text:
Q: How to explain to non-programmer to build my Visual Studio source code in "Release" mode? I'm writing documentation for some software that I wrote.  Specifically, I'm writing a guide to installing the software.  I'm delivering the source-code to my client, so I expect that they will want to be able to build from source.
I explain to open the solution in Visual Studio 2010 and to right-click on the project and select "Publish".
There doesn't seem to be a clear and straight-forward way to explain that they must build it in "Release" mode or what the simplest way to explain how to do that is.
What's the best way to explain this?
Edit: In response to the comments asking me to be more specific, on my setup of Visual Studio 2010, there is a drop-down list next to the green icon that starts the debugger.  It doesn't have any label next to it.  That's how I'm familiar with changing the setting myself, but I don't want to write in my documentation, "Click on the drop-down list next to the green button and select "Release".  There's got to be a better way.  I am particularly concerned that if I get in wrong, it could result in someone changing the setting at the project level instead of the solution level.

A: I would add a note "build in Release mode" to the doc and assume the reader (either the client or a developer hired by the contractor) is competent enough to find the right button to push.
There is a minimum skill level required to make even trivial code changes and I'd include this as one of them.  Put another way, if your reader needs instructions on how to build in Release mode, what are the chances that they're qualified to not break the code through ignorance?
It makes perfect sense for the client to request the source code - they paid for it.  If they don't have the skills to make changes themselves, they can hire it out to someone else.
FWIW, I count myself in this category.  In some environments I can certainly build code.  In others I know better than to do anything more than look over someone's shoulder.

A: Since this is for a non-technical client, I would ask: Why are you even requiring them to build from source?
Instead, if the want the source code, do the following:

*

*Build a release of your software for them and deliver the executable binaries

*Also deliver the source code to them

This is really the best mechanism for them to receive your software. If they need to run it on multiple platforms, that's all the more reason for them not to have to compile your source. Instead, deliver prebuilt binaries for all their target platforms.
You can still deliver the source code while offering a much better initial user experience of delivering prebuilt binaries. That's much preferable to going through any documentation on building it themselves, no matter how well the documentation is written.

A: I would just add a command line script (*.bat) to your package, calling VS with commands like
set VSPATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0
set DEVENV="%VSPATH%\Common7\IDE\devenv.exe"
%DEVENV% YourProgramsSolutionFile.sln /build "Release" /out Build.log

This script can be run by a simple double-click, which should not be too hard to  explain to anyone else, programmer or not.
Actually, I find it very cumbersome to force a non-programmer to install Visual Studio on his machine only to let him compile your program. So when you want to deliver a package to someone else, why don't you provide a setup routine for an already compiled binary additionally to the source code?
Here is a related article you might find interesting: http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2007/10/the-f5-key-is-not-a-build-process.html


It was a brisk Saturday morning as Carlito and Marcus loaded up the truck, litteraly, to the sky with 30 kids bikes. By God's grace they made it the 50 blocks down into the woodlawn area where the grill was already firing hotdogs in bulk. That afternoon the Dream Center, youth ministry outreach organization, hosted their first bike rodeo. This was Organized by Marcus, Nick Sims (Safe Routes to School) and Kay Moore (Dream Center Manager). After everyone ate their share of hotdogs and chips the raffle began. 30 Kids were drawn and got to pick out their own bike. It was amazing! So many happy kids. After this Nick took over, trying to rodeo 30 kids through a bike obstacle course is not easy. Towards the end you could see swarms of 8 boy bike gangs circling the blocks like a scene from Mad Max. At the end of the day it was all worth it though! Dream Center covered the cost of all the parts and threw in a little extra to help cover RC's cost on the bikes; and Nick donated all his time to this great event.
Cheers to both Nick and Kay, and their Organizations! Couldn't have done it without you.Click on the picture to go see our facebook album of the event.
Bikes ready to go for the kids!


קובע לכמה חלקים אלמנט צריך להיות מחולק.
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Their ability to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, make computers very flexible and popular. Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, but more importantly in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices. The internet is run on computers, and connects millions of these other computers.


text:
Last Mile Brief 13/01/2023: Shopee announces shock departure from Polish market
In today's Last Mile Brief, we've the lowdown on Shopee's sudden decision to leave Poland, plus over 20 news items from around the world concerning the likes of Amazon, Deliveroo, FedEx, Getir, DPD, Walmart and others.
Shopee.pl screenshot
Today's headline story: Ecommerce platform Shopee announces shock departure from Polish market
In a shock announcement, ecommerce platform Shopee has informed its customers in Poland that its services will no longer be available in the country from today, 13th January.
The move comes after Shopee entered the market as recently as September 2021, armed with an aggressive advertising blitz.
The company had no shortage of competition to grapple with, however. Allegro has long established itself as the market leader in Poland, while Aliexpress and Amazon have also entered the fray in recent years.
Although the decision was something of a shock, especially given Shopee had recently entered the Polish market, the company had already taken the same move in both France and Spain.
As for what was behind Shopee's departure, a spokesperson told Polish daily newspaper Rzeczpospolita:
"We're trying to focus on the most promising development opportunities available to us. Taking this into account, as well as the fact that the region continues to experience significant macroeconomic uncertainty, which distorts the assessment of development opportunities in the long term, we have decided to terminate our operations in Poland."
That said, according to many media outlets in Poland, it is also Shopee's cringeworthy advertising campaign that has had a role in the company's downfall in the Polish market.
The Singaporean ecommerce company initially ran with a campaign with a mindlessly repetitive theme tune that annoyed viewers watching content on their TVs, computers or smartphones. They then ran a divisive campaign featuring a Disco Polo star loved by some but hated by others.
This was encapsulated in the aforementioned Rzeczpospolita report, which used the words "no more annoying ads" in its title.
Last Mile Experts analysis by Marek Różycki:
"This is doubtless good news for Allegro who also beat the e-commerce behemoth, eBay, in a David vs Goliath fight several years ago. Alibaba Group will also benefit from this unexpected move. In terms of the last mile, Shopee volumes will have anyway been served by the likes of InPost and DPD Polska Sp z o.o. but will now partially support Allegro Logistics and Cainiao Network as the respective volumes go to their parent companies."
Europe round up
Aldi is set to stop home delivery of its 'Specialbuys', as well as wine and spirits, so as to focus on low prices and the extension of its click and collect service.
FedEX invests in new parcel technology at Stansted Airport.
An 'unauthorised' InPost parcel locker could be removed from the front of a shop in Exhall, England, after being described as an " oppressive addition" in a council report.
DPD has suspended three members of staff at its Stoke-on-Trent depot.
Royal Mail's 'Swap Out' scheme failed to deliver 500 stamps.
Royal Mail rejects claims it is planning to sack thousands of workers.
Deliveroo UK has launched a New Year Saver virtual stamp card, giving customers a chance to unlock £22 in free credit.
Investors have taken a bite out of Deliveroo after analysts warned Q4 delivery figures will likely fail to meet expectations.
Asos plans to close three storage warehouses, including one in the UK, as it implements a £300m cost mitigation package.
Hermes Germany is building a logistics centre in Thiendorf near Dresden.
Evri is being examined by the UK government after numerous delivery complaints over the Christmas period.
Workers were set to walk out of Getir's office in South London on Wednesday over an email informing them of a return to office mandate.
North America round up
Walmart has entered into a partnership with software giant Salesforce to provide its retail customers with store pickup and delivery services using Walmart's transportation network.
Toronto-based delivery startup GoBolt has laid off 55 employees.
HomeValet has unveiled a food-safety compliance and risk management system for food delivery from Store-to-Door.
Weis Markets had added its third online grocery delivery partner with the launch of same-day service via Instacart.
A federal labor official on Wednesday rejected Amazon's attempt to overturn a union victory at a warehouse on Staten Island, removing a key obstacle to contract negotiations between the union and the company.
Instacart will pay over $5 million to its San Francisco delivery riders as compensation for allegedly failing to provide some benefits.
FedEx became the first company to launch cargo operations using the Cessna 408 SkyCourier.
News from the rest of the world
Courier companies in China are encouraging staff to remain at work during upcoming public holidays to manage the increased flow of goods.
Amazon has been summoned for an in-person meeting by the assistant labour commissioner's office in Pune, India, over its recent announcement of layoffs.
Deliveroo Qatar has launched a cutlery opt-in feature to cut down on takeaway plastics.
Your Last Mile Brief is co-produced by:
Photo © Copyright Thomas Nugent and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Get closer to nature with a 16-day tour through Malaysia where you'll roam where the animals do and trek up challenging but rewarding terrain. Explorations through jungles, along crocodile-infested rivers, and to animal sanctuaries provides endless animal encounters (proboscis monkey, pygmy elephant) before you embark on a trek up Mt Kinabalu, making it to the summit by sunrise for an experience like no other.
Depart Kuching in the morning, passing through mangrove forest before arriving at Bako village. Continue along the coast by motorized boat to reach Bako National Park. Hike through the park and experience amazing plant and wildlife. Be sure to keep an eye out for the proboscis monkey. Return to Kuching in the evening.
Drive through the scenic countryside, passing plantations, rivers, rainforest to reach the Batang Ai jetty, stopping en route to visit a trading town and a local farmhouse. We'll also make a stop to visit the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre and with some luck, spot a wild orangutan passing through. From the jetty transfer via boat to a local Iban longhouse and enjoy a stay with this welcoming community while learning more about their culture.
Witness a blowpipe demonstration before setting off by longboat for a trip across the lake. Disembark and enjoy a hike through the forest and a local lunch at a scenic locale. Enjoy a refreshing dip in the water before heading to our hotel for the night.
Return to the jetty by boat and continue overland to Kuching.
Fly from Kuching to Kota Kinabalu. Enjoy some free time in the evening.


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Q: SQL query based on select option This is the select option I have:

  Choose Team:
  <select name="teams" id="teams">
    <option value="both">Alle Teams</option>
    <option value="2">Team 2</option>
    <option value="3">Team 3</option>
  </select>

This is how mu query looks like.
$stmt = $link -> prepare('SELECT id, ident, pp, date FROM sales WHERE status=? team=? ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 5');
$status = "OK";
$stmt -> bind_param("si", $status, $team);

I know I can use document.getElementById("pplegal").value in JS to get the selected value, but how can I do this in PHP, and run the query based on what is selected?
If option value 2 = team=2
If option value 3 = team=3
If option value both = team=2 and 3

A: In PHP the form parameters are in $_POST. You can check for the special case of $team == 'both' and put the list of teams in the SQL. Otherwise, use a parameter to substitute the variable into the query.
$team = $_POST['teams'];
$stats = 'OK';

if ($team == 'both') {
    $stmt = $link->prepare('SELECT id, ident, pp, date FROM sales WHERE status=? AND team IN (2, 3) ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 5');
    $stmt->bind_param('s', $status);
} else {
    $stmt = $link->prepare('SELECT id, ident, pp, date FROM sales WHERE status=? AND team=? ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 5');
    $stmt->bind_param('si', $status, $team);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Savvy Blog
Ray White Queenstown celebrates re-opening following car incident
by SouthernPR July 12, 2018
Two months after a car ploughed into their real estate showroom, Ray White Queenstown owners Bas Smith and Cam Reed have finally re-opened the doors.
The ground-level office and showroom in Church Street was extensively damaged when a local worker finishing a night shift accidentally drove into the building around daybreak on April 19.
Staff and agents who used to use the downstairs space were relocated to upstairs offices while re-building and renovation work was completed.
The space now has a new, modern look and feel including a lounge area, and upstairs areas have been remodelled to enable staff to remain there.
The new-look showroom opened as Bas and Cam celebrate ten years operating the Ray White franchise in Queenstown, and Ray White marked the 25th anniversary of its presence in New Zealand with an Auckland celebration in late May.
"We've always been in Church Street, and as the town has grown we're thrilled to be in such a vibrant area which is fast becoming the lynchpin of downtown," says Cam.
"When we started ten years ago it was just the two of us, and now we're an efficient, cohesive team of 15 agents and staff.
"Bas and I made a decision when we opened up that we would commit to the town and our business and we've certainly seen plenty of change in the past decade.
"We've raised our families here and we're proud to support local community groups that mirror our own family values as well as those held by Ray White, which has had four generations of the White family at the helm over its 115-year history in Australasia.
"When the car smashed into our premises, our only reaction was one of relief that neither the driver or any of our staff were injured.
"As a result we've finally got a new showroom that's bigger, better and brighter than ever before, showcasing our listings to visitors and passers-by and complementing the online and social media sales and marketing work carried out by our team."
There are over 1100 Ray White offices in Australasia including over 165 in New Zealand. Ray White has a national market share of close to 20%, and local strength in Southern Lakes with offices in Queenstown, Arrowtown, Wanaka, Cromwell and Te Anau.
Queenstown offers coolest winter holiday escapes
Mt Cook Alpine Salmon appoints Sir Bill English to board
"We've been working with Southern PR over several years and like this strategic partnership. They understand the hospitality industry well, which makes the conversations and target-setting easy. Fiona and Laura are pleasure to work with and we like their responsiveness to our last-minute demands, as well as their quality reach into trade and consumer media."
Crowne Plaza Auckland Area Director of Sales & Marketing Franck Hesse
"Ziptrek has worked with Southern PR for over seven years and no matter what you're looking for when it comes to media relations, Southern PR has the answers. They help ensure the right people are talking about your product in the right way. They're also friendly, professional and always ready to share a laugh or story, provide guidance or give advice. Highly recommend."
Ziptrek Ecotours Sales & Marketing Manager Nicky Busst
"The ISPS Handa New Zealand Open is an event that we believe is important to New Zealand and (especially) to the Queenstown region. We're delighted to have had Southern PR work alongside us these past five years, helping us grow the awareness of our event both locally and nationally, and they've done a fine job. Their commitment to our event has been huge, and is much appreciated."
ISPS Handa New Zealand Open Tournament Director Michael Glading
LEVEL 1, 1085 FRANKTON RD, Queenstown | PO BOX 2746, WAKATIPU, 9349 | NEW ZEALAND
T: 03 451 0444 | M: +64 2 743 13270 | E: [email protected] | privacy policy | T&C's | Site Design


text:
Fenoximetilpenicilina, cunoscută și sub denumirea de penicilină V, este un antibiotic din clasa penicilinelor utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără: faringita streptococică, otita, celulita și alte infecțiile cutanate și infecțiile respiratorii. Calea de administrare disponibilă este orală.

Se află pe lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății.

Reacții adverse

Note

Vezi și
 Benzilpenicilină
 Meticilină

Peniciline
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Central Asia and the long view of innovation
Posted on December 26, 2009 by Andrew Hargadon
Frederick Starr wrote a brilliant essay, Rediscovering Central Asia, which provides a perspective on the current quagmire in Afghanistan that predates, by several millenia, the post-9/11 version currently guiding public opinion (and policy). Starr has impeccable credentials as an expert in this region and its history, and I leave any policy disagreements to him and others equally qualified. This was one of those essays, however, that has as many implications for innovation and innovation policy as it does for statesmanship and central asian policy.
Central Asia is, in Starr's words, the "vast region of irrigated deserts, mountains, and steppes between China, Pakistan, Iran, Russia, and the Caspian Sea," with Afghanistan traditionally considered the heart of the region. Despite its backwards appearance in the press, with war correspondents standing in front of deserted plains or smoldering cities, Central Asia was once one of the most intellectually vibrant communities in world history.
From this region came "mathematics, astronomy, medicine, geology, linguistics, political science, poetry, architecture, and practical technology" that influenced the west and the east alike in both its logic, empiricism, aesthetics, and faith. As Starr argues,
Between 800 and 1100, this pleiad of Central Asian scientists, artists, and thinkers made their region the intellectual epicenter of the world. Their influence was felt from East Asia and India to Europe and the Middle East.
What makes this essay on Central Asian culture so vital to understanding innovation lies in Starr's reasons for both why such an intellectual wellspring emerged and flourished and why it dried up.
What we now see as a hinterland (both geological and intellectual) lay on trade routes that connected the east and west, north and south:
[Central Asia] was also richer, thanks to continental trade. Merchants from Balkh and other Central Asian commercial centers journeyed to the Middle East, Europe, China, and deep into India. Traders from those lands brought goods to the sprawling commercial entrepôts in Greater Central Asia. Since slavery thrived throughout the Muslim world and beyond, the bazaars also included large slave markets. Gold, silver, and bronze currency from these thriving hubs of commerce traveled all the way to Gotland in Sweden and to Korea and Sri Lanka.
Central Asia lay at the junction of all the routes connecting the great cultures of the Eurasian landmass. This network of routes, today often called the "Silk Road," in its heyday transported a huge variety of goods in every direction. Glass blowing spread from the Middle East to China via Central Asia, while papermaking and sericulture (the production of silk) went from China westward.
The many communities that made up the region drew riches not only from the flow of goods but also the flow of ideas. Perhaps more importantly, they did embraced, incorporated, and built on the skills, technologies, ideas—creating new combinations that were greater than the sum of their parts.
[T]he Central Asians were not passive transmitters. For half a millennium, Middle Easterners and Europeans esteemed Samarqand paper as the best anywhere, while the treasures of more than one medieval cathedral in Europe consist of silk manufactured in the Fergana Valley of what is now mainly Uzbekistan.
The same could be said for their adaptation and recombination of religious thinking, philosophy, science, and the arts.
Another reason for the intellectual bounty of this nexus civilization seems to lie, paradoxically, in its own relative balkanization—in the existence of multiple smaller kingdoms, or caliphates. There were no professional universities or other academies to support full-time scientists, scholars, and intellectuals and so many relied on the patronage of rulers (much like the culture of intellectual endeavor and patronage of the Italian renaissance). The relative independence and wealth of these individual courts encouraged an intellectual diversity, loosely coupled.
As interesting as these origins are, and they are common across many similar cultural cambrian periods, it is more enlightening to read about how this great age came to an end—not with a bang but a choked silence. Starr posits three reasons.
First, that "Nothing endures forever." Athens, the Renaissance cities, lasted no more than a century or two. By 1100, the developed but disconnected cultures of ancient Greece, the Middle East, and India had mixed and there were no new but well-developed cultures to assimilate. Without the refinement that comes with cultural heritage, new ideas are on their own.
Second, the religions that flourished in their early stages hardened into orthodoxy. The intellectual and cultural exploration that led growth becomes threatening to the stasis of orthodoxy: "the demands of a steadily rigidifying Muslim orthodoxy gradually narrowed the sphere in which free thought and humanism could be exercised."
Third, and related to growing orthodoxy, was the split between Sunnis and Shiites and its effects of increasingly hostile power struggles and suppression on culture:
"Fearing deviance on every side, al- Mulk proposed to establish a network of schools, or madrassas, that would instill orthodox Sunni Islam and turn young men into well- informed loyalists of the faith. Graduates would reject not only the Shiite schism but any other forms of thought that might be suspected of deviance from orthodoxy."
Afghanistan's, and all of Central Asia's, past is our future. The flowering of intellectual and technological creativity that defined America from the mid-1800s to the present will recede eventually but, quite likely, in our lifetimes.
Have we tapped out the confluence of ideas, technologies, and aesthetics that came from Europe and Asia over the prior centuries? Will the modern-day "trade routes" that placed us at the confluence (now most prominently financial) sustain further growth or are they in decay. Has the nexus of cultural growth shifted again? Finally, has our own orthodoxies hardened to the extent that the benefits of intellectual and cultural exploration are outweighed by their perceived threats to the stasis of orthodoxy?
We can talk all we want about corporate cultures, garage start-ups, and our legacy of innovation but if history tells us anything, it's that nothing endures. Moving forward, our ability to innovate hinges on how we choose to tolerate, assimilate, and build on the ideas of others—and how we manage the intolerance of others threatened by this process.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The Hofstadter butterfly is the self-similar energy spectrum of an electron moving in a periodic potential under a uniform magnetic field\cite{Hofstadter}. The self-similar behavior is due to the competition between two length scales, the lattice constant and the magnetic length. The energy spectrum and the topological properties of the system are determined solely by the magnetic field and the lattice geometry. The lattice geometry is in turn determined by the Bravais lattice and the structure of the unit cell.

The observation of the self-similar spectrum requires a magnetic flux which is on the order of one flux quantum per unit cell. For typical solid state lattices, this requires very high magnetic fields on the order of thousands of Tesla, which is not experimentally accessible. One solution to overcome this limitation is to increase the lattice constant, such as the two stacked layers forming a superlattice with a larger lattice constant\cite{SuperlatticeKim}. A new and different approach is demonstrated in cold atom experiments utilizing artificial gauge fields\cite{EffMFJakschZoller,KetterleHarper}. Both of these approaches can create arbitrary lattices with desired lattice parameters. A striking demonstration of this flexibility is the creation of the two dimensional tunable optical lattices\cite{EsslingerDirac}. Therefore, the study of the energy spectra under a magnetic field for arbitrary lattices and their dynamical properties are relevant problems today.

In a previous work\cite{FiratNurOktel}, we calculated and examined the energy spectrum and the topological properties of the experimentally realized two-dimensional (2D) tunable optical lattices created by the Zurich group\cite{EsslingerDirac}. That lattice can be tuned from the square lattice to a Honeycomb-like geometry. However, throughout this transition, the unit cell remains square and only the unit cell potential is varied. The honeycomb-like geometry which also referred to as the brick wall lattice still has a square Bravais lattice which has a two point basis. A natural follow up question is to ask: ``How does the energy spectrum evolve as the symmetries of the underlying Bravais lattice changes?''

In this paper, we answer this question by calculating the energy spectrum for all two-dimensional Bravais lattices. We particularly investigate the transitions between lattices of distinct symmetry groups. To this end, we propose a real space sinusoidal potential which can create any arbitrary Bravais lattice with a one point basis. Such a potential can be created as an optical lattice which can be adjusted to generate all two dimensional Bravais lattices. We consider this potential in the deep lattice limit to describe the system by a tight binding (TB) model. We calculate the TB parameters by both fitting momentum space bands to numerical solution of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation and also by calculating the Wannier functions (WF).

Once the zero field TB Hamiltonian is constructed, the effect of the magnetic field is introduced by the Peierls substitution\citep{Peierls}. This method modifies the hopping amplitude with a complex phase with the constraint that the sum of the hopping phases over any closed loop on the lattice is proportional to the total magnetic flux through the loop. While this substitution only works for lattices in the TB limit, it is actually a more factual description of the recent cold atom lattice experiments where the artificial magnetic field is generated by creating these phases by modifying the tunneling between neighboring sites\citep{KetterleHarper,EffMFJakschZoller,AidelsburgerBloch}. Because the phases are written on the links between the sites, it is easier to envision changing the lattice geometry by keeping the magnetic flux per plaquette of the lattice constant.

We first reduce the magnetic TB Hamiltonian to a q-by-q matrix by using translation symmetries under a magnetic flux per plaquette which we take to be $p/q$ times the magnetic flux quantum. We restrict $p$ and $q$ to be co-prime integers. We numerically diagonalize this matrix for each $k$-point in the magnetic Brillouin zone to determine band edges. Repeating this calculation for different Bravais lattice parameters enables us to investigate the evolution of the energy spectrum.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.94\textwidth]{Fig1.jpg}}
\caption{(Color online) Five Bravais lattices created by the potential in Eq.\ref{potentialEqn}. (from the left) Oblique, centered-rectangular(Rhombic), triangular, rectangular, square lattices. Lattice depths are $V_x = V_y = 50 (E_R),$ where $E_R$ is the recoil energy. The unit cell and the primitive vectors are shown with thick lines.}\label{2DBravaisFig}
\end{figure*}
We find that the geometry of the Bravais lattice plays a critical role in determining the energy spectrum. New symmetries can emerge according to the point group of the lattice. In two dimensions, Bravais lattices can be classified into five distinct classes by their point group. The triangular and the square lattice are the most symmetric 2D lattices. A reduction of one mirror symmetry produces the centered rectangular and rectangular lattices from them. The oblique lattice is the most general form for 2D Bravais lattices. We parametrize the space of all these lattices and observe the evolution of the Hofstadter butterfly during the transition between them.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig2.jpg}
\caption{(Color online) The space of all possible 2D Bravais lattices, parametrized as a function of the angle between the primitive vectors and the ratio of their length. Lattices of high symmetry are shown by lines and points.}\label{pointGroups}
\end{figure}

The most striking evolution is between the square lattice and the triangular lattice. One of the main diagonal gap in the square lattice energy spectrum shrinks, and after infinitely many gap closures and openings, the triangular lattice Hofstadter butterfly emerges. These gap closings and re-openings through the evolution are necessary to connect gaps with different Chern numbers in the two limits. We find that even a small departure from the high symmetry points such as the Triangular lattice, causes drastic changes in the spectrum, resulting in sudden energy gap openings and closures. The square lattice's bipartite symmetry causes the reflection symmetry along $E=0$ line in the Hofstadter butterfly. This symmetry is swiftly broken during the evolution and completely fades away in the Triangular lattice limit. For the Triangular lattice, the area of the primitive cell and consequently the flux per plaquette is reduced by one half compared to the oblique lattice. Hence, the periodicity of energy spectrum as a function of the flux is doubled.

The transition between the square lattice butterfly and the triangular lattice butterfly has previously been studied by Hatsugai and Kohmoto\cite{KohmotoTritoSqu} by considering a square lattice with NNN hopping. While the results obtained directly starting from the TB model are valuable, it is not straightforward to link the TB parameters with the lattice geometry and real space potential. In this work, we generate the TB parameters starting from a realistic optical lattice potential and relate lattice geometry directly to the energy spectrum. For the square to triangular lattice transition, our results are in agreement with Ref.\cite{KohmotoTritoSqu}.

The square to rectangular lattice transition demonstrates how the self similar spectrum emerges from a continuous band. For a rectangular lattice with extreme anisotropy, the hopping amplitude in one direction is suppressed and the system is equivalent to a collection of one-dimensional chains. In one dimension, an external magnetic field can be gauged away and has no effect on the spectrum. As the anisotropy of the rectangular lattice is reduced, the isolated one-dimensional chains are weakly connected. Treating this connection perturbatively, we observe how the self similar energy gaps are formed. A similar transition takes place between the triangular lattice and the centered rectangular lattices. We also analyze the oblique and the centered rectangular to the triangular lattice transitions.

Finally, we investigate the Chern numbers of the main gaps during the lattice evolution. We find that Chern numbers are always transferred by a multiple of $q$ when two bands connect and split. We argue that this is due to the $q$-fold degeneracy in momentum space causing $q$ Dirac cones to emerge simultaneously. We also investigate the behavior of Chern numbers on a closed path in the space of two dimensional Bravais lattices.

This article is organized as follows, section II introduces the real space potential and constructs a proper TB model description under magnetic field. The next section explains the diagonalization of the magnetic TB Hamiltonian and calculates of the corresponding energy spectra. In Section IV, all possible Bravais lattice transitions and the corresponding Hofstadter butterflies are discussed in detail. In Section V, the Bravais lattices are characterized by their Chern number and the parameter space of lattices are classified by set of Chern numbers for each magnetic flux per plaquette. In the conclusion, we give an overview of our results and discuss the experimental implications.

\section{THE MODEL}
In this section, we propose a lattice potential which can be adjusted to form any Bravais lattice in two dimensions. We reduce this potential to a TB model in the deep potential limit. The effect of a magnetic field is introduced by the Peierls substitution\cite{Peierls} in the next section.

A 2D Bravais lattice is described by its primitive vectors\cite{Ashcroft},
\begin{eqnarray}\label{primitVecsDmnslss}
  \vec{a}_1 &=& \lambda_1 \hat{x}, \nonumber\\
  \vec{a}_2 &=& \lambda_2 \left( \cos{\theta} \hat{x} + \sin{\theta} \hat{y} \right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\theta$ is the angle between the primitive lattice vectors, the lattice constants are $\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$. Without loss of generality, we choose $\vec{a}_1$ to be along the $\hat{x}$ direction.

The Bravais lattice points are at positions,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{BravaisVecs}
\vec{R}_{n_1,n_2} &=& n_1 \vec{a}_1 + n_2 \vec{a}_2, \quad n_1,n_2 \in \mathbb{Z},\nonumber\\
  				&=& \big[(\lambda_1 n_1 + \lambda_2 n_2 \cos{\theta}) \hat{x} + (\lambda_2 n_2 \sin{\theta})\hat{y}\big].
\end{eqnarray}
A real space potential $V(x,y)$ which is capable of generating all possible two-dimensional Bravais lattices with minimum number of Fourier components is,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{potentialEqn}
V(x,y)&=& - V_X cos (\vec{k}_1\cdot\vec{x}) - V_Y cos (\vec{k}_2\cdot\vec{x}) \nonumber  \\
     &-&  2 \cos{\theta} \sqrt{V_X V_Y} \cos (\left( \vec{k}_1 - \vec{k}_2 \right)\cdot\vec{x}).
\end{eqnarray}
Sinusoidal potentials are routinely produced in cold atom experiments by a retro reflected lasers. Two dimensional optical lattices are generated by using at least two beams. In principle, the above potential can be produced by at most three laser beams, but if $|k_1| = |k_2|$, the last term in the potential results from the interference of the first two. The laser wave vectors are $\vec{k}_1 = \frac{2 \pi}{\lambda_1 \sin{\theta}}(0,1) $, $\vec{k}_2 = \frac{2 \pi}{\lambda_2 \sin{\theta}}(- \sin{\theta},\cos{\theta})$.

Up to a scale transformation, all two dimensional Bravais lattices can be formed as $|\lambda_1/\lambda_2|$ and $\theta$ are varied. The Schr\"{o}dinger equation for the above potential is,
\begin{equation*}
\Big[ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \big(\partial^2_x + \partial^2_y \big) + V(x,y) \Big] \psi(x,y) = E \psi(x,y).
\end{equation*}
We do not introduce the magnetic field into the continuum equation as the translation symmetry group under a magnetic field is more complicated than the usual crystal symmetries\cite{ZakMagneticTranslationGroup}. Instead, we first project the continuum problem onto the lowest band in k-space forming a TB description. Such a description is not only accurate in the deep lattice limit but also easily adapted to include the external magnetic field by Peierls substitution.

The TB parameters can be obtained by two methods. The first method is to calculate them by fitting the energy band obtained from TB model with the lowest energy band of the numerical solution of the continuum problem. In the second method, WFs for the lowest energy band are constructed and used to project the continuum problem to the TB model. If the WFs are obtained from the numerical solution of the continuum problem by direct Fourier transformation, these methods are equivalent. However, we use an alternative definition of WFs\cite{Kivelson} which facilitates direct construction of these functions from a finite system. We use both methods for all our lattices and find that the methods are in good agreement in the deep lattice limit.

The usual definition of WFs has a phase ambiguity. This gauge choice is usually resolved by requiring maximum localization which increases the computational burden\cite{WannierOriginal}. An alternative definition of WFs was given by Kivelson\cite{Kivelson} based on projections to the single band Hilbert space. The projected position operators for the $n^{th}$ band are defined as,
\begin{eqnarray*}
  \hat{x}_n &=& \hat{P}_n \hat{x} \hat{P}_n, \nonumber \\
  \hat{y}_n &=& \hat{P}_n \hat{y} \hat{P}_n,
\end{eqnarray*}
where
\begin{equation}
\hat{P}_n = \sum_{k}^{BZ} | n,k\rangle \langle n,k |,
\end{equation}
The eigenstates of $\hat{x}_n$, $\hat{y}_n$ are the WFs and the eigenvalues are the corresponding Wannier centers,
\begin{equation*}
    \hat{x}_n | W_n (\vec{r}-\vec{R}) \rangle  =  \vec{R} | W_n (\vec{r}-\vec{R}) \rangle.
\end{equation*}
This definition reduces to the usual Fourier transform WF definition, but is equally applicable to finite or disordered systems. Thus, we use this definition on a finite system to generate WF and calculate the TB parameters.

We use a finite system with four unit cells along each primitive vector. The projection operator for the lowest band is formed by the first sixteen nearly degenerate eigenstates. Instead of separately diagonalizing $\hat{x}_n$, $\hat{y}_n$ one after another, we diagonalize a linear combination, say $\hat{O}_n = \hat{x}_n + \alpha \hat{y}_n$ with arbitrary $\alpha$ and obtain the corresponding eigenstates. Surprisingly, even a 4-by-4 finite lattice is large enough to capture the infinite lattice hopping parameters within one percent error.

During the evolution of the lattice the number of nearest neighbors (NN) and the distance between NNs and next nearest neighbors (NNN) changes. In order to capture the physics of the transition, we calculate the TB parameters for eight neighbors shown in Fig.\ref{tightBindModel}. Due to inversion symmetry, only four distinct parameters are required.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{Fig3.jpg}
\caption{(Color online) The TB model with eight neighbors represented on the contour plot of the potential. The bold arrows are the primitive translation vectors. The TB model hopping parameters are denoted with four different symbols, $t_0,t_1,t_2$ and $t_3$.}\label{tightBindModel}
\end{figure}

The TB Hamiltonian for this system is,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{HamiltonianNoB}
{\cal \hat{H}} = - \sum_{m_1,m_2} \Big[&& t_0 | m_1+1  ,m_2  \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_1 | m_1  ,m_2+1  \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_2 | m_1-1,m_2+1 \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_3 | m_1+1,m_2+1\rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& h.c.  \Big].
\end{eqnarray}
The Schr\"{o}dinger equation ${\cal \hat{H}} | \Psi \rangle = E |\Psi \rangle$ can be expressed in the localized basis $|\Psi \rangle= \sum_{n_1,n_2} \psi_{n_1,n_2} |n_1,n_2\rangle$. Then the Hamiltonian is diagonalized by a discrete Fourier transform, yielding the eigenvalues,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{EnergyDispersionNoB}
E(k_1,k_2)  &=& -2 t_0 cos(k_1) - 2 t_1 cos(k_2) \nonumber \\
            &-& 2 t_2 cos(k_1-k_2) - 2 t_3 cos (k_1 + k_2).
\end{eqnarray}
The dimensionless wavenumbers are, $k_1 = \vec{k} \cdot \vec{a_1}$ and $k_2 = \vec{k} \cdot \vec{a_2}$. This function reduces to TB bands for the square and the triangular lattice with corresponding NN and NNN hopping parameters.

We introduce the magnetic field using the Peierls substitution
\begin{equation*}
t_{\mathbf{m},\mathbf{n}} |\vec{R}_{\mathbf{n}} \rangle \langle \vec{R}_{\mathbf{m}} | \rightarrow e^{i \Theta_{\mathbf{m},\mathbf{n}}} t_{\mathbf{m},\mathbf{n}} |\vec{R}_{\mathbf{n}} \rangle \langle \vec{R}_{\mathbf{m}} |,
\end{equation*}
where $\mathbf{m} = (m_1,m_2)$ and $\mathbf{n} = (n_1,n_2)$. We choose the magnetic vector potential in the Landau gauge along $\vec{a}_1$ direction, $\vec{A} = B y \hat{x}$. The hopping phases are calculated as,
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Theta_{\mathbf{m},\mathbf{n}} &=& -\frac{e}{\hbar} \int_{\vec{R}_{\mathbf{m}}}^{\vec{R}_{\mathbf{n}}} \vec{A} \cdot \vec{d\ell} \\
            &=& - 2 \pi \phi \big([\vec{R}_{\mathbf{n}}-\vec{R}_{\mathbf{m}}]\cdot \hat{x}  \big)\big(\frac{\vec{R}_{\mathbf{n}}+\vec{R}_{\mathbf{m}}}{2}\cdot \hat{y} \big),
\end{eqnarray*}
where $\phi = B\lambda_1 \lambda_2\sin{\theta} / \phi_0$ is magnetic flux per plaquette normalized to flux quantum $\phi_0 = h/e$. This method faithfully describes a uniform magnetic field as long as the zero-field description of the TB model holds\cite{OktelP}.

With the Peierls substitution, the TB Hamiltonian under a magnetic field becomes,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{BHam}
{\cal \hat{H}} &=& - \sum_{m_1,m_2} \Big[ \nonumber\\
& & t_0 e^{-i2\pi\phi m_2} | m_1+1  ,m_2  \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_1 e^{-i2\pi \phi \cos{\theta} (m_2+1/2)} | m_1  ,m_2+1  \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_2 e^{i2\pi\phi(1-\cos{\theta}) (m_2+1/2)} | m_1-1,m_2+1 \rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& t_3e^{-i2\pi\phi(1+\cos{\theta}) (m_2+1/2)} | m_1+1,m_2+1\rangle \langle m_1, m_2| \nonumber\\
&+& h.c.].
\end{eqnarray}
The magnetic field enters the TB Hamiltonian only through the parameter $\phi$ which is the magnetic flux through a primitive unit cell of the lattice. As the lattice geometry evolves, the area of the primitive unit cell will in general change. Therefore, it is possible to investigate the evolution under two different constraints. First, one can envision that a uniform magnetic field is acting on the system so that $\phi$ changes with lattice geometry. Second approach is to take $\phi$ to be constant during the evolution. We use the second approach as it is more relevant to cold atom experiments where the artificial magnetic flux is generated by modifying the hopping parameters and is not affected by the unit cell area. In the next section, we calculate the energy spectrum under a constant $\phi$ as the geometry evolves.

\section{CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM}
The magnetic Hamiltonian in Eq.\ref{BHam} acting on the state $|\Psi \rangle= \sum_{n_1,n_2} \psi_{n_1,n_2} |n_1,n_2\rangle$, yields the following difference equation,
\begin{eqnarray*}
E\psi_{m_1,m_2}&& = \nonumber \\
&-& t_0 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \phi m_2} \psi_{m_1-1,m_2} + e^{i2 \pi \phi m_2} \psi_{m_1+1,m_2}\big)    \nonumber \\
&-& t_1 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \phi \cos{\theta}(m_2 - 1/2)} \psi_{m_1,m_2-1} \nonumber \\
&& \quad + e^{i2 \pi \phi \cos{\theta}(m_2 + 1/2)} \psi_{m_1,m_2+1} \big) \nonumber \\
&-& t_2 \big(e^{i2 \pi \phi (1-\cos{\theta})(m_2 - 1/2)} \psi_{m_1+1,m_2-1} \nonumber\\
&& \quad  +e^{-i2 \pi \phi (1-\cos{\theta})(m_2 + 1/2)} \psi_{m_1-1,m_2+1} \big) \nonumber\\
&-& t_3 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \phi (1+\cos{\theta})(m_2 - 1/2)} \psi_{m_1-1,m_2-1} \nonumber \\
&& \quad  +e^{i2 \pi \phi (1+\cos{\theta})(m_2 + 1/2)} \psi_{m_1+1,m_2+1} \big).
\end{eqnarray*}
The Landau gauge, $\vec{A}$ is parallel to $\vec{a}_1$ and the Hamiltonian consequently preserves zero-field discrete translational symmetry in this direction. We choose a superposition of plane waves as the the mutual eigenstates of the Hamiltonian and the discrete translation operator along $\vec{a}_1$,
\begin{equation}
\psi_{m_1,m_2} (k_1,k_2)= e^{i k_1 m_1} g_{m_2}(k_1,k_2).
\end{equation}
With this choice, we obtain a one-dimensional difference equation for $g_{m_2}$. This equation is periodic only for rational values of $\phi$. Assuming $\phi = \frac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are mutually prime integers, the one-dimensional equation becomes,
\begin{eqnarray*}
Eg_{m_2} =&-& t_0 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} m_2} e^{-ik_1} g_{m_2} \nonumber\\
&& \quad  + e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} m_2} e^{ik_1} g_{m_2} \big) \nonumber\\
&-& t_1 \big( + e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} \cos{\theta}(m_2 - 1/2)}g_{m_2-1}  \nonumber\\
&& \quad + e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} \cos{\theta}(m_2 + 1/2)} g_{m_2+1} \big) \nonumber\\
&-& t_2 \big(e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (1-\cos{\theta})(m_2 - 1/2)} e^{ik_1} g_{m_2-1} \nonumber\\
&& \quad + e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (1-\cos{\theta})(m_2 + 1/2)} e^{-ik_1} g_{m_2+1} \big)\nonumber\\
&-& t_3 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (1+\cos{\theta})(m_2 - 1/2)} e^{-ik_1} g_{m_2-1} \nonumber\\
&& \quad + e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (1+\cos{\theta})(m_2 + 1/2)} e^{ik_1} g_{m_2+1} \big).
\end{eqnarray*}
However, the periodicity of this difference equation by $q$ is not obvious. Following Rammal's approach\citep{Rammal}, we apply the following unitary transformation,
\begin{equation*}
g_{m_2} = e^{-i \pi \frac{p}{q} cos{\theta} m_{2}^2} f_{m_2}.
\end{equation*}
The periodicity of the resulting equation allows the use of Bloch's theorem. Hence, the diagonalization is reduced to a q-by-q matrix,
\begin{eqnarray}
E f_{m_2} = &-& t_0 \big(2 \cos{(2 \pi \frac{p}{q} m_2 + k_1)} f_{m_2} \big)\nonumber \\
&-& t_1 \big( f_{m_2-1}  + f_{m_2+1} \big) \nonumber \\
&-& t_2 \big(e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q}(m_2 - 1/2)} e^{ik_1} f_{m_2-1} \nonumber\\
&&\quad  \quad + e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (m_2 + 1/2)} e^{-ik_1} f_{m_2+1} \big)\nonumber\\
&-& t_3 \big(e^{-i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (m_2 - 1/2)} e^{-ik_1} f_{m_2-1} \nonumber\\
&& \quad \quad + e^{i2 \pi \frac{p}{q} (m_2 + 1/2)} e^{ik_1} f_{m_2+1} \big), \\
f_{m_2 + q} = && e^{i k_2 q} f_{m_2}.\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
The calculation of the energies for all momenta $(k_1,k_2)$ within the magnetic BZ is computationally laborious. Instead of sampling the whole BZ, it is possible to identify the special $k$-points for which the energy values will be an extremum. Using symmetry to calculate these k-points makes it possible to obtain the band edges\citep{ChambersCri,WannierOriginal,Rammal} for each $\phi = p/q$ value by a few diagonalizations of a q-by-q matrix.

The reduced difference equation is solved numerically and we obtain the energy spectra for any lattice geometry. In the next section, we discuss these eigenvalue spectra and analyze the lattice transitions among the five Bravais lattices.

\section{TRANSITIONS BETWEEN BRAVAIS LATTICES}
In this section, we analyze the changes in the butterfly spectra calculated in the previous section as the lattice geometry between Bravais lattices of different symmetry adiabatically evolves. As discussed in the model section, we characterize all the Bravais lattices by two parameters, $\theta$ and $|\vec{a}_2|/|\vec{a}_1|$. In Fig.\ref{pointGroups}, we show the five lattices of distinct symmetry groups and the transition paths between them in the space of these two parameters. There are five Bravais lattices in two dimensions, the square, the triangular, the rectangular, the centered rectangular and the oblique lattices. The lattices with the higher symmetry occupy regions of smaller measure. In our representation, the whole area is covered by the oblique lattice which has the least amount of symmetry. The rectangular and the centered rectangular lattices correspond to one-dimensional curves while the most symmetric triangular and square lattices are confined to isolated points.
\begin{figure}
\hbox{\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig4.jpg}}
\caption{(Color online) The hopping amplitudes calculated along the transition between the square lattice and the triangular lattice as a function of $\theta$. The parameters are calculated for $V_X = V_Y = 20 (E_R)$. The NN hopping parameters, $t_0,t_1$ have the same magnitude and decrease until they are equal to $t_2$ in the triangular lattice limit. The NNN hopping, $t_3$ is an order of magnitude smaller.}\label{hopping}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\hbox{\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig5.jpg}}
\caption{Evolution of the energy spectrum between the square lattice and the triangular lattice in four representative points. One of the major energy gaps disappears as the triangular lattice is approached. The closing is accompanied by infinitely many smaller gap closures. These results are in agreement with\citep{KohmotoTritoSqu}, but show that the transition in terms of the angle $\theta$ happens mainly near the triangular lattice limit.}\label{squTOtri}
\end{figure}

We start by considering the transition between the two most symmetric lattices, the square and the triangular lattices. In our parameter space Fig.\ref{squTOtri}, the path $\overline{BA}$ indicates this transition. The energy spectra at four representative points along that path are displayed in Fig.\ref{squTOtri}.

During the square to the triangular lattice transition, the magnitude of the hopping elements are calculated over this path. For a real space potential with $V_X = V_Y = 50 (E_R)$ resembling the square lattice, the hopping parameters are $t_0 = t_1 = 0.1913$ and $t_2,t_3 \approxeq 0$. The four NN hopping amplitudes are equal while the four NNN hoppings almost vanish. This is an expected result in the deep lattice limit as the WFs are localized to within a unit cell and the NNN transitions are strongly suppressed. The interference term in the potential in Eq.\ref{potentialEqn} increases towards the triangular lattice. During the evolution, $t_0$ and $t_1$ decrease with the same magnitude until they are equal to $t_2 = 0.0345$ in the triangular lattice limit, see Fig.\ref{hopping}. It is natural that the NN elements are almost constant because only the angles between the local minima of two adjacent sites changes.

The square lattice butterfly has bipartite symmetry when NNN hopping is neglected. Even when this symmetry is broken by weak NNN hopping, the spectrum approximately preserves the reflection symmetry along $E=0$ line. This symmetry is broken more strongly when the system moves towards the triangular lattice. The amount of the asymmetry is maximum at $\phi = 1/2$ where it is proportional to $|t_0-t_2|$. The asymmetry of the energies results in shrinking of the energy gaps at the upper right and the lower left main gaps of the butterfly. Meanwhile, the lower right and the upper left wings enlarge to form the triangular butterfly main skeleton. This lattice transition is non-trivial as infinitely many gaps close and reopen during the evolution. This is expected as the square lattice and the triangular lattice are adiabatically disconnected\citep{Avron2}.

We observe that the energy spectrum is sensitively dependent on the parameters near the high symmetry points. Even small deviations of the lattice from these points result in large shifts of energy bands as well as gap closures. Hence, the triangular and the square lattice butterflies are representative of only small regions in the parameter space. This point is especially important for design of experimental lattices.

As discussed in the model section, we keep the flux per unit cell $\phi$ constant during the transition. The flux per plaquette drops to $\phi/2$ at the triangular lattice limit. This flux halving was first discussed by Claro and Wannier\cite{HofstadterWannier}. Consequently, the triangular lattice butterfly is periodic by $\phi = 2$ as seen in Fig.\ref{squTOtri}.
\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig6a.jpg}}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig6b.jpg}}
\caption{Evolution of the energy spectrum from the square lattice to the rectangular lattice, and from the triangular lattice to the centered rectangular lattice. The first transition is along $\theta = \pi/2$ line while the second transition is calculated along the centered rectangular lattice curve shown in Fig.\ref{pointGroups}. The greater the ratio of the primitive vectors, the closer the system is to one-dimensional chains (see Fig.\ref{rectGaps}), where the sub-band splitting is weak.}\label{squTOrec}
\end{figure*}

The energy spectrum is symmetric under $\phi \to -\phi$ operation for all the Bravais lattices. This symmetry is easy to understand for all cases except the oblique geometry. If the lattice geometry does not distinguish between $\pm z$ axis, the resulting Hamiltonian is invariant under the reversal of the flux. For the oblique lattice, although $\pm z$ directions can be uniquely defined, the lattice still has inversion symmetry which coupled by a reflection in the lattice plane restores the $\phi \to -\phi$ symmetry as seen in Fig.\ref{obliquephiminusphi} and it is therefore valid for all Bravais lattices. The inversion symmetry can only be broken when there is an energy difference in on-site energies of NNs.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig7.jpg}
\caption{(Color online) The energy gaps are calculated in the rectangular limit compared with perturbative treatment of 1D chains. In the first order, the spectrum has two robust energy gaps. The smaller gaps in the spectrum can be generated by higher orders in perturbative tunneling.}\label{rectGaps}
\end{figure}

The next transition we consider is between the square lattice and the rectangular lattice.  Although this transition happens as soon as four-fold symmetry is broken, it is instructive to study the evolution from the square limit to the extremely anisotropic case. If tunneling in one direction is much weaker than the other one, the system is a collection of one-dimensional chains. During this transition the square lattice butterfly energy gaps disappear and the spectrum becomes a one-dimensional TB band. It is not surprising that for a collection of 1D chains, the spectrum is independent of the magnetic field. For a 1D chain, the external magnetic field can be gauged out. Fig.\ref{rectGaps} shows the evolution of the energy spectrum till the rectangular lattice with extreme asymmetry (for $|\vec{a}_1/\vec{a}_2| = 2.5$ and the hopping amplitudes, $t_0 = 0.19(E_R)$, $t_1 = 0.04(E_R)$). The energy spectra are mainly divided into three bands and corresponding two main energy gaps are preserved for even for large $|\vec{a}_1/\vec{a}_2|$ values.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig8.jpg}
\caption{A representative energy spectrum of the oblique lattice. We display the spectrum from $\phi =[-1,1]$ to emphasize the doubling of the $\phi$ periodicity and the symmetry under $\phi \to -\phi$. All 2D Bravais lattices have this symmetry which follows from inversion.}\label{obliquephiminusphi}
\end{figure}

The robustness of the major gaps can be understood by a perturbative approach. We consider the Hamiltonian of independent 1D chains as the unperturbed system and the hopping between the chains as the perturbation. The dispersion of the $m^{th}$ unperturbed chain is,
\begin{equation}
E_m(k_1)  = - 2 t_0 \cos{(2 \pi \phi m + k_1)}.
\end{equation}
The energy bands of adjacent chains are degenerate at two k-points and separated by $2 \pi \frac{p}{q}$ for $\phi = \frac{p}{q}$. The tunneling amplitude between the adjacent chains, $t_1$ lifts the degeneracy at these k-points and the new energies become $\pm 2 t_0 \cos{(\pi \frac{p}{q} + k_1)} \pm t_1$. Therefore, $t_1$ is the measure of the energy splitting for the main gaps of the butterfly as in Fig.\ref{rectGaps}. The perturbative approach can also generate the minor gaps and the Hofstadter butterfly emerges when higher orders are included\cite{FracHallOneDimChains}.

We conclude this section with the discussion of transitions from the triangular lattice to the centered rectangular and to the highly anisotropic oblique lattice. These two transitions are represented in Fig.\ref{pointGroups} by the paths $\overline{AG}$, $\overline{AE}$. In both cases, the evolution of the energy spectrum is similar to the transition from the square to the rectangular lattice. Starting from the triangular lattice butterfly, the smaller gaps close first and then the larger gaps shrink to form an energy spectrum of weakly coupled one-dimensional chains. Due to the lack of bipartite symmetry, only one of the major gaps is robust unlike the square to rectangular transition. The asymmetry between the two diagonal gaps can be used as a measure of the closeness of the system to bipartite symmetry.
\begin{figure}
\hbox{\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig9a.jpg}}
\hbox{\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig9b.jpg}}
\caption{(Color online) The evolution of the energy bands for $\phi=\frac{1}{3}$ and $\phi=\frac{1}{5}$ on the path $\overline{ATSBA}$ shown in Fig.\ref{pointGroups}. Gaps are labeled with their Chern numbers. For $\phi=1/3$, there are two topologically distinct regions, characterized by $1,-1$ and $1,2$. For $\phi=1/5$, there are four topologically distinct regions.}\label{phiEvolution}
\end{figure}

All possible energy spectra for the Bravais lattice parameter space is depicted in Fig.\ref{regional}.

In our TB model, the smallest plaquette area that can be enclosed by hopping is half of the unit cell. Therefore, all the energy spectra we calculate are periodic by $\phi = 2$. However, in the cases where NNN hoppings ($t_2,t_3$) are negligible the smallest enclosed area is the unit cell and the spectra are periodic with $\phi =1$. In general, the periodicity of the spectrum with $\phi$ can be used to determine how long the range of significant hopping is. In the centered rectangular and the oblique lattice limits, the energy spectra preserve the periodicity of $\phi = 2$ magnetic flux. The smallest cells in each case are an half of the unit cells and therefore the enclosed flux are halved as well.
\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig10.jpg}}
\caption{An overal picture of the evolution of the Hofstadter butterfly in the phase space of two dimensional Bravais lattices.}\label{regional}
\end{figure*}

\section{Topological Characterization of the Bravais Lattice Phase Space}
The energy bands of lattices under magnetic field are characterized by a topological invariant, the first Chern number\citep{TKNN}. The contribution of a band to the Hall conductivity for a non-interacting fermionic system is given by the Chern number, $\sigma_{xy} = \mathcal{C} e^2/h$. Alternatively, Chern numbers can be associated with gaps by summing Chern numbers of all the bands below a certain gap. In this section, we use the Chern numbers to characterize the energy spectrum as the geometry of the lattice changes.

For a lattice with flux $\phi = p/q$, the energy spectrum will have $q$ bands and $q-1$ gaps. While the number of the gaps are determined only by the flux, the Chern numbers associated with these gaps change with lattice geometry. For example, for $\phi =1/3$, the square lattice gaps have Chern numbers $1,-1$, while the triangular lattice gaps have $1,2$. These Chern numbers would not be affected by small changes in the geometry as they are topologically protected. Chern numbers only change if a gap in the spectrum closes. Thus, we can classify all lattices into equivalence classes by their Chern number sequence. Hence, our parametrization of the lattice space in Fig.\ref{pointGroups} can be separated into regions of topologically equivalent phases. The phase boundaries, then, show the parameters for which at least one gap closes.

Chern numbers can be calculated by k-space integration of Berry curvature over the BZ. However, we use an indirect but computationally simpler approach\cite{OnurHuiOktel}. The conductivity of the system is a thermodynamic variable and can be calculated as a variation of the number of levels below the Fermi level with respect to the changes in the magnetic field in two dimensions\citep{Streda}. In lattice systems, the Chern number for a gap is,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{C} = \frac{\partial n}{\partial \phi}
\end{equation}
where $n$ is the density per unit cell for states below the Fermi level, $\phi$ is the magnetic flux per plaquette. Chern number is calculated through the difference of the energy eigenvalues below the Fermi energy for two close magnetic flux values.

We explored the lattice phase space for two simplest non-trivial fluxes, $\phi = 1/3,1/5$. First, we take a closed rectangular path over the phase space, $ATSBA$ and calculate the evolution of the energy bands. The path is chosen such that it avoids the 1D chains limit where gaps are very small as in Fig.\ref{squTOrec}. These evolutions are given in Fig.\ref{phiEvolution}. For $\phi=1/3$, we find that all lattices are either equivalent to the square lattice with Chern numbers $-1,1$ or equivalent to the triangular lattice with $2,1$. Thus, we separate the parameter space into two regions as can be seen in Fig.\ref{chernmap}. We find that the region equivalent to the triangular lattice roughly tracks the centered rectangular lattice curve. For $\phi=1/5$, we find four different regions which are sampled by the rectangular cut in Fig.\ref{phiEvolution}. As $q$ is increased, we get smaller gaps and correspondingly the phase diagram splits into smaller regions.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Fig11.jpg}
\caption{(Color online) The topological regions of the two dimensional Bravais lattice phase space for $\phi = 1/3$. All lattices can be classified into two regions; those with Chern numbers $-1,1$ including the square lattice and those with $2,1$ including the triangular lattice. The triangular lattice region roughly tracks the centered rectangular lattice line.}\label{chernmap}
\end{figure}

An important observation is that at the phase boundaries, the Chern numbers for energy gaps change exactly by $q$ for magnetic flux $\phi = p/q$. It is possible to understand this surprising observation by a symmetry argument. Because of the magnetic translation symmetry, the energy spectrum is $q$-fold degenerate inside the magnetic BZ. When two bands touch they must be degenerate at least $q$ points. A Chern number of exactly $1$ is exchanged when a single Dirac cone closes and re-opens.  If each one of the degenerate points is a Dirac cone, total Chern number of $q$ is exchanged between the bands. If degenerate points are of higher order, integer multiples of $q$ can be exchanged. However, we have not numerically observed such an exchange.

\section{CONCLUSION}
The cold atom experiments in optical lattices pioneered a vast number of interesting phenomena, which are not possible to realize in solid state systems. Especially, the enhanced control over the lattice geometry and the artificial gauge fields can be utilized to directly realize the Hubbard-Hofstadter model\cite{KetterleHarper,BlochHofstadter}.

In this respect, we investigate the inherent relation between the point group symmetries in two dimensions and the energy spectrum as a function of magnetic flux per plaquette. We focus on the transitions between lattices of different symmetry by using an optical lattice potential, which can realize all the two dimensional Bravais lattices. We describe this potential through a TB model and calculate its parameters ab-initio. The effect of the magnetic field is introduced by the Peierls substitution. Then, the energy spectra for each symmetry group are calculated as well as the evolution of the energy spectrum during transition between the symmetries.

We find that the lattice deformations around high symmetry points yield dramatic changes in the energy spectra. The evolution between the square lattice and the triangular lattice is mainly influenced by broken bipartite symmetry. We find that the energy spectrum changes dramatically in the vicinity of $\theta = \pi/3$,  the triangular lattice limit. This rapid change should be experimentally observable even for the simplest non-trivial flux value, $\phi = 1/3$. A few degrees of deviation from $\theta = \pi/3$ is found to make a jump in Hall conductivity if the system is filled up to the first gap.

During the evolution, bands touch and reopen to transfer Chern numbers between the gaps. We find that the Chern number of bands only change with integer multiples of $q$. We explain this observation by invoking the $q$-fold degeneracy within a magnetic BZ. This result is particularly important for solid state experiments where Hall conductivity is directly measured through transport.

Finally, we regard the space of all possible Bravais lattices as a phase diagram where each phase is identified by $q-1$ Chern numbers of the gaps. For $\phi = 1/3$, there are two distinct regions belonging to the square lattice and the triangular lattice. In addition, the Chern number map for the phase space indicates that the region corresponding to the triangular lattice is found to roughly follow the centered rectangular lattice curve.  For $\phi = 1/5$, the space is divided into four phases and larger values of $q$ result in smaller topological regions.

\begin{acknowledgments}
F.Y. is supported by T\"{u}rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\d{s}t{\i}rma Kurumu (T\"{U}B\.{I}TAK) Scholarship No. 2211.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


their love and support! We are so grateful for Ashton and his sweet little spirit in our home.
He has brought great joy in our lives!
Lindsey, you need to change your profile too.
Thanks for sharing this day with us.
Also, I sent you an invitation to my other blogpage.
That is wonderful his blessing day was so fun.
It was a lot of fun seeing your family again. I love seeing the closeness that you have with your sisters. They are great. It was wonderful and thank you for the lunch. It turned out wonderfully.


Want to be notified of new releases in flexdinesh/testing-hooks?
This repo lays down different strategies to test React custom hooks and components that use hooks.
There are broadly two strategies to test our React codebase.
Note: Please make sure your React version is ^16.8.5. Hooks won't re-render components with enzyme shallow render in previous versions and the React team fixed it in this release. If your React version is below that, you might have to use enzyme mount and .update() your wrapper after each change to test the re-render.
Testing implementation details might seem unnecessary and might even be considered as a bad practice when you are writing tests against components that contains presentational (UI) logic and render elements to the DOM. But custom hooks contain only state logic and it is imperative that we test the implementation details thoroughly so we know exactly how our custom hook will behave within a component.
Let's write a custom hook to update and validate a form field.
Thanks to the composibility of hooks, we could pass a hook as a prop to a component and everything will work exactly as how it's supposed to work. We can write a wrapper component to render and test our hook.
The full test suite for useFormField custom hook will look like this.
Rendering the custom hook and accessing it as a prop should give us full access to its return values.


If you are struggling with fine lines and wrinkles that make you appear older than you actually are, you may be a candidate for Exilis treatments. Exilis is effective for patients who want a little lift around the eyes or want to get rid of those unattractive jowls.
As we age, our skin loses its collagen and gravity begins to take its toll. The result can be fine lines and wrinkles as well as loose and sagging skin on the face. Exilis is a non-surgical and affordable FDA-approved treatment to combat these physical signs of aging. It utilizes monopolar radio frequency that delivers heat to the layers of tissue and fat located beneath the skin. This in turn promotes production of collagen, which yields tighter and firmer skin.
The provider will use the Exilis hand held applicator and massage it in the desired treatment area. The precise applicator is engineered to deliver a constant and deep thermal heat below the skin, while producing a cooling sensation on the skin surface to help keep patients comfortable during the session. Most patients report Exilis treatments feel similar to that of a hot stone massage.
The heat stimulates collagen grown which is essential to smooth out wrinkles and tighten skin for a rejuvenated and younger appearance. Exilis sessions can typically be completed in less than thirty minutes, making it one of the quickest skin treatments available today. Exilis is effective at tightening skin on the face, neck, abdomen, love handles, thighs, knees, and hips.
Patients will see improvement after the first session and will continue to see changes over the course of the treatment plan. An average of four to five treatment sessions every two weeks is recommended for maximum results. Seriously Skin encourages all patients to increase water consumption prior to and after Exilis treatments. Light physical activity the day after treatment can also enhance results.
Plastic surgery is not the only option to refresh your face and take years off your appearance. If you are in the Cleveland, OH area, call our office today at 440-499-7145 to schedule a consultation and learn more about Exilis.


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Posts tagged Alan Tudyk
Ralph Breaks The Internet Review
Besides being an insightful social statement of internet culture, there is a timely narrative attached that is bolder than any story that any animated film has told this year.
Reviews, Awards Season 2018Rendy Jones November 27, 2018 Ralph Breaks the Internet, Disney, Family, Animation, John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Gal Gadot, Taraji P. Henson, Alfred Molina, Alan Tudyk, Ed O'Neill, Bill Hader, Flula Borg, Mandy Moore, Kristen Bell, Auli'i Cravalho
Rogue One: A Stars Wars Story Review
DON'T DISRESPECT THE DARTH DISNEY
ReviewsRendy Jones December 16, 2016 Star Wars, Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Alan Tudyk, Riz Ahmed, Jiang Wen, Donnie Yen, Forest Whitaker, Rogue One
Moana Review
Since Frozen, Disney used individuality to bring out character traits in their female leads which are strengthened even further with this new princess. Moana is the strongest female character Disney has created to have a film named after since Mulan.
Reviews, Awards Season 2016Rendy Jones November 11, 2016 Disney, Animation, Family, Comedy, Musical, Moana, Auli'i Cravalho, Dwayne Johnson, Jemaine Clement, Alan Tudyk
Zootopia Review
Disney's Zootopia is a triumphant film in general that perfects on getting a very thought provoking message across without being preachy to kids and adults and still manages to tell a great story in all. With brilliant writing, animation, and voices, this is sure one of Disney Animation's best non-musical films since Tarzan.
ReviewsRendy Jones March 2, 2016 Zootopia, Disney, Family, Animation, Ginnifer Goodwin, Jason Bateman, Idris Elba, Bonnie Hunt, Don Lake, Alan Tudyk, Octavia Spencer, Jenny Slate, J.K Simmons
The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials Review
ReviewsRendy Jones September 16, 2015 The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials, The Maze Runner, Book Adaptation, Action, Survival, Thomas Sangster, Patricia Clarkson, Ki Hong Lee, Kaya Scodelario, Giancarlo Esposito, Alan Tudyk, Nathalie Emmanuel, Dylan O'Brien


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Uhati klobuk (Aurelia aurita), naširoko istražena vrsta roda Aurelia. Sve vrste ovoga roda blisko su srodne i teško je identificirati meduze roda Aurelia bez genetičkog uzorkovanja, pa se većina sljedećih tvrdnja odnosi jednako na sve vrste ovoga roda.

Ova je meduza prozirna, obično promjera 25 do 40 cm, može se raspoznati po svojim četirima potkovastim gonadama koje se lako vide kroz vrh zvona. Hrani se tako što svojim pipcima skuplja meduze, plankton i mekušce te ih unosi u svoje tijelo radi probave. Može se samo ograničeno gibati i nošen je strujom čak i kad pliva.

Galerija

Izvori

Preporučena literatura

Vanjske poveznice

Režnjaci


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Léon Balcer (né le  à Trois-Rivières, mort le ) est un avocat et un homme politique canadien.

Biographie
Il était le député progressiste-conservateur de Trois-Rivières de 1949 à 1965. Il fut plusieurs fois ministre sous John Diefenbaker. Après son retrait de la vie politique, il est président de la société Elinca Communications, société internationale de communications basée à Ottawa. Il est l'oncle de Lise Balcer qui a participé aux activités felquistes lors de la Crise d'Octobre 1970, et du scénariste et producteur René Balcer.

Références

Liens externes
 C'est grâce à Léon Balcer si le Drapeau Canadien, que nous avons, a été adopté, Le gouvernement Libéral de M. Pearson était minoritaire et Léon Balcer a appuyé le gouvernement dans l'adoption de ce drapeau que nous avons.

 Fonds Léon Balcer - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada

Naissance à Trois-Rivières
Naissance en octobre 1917
Décès en mars 1991
Décès à 73 ans
Personnalité politique canadienne
Député fédéral canadien provenant du Québec
Député du Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada
Personnalité politique de Trois-Rivières
Membre du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada
Ministre canadien des Transports


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Australia 6-9 Scotland, Newcastle
Late Laidlaw penalty stuns Australia
Preview Head to Head Report Reaction Reaction Verdict Match details Gallery
Date/Time: Jun 5, 2012, 19:30 local, 09:30 GMT
Venue: Ausgrid Stadium, Newcastle
Australia 6 - 9 Scotland
Attendance: 20088 Half-time: 3 - 6
Pens: Harris 2
Pens: Laidlaw 3
Lock Al Kellock leads the celebrations following Scotland's historic victory in Newcastle
News: Cuttita: Scotland scrum a big weapon
Matches: Australia 6 - 9 Scotland
Tournaments/Tours: Scotland tour
Teams: Australia | Scotland
Greig Laidlaw kicked a late penalty to give Scotland a 9-6 win away to Australia that brings their seven-match losing streak to an end.
Story of the Game
Man of the Match: On the blindside Alasdair Strokosch was a force of nature and repeatedly got to Australia's attackers. Along with fellow back-row partners Ross Rennie and John Barclay he stopped the Wallabies from having the usual supply of quick ball to play with
Key Moment: Mike Harris' missed penalty midway through the second half may have been from a tough angle, wide out on the right handside, but it would have put the Wallabies in front and would have given the hosts something to hold onto
Hero of the Game: Greig Laidlaw showed nerves of steel in pelting wind and rain to kick the last-second penalty to win the match and register Scottish back-to-back victories over Australia
Villain of the game: The Australian front-row showed their familiar weakness when Scotland's forwards put the pressure on the end. They needed to stand firm with the match on the line, but buckled horribly against a fired-up Scottish pack
Talking Point: There was little doubt that the weather played an important role and meant Australia were unable to play with their usual, open style. Scotland handled the wind and rain better and earned the win, but the match will provide important lessons for an Australia side containing five debutants
Play of the Game: Old-school forwards around the world would have been salivating at the final piece of action. Scotland's knew that they were in kicking range of any penalty that might be awarded and refused to let the ball out at any stage. Instead they squeezed and squeezed again to earn the final penalty that won the match
In rain-soaked condition Laidlaw put Scotland 6-0 ahead before the half-hour mark, but Mike Harris replied with a penalty of his own before half-time. Soon after the break Harris kicked Australia level, but he missed a long distance penalty that would have won the match for the hosts. In the final minute Scotland won a penalty from a scrum and Laidlaw held his nerve to secure the victory.
"When we had the ball we made the most of it and eventually it came our way," captain Ross Ford said. "It was phenomenal. Australia are a great team and to win away from home is fantastic."
Lashing wind and rain made quality rugby virtually impossible and Scotland, who had the wind behind them in the first half, took charge. However, their attack looked no more potent against the well-organised Australian defence than it had done in the Six Nations, when they could manage only four tries in five games.
As had been the case all season, Scotland made the breaks with Ross Rennie and Sean Lamont both going through, only for supporting players to spill the passes. Although Laidlaw missed an early penalty, he did make amends to give Scotland the lead, but by then they had used up more than half their time with the elements behind them.
Laidlaw soon extended the lead with another penalty, but when full-back Stuart Hogg lost control of the ball as he tried to take a tricky low chip, it gave Australia the territory that they needed to collect their first points of the game.
Centre Mike Harris, who was making his debut, put over the kick after the Scotland backs strayed offside. Scotland suffered a further blow when Lamont picked up a rib injury and was forced off, handing Edinburgh full-back Tom Brown his debut.
With the wind behind them in the second half Australia took instant advantage when Scotland failed to clear the kick-off and Ross Rennie was caught handling in the ruck.
Harris kicked his second penalty to level the scores less than two minutes into the second half. Australia thought they had taken the lead when they managed to get Rob Simmons, the replacement lock, over the line after rejecting a kick at goal and opting for a lineout a few yards from the Scots line.
The decision went to the television match official but there were no camera angles that showed the ball and Scotland were given the benefit of the doubt. That set up an extended period of intense Australian pressure as they had the ball consistently within five yards of Scotland's line, but the visitors' defence refused to yield an inch. It was heroic stuff, but it was also a case of living dangerously with the lineout misfiring badly and preventing Scotland breaking the stranglehold.
Harris and Berrick Barnes both missed with long-range penalties for the home side, while Barnes also missed with an easier drop goal attempt. Digby Ioane was the dangermn for Australia, but he was once called back for obstruction and the other time he got away he was well shackled by Brown.
Eventually, after making more than 150 tackles, Scotland managed to break the siege and get the ball into the opposition half.
A neat break from Laidlaw set up the attacking position, which went to a series of scrums before the referee lost patience with the Australian pack and handed Laidlaw a simple penalty chance which he gleefully converted.


The Everglades Country Club is a 9 hole course established in 1967 and is located 20 minutes north of central Christchurch on Marshland Road. The course is bordered by the Kaputone Stream on two sides and is a straight forward layout with two tees and one flag on each green for 18 holes of golf.
The challenge is to negotiate the tight lined fairways and relatively small greens.
The club operates a full Winter and Summer programme of competitive and social golf for both Men and Ladies.
Playing groups are varied weekly to encourage getting to know fellow members in a relaxed friendly atmosphere. All club day starts are run as a Shotgun start to allow for a collective finish after your round.
Green Fee players are always welcome with green fees costing $20.00 per round of 18 holes and $10 per round of 9 holes.
Presently we have Loyalty Cards for 18 and 9 hole players. Pay for 5 games and get your 6th game free.
N.B. This is only available when the office is manned.
Full, 9 holes, Midweek, Winter & Summer Membership and juniors. We have recently added Association Membership for those people who would like to become members of a golf club and have a handicap but unfortunately due to circumstances are unable to play as much as they would like to.
Thursdays 4.00pm - 5.15pm, Visitors Welcome.
Enquire about our purple course - takes less time to play and ideal for new players to this great game.


Too bad most of the Modesto Symphony's female musicians lacked pride in their dress. It appeared as if they had dressed for rehearsal -- black boots, clogs, etc. Is this how they dress for a formal performance? It did not match their pride in presenting their music. Ninety-five percent of the male musicians dressed formally -- coat and tails, etc., as most symphony professionals are expected to dress. What gives? Is there a double standard? Or is it the female musicians' desire to "dress down" for us country hicks?


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Home » Construction Stayed Weak In New Beige Book Survey; NAHB Says Multifamily Improved
Latest NewsPHCP and PVF Technology & Operations
Construction Stayed Weak In New Beige Book Survey; NAHB Says Multifamily Improved
Ken Simonson
"Reports from the 12 Federal Reserve districts indicated that economic activity continued to expand at a modest pace, though some districts noted mixed or weakening activity," the Fed reported on Sept. 7 in the latest "Beige Book," a compilation of informal soundings of businesses in each district, which is referenced by the name of its headquarters city. "Several districts also indicated that recent stock market volatility and increased economic uncertainty had led many contacts to downgrade or become more cautious about their near-term outlooks.
"Most districts characterized commercial real estate and construction activity as weak or little changed, but improvements were noted in several areas….Construction-related manufacturing was characterized as weak in the Dallas and Philadelphia districts…Home construction was down or stagnant in most districts, with the exception of Minneapolis and Kansas City. However, several districts indicated an improvement in home remodeling activity, and the New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland districts reported increased demand for multifamily housing projects.
"Commercial construction was characterized as weak or limited by Cleveland, Atlanta, Chicago and Kansas City, although Atlanta noted some strength in the health-care sector. St. Louis described conditions as mixed, with some improvement in education and energy-related construction, while Minneapolis district contacts reported an increase in small retrofitting projects and rebuilding in flood-damaged areas. The Chicago district noted continued strength in industrial construction, particularly in the automotive sector. Credit for commercial development remained an obstacle for small retailers in the Richmond district, although Boston said aggressive competition among lenders led to reduced borrowing rates.
"The majority of districts reported fewer price pressures, but input costs continued to rise in select industries. The New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and San Francisco districts noted some stabilization or decline in raw materials prices but Chicago said elevated commodity prices continued to put pressure on costs, particularly copper and steel….The Kansas City district reported construction materials prices as steady, excluding prices of petroleum-based products such as roofing shingles and asphalt, which continued to rise."
"The multifamily housing market continued to show improvement in the second quarter of 2011, as the Multifamily Production Index…increased for the fourth consecutive quarter," the National Association of Home Builders, which compiles the MPI, reported on Sept. 8. "The MPI rose from 41.7 in the first quarter of the year to 44.4 in the second quarter. It is the highest quarterly reading since 2006, and continues the trend of generally improving conditions in the market for new multifamily housing that has emerged since the MPI dropped to a record low of 16.0 in the third quarter of 2008. The index provides a composite measure of three key elements of the multifamily housing market: construction of low-rent units, construction of market-rate-rent units, and construction of 'for sale' units.
"The index and all of its components are scaled so that any number over 50 indicates that more respondents report conditions are improving than report conditions are getting worse. In the second quarter of 2011, a majority of developers saw improvements in the production of low-rent and market-rate units.
"'Multifamily rental construction is trending upward, and it is definitely the brightest sector in the broader housing market,' said NAHB Chief EconomistDavid Crowe. 'However, the entire housing market continues to be very fragile and subject to many external pressures, including an ongoing shortage of financing for new projects.'
"Looking forward, developers' expectations about multifamily construction for the next six months improved in the second quarter in all three market components: low-rent, market-rate-rent and for-sale multifamily
"'Even though multifamily is trending upward, production is still very low in a historic context and in the context of what we project is necessary to meet long-term demand,' Crowe said."
Construction Employment
Job openings as a percent of private-sector employees increased to 2.6 in July, seasonally adjusted, from 2.5 in June and 2.3 in July 2010, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported Sept. 7. For construction, the 1.3 percent July rate was slightly higher than in June (1.2 percent) but below the July 2010 rate (1.6 percent). The rate of hires held nearly steady for the private sector (3.4 percent in July, 3.5 percent in June and 3.4 percent in July 2010) but was mixed in construction (6 percent in July, 6.5 percent in June and 5.9 percent in July 2010).
Total separations (quits, layoffs and discharges, retirements and other) also held nearly steady in the private sector (3.3 percent in July, 3.4 percent in June and 3.3 percent in July 2010) but dropped in construction (5.9 percent in July, 6.7 percent in June and 6.1 percent in July 2010). On the whole, the data suggest mixed but worse conditions in construction than overall.
Total revenue of architectural and related services firms in the second quarter increased 8 percent from the first quarter, not seasonally adjusted, and 13 percent from the second quarter of 2010, the Census Bureau reported on Sept. 8 in its Quarterly Selected Services Report. Revenue of engineering services firms increased 2 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively.
New orders for U.S. manufactured goods (excluding semiconductor manufacturing) jumped 2.4 percent, seasonally adjusted, from June to July, and 13 percent for the first seven months of 2011 compared with the same period of 2010, Census reported on August 31. Sustained increases in new orders can signal demand for factory construction. New orders for construction materials and supplies rose 0.4 percent for the month and 3.6 percent year-to-date; orders for construction machinery, typically a very volatile series, climbed 5.7 percent for the month and 45 percent year-to-date.
Recent Articles by Ken Simonson
Construction hits three-year highs as jobs climb in January; spending rises in December
Construction starts dive, but housing sales improve
Construction hiring stalls, unemployment falls in June
More metros lost than gained construction jobs in last 12 months
Construction jobs shrink in May, April construction spending rises
Ken Simonson is chief economist of the Associated General Contractors of America. Ken writes a weekly one-page email newsletter for AGC, the Data DIGest, which summarizes the latest economic news relevant to construction. He is co-author of AGC's monthly Construction Tax News, a one-page email covering federal, state and local tax developments affecting the industry. In addition, he has written eight booklets explaining tax provisions in plain English, and he is interviewed often by CNBC, USA Today, Business Week and other national media.
Ken has 30 years of experience analyzing, advocating and communicating about economic and tax issues. Most recently he spent three years as senior economic advisor in the U.S. Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy. He can be reached by phone at 703/837-5313, fax: 703/837-5406 or e-mail: simonsonk@agc.org. Visit the AGC Web site at www.agc.org
MHC Says Starts Rise In August; Housing Is Mixed; Retail Remains Weak; Industrial Gains
Nov. 28, 2007 ― Beige Book, Housing, Jobs Reports Show Large Variation By Region
Construction Adds Jobs In February; More Coming, Manpower Survey Finds
Construction Jobs Drop In November; Census, Reed Say Spending Rose In October
SHT B.I.G. Book Brand Information Guide
Supply House Times December 2019 + BIG Book Directory Issue
Cooper New England Sales
New England Combustion Products


This article explores the legal history of safekeeping and safe deposit activities so that future problems that arise in connection with safe deposit services may be dealt with in a rational manner, consistent with historical developments.
Richard A. Lord, The Legal History of Safekeeping and Safe Deposit Activities in the United States, 38 Ark. L. Rev. 727 (1985).


Stunning Retro Cabinet Kitchen from 27 of the Trending Retro Cabinet Kitchen collection is the most trending home decor this summer. This Trending Metals Retro Cabinet Kitchen look was carefully discovered by our home decoration and interior designers and defined as most wanted and expected this time of the year. This Stunning Retro Cabinet Kitchen will definitely fit into Home decor ideas and surprise anyone who is up for Latest Interior Design and Home decoration.


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The Champion of the Arts Award recognizes a Texas Women for the Arts member who has made significant contributions to the arts statewide, and whose work has embodied the mission and vision of the organization.
Sponsored by Texas Monthly.
The 2019 Champion of the Arts is: Jeanie Wyatt
A pioneering woman, nationally recognized in the field of investment management, Jeanie found her greatest gift and joy was simply, to help people. She loved math, managing her clients' and friends' financial interests, writing, picking stocks and investments, and philanthropy. She loved helping individuals pursue their dreams and had a special place in her heart for supporting organizations and individuals making a difference in our communities.
In a profession still famously dominated by men, Jeanie made Wall Street her own and blazed a trail for women, first as a money manager and later as an entrepreneur. In 2000, Jeanie founded South Texas Money Management, which is now the largest independent money management firm in San Antonio. Starting with five people, a few clients and modest assets, Jeanie expanded the firm to five additional offices around the state of Texas. STMM now employs 60 people and has earned the confidence of thousands of clients, including foundations, pension funds, and endowments. Jeanie was always proud that STMM is women-owned and that the majority of the firm's professionals are women.
Jeanie's philanthropic heart and determination to give back led her to institute and oversee South Texas Money Management's unique non-profit give back program. This and additional charitable contributions by the firm total over $6 million invested in the people and communities she loved. Jeanie considered thriving arts areas as essential components of healthy and growing communities.
Jeanie served on the Board of Governors of the CFA Institute, the State Pension Review Board, the National Endowment Fund Board of Trustees for the American Red Cross, the Pension Plan Board of Trustees for The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, the Southwest School of Art Board of Directors, the Southwest Research Institute Board of Trustees, the Texas Cultural Trust Board of Directors, the Advisory Boards of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildlife Center and the Joe and Theresa Long Center for the Performing Arts, and was an active Member of Texas Women for the Arts since 2011. She had been recently appointed to the Board of the Employees Retirement System of Texas.
Jeanie contributed meaningfully and consistently to several organizations, including: the Houston Grand Opera, Season Sustaining Underwriter for Conspirare, the Southwest School of Art, the Museum of Printing History, the San Antonio Opera, the McNay Art Museum, Austin Chamber Music Center, ArtPace, the Blue Star Art Museum, Amarillo Botanical Center Photography, the Texas Cultural Trust, the Rockport Center for the Arts, the San Antonio Museum of Art, Texas Women for the Arts, Texas Medal of the Arts Awards, the Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center, the Art Museum of South Texas, the Rockport Art Association and many other arts organizations.
The Texas Cultural Trust and Texas Women for the Arts celebrate Jeanie's admirable and exemplary legacy of giving in the arts.
Given out during the Annual Meeting each year, the Champion of the Arts Award recognizes a Texas Women for the Arts member who has made significant contributions to the arts statewide, and whose work has embodied the mission and vision of the organization.
Previous Champions of the Arts include:
Dian Graves Stai
Sandra Gilliland
Donna Axum Whitworth
Patsy Donosky
Debbie Montford
Ginger Blanton
Joci Straus


We want you to feel connected at Christ Church at Rivers Edge. That happens as you get to know the people and the staff at the church but, beyond that, it happens as you find your place to serve the Lord and make a difference in the lives of others. We have ministries in the church that exist to serve those who attend our church, but they also provide ways in which you can be a part of serving others in our community…and even around the world!
As Jesus welcomed children to Himself, Christ Church at River's Edge (CCARE) is always seeking opportunities to serve the needs of families with children. We have a well maintained and furnished nursery and well qualified teachers for children and youth Sunday School.
CCARE regularly sponsors activities for children, most recently a soccer clinic led by the Charlotte Eagles soccer team. Vacation Bible School is a weeklong summer event for children of all ages (next VBS is tentatively scheduled for June 2017).
Currently, CCARE is looking for individuals and families to help us build up a vibrant children's and youth ministry in our church. If you enjoy and are prepared to disciple children, if you have a gift for music, or just want to extend a helping hand to this ministry…please speak with our pastor.
Christ Church at River's Edge (CCARE) offers Sunday School for youth and adults at 10am most Sunday mornings. Wednesday evening Prayer & Bible Study is an opportunity to approach Scripture in a relaxed, casual setting where questions and thoughts are welcomed as we seek to better understand God and His Word.
CCARE regularly announces Christian education and Bible study opportunities available through sister churches and allied organizations in our community.
Christ Church at River's Edge (CCARE) is committed to serving as the hands and feet of Christ in our community. We seek to meet material needs as we have the ability even as we look to the spiritual needs of our neighbors.
Our pastor is well-prepared to provide evangelism training. If you have never been comfortable sharing your faith with others, if need help with your testimony, or if you just want to ask those questions that may have seemed embarrassing or uncomfortable; you will find our pastoral staff is gifted and excited to help you prepare and gain confidence as you walk and witness through everyday life.
If you would have a heart for missions service, please speak personally with our pastor or contact him through the church office at 704.461.8614.
We believe strongly in the power of prayer and encourage people to pray continually. To that end, we do the following: prayer in the front of the sanctuary enables you to receive prayer by the pastor and elders after the worship service; weekly prayer chain that goes out to many members and regular attendees. Of course, the pastor and elders are available for private prayer.
Life in this world can be, to say the least, difficult. Challenges arising from relationships, work, health, and other circumstances have the potential to leave us feeling isolated and without hope. The pastoral staff at Christ Church at River's Edge (CCARE) is prepared to come alongside individuals and families to listen, guide, and provide assistance during the trials that inevitably confront us all.
For special needs, our staff can help connect to Christ-centered counselors in this area with the experience necessary to the most challenging situations. To connect with our pastoral staff, please call 704.461.8614. You may be assured that your inquiry will be handled sensitively and confidentially.
Christ Church at River's Edge (CCARE) regularly schedules special events to encourage fellowship among our members, to build relationships with visitors, and to reach out to our community. We are always looking for people with the gift of hospitality to help with this work. Whatever your particular gift, CCARE would be grateful for your help in serving and sharing with others. To connect with our Hospitality Committee, please contact Dianne Stinson or Bonnie Baucom through our church office at 704.461.8614 or simply ask a Sunday morning greeter to make the introduction.