Street Tour
San Francisco: Sightseeing Day Pass for 30+ Attractions
SF: Mission District Mural Art and Food Tour with Tasting
San Francisco: Mission District Walking Food Tour
San Francisco: Guided City Tour
San Francisco: Sightseeing Flex Pass
San Francisco: Neighborhood Walking Tour - 6 Route Options
2.5 - 3.5 hours
Access by Stairs
SF: Luxury, Multi-Course Food Tour in Mission District
Top sights in Mission District
1. Alcatraz
2. Golden Gate Bridge
3. San Francisco Bay
5. San Francisco Zoo
Frequently asked questions about Mission District
What are the best tours in Mission District?
The best tours in Mission District are:
See all in Mission District on GetYourGuide
What are the best outdoor activities to do in Mission District?
The best outdoor activities to do in Mission District are:
See all outdoor activities in Mission District on GetYourGuide
What are the best indoor activities in Mission District for rainy days?
The best indoor activities in Mission District for rainy days are:
San Francisco: Mission District Food & History Walking Tour
See all best indoor activities in Mission District on GetYourGuide
What are the most popular museums and exhibitions in Mission District?
These are the most popular museums and exhibitions in Mission District:
See all museums and exhibitions in Mission District on GetYourGuide
1 Mission District Activities
2 Mission District Outdoor activities
3 Mission District Tours
4 Mission District Good for groups
5 Mission District Audio guides
6 Mission District Boats & yachts
7 Mission District Cruises & boat tours
8 Mission District Water activities
9 Mission District Sightseeing cruises
10 Mission District Wheelchair accessible
11 Mission District Family-friendly activities
12 Mission District Nature & adventure
13 Mission District Solo travelers' tours
14 Mission District Activities for couples
15 Mission District Romance & special occasions
16 Mission District Garden & park tours
17 Mission District National parks
18 Mission District Natural Attractions & National Parks
19 Mission District Day trips
20 Mission District Safaris & wildlife activities
Other Sightseeing Options in Mission District
Want to discover all there is to do in Mission District? Click here for a full list.
What people are saying about Mission District
We very very much enjoyed our tour. We were a party of 6 from America and the UK. The vehicle was comfortable and airy. Our tour guide Antonio was amazing. Very knowledgeable, helpful and polite. He showed us some fabulous sights of the city which we would have found difficult to get round on our own. He also recommended a lovely restaurant for us all to have lunch in at the end of our tour. Overall 1st class.
San Francisco City Tour Reviewed by Julie, 10/6/2022
Kathy was a fantastic guide with clear firsthand experience of the history of the Castro. She was open and genuine about her experiences and always related the history of the Castro to current day events and the struggles still affecting the LGBTQ+ community. Really fantastic, informative and thought provoking tour.
San Francisco: Castro LGBTQ Walking Tour Reviewed by Zehra, 12/10/2022
Wow. This tour was amazing. If you want to learn a little history of the Mission District along with its Spanish influence, this is the tour for you. Did I mention the food? Well that was the best part.
Secret Food Tours San Francisco Reviewed by Shirlivia, 11/14/2022
Brilliant insight into The Mission area, it's history, culture and its people. Informative and fun!
Secret Food Tours San Francisco Reviewed by Suzanne, 11/22/2022
The tours were well organized and very informative.
San Francisco: Alcatraz Entry Ticket and E-Bike Street Tour Reviewed by Cary, 10/5/2022


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Q: AWS: add second internal load balancer to elastic beanstalk in terraform Is it possible to manipulate beanstalk's autoscaling group and target group in terraform adding additional (internal) load balancer? If yes, how?
I want to have 2 load balancers one internal and the other one public.
I found this workaround from AWS:
https://aws.amazon.com/it/blogs/networking-and-content-delivery/using-static-ip-addresses-for-application-load-balancers/
Is there any other smarter solution?

A: I think that this can be perfectly achieved, but you need a small change in the approach.
You will not have 2 load balancers inside of EB, but instead, your beanstalk will describe the infrastructure starting in the second load balancer, set as internal, and then you will add another public load balancer that is pointing to the BE load balancer.
We can achieve this in a much easier way than the one proposed in AWS blog.
For this, your BE setup will be pretty much the same that you have, but:

*

*set the load balancer as type network. This is the only type that will allow you to have Static IPs in the load balancer.

*set the load balancer to be internal (inside of network configuration of beanstalk, set visibility as internal, and uncheck "assign public IP address to EC2 instances..."

*assign Elastic IPs to your load balancer, at least 2, in different availability zones.

*the rest of your Beanstalk stays as you have it.

Now create a public load balancer:

*

*This can be of any type you need. Maybe ALB if you want to do SSL termination or any other layer 7 magic. Also, it has to be public

*create a new target group. The Target type of this group should be IP.

*Register the 2 Elastic IPs of your network load balancer above.

*Add a listener to your ALB pointing to this target group

and this will do the magic. You will need to check how to do this in terraform, but the approach is quite straightforward so I'm sure terraform will let you do it.

The advantage of this as opposed to the AWS blog (that is designed for a quite different purpose), is that here the internal load balancer is network, while the external doesn't need to be. With the NLB being the internal one, you avoid a lot of overhead in the infrastructure and also avoid dynamic logic like the lambda they propose to register IP addresses.
With this approach, you get a much more declarative architecture, easier to describe in terraform and easier to maintain once in production.

A: You can only associate a target group with one load balancer. Once you associate a target group to a load balancer that target group will no longer be available to associate with another ALB.
You could possibly come up with a work around using different approaches like port and security group rules, or create a second target group.
None of this is what Elastic beanstalk is designed to do. It's merely an easy way for developers to push code and remain hands off of the underlying infrastructure. When the complexity level increases its time to move away from EB.

A: you can extend its TargetGroupARNs from EB on your optionsettings,
using cloudformation syntax:
  - Namespace: aws:cloudformation:template:resource:property
    ResourceName: AWSEBAutoScalingGroup
    OptionName: TargetGroupARNs
    Value: [{\"Ref\":\"AWSEBV2LoadBalancerTargetGroup\"},"ARN_FROM_A_EXTERNAL_TARGETGROUP_LINKING_TO_ANOTHER_LOADBALANCER"}]

and, yes, I just found a reference to aws:cloudformation:template:resource:property here, there is no documentation at all


Dynamic Landscapes 2015 is right around the corner, and we're excited to announce a number of partner educators presenting at this statewide showcase of edtech in Vermont.
Keith Puffer, Washington West: Whose Line Is It, Anyway?
Daisy Frederick, Brattleboro Area Middle School: Games Design: Systems Thinking, Project-Based Learning Awesomeness!
Plus don't miss Passion Projects for the Elementary School Student with Richmond Elementary School's Beth Redford and Darcie Rankin — we attended the school's Celebration of Learning last week and were totally blown away by the scholars' work.