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Landscape of Belonging: Joshua Tree's Climbing Legacy
Jenny Kane
Jenny Kane is an artist and educator whose work explores community-building in diverse environments. In 2016, she received an MFA in Public Practice from Otis College of Art and Design. Currently she coordinates a Volunteer Art Program for The Joshua Tree Art Innovation Laboratory (JT Lab), an NEA funded arts initiative, hosted by Joshua Tree National Park. She spends summers guiding mountain expeditions in the Sierra.
The Mojave Project is an experimental transmedia documentary and curatorial project led by Kim Stringfellow exploring the physical, geological and cultural landscape of the Mojave Desert. The Mojave Project reconsiders and establishes multiple ways in which to interpret this unique and complex landscape, through association and connection of seemingly unrelated sites, themes, and subjects thus creating a speculative and immersive experience for our audience.
It was a cold, windy weekend of climbing in Joshua Tree National Park Monument. Sitting on top of Toe Jam — one of the famous beginner climbing routes on the Old Woman — Dan Zacks and his daughter Sierra scanned the expanse of Hidden Valley campground.
Waiting for the sun to dip behind the distant reaches of Mount San Gorgonio, they wait and whisper, watching the colors crescendo and light the edges of the rocks,framing what could almost become a stairway along the skyline.
Map from the 1979 edition of John Wolfe and Bob Dominick's A Climber's Guide to Joshua Tree National Monument.
Every day in the park, the sunset seems to beckon those present to pause and take notice of the changing light. From every corner and crevice around Intersection Rock, the Old Woman, Cyclops and the Blob, tiny figures appear above the horizons, find a perch, and turn to gaze west. Hundreds of brown, orange, tannish pink and speckled white quartz monzonite formations fill the landscape in every direction.
The shadows cast in the evening light turn the weathered pockets and oxidized mountain faces slightly purple and dissolve some of the rougher textures into a diffused light, giving the illusion of a soft, rounded body — the belly of the earth slowly revealed through hundreds of thousands of years of erosion by wind and water.
Looking down at the road and adjacent parking lot, Dan explains to Sierra how the road was moved; how it used to pass around the east side of Intersection Rock when there was no parking lot. Dan spent countless nights camping in Hidden Valley as a teenager, learning to climb and immersing himself in the National Monument's landscape and its fledgling climbing community.
A 1970s aerial view of the Old Woman taken on top of Intersection Rock. This photo shows the old access road to Hidden Valley Campground | Tony Yeary
"All of a sudden I saw like thirty-five years of my footprints in Hidden Valley, thousands of them, all glowing on the ground. It was like they were all there. I have walked around this place a lot in my lifetime. I have that relationship with this park — a history with almost everywhere in the park I go."
Almost every rock formation in Joshua Tree National Park has a name and a place in human history. The vast 800,000 acres that comprise Joshua Tree National Park today house historical sites up to 5,000 years-old, where Native American groups, including the Pinto Man, Chemehuevi, Serrano and Cahuilla people, sought winter shelter in the warm coves of rocks, near the occasional oasis, tracking small mammals and deer for food and gathering mesquite beans, chia seeds and various root crops. Rock art can be found in caves and on exposed rock walls in and around the park. Much later, commercially viable deposits of gold altered the landscape and man's relationship with this place, and boarded-up mines can be seen to this day in and around the park.
About a decade after it was established as a National Monument in 1936, Joshua Tree began drawing the attention of another kind of prospector, seeking a different kind of relationship with the landscape: the Climber.
The first recognized climbers in Joshua Tree belonged to the Sierra Club's Rock Climbing Section (RCS). The RCS organized trips for the Sierra Club and the Boy Scouts beginning in the 1940s. For the most part, however, the community was small, with groups of friends casually meeting after school or on weekends to climb at the nearest crags and bouldering areas, such as Stoney Point, Big Rock, Mount Rubidoux, Tahquitz, Suicide Rocks at Idyllwild and Joshua Tree. Beginning in the 1950s, many of the better-known pioneers of climbing and mountaineering, including Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, T.M Herbert, Mark Powell and Eric Beck, also began making frequent climbing excursions to Joshua Tree.
For those early climbers, Joshua Tree offered a challenging and picturesque area to climb but it also offered a path towards self-exploration and a connection to the landscape. Ultimately, the path they forged would encourage multiple generations of climbers to test themselves here while exploring the region's vertical geological expanses. These are the stories of climbers who traveled here to learn the language of the rocks and share a common passion for this particular landscape.
Dan Zacks with his VW wagon at Joshua Tree National Monument, circa mid-1970s | Dan Zacks
Dan Zacks' first visit to Joshua Tree was in 1976. At age 16, Dan felt uncomfortable and confined by public education along with the artificiality of his urban surroundings. He sought time outside while sleeping in the desert under the stars to reflect on his future. Carrying a few gallons of water and some consciousness-expanding books, including those of Carlos Castaneda, Dan set out to camp for a few nights in the Joshua Tree National Monument beyond the end of what is now known as Lost Horse Road. Here, he found that he could effortlessly commune with nature. His anxiety lifted and his mind settled.
On one of his last days out, Dan was approached by a man who was camping with his family. Soon after they began chatting, the man suggested Dan should be his belayer, or climbing partner. This was John Wolfe, a firefighter from Mission Viejo who had been camping and climbing in Joshua Tree since the early 1960s. John, his brothers Rich and Mike Wolfe, Al Ruiz, Howard Weamer, Bill Briggs, Dick Webster, and Woody Stark would establish over two dozen of the classic climbs on Intersection Rock and other significant formations in and around Hidden Valley Campground.[1]
It was an idyllic era for us 'old-timers.' We climbed the obvious lines, picked our competition and leisurely experimented with techniques and equipment. Standards rose slowly and we had a hell of a lot of fun. —John Wolfe
John and his friends eventually "incorporated" the crew as Desert Rats, Uninhibited. The group irreverently described themselves as "a disorganized non-organization dedicated to the principles of total and absolute unusualism." Self-branding of this type was not unique to the Joshua Tree climbing scene. Across the U.S., inventive collectives such as the Vulgarians at the The Gunks (Shawangunk Mountains, New York) paved the way in the late 1950s by climbing difficult routes, sometimes in the nude.
Despite the description, the Desert Rats were actually one of the more conservative climbing groups in Joshua Tree during this time. Although irreverent, John had strict rules for those who climbed with him. He coached Dan on how to climb every style of 5.7 — face, off-width, chimney, thin crack, mixed — before going on to climb those same styles at 5.8.[2] Dan explains, "Climbing with the Desert Rats was really regimented and John's ethics were severe—everything had a consequence."
Considering that technical rock-climbing ability and gear were still relatively primitive, skilled climbing partners were often the greatest asset for safety and also provided the necessary encouragement to push perceived mental limitations and aim for feats seemed physically impossible. The partnership of rope offered a kind of familial tribalism while assuring that certain rules and ethics would be strictly followed to provide safety while climbing.
Throughout the 1960s climbing standards and techniques remained relatively conservative, with aid climbing [3] — the placement of climbing gear in the rock used to pull one's body upward — being a common form of ascent. Climbers relied on a few pieces of commercially made gear available at the time, but many would design and construct their own gear, including swami belts, the precursor to the modern climbing harness. Pitons were one of the first pieces of gear made and sold to early mountaineers. The 1970s saw an increase in the popularity of climbing and many resulting innovations and improvements in gear and safety. Most of these innovations, such as padded harnesses and spring-loaded camming devices, were created by climbers themselves. In fact, Black Diamond, Patagonia, North Face, Gramicci, Fish Products and 5.10 were founded by climbers who initially designed and fabricated gear in their garages to sell out of their cars and vans.
The 1979 edition of John Wolfe and Bob Dominick's A Climber's Guide to Joshua Tree National Monument.
When the Desert Rats began detailing the area's climbs during the late 1960s, they were continuing a tradition of naming routes and recording first ascents that would build over the next four decades. Some of the more colorful route names (then and now) in JTNP include Bongladesh (Intersection Rock), Fisticuffs (Tumbling Rainbow), Alice in Wonderjam (The Comic Strip), Are you Experienced? (Lost Horse), It (Hall of Horrors), Grand Theft Avocado (Steve Canyon), I Can't Believe It's a Girdle (Freak Brothers Domes), Room to Shroom (Barker Dam area) and Toe Jam (Old Woman).[4]
In 1971, John Wolfe and Bob Dominick, with input from another climbing group, the Riverside Bunch, would co-author the first published area guidebook, "The Climber's Guide to Joshua Tree National Monument."[5] Zacks assembled and updated many of these guidebooks himself to cover "rent" for crashing on John's couch when he was not sleeping in his van. The second and third editions were published into the late 1970s. These playfully wry but detailed guidebooks helped to introduce more climbers to Joshua Tree's expanding vertical frontier, establishing the area as the perfect winter climbing destination.[6]
The older routes established during the previous decade by the Desert Rats, and others using aided? techniques, were later free climbed by John Long and those who identified with the Stonemasters. For example, North Overhang on Intersection Rock, was first scaled by John Wolfe and Howard Weimer in 1969, using direct aid and subsequently free climbed by Long at 5.9.
Free climbing as an end in itself was an ethic and a philosophy born on the walls of Tahquitz and Yosemite during the 1960s, through the pioneering efforts of Royal Robbins, Chuck Pratt, Mark Powell, Frank Sacherer, Bob Kamps and others. This entailed climbing a route from the ground up without hanging or pulling on a piece of climbing gear or stepping in aid ladders. The technique required strength and prowess to reach the top, using climbing gear only as protection against a potential fall or misstep.
This shift in technique established a new era in rock-climbing culture. Limitations imposed by the use of aid gear and the time-consuming techniques were set aside, and the unlimited potential of the vertical world was cracked wide open. The energy that surged through the climbing community during this decade brought new perspective to the walls that had been previously seen as too hard to climb without the use of aid.
Dean Fidelman (right) and Mari Gingery (left) at Hidden Valley Campground, 1978. | © Brian Rennie/Benchmark Studios (1978 - 2017)
Mari Gingery studied biochemistry in Los Angeles during the mid-1970s and eventually landed a university research lab position studying bacteriophages. On weekends she would test her physical limits on the rocks in and around Southern California at Stoney Point, Suicide and Tahquitz Rocks and Joshua Tree.
Gingery found that the landscape of the Mojave Desert, with its distant vistas, offered her a counterbalance to the intense focus that she brought to her work: learning to climb, camping under the stars, developing meaningful bonds with other dedicated climbers and getting intimate with the vertical landscape of Southern California.
Gingery fondly recalls the community of climbers in Joshua Tree during that time, which included John Bachar and John "Yabo" Yablonski, both of whom had "dropped out" to pursue climbing full-time. Yablonski and Bachar were committed to the lifestyle in their own ways: Bachar lived out of a 1960s red Volkswagen camper van, Yablonski out of his backpack.
(Left to right): John "Yabo" Yablonsky, unknown individual, Dean Fidelman, Jessica and Mari Gingery with John Bachar's red van in the background. | © Brian Rennie/Benchmark Studios (1978 - 2017)
This lifestyle grew out of a dedication to climbing full-time, or at least as often as possible. "Dirtbags" at the time could live on three dollars a day and a toothbrush. For those who didn't own cars, hitchhiking became the preferred way to get around. Off-the-grid climbers would hold down campsites at Hidden Valley Campground and carloads of friends would join them on weekends, foregoing weekday climbing to save their best energies for their forays with the weekend visitors.
Anybody who was climbing, you would know them. In the beginning, there was no territorialism—it was a friendly community. We were all hungry for the company of other climbers. —Mari Gingery
They shared campsites and huddled around fires in the protected boulder alcoves of the campground. Despite competitiveness, information about new climb routes was enthusiastically discussed around campfires. John Long, the self-appointed campground ambassador, would conduct a fireside chat with almost anyone, especially if it provided an opportunity to boast about a new route he had just free climbed.
Mari Gingery with her long time partner, Mike Lechlinski—one of the climbing greats of Southern California. | Randy Vogel
The loose group of friends also found time to frolic about the campsite, often to the disdain of park personnel who considered the climbers a nuisance. Photographer-climber Brian Rennie recalls how, on one occasion, park rangers threatened to arrest those responsible for hoisting a picnic table to the top of Intersection Rock, which provided a 360-degree scenic view while dining. Understandably, park rangers were none too happy with the prank but had no proof of who actually did it. When the table was not removed from its perch, the rangers returned after a couple of weeks, this time offering a case of beer for its removal in lieu of legal action. The table eventually came down under cover of nightfall.
Evenings were a time to unwind from the day's focused movements with late-night bouldering sessions, simply for play. Exploring the outer reaches of Hidden Valley Campground, Kevin Powell remembers how at night the group would occasionally wander into The Outback. Past the Negasaurus formation is a forgotten historic campfire ring whose charcoal residue remains. Some evenings, John Bachar would carry his saxophone out there. Each person would take turns on the Hobbit Hole, a wide-crack boulder problem located just behind the campfire, while Bachar riffed on his sax and the group improvised lyrics to the Roland Kirk song, "Sugar." These words became a mantra of sorts during these late night gatherings.
The benzoin drips from my wasted tips, the thin crank was mine. You can bet your life a thin crank like this would be hard to find. (Improvised "Sugar" lyric)
Lynn Hill photographed on the cover of Mountain Magazine No. 83, Jan/Feb 1982. | Randy Vogel
Mari's close friend Lynn Hill considers the friends she made during this time of her life to be part of her extended family.
What began as a small group of friends expanded into a community of people from all walks of life. Quite a few were students majoring in esoteric fields like astrophysics, math and archeology. There were also a lot of unemployed vagabonds, and even a few whose lives hovered on the fringe of legality. But most of the climbers I knew held down an array of jobs and careers from carpenters and construction workers to doctors, lawyers, scientists, actors and shop managers. Climbing was the one passion we all shared in common. —Lynn Hill with Craig Child, "Climbing Free: My Life in the Vertical World" 2002
Brian Rennie's 1978 photo at The Blob of climbers associated with the Stonemasters. | © Brian Rennie/Benchmark Studios (1978 - 2017)
Many of these climbers were bound together by actual admittance or association to the Stonemasters, which formed during the early 1970s and initially included John Long, Ricky Accomazzo, Richard Harrison, Tobin Sorenson, Mike Graham, Gib Lewis and Robs Muir. The name itself represents and is synonymous with climbing culture in California during the 1970s.
John Long (foreground), Mike Lechlinski (seated), John Bachar (upper right) and unknown individual belaying. | © Brian Rennie/Benchmark Studios (1978 - 2017)
To be identified as a Stonemaster, one had to be a master of stone, but also a master of his or her own mind. The only "official" requirement was to make a free ascent of Valhalla, a notoriously scary route, at Suicide Rocks in Idyllwild. However, those in the know stopped keeping official records after the first ten free ascents were accomplished. The Stonemasters' philosophy grew out of storied mountaineering legends of climbers who survived the most challenging of situations. This vision — an outlook for living in the present, tested on the rock — was a state of mind free of distractions and completely dedicated to the act of climbing.
As a part of this visionary camp, Gingery knew just as well as any of them that climbing was a training method for your mind. To get past the fear that inevitably creeps in while climbing required "an imposed calm, where everything else has to drop away." Fortunately, the minimal yet expansive landscape of Joshua Tree encourages this type of intense concentration.
John Bachar on Zombie Woof (5.12b) in Real Hidden Valley. | © Brian Rennie/Benchmark Studios (1978 - 2017).
The framework of rock presents a series of tiny geologic features that must be read by the climber's eyes, hands and feet. Each crack, nub of quartz, edge or flake carries with it information the climber must interpret with their own body. The rock doesn't move for you; it is a stalwart, rooted force withstanding hundreds of thousands of years of wind-induced erosion and sun-stained exposure.
Climbers learn to speak the language of this landscape through artful engagement of their whole mind/body while moving with and across the rocks. First their eyes are drawn to the layout of the lines carved through the endless profusion of bouldery cliffs, then sandpapery rock faces and cracked slabs. Zig-zagging vertical and horizontal pathways become aesthetic lines directing them upward, while minute holds demand measured movements and closer listening.
Gingery is well known for her agility, strength and composure on the rock. Small holds requiring delicate crossover movement through exposed finishes did not hold her back from following John Bachar up some of the most difficult boulder problems established during this period of Joshua Tree's climbing history.
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The day Bachar successfully climbed Crank City — a V4 boulder problem west of Turtle Rock — Gingery stunned everyone by immediately following the climb with no hesitation. Roy McClenahan, a newly integrated member of the crew, remembers the day well:
I was there that day. This happened during the last breaths of the 1970s. When Bachar topped out, he disappeared for a moment behind the summit and then just his head and shoulders reappeared and he was wearing this great big grin. Within minutes, Mari actually got the second ascent of Crank City. She was so stoked and so were the rest of us.
The group energy that accompanies such bouldering sessions contributed to a heightened sense of confidence and a variety of potential solutions. With each creative attempt and concentrated burst of energy towards the top, the next person to follow might see a new path that was impossible to see before. These ascents were accomplished by the individual but spurred on by fellow climbers gathered below, who called out reassuringly.
We didn't care what we were called, Stonemaster or otherwise. We had a special bond — a tribal blend of camaraderie and self-reliance. We pursued adventure with a hearty minimalism. We climbers strove to abide the natural constraints of the rock and we valued on-sight climbing very highly. Our climbs required precision and boldness. —Roy McClenahan
For Gingery and many of the others, climbing provided grounding in their lives through commitment to process and internal ethics; the community bonded together by similar and consistent goals. In these moments of personal growth where friends were present to witness each other's achievements, lifelong connections were forged among them, but also with the landscape where it all took place. To those identified as Stonemasters, the label simply reflects the energy that was created amongst those particular climbers, but also describes what the sport meant for everyone climbing in Joshua Tree during this legacy decade.
Climbers today continue to make pilgrimages to Joshua Tree to learn the language of the rock. The faces on the walls change, new routes are added as climbing styles evolve over time, but the early energy and camaraderie unmistakably endure. The dedication of those early climbing groups, who laid down roots in this place they so revered, continues to compel serious climbers, both past and present, to be part of this ever-evolving community.
Bernadette Regan grew up in a big family in a small Pennsylvania town. After discovering climbing during the early 2000s, she made her way out to California in 2004. Regan was looking for a place to climb full-time all year round, outside of a climbing gym. Joshua Tree turned out to be the ideal landing pad after spending her first summer in Yosemite.
After applying for a climbing-shoe repair job in Joshua Tree, Regan found part-time employment at a popular restaurant called Crossroads Cafe, informally referred to as the "Living Room" by locals. Off-the-rock climbers [WHAT'S THAT?] would eat, drink and commune there after climbing. Rather than learning her customer's actual names, Bernadette would refer to them by what they ordered; "Too Strong" Dave Mayville was always "Burger, no mayo — no fucking mayo." Costumed, cross-dressing climbers sitting at the bar, chatting about a day's adventures on the rocks were not unusual.
Regan states that her decision to stay in Joshua Tree after her first season was because of the community — not the climbing, which she initially found somewhat intimidating and quite painful. Years later, now working as the climbing ranger in Joshua Tree National Park Service, she hosts Climber Coffee in a different sort of "Living Room" — Hidden Valley Campground.
Routes for the southwest face of Intersection Rock from the 1979 edition of John Wolfe and Bob Dominick's A Climber's Guide to Joshua Tree National Monument.
Intersection Rock sits at the epicenter of the climbing scene in Joshua Tree National Park. To the uninitiated, it's just the big rock next to the park's crossroads where a day-tourist might turn right for Hidden Valley Picnic Area and the Nature Loop, or left towards Hidden Valley Campground and Barker Dam. To a climber it is home of over forty routes, many of them local classics, with each face and crack on this formation a piece of climbing history.
The parking lot on its east flank is a gathering spot for those meeting up to climb and for local guides preparing to meet families and other groups for the day's adventures. On Saturday and Sunday mornings during the peak season from October to April, climbers and non-climbers gather in the campground for Climber Coffee, a National Park Service-sponsored community outreach event that has been occurring regularly for almost two decades. As the park's climbing ranger, Regan moderates casual conversations for climbers about current closures, climbing conditions and other policy issues, including "Leave No Trace" practices related to recreation in the park. She remembers regular visitors by their names, but also by the mugs or containers they bring for the free coffee and tea.
JTNP flyer for Climber Coffee at Hidden Valley Campground | Courtesy of JTNP.
These morning gatherings act as an unintimidating social and cultural bridge, where excited beginner climbers and seasoned climbers can interact and share stories. Some of the climbers are visiting for the first time. Others haven't been back for twenty or thirty years. Those returning often comment that familiar climbing routes seem more challenging, but the place itself hasn't changed, except there are more visitors to the park.
The JTNP climbing ranger Bernadette Regan (right) hosts Climber Coffee on Saturday and Sunday mornings at Hidden Valley Campground |Courtesy of JTNP
A group of climbers gathers for the JTNP hosted Climber Coffee at Hidden Valley Campground. | Courtesy of JTNP
For Regan, and for many of the dedicated climbers drawn to Joshua Tree, the area has become much more than a popular climbing destination. Mari Gingery and Mike Lechlinski bought land in Joshua Tree during the mid-1980s. The couple is still actively connected to the local climbing community, though not as active in climbing as they once were. The friendships forged while climbing throughout California during the mid-to-late 1970s make up their extended friend and family network. Every few years they attend a reunion at the Hidden Valley Campground or at a neighbor's house in Joshua Tree, where stories are resurrected and meals shared in the same manner as they were in past decades, when everyone gathered around the campground's picnic tables.
Todd Gordon is another climber that settled in Joshua Tree during the mid-1980s. Over time, his place became fondly known as "Gordon Ranch," where those associated with the burgeoning dirtbag community could crash and shower if the JTNP campground was full — even without knowing Todd personally. However, only committed climbers were invited to stay there and an unspoken level of trust was required to do so.
Todd Gordon is pictured center during Scott Cosgrove's 2016 memorial service. | © John Mireles 2016
The camaraderie among the climbing community is often expressed when someone is injured or dies. Climbers come together through online forums such as Mountain Project and Supertopo to offer support to those in need. Sometimes this simply entails dog-sitting for friends stuck in the hospital or joining together to raise funds through gear sales to help offset costly medical bills. Many of these local DIY fundraisers are organized at Gordon's house. In 2009, Roy McClenahan was the beneficiary of one of these fundraisers when debilitating musculoskeletal pain had rendered him unable to work. A memorial was held at Gordon Ranch for legendary climber/stuntman Scott Cosgrove in 2016 who had suffered extensive injuries during a commercial rigging assignment less than two years earlier at age 52. Cosgrove is credited for establishing some of Joshua Tree's most difficult climbs including G-String (5.13d), The Cutting Edge (5.13d) and Integrity (5.14a).
Climber Kurt Smith shows off his John Bachar tattoo with Dave Yerian (right), who with Bachar did the first ascent of the Bachar-Yerian | © John Mireles 2016
Dan Zacks is now a retired emergency medical professional. In his spare time he teaches wilderness first aid to outdoor professionals. During the late 1980s, he moved back to Joshua Tree after meeting the woman who he now fondly refers to as "his better half." He and his wife, Cindy, a local Morongo Basin high school biology teacher chose to raise their only daughter, Sierra, within this landscape and its caring community.
A young Sierra Zacks on lead belayed by her father Dan Zacks at JTNP. | Locker Thompson | Courtesy of the Zacks family
Sierra graduated in 2016 with a degree in biology from UC Santa Cruz. During the summer, Sierra guides families and other adventurers through the Sierra Nevada on backpack trips lasting as long as eighteen days. Her competence as a guide is informed by a deep respect of the earth instilled in her by her parents, who themselves are encouraged and revitalized by the environmental consciousness of today's generation.
Indeed, the Zacks are inspired by their daughter and her contemporaries' committed desire to live more minimally and sustainably. They are impressed with how these young people spend as much time outdoors as possible — even making career choices to maximize that recreational time. They see this new generation upholding their own eco-consciousness, born out of the idealistic 1970s environmental movement that is forever at odds with corporate interests and blatant consumerism.
Sierra Zacks (foreground) showing her mother Cindy Zacks the ropes | Courtesy of the Zacks family
As a climber herself, Sierra realizes how important it was for her to be exposed to climbing culture at such an early age. She feels that her father's friends and climbing partners unconsciously encouraged her to follow a lifestyle that she is now making her own. Akin to her father's way of life during his early twenties, she too is living in her own converted cargo van, which she fondly dubbed "Vincent van GO" as a nod to her recent studies in art history. This pared-down mobile existence is just part of the lifestyle that allows her to live in a way that is meaningful to her.[7]
She describes her path as one of cultivating curiosity and proximity to the earth. Through human connection within spiritual sanctuaries like Joshua Tree — places where there is room to sit quietly and stare, get lost and find oneself again, or spend time with friends discovering one's own place — where we can feel at home again.
The Zacks: Dan, Cindy and Sierra on the Lost Horse Mine trail loop | Courtesy of the Zacks family
Many of the climbers interviewed for this dispatch shared similar personal stories concerning the value of climbing. When you wholeheartedly pursue the discipline of climbing, you become more connected to your body, more intimate with the earth. Perhaps most significant of all, you enter into a joyful, supportive community of like-minded people. To an outside observer, climbing may appear to be about extreme physical feats and human domination of the landscape, flashy gear and branded clothing, but at the heart of the climbing community is an ethos of simplicity, stewardship, and connection to the land that continues to thrive in magical places like Joshua Tree.
This dispatch tells a portion of the rich history contained in Joshua Tree National Park. By no means does this reflect the experiences of every climber to have graced these walls. Those stories, and more, are coming. The author would like to thank the following individuals for sharing their stories and their time in support of this project: Mari Gingery, Mike Lechlinski, Kevin Powell, Roy McClenahan, Dan Zacks, Sierra Zacks, Todd Gordon, Brian Rennie, Charles Hood, Gary Gareths, Karen Tracy, Alexis Sonnenfeld, Markus Jolliff, Ernesto Ale, Bernadette Regan, Roddy McCalley, Felipe Guarderas, Seth Zaharias, Sabra Purdy and John Mireles.
[1] Bill Briggs, Dick Webster and Woody Stark were part of a group called the Riverside Bunch, joined together by their work on the Riverside Search and Rescue team. This group started climbing in Joshua Tree around 1958. Later on, Jim Foote, Bud White and others would join the ranks.
[2] The first guidebook for Joshua Tree lists grades on a scale from F1-10, and compares this to the Yosemite Decimal System (YCS), which Royal Robbins created around 1965 after his first ascent of Open Book at Tahquitz Rock in Southern California. The YCS begins at the 5th class scale and today reaches 15.5b. Beginning with 5.10, each grade contains a sub-grade. For instance, 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.10c, and 5.10d.Before the YDS, the Sierra Club rating system was used to describe classes of climb from 1-5, with 1 being an easy walk to 4th and 5th class, including the potential for roped sections. Aid climbing was not included in this system and for a time was called 6th class but now involves its own rating system for Artificial Climbing A1-5.
[3] Roy McClenahan comments: "Aid climbing wasn't necessarily the most commonly practiced form of ascent. People have always free climbed. It's just that whenever necessary, often in the name of expediency, aid was used. So a lot of climbs were mixed free and aid. Aid persisted on the wall climbs due to the severity of the terrain, but during the '60s and even more so in the '70s, the idea of getting rid of the aid moves wherever possible, refashioning existing climbs so that they were free from bottom to top emerged as a distinct goal. This started on the smaller climbs and somewhat contemporaneously but later spread to the big walls." Noted from email correspondence with the author dated May 27, 2017.
[4] To date there are over 8000 climbing routes and over 2000 boulder problems established in Joshua Tree National Park with more being added each week. Following the final update to A Climber's Guide to Joshua Tree National Monument in 1980 many other guidebooks have been published with each highlighting different routes. Among them are Joshua Tree Rock Climbing Guide (Randy Vogel, 1986), Rock Climbs of Hidden Valley (Alan Bartlett, 1992), Rock Climbing Joshua Tree, 2nd (Vogel, 1992, 2000), Joshua Tree Bouldering (Mari Gingery, 2000 reprint), The Trad Guide to Joshua Tree: 60 Favorite Climbs (Charlie Winger 2004) and Joshua Tree Rock Climbs (Robert Miramontes, 2011, 2014).
[5] Rumors suggest that there was a handwritten, unpublished guidebook circulating earlier than this date.
[6] An example of Wolfe's and Dominick's wry writing style is expressed on page 28 in the Ethics and Equipment section of the 1979 edition where the authors discuss unnecessary and unethical bolting. "Scarcely more supportable are 6 or 7 bolts on WATER MOCCASIN (F5) in Indian Cove CG. Unknown climbers placed them, apparently for aid, on a route which has since been led free by a woman in moccasins. If you have a penchant for placing bolt ladders, find a nice tower in downtown Los Angeles."
[7] Many committed climbers continue to live out of their vehicles and often refer to their cars as their cities of residence. "Where do you live these days?" "Ford, CA."
Top Image: Alexis Sonnenfeld, a twenty-year resident of Joshua Tree is shown climbing West Chimney, Intersection Rock in opening | Kim Stringfellow
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Inspired by Oaxacan traditions, Dia de Los Muertos was brought to L.A. in the '70s as a way to enrich and reclaim Chicano identity. It has since grown in proportions and is celebrated around the world.
S10 E4: How Sweet The Sound - Gospel In Los Angeles
Gospel music would not be what it is today if not for the impact left by Los Angeles in the late 60's and early 70's, a time defined by political movements across the country.
S10 E5: Jeffrey Deitch's Los Angeles
A behind-the-scenes look at the contemporary art world through the eyes of a legendary art dealer and curator, Jeffrey Deitch.
Mojave Project
California desert
california deserts


that benefited Boulder County farmers, and tonight with Slow Food Denver's Come Rain or Come Shine fundraiser.
Come Rain or Come Shine runs from 6 to 10 p.m. tonight at the J.A. Balistreri Vineyards in north Denver. The culinary portion of the evening will be headed by Jensen Cummings of the Slotted Spoon, who's enlisted the support of other Colorado chefs including Tyler Wiard of Elway's, Benny Kaplan from Wafflich, Chris Cina from Breckenridge-Wynkoop, DJ Nagle from Humboldt Farm-Fish-Wine, Kurt Boucher from Rendezvous Cafe at History Colorado, Sean Boutot from Appaloosa Grill and Daniel Asher from Root Down/Linger.
The wine will be provided by Balistreri Vineyards, and the brews provided by Breckenridge Brewery, Renegade Brewery and Oskar Blues. The benefit is hosted by Slow Food Denver, along with Waste Farmers, the Rocky Mountain Farmers Union and Grow Local Colorado.
The folks at the award-winning Waste Farmers has put together the entertainment lineup for the evening, and many of the musical acts are tied to the food movement. Eric Belsey of South Metro Urban Farmers plays with The Unquiet Grave, and that group will start off the evening. The lineup continues with Last Minute Bluegrass Band, a group that has come together for this event and includes John Paul Maxfield from Waste Farmers and Spencer Lomax of Snooze. Zen Mustache, a seven-piece band from Denver, will headline the show -- and includes Kyle Manson from Circle Fresh Farms.
A short program by the Local Food Shift Group with explain the Front Range Farm Relief Fund and share stories from some local farmers who were impacted by the floods.
Tickets range from $15 to $500, and all proceeds support the Front Range Farm Rrelieve Fund, supported by Local Food Shift, the Boulder Community Foundation and the Boulder County Farmers Markets. You can purchase tickets online, and choose how much you would like to donate.


Tamir Williams, Kenwood Oakland Community Organization intern, puts up signs in protest outside 4th Ward Alderman William Burns office in Chicago, Monday, June 16, 2014. They are protesting the planned closure of CPS school Walter Dyett High School. The group first arrived around 6 a.m. and plan on staying all night.


A vehicular destruction game, out now.
Developer Three Fields Entertainment was founded by a couple of former Criterion Games developers, and true to that, the company's first two titles are chock-full of action, explosions and, er, golf. Following on from Dangerous Golf and Lethal VR is the more familiar Danger Zone, which released yesterday. It's pretty much Burnout's celebrated Crash Mode turned into a standalone game.
There's no racing, and no open world. Instead you'll find 20 different car crash scenarios, and online leaderboards so you can compare your scores with your Steam friends/Steam enemies/total strangers. The destruction doesn't look quite as impressive as in the Burnout games, while the entire thing is seemingly set in an underground 'simulation'—but hey, indie.
"Powered by Unreal Engine," Three Fields says, "Danger Zone combines real physical crashes with explosive gameplay. Shunt vehicles into oncoming traffic, take down trailers to shed their payloads and use your explosive 'Smashbreaker' to move your vehicle around. The more explosions you cause, the bigger your score".
You may now insert your Archer 'Danger Zone' memes in the comments.


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Cesc Fabregas has played under Pep Guardiola, Arsene Wenger and Jose Mourinho and now hopes to step into management as former Arsenal, Chelsea and Barcelona star talks about life after Monaco
By Georgia D. Potts on	 July 4, 2021 Barcelona Community
Cesc Fabregas has revealed that he wants to become a soccer coach one day in an exclusive conversation with talkSPORT.
The midfielder has enjoyed a brilliant career so far, having played for some of Europe's biggest clubs under the direction of the world's best coaches at Arsenal, Barcelona and Chelsea.
Fabregas started his professional playing career learning from Arsène Wenger
He won two league titles (Premier League and LaLiga), two FA Cups as well as the Copa del Rey, which is the Spanish version of the competition.
Fabregas has also enjoyed huge success with the Spanish national team, having been part of their teams that won the 2010 World Cup, as well as Euro 2008 and Euro 2012.
Fabregas has had a career that many players will envy him, but what's next for him?
He currently works at the French club Monaco but at 34, he will soon think of hanging up his crampons.
And during a conversation with Darren Bent for his Boot Room show, Fabregas admitted he had some thoughts on what he was going to do next.
Cesc Fabregas honors
Arsenal: FA Cup, Community shield
Barcelona: Liga, Copa del Rey, Spanish Super Cup, Super Cup, Club World Cup
Chelsea: Premier League x2, FA Cup, League Cup
Spain: World Cup 2010, Euro 2008, Euro 2012
Individual: Under-17 World Cup Golden Ball, FIFA Under-17 World Cup Golden Boot, European Under-17 Championship Golden Player,
Bravo Award, Golden Boy, UEFA Team of the Year x2, Premier League Player of the Month x2, Arsenal Player of the Season x2, PFA Young Player of the Year, PFA Team of the Year x2, European Sports Media Team of the year x3, European Championship Team of the Tournament x2, FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team
On the prospect of becoming a coach, Fabregas said: "It's something that has been in me for a long time, it's something that I would like to try.
"People tell me I'm crazy because after a long career and so much pressure, getting into management means maybe even more pressure!
Arsenal fans would love to see Fabgreas make a comeback. Maybe he could become their manager someday
"It's something I love, I want to try. I learn, I study, I listen to a lot of different people and in football you still continue to learn every day so I'm happy about that.
There is no doubt that along the way he will have picked up something, having played under Arsene Wenger when he broke through at Arsenal and later played for childhood hero Pep Guardiola at Barcelona.
He also worked with Jose Mourinho and Antonio Conte at Chelsea.
Fabregas said earlier this year that he did not plan to step down just yet, insisting he would see his contract with Monaco, which expires in June 2022.
AFP – Getty
Fabregas also played under Guardiola, considered the best in the world
The rise of fascism in Spain – the organization for world peace
Benfica vs Barcelona, Champions League: live blog, updates, goals, highlights
Displaced victims of the Barcelona fire found themselves destitute – with no hope of help from the city in sight
Shakira and her son survive wild boar attack in Barcelona
Trans Pride flag planted on Antarctica's highest peak to celebrate community "resilience"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Trailer for Netflix series on Challenger explosion takes emotional look back
News September 2, 2020 techietr
"This wasn't how it was supposed to be," says a teary Alison Smith Balch, daughter of Challenger pilot Michael J. Smith, in the first...
"This wasn't how it was supposed to be," says a teary Alison Smith Balch, daughter of Challenger pilot Michael J. Smith, in the first trailer for Netflix's new four-episode series, Challenger: The Final Flight. The poignant trailer, released on Wednesday, takes viewers back to the disastrous January 1986 launch of the space shuttle, with Smith, Francis R. Scobee, Judith Resnik, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis and teacher Christa McAuliffe on board.
The shuttle broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, with no survivors. Due to McAuliffe's participation, the launch was being shown live in many American classrooms, and watching the explosion remains a grim childhood memory for those now-grown schoolchildren. Even the trailer, which sets up the hope and excitement as Challenger's diverse crew prepared to launch, is difficult to watch dry-eyed.
From the lab to your inbox. Get the latest science stories from CNET every week.
The Netflix original series features interviews with family members of the lost crew members, and also investigates the flawed decisions and mechanical failures that led to the explosion, including interviews with NASA officials and engineers who worked on the failed booster engine and had repeated concerns about its safety. It also features never-before-seen interviews, training footage and rare archival material.
J.J. Abrams and Glen Zipper are executive producers of the series, which premieres Sept. 16 on Netflix.
New movie calendar for 2020 and 2021 following coronavirus delays


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Q: Image not displaying as defined in XML ImageView I'm new to android. I am able to retrieve the image from my phone. However I'm not getting the height and width needed as defined in the xml file. The image still appeared rectangle instead of a square (its simply a scale down of my original photo. However, i just need a square crop of the image (part of the image without scaling).
XML file (image view):
<ImageView
    android:id="@+id/photo"
    android:layout_width="=100dp"
    android:layout_height="100dp"
    android:scaleType="center"
    android:adjustViewBounds="false"
    android:gravity="center"/>

Code:
public View getView(final int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
    ViewHolder holder;
    if (convertView == null) {
        convertView = l_Inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_view, null);
        holder = new ViewHolder();
        holder.itemImage = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.photo);
        convertView.setTag(holder);
    } else {
        holder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
    }
    Uri fileURI = Uri.parse(itemArrayList.get(position).getPhoto());
    holder.itemImage.setImageURI(fileURI);
    return convertView;
}

A: You've set your ImageView layout_width and layout_height in dp not pixels. So on hdpi devices 100dp is actually 150px and 200 on xhdpi. This can be the reason of your problem. You can set width and height in px and put your image in drawable-nodpi folder(to perform no scaling).
Also you can use createBitmap (Bitmap source, int x, int y, int width, int height) method to get a part of image that you want.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Bollywood-meets-cricket jodi of Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli is an absolutely adorable one. The two seem head over heels in love and have time and again expressed affection and respect on their social media platforms for their better half.
Not just this, the two make sure to spend quality time with one another, and in fact are present to cheer and encourage the other's feat on several occasions.
Anushka Sharma, earlier said that even though she and her husband, Indian cricketer Virat Kohli, love their respective professions, they never let it affect their personal life.
The actress also went on to say that they do not let their professions come in between and live life like any other normal couple.
"We try to create a proper work-life balance. Both of us really love doing what we do professionally. Our priorities are very clear in life. But at the same time we try and find time to do something together. We don't take our professions or our career too seriously. We don't draw our identity only from that," the Pari actress said during a session at the India Today Mind Rocks 2018.
"We are very simple and like doing normal things. For the world it is about our professions. But in reality it is just normal. It is as normal as any one would be in a relationship. We don't see each other in terms of our profession," Anushka added.
At the event, Anushka Sharma was present to promote her upcoming film Sui Dhaaga: Made In India, along with co-star Varun Dhawan.
Varun, on the other hand, described Virat as one of the most humble persons he has ever met.
"He is really humble. I knew him even before I became friends with Anushka. He is very down to earth and a great player," he added.
Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli tied the knot in December 2017 in Italy.


As 2019 gets underway, there is no longer any excuse for companies involved in forest risk commodities – whether that be palm oil, soy, beef and leather or timber, pulp and paper, or others – not to be doubling their efforts to make sure they are not directly, or indirectly responsible for tropical deforestation.
Signatories to the New York Declaration on Forests – which includes major traders such as Cargill, and consumer goods manufacturers such as Danone, Nestlé and L'Oreal, have committed to eliminate deforestation from their supply chains, including from third party suppliers, collectively by no later than 2020. And members of the Consumer Goods Forum have a collective commitment to achieve net zero deforestation by 2020.Yet as the 2017 Forest 500 assessment shows, while many have made commitments to prevent deforestation in their supply chain, those commitments rarely apply across all commodities and all areas of forest risk.
Indeed, none of the 250 most influential companies in forest-risk supply chains identified by Forest 500 are able to guarantee their supply chains are deforestation free.
Of course for some of the companies involved in forest-risk supply chains, doubling their efforts will not be enough because they do not appear to be making any effort at all.
Forest 500's 2017 assessment identified 25 major players in forest-risk supply chains who did not have any policies at all on addressing deforestation risks. Some of these companies are sourcing palm oil, soy and beef, but have not identified the risk from deforestation in these supply chains. Companies sourcing beef and other cattle products were least likely to be addressing the risk.
These companies need to recognise the deforestation risks in their supply chains and introduce policies to address those risks. Transparency and traceability tools exist to help companies identify risks – Trase for example highlights where companies sourcing soy from Brazil may be exposed to deforestation risks. The new Accountability Framework initiative (AFi) will provide a toolkit for companies to follow.
Other companies have recognised the risk posed by deforestation in some areas of their supply chains, but many fail to introduce relevant policies across all forest-risk commodities. So while 61 percent of companies assessed have a deforestation policy for sourcing palm oil, almost half of these companies did not have a corresponding policy for sourcing soy despite also being exposed to deforestation from soy in their supply chains.
Companies also need to ensure that their commodity-specific policies apply to all of the areas that they source from. The majority of company policies related to soy apply only to the Amazon, and not to areas such as the Chaco in Argentina and Paraguay where forest is also being cleared to make way for soy production.
Even companies who have made commitments across all supply chains and all areas have work to do to implement these commitments – with greater transparency around their supply chains a key part of this. Progress is needed ahead of the 2020 deadline – and beyond. The new Forest 500 indicators will be assessing progress on implementation this year.
Who can help drive change?
While companies are in the driving seat when it comes to ensuring there is no deforestation in their supply chains, financial institutions can push the companies they invest in to address these deforestation risks, in order to avoid being exposed to deforestation through their loans and investments.
The SCRIPT tool, created by Global Canopy with WWF and Ceres allows financial institutions to understand and mitigate the deforestation risks associated with financing companies in soft commodity supply chains. Guidance documents outline the risks for financial institutions from investments in unsustainable production in different sectors and detail what company policies financial institutions should look for.
Governments also play an important role in influencing company behaviour, both in producer countries and in consumer markets. For producer countries, legislation and enforcement can be used to protect important areas of native vegetation, but softer measures including incentives for sustainable production can also be effective. For example, Brazil's ABC programme is designed to encourage lower climate emissions from agriculture.
Consumer country governments can also drive companies to change behaviour through their actions. The French government, for example, has introduced a National Strategy to Combat Imported Deforestation, and the European Union is introducing an integrated approach to addressing deforestation.
Consumers too can influence company behaviour – through purchasing decisions and also by directly demanding more sustainable products from retailers and manufacturers.
With the 2020 deadline looming there is clearly an urgent need for action – and much to do. But the tools are available to support companies and financial institutions to address the challenge. As momentum grows to deliver on climate goals – alongside deforestation targets, companies have every reason to act.
The 2020 deadline may not be achieved across supply chains, but that is not an excuse for abandoning targets, or kicking the can down the road. Progress needs to be made.


Your North Tabor locale offering craft cocktails, a well curated selection of artisanal spirits, beer and wine, completed by a humble tasty bar menu.
Come savor a drink, listen to records and enjoy some delicious food in our cozy lamp lit bar!
Check out our "Hours and Contact" page to find out about having us host Private Event in our cozy open-kitchen dining room!


The brand new heated pool with a hydromassage whose water disgorges from an artificial waterfall is one of the most attractive points of Villa Floriana. The garden measures 3.000 mq. The villa is shaded by pine trees and adorned with stunning bougainvilleas.
Recently renovated, the spacious and stylish villa offers a wonderful example of modern designs. The main entrance leads to a large open space that includes a dining area with a table that can seat up to 10 guests a living room with flat screen tv (SKY - satellite), a fireplace, and 2 couches; there is an additional sitting area that includes 3 chairs with coffee table. The villa can accommodate from 9 to 11 guests: there are 3 double bedrooms with en suite bathrooms, 1 double bedroom room with an enclosed bathroom, 1 single bedroom, 1 twin bedroom, 1 guest bathroom and 1 full bathroom on the ground floor. With a split level layout, this villa offers privacy for its guests.
The house is ideal for a luxury vacation in one of the most famous and exclusive areas of Versilia or even the whole Tuscan coast: Forte dei Marmi. Every kind of service is at guest's hand, from shopping centers, luxury brands boutiques and private beaches, to guarantee a comfortable everyday life.
The property can only be rented on a monthly basis.
Included in the price : Utilities (water, gas and electricity); park and pool maintenance; towels and sheets provided; Wi-fi internet connection.
Excluded from the price: Final cleaning (200 to 400,00 € according to the number of guests).
Guarantee Deposit: A 30% deposit fee of the total amount is required (by bank transfer), and it will be returned at the end of the stay deducted from eventual damages.
Located in the exclusive area of Roma Imperiale - Forte dei Marmi, Villa Floriana is ideal for those who wish to be close to the beaches as well as to the center of Forte dei Marmi. You will find everything you need for a pleasurable stay: restaurants, bars, high end boutiques, banks, food stores, pharmacies and medical clinics.
For those who look for peace and relaxation, a high level selection of Versilia beaches offer visitors the possibility to combine sunbathing and swimming in the sea or pools located in private establishments. A late afternoon aperitif is an Italian habit that has to be experienced! This is to be followed by a dinner at one of the many fine cuisine restaurants completing the special ambience that can only be found in Versilia.
Pietrasanta offers an excellent variety of dining choices and art galleries.
Viareggio 9 km, Pisa Airport 43 km, Florence and Chianti 90 km, Siena 180 km, Rome 390 km, Milan 260 km.


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Sometimes it's the small things that make the biggest difference in life — and in business. From a customer service perspective, the little things can build loyalty more effectively than any advertising or marketing campaign. You may think the kind of customer service touch points common in retail or other service businesses don't apply to the legal industry, but think again. Nobody who needs a lawyer's services is probably very excited about it. You can score big points by making their experience with you and your firm simple, easy and even pleasant.


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Will Lewis
https://pigsquad.com/
I love hosting game jams & tabletop RPGs, trying new games, procgen storytelling, voice acting, lil buddies, and sending postcards. Happy to be back at IndieCade after my participation in the Collectives and Development Communities panel and Community Building in PDX award in 2014! I'm a community organizer, game designer, and studio producer. In 2011, I founded the Portland Indie Game Squad (PIGSquad) to create a gamedev-centric, community nonprofit to help developers meet and make games together in the Portland area. Since then, I've continued as the president of the nonprofit, co-founded Pixel Arts Game Education to provide games learning resources to underserved youth, and co-founded Rose City Games - my current studio endeavor. My most impressive stats include hosting 48 game jams, voicing 23 Dicey Dungeons characters, and completing 17 Resident Evil 4 casual runs. https://www.twitch.tv/pigsquad


In 1979, only months before the Soviet invasion of the country, an ancient tomb in Afghanistan was discovered to contain hundreds of artifacts and precious items-among them some 22,000 individual pieces of gold, the so-called Bactrian Horde. To keep them out of looting hands, these priceless items were spirited away from the National Museum of Afghanistan by a small group of museum guards, curators, and antiquities lovers who risked their lives (and in some cases endured torture) to save the country's cultural treasures. These exquisitely crafted objects-jewelry, fittings, statuary, and ceremonial items-are depicted here in large color photographs and detailed descriptions. They illuminate Afghanistan's key place at the crossroads of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia along the Silk Road.


2016 medium length hair styles for Kids, For the most part young kids want to keep medium length hairs on the grounds that they are anything but difficult to oversee. There are such a variety of hairstyle for medium length of hairs. We might want to specify that more extended hairs truly look decent and in vogue yet they are extremely hard to keep up. You ought to invest greatest energy for keeping up your long hairs.
So if Want to change up your little kids look? We have a great collection of new medium length hairstyles for your kid to choose from.


Provide remote support assistance securely through firewalls to any remote desktop, server, POS system, or mobile device.
Support all of your systems over the web, even if they are behind firewalls you don't control. Supporting everything with one solution speeds incident handling time and support rep productivity.
Support remote computers running Windows, Mac, and Linux … or mobile devices running Android, iOS, or BlackBerry. Plus, your technicians can offer support from their preferred device, even if it's an Android tablet or iPad.


Anytime the market is moving in a downward direction, or even just wavering, we see people react in various ways. Take a listen to see if you identify with one of these common reactions to market corrections. Do you over-trade as a response? Do you stick your head in the sand or run around like a chicken with your head cut off? Dan will give you ways you can avoid becoming your worst enemy and show you how to keep particular emotions and reactions in check during times of market turmoil.


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'Succession's Brian Cox Goes Full Beast Mode On Donald Trump, Talks Jeremy Strong, Johnny Depp, & 'Adaptation' Absence In New Memoir
'Reopening Night' Trailer: HBO Doc Chronicles Post-Shutdown Return Of New York City's Cherished Shakespeare In The Park
The return of Shakespeare in the Park to New York's Central Park last summer was a first sign of the city's slow and long-in-coming reopening, and now the entire, difficult 12-week journey to the stage of the acclaimed Merry Wives is chronicled in the HBO documentary Reopening Night.
HBO released a trailer for the film today. Watch it above.
The film, directed by Rudy Valdez (HBO's The Sentence), follows the cast, crew and staff of the Public Theater production as they ready their return to the open-air Delacorte Theater in Central Park. Among the obstacles: Covid, of course, along with the rainiest July on New York City's records. All this as the theater industry reckoned with issues of racism both within its own history and society at large following the police murder of George Floyd.
Merry Wives, adapted by playwright Jocelyn Bioh from Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, featured an all-Black cast led by Jacob Ming-Trent in a modern retelling of the play set in South Harlem's community of West African immigrants.
Through Merry Wives, Valdez's documentary will examine the Black experience in theater, and includes interviews with the cast, the playwright, stage director Saheem Ali, the Public's artistic director Oskar Eustis, set designer Beowulf Boritt, musician Farai Malianga, assistant director Abigail Jean-Baptiste and others.
The documentary is executive produced by Matthew O'Neill and Perri Peltz; produced by Meghan Schale; and co-produced by Sasha Gay-Lewis, and, for HBO, senior producer, Sara Rodriguez; and executive producers, Nancy Abraham and Lisa Heller.
Reopening Night debuts Monday, Dec. 20, at 10 p.m. ET/PT on HBO and will be available to stream on HBO Max.
Merry Wives
Reopening Night


Eccentric geniuses, men of violence and artist/performers with raging egos.
Mothers who love fiercely and women who struggle to tame or embrace their wild sides.
The 2015 Oscar nominations for acting highlight roles rooted firmly in the head and the heart.
With the 87th Academy Awards just a little less than a week away (the ceremony airs Sunday on ABC), here are some educated guesses as to who will take home the gold. More importantly, who really deserves to?
Look for another post about this year's amazing crop of best picture nominees this week.
There's no suspense this year when it comes to the best actress category.
Moore has already taken home the Golden Globe for drama and the Screen Actors Guild and British Academy of Film and Television awards, along with a slew of honors from critic's groups. This also happens to be her fifth nomination, so the Academy owes her a win.
Witherspoon is clearly gunning for a statuette to keep her first Oscar company. Her de-glammed portrait of soul-searching Pacific Crest Trail hiker Cheryl Strayed is raw with rage and despair.
First-time nominees Felicity Jones, who plays the long-suffering spouse of physicist Stephen Hawking in "The Theory of Everything," and Rosamund Pike, as a deceptively perfect wife in "Gone Girl," will just have to wait another day for a chance at winning the little gold guy.
I've never been a huge fan of Pike, but she surprised me with her weird, darkly hilarious transformation from prim, privileged housewife to off-her-rocker revenge seeker.
My vote, however, goes to Jones, who shares such lovely and painful moments of chemistry with co-star Eddie Redmayne in "The Theory of Everything." Redmayne has been enjoying the lion's share of the limelight, but his performance wouldn't exist without Jones' heartbreaking blend of strength and tenderness.
Fortunately, the work of the five men nominated for the best actor Oscar is in no way diminished by the fact that Academy voters snubbed three of the most electrifying performances of 2015.
Now that I've got that off my chest, on to the actors who were actually nominated.
The Academy has long favored roles that take a physical as well as emotional toll, which is why Eddie Redmayne is likely to emerge victorious in the best actor race.
To play Hawking in "The Theory of Everything," Redmayne re-creates the celebrated physicist's torturous decline, contorting his body and changing his speech patterns, all while capturing the wheel chair-bound scientist's charm and sense of humor. For this remarkable feat, the actor has already captured the Golden Globe for drama and the SAG and BAFTA awards.
On the off chance Redmayne doesn't triumph, the gold will go to "Birdman" star Michael Keaton, awarded the Golden Globe for comedy in January and enjoying the sort of Hollywood career comeback Oscar voters can't resist.
In the most revealing and risky role he's ever played, Keaton bares body and soul — not to mention a balding skull and wrinkled mug — as an aging, insecure actor searching for redemption in a doomed Broadway play.
Ironically, it's the most talked about performance in the category that may have the least chance of victory. Bradley Cooper's portrayal of Navy Seal Chris Kyle in "American Sniper" is so mired in controversy, it would be a shock if the Academy deigned to touch it with a 10 foot pole.
The actor has been on an upward trajectory since 2012's "Silver Linings Playbook," which landed him a first Oscar nomination, followed by another for "American Hustle." In "Sniper," he takes a man whose image has been appropriated by a dizzying array of political persuasions and makes him, simply, human. In his hands, Kyle is admirable and tragic, a man of conviction whose beliefs don't spare him from paying the devastating price of war.
The supporting categories only further reinforce the fact that there just isn't a lot of mystery when it comes to the acting nominees this year.
Arquette waltzed away with the Golden Globe, SAG and BAFTA awards and just about every other critic's honor, which virtually guarantees she'll go home with the gold on Sunday.
Two-time nominee Laura Dern played a similar role in "Wild" — a free-spirited single mother who receives a crushing diagnosis just as she's beginning to discover herself. I love her graceful portrayal — glimpsed in brief snippets in flashback — of a vivacious, nurturing woman who bravely confronts whatever life throws at her.
I also love Emma Stone in the part of Michael Keaton's defensive recovering addict daughter in "Birdman." Director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu shoots her as if she is the most wide-eyed of damaged dolls, capturing her searing performance in extreme close-up.
In a year without "Boyhood," the most towering presence in this category could have been Meryl Streep, racking up her 19th Oscar nomination as the witch in "Into the Woods." But even her haunting rendition of the song "Stay With Me" — Is there anything Meryl can't do? — won't secure her a fourth win.
There's something so powerful about the way Arquette allows herself to age on camera in "Boyhood" over a period of 12 years and how unaffected she is as Ellar Coltrane's no-nonsense, painfully honest mama. The performance is a brave accomplishment for an actress in a Hollywood that mercilessly judges its female stars.
Another category, another case in which there's no contest.
Seasoned character actor J.K. Simmons, known for his jollier appearances in the "Spider-Man" films and "Thank You for Smoking," took a startling trip to the dark side in "Whiplash" as a sadistic music instructor who drives aspiring drummer Miles Teller to the brink of a psychological meltdown.
Simmons has always been an excellent, woefully underrated artist, but it's impossible to ignore the electrifying mind games he plays with his co-star and the movie's audience, which is why he earlier took home the Golden Globe, SAG and BAFTA awards.
I have to agree with the voting members of these organizations. Watching "Whiplash," I was terrified, I was mesmerized, I was totally stressed out by Simmons' off-tempo tyrannical tantrums. And did I mention this is also a surprisingly funny performance? Nobody deserves the gold more.
If anyone else could wrest the trophy from Simmons, it's Ethan Hawke, who has earned more writing nominations than acting nods when it comes to Oscar. After settling into less-than-challenging roles as a horror movie star, Hawke shakes things up with a beautiful, easygoing, poignant turn as a flawed father determined to redeem himself in "Boyhood." Like Norton, the actor seems to have rediscovered himself.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Academy Awards, best actor, best actress, best supporting actor, best supporting actress, Birdman, Boyhood, Eddie Redmayne, Golden Globes, JK Simmons, Julianne Moore, Oscars, Patricia Arquette, Screen Actors Guild on February 16, 2015 by Lavender Vroman.


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Paul Feller ( à Rambouillet, dans les Yvelines, en France -  à Lille) fut sergent de cavalerie et prêtre.

Biographie

À 18 ans, à la demande de son père mourant, il reprend ses études. En 1937, à 25 ans, il prend conscience de sa vocation religieuse et commence son noviciat chez les Jésuites. Quand la guerre éclate, il est affecté dans la cavalerie avec le grade de sergent. Il est fait prisonnier,  interné au camp de Trèves, en Allemagne, où il sympathise avec Jean-Paul Sartre, occupé à la composition d'une pièce de théâtre, une « Nativité », connue sous le titre de  Bariona, ou le Fils du tonnerre. En 1941, comme tous les autres religieux du camp, Paul Feller est transféré en Poméranie, à Neubrandenbourg : il parvient à s'évader. Durant l'été 1941, il est démobilisé, à Pau, avec le statut d'évadé. En 1943, il rejoint la  DB dont le transit s'effectue par l'Angleterre.

En 1947,sa formation chez les Jésuites s'achève et il est donc ordonné prêtre. Il demande à exercer son ministère dans les paroisses à forte densité ouvrière. En , il enseigne les mathématiques en classes de  Quatrième et Troisième, à Amiens. En 1953, il est aumônier en second des ateliers-écoles de la Chambre de Commerce de Paris. Le directeur, André Conquet,  ancien formateur des usines Renault, le met en relation avec Michel Ragon  qui  l'aidera à concrétiser un projet de bibliothèque spécialisée sur les métiers, projet  qui lui tient fort à cœur. Très vite, il rassemble  de nombreux livres essentiellement en  français, en allemand, en anglais dont quelques-uns sont fort rares. Une de ses acquisitions, les 35 volumes in-folio de l'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers de Diderot et d'Alembert, influencera considérablement son appréhension des métiers, des outils de façonnage à main. Il anime des rencontres d'apprentis. Il fait la connaissance de Jean Bernard, Président de l'Association Ouvrière des Compagnons du Devoir.

En 1954, Paul Feller fonde l'organisme Technique Education Culture  (T.E.C)  qui regroupe toute la documentation qu'il a pu rassembler. Il décide de commencer un apprentissage de couvreur, mais ses supérieurs, jugeant cette activité par trop exposée à un éventuel accident, lui ordonnent d'arrêter et de rejoindre Lille. À l'automne 1957, il se rend à la forge, chaque matin (pendant 11 ans), afin d'œuvrer, de « frapper à devant » : c'est la seule condition pour accéder à la connaissance et passer ainsi « du dehors au-dedans du métier ». La collection d'outils commencée en 1957 devient importante, et Paul Feller acquiert la conviction qu'elle doit aller aux Compagnons du Devoir afin que l'œuvre puisse être poursuivie. La donation aura lieu en 1969.

En 1967 il est victime d'un accident cérébral ; il arrête la forge et prend la décision d'écrire le livre L'Outil, en 1961et demande à Fernand Tourret de l'aider dans cette aventure. Il part à Reims pour préparer l'exposition et s'attèle au nettoyage des outils jusqu'à l'ouverture de la « Maison » dans laquelle il vivra jusqu'en 1978. Le  est inaugurée la Maison de l'Outil et de la Pensée Ouvrière après plus de cinq années de restauration de l'Hôtel de Mauroy à Troyes. Paul Feller meurt d'une polymyosite (paralysie générale des muscles).

Bibliographie
 Nécessité, adolescence et poésie: ébauche d'un catalogue bio-bibliographique universel des auteurs ayant, dès l'adolescence, gagné leur vie du travail de leurs mains. Le Musée du soir, 1960, 326 p.
 L'outil: dialogue de l'homme avec la matière (en collaboration avec Fernand Tourret, Jean Bernard). A. de Visscher, 1970, 226 p.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Maison de l'outil et de la pensée ouvrière

Bibliographie
 Paul Feller : la voix de l'apprentissage, Dominique Naert, aux Éditions Maison du Boulanger.
 Paul Feller et les écrivains prolétariens,Jérôme Radwan, René Berteloot, Plein Chant, 1980, 140 p.
 Paul Feller, ou la passion d'un service dévorant, Revue des Cahiers Bleus (29, rue des Cumines — 10000 Troyes), n° 16, .
 Homme de métier : comment on devient homme, outils en main * développement sur la pensée de Paul Feller, Gérard Pierré en collab. avec Amis de Paul Feller(sj), Cahiers bleus/Librairie Bleue/Essais, Troyes, 112 p.

Liens externes
 Paul Feller Radioscopie RF - 31/12/1976
 Hommage à Paul Feller
 Les Amis de Paul Feller

Naissance en novembre 1913
Naissance à Rambouillet
Décès en janvier 1979
Jésuite français
Décès à 65 ans
Naissance en Seine-et-Oise
Décès à Lille

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Putin's War Against Ukraine and the Risks of Rushing to Negotiations Copy
Putin is losing the war he started against Ukraine. Russia still holds Ukrainian territory, but Ukraine's forces are advancing. With Russia mostly on the defensive, its forces are behaving brutally but also erratically: not only are they targeting Ukrainian civilian infrastructure, they're also threatening nuclear escalation and then backing away, and pulling out of — and then coming back into — the Black Sea grain-export deal.
Ukraine's victory is no sure thing. The battle lines could stabilize for the winter. Putin could keep pounding Ukrainian civilians, hoping that fatigue will overtake Ukraine and that Western support for Ukraine will crumble.
But Ukraine's battlefield success is possible, and it's not far-fetched.
In this context, intensified calls for the West to initiate negotiations to end Putin's war on essentially his terms seem oddly timed – and potentially dangerous.
Yet such calls are increasing. Advocates of pushing negotiations argue, more or less, that Ukraine cannot win back all or even most of its territory, that Putin would respond constructively to good faith offers, and that U.S. and European interests in Ukraine are limited. They argue that these interests do not include restoring all of Ukraine's territory back to Ukrainian control, and that the costs of supporting Ukraine and the dangers of the conflict's escalation outweigh what limited interests the United States and Europe do have.
All three assumptions are dubious.
We don't know how far the Ukrainian military can advance. But so far in this war, Ukraine's military has performed better — and Russia's military worse — than almost all predictions in the West. Ukraine stands a good chance of liberating more territory, including, according to Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, the Western side of the Dnipro River, even the city of Kherson, which Russian forces have controlled since March.
Defeat at Kherson could lead to more Russian defeats, and Russia's overall military position in Ukraine could unravel. At some point, Russians' dissatisfaction at high casualties in an unsuccessful war could boil over, as it has before in Russian history, e.g., the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, or in 1917 after Russia lost to Germany in World War I.
Of course, Russia's military position in Ukraine may not collapse. But the United States and European partners should not forestall the possibility, even likelihood, of more Ukrainian military success by insisting on a ceasefire in place or by assuming that it's impossible for Ukraine to, for example, liberate the Donbas or even Crimea.
Furthermore, by pushing negotiations now, the United States would risk falling into a dynamic of undercutting Ukraine's strong position on the ground by becoming the supplicant ("demandeur," in diplo speak).
Accepting Putin's Premise in the War
Advocates of initiating diplomacy now usually start with an assumption that Ukraine must accept the loss of lots of territory and millions of its citizens. How would such a negotiating dynamic work? Dmitry Peskov, Putin's veteran spokesperson, recently hinted that the Kremlin could negotiate adjustments to the borders that Russia has now claimed for itself. Should the Biden administration quietly offer Russia a map with a new border? Less crudely, should the United States simply hint that it would encourage Ukraine to be "realistic" about its future border? Will some in the West use a "track two" unofficial process to produce a new boundary, publicly revealed or simply given quietly to the State Department?
Here's the rub: U.S. acceptance of any idea that Ukraine's international border is negotiable would constitute acceptance of one of Putin's premises in the war. Having made such a massive concession at the outset, Putin would hardly respond with grace; rather, he would stand back and demand more. Negotiations would take place on Putin's terms, with the Biden administration reduced to haggling over the details of its surrender of its friend and its principles.
What would Ukraine receive in return? Russian guarantees of its new border? What would such guarantees be worth? Would they be stronger than those of the previous Russian-Ukrainian border agreement or than the Budapest Memorandum of 1994, in which Russia, along with the U.S. and U.K., agreed to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity? The surrender of Ukrainian territory would be a fact. Russia's guarantees would be conditional and reversible on Putin's whim. Would the United States or NATO offer to defend what was left of Ukraine, a la South Korea or Cold War-era West Germany? If the United States surrenders its position about Ukraine's territorial integrity while the Ukrainians are still advancing, such an offer would be hard to imagine.
No one can say yet whether Ukraine can liberate all its territory. The Biden administration has wisely noted that its military assistance to Ukraine is intended to put that country in the strongest position when negotiations take place, should they take place. The more territory Ukraine can liberate prior to negotiations, the better.
The "Washington Post" has reported that the Biden administration is encouraging the Ukrainian government not to rule out negotiations with Putin, a stance that raised concern (and ire) among some supporters of Ukraine in the United States. Even if accurate, however, the article makes clear that the administration has made this suggestion neither to push negotiations now nor to push Ukraine into territorial concessions. Rather, it seems to want to Ukraine to hold open the door to negotiations, partly or even largely to demonstrate that Ukraine is not the obstacle to ending the conflict.
A Terrible Starting Point for Talks
But willingness to negotiate doesn't mean accepting bad terms for negotiations. And the presumption of Ukrainian territorial concessions would be a terrible starting point for talks. Ukraine's government and people know, as we in the West should know, that Russian occupation means oppression and death for many, many Ukrainians, with mass graves, deportation, kidnapping of children, and eradication of Ukrainian culture part of the Kremlin playbook. It's Stalin's playbook in the 21st century.
Given the consequences of abandoning its citizens to Russian control and the possibility to liberate more of them, Ukrainians are making a reasonable choice to keep fighting. The West is making a reasonable choice to keep helping Ukrainians defend their country and stop a 21st century tyrant. The starting point for negotiations should be the terms for restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty and withdrawal of Russian forces.
Advocates of negotiations on Putin's terms, many of whom call themselves foreign policy "realists," seem to believe that U.S. and European interests in Ukraine are limited and that Russia's interests are so much greater that Putin will prevail or escalate to make the costs of Russia's defeat too high for the United States to accept. They thus argue that the United States should not align itself with the Ukrainian government but prepare to break with it when the costs and risks of U.S. support grow too great.
History suggests two objections to that argument: first, the risks of escalation are not as great as fear would make them. The Kremlin has threatened nuclear escalation and many in the West worried about the dangers. But the United States and European governments pushed back and, it seems, the Kremlin backed down. The United States learned during the pre-détente period of the Cold War to deal with Moscow's nuclear threats without caving. It can re-learn those lessons. The costs of giving in to nuclear blackmail, whether from Russia, North Korea, China, or Iran, would be high as well.
More broadly, deferring to Russia's assertion of its interests in Ukraine recalls the assumption of Cold War realists, widely accepted at the time, that all of Europe east of the Iron Curtain was within a more-or-less permanent Soviet sphere of influence; that Soviet interests in what we then called Eastern Europe were so much greater than those of the United States that challenging Soviet domination was too risky and impossible. Yet, Poles, Balts, Czechoslovaks, Hungarians, and others overthrew communist domination starting in 1989. They did so (mostly) peacefully, even when hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers were stationed in then-East Germany.
The situation in Eastern Europe then and Ukraine now are not analogous. Ukraine is not a suppressed nation struggling for freedom against Moscow-supported tyrants. That's roughly the position of Belarus. Ukraine is free and fighting to stay so. The United States and Europe are helping it to preserve the principles of the settlement that ended the Cold War and offered Europe a chance at unity. Given the history and the stakes, it seems not just immoral but contrary to U.S. interests to abandon Ukraine to a Russian sphere of influence imposed through war and setting the precedent for more such wars of conquest by Moscow, Beijing, and other aggressive governments.
It seems instead the more realistic course to seek to help the Ukrainians defeat the Russians. Negotiations should reflect that goal, as much as possible. In foreign policy, interests do not always align well with values, especially in the short run. In Ukraine, they do.
IMAGE: Hanna, a retired local teacher for more than 35 years, wipes a tear as she briefly weeps next to her house that was destroyed during fighting between Ukrainian and Russian occupying forces, on October 30, 2022 in Knyazivka, Kherson oblast, Ukraine. (Photo by Carl Court/Getty Images)
The post Putin's War Against Ukraine and the Risks of Rushing to Negotiations Copy appeared first on Just Security.
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Family Private Investigator: Seth Rich Contacted Wikileaks
Published on May 16, 2017 May 16, 2017 in News by Richard Moorhead
Fox 5 DC has revealed surprising and concerning information regarding Seth Rich, the former Democrat National Committee staffer who was found murdered in Washington, DC in July 2016. Questions regarding responsibility and potential motive for the murder have remained unanswered to this point, with police unable to locate and arrest a suspect for Rich's shooting.
Suspicion circulated throughout social and alternative media after Rich's killing, with journalists and commentators such as Mike Cernovich questioning whether Rich's murder was carried out in order to silence him from leaking potentially politically damaging information about Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party in the run-up to the November 8th Presidential Election.
However, Fox 5's correspondence with a private investigator has revealed some suspicious details, that could be said to give credence to theories that Rich's murder was politically motivated. Rod Wheeler- a private investigator hired to research the case by the Rich family after local authorities failed to crack the case- gave an earnestly shocking answer when asked if Rich had any connections to Wikileaks, the accountability and transparency platform that famously exposed the DNC's rigged primary process by virtue of leaked emails detailing corruption amongst the DNC's leadership. "Absolutely. Yeah. That's confirmed," Wheeler answered when asked by Fox 5 DC whether "sources have told him there is information that links Rich to Wikileaks."
Perhaps even more shocking was Wheeler's answer when asked about the Washington D.C Police Department's investigation into the case. "I have a source inside the police department that has looked at me straight in the eye and said, 'Rod, we were told to stand down on this case and I can't share any information with you," Wheeler was described as telling Fox 5.
An additional report on Mr. Wheeler's inquiry into the matter is expected to be released by Fox 5 on Tuesday morning.
Richard Moorhead
Richard is a lifelong alternative media guru and anti-establishment political activist.
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Recent Advances and New Approaches to High Thermoelectric Efficiency
Jaime Andrés Pérez‐Taborda, Institute of Microelectronics of Madrid - CSIC
Figure 1. (a) Total world energy consumption sorted by energy source between the period 1990 and 2040. Dotted lines for coal (black) and renewables (green) show the predicted effects of the USA Clean Power Plan (CPP) regulation. (b) World net electricity generation predictions sorted by energy source, for the period of 2012–2040. Both figures are reprinted with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2016.
Although silicon is mainly associated with microchip devices and advances in computing, the alloy that silicon forms with germanium can be used as a thermoelectric material, which is, in the presence of a gradient of temperature, able to generate an electrical voltage and vice versa. This thermoelectric effect has been long known. Nevertheless, it has not been widely used because of its modest efficiency. In recent years, the interest on thermoelectricity has revamped due to the use of thermoelectric devices for micro‐energy harvesting or as a large‐scale conversion of residual heat into electricity. This increase in the research on thermoelectrics is mostly due to the impact nanostructuration has on improving the efficiency of these materials, which has been increased almost a factor of three over the last 20 years. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the ways in which silicon‐germanium has improved its efficiency by nanostructuration.
Considering the decreasing fossil fuels and increasing energy demand worldwide, a pressing need for improved direct thermal (wasted heat) into electrical energy conversion is imposed. The wasted heat comes from the energy transportation, vehicles, electricity generating sources, industry, etc., which tampers the actual efficiency of the initial resources. For instance, around 30% of the energy obtained from the fuel of a car is actually used in its movement. The other 70% is lost in the form of heat, friction, and cooling the car. Furthermore, it is completely reasonable to look for alternative energy technologies to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas effects. This necessity has fostered multiple lines of research, including the conversion of thermal energy through thermoelectricity [2]. As an example, the most recent International Energy Outlook 2016 (IEO2016) [3] prepared by the USA Energy Information Administration shows the energy production predictions for the year 2040, based on the data recorded previously (Figure 1a). It is shown that the total world consumption of energy will increase a 48% from 2012 to 2040. Renewable energies are the fastest‐growing energy sources over the predicted period, with a foreseen increase in their consumption of around 2.6%/year between 2012 and 2040. In Figure 1a, CPP refers to a Clean Power Plan (CPP), which is a USA regulation that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electric power generation by 32% within 25 years, relative to the levels of 2005 in the USA.
Focusing on the future of the different sources of energies, that is Figure 1b, world net electricity generation is envisioned to increase by 69%, in 2040, going from 21.6 trillion kilowatt hours (1012 kWh) registered in 2012 to 25.8 trillion kWh predicted for 2020 and to 36.5 trillion kWh in 2040. It is worth noting that, even with initiatives as the CPP, or the development predicted for renewable energies, fossil fuels will still account for a 78% of the energy used in 2040.
For these reasons, in late 2015, representatives from 185 countries and the European Union (EU) met in Paris to reach a commitment to addressing climate change, called Paris‐COP21. This worldwide engagement is expected to drive innovation in renewable energies, battery storage, energy efficiency, and energy recovery. One of the main conclusions obtained in the conference is that climate change is often discussed as a single problem, but solving it will require a wide variety of solutions [4]. The EU budget for low carbon‐related research under Horizon 2020 has been effectively doubled for the period 2014–2020, and the EU has promised to invest at least 35% of Horizon 2020 resources into climate‐related activities [5]. In the United States, hundreds of major companies, including energy‐related companies such as ExxonMobil, Shell, DuPont, Rio Tinto, Berkshire Hathaway Energy, Cal‐pine, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company, have supported the Paris‐COP21 [6]. In the coming decades, there will be a need for more energy‐efficient technologies, easily compatible with the non‐renewable energies (that will not disappear in the near future as it can be seen in Figure 1b). Certainly, thermoelectric materials and especially thin films are interesting players in this scenario. Its ability to convert waste heat into electricity regardless of the source of heat generation, stability over time, and the ability to generate electricity locally without the need for transportation are some of its many advantages.
Likewise, Figure 2 and Table 1 show some of the most outstanding historical facts and current state of the art of Si and SiGe in thermoelectric, microelectronic, and photovoltaic applications.
Figure 2. Timeline of some breakthrough or historical event in Si‐Ge in thermoelectric, photovoltaic cells and microelectronics. References in Table 1.
Silicon‐Germanium (SiGe) Nanostructures for Thermoelectric Devices: Recent Advances and New Approaches to High Thermoelectric Efficiency | InTechOpen, Published on: 2017-05-31. Authors: Jaime Andrés Pérez‐Taborda, Olga Caballero‐Calero and Marisol Martín‐González
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