text:
Is Zoe Williams always this ignorant?
Nowhere is this more evident and yet more tacit than in relationships: people marry into their own class. It\'s called \"assortative mating\".
Err, no. People have generally married into their own class. Assortative mating describes how people seem to be marrying into their own job classification rather than class these days. We are trying to describe how mating habits have changed, not how they were.
For example, time was that a nice middle class girl would indeed marry a nice middle class boy. Or working class or aristocratic or upper middle class, each to their own. The ways around this were either the attainment of great wealth for a man or the possession of great beauty for a woman. Plus the inevitable bits and bobs of luck and happenstance.
The important point being that marriage was usually defined by the class one came from. Assortative mating is an attempt to describe what happens now, not what happened then.
We marry later, women expect to work for a living. 50% go to university and so on. Marriage is now something that happens at the end of one\'s 20s, not the beginning. Mates therefore are being found at university, or in those first few years of the career. Now we have lawyers marrying lawyers, plumbers marrying plumbers (err, OK, not so much but you get the idea). We have now the two professional income family, something almost unknown two generations ago. This very definitely leads to income inequality across households: but this is the process that assortative mating is trying to describe. That we have moved from a system of class based marriage to something much more like income or job based marriage.
Or if you prefer, marriage is now about what socio-economic group one is moving into rather than the one you came from.
Yes, yes, all the usual caveats about averages and so on. But Zoe dear has got entirely the wrong end of the stick on this.
previousMethinks Seumas might be a bit premature here
nextTimmy elsewhere
8 thoughts on "Is Zoe Williams always this ignorant?"
georgesdelatour October 20, 2012 at 11:21 am
I thought in Jane Austen novels women were always trying to "marry up". Hypergamy is the clever-sounding word for it.
My dad married his secretary. That was marrying up for my mum – even though my dad had himself just escaped a working-class factory floor background.
I think there's a good argument that there's less class mobility through marriage now, even though there's presumably more ethnic and cultural mixing.
Surreptitious Evil October 20, 2012 at 11:32 am
I think there's a good argument that there's less class mobility through marriage now
Because our 'class', if such a thing is still as relevant as the lefties insist, is what we make of our lives. Dad a bricky, you a lawyer? You're 'middle class', as much as anybody cares.
Comprehensive school, no university? But you join the Hussars as an officer? You'll be indistinguishable from an impoverished scion of the aristocracy before you are worrying about being selected for an extension of your initial commission.
Bernie G. October 20, 2012 at 5:25 pm
The girl Zoe comes from a relatively gilded background and is unlikely to appreciate the difference. Many of my working-class female contemporaries married up, usually to a solicitor or accountant. They sent their sons to grammar or public school and made sure the boys pursued a professional occupation that was one up on their father (you need to read Daphne du Maurier or Sigmund Freud for motivation). As Tim suggests, the sons subsequently marry 'their own', and usually this meant someone they met at university or in chambers. So-called social mobility isn't entirely dead but it isn't as commonplace as it used to be. When I left school it appeared an 80/20 split in favour of working class over middle-class. Nowadays the reverse applies, or so it seems. It's not so easy to make it up the ladder when there are so many standing in your way.
Churm Rincewind October 20, 2012 at 8:29 pm
"Assortative mating is an attempt to describe what happens now, not what happened then."
Well, no, assortative mating simply means the tendency of humans and animals to mate with similar individuals, then as well as now. That similarity may arise in all sorts of ways, from straighforward physical resemblance to similarity of religion, age, political affiliation and, yes, "class". So I don't see that Zoe Williams is using the term wrongly.
It's certainly not a term to describe "how people seem to be marrying into their own job classification rather than class these days", nor is it purely a contemporary phenomenon.
Your accusation of ignorance is misplaced.
georgesdelatour October 20, 2012 at 8:56 pm
Hi Surreptitious Evil
At one time only a small proportion of the population received higher education – a far lower proportion than was potentially able to benefit from it. For cultural reasons, most of that minority were also men. Under such a dispensation, marriage was almost the only means of social climbing available to women.
There's been a big one-off raising of the educational potential of the population in the postwar period. Now that's happened and worked its way through, the reshuffle is mostly done and people are settling down into new IQ-plus-income bands of marital stratification.
Now almost everyone who could benefit from higher education can get it (Arguably, even some people who aren't suited to it are getting it too. That's another argument).
At the bottom, social movement up is probably harder than it was a few decades ago. The collapse of marriage and the rise of illegitimacy makes it harder to leverage the kind of parental investment that could advance your descendants. (Okay, I know J.K Rowling wrote Harry Potter when she was a divorced and broke single mum. But she'd already been to university, and had a fair amount of middle class cultural capital to draw on.)
john77 October 20, 2012 at 11:36 pm
@ georgesdelatour
The numbers don't add up: women were encouraged to marry up and it was frowned upon if they married "below their station"; however apart from a handful of aristocrats who chose to become nuns (and a larger number of lower-class men who became soldiers and died unmarried) there is no way that women, in general, can marry up.
You're assuming social mobility is inherently a zero sum game. The child of an unemployed junkie can only become a classical conductor if the child of a classical conductor swaps places and becomes an unemployed junkie.
Even if that's true – and I don't think it is in post-Malthusian industrial societies – there's an argument that a society in which the spoils get comprehensively reshuffled each generation may be preferable to one with built-in caste-like rigidity.
But what used to happen was that, in effect, the whole society "married up", though a kind of upward aspirational conveyor belt. Even a poorer working-class man had to show to his would-be working class bride that marrying him was a better deal than marrying the other guy. He'd work hard, provide, stay out of jail etc. And this gave the kids of the poor a better chance of competing with the kids of the rich. That's why the collapse of marriage is generally harmful to the poor.
john77 October 22, 2012 at 12:17 am
Could you, just for once, credit the readers of this blog with an IQ in excess of their shoe size?
And don't be so Toynbee-style insulting to the average working-class guy who normally worked (very hard) to earn enough to support his wife and family. Your gross insolence implies that it was "marrying up" and most guys did not do that.
With an aristocratic name like "de la tour" one might understand your prejudices, but not your ignorance of the laws of arithmetic: social mobility involves one spouse marrying up and the other marrying down. The numbers must balance (unless you postulate a vast number of black widows).
Your stupidity and bigotry is demonstrated by your assumption that "The child of an unemployed junkie can only become a classical conductor if the child of a classical conductor swaps places and becomes an unemployed junkie."
Society has changed, largely thanks to SuperMac: now a majority are middle-class with jobs that are comfortable with little physical requirements and incomes that, even adjusted for inflation, are a multiple of MPs' salaries in 1951 .
There is a genuine debate about the benefits and otherwise of an IHT of 100%. This a separate topic so don't drag it into this debate (especially since you have been comprehensively and widely refuted).
Sue on Who is this twat Tim Fenton?


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'The Craft' Finally Has a Sequel, And Here's the Trailer
ScreenCrush Staff Published: September 29, 2020
Almost 25 years after the original became a surprise hit, The Craft is finally getting a sequel. Titled The Craft: Legacy, the movie will premiere on VOD next month, just in time for a home Halloween viewing.
Although it was initially billed as a reboot, the official announcement for the film's VOD release describes it as a "continuation" of the original film, and there is a brief glimpse in a photograph of Fairuza Balk's character from the first Craft. Otherwise, there's no mention of (or appearances by) the other original stars, Robin Tunney, Neve Campbell, and Rachel True in the trailer. The new film stars Cailee Spaeny as the new girl who joins a local coven of teen witches. To up the authentic supernatural factor, David Duchovny also stars, along with Michelle Moanghan, Gideon Adlon, Lovie Simone, and Zoey Luna. And, yes, someone says "We are the weirdos, mister." What would a Craft movie be without it?
Here's the first trailer for The Craft: Legacy:
And here the film's official synopsis, via the press release:
In Blumhouse's continuation of the cult hit The Craft, an eclectic foursome of aspiring teenage witches get more than they bargained for as they lean into their newfound powers.
Written and directed by Zoe Lister-Jones, The Craft: Legacy will be available on VOD on October 28. A 48-hour digital rental will cost $19.99; a digital purchase will set you back $25.
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Source: 'The Craft' Finally Has a Sequel, And Here's the Trailer
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Brookvale Union Alcoholic Ginger Beer is the most delicious in the known universe. They needed a way to get their name out there with the big guns and heard sponsorships could really put them on the map. Made this video in collaboration with Clemenger BBDO Sydney.


text:
Dada Issue #1: An ode to Araki
Fine Art, Gender & Sexuality, The Nude
by Marigold Warner
Spread from dada Issue one. Photography by Momo Okabe, styled by Xander Ang.
Spread from dada Issue one.
Spread from dada Issue one. Photography by Begum Yetis, styling by Valeria Delle Valle.
Spread from dada Issue one. Artwork by Tiane Doan Na Champassak.
Spread from dada Issue one. Photography by Momo Okabe.
Cover of dada Issue one, artwork by Tiane Doan Na Champassak.
Dedicated to the creative legacy of Nobuyoshi Araki, the first issue of dada magazine champions mostly-female creatives and their nuanced explorations of sexuality
One of the most prolific figures of Japanese photography, Nobuyoshi Araki, is just as famous as he is infamous for the controversial nature of both his personality and art. In 2018, the photographer, known for exploring sex, death, and femininity, was accused of exploiting models by long-time muse Kaori. Araki denied the accusation, and though it may have tainted his reputation, it has not stopped his work from being exhibited and celebrated worldwide.
Still, given the controversy surrounding his life and work, at first glance, Araki seems an odd choice for a progressive magazine to dedicate their entire first issue to. "We wanted something challenging," says editor-in-chief Valeria Della Valle, addressing how many people did not agree with the theme. "But dada is about visual subcultures, and words," she says. "I do not want the magazine to just be a bunch of nice images. Those images, they have a message behind them, and they have to invite reflection."
The publication is large in size — it feels more like a photobook than a magazine — with full-bleed photographs that give room for an immersive experience of both the art and journalism. Following a section of long-form interviews is a wealth of photo spreads. Each is named after one of Araki's seminal photobooks — some are newly commissioned fashion editorials, styled by founder and creative director Xander Ang, while others are photo series that relate to the themes of sexuality and taboo, such as Tiane Doan na Champassak's abstract series of figurative photography.
"The message is that it's not about sex being a bad thing, it's about using sex in the right way. Sexuality and desire are healthy and no woman or man should be ashamed of them"
The idea behind dada is to dedicate each issue to an artist or creative that they feel has shaped our modern sensibilities. Despite the controversy, it is safe to say that Araki has been hugely influential on contemporary practitioners who explore themes of sexuality, erotica and taboo.
What is most interesting about dada is that it navigates this influence through the work of mostly female contemporary creatives, including photographers Momo Okabe, Anna Sampson, and Luo Yang, erotic filmmaker Romy Alizée, shibari teacher and installation artist Gestalta, and erotic jewellery designer Betony Vernon.
"It turned out that this issue became very feminine," Della Valle reflects. "For me, this was kind of a surprise, and something that I wanted to reflect on." It was not that Della Valle was looking for female artists specifically, but she found that fewer male artists exploring sexuality in the same way. "The message is that it's not about sex being a bad thing, it's about using sex in the right way. Sexuality and desire are healthy and no woman or man should be ashamed of them."
da-da.uk
Tags: fashion photography, magazine, Photobook, zine
Marigold Warner
Marigold Warner joined the British Journal Photography in April 2018, and currently holds the position of Online Editor. She studied English Literature and History of Art at the University of Leeds, followed by an MA in Magazine Journalism from City, University of London. Her work has been published by titles including the Telegraph Magazine, Huck, Gal-dem, Disegno, and the Architects Journal.
Shine on, Shine Heroes
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Marigold Warner 18 December 2020
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Pulses in the Mallee - 2018
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2018-02-13 15:09:462019-06-28 17:03:15Pulses in the Mallee - 2018
Evaluating new legume pasture options for mallee mixed farming
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2018-02-12 11:14:042019-07-02 17:35:02Evaluating new legume pasture options for mallee mixed farming
Break crop production in southern low rainfall environments
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2018-02-12 11:05:382019-06-28 17:07:06Break crop production in southern low rainfall environments
Pre-emergent herbicide management for pulse crops in Southern NSW
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2017-05-10 22:07:592019-06-28 17:16:56Pre-emergent herbicide management for pulse crops in Southern NSW
Pulses in the Mallee 2017
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2017-02-26 11:24:582019-06-28 17:08:43Pulses in the Mallee 2017
Identifying the most productive and profitable break crop options for the LRZ
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2017-02-26 10:18:132019-06-28 17:10:29Identifying the most productive and profitable break crop options for the LRZ
Crop Sequencing Considerations for the Mallee
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2017-02-21 14:03:012019-06-28 17:12:29Crop Sequencing Considerations for the Mallee
Break crop options for the low rainfall zone
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2017-02-21 13:46:562019-07-02 17:33:48Break crop options for the low rainfall zone
Comparing break crop performance in the SA Mallee
https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png 0 0 Todd McDonald https://msfp.org.au/wp-content/uploads/img_header_msf-logo-medium.png Todd McDonald2016-03-23 14:04:532019-06-28 17:19:14Comparing break crop performance in the SA Mallee


text:
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$cache = new Cache(new File('/tmp'));

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text:
Laser companies target PV applications
Laser technologies aimed at improving solar cell production are unveiled at the EUPVSEC show in Valencia.
Q-Cells laser marking
Solar cell maker Q-Cells and laser systems specialists Rofin and Jenoptik are all introducing new laser processes to advance the manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules. The companies are showcasing their technologies at the huge European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC), which is being held from 6-9 September in Valencia, Spain.
Q-Cells, which is much better known one of the leading global suppliers of crystalline silicon solar cells, modules and systems, has developed a laser marking procedure that it says will improve quality control and production efficiencies in PV manufacturing – ultimately helping to lower the cost of the technology.
According to the German company, the new laser process will be fully implemented by the end of the year, enabling users to monitor critical production metrics such as the delivery date of raw material, supplier identification and consumables labeling.
Although it has developed the technology, which is protected by a European patent, in-house, Q-Cells is now offering other cell manufacturers in the PV sector the rights to use it. "The laser marking of solar cells is an ideal way to ensure quality and optimize processes," said Hans-Gerd Füchtenkort, chief scientific officer at the company.
Another German company looking to expand its presence in the PV sector is the laser systems company Rofin. The firm offers a broad range of systems to the growing market sector, including an 800W system that it claims is already the top-selling laser for edge deletion in thin-film cell production. At the Valencia show, the company is touting a new version of this system, which offers higher output power and the option of "square" fiber output.
"Compared to round fibers, square fibers provide higher efficiency by machining a bigger area per pulse, and enabling consistent overlap of individual pulses," Rofin says.
Femtosecond application
Like Q-Cells, Rofin offers a laser marking system to aid wafer traceability, and points out that existing marking techniques can often deteriorate amid the multitude of coating and etching processes required for solar cell production. Rofin's new marking code is said to be highly resistant against changing contrasts, often found with inhomogenous surfaces such as polycrystalline solar cells.
One of the more innovative laser systems that Rofin is presenting at the EUPVSEC event is the ultrafast StarFemto laser, one of the first industrial-grade femtosecond laser systems to become available commercially. Rofin says that when used in combination with an optimized scanner head, this system offers ideal beam characteristics for photovoltaics applications currently at the development stage.
While femtosecond lasers have been used in research and refractive laser eye surgery for many years, the technology is only just becoming viable for industrial production. "Femtosecond lasers [have] a huge potential for a new level of precision and selectivity in applications like thin-film structuring and ablation of dielectric layers," says Rofin. "Femtosecond lasers process materials faster than energy can diffuse within the atomic lattice and therefore almost no energy diffusion to the surrounding medium takes place. Furthermore, because most of the interaction processes do not depend on linear absorption, virtually any material can be machined by the same laser beam – [the] laser wavelength becomes marginal."
Rofin is also presenting its patent-pending rectangular-spot, top-hat beam profile technology at EUPVSEC. The approach is set to be used in conjunction with the frequency-doubled PowerLine L 100 SHG laser that is already deployed in PV cell production.
Meanwhile, another Germany-based laser company, Jenoptik, is using EUPVSEC to introduce a new infrared thin-disk laser with a higher output power than previous generations.
The JenLas disk IR70 is primarily aimed at a new photovoltaic manufacturing technology in which efficiency is increased by relocating contacts onto the rear side of the solar cells - thus reducing the impact of shadows cast by front-sided contacts. However, the laser is also suitable for wafer marking, cell doping and edge isolation of wafers, says the company.
Jenoptik is also introducing a modular laser system from its JENOPTIK-VOTAN Solas 1800/3600 product family in Valencia. This system can also be used in a range of laser machining processes for solar cell production, including laser drilling, selective emitter doping, selective ablation of dielectric layers, laser edge isolation, laser-fired contacts and thermal laser separation.
EUPVSEC is taking place throughout this week at the Feria Valencia in Valencia, Spain.
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European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC)
Q-Cells
Rofin
JenLas disk IR70
Rofin places increasing importance on Asia


text:
Q: How do I connect Laravel Sail to a MySQL GUI? I am using Laravel Sail/ Docker for the first time. I have got my site running fine but the issue is that I cannot access the DB via a GUI (Sequel Pro). I have added the default credentials from my env but cannot access. But seem to be able to run php artisan migrate. Does anybody have any tips for how I can debug this?
This is my .env file:
DB_HOST=mysql
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=my-db
DB_USERNAME=sail
DB_PASSWORD=password

A: The solution for you might be in the last comment here by Lorenzo Franzone: changing the SequelPro version.
Rather than this though, I dropped the version of MySQL in docker-compose from 8.0 to 5.7 to work with my very old version of SQLYog and: Bingo! It worked.

A: Simple, you must change DB_HOST=mysql to DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
Have a good day.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
So Which One Room School House Became a Pig Barn?
Posted on May 24, 2017 by lindaseccaspina
The flags no longer proudly fly above the former one room school house nor does the teacher ring the bell for recess. The teachers from the old, one-room schoolhouses deserve a lot of credit for the wonderful work they did under difficult working conditions in the days of yesteryears.
The teacher would try to have a lot of work on the blackboards for the various grades before the day began. As soon as the children were settled, they began with the recitation of The Lord's Prayer as good Christian morals were very important to the folk in the community.
The older pupils would have their work laid out for them so they could work alone from blackboard materials while the teacher concentrated on the younger children who were more dependant on direction and explanation. The week's monitors would have brought in a pail of fresh drinking water from the rusty old pump at the school well. The dipper would be in the pail and everyone drank from it, sharing whatever germs were active in the little community. Some older boy would put an extra stick of wood in the stove to warm the room up.
What happened to some of those one room school houses that once scattered Lanark County? By the 1950s, the days of the one room school house were numbered. The introduction of rural school busing resulted in school closures as sites were amalgamated for efficiency and cost effectiveness.
Clipped from The Ottawa Journal, 20 Jul 1979, Fri, [First] Revision, Page 3
In April of 1965 trouble was brewing and the pot was over flowing. Mrs. Nino Manzon of Carleton Place had been carrying on a paper war since January against the townships eight schools. In 1965 Margaret Manzon's children were attending Tennyson School in Beckwith Township. Declaring the rural one room school "antiquated", she began a campaign to bring modern educational facilities to the area.
Most of them were sold at tender except the sole survivor of a one-room public school that once formed the backbone of childhood life in Appleton. The little brick schoolhouse in Appleton was leased by the North Lanark Historical Society for $1 a year. Tragically that beloved schoolhouse burned down in 1973– but was rebuilt and stands today as the North Lanark Regional Museum.
Most of the schools became private homes except for one located near Casselman. (Prescott Russell school board) That school which became a pig barn, and two in Leeds and Grenville were used as storage sheds. Most were snapped up for about $500 each depending on the location, age and condition. One sold for as much as $13,000, yet one located on Dalhousie Lake waterfront property went for a mere $250. *That particular school house had sat vacant for 20 years. ( Please see Alice Gilchrist's comment below)
*Dalhousie Lake School-
"yet one located on Dalhousie Lake waterfront property went for a mere $250. That particular school house had sat vacant for 20 years" can you identify this schoolhouse please. Not aware of any schoolhouse on Dalhousie Lake waterfront ….. closest I can think of is former S.S.#4 and it is a mile away from lake". Alice Gilchrist
Author's Note- I try to do a lot of research in my writings but nothing beats personal recollections. So I believe Alice..:)
Clipped from The Ottawa Journal, 09 Jul 1980, Wed, Valley Edition, Page 3
The Fight Over One Room Schools in 1965!
Filed under Uncategorized and tagged dalhousie lake, Lanark-County, leeds grenville, Margaret Manzon, one room school houses, prescott russell, school, schools | 2 Comments
About lindaseccaspina
Before she laid her fingers to a keyboard, Linda was a fashion designer, and then owned the eclectic store Flash Cadilac and Savannah Devilles in Ottawa on Rideau Street from 1976-1996. She also did clothing for various media and worked on "You Can't do that on Television". After writing for years about things that she cared about or pissed her off on American media she finally found her calling. She is a weekly columnist for the Sherbrooke Record and documents history every single day and has over 6500 blogs about Lanark County and Ottawa and an enormous weekly readership. Linda has published six books and is in her 4th year as a town councillor for Carleton Place. She believes in community and promoting business owners because she believes she can, so she does.
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Alice Gilchrist on May 24, 2017 at 7:39 pm said:
"yet one located on Dalhousie Lake waterfront property went for a mere $250. That particular school house had sat vacant for 20 years" can you identify this schoolhouse please. Not aware of any schoolhouse on Dalhousie Lake waterfront ….. closest I can think of is former S.S.#4 and it is a mile away from lake.
lindaseccaspina on May 25, 2017 at 7:53 am said:
Alice this was what was reported in the Ottawa Journal.. I will add your comment…:)


With recent natural disasters such as wildfires in California and hurricanes hitting the Southeastern U.S., the public continues to be exposed to aerial drones being used by public safety agencies to help with search and rescue operations, security monitoring, and other applications.
A recent survey sponsored by Cape, which develops a cloud-based platform for drone telepresence, found that more Americans are supporting the use of drones by law enforcement to improve community safety.
For example, in the event of an emergency, 89% of those surveyed said they expect law enforcement and first responders to be able to reach them quickly, with 85% expecting agencies to be able to access and gain total control of any area, regardless of terrain.
The study, entitled "Superheroes in the Sky," also indicated that a majority of the public knows little about drones, with 84% saying that better education around the impact of drones would make them feel more comfortable about their use for public-safety purposes.
Robotics Business Review recently spoke with Rittler about the survey and the growing usage of commercial drones by public safety agencies, as well as their impact on public acceptance.
Q: Within the public safety sector, are groups more interested in using drones for security or for search-and-rescue operations?
Rittler: Today, we see public safety agencies leveraging drones across several use cases, from event and personnel security to disaster recovery and search and rescue – even using drones as first responders for real-time situational awareness.
The data from our national study on consumer drone perception indicates that the use of drones for event security is an area where we will likely see increased adoption. In fact, 69% of Americans say that recent terrorist attacks have increased their concern about safety when attending large events, and 66% consider the level of security that will be present before deciding to attend.
In light of those increasing concerns, 87% of Americans say they would feel safer if drones were used for improving security at large events. We are working with several agencies to provide Cape-enabled drones for enhanced security at upcoming holiday events. We expect to see them relied upon for upcoming New Year's Eve celebrations across the country as well.
More public safety agencies are integrating drones into daily emergency response operations. For example, in Mexico, one police department used Cape-enabled drones to reduce the city's crime rate by more than 10% and improve emergency call response times by 90%.
As part of the UAS Integration Pilot Program in Chula Vista, Calif., we are pioneering a new "Drone as a First Responder" approach to drone integration in partnership with the Chula Vista Police Department.
Drones are dispatched to high-priority calls that come in within a certain radius of the headquarters, where it is launched and acts as a first responder to the scene. This approach is not only helping the department to better allocate resources where they're most needed, but it's also giving responding officers critical visibility before entering potentially dangerous situations.
We are also increasingly seeing agencies turn to drones to help in search and rescue and disaster recovery efforts.
For example, following a natural disaster like the wildfires in California, drones can be used to gain better visibility when searching for victims, or those stranded and in need of help, or to survey damage and better understand containment or current threat levels.
They can also be used by insurance companies to expedite the claims process for those affected, or by telecom providers to inspect impacted cell towers to restore communications.
Regardless of a specific application, public safety agencies are seeing the benefits of drone integration to drive operational efficiencies and improve the safety of both their responding teams and of the communities they serve.
Q: The survey also indicated a need for education and transparency around drones. Where do you think this education will happen – will it be performed by drone makers, service providers like Cape, or the companies/agencies using the drones?
Rittler: Ultimately, driving widespread adoption and support of drones for public safety will require cooperation and education by all participants – drone makers, technology and service providers, the companies and organizations that use drones, and also the FAA and governing bodies that create and oversee the regulations.
Our study shows that support already exists, but there is work to be done to address a major consumer education gap with regards to drones. Today, only 42% of Americans consider themselves to be familiar with drones and their uses, and 76% see them as toys.
But after being educated on the impact of drones, consumer support skyrocketed, with 94% of Americans saying they believe drones have the potential to improve public safety.
Consumers are ready to embrace drones as a key tool for ensuring their safety, and they're very clear on what's required to earn and keep that support – 84% say better education is key for making them more comfortable, and 88% want transparent communication about how they're being used.
We've seen firsthand the positive impact that drones can have in communities around the world. Cities like Chula Vista are great models for how to gain community support for drone programs through consistent, transparent communication and engagement.
Q: Beyond public safety, where are you seeing most interest in drones from current or prospective clients?
Rittler: We continue to see strong usage of drones and growth for Cape in public safety. That said, in 2018, we have also seen growth in both oil & gas and telecom, where drones are really revolutionizing the way companies think about asset inspection and other critical, but highly manual and time-consuming repetitive tasks. Moving into 2019, we expect this to be a major area of growth.
Q: What are the advantages of remote telepresence for drones, offered by your platform?
Rittler: The Cape Aerial Telepresence platform offers full drone telepresence and data management, and easily integrates with existing off-the-shelf drone hardware. Onside drone operators launch Cape-enabled drones. Then, once in flight, up to 50 credentialed users can log in to the Cape platform via any Internet-connected device — desktop/laptop, or via the Cape Spectator app on IOS or Android device — to simultaneously view the live stream in real time.
What makes the platform even more impactful is that it allows for fast, easy, and safe remote operations – or tele-operation – of the drone. So the right person or expert can take control and manipulate the drone from anywhere in the world to get the exact visibility needed.
For example, in the telecommunications or oil & gas sectors, companies can more quickly and safely conduct tower or well inspections. Today, these highly manual tasks require major time, money, and resource investments, and often take team members away from much more meaningful tasks.
With drones, expert technicians can more efficiently perform routine or emergency inspections remotely and access real-time data from anywhere in the world.
We've also seen this capability help expedite things like new facility builds, or inspections during merger and acquisitions for oil & gas operators. Where those traditionally required a ton of individuals traveling to sites to check progress and inspect assets, with Cape, all required team members can remotely monitor the project to speed approval timelines and drastically reduce travel spend.
Q: We're nearing the end of 2018 and looking forward to 2019. What big trends do you see happening next year in the area of commercial drones?
Rittler: In 2019 and beyond, usability, safety, security, and ease of integration will ultimately define the winners in the commercial drone space. As more IPP [FAA Integration Pilot Program] deployments roll out in the coming months, and we get additional data on adoption and impact, I think we'll see a lot of discussion in 2019 around how the regulatory environment must change to support innovation.
Today, the regulations aren't keeping pace with the available technology, and that has to change. We believe we're at an inflection point today. Just like smartphones changed the way we do business, offering access to new data and untethering teams, drones are doing the same.
About 10 years ago, we were talking about the explosion of the Mobile Enterprise. Now we're seeing the rise of the Aerial Enterprise. It's not just about buying and using a drone – how do you connect drones and the data they can collect to other existing systems and business applications? We're proud to be on the forefront of helping companies leverage all of the benefits that aerial visibility and intelligence offer.


text:
Campbell, Chloe
Denetclaw, Wilfred
Green, Fred
Leech, Mary
Okhremtchouk, Irina
Platas, Linda
Rubin, Jasper
Shapiro, Jerry
Tanner, Kimberly
Teh, Kwok-Siong
Walls, Andrew
Wilson, Jackson
Absences: Chekuri, Chris (exc); Collins, Robert (exc); Drennan, Marie (exc); Kakar, Venoo (exc); Barrera, Ana Maria (abs); Brown, Elizabeth (abs); Sev'aetasi, Loretta (abs); Wong, President (exc); Spencer, Dee (abs); Wong, Yutian (exc)
Visitors: Ann Sherman, Nish Malik, Joseph Romero, Mi-Sook Kim, Claude Bartholomew, Joy Lee, Tyler Trinidad, Brian Beatty, Aimee Barnes
Joy Lee, a representative from the Housing Rights Committee spoke about the proposed rent increase in university-owned housing.
Approval of the Agenda for December 5, 2017
Agenda was approved with the removal of item #5 (the Committee on Committees report) and the removal of item #14 (the Proposed Student Health Advisory Committee policy). The remaining items were renumbered.
Approval of the Minutes for November 14, 2017
Minutes were approved with the revision of one typo (CCSA was changed to CSSA).
Announcements from the Floor
No announcements were made.
Chair Gerber announced an upcoming breakfast meeting with President Wong and Provost Summit and University meeting next week and solicited possible questions or topics of conversation from the senators. She also announced that the opening meeting for the 2018 – 2019 academic year will be on Thursday, August 23, and solicited feedback for how to make the event more inclusive. She gave information about the International Faculty Partnership seminars and directed senators to the information and on-line application on the Senate ilearn site. She announced that the Housing resolution, which would have come back today in second reading, has been pulled following a productive meeting between ExComm and VP Ann Sherman and Executive Director Jenny Patino. The slide deck for this presentation is available on the ilearn site, and they will be invited to come and speak to a Senate plenary in the spring. Chair Gerber solicited questions for VP Sherman and Executive Director Patino.
Sen. Castillo asked for a brief update on what the administration is planning to do about increasing rents. Chair Gerber answered that several options were discussed with ExComm, and that it is unclear to us whether they plan to go ahead with the 5% increase or one of the other options.
Sen. Yee-Melichar thanked and gave credit to the people involved in expanding the opportunities for faculty and students to go to Ghana.
Strategic Issues Committee
Sen. Gen reported that SIC is continuing to work on the Administrative Search Pool policy and to look forward to setting the spring agenda.
Academic Policies Committee
Sen. Wilson described a visit from the College of Business dean to help them think through the Large On-line Course Policy and reported that APC worked on revisions to the Syllabus policy and the Grade Appeals policy. Chair Gerber added that there will be small changes in the contact information for the DPRC that will be coming out soon.
Curriculum Review and Approval Committee
Sen. Stowers reported progress made toward the Field Trip policy and will be circulating a draft to stakeholders greatly impacted by the policy. Sen. Sinha
Faculty Affairs Committee
Sen. Roehrman announced that FAC is bringing two items forward on the agenda today and looking forward to setting the spring agenda.
Sen. Williams announced that the agenda item originally slated for today will appear in a future agenda.
Report from Norma Salcedo, AB 540 Dream Coordinator
Norma Salcedo gave a presentation about the Dream Resource Center, describing issues faced by undocumented and AB 540 students, explaining how faculty should respond if ICE comes onto campus, and outlining what resources are available for undocumented and AB 540 students.
Vice-Chair Albiniak asked about how faculty members can protect undocumented students during field trips. Norma Salcedo answered that this is a concern and that the work is ongoing to formulate a process.
Sen. Reyes asked about protocols, whether there is a number for students or professors to call, for legal protection. Norma Salcedo answered that there is not a number for SF State, but that there is one for San Francisco.
Report from Nish Malik, CIO and AVP of Information Technology Services
AVP Malik gave a presentation on the modernization of IT services on campus, describing successes with access and security increases while outlining future needs and changes.
Report from Brian Beatty, AVP of Academic Affairs Operations
AVP Beatty gave a presentation on the structure and functioning of Academic Technology, describing the various units within AT and how they serve the university community.
Sen. Wilson asked about the future of computer labs on campus. AVP Beatty answered that computer labs are less critical than before for providing access to computers for students, because more students have devices of their own, but that there will always be a need to give access to computers for students. There is also an increased need for teaching or discipline-specific labs, for use in teaching or research situations. AVP Malik advocated for colleges to ask students for support fees to support technology spending.
Sen. Foley asked about the SF State mobile app and suggested ways to use the app to provide access to resources for students. She also recommended getting input from students about what uses they had for the app. AVP Malik talked about the mobile advisory group on campus and the possibility of providing input directly through the app itself. He also said he would reach out to Associated Students.
Sen. Stowers asked whether AT and ITS would be merging and asked about changes to the Downtown Campus. AVP Beatty answered that they are supporting all academic classrooms, not only for some programs. He also answered that he had also heard the concept of "one IT" from the president. A consulting group came to campus and identified overlap between existing IT units, but they found that combining AT and ITS (DoIT) would not be a good choice at that time. He talked about ongoing consolidation efforts. AVP Malik answered that 18 out of 23 campuses have consolidated their IT, and talked about consolidating things like service desks and procurement at SF State.
Sen. Denetclaw asked whether there is an electronic notebook on ilearn. AVP Beatty answered that he didn't know whether there is an interactive notebook feature. Chair Gerber answered that NSF does have something that could be used for that purpose.
Sen. Howard asked about a reference to "data warehouse" in the slide deck, and AVP Malik explained the reference.
Sen. Yu expressed approval for including research needs, especially qualitative research, in thinking about expanding IT services on campus. AVP Beatty answered that we need a comprehensive approach to IT research support.
Recommendation from the Curriculum Review and Approval Committee: Proposed Minor in Comic Studies (second reading)
Sen. Stowers moved the item and spoke in favor of it.
Sen. Small asked for clarification about one of the tables in the proposal.
Chair Gerber called for a vote.
The motion passed unanimously.
Recommendation from the Faculty Affairs Committee: Proposed Changes to the Retention, Tenure and Promotion Policy (second reading) - #F16-241
Sen. Roehrman moved the item and spoke in favor of it.
Sen. Stowers asked about the basis for disallowing FERP faculty from serving on UTPC or RTP committees. Sen. Roehrman cited issues with the availability of FERP faculty, because they are not active the entire academic year. Sen. Stowers countered that not all FERP faculty teach one semester on, one semester off. Sen. Roehrman responded that decisions about tenure and promotion should be made by people who are going to be members of the university in the long-term.
Sen. Howard cited language from the Collective Bargaining Agreement and gave context for how this policy has been followed in the past.
Sen. Stowers spoke against the motion and in favor of considering FERP faculty as a part of the institution.
Chair Gerber gave context that the originating impulse for this policy revision came from interactions with the president's office.
Sen. Bloom asked for clarification about how to read the edits on the document.
Sen. Shapiro spoke against the motion and cited the shortage of tenured faculty to serve on RTP and UTPC committees.
Sen. Howard spoke for the motion and cited the president's stated intention not to approve FERP faculty for RTP and UTPC committees.
Sen. Stowers asked if we could have the president here to talk about this matter before we voted.
Sen. Yee-Melichar expressed concerns about these revisions in relation to the loss of institutional knowledge if we disallow FERP faculty on these committees.
Sen. Steier spoke against the motion and cited his own experience as an example of positive service.
Sen. Wilson asked whether the policy change is based on a current or historical problem or a philosophical stance. Sen. Roehrman responded that it is based on both and that he is not dismissing the important contributions make to our campus. He noted again the president's
Sen. Scott gave some context about issues with human resources and FERP faculty on RTP committees.
Sen. Stowers moved to table the motion. It was seconded by Sen. Shapiro. The motion was tabled for a future meeting, with one abstention.
Recommendation from the Curriculum Review and Approval Committee: Proposed Changes to the MS in Interdisciplinary Marine and Estuarine Sciences (first reading)
Chair Gerber asked whether there were any other examples of a college-level program at the Master's level. Sen. Stowers answered that the M.B.A. program follows this path.
Sen. Sinha asked about whether there were two proposals – to change the curriculum and change the name. Sen. Stowers answered that only the curricular proposal comes before CRAC and the Senate. Sen. Sinha also asked about the RIP TIDES program mentioned in the proposal and asked whether there could be a revision to expand "Science" professionals to "STEM" professionals, so that it could include engineering. He asked how many students are already involved in the program. Sen. Stowers answered that the program is not just for scientists, but also social scientists, and that they currently have 10 – 12 students. He made some recommendations for the program and agencies that could be useful to the program.
Sen. Hines confirmed that there were currently 12 students and 12 have applied this year.
Sen. Scott talked about current connections with outside agencies and how those connections inspired the name change for the program.
The item was referred back to CRAC.
Recommendation from the Curriculum Review and Approval Committee: Proposed Minor in Computing Applications (first reading)
Sen. Stowers moved the item and spoke in its favor.
Recommendation from the Faculty Affairs Committee: Proposed Changes to the Hiring Policy for Tenure-Track Faculty (first reading) - #S03-158
Sen. Roehrman moved the item and spoke in its favor.
Chair Gerber reminded the Senate that today we are only looking at the proposed changes, but that if senators want to change other parts of the policy, they should address FAC. Chair Gerber also recommended that the committee could consider language that the "president or designee" would sign the offer letter.
Sen. Roehrman ceded his time to Dean Bunge to talk about the proposed changes. Dean Bunge noted that Senate policy does not fit current hiring practice, and spoke in favor of bringing policy into line with the current practice.
Chair Gerber asked when the change in practice occurred and why the Senate was not consulted when the change occurred. Dean Bunge answered that the change happened three years ago, and that perhaps the Senate ought to have been consulted.
Sen. Stowers argued that this is happening a lot, that practice changes and then the Senate is asked to change the policy. She recommended increased attention to the Senate policies.
Sen. Summit agreed that changes in general do need to be made in consultation with the Senate, but that in this case, the administration is trying to correct ambiguities that did not serve the interests of the faculty.
Sen. Scott spoke in favor of keeping the designation as the provost, rather than making it open, to reduce ambiguity.
The item was referred back to FAC.
The meeting was adjourned at 4:33 P.M.


KARACHI: The Sindh cabinet on Wednesday endorsed a decision to remove Inspector General of Police A.D. Khowaja and appoint Additional IG Sardar Abdul Majeed Dasti as acting police chief in his place.
The cabinet took up the issue of Mr Khowaja's transfer because the Sindh High Court, while reversing a March 31 order through which the provincial government had surrendered the services of the IG to the federal government and appointed Mr Dasti as acting IG, ruled that all government powers could only be exercised through the cabinet.
Advocate General for Sindh Zameer Ghumro briefed the cabinet about the SHC order and said that the bench had observed that the cabinet did not approve the decision with regard to IG Khowaja and Mr Dasti.
A government spokesman said that the requirement for removing IG Khowaja had been complied with and the cabinet endorsed the decision of Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah.
Civil society organisations had approached the SHC against the removal of IG Khowaja and for reforms in the police department.
A division bench of the SHC comprising Justices Munib Akhtar and Arshad Hussain Khan had asked AG Ghumro under which law Khowaja had been removed from his post. The AG replied that the IG had been appointed under Clause 3 of the Police Act, and that the Sindh government had the right to appoint an IG of its own choosing.
However, he was silent when asked if the provincial cabinet had been taken into confidence before the notification for IG Khowaja's removal was issued. Reminding him that all governmental powers could only be exercised through the cabinet, the bench had stayed the removal of Mr Khowaja and restrained Mr Dasti from further continuing with the additional charge as IG.
The stay order remains in place till April 6 (today).


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Washington State is First in the Nation To License Outdoor Preschools
By Marika Malaea On 10/2/19 at 7:17 PM EDT
News Washington Children Education Nature
As nationwide interest in outdoor preschool programs increases, Washington is now the first state in the nation to officially license them.
Washington's Department of Children, Youth and Families began to establish the pilot licensing standards in 2017 for outdoor preschools, nature-based early learning and child care programs.
Outdoor preschools have been around for decades in places like Germany, Norway and Denmark. These programs were designed as a response to the trend of children spending very little time outdoors.
"There's a beauty in being able to see kids run outdoors and look at slugs and take care of plants and animals," Hannah Kinney, outdoor preschool educator, told The Seattle Times. "You do see students that need that space to move their bodies and feel like they have that choice and ownership of their learning."
Most outdoor preschool children spend the majority of their time outside, though many of the schools have an indoor option for a place to convene or emergencies. The children are outfitted at the beginning of the year with appropriate gear for every kind of weather. Activities can include daily hikes, identifying plants and animals, exploration and community-building.
Outdoor preschool children wait in line to start their day. Getty
"They are learning all kinds of valuable principles about gravity, and texture, and shapes and colors and all the things you might expect to see in a preschool curriculum," the late Erin Kenny, founder of Cedarsong Nature School, told KCTS in 2017. "They are just doing it outdoors and at their own pace."
Fiddleheads Forest School was established at the Washington Park Arboretum through the University of Washington. They were the first entirely outdoor preschool in Seattle, Washington and one of the first urban outdoor preschools in the country. In 2017, they served over 80 families with children ages 3-5 with 176 families on their annual waitlist.
From their Outdoor Preschool Pilot Participant Testimonial: "At Fiddleheads we believe strongly in empowering students to guide their own learning process, and work to help each of them develop the tools to do just that through use of a curriculum that expressly teaches self-regulation. We have found that the forest grove classroom is uniquely suited to helping children develop these skills through exposure to gradual, contextual change."
"Becoming licensed would help set a standard of practice in the field and allow us to reach a greater diversity of families in and around the Seattle area."
How Brothers and Sisters Shape Our Sense Of Humor
How Much Screen Time Is Too Much for Kids?
Hundreds of Young People Pledge Not to Have Children for the Environment
At Nurture in Nature Preschool, which is a facility of Metro Parks Tacoma, their philosophy is that "preschoolers grow and learn how to be part of a community through play, discovery, and learning." While there is traditional curriculum mixed in, all of these outdoor schools emphasize being good stewards of the land and how to take care of it, creating a valued relationship between children and Nature that may not have existed otherwise in this age of technology.
To date, two outdoor preschools received their licensure in September: Kaleidoscope Preschool and Child Care Center in Eastsound, San Juan County, and Squaxin Island Child Development Center in Shelton, Mason County.


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Q: How to monitor live SQL queries in DB2 9.1 LUW I use system views in Oracle to find worst queries that apps run and tune the DB by adding indexes and that help when developing an app in case you get stuck on performance problems; now I'd like to do the same thing in DB2 9.1 LUW but really I can find nothing, even after reading a DB2 manuals on Safari Books, am I missign something? big?

A: If you are using DB2 in Linux or Unix system, a good tools for monitoring is db2top. In the last versión of DB2, this tool is integrated with the product.
In the last version of DB2, you have the table SYSCAT.TOP_DYNAMIC_SQL and SYSCAT.STATEMENTS.

A: Although there are numerous performance monitoring tools available from both from IBM and 3rd parties, you use the DB2 snapshot facility to see what's going on in the database.
You can either use the GET SNAPSHOT command or, conveniently, IBM has exposed these snapshots through views, like Oracle.
The manuals describe all of the views available in DB2 9.1:  Supported Routines and Views
See, specifically, the section entiled "Snapshot Routines and Views"


Still having fun with your favorite mobile game…!! 😉 If you need help in the level "A type of filling in a box of chocolates 94" of the game 94%, don't worry!, here you are all the answers A type of filling in a box of chocolates 94.
These are the answers A type of filling in a box of chocolates 94.


33-5204 NONPROFIT CORPORATION — LIABILITY — INSURANCE.
33-5204A APPLICABILITY OF PROFESSIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS — LIMITATIONS UPON AUTHORITY.
33-5205 PETITION TO ESTABLISH PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL.
33-5205C PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL REPLICATION.
33-5206 REQUIREMENTS AND PROHIBITIONS OF A PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL.
33-5208 PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUPPORT.
33-5209C ENFORCEMENT — REVOCATION — APPEAL.
33-5210 APPLICATION OF SCHOOL LAW — ACCOUNTABILITY — EXEMPTION FROM STATE RULES.
33-5211 TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND INFORMATION.
33-5212 SCHOOL CLOSURE AND DISSOLUTION.
33-5213 PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL COMMISSION.
33-5214 PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL AUTHORIZERS FUND.
33-5215 CAREER TECHNICAL REGIONAL PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL.
33-5217 PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL DEBT RESERVE.


Keywords: spatio-temporal data, point pattern, map, visual analysis, grocery shops.
Location is of vital importance to a shop. Since 1990, there has been a significant change in the makeup of Helsinki metropolitan area shop market: the number of grocery shops in the Helsinki metropolitan area remarkably decreased, while the number of hypermarkets steadily increased. In order to understand and explain the phenomena, both grocery shops and hypermarkets in the Helsinki metropolitan area which existed from 1990 to 2005 were mapped and analyzed. The study aimed to figure out patterns.
The aim of the study was firstly to find out location relationships between grocery shops and hypermarkets and analyze patterns among grocery shops and, secondly, to evaluate different visualization methods basing on their usefulness in the analysis. To achieve the research objectives, different visual methods and analysis methods were applied to the case study dataset. The visual methods employed include single static maps, a time series of static maps, 3D visualization and animated maps. The analysis methods employed in this study included kernel density analysis, normalization, spatial join and Thiessen polygon analysis.
The dataset used in the case study records locations and existences of both hypermarkets and grocery shops in the Helsinki metropolitan area from 1990 to 2005, but was simulated from the real shops dataset. Because of copyright and commercial protection, the real shop dataset was not allowed to be used in this thesis. However, this study documents the analysis processes and methods which could be used in and provide guidelines for the real dataset and also further research.
The findings of this study indicate that in the Helsinki metropolitan area, the locations of grocery shops have been influenced by the locations of hypermarkets, the density of grocery shops and the density of population. But the development of grocery shops is a complex system more influencing factors need to be considered in the future studies. In terms of the visualization methods, in this specific case study, single static maps and time series of static maps were the most useful visual methods and normalization was an important part of the analysis method. Compared to the static visual method, 3D visualization and animated maps were more attractive and allowed more interaction with users but are not recommended for further analysis because they are not as effective as static visual methods for analyzing patterns and relationships of the sparely spread point dataset, like the locations of grocery shops.


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A year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar (nor in its predecessor, the Julian calendar); in this system, the year  is followed directly by year . However, there is a year zero in both the astronomical year numbering system (where it coincides with the Julian year ), and the ISO 8601:2004 system, the interchange standard for all calendar numbering systems (where year zero coincides with the Gregorian year ; see conversion table). There is also a year zero in most Buddhist and Hindu calendars.

History

The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544), who used it to identify the years on his Easter table. He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era, based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a persecutor of Christians. In the preface to his Easter table, Dionysius stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior" which was also 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown.

Dionysius Exiguus did not use 'AD' years to date any historical event. This practice began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his  (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used - only once - a term similar to the modern English term 'before Christ', though the practice did not catch on for nearly a thousand years, when books by Dionysius Petavius treating calendar science gained popularity. Bede did not sequentially number days of the month, weeks of the year, or months of the year. However, he did number many of the days of the week using the counting origin one in Ecclesiastical Latin.

Previous Christian histories used several titles for dating events:  ("in the year of the world") beginning on the purported first day of creation; or  ("in the year of Adam") beginning at the creation of Adam five days later (or the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative) as used by Africanus; or  ("in the year of Abraham") beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius of Caesarea; all of which assigned "one" to the year beginning at Creation, or the creation of Adam, or the birth of Abraham, respectively. Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era.

In chapter II of book I of Ecclesiastical History, Bede stated that Julius Caesar invaded Britain "in the year 693 after the building of Rome, but the sixtieth year before the incarnation of our Lord", while stating in chapter III, "in the year of Rome 798, Claudius" also invaded Britain and "within a very few days ... concluded the war in ... the forty-sixth [year] from the incarnation of our Lord". Although both dates are wrong, they are sufficient to conclude that Bede did not include a year zero between BC and AD: 798 − 693 + 1 (because the years are inclusive) = 106, but 60 + 46 = 106, which leaves no room for a year zero. The modern English term "before Christ" (BC) is only a rough equivalent, not a direct translation, of Bede's Latin phrase  ("before the time of the lord's incarnation"), which was itself never abbreviated. Bede's singular use of 'BC' continued to be used sporadically throughout the Middle Ages.

Neither the concept of nor a symbol for zero existed in the system of Roman numerals. The Babylonian system of the BC era had used the idea of "nothingness" without considering it a number, and the Romans enumerated in much the same way. Wherever a modern zero would have been used, Bede and Dionysius Exiguus did use Latin number words, or the word  (meaning "nothing") alongside Roman numerals. Zero was invented in India in the sixth century, and was either transferred or reinvented by the Arabs by about the eighth century. The Arabic numeral for zero (0) did not enter Europe until the thirteenth century. Even then, it was known only to very few, and only entered widespread use in Europe by the seventeenth century.

The  nomenclature was not widely used in Western Europe until the 9th century, and the  to  historical year was not uniform throughout Western Europe until 1752. The first extensive use (hundreds of times) of 'BC' occurred in  by Werner Rolevinck in 1474, alongside years of the world (). The terms anno Domini, Dionysian era, Christian era, vulgar era, and common era were used interchangeably between the Renaissance and the 19th century, at least in Latin. But vulgar era fell out of use in English at the beginning of the 20th century after vulgar acquired the meaning of "offensively coarse", replacing its original meaning of "common" or "ordinary". Consequently, historians regard all these eras as equal.

Historians have never included a year zero. This means that between, for example,   and  , there are 999 years: 500 years BC, and 499 years AD preceding 500. In common usage anno Domini 1 is preceded by the year 1 BC, without an intervening year zero. Neither the choice of calendar system (whether Julian or Gregorian) nor the name of the era (Anno Domini or Common Era) determines whether a year zero will be used. If writers do not use the convention of their group (historians or astronomers), they must explicitly state whether they include a year 0 in their count of years, otherwise their historical dates will be misunderstood.

Astronomy

In astronomy, for the year AD 1 and later it is common to assign the same numbers as the Anno Domini notation, which in turn is numerically equivalent to the Common Era notation. But the discontinuity between 1 AD and 1 BC makes it cumbersome to compare ancient and modern dates. So the year before 1 AD is designated 0, the year before 0 is −1, and so on.

The letters "AD", "BC", "CE", or "BCE" are omitted. So 1 BC in historical notation is equivalent to 0 in astronomical notation, 2 BC is equivalent to −1, etc. Sometimes positive years are preceded by the + sign. This year numbering notation was introduced by the astronomer Jacques Cassini in 1740.

History of astronomical usage
In 1627, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, in his Rudolphine Tables, first used an astronomical year essentially as a year zero. He labeled it Christi and inserted it between years labeled  and  BC and AD today, on the "mean motion" pages of the Sun, Moon, and planets. In 1702, the French astronomer Philippe de la Hire labeled a year as  and placed it at the end of the years labeled  (BC), and immediately before the years labeled  (AD), on the mean motion pages in his , thus adding the number designation 0 to Kepler's .

Finally, in 1740, the transition was completed by French astronomer Jacques Cassini , who is traditionally credited with inventing year zero. In his , Cassini labeled the year simply as 0, and placed it at the end of years labeled  (BC), and immediately before years labeled  (AD).

ISO 8601
ISO 8601:2004 (and previously ISO 8601:2000, but not ISO 8601:1988) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems. (Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582, some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar, but it is not used with the BC/AD era.) The "basic" format for year 0 is the four-digit form 0000, which equals the historical year 1 BC. Several "expanded" formats are possible: −0000 and +0000, as well as five- and six-digit versions. Earlier years are also negative four-, five- or six-digit years, which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year, hence -0001 = 2 BC. Because only ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) characters are allowed by ISO 8601, the minus sign is represented by a hyphen-minus.

Computing
Programming libraries may implement a year zero, an example being the Perl CPAN module DateTime.

South Asian calendars
Most eras used with Hindu and Buddhist calendars, such as the Saka era or the Kali Yuga, begin with the year 0. These calendars mostly use elapsed, expired, or complete years, in contrast with most calendars from other parts of the world which use current years. A complete year had not yet elapsed for any date in the initial year of the epoch, thus the number 1 cannot be used. Instead, during the first year the indication of 0 years (elapsed) is given in order to show that the epoch is less than 1 year old. This is similar to the Western method of stating a person's age – people do not reach age one until one year has elapsed since birth (but their age during the year beginning at birth is specified in months or fractional years, not as age zero). However, if ages were specified in years and months, such a person would be said to be, for example, 0 years and 6 months or 0.5 years old. This is analogous to the way time is shown on a 24-hour clock: during the first hour of a day, the time elapsed is 0 hours, n minutes.

See also
 January 0

References

Chronology
Astronomical coordinate systems
zero
0 (number)
0s
0s BC
Nonexistent things

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Haaretz | Opinion
Greece's Jewish Voters Are Faced With an Impossible Choice
In the lead-up to next week's election, Greece's Jews are caught between a rock and a hard place: the political map is dominated by the anti-Zionist far-left, and a center-right that has moved to the extremes and is courting votes from neo-Nazis.
Sabby Mionis
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As the Greek financial crisis deepens and elections loom, the atmosphere in Greece is more tense than ever.
Jewish Financier Claims neo-Nazi Smear
Greek Ministerial Appointment Raises Jewish Concerns
Greece Swears in anti-Semitic Minister
Greek Left Poised to Win National Election
Left-wing Party Will Lead Greece
A Big, Fat Greek Party
Greece's New Defense Chief Said Jews Don't Pay Tax
The Lessons Israel Can Learn From Greece
Greece PM Plans Radical-left Policy Track
Thessaloniki Remembers Sending Jews to Death
Just last Thursday, an MP from the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party violently attacked two left-wing female MPs live on national TV an Israeli journalist was beaten up by the same group in central Athens after taking pictures of their attacks on immigrants and a young medical school student shot and killed an Albanian robber who had broken into a few houses in his neighborhood and had threatened his mother.
Fear and insecurity are setting in. Greeks feel increasingly desperate, and members of the small Jewish community in Greece are no exception.
Most Greek Jews are employed in the private sector, or run small businesses. The community has not enjoyed the affluence that partly characterized it before the destruction of the Second World War. In the current climate, Jewish institutions will probably collapse if they don't receive financial assistance from the international Jewish community.
Against this background of personal and communal hardship, increasing fears about personal security and rise of both the far-right and the far-left, Jewish voters are faced with an impossible choice in the upcoming June 17th elections for the Greek legislature.
On the left, the Syriza party will probably lead Greece to a total collapse, if it makes good on its campaign promises. Its leader, the 38-year- old Alexis Tsipras, is a narcissistic populist who comes from a prominent family that owns a construction company. He has never really held a proper job, and his English is embarrassingly poor for a young man in the age of the internet.
Syriza fully identifies itself with the Palestinian cause, and their party platform explicitly calls for an end to Greece's defense cooperation with the "aggressive" Israel, even though on Friday his foreign affairs advisor tried to take a softer stance. Tsipras' party colleagues and his own inner circle have repeatedly attacked Israel and the "Zionists", claiming that they are not anti-Semitic, just anti-Zionist. Syriza's former head, Nikos Konstandopoulos, has consistently offered his services as a defense lawyer for convicted and alleged Arab terrorists who have been arrested in Greece. Sofia Sakorafa, a confidante who has rubbed shoulders with Hamas, and a celebrated former Olympic athlete, requested and received Palestinian citizenship a few years ago, in a bid to represent Palestine in the Olympic Games, when she was well into her 40s.
On the right, New Democracy is the traditional center-right party, that under a new leader, Andonis Samaras, has morphed into an extreme right-wing, nationalistic party. Samaras, 60, also comes from a very prominent family, and, like Tsipras, has never held down a serious job. His family secured him a seat in the Parliament from the age of 26. Samaras has proven his populism and lack of moral feeling several times in the past, and many blame him for Greece's situation today.
In 1993, as a young foreign minister, he brought down the center-right government of Konstantinos Mitsotakis. This was the only government that had managed to balance the country's primary budget and was set to start an aggressive privatization program that would probably had changed the course of Greece's financial history. More disturbingly, Samaras has opened his arms and welcomed into his party a number of neo-Nazis , anti-Semites and Holocaust deniers from the extreme right-wing party Laos, effectively transforming his own party into an extreme right-wing one.
Samaras' campaign head for northern Greece, Panagiotis Psomiadis, recently said in several campaign gatherings that he does not disagree with the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party, but that he is hopeful that the outcome of current discussion would mean several of its members would join New Democracy, thus confirming Samaras' co-option of the far-right.
Makis Voridis, an infrastructure Minister in the transitional government, is apparently being groomed by Samaras, and the establishment that supports him, as the next party leader. Voridis, a fascist of the worst kind, has in the past painted swastikas on walls, threatened Jewish students and their families, and violently attacked leftists with the group of thugs he had created. He formed the anti-immigrant party, Hellenic Front, whose motto was "Red Card to the Immigrants", and he ran together with Greece's most famous anti-Semite, Kostas Plevris, in the national elections of 2000.
Plevris, a self-declared neo-Nazi and anti-Semite, wrote the book "Jews: The Whole Truth", which included a call for all Greek Jews to be "killed within 24 hours". He was put on trial for incitement acquitted by the court and his son, Thanassis Plevris, who defended him, has now also joined Samaras' party.
Samaras enjoys speaking about his famous grandmother, the gifted author Penelope Delta, who committed suicide the day the invading Germans erected the Nazi flag on Athens' Acropolis. She is probably turning in her grave, watching her grandson 'laundering' neo-Nazis.
So, in this election, when my 102-year-old grandmother, a survivor of Auschwitz, asks me: "Who is good for the Jews?" I will have no answer: "Nobody, giagia (grandmother), nobody".
Sabby Mionis was born in Athens and moved to Israel in 2006. Founder of Capital Management Advisors and active in Greek business life, he is a former president of Keren Hayesod (the United Israel Appeal) in Athens and now serves as on the UIA Executive and is co-founder of the Israel Center for Better Childhood.
Leader of extreme-right Golden Dawn party Nikolaos Mihaloliakos.Credit: Reuters


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Northwestern Regional High School
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First Callum and Declan make it outside, ready for battle. They lie in ambush, and then surprise the adults with a flurry of snowballs.
We walk along a snow covered path, with high piles of snow bracketing us. Callum and Declan choose the high ground, ready for some more adult targeting, but instead sink to their hips in the deep snow.
Then, as we get to the side of the icy stream, the battle becomes serious. Callum invents a new form of attack, the blizzard ball. Declan starts targeting the small gap underneath his enemy's scarf. Uncle Bob can't quite decide whether to ambush his sister, or assist his nephews in ganging up on Evan.
Callum tries out his strategy for avoiding snowball attack – a quick roll in the deep snow by the path – with limited success but great enjoyment.
The battle rages along the path, with pauses for exchanges of "Gruss Gott" with innocent bystanders, until the snowfall becomes heavy enough that we turn back for home.
And after great stamping of feet and shrugging off garments, we sit down to devour the Christmas marzipan and chocolate that are still left after our lunchtime feast.


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Obituary: Marjory Dougal, respected Edinburgh Youth Orchestra administrator
Marjory Dougal, youth orchestra administratorBorn: April 24 943 in Eyemouth, BerwickshireDied: December 15, 2020; Edinburgh
By Ken Walton
Thursday, 24th December 2020, 7:00 am
Marjory Dougal possessed the power to persuade when it came to getting star performers
The list of Edinburgh Youth Orchestra (EYO) alumni reads like a who's who of leading Scots classical musicians. Among them are virtuoso percussionist Colin Currie, conductor Garry Walker, composer Anna Meredith, SCO principal cello Philip Higham and violinist Daniel Bell. The list goes on. One woman was responsible for nurturing such extraordinary talent, Marjory Dougal, a veritable champion of musical youth in Edinburgh over three decades, who has died at the age of 77.
Dougal became general manager of the EYO in 1990. She was, by her own unfair estimation, no musician. But both her children had played in the orchestra, which had just returned from a California concert tour in 1989 when she learned of the vacancy for someone to run the organisation. Endless enthusiasm and conviction drove her successful application, just as it informed every moment of her lengthy tenure, which ended in 2017 when she retired to spend more time with her family.
Central to Dougal's ethos was an unwillingness to take no for an answer, whether it was to preserve funding, instigate foreign tours, enlist celebrity conductors and soloists, or – as I discovered myself – cajole critics into covering the orchestra's Scotland-wide concert programmes. Her success in these vital tasks are what gave the EYO its distinctive edge and sharp profile.
Not only were EYO programmes likely to include major symphonies by Shostakovich, Sibelius and Tchaikovsky, or demanding concertos by Elgar and Beethoven, but reigning over many memorable performances would be such eminent conductors as Sir Donald Runnicles (a one-time EYO horn player), Sian Edwards, Garry Walker or En Shao. And among the many star soloists were percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie, violinist Nicola Benedetti, cellist Julian Lloyd Webber, violinist Jack Liebeck and soprano Lisa Milne.
All have fond memories of Dougal, whose "indefatigable" persistence and congenial persona were qualities she was recognised for and which ensured repeat visits by so many of the world's top musicians. Lloyd Webber recalls "a savvy woman, hugely ambitious for the orchestra, and go-ahead". He had not long premiered Philip Glass's Cello Concerto No 1 in Beijing in 2001 when Dougal suggested he might like to play it next time he appeared with the EYO. "She snapped it up before anyone else in the UK," recalls the cellist. He also remembers bribing her to keep quiet on a long late-night car journey back to Edinburgh after an Aberdeen concert. "I was conducting and my wife was the soloist. We desperately needed to catch up on some sleep as there was another performance the following day. Under normal circumstances Marjory was such great company, and we knew she would insist on talking all the way back. We promised a large bottle of brandy as a price for her silence. It was a challenge, but despite the odd attempt to whisper, she got the brandy."
Glennie, who performed James MacMillan's percussion concerto Veni, Veni Emanuel with the orchestra and became its vice-president, considered Dougal a "tour de force", adding: "Without her vision, perseverance and belief the EYO would not be where it is today or have given the thousands of youngsters the invaluable, long-lasting experience of their lives".
"Her contribution was absolutely immense and EYO became a huge focal point of her life and energy," says Garry Walker, the newly appointed music director of Opera North, who played cello with EYO as a teenager, returning later as a guest conductor. "The fact that a city youth orchestra could perform difficult works such as The Rite of Spring, Mahler 1 or Veni Veni Emanuel to a very high standard was entirely due to her drive, vision and organisation," he adds.
Similar thoughts from Colin Currie, who recalls that "she had limitless time and candour for the young musicians, and sought the highest artistic ideals on their behalf".
Dougal was born in Eyemouth in the Scottish Borders in 1943. She settled in Edinburgh with her husband Richard, a lecturer at Edinburgh University, where she pursued an early career as a learning support teacher at primary schools in Sciennes, Tollcross and South Morningside during the 1970s and '80s.
Her love of music – she played the piano – led to her enthusiasm for setting up recorder groups and other ensembles in schools. She encouraged her own children to play musical instruments, which led to their involvement in the EYO. When the opportunity to manage the orchestra presented itself, Dougal took early retirement from teaching.
From that point, says EYO chairman David Elliott, "there were two things that truly mattered in Marjory's life – her family and the EYO family".
"She cared passionately about every individual," says daughter Fiona. "If children couldn't afford the fees, she'd say 'we'll find the money'." She was a strong Labour Party member all her life, believing youngsters from all walks of life should get the same opportunities."
With the EYO, many of them saw parts of the world and worked under musical personalities they might only have dreamed of. On a 2003 Baltic Tour that sported soloists Tommy Smith and Evelyn Glennie, and featured a specially commissioned work by Eddie McGuire, the Estonian leg was conducted by RSNO conductor emeritus Neeme Järvi.
In a 50th Anniversary gala concert at the Usher Hall in 2013, jointly conducted by Runnicles and Walker, the orchestra fielded 135 players in music by Wagner, Elgar, MacMillan and Beethoven.
Dougal's decision to retire in 2017 was largely so she could spend more time with her family, particularly her two grandchildren. Yet she remained a part of the orchestra, serving as its vice-president. Dougal died peacefully in hospital after a short illness, surrounded by her close family.
She is survived by husband Richard, daughter Fiona, son Ian and granddaughters Lilah and Daisy.


Section 1 is a general introduction to the cavalier King Charles spaniel and the neurological diseases of the breed. Section 2.1 encompasses the first description of the disease and its proposed pathogenesis. As knowledge and understanding has improved this description is refined in section 2.2 and a novel hypothesis for the pathogenesis is presented. Section 3 compares and contrasts canine Chiari-like malformation (occipital hypoplasia) with the other common developmental defect of the occipital bone – occipital dysplasia. Section 4 details a study investigating intracranial and cervical dimensions and their relationship to the development of syringomyelia. Section 5.1 and 5.2 discuss how CM/SM results in the clinical signs that it does, with particular regard to pain. Section 5.2 also postulates the most appropriate medical treatment. Section 6 discusses the surgical management of the condition and describes a brief pilot study investigating conservative management. Section 7 discusses the possible hereditary nature of the condition and details the work in progress to investigate the causative genes. In section 8 the thesis is summarised and future plans for continuing this research are detailed. This review paper was awarded the FECVA prize 2014 for best original paper.


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Located on the River Tyne in North east England, Newcastle Upon Tyne is one of the nation's most vibrant cities. Along with twin city Gateshead, it makes up the region's largest and most important urban centre.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge spans the River Tyne and is an architectural symbol of the link between Newcastle Upon Tyne and Gateshead, the bridge serving as a link between the two.
Locals here are almost as proud of the bridge as they are of their local football team, Newcastle United. The club's famous black and white shirt has become as much a symbol of local culture and pride for Geordies (the colloquial name for Newcastle's residents), as anything else in the city. The club play their home games at St. James' Park, one of England's best stadia.
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Monkeyflower (Erythranthe guttata) is the county flower of Tyne and Wear and also our choice for the region's largest city, Newcastle Upon Tyne. The enormous flowers of the Monkeyflower make it a flamboyant, vibrant choice and perhaps it reflects the famously friendly demeanour of Newcastle's Geordie residents.
The Monkeyflower is found in a wide range of habitats and this may go some way toward explaining why it grows in the often harsh, wet countryside around Newcastle Upon Tyne.
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Goal: The overall goal of the present study was to garner additional support for the construct validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) relative to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-IN). Four objectives were outlined: (i) to evaluate the convergent validity and the discriminant validity of the eight SCT and nine ADHD-IN symptoms; (ii) to determine the reliability and across-time stability of the SCT and ADHD-IN dimensions; (iii) to evaluate the factor correlations of SCT and ADHD-IN with other symptom dimensions (ADHD-HI, ODD towards peers, anxiety, depression) and impairments (academic, social, and peer rejection); and (iv) to determine the unique relationships of SCT and ADHD-IN with other dimensions and impairments. Method: Participants were 61 teachers from Kathmandu, Nepal, who completed ratings for six children (Grades 1 to 6) two times (one-month interval). The Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI) (Burns et al., 2014), and the Dishion Social Acceptance Scale (DSAS) (Dishion, 1990) were utilized. Results: Six of the eight SCT symptoms showed convergent validity and discriminant validity. The SCT and ADHD-IN factors showed good reliability and one-month stability coefficients with the values being similar. Cross-sectional results of the present study showed that higher SCT scores predicted lower ADHD-HI and ODD towards peers (Time 1 only), whereas higher ADHD-IN predicted higher scores on ADHD-HI and ODD towards peers. Additionally, higher SCT scores predicted higher anxiety and depression (Time 2 only) unique from ADHD-IN's relationship with anxiety and depression. Also, higher levels of SCT predicted higher levels of academic and social impairments unique from ADHD-IN's relationship with academic and social impairments. Higher levels of SCT also predicted higher levels of peer rejection (Time 2 only) unique from ADHD-IN's relationship with peer rejection. Furthermore, results of the longitudinal analyses in the present study showed that SCT was uniquely related to depression, academic impairment, and social impairment, even across time. Conclusion: The present study adds to the mounting evidence that SCT is a distinct construct from ADHD-IN and that SCT has unique external correlates both cross-sectionally as well as longitudinally.


Choosing one major can be stressful enough; is it worthwhile to choose two? The value of a double major depends on your goals, how far along in college you are and your personal circumstances. If you are thinking about a double major, consider these points.
You have strong interests in two different fields. Think about whether you are better served by studying both fields in-depth or by choosing one. Some students successfully explore two fields by declaring a double major early and then dropping the less-desirable major or reducing it to a minor later in their college careers. If you choose a single major, you could still minor or choose electives in the other area. A double major often limits your ability to choose electives that don't fit with either major.
You have a specific career in mind that crosses two areas of study. Many careers have interdisciplinary aspects. Consider whether the extra time, effort and expense to complete two majors provides an advantage over one or more concentrations or minors that complement a single major. Also find out whether your institution allows students to create custom majors if specific needs aren't addressed by the standard offerings.
You want to set yourself apart in the job market. While many career options require a college degree, many don't require a specific major, much less two. Although a high GPA in two different majors can demonstrate your abilities to work hard and prioritize, employers may prefer experience gained through internships or co-ops, volunteering or working while focusing on one major.
You already have credits that fit two specific areas of study. If you have accumulated enough credits outside your major requirements that fit together, you may find it worthwhile to take a few additional classes to complete a second major. If doing so will mean delaying graduation, consider the costs of paying for additional semesters.
2. Where are you in your college career?
It often works best to declare a double major within the first year or two of college for the reasons below.
Your college may limit the number or type of classes that can be used for both majors, even if your majors are closely related. If the number of upper-level classes that apply to both majors is limited, it may be harder to find or schedule enough classes for both majors.
Your majors may have different elective requirements. While it is generally easier to use general education credits for two majors, each major may have its own graduation requirements. (For example, one major may require one semester of a certain type of elective, while the other major may require four.) So declaring a second major late in your college career may require you to delay graduation—and spend more on college—while you meet requirements for both majors.
You may have more difficulty graduating on time because of scheduling difficulties and the extra rigor involved with double majors. If you will end up graduating in five or six years instead of four to accommodate a double major, consider whether an undergraduate degree in one field and a graduate degree in the other over the same amount of time would serve you better. Many graduate programs do not require a specific undergraduate major for admission. Depending on your career choice, a grad degree may enable you to earn more in your first job after college, helping to offset the cost of additional semesters.
You may want to take a range of electives. With the number of required classes for both majors, many students find that a double major limits their ability to take electives they like or that provide a wider range of knowledge.
3. What do others say?
Rely on the resources below to guide you.
Your academic adviser, as well as advisers for both majors, will be able to assist you in determining how difficult a specific double major could be, as well as any constraints you haven't previously considered.
Current students in both majors can provide insight about their experiences. You may be able to find another student who either is pursuing or initially considered the same two majors. These students can also help you determine if a double major is feasible for your situation.
College graduates who are working now can advise whether the type or number of majors helped them in their job search.
Employers may also have valuable input. Ask employers in your fields of interest how beneficial a double major would be if you were to apply for a job at their workplace. You may find that focusing on a more specialized major with some electives or experience in the other area is sufficient. If you are concerned about your ability to maintain a high GPA in two majors, find out if lower grades would be a deterrent from the employer's standpoint.