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Factors Influencing COVID-19 Testing: A Qualitative Study in Bhutan
Sonam Yangchen, Solip Ha, Abraham Assan, Tashi Tobgay
published 02 Apr, 2022
Read the published version in Global Health Research and Policy →
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has reaffirmed an all-knowing truth – that health is central in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. To fully meet its associated challenges, global campaigns edge countries to implement strategies addressing COVID-19, including measures to scale-up testing. This study explored factors that influenced COVID-19 testing in Bhutan. It is envisioned findings could serve as a roadmap to effectively respond to COVID-19 and future outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Methods: The study employed an exploratory qualitative design. Data collection methods included interviews with key informants with a purposively selected sample of 20 participants and documentary review. A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development was conducted to analyze findings. A tailored version of the WHO Health System Framework incorporating the Essential Public Health Function was used to guide data interpretation.
Results: Improved political will through the influence and leadership of the Royal King of Bhutan played a crucial role in raising attention to the problem, and provision of adequate financial and technical relief to ensure that all people irrespective of their socioeconomic status do not pay to get tested of COVID-19. Further, a combination of multifaceted factors such as: the whole of society approach to health; Bhutan's pragmatic tactic in delivering on the promise of universal health coverage through primary health care strategy; the use of information technology for awareness creation and improving surveillance system; all fast-tracked COVID-19 testing service delivery.
Conclusion: Bhutan's success relied greatly on multi-sectoral and systems approach during policy design, implementation and monitoring, and active collaborative efforts involving consultation and engagements with a broad range of local (community members), national and global actors accelerated COVID-19 testing. These efforts were made possible through improved health governance and leadership at the highest level in the country.
Health Economics & Outcomes Research
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unparalleled global disaster. There have been more than 220 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 4.57 million deaths, reported to World Health Organization (WHO) as of 8 September 2021 [1]. Despite the importance of vaccination, a return to the "first principles" approach of accurate test, effective trace, and appropriate treatment (3Ts) is still crucially important to slowing transmission[2]. Extensive testing efforts have been key to some countries' responses with some of the lowest fatality rates in the world [3]. Increasing testing capacity allows isolation of COVID-19 to specific areas and targeted interventions. The global supply of testing tools and reagents is a finite resource and inherently limited. Without judicious and well-reasoned testing strategies, demand will far outstrip supply[4]. While geopolitically powerful countries use their considerable economic and political resources to procure supplies for themselves, prices surge [5]. This leaves smaller and poorer nations reliant on donors for supplies[6]. Countries have rolled out vaccination to prevent hospitalization and severe disease to halt transmission of the virus. However, there are challenges with regard to vaccine production, affordability, allocation and deployment[7]. Some low and middle income countries (LMICs) have been slow in rolling out the vaccination mainly due to supply crunch and insufficient funds[8]. This has also added to vaccine hesitancy among some people due to misinformation and misconception[8].
Bhutan is an LMIC located in South East Asia with an estimated 682,000 people dispersed across 38,394 square km[9]. It is a mountainous and landlocked country and has a democratic constitutional monarchy system of governance, which was started in 2008. As per the World Bank, the country's Gross Domestic Product per capita was USD 3122 in 2020 [10]. Bhutan's health care system is based on the principles of Primary health care (PHC) with 186 Primary Health Centers, 542 outreach clinics and 52 sub-posts manned by Health Assistants (HA) at the grass-root level, 49 general hospitals at major towns and district level. Two regional referral hospitals (one in eastern and the other one in central Bhutan), and a National Referral Hospital provide tertiary care services. However, the country does not have any pharmaceutical or biotechnology manufacturing facilities. All medicines and medical supplies are procured from outside the country.
The first case of COVID-19 in Bhutan was reported on 5 March 2020, and the number had increased to 2,596 by 8 September 2021[11]. Despite being a resource-constrained country, as of 31 July 2021, Bhutan had successfully vaccinated over 90% adults with only two COVID-19 deaths, and recorded one of the highest testing rates in the South East Asia region [12]. This study examines the barriers and facilitators to implementing COVID-19 testing in Bhutan by investigating the country's early response. Despite the existence of known barriers and facilitators to testing, these are described in the literature only in commentary or opinion pieces globally; primary research studies that explore the effect of such barriers and facilitators in context are lacking. This current study adds new knowledge about barriers and facilitators of COVID-19 testing by analyzing the perspectives of communities, implementers, and policymakers in a South East Asian LMIC. It aims to fill a gap in the literature by deepening understandings about barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing showcasing Bhutan's implementation of testing strategies. It is expected that key findings from this study will have potential lessons for other settings.
Qualitative research methods were undertaken to explore the barriers and facilitators related to COVID-19 testing implementation in Bhutan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 purposively sampled key informants from January till March 2021. Informed consent was sought from all key informants and where consent was given, interviews were recorded. Interviews were conducted virtually and lasted between 30 and 60 minutes. To triangulate interview data and understand the context to conceptualize key themes from collected data, a desk review was conducted for documents consisting of policy documents, national emergency preparedness plan, national COVID-19 situation reports, and published literature on Bhutan's COVID-19 response.
Participants and sampling
Policy maker and implementer key informants were selected considering their position, and influence in decision making, implementation, and evaluation of COVID-19 testing in Bhutan. Frontline worker key informants were selected to represent different health facility types,and community members were selected to maximize the range of perspectives.
Interviews were conducted with 20 key informants comprising of policymakers, implementers, frontline workers, and community members until saturation point was reached. Key informant characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Characteristics of key informants interviewed
Key informants
Characteristics of Key Informants
Policymakers (PM)
3 central Ministry of Health Officials
1 Member of Parliament
1 COVID-19 Technical Advisory Group (TAG) members
Implementers (IM)
2 Testing managers from facility
2 Public health program managers
2 Lab officers
Frontline workers (FW)
2 Frontlineworker from Regional Referral Hospitals
1 Frontlineworker from Community Health Center
2 Frontlineworker from District health centers
Community members (CM)
2 Community volunteers
1 Villager
1 Community leader
Data collection tool and procedures
The research team invited all eligible persons to participate in the study via email with the consent form, which outlined the purpose of the study, including their roles and responsibilities as research participants. All interviews were audio recorded and conducted virtually through a Zoom platform, from January until March 2021. Field notes were also taken where necessary. Separate flexible semi-structured interview guides were designed for different categories of interviewees. Guides were subject to amendments depending on participant's position and involvement in COVID-19 testing and covered elements drawn from the WHO Health System Framework and the Essential Public Health Functions (EPHF) [13–14].The content of the EPHF frameworks is divided into two categories: cross-cutting (horizontal) functions, based roughly on the building blocks approach to health systems; and service-based (vertical) functions comprising the traditional public health services provided by modern health systems [13–14]. These two frameworks formed the basis of our thematic analysis. Interview questions covered: general perceptions of challenges and facilitators of COVID-19 testing in Bhutan, the number of testing and collected samples per day, supply chain process, human/material/financial resources, surveillance systems, and prioritizing process for vulnerable populations.
Data processing and analysis
Data were transcribed verbatim. Some interviews were conducted in the local Bhutanese language (Dzongkha) and transcribed into English. These translations were verified by professional translators to enhance accuracy.
An inductive coding and theme development was conducted to analyze findings. Transcripts were analyzed by the research team using a coding scheme developed from our thematic framework. We employed the framework by following these steps: 1) familiarization 2) generating initial codes 3) indexing 4) generating themes 5) defining and naming themes. Throughout analysis, we remained open to accommodate emerging themes [15].
Coding was conducted manually, and a codebook was developed to examine and code the data. We conducted an open breakdown of themes to identify all existing themes in the study (open coding) with 130 codes. Next, we extracted, compared, categorized, and created interconnections, and discussed relevant codes which were associated with the study objectives. 16 subthemes emerged. Finally, core categorical themes were selected, analyzed and compared with existing literature to ensure the reliability, validity and comprehensiveness of our findings.
This study conceptualized five key themes related to the six WHO building blocks and EPHF (i.e., governance and leadership, resources such as health workforce, health financing, health service delivery, technology, and health information). Furthermore, Whole of Society (WoS) approaches, geographical aspects, cultural factors and misconceptions on COVID-19 emerged from the process of coding.
From the interview data analysis, five overarching themes related to facilitators of COVID-19 testing, and three themes for barriers emerged. Themes for facilitators are governance and leadership; resources, health service delivery, the whole of society and digitalization of health services. Themes for barriers are geographical barriers, lack of resources, and misconceptions about COVID-19 (Table 2).
Categories, sub-categories and themes
1.Governance and leadership
1.1 Individual leadership
• Compassionate leadership and guidance
• Personal assistance in provision of relief measures
• Improved community participation led by the King
1.2 Political leadership
(for articulating and promoting political actions)
• Political will and support to get the mass tested
• Health as a high-priority sector in national governance
1.3 Community leadership
• Designated volunteer and champions in the community
• High community willingness to be tested
• Community engagement to provide key information and services
• Adherence to COVID-19 guidelines
• Engagement of religious heads and leaders in advocacy programs
1.4 Health governance system
• Adherence to WHO recommendations
• National COVID-19 response plan/protocol
• Effective early preparedness and planning
• Evidence-based testing protocols and strategies
• Effective response to procurement challenges through health governance
• Lessons learned from the previous pandemic, MERS
2.1 Capacities of in-service personnel
• Positive attitude of health professionals
• Training for community members, medical students to fill the human resource gap
• Improved interpersonal relationships across agencies
• Improved confidence of health professionals to work in high-risk areas with Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs)
2.2 Financial and material Resources
• Government's financial support to get tested of COVID-19
• Effective resource mobilization
• Door-to-door sampling strategy eased testing procedures
• Sufficiency in supplies – PPEs, test kits, cold chain,
• Rapid expansion of testing sites and facilities
3.Health service delivery
3.1 Primary Health Care (PHC)
• Stronger PHC health system targeting Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
• Establishment of flu clinics to screen suspected COVID cases away from the hospitals
• 24 hours health helpline for all, including ambulatory services
• System in place to trace and treat vulnerable population
• Online reporting and monitoring system
• Ability to identify defaulters and get them tested
• Effective monitoring system to ensure the adequacy of materials for testing
• Zoning system to facilitate easy access for testing at the place of dwelling
4.Whole of society approach (WOS)
4.1 Partnership and multi-sectoral collaboration
• Active engagement of intergovernmental organizations and private sectors, armed forces, civil society organizations and volunteer groups
5. Digitalization
5.1 Digitalization of data management
• Good data management system that updates daily COVID-19 situation
• Systematic and comprehensive collection of samples using the national demographic data
• Geographic information system (GIS) mapping to identify a high-risk population
1. Geographical barriers
1.1 Porous border with neighboring countries
• Potential risks and outbreaks from neighboring countries
1.2 Poor transport networks
• Delays in the transportation of supplies to remote districts
• Poor transport networks due to season changes
2. Lack of human resources
2.1 Lack of specialists
• Lack of epidemiologists and biomedical engineers
• Shortage of health professionals and mid-level managers for conducting COVID-19 testing
• Challenges of using online technology when training health professionals in all regions of Bhutan
3. Misconceptions about COVID-19 testing
3.1 Misconceptions about symptoms of COVID-19
• Misconceptions about symptoms of COVID-19 as symptoms of seasonal flu
3.2 Fear of nasal swab for COVID-19 testing
• Misconceptions about negative health implications associated with nasal swab due to misinformation through mass media
Facilitators to COVID-19 testing
1. Governance and leadership
Individual Leadership
Most key informants pointed to the importance of the King of Bhutan's leadership, and support for the lives and livelihood of the people. Based on our findings, there were strong perceptions of the King's compassion as a significantfactor in unifying the people to come together in the fight against COVID-19. The leadership uplifted the motivation of the health workers and community with the objective to combat the pandemic. Informants reported that King's guidance strongly influenced a sense of collective responsibility:
"Everybody is tired now, some people have been working day and night but the commitment is still going strong. There is no dearth of dedication because of the encouragement from the King. His Majesty always makes sure that he comes around, meets and encourages people". – Ministry of Health policymaker
Several community members and implementers highlighted that government's political leadership response to COVID-19 was a transparent and evidence-based whole-of-society approach which allowed for more long-term strategic cooperation. This involved not only government, but also the private sector, local authorities, civil society organizations, NGOs, academia, foundations and international organizations. Informants highlighted that the one facilitator of Bhutan's successful response to COVID-19 was that a number of senior-level officials, including the Prime Minister, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Minister for Health were all health professionals with public health backgrounds:
"Strong leadership is from our monarch and our current government, because if you look into the cabinet, you will find that three of them are medical doctors and public health experts so that was an advantage for us."- at National-level policymaker
The majority of informants confirmed that people in the community made various contributions to the increased engagement in nationwide activities to respond to COVID-19. Most informants stated that community members contributed to providing agricultural products to the government during nationwide lockdown for distribution to frontline workers and marginalized populations. Local leaders were involved in monitoring the home-quarantined individuals, maintaining essential supplies, enforcing public health protocols in the community, administrating lockdowns, and coordinating arrangements, encouraging people to get tested:
"We have local leaders known as Gup and they provide basic health services in our community. Also, even though our Ministry of Health provides awareness program through social media groups, local leaders help us to disseminate information related to availing testing". - Community health center frontline worker.
Most implementers and community members mentioned that religious practice was a great help to relieve COVID-19-related stress and tensions, including facilitating testing procedures. High compliance to COVID-19 protocols was maintained in Bhutan in part because people rely on religious leaders for advice. In Bhutan, Buddhism is the state religion and is a core spiritual anchor for Bhutanese. Religious leaders have contributed to response to COVID-19 testing, and religious institutions were also important hubs for advocacy programs of COVID-19 prevention. Most of informants emphasized that many reglious leaders and monastic institutions led many prayers and ceremonies for the prevention of the outbreak. In addition, they were actively engaged in advocating COVID-19 prevention programs:
"We believe in Buddhism and many monastic institutions lead prayers or ceremonies for the prevention of outbreak and for the welfare of the country. They help us by cooperating, and letting people follow all the protocols including coming for testing"- District health center frontline worker.
Health governance system
Most community members and policymakers stated that in response to COVID-19, the Ministry of Health developed and implemented strategies to ensure continuity of essential services during the pandemic. They emphasized that no individuals were put under financial hardship to access health services in Bhutan. In addition to free testing and medical services, all meals and accommodation were provided freely by the state at the designated quarantine and isolation facilities. The government reprioritized and consolidated savings from non-essential activities from all sectors to invest these into the COVID- 19 response.
Based on previous regional experiences with MERS,the Bhutan Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan (BPPRP) was initiated based on an established strategy to deal with infectious disease outbreaks and forms part of the 'Health Sector Disaster Contingency Plan.' This focuses on broad and robust surveillance and evidence-based risk assessment that can capture disease outbreaks from emerging pathogens in general. Ministry of Health and District Health Ministries collectively worked for planning and responding to pandemics at a national and local level:
"One of the success factors to response to COVID-19 is that we had learned from previous experiences during the era of MERS coronavirus, respiratory syndrome outbreak in the Middle East in the early 2000s. So when this COVID-19 came in, we could prepare guidelines and standards to circulate the information to all implementers.."-Ministry of Health policymaker
Bhutan rapidly expanded testing centers across the country in all 20 districts. Considering testing as the main strategy to prevent and contain epidemics, RT-PCR testing facilities were expanded from one at the Royal Center for Disease Control (RCDC) to 5 centers across the country during the pandemic period. This proved effective for handling sample surge during community outbreaks and mass testing[12].
The Ministry of Health initiated training programs for existing health professionals in areas of epidemiology, health system and procurement surveillance, and response and emergency preparedness. To address dire shortage of human resources, task shifting, and task sharing proved to be vital during lockdown, testing, vaccination rollout and all other activities to optimally utilize the technical staff [16].
Capacities of in-service personnel
The findings from interviews confirmed that training for community members, medical and nursing students from Universities and health professionals were helpful to fill the human resource gap. Bhutan has limited numbers of doctors, nurses, and technologists, and no infectious disease specialists, virologists, or immunologists. The training contributed to a positive impact on improving the confidence of health professionals and interpersonal relationships across the agencies to work together even in high-risk areas:
"Due to shortage of human resources, we trained health professionals, frontline workers and University students so that they can be ready for the sample collection for COVID-19 testing. We also sent few expert doctors and lab officials from the capital to train all the lab and other health workers in other districts". - Central laboratory implementer
Financial and material resources
The majority of informants emphasized the importance of governmental financial support for people to get tested for COVID-19, and effective resource mobilization for the COVID-19 response. Frontline workers and implementers pointed out that the door-to-door sampling strategy eased testing procedures. They confirmed that resources were allocated by the government and it played a leading role in ensuring sufficient supplies and rapid expansion of testing sites and facilities. The government and the King granted financial assistance to vulnerable population who were affected by the pandemic and lost their jobs:
"One important thing I want to emphasize is that the government and the king has granted financial assistance to anybody who has been affected by the pandemic, who has lost their jobs due to the pandemic". - Member of Parliament
3. Health Service Delivery
Primary health care (PHC)
Informants confirmed that a total of 55 flu clinics were set up separately in the country away from main hospital building for separating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and patients presenting with respiratory illnesses. This was mainly to prevent compromising hospitals with COVID-19 cases and ensuring continuity of other healthcare services. Health services, including testing services were delivered even to remote villages using existing system of PHC networks. A 24-hour health helpline, including ambulatory services was provided for all patients across the country:
"During the lockdowns, the service was delivered at home. We didn't really have to go look for services. There were mobile clinics and we had health workers going around and ensuring that everybody gets the services. So personally, I did not face any barrier." –community member
"We have set up a dedicated hotline for the elderly and patients. We also ensure that they get the regular health service on time. We try to have health workers reach medicines to them. We have hotlines for the general population and for them."- Ministry of Health policymaker
"The strengths of Bhutanese health system is a functional primary health care along with WHO's principles of universal health coverage and health system strengthening to guide policy directions."- Ministry of Health policy maker
In addition to the existing National Early Warning Alert and Response Surveillance system, the Royal Centre for Disease Control established a COVID-19–integrated influenza surveillance system. Most frontline workers stated that the government has systems to trace and treat vulnerable populations and online reporting and monitoring systems enabled them to identify defaulters and get them tested. Informants also pointed out that this effective monitoring system helped ensure the adequacy of materials for testing such as test kits and PPEs.
The implementation of a zoning system during the lockdown period facilitated active surveillance. The zoning system helped geographically define zones according to risk of COVID-19 transmission. Those in low-risk areas such as rural and high-land areas were allowed to return to normal life early on, whereas high-risk areas such as Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan and the southern districts bordering India with a high number of transmissionshad longer periods of lockdown.
A policymaker from Ministry of Health noted that, "we have active surveillance system, and if there is a positive case, we do contact tracing and we get all the contacts and a mix of facility quarantine and home quarantine. This is regularly updated by frontline workers and reflected to the online monitoring system."
4. Whole of Society approaches
Partnership and multi-sectoral collaboration
Bhutan followed a Whole-of-the-Society approach to combat pandemic with a slogan, "our Gyenkhu" (our responsibility). The whole of society approach acknowledges the contribution and important role played by all relevant stakeholders, including individuals, communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and, where appropriate, the private sector and industry[19].
The majority of key informants said that active engagement of intergovernmental organizations, private sectors, armed forces, civil society and national volunteer groups were a key to a successful response to COVID-19 during the lockdown. Especially, government offices, hospitals, many Institutions, and civil society organizations supported the Ministry of Health's efforts and advocated health advice on testing, physical distancing, use of face masks, and avoidance of crowds. Private and business sectors also donated testing kits and supplies.
A frontline worker from a regional referral hospital pointed out that, "in terms of whole of the society, other ministries and NGOs are supporting Ministry of Health in the fight against the COVID-19 and even during this outbreak by promoting Covid-19 response programs I think our health system is well prepared to handle this outbreak and the pandemic with all different sectors."
Digitalization of data management
Technology was widely used for risk communication, reaching out to patients for teleconsultations and even for pandemic response operations. Some implementers and policymakers stated that the one successful facilitator of COVID-19 prevention was good data management system. The Ministry of Health shared all data with frontline workers and implementers and the number of tests, and their results are reflected in the centralized system that made it possible for up-to-date monitoring of health needs of the population. As a result, most of the implementers could monitor progress of testing and update the results to the integrated COVID influenza surveillance system.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping was used to identify high-risk populations. The Ministry of Health developed and implemented a tracking app called, Druk-trace that allowed quick scanning of a response code to register one's presence at a location. This was useful for contact tracing and people without smart phones were registered in a logbook maintained at all public locations including offices, shops, and public transport:
"All data are centralized so whatever the test and report comes, they are put into the same system so they are a centralized data base and all the reports are shared in the system and we could get access, and generate status of testing and then we could report to the ministry and various other agencies."- Central laboratory implementer.
Barriers to COVID-19 testing
The porous border with neighboring countries
Most informants expressed their concerns about porous borders, which could be potential sources of the outbreak. The country partly shares borders with India and China. Due to the free movement of people and travelers across the border with India, the entry and exit gates are exposed to the risk for COVID-19 transmission and have challenges in conducting strict surveillance after the outbreak of COVID-19.
Bhutan's porous land borders were a cause for concern among policymakers and health professionals, who feared that unchecked migration and transport between countries could spread the virus quickly:
"These porous borders could be possible sources of the infection coming to this country. We classified southern border with India as high-risk areas. The South was declared high-risk areas. If you want to travel from the designated high-risk districts, or if you want to travel to northern districts from South, you must undergo a mandatory one-week quarantine and then test to come out." - Ministry of Health policy maker.
Poor transport network
According to informants, Bhutan's transportation network poses a separate set of challenges. Due to poor transportation infrastructure, shipment of supplies such as test kits and PPEs for health workers in remote districts was delayed. Frontline workers and policymakers pointed out the importance of improved transportation infrastructure to respond to COVID-19:
''There were transportation barriers, especially in the southern districts when there is heavy rainfall. This makes it difficult to access the communities during testing. Again, it is about a five to six-hour journey from the testing center in Thimphu." -Testing facility implementer.
A policymaker from Ministry of Health also quoted that, "Initially we had challenges. Especially when RT-PCR tests were done, we had established a lab in the national referral hospital, so initially we had to transport our sample taken to the national lab, in the capital, it's about a minimum five-hour drive. This was time-consuming, and the results were also delayed."
Lack of specialists
Lack of trained specialists, especially epidemiologists, biomedical engineers, mid-level managers for conducting COVID-19 testing were highlighted by informants as one of the leading barriers of COVID-19 testing. Also, challenges of using online technology when training health professionals and workers in all regions in Bhutan were commonly mentioned by most frontline workers and implementers.
A frontline worker from the national regional referral hospital said that, "we are in shortage of the expertise like epidemiologists. We have to sometimes ask experts in other countries virtually, and we have some epidemiologists who have come from animal health sector, so in future, we must develop that. We also have inadequate mid-level managers and biomedical engineers to manage this pandemic situation".
Misconceptions about symptoms of COVID-19
Informants pointed out some misconceptions among people about COVID-19 symptoms. Some people do not want to get tested because they consider them as seasonal flu symptoms. In addition, some of them still believe that COVID-19 is just like the flu.
A policymaker from Ministry of Health said that, "There are some people who have certain symptoms of seasonal flu, but they don't want to come forward to get tested. Most people who have flu-like symptoms think that they may have just flu, not COVID-19. During flu season, it is very challenging to encourage people to get tested. Also, few people believe that COVID-19 is no worse than seasonal flu."
Fear of nasal swab for COVID-19 testing
Some of the community members who experienced the nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing commented that "the testing is not the most pleasant thing in the world, and I felt somebody was touching the throat." This testing experience is openly shared with more people through diverse mass media, and for this reason, some people fear the nasal swab and they are reluctant to get tested:
"Due to fear of testing, people will not come for testing. For example, when you go out to be vaccinated, you might see kids waiting for their turns scared of the needle. Like this, some people are afraid of getting nasal swabs." - Ministry of Health policymaker
This qualitative study on COVID-19 testing from Bhutan, a small, land-locked, resource-constrained country showed remarkable success and offers lessons for other countries. A compassionate leadership, whole-of society approach backed by the scientific community, functional health systems, and community-based approaches drove this success. These levers were evident not only for the COVID-19 testing strategy but also for other health delivery successes that Bhutan has achieved [17]. Bhutan's King was a unifying factor that made people from all walks of life exhibit a collective responsibility to help combat COVID-19. The King of Bhutan, as the motivational driver and moral yardstick for such programs, was also stated in other studies[12, 16, 18].
Bhutan has always followed a decentralized policy with communities at the central of any decisions making process. The five years plans are developed with a participatory approach [20]. Bhutan's governance principles are guided by the principles of Gross National Happiness (GNH). The GNH measures community participation in the government's decision and community vitality as a measure of community happiness and governments performance in creating a conducive environment for happiness[20]. This may have facilitated community participation for enhanced community testing strategy and community participation. This was further facilitated by involving religious leaders who reinforced and reassured the need to follow health advice during such pandemics. Motivated by the King and guided by the Prime Minister, who is a surgeon, all line ministries, NGOs, private sector, national volunteers, religious bodies came together to support the fight for the pandemic and promote testing as the core strategy. In addition, cross-government task forces were established at the Sub-district level, District level, Regional level, and National Level, each having clear roles and responsibilities. The task force even included the military and Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the disaster management department as the secretariate to the team. This ensured harmonization and coordination of the actions, including testing strategies as prevention, containment, and opening of lockdown.
The pandemic also provided an opportunity for the ministry of health to garner budgetary support and expedite establishment of testing infrastructure and training of human resources. Within few months, the government mobilized funds and established PCR testing areas in all regions. In the normal process, this would have taken three to four years.
In Bhutan, health is a basic human right, guaranteed and protected by the constitution. All appropriate measures were put in place by the government to ensure that the people are not denied health services due to financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the U.S., low-income residents, immigrants and those without health insurance were avoiding testing due to financial barriers, while the test itself may be free, the consultation associated with the test costs the patient [21]. Another financial dis-incentive to get tested is that subsequent isolation results in loss of income and potentially ongoing loss of employment [22–23].
Furthermore, attitudes towards testing play a large role in test avoidance; distrust, fear and stigma associated with COVID-19 and associated public health responses pose a significant challenge; this is equally applicable to contexts as diverse as Africa and Australia [23–24].
Despite successful implementation of COVID-19 testing strategy, Bhutan faced some challenges such as geographical barriers, lack of human resources and medical supplies and misconceptions on COVID-19. Bhutan's landlocked geographical position stood as a barrier during the procurement of medical drugs and equipment, especially when all countries were faced with shortages. Even though Bhutan has a central procurement management system to monitor medical supplies, it is difficult to transport to other districts due to poor infrastructure and transportation networks. Therefore, collective actions are needed to institute an emergency procurement system with the central procurement system and invest in a cold chain for shipment of medical supplies within the country.
Bhutan is constrained of human workforce working in the health sector. The HR situational report conducted by WHO and MoH revealed that Bhutan's availability of doctors, nurses and midwives is 22.5 per 10,000 populations, below the WHO SDG threshold, established at 44.5 per 10,000 population[25]. Lack of adequate human resources, especially epidemiologists, biomedical engineers, were leading barriers to implementing COVID-19 testing in Bhutan. Logistical constraints exist when distributing tests to populations in rural areas with poor road networks, which compromised timely transport of the sample to laboratories.
One strategy to increase testing capacity and reduce the procurement burden is to support local manufacturing of supplies. For example, Korea's leadership established public-private partnerships to develop diagnostic test kits and expedited approval of these tests by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) enabling rapid scale-up of testing[24]. A collaboration between governments, manufacturers in LMIC, and international organizations has been shown to be key to address shortage of medical supplies[26].
Infodemic has been the biggest challenge in combating COVID-19 globally[27]. Mis-and disinformation through social media was in abundance even in Bhutan. To overcome these challenges, practicable intervention approaches for risk communication are required.
Given the rapidly evolving nature and evidence on COVID-19, research should focus on better understanding and closely examining individual factors from various stakeholders' perspectives. This would help better understand and identify barriers and facilitators for implementing COVID-19 testing in a more comprehensive manner.
Strengths And Limitations Of The Study
Our study has certain strengths and limitations. This is one of the first attempts to identify barriers and facilitators of the COVID-19 testing using a qualitative method. The identified barriers and facilitators can help health authorities to analyze gaps to implement testing strategies efficiently. On the other hand, our study holds a few limitations. First, the sample size of key informants was small, and the virtually conducted interviews and COVID-19 restrictions (lockdown) limited our ability to conduct field observation and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) as planned. Second, the rapidly evolving nature of the pandemic and the changing national context is different from the time of data collection to that of the manuscript development phase.
Having a leadership with high moral authority and compassion was seen as the single most driver for a successful testing strategy in Bhutan. This was further augmented through a combination of multifaceted factors such as: the whole of society approach to health; active community participation; Bhutan's pragmatic tactic in delivering on the promise of universal health coverage through primary health care strategy; the use of information technology for awareness creation and improving surveillance system; all fast-tracked COVID-19 testing service delivery. This study clearly demonstrated that with sound policies based on science, supported by the whole of society with supportive leadership and good governance, even small resource strained country minimizes the impact of the pandemics.
BPPRP: Bhutan Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan
EPHF: Essential Public Health Functions
FGDs: Focus Group Discussions
GIS: Geographic Information System
HA: Health Assistant
LMICs: Low and middle income countries
MFDS: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
MoH: Ministry of Health
PHC: Primary health care
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment
RCDC: Royal Center for Disease Control
WoS: Whole of Society
Written consents were obtained from 20 key informants before the interviews were conducted so that they can make a voluntary choice to or not to participate in the study. Participants' anonymity and confidentiality were also guaranteed. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of Health, Bhutan (Protocol No: P.O./2020/x04).
The data used and analysed during the current study cannot be shared publicly for the privacy of individuals that participated in the study.The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All papers included in this study are available in the 'References' section.
S.Y., S.H. and A.A. designed, conducted interviews, and collected the data. All authors interpreted, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. The final manuscript was approved by all authors.
This research was conducted with support from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. We gratefully acknowledge all stakeholders who participated in our study. We are grateful to Dr. Abdul Ghaffar, Dr Aku Kwamie and Dr Robert Martin from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO HQ, for their review and inputs into earlier drafts.
World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/(Accessed 8 September, 2021).
World Health Organisation. Strategic preparedness and response plan [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/strategic-preparedness-and-response-plan-for-the-new-coronavirus
Kavanagh MM, Erondu NA, Tomori O, Dzau VJ, Okiro EA, Maleche A, et al. Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics. The Lancet. 2020 May;395(10238):1735–8
Andargachew M, Amsalu B, Alemseged A, Taye TB, Meseret H, Adane M, et al. The challenges of COVID-19 testing in Africa: the Ethiopian Experience. Pan Afr Med J. 2021 Jan ;38(6).doi.10.11604/pamj.2021.38.6.26902
Nicas J. It's bedlam in the mask market, as profiteers out-hustle good samaritans. New York Times. 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/technology/coronavirus-masks-shortage.html.
Dhabaan GN, Al-Soneidar WA, Al-Hebshi NN. Challenges to testing COVID-19 in conflict zones: Yemen as an example. J Glob Health [Internet]. 2020 Jun [cited 2020 3 August];10(1). Available from: http://jogh.org/documents/issue202001/jogh-10-010375.pdf
Olivier JW, Kenneth CS, Maximilian SK, Andrew JP, et al. Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment. The Lancet. 2021 March;397(1023):1723–34.
World Health Organization. Risks and challenges in Africa's COVID-19 Vaccine rollout. 2021. Available from :https://www.afro.who.int/news/risks-and-challenges-africas-covid-19-vaccine-rollout (Accessed 5 August, 2021).
National Statistical Bureau. Population and Housing Census of Bhutan. 2017. Available from :https://www.nsb.gov.bt/publications/statistical-yearbook/ (Accessed 5 August, 2021).
World Bank. Bhutan Overview. 2021. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bhutan/overview (Accessed 5 July, 2021).
Ministry of Health. National Situational Update. 2021. Available from: http://www.moh.gov.bt/national-situational-update-
on-covid-19-33/ (Accessed 8 September, 2021).
Dorji T, Tamang ST. Bhutan's experience with COVID-19 vaccination in 2021. BMJ Global Health. 2021 April; 6:e005977. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2021-005977
World Health Organization. (2007). Everybody's business—Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO's framework for action.
The Essential Public Health Functions in the Americas: A Renewal for the 21st Century. Conceptual Framework and Description. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization; 2020. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Pope C, Ziebland S, Maya N. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000 Jan; 320(7227): 114–116.doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114
Tamang ST, Dorji T. Challenges and Response to the Second Major Local Outbreak of COVID-19 in Bhutan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2021 April. 1-3.doi.org/10.1177/10105395211007607
Yangchen S, Tobgay T, Melgaard B. Bhutanese Health and the Health Care System: Past, Present, and Future. Druk Journal. 2016. Available from: http://drukjournal.bt/bhutanese-health-and-the-health-care-system-past-present-and-future/
Dorji T. The Gross National Happiness Framework and the Health System Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bhutan.The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2021. 104(2), 441-445. Available from: https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/104/2/article-p441.xml
United Nations 2011 Political Declaration. Available from: https://www.who.int/nmh/events/un_ncd_summit2011/political_declaration_en.pdf (Accessed 4 August 2021)
Gross National Happiness Commission. Twelfth Five Year Plan 2018-2023. 2018. Available from : https://www.gnhc.gov.bt/en/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/12FYP-Volume-II-Central-Plans.pdf (Accessed 5 August, 2021).
Capps R, Gelatt J. Barriers to COVID-19 Testing and Treatment [Internet]. Migration Policy Institute; 2020. Available from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/covid-19-testing-treatment-immigrants-health-insurance
Williams J, Haire B. Why some people don't want to take a COVID-19 test. The Conversation [Internet]. 2020 7 March; Available from: https://theconversation.com/why-some-people-dont-want-to-take-a-covid-19-test-141794
Bruton B. Barriers to mass testing for COVID-19 in Africa. AfricaSource [Internet]. 2020 17 April; Available from: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/barriers-to-mass-testing-for-covid-19-in-africa/
Oh J, Lee J-K, Schwarz D, Ratcliffe HL, Markuns JF, Hirschhorn LR. National Response to COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea and Lessons Learned for Other Countries. Health Syst Reform. 2020 Jan 1;6(1):e1753464.
Ministry of Health. Bhutan Human Resources for Health Situational Analysis 2021
Dong J, Mirza Z. Supporting the production of pharmaceuticals in Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 1 January;94(1):71–2.
World Health Organization. Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation (Accessed 5 August, 2021).


text:
Q: Popping from an array of objects I an trying to determine how to remove one or more specific rows from an array of objects.
In the page, I have a text box for user to enter a user ID; click "Find" button and I do a search in AD and add a row to a table with user's display name and user ID. In addition to this, for later processing, I store in an array of objects some info on user in addition to display name and user ID.
Also, I have a checkbox column in above table that user can select and remove one or more of the added users; I can correctly rebuild the table displaying data but don't know how, at this point, remove one or more rows from the array (i.e. the deleted users).
This is what I have:
HTML:

            User Name
            User ID

<button type="button" class="btn-primary btn-sm delete-admin-row">Delete User(s)</button>

JS/jQuery:
var admins = [];

<Somehow, using ajax, get user's data from AD>

var fn = userData.FirstName;
var mi = userData.Initial;
var ln = userData.LastName;
var name = userData.DisplayName;
var email = userData.Email;
var userid = userData.UserID;

//push the object onto the array
admins.push({
    "fn" : fn,
    "mi" : mi,
    "ln": ln,
    "email": email,
    "userid": userid
});
// Display in admins list
var markup = "
<input type='checkbox' name='record'>	" + name + "	" + userid + "
";
$(".adminList tbody").append(markup);

FURTHER DOW IN THE CODE:
$(document).ready(function(){
    $(".delete-admin-row").click(function(){
        $(".adminList tbody").find('input[name="record"]').each(function(){
            if($(this).is(":checked")){
                $(this).parents("tr").remove();

                //  HERE I NEED TO POP THE ARRAY
            }
        });
    });
});

Not sure if removing the checkbox column and having instead an 'x' image next to each row, associate some property of user data with this 'x' image, say User ID, as 'data-xxx' and accessing it in delete function would be easier; but I still wouldn't know how to access and delete the row from array based on 'userid'.
Update
Following the suggestions made, I made the changes but noticed that IE does not understand => nor findIndex. So, I made the following changes but still get -1 as returned index.
$(".delete-admin-row").click(function(){
    $(".adminList tbody").find('input[name="record"]').each(function(){
        if($(this).is(":checked")){debugger
            $(this).parents("tr").remove();

            // Both of these return the userid
            const useridToFind1 = this.dataset.userid;
            const useridToFind = $(this).closest("tr").find("td:eq(2)").text();

            //const index = admins.findIndex(admin => admin.userid === useridToFind);
            const index = admins.indexOf(function (e) { return e.userid === useridToFind });

            if (index !== -1) {    // Always -1
                admins.splice(index, 1);
            }
        }
    });
});

A: Just use splice method, what you need to know - index of array (first element - 0)
var a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
a.splice(1, 2); // delete 2 elements starting from second element
// (second, because first element in array has index - 0,
// so index 1 - it's second element)

// a will contain -> [1, 4, 5]

A: I'd add the UserID to a data attribute of the input in a TR, so that when iterating over checked inputs, you can take that value and use .findIndex to see if a matching UserID object exists in the array. Then you can splice it:
var markup = "
<input data-userid='" + userid + "' type='checkbox' name='record'>	" + name + "	" + userid + "
";

and
$(".delete-admin-row").click(function(){
  $(".adminList tbody").find('input[name="record"]:checked').each(function(){
    $(this).parents("tr").remove();
    const useridToFind = Number(this.dataset.userid);
    const index = admins.findIndex(admin => admin.userid === useridToFind);
    if (index !== -1) {
      admins.splice(index, 1);
    }
  });
});

I'm assuming the userid is a number, thus the need for a type cast in the .find (since a dataset element will always be a string).
If you have to use an obsolete 7-year-old browser, dumb down the syntax and use a different iteration method:
"use strict";

$(".delete-admin-row").click(function() {
  $(".adminList tbody")
    .find('input[name="record"]:checked')
    .each(function() {
      $(this)
        .parents("tr")
        .remove();
      var useridToFind = Number(this.dataset.userid);
      var foundIndex = -1;
      admins.forEach(function(admin, index) {
        if (admin.userid === useridToFind) foundIndex = index;
      });
      if (index !== -1) {
        admins.splice(index, 1);
      }
    });
});

A: Get the user ID from the third  in the current row. Find the index of the array element with that userid, and remove it with splice().

$(document).ready(function() {
  $(".delete-admin-row").click(function() {
    $(".adminList tbody").find('input[name="record"]').each(function() {
      if ($(this).is(":checked")) {
        let userid = $(this).closest("tr").find("td:eq(2)").text();
        let index = admins.findIndex(el => el.userid == userid);
        if (index >= 0) {
          admins.splice(index, 1);
        }
        $(this).parents("tr").remove();
      }
    });
  });
});

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This Class has the theme of HIIT. Concentrated Strength workout interspersed with short bouts of Sprints. Bosu, Step, MB, DB, Gliders and Tubing are incorporated in the routines. Yoga stretching and relaxation end a thorough workout. Levels 2-4 (Level 1 will need to pace this workout).


text:
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text:
Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich
Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich is a 2014 National Endowment for the Arts fellow, an award given for her work on The Fact of a Body. She has received a Rona Jaffe Award and fellowship...mehr sehenAlexandria Marzano-Lesnevich is a 2014 National Endowment for the Arts fellow, an award given for her work on The Fact of a Body. She has received a Rona Jaffe Award and fellowships to the MacDowell Colony and Yaddo. Her essays appear in the New York Times, Oxford American, and the anthology Waveform: Twenty-first Century Essays by Women. She lives in Boston, where she teaches at Grub Street and in the graduate public policy program at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.weniger sehen
Bücher verfasst
The Fact of a Body: A Murder and a Memoir
Autor Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich
Hörbücher verfasst
Hörbücher gesprochen
Aufgabenbücher
LGBTQIA+-Studien
Biografien – LGBTQIA+
Robert K. Ressler
Jim Atkinson
Hiyoko Imai
Adrienne Brodeur
Chasten Buttigieg
Karen Kilgariff


When restarting an off the track thoroughbred (OTTB) at Blue Bloods, we begin with the base of the training scale: rhythm, relaxation, and connection. At the bottom is rhythm and tempo. Creating a relaxed horse who is stable and balanced in the walk, trot, canter is our main priority. Relaxation mentally and physically can be challenging at times, but is well worth the time and effort. Trail riding works wonders for this important step! Once that has been established, we can focus more on a steady connection in the bridle and simple lateral work. The training scale is an excellent guide for all disciplines, english and western.
Trail riding is an important part of the retraining process. It exposes the horse to obstacles such as creeks, bridges and ditches which can be a new and exciting challenge for horses that have only been trained to race. Trail riding is also beneficial for building muscle and stamina in a low stress environment and allowing the horse to negotiate a varied terrain.
The horse's ground manners are also taken into consideration when they enter the program. Unnecessary or pushy behavior is corrected firmly but absolutely, not with harsh punishment. We find that calm, confident handling each day is the best recipe for success when creating good manners on the ground.
At Blue Bloods Thoroughbred Adoption and Placement each horse is treated as an individual and their athletic ability and skillset is carefully considered when we begin the retraining process. While some of our thoroughbreds progress quickly others may need more time to settle in and adjust to a new atmosphere and method of training. We do not "retrain" each horse for a specific discipline because the potential adopter may desire to do a different discipline. Instead, we work to establish the basics which are essential in any equine sport.


text:
Q: How do you find the projector appearing in $\kappa$-symmetry for Green-Schwarz formulation of superstring? I am trying to study the Green-Schwarz formulation of the superstring and I am following the string theory book by Becker, Becker, Schwarz. In there, they consider the action
$$
S = S_1 + S_2 = -\frac{1}{\pi} \int \mathrm{d}^2\sigma \sqrt{-G} + \frac{1}{\pi} \int\,\,(\bar{\Theta}^1\Gamma_\mu\mathrm{d}\Theta^1-\bar{\Theta}^2\Gamma_\mu\mathrm{d}\Theta^2)\mathrm{d}X^\mu - \bar{\Theta}^1\Gamma_\mu\mathrm{d}\Theta^1\bar{\Theta}^2\Gamma^\mu\mathrm{d}\Theta^2~,
$$
where $\Theta^A, A=1,2$ are Majorana-Weyl spinors in 10d and $G$ is the determinant of the pullback metric:
$$
G = \mathrm{det} G_{\alpha\beta}~,~~~ G_{\alpha\beta} = \Pi_\alpha\cdot\Pi_\beta~,~~~\Pi^\mu_\alpha = \partial_\alpha X^\mu - \bar{\Theta}^A \Gamma^\mu \partial_\alpha \Theta^A~.
$$
They then consider the local fermionic transformations
$$
\delta X^\mu = \bar{\Theta}^A \Gamma^\mu \delta\Theta^A~.
$$
Using this they calculate
$$
\delta S_1 = \frac{2}{\pi} \int \mathrm{d}^2\sigma \sqrt{-G} G^{\alpha\beta} \Pi^\mu_{\alpha} \delta\bar{\Theta}^A \Gamma_\mu \partial_\beta \Theta^A~,
$$
and
$$
\delta S_2 = \frac{2}{\pi} \int \mathrm{d}^2\sigma \varepsilon^{\alpha\beta} (\delta \bar{\Theta}^1 \Gamma_\mu \partial_\alpha \Theta^1 -\delta \bar{\Theta}^2 \Gamma_\mu \partial_\alpha\Theta^2)\Pi^\mu_\beta~.
$$
Both of these I can follow and get the same result. However, they then claim that in equation (5.51) on page 158 that this combines to give
$$
\delta S = \frac{4}{\pi}\int\mathrm{d}^2\sigma\varepsilon^{\alpha\beta}(\delta\bar{\Theta}^1 P_+ \Gamma_\mu \partial_\alpha \Theta^1 - \delta\bar{\Theta}^2P_- \Gamma_\mu \partial_\alpha \Theta^2) \Pi^\mu_\beta~,
$$
where $P_\pm$ are projectors that are introduced and given by
$$
P_\pm = \frac12 (1 \pm \gamma)~,~~~\gamma = - \frac{\varepsilon^{\alpha\beta} \Pi_\alpha^\mu \Pi_\beta^\nu \Gamma_{\mu\nu}}{2 \sqrt{-G}}~.
$$
I can see that the identity part of $P_\pm$ in $\delta S$ corresponds directly to the variation $\delta S_2$ and thus the $\gamma$-part must correspond to $\delta S_1$. However, I am unable to see how? Expanding the $A$-index contraction gets you close but I am confused as to how to transform this expression to something resembling $\gamma$. How does the $\sqrt{-G}$ go from the numerator to denominator? Does anyone know how this works/can give me some pointers?


text:
7Being an Ilokano Scholar in Filipino North A...
The book Shame to Honor to be made into a movie
Community News & Features Jun 8, 2018 at 3:01 pm
LOS ANGELES–Q Management Inc, reps for Mr Christopher Broughton, a producer at 20th Century Fox and the CEO of Moxie Motion Pictures Inc, are pleased to report that he has secured the exclusive movie rights for the book written by Mr Charles Lambalika, SHAME TO HONOR. Mr Broughton recently flew to Brisbane Australia to meet with the distinguished author after reading the book, and knew this story had to be told. Mr Broughton will produce and direct the movie with Mr Gershom Sikaala once it goes into production. For his part Christopher Broughton is also the producer for THE BOY WHO KNEW TOO MUCH, another book he secured the rights for, which will be a 20th Century Fox Production.
His interview by PINAY Magazine where he dishes about the Philippines as an ideal filming location is also set to go live as PINAY Magazine is set to launch its print and online portal. @pinaymagazine. Christopher Broughton is currently scouting locations in the Philippines & Thailand as he starts development on the next film.
About Christopher Broughton
Mr. Broughton is working with 20th Century Fox & Franklin Entertainment as a producer on the upcoming feature "The Boy Who Knew Too Much." Previously he served as Development & Operations Associate of Academy Award winner Jamie Foxx's Foxhole Entertainment where his main focus was to evaluate, strategize and assist with the development of projects and business operations for the day-to-day management of various film, television, music and new-media projects being developed under the Jamie Foxx/ Foxhole Entertainment banner. He is also a senior adviser of international productions at the independent Ace Studios, located in mainland China. He has also recently received a special "Recognition Award" at the International Emmy's in China for decades of work in film and television bringing the East and West together in producing content for a global audience.
ªSOURCE Moxie Motion Pictures Inc.º


text:
Breda is een plaats (city) in de Amerikaanse staat Iowa, en valt bestuurlijk gezien onder Carroll County.

Demografie
Bij de volkstelling in 2000 werd het aantal inwoners vastgesteld op 477. In 2006 is het aantal inwoners door het United States Census Bureau geschat op 452, een daling van 25 (-5,2%).

Geografie
Volgens het United States Census Bureau beslaat de plaats een oppervlakte van 1,2 km², geheel bestaande uit land. Breda ligt op ongeveer 413 m boven zeeniveau.

Plaatsen in de nabije omgeving
De onderstaande figuur toont nabijgelegen plaatsen in een straal van 16 km rond Breda.

Externe link

Plaats in Iowa

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text:
malawilaws
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Constitution of Malawi
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Volume VI (Cap. 41:01 to Cap. 46:10)
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Volume VIII (Cap. 50:01 to Cap. 56:02)
Volume IX (Cap. 57:01 to Cap. 65:05)
Volume X (Cap. 66:01 to Cap. 69:08)
Volume XI (Cap. 70:01 to Cap. 70:03)
Volume XII (Cap. 71:01 to Cap. 74:02)
BLACKHALL PUBLISHING
Principal Legislation
Bulletin-2017
Subsidiary Legislation
EXTRADITION (DESIGNATED COUNTRIES) (AMENDMENT) ORDER (GN 17/2017)
Made u/s 3 of the Extradition Act.
Inserts: New Country.
See: Extradition (Designated Countries) Order.
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text:
GLADNESS, MICKELL
RETAbet Bilbao Basket 32 Center
Height: 2.11 Born: 26 July, 1986 Nationality: United States of America
Totals 10 8 202:41 82 34/44 0/0 14/21 18 25 43 9 4 12 10 0 25 18 112
Averages 10 8 20:16 8.2 77.3% 0% 66.7% 1.8 2.5 4.3 0.9 0.4 1.2 1 0 2.5 1.8 11.2
1 * at Rytas Vilnius 25:29 12 4/6 4/6 1 6 7 1 1 1 4 4 18
2 * vs Limoges CSP 15:25 6 3/5 2 2 1 2 5
3 vs Partizan NIS Belgrade 16:17 4 2/2 2 1 3 2 2 7
4 at Lokomotiv Kuban Krasnodar 10:05 5 2/3 1/1 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 5
5 * vs ALBA Berlin 18:04 12 5/7 2/3 2 1 3 1 3 4 2 12
6 * vs Rytas Vilnius 26:53 15 7/9 1/2 4 3 7 2 1 2 2 2 20
7 * at Limoges CSP 18:12 4 2/2 0/1 1 1 2 1 1 6
8 * at Partizan NIS Belgrade 28:11 15 5/5 5/7 1 5 6 2 2 1 4 4 20
9 * vs Lokomotiv Kuban Krasnodar 22:56 2 1/2 3 2 5 1 1 1 2 3 8
10 * at ALBA Berlin 21:09 7 3/3 1/1 2 3 5 1 1 3 1 2 1 11
10 Totals 202:41 82 34/44 0/0 14/21 18 25 43 9 4 12 10 0 25 18 112
Average 20:16 8.19 77.3% 0% 66.7% 1.8 2.5 4.3 0.9 0.4 1.2 1 0 2.5 1.8 11.2
#1 in True Shooting % (75.2%)
#1 in 2-point % (77.3%)
#1 in Games Played (10)
#2 in Field goal % (77.3%)
#5 in Blocks (10)
#19 in Offensive Rebounds (18)
Index rating 20 Partizan NIS Belgrade vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 12/13/2017
Points 15 Partizan NIS Belgrade vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 12/13/2017
Offensive rebounds 4 RETAbet Bilbao Basket vs. Rytas Vilnius 11/15/2017
Defensive rebounds 6 Rytas Vilnius vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 10/11/2017
Total rebounds 7 RETAbet Bilbao Basket vs. Rytas Vilnius 11/15/2017
Assists 2 Partizan NIS Belgrade vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 12/13/2017
Steals 1 ALBA Berlin vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 12/27/2017
Blocks 3 RETAbet Bilbao Basket vs. ALBA Berlin 11/8/2017
Minutes 28 Partizan NIS Belgrade vs. RETAbet Bilbao Basket 12/13/2017
Played college basketball at Lawson State CC (2004-05) and at Alabama A&M (2005-08).
Moved to Netherlands for the 2008-09 season, signed by Matrixx Magix Nijmegen.
Signed for the 2009-10 season by Rio Grande Valley Vipers, NBDL.
Played there till January'11.
Signed for the remainder of the 2010-11 season by Dakota Wizards, NBDL.
Played there till November'11.
In December'11, signed by Miami Heat.
In March'12, signed by Golden State Warriors.
In November'12, signed by Santa Cruz Warriors, NBDL.
Signed for the 2013-14 season by Orlando Magic.
In December'13, signed by Reno Bighorns, NBDL.
Moved to Australia for the 2014-15 season, signed by Townsville Crocodiles.
In April'15 moved to New Zealand, signed by Canterbury Rams.
Moved to Israel for the 2015-16 season, signed by Maccabi Ashdod.
In March'16 moved to Argentina, signed by San Lorenzo de Almagra.
Moved to Estonia for the 2016-17 season, signed by BC Kalev/Cramo Tallinn.
Moved to Spain for the 2017-18 season, signed by Bilbao Basket.
Won the 2010 NBDL with Rio Grande Valley Vipers.
Won the 2016-17 Estonian National Championship with BC Kalev/Cramo Tallinn.
Won the 2017 Estonian National Cup with BC Kalev/Cramo Tallinn.
Played the 2017 Estonian All Star Game.
Led the 2014-15 Australian NBL in blocking shots (2.2 bspg.).
Led the 2015 New Zealander NBL in blocking shots (2.3 bspg.).
Led the 2016-17 VTB League in blocking shots (1.5 bspg.).
2017-18 RETAbet Bilbao Basket 10 82 8.2 34/44 77.3 0/0 0 14/21 66.7 43 4 9 10
Totals 10 82 8.2 34/44 77.3 0/0 0 14/21 66.7 43 4 9 10
Averages 10 82 8.2 34/44 77.3 0/0 0 14/21 66.7 4.3 0.4 0.9 1
Season Team G Pts Avg 2FG
M-A % 3FG
M-A % FT
M-A % Reb St As Bl
2005/06 Alabama A&M 26 92 3.5 35/79 44.3 0/0 0.0 22/33 66.7 111 13 5 77
2006/07 Alabama A&M 30 229 7.6 85/196 43.4 0/1 0.0 59/96 61.5 229 16 15 188
2007/08 Alabama A&M 29 299 10.3 99/217 45.6 0/2 0.0 101/144 70.1 255 24 24 131
2008/09 Matrixx Magix Nijmegen 37 101 2.7 38/100 38.0 0/2 0.0 25/54 46.3 149 16 10 30
2009/10 Rio Grande Valley 43 168 3.9 67/116 57.8 0/2 0.0 34/55 61.8 127 11 10 53
2010/11 Rio Grande Valley 18 73 4.1 31/52 59.6 0/0 0.0 11/20 55.0 62 6 1 21
Dakota Wizards 17 104 6.1 42/80 52.5 0/0 0.0 20/35 57.1 96 4 7 34
2011/12 Miami Heat 8 2 0.3 1/3 33.3 0/0 0.0 0/0 0.0 11 1 2 1
Santa Cruz Warriors 4 31 7.8 14/20 70.0 0/0 0.0 3/4 75.0 21 2 2 7
Golden State Warriors 18 54 3.0 24/56 42.9 0/0 0.0 6/12 50.0 47 3 3 19
2012/13 Santa Cruz Warriors 50 308 6.2 130/258 50.4 0/0 0.0 48/88 54.5 303 17 19 114
2013/14 Reno Bighorns 40 315 7.9 130/226 57.5 0/0 0.0 55/99 55.6 247 15 21 75
2014/15 Townsville Crocodiles 27 245 9.1 103/193 53.4 0/1 0.0 39/77 50.6 208 7 12 60
Canterbury Rams 18 200 11.1 83/150 55.3 1/7 14.3 31/54 57.4 203 15 9 42
2015/16 Maccabi Ashdod 21 120 5.7 46/77 59.7 0/0 0.0 28/45 62.2 141 9 8 34
San Lorenzo de Almagra 3 18 6.0 130/226 57.5 0/0 0.0 0/0 0.0 13 0 1 3
2016/17 Kalev/Cramo 28 174 6.2 78/126 61.9 0/1 0.0 18/36 50.0 152 10 12 26


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Tenn. Judge forces mother to change child's name
August 11, 2013by JoecephusNo Comments
via USA Today:
NEWPORT, Tenn. — A Tennessee mother is appealing a court's decision after a judge ordered her son's name be changed from "Messiah."
Jaleesa Martin and the father of Messiah could not agree on a last name, which is how they ended up at a child support hearing in Cocke County Chancery Court on Thursday.
That is when the first name came into question.
Child Support Magistrate Lu Ann Ballew serves the 4th Judicial District of Tenn. including the following counties: Cocke, Grainger, Jefferson, and Sevier.
The name change was part of Judge Ballew's case; however, the parents did not think the first name would be changed.
Judge Ballew ordered the 7-month-old's name be "Martin DeShawn McCullough." It includes both parent's last names but leaves out Messiah.
"The word Messiah is a title and it's a title that has only been earned by one person and that one person is Jesus Christ," Judge Ballew said.
I usually loathe the practice of giving weird and unusual names to children, I cringe whenever I hear what the latest ridiculous celebrity baby name is. Now because this is a free country, or so they keep telling us that it is, I have a right to think that a certain name for a baby is ridiculous. As a matter of fact, I think Messiah is a ridiculous name for a child, and one that will not give the child the best possible path to walk on in life.
However having the right to think that somebody is giving their kid a stupid name is one thing, what nobody has – most certainly not the government — is the right to forcefully deny someone the right to give their kid a stupid name.
I'm not a big fan of the ACLU, in they way they pick & choose what to & what not to defend, but if there ever was a case for the ACLU to step in this is it.
This so-call judge way over-stepped her bounds and should be removed from her position.


Club Versante will be a private dining experience where members can savour in the sublime menus of three restaurants and bars, enjoy the services of a member's only lifestyle concierge, as well as host private events and meetings. Along with these exclusive benefits, members will also enjoy privileged access to the adjoining OPUS Hotel and its rooftop restaurant.
Opening in Fall 2019, Club Versante is the vision of internationally acclaimed chef, Club Versante will redefine exceptional dining in Vancouver. Founded on a philosophy that bridges Eastern and Western cultures, Club Versante was formed to create a quintessentially international club in style, atmosphere and culinary experiences.
Along with facilitating your every desire within Club Versante, our lifestyle concierges will be your gateway to Vancouver's most exclusive events. Multilingual, and culturally sophisticated, our concierge team is here to make your life effortless in every sense.
Club Versante's event & meeting space will redefine what it means to host an event in Vancouver. Flexible, technologically advanced, Club Versante will be a defining location to host everything from weddings and family functions, to fashion shows, corporate events, and customized branded events.
Get the latest news on this landmark culinary club.
I consent to receiving future marketing materials from Club Versante, its parent company and affiliates.
Set to open its doors to its first members in Fall 2019, we are currently offering career opportunities within Club Versante and its three restaurants.
To be considered for the positions available, please send your résumé/CV to careers@clubversante.com and we will contact you if your expertise corresponds with our requirements.


Booked my flight this afternoon for tomorrow. The plan now is to stay til monday but you just never know. Could be longer, not likely shorter.
Took the rest of the day off yesterday as planned. Played a couple short sessions today but wasn't overly feeling it either so unless I play real late tonight, I probably wont play any more online til vegas.
We have softball tonight, which I missed 2 weeks of cause I was in vegas. That was dissapointing as I've really been having tons of fun with it.


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Alassane Ouédraogo (Boussouma, 7 de setembro de 1980) é um futebolista profissional burquinense que atua como meia.

Carreira
Alassane Ouédraogo representou o elenco da Seleção Burquinense de Futebol no Campeonato Africano das Nações de 2000 e 2002.

Futebolistas de Burquina Fasso
Futebolistas do Royal Charleroi Sporting Club
Futebolistas do 1. FC Köln
Futebolistas do TuS Koblenz
Futebolistas do Rot-Weiss Essen
Futebolistas do SC Fortuna Köln
Jogadores da Seleção Burquinense de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa das Nações Africanas de 1998
Jogadores da Copa das Nações Africanas de 2000
Jogadores da Copa das Nações Africanas de 2002


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At Bluecoat, the doors are open, the children are learning and the headteacher's happy. It's a brand new, £5 million school in Bilborough, Nottingham, designed by Lungfish for Nottingham City Council and Bluecoat Academies Trust. The first primary school in the Trust's portfolio, it's a landmark project which we brought to life in partnership with Wates and Scape.
Bluecoat Primary had modest beginnings. Started in September 2015, it was based in temporary classrooms for over a year before moving into its state-of-the-art new home in December 2016. Now it's thriving. A vibrant learning community with great facilities, it's expected to fill its 420 school places and 26 nursery places by the start of the next academic year.
The school was established to increase pupil places in the area. Throughout, our brief was to create an inspiring, cost-effective learning environment, giving the children as much functional, flexible space as possible. We've created an L-shaped school with 16 classrooms, a nursery, reception area, kitchen and a specialist unit for children with autistic spectrum disorder. The large hall, part funded by the local diocese, can also accommodate community activities without disrupting the school day. Running right through the centre is a wide learning street, creating breakout areas, a library and play spaces.
During the nine-month project, we worked closely with the school, Trust and Council, as well as building on our already strong relationship with the Wates construction team. At every stage, our goal was to deliver the highest quality learning environments possible for the budget, using Education and Skills Funding Agency guidance to create a successful, efficient building.
We harnessed natural light and ventilation to create bright, airy learning spaces that would be enjoyable to use and cost effective to run. Our design maximised floor space and balanced best practice with the school's own specific vision and practical needs. They love the results.
Involving the community throughout the planning consultation process and providing community facilities was instrumental to the overall success of the building. Delivered on time and on budget, this project exceeded expectations in terms of the facilities provided which improved the condition and environment of the schools and the surrounding community. The project team came together to accelerate the programme thereby minimising reliance on the temporary classrooms and to upgrade the school for its pupils and staff as quickly as possible.
During the programme, the school welcomed a new leadership team which resulted in a change to the school's vision and how education could be best delivered. Our collaborative and immersive approach meant we could accommodate client change requests with ease. Local spend and local labour within 20 miles was 66% and 59% respectively. Overall the project was a successful one: the headteacher is delighted, the local community has been very positive and an 8/10 score for client satisfaction was received.
"This building will deliver outstanding facilities for young people and will have all of the resources to enable them to realise their potential and access new and exciting opportunities."


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Islay Round Whiskey Barrel Mirror
Islay Round Whiskey Barrel Mirror Similar to old whiskey…
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Adalind Accent Cabinet
Adalind Accent Cabinet This modern farmhouse accent…
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Bertrice Wood Wall Décor
Bertrice Wood Wall Décor The Beatrice Wood Wall Décor…
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Sandberg Aged Grey Wood Buffet Lamp
Sandberg Aged Grey Wood Buffet Lamp The solid wood base…
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Selam Wing Chair
Selam Wing Chair The exaggerated scale of the Selam Wing…
https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Selam-Wing-Chair.jpg 3387 3387 David Simpson https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/logo.jpg David Simpson2018-06-26 18:34:072019-01-15 18:57:39Selam Wing Chair
Giles Aged Wood Barn Door Wall Art
Giles Aged Wood Barn Door Wall Art The Giles Aged Wood Barn…
https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Giles-Aged-Wood-Barn-Door-Art.jpg 2100 2100 David Simpson https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/logo.jpg David Simpson2018-06-26 17:43:002019-10-08 17:45:11Giles Aged Wood Barn Door Wall Art
Dalma Wing Chair
Dalma Wing Chair The Dalma Wing Chair features traditional,…
https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Dalma-Wing-Chair.png 724 681 David Simpson https://carolynkinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/logo.jpg David Simpson2018-01-25 15:24:262019-12-05 13:14:19Dalma Wing Chair
Willa Armchair
Willa Armchair https://youtu.be/RxiniG-xpYk The Willa Armchair…
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Vermont Iron and Wood Tray
Vermont Iron and Wood Tray Inspired by the sustainable wineries…
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Safari Views Wall Art
Safari Views Wall Art Designed by Carolyn Kinder International,…
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1. I used the apparatus to treat on the Taiyang and the Fengchi acupoints for nine minutes three times a day for three treatment courses according to the Guide; this cured my 20-year-old headache.
2. I had suffered from hypertension for two years then with more than 80 yuan a month for medication and blood pressure 180/120 mm Hg. I treated it combining with the high blood lipids acupoint therapy for 45 days according to the Guide, then the blood pressure dropped to the normal range120/90 without rebounding in two years. And I am consolidating it by treating on Quchi and Taichong acpoints; the curative effect is very good.
3. The apparatus cured my outworn lumbar muscles. The disease used to attack very often which was even more accurate than weather forecast, but it has recovered.
4. Omarthritis, arthritis, sciatica were cured, and have never relapsed.
5. My angina used to be quite serious; I couldn't speak for a long time. But it has been cured completely, and it does not relapse.
6. My arrhythmia, palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness use to be serious. I mainly treated on Shenmen-Shenmen and Neiguan-Neiguan two groups of acupoints with the apparatus according to the Guide, and they seldom attack at present. The best evidence for this is that I dared not to climb on the ladder to the roof in the past; I can do it now.
7. The apparatus cured my wife's arm pain, annex - yim, enuresis, motion sickness. Especially on May 15 of this year, it is found that there was uterine hypertrophy that was needed to do the excising surgery through a ligation sequels inspection. I consulted to Professor Zhou of Bluelight, he instructed me to treat on Zhongji-Changqiang and Chengshan-Chengshan two groups of acupoints; it resulted in the obvious relief of the disease. My wife was very confident in the treatment combined with the sitting bath proposed by Professor Zhang, and she persisted in treating with the apparatus twice a day.
The diseases enumerated above are the some that I cured. Now my eight-year-old little granddaughter can also operate the apparatus herself, and my 80-year-old parents are enjoying the Bluelight to carry on the treatment and health care.
The four generations under one roof can all profit from it.
The guarantee it would make to our health and long life.
Here, our entire family would like to thank the Bluelight Company, the General Manager Mr. Luo to invent the high-tech medical product and Professor Zhou with fellow experts for your superb medical technology and warm service that has benefited the people and brought the Bluelight happiness to millions of families.


In the newsroom, ideas move quickly and deadlines are always right around the corner. Though they seem chaotic from the outside, newsrooms are adept at planning, creating new ideas, packaging them, and disseminating them with the public with great efficiency.
At MyMobileLyfe, we believe that this model is extremely beneficial for brands that wish to share their own stories with the public. Here is a practical guide for turning your company into a brand newsroom. MyMobileLyfe, started by two seasoned journalists, specializes in supporting companies as they seek to leverage content marketing in their broader promotional strategy.
Keep a calendar: Branding should be consistent and established, but not static. Through your website content, social media, and advertisements, keep up with social trends and new ideas. New content leads to showing up in more search results. Keep a calendar to regularly revisit and update your webpages and social media pages.
Monitor industry trends: Be on the lookout for what your target audience is interested in, their preferences, and any information gaps. Look at trends across your industry, not only to see what people like about your competitors, but also to identify what you have that others don't.
Know your target audience: Assess your geographic audience and their demographics. Make sure your content matches their level of education and adheres to cultural perspectives. Monitor webpage views and clicks, newsletter subscriptions and number of opens, social media "shares" and "likes." Pay close attention to what clients or potential clients are asking or commenting on social media and in point of service interactions. If you see common questions, ask yourself if the answer is clearly indicated on the website and in ads. Monitoring for increasing inquiries for a service or product you don't currently offer or for common concerns or complaints can help you determine when making a change would be a worthwhile investment.
Talk to your target audience: Taking the previous point a step further, you can test messages and ads in focus groups or individual interviews. Engaging your clients on social media will encourage them to leave more useful feedback and questions, in turn, giving you more information on how to improve your product and advertising.
Write, self-edit, and find another editor: Writing requires patience, technique, and a critical eye. Your first draft is never going to be your best draft, so after you finish your first attempt at an article, give it a thorough edit. This means more than a simple spell-check: make sure your introduction and conclusion are reflective of your idea, eliminate redundant words and sentences, and ensure that your writing style matches the expectations of your audience. And if possible, have someone in your office read your work as well. A second set of eyes can catch subtle mistakes and offer ideas that didn't occur to you earlier.
Use multiple distribution methods: Disseminate your brand and your creative content through various channels. Prioritize those your target audience prefers while cross posting content to broaden your reach. Also consider different accessibility needs and different cultural preferences. Diverse content dissemination, such as using newsletters, radio, google ads, social media, or print flyers, helps you reach those who may be missed and also helps repeat your message in a slightly new way making it more memorable.
Good content management rewards you with a fresh and credible reputation, broadens your reach, and helps you understand and respond to potential client interests and needs. This requires the development of an initial brand publishing strategy as well as ongoing content management. MyMobileLyfe can help you in all of these areas and help turn your brand into a brand newsroom: reach out to us today to learn more.


The Akita is a large and powerful dog with a noble and intimidating presence. .
regions of Japan. There are two separate varieties .Oct 29, 2014 . The breed's thick double coat can be any color including white, brindle or pinto.
.The Akita is a large and powerful dog with a noble and intimidating presence. .
, and one of the more primative dogs breeds. Akita's are .


IDEALS @ Illinois: Browse Dept. of Classics by Subject "Language, Ancient"
Browse Dept. of Classics by Subject "Language, Ancient"
Horace's sympotic odes dispel two assumptions that have captivated Horatian studies: (1) There is no linear thematic progression from one book of Odes to another, and (2) book IV represents a decline in Horace's lyric expression.


You still have time to Catch Groudon, Kyogre, and other Legendary Pokemon.
"Pokemon Go" just extended its Legendary Week event! According to Niantic, the developer, The "Pokemon Go" Legendary Week will now be from February 23rd until March 5th. That gives time to all the "Pokemon Trainers" out there time to battle and Catch the all Legendary Pokemon. Included pokemon to catch are Groudon, Kyogre, and Rayquaza! Power up your "Pokemon," grab a friend and head over to your nearest gym. They may have weaknesses but catching them will require skill and teamwork.
According to the developers, "If Rayquaza is defeated more than Kyogre and Groudon combined, Pokémon that typically prefer windy weather (for example, Bagon) are more likely to hatch from Eggs from March 5 to March 16.
If not, Pokémon that prefer sunny or rainy weather (like Trapinch or Lotad) are more likely to hatch." Meaning if there's a specific type of pokemon you want to hatch that week, you better get to those gyms and battle! On February 24Th, there will be special boxes debuting that will contain Raid Passes to aid you in your pokemon battles. You can only get these pokemon for a limited amount of time.
If you missed the first day of the "Pokemon Go" Community Day, you have another chance tomorrow! On February 24th 11:00 AM till 2:00 PM MYT, you'll be able to get the chance to catch this month's featured Pokemon, Dratini.
You can now teach it special moves like Draco Meteor to evolve it to a Dragonite!
Gather your friends and community members to have a lure party at the 3-hour window! Focus those parties on all the popular places with lots of Pokestops and spawns. You will also want to prepare six to seven incenses beforehand. Having the incenses running will increase your chances of encountering a Dratini.
Fill up that inventory! Gather some Pinaps, Razz, and Ultraballs. Don't bother with the Nanabs.
Don't forget to use Star Pieces if you want to maximize your Stardust Grinding. You'll get x3 more the stardust + 50 percent more when you catch wild pokemon.
More importantly, make room in your storage! Nothing hurts as much when you're in mid-battle and you ran out of Ultraballs and only have normal Pokeballs left. Don't forget that Pokemon Storage either! Don't waste time figuring out which Pokemon to transfer.
With the limited time given trying to obtain Dragonite with its exclusive move Drago Meteor, it's important to work together! Grab a friend, family member, or neighbor and head out together to catch all the Legendary Pokemon!
Want to know more? Check out these articles.


Netflix has acquired the global distribution rights to "The Raid" director Gareth Evans' period revenge thriller "Apostle" from XYZ Films, Severn Screen and One More One Production.
The story follows a man (Dan Stevens) who travels to a remote island and attempts to rescue his sister after she's kidnapped by a religious cult. The group demands a ransom for the sister's return, undermining the man's resolve to rescue her.
Michael Sheen, Lucy Boynton, Bill Millner, and Kristine Froseth also star while Evans, Aram Tertzakian and Ed Talfan are producing. Filming is slated to begin in April.


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World Science Festival 2019
The Big, The Small, The Complex
Performance Overview
Light Falls
Icarus at the Edge of Time
Spooky Action
Dear Albert
Awakening the Mind
Radiance: The Passion of Marie Curie
World Science U
City of Science
World Science Scholars
World Science Academy
Pioneers in Science
WSF Brisbane
World Science Connect
Touring Performances
Science in a Polarized World: A Global Town Hall Meeting
NYU Skirball Center
Our age is marked by the proliferation of information, and yet we can't agree. Science is supposed to be neutral, and yet it has generated some of the deepest societal divides. Why? Our response to scientific information depends on psychology, emotion, peer pressure, politics, and cultural influences. How can we navigate these differences and implement smart policy in a contentious society? Join a vibrant and important global discussion examining the interface between the scientific process and the sometimes unscientific public, as we hurtle headlong into an uncertain future.
This program is part of the Big Ideas Series, made possible with support from the John Templeton Foundation.
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John DonvanABC Correspondent
John Donvan was just named a 2017 Pulitzer Prize finalist for his bestselling book, In a Different Key: The Story of Autism, published in 2016 by Crown Books. He is also host of the Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates, which are heard on public radio and by podcast.
France CórdovaDirector, National Science Foundation
France A. Córdova is an astrophysicist and the 14th director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the only government agency charged with advancing all fields of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education.
Brian GreenePhysicist, Author
Brian Greene is a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, and is recognized for a number of groundbreaking discoveries in his field of superstring theory. His books, The Elegant Universe, The Fabric of the Cosmos, and The Hidden Reality, have collectively spent 65 weeks on The New York Times bestseller list.
Dan KahanLaw and Psychology Professor
Dan Kahan is the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law & Professor of Psychology at Yale Law School. His primary research interests are risk perception and science communication.
Paul NurseGeneticist
Paul Nurse is a geneticist and cell biologist who has worked on how the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled and how cell shape and cell dimensions are determined. His major work has been on the cyclin dependent protein kinases and how they regulate cell reproduction.
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