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JAPAN: Amnesty International condemns executions in Japan
[International Secretariat]
Region: JAPAN
Topic: Abolition of the Death Penalty
Amnesty International condemns the two executions carried out in Japan today. Today's hangings bring the number of executions this year to five. Junya Hattori and Kyozo Matsumura were executed at the Tokyo and Osaka Detention Centers respectively.
In 2011 Japan did not carry out any executions. Former Justice Minister Toshio Ogawa authorised the execution of three people on 29 March 2012, ending a 20 months' hiatus in executions in Japan.
Junya Hattori was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Shizuoka District Court but this was increased to the death penalty by the Tokyo High Court after an appeal by the Prosecution. The Supreme Court upheld the death penalty in February 2008.
Kyozo Matsumura was given the death sentence by the Kyoto District Court in March 2008. Matsumura withdrew his appeal to the High Court in April 2008. Japan has no automatic appeal system for death sentence cases.
Justice Minister Makoto Taki had stated his support for maintaining the death penalty because it already exists in the judicial system. Justifying acts which violate human rights as a 'Minister's duty' is unacceptable. Rather it is the responsibility of leaders to address crime without resorting to this ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.
Executions in Japan are by hanging and are usually carried out in secret and without prior notice to the families. Prisoners are typically given just a few hours' notice but some may be given no warning at all of their imminent execution.
More than two-thirds of all countries have abolished the death penalty in law and practice. Out of 41 countries in the Asia-pacific region, 17 have abolished the death penalty for all crimes, 10 are abolitionist in practice.
Amnesty International opposes the death penalty in all cases without exception regardless of the nature of the crime, the characteristics of the individual on whom it is imposed and the method of execution used by the State, as a violation of the right to live and the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.
On 17 July Amnesty International issued an Urgent Action calling on the Justice Minister to not sign any execution orders and to introduce a moratorium on executions with a view to full abolition of the death penalty. Amnesty International also sent an open letter in June to the Special Committee of the Legislative Council, which is considering reforming Japan's criminal justice system, calling on the government to reform or abolish Japan's daiyo kangoku(substitute prison) system and to introduce electronic recordings of the entire process of interrogations. Amnesty International believes that these reforms are necessary to prevent human rights violations within the criminal justice system, including the possibility of miscarriages of justice in death penalty cases.
Under the daiyo kangokusystem the police can detain and interrogate suspects for up to 23 days with limited access to a lawyer. Lawyers are not permitted to be present during interrogations. Amnesty International believes that this system is routinely used to obtain "confessions" through torture or other ill-treatment including beatings, intimidation, sleep deprivation and long periods of interrogation without breaks.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE
six more hanged in unprecedented execution spree [Suspended]
OKINAWA ACTIVIST RELEASED ON BAIL AFTER FIVE MONTHS [Suspended]
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JAPAN: New Director for Amnesty International Japan
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Copyright(C) 2001-2012 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL JAPAN


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\section{Introduction}

In 1897 Ostwald formulated his step rule for  the irreversible reaction
of a system with crystal  polymorphism  to   the most stable crystal form \cite{Ostwald}.
 But in fact the
irreversible way a supercooled gas below the triple point temperature crystallizes is an example of Ostwald's step rule.
The homogeneous critical nucleus is not a crystal, but a liquid-like droplet.

Condensation of supercooled vapor  at  temperatures below the triple point temperature
 $T_{tr.p.}$ is of general interest. E.g.
the condensation of water molecules at a very low temperature in  interstellar space might appear as
 amorphous solid form of water, consisting of water molecules that are randomly
 arranged like the molecules in common glass. \cite{Debenedetti,Angell}. But in general
one shall, however, expect that the condensation appears either by creation of a critical crystal nucleus
or, if the condensation appears by a creation of a liquid-like critical nucleus, that
the transition  shortly after is followed by a crystallization in the nucleus.

Nucleation and droplet growth has been simulated by various methods during several decades \cite{Daan,Matsumoto,Tox1} .
Realistic computer simulations of nucleation require very big systems of many particles and simulated over long times. But
  the actual supersaturations are  even
for these systems typically significant higher than what appears in nature \cite{Schweizer}.
Most simulations are performed by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, and  for  systems
of Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles and with comparison of nucleation rates with corresponding rates obtained for supersaturated
Argon gas \cite{Diemand}. For nucleation of vapor particles below  $T_{tr.p.}$ one apparently observes a condensation
to a liquid-like critical nucleus  and a liquid droplet at the  subsequent droplet growth \cite{Diemand,Tanaka1} . This result is  surprising and
this is one of the motivations for the present investigation.

In a recent article it was found that the creation of a  critical nucleus  appears by the growth of a  small cold sub-critical cluster \cite{toxcold}.
This mechanism might not be so surprising, although it contradicts traditional theories and
simulations of homogeneous nucleation, which assume that the  temperature of the  supersaturated vapor ensures an isothermal
homogeneous nucleation. For this reason almost all MD simulations are performed with a thermostat. A second motivation for the present
work is to investigate whether homogeneous nucleation  below the triple point temperature also is initiated by a small cold  nucleus.

Nucleation and droplet growth has been simulated with thermostats that ensure an overall constant temperature during
the phase change. But for the first time homogeneous nucleation and the subsequent
droplet growth is simulated without a thermostat.  The droplet growth is associated with a significant release of
latent heat, which dissipates slowly into the surrounding gas. The present simulations  with and without a thermostat
 show that the traditional MD with thermostats influence the
droplet growth, and in a nonphysical way.

Most of the present simulations are performed for a temperature $T=0.50$  below
 the triple point temperature $T_{tr.p.}=0.674$ of a LJ system \cite{Mastny}.
MD for nucleation is described in Section II, and the homogeneous nucleation at  $T=0.50$ is given in  Section III.
The succeeding droplet grow is investigated in Section IV, and the effects of different thermostats are given in the section.
The results are summarized and discussed in the last section,  Section V.

\section{ Molecular Dynamics  simulation. }

The system consists of $N=40000$ Lennard Jones (LJ)
particles in a cubic box with periodical boundaries \cite{ToxMD}. The MD simulations
are performed with the central difference algorithm in the leap-frog
 version, and the forces for pair interactions  greater than $r_{cut}$ are ignored. There are different ways
to take the non-analyticity of the potential at $r_{cut}$  into account. The most stable and energy conserving way
is to cut and shift the forces (SF) \cite{Tox2}, but most simulations are
 for cut and shifted potentials (SP). The extensive MD simulations
of homogeneous nucleation \cite{Diemand,Angelil} were performed for a SP cut with $r_{cut}= 5 \sigma$. The
  present simulations are for SF with  $r_{cut}= 5 \sigma$, and the SF ensures energy conservation even for billion of
time steps \cite{Tox3,Tox4} and  makes it possible to perform long  simulations (NVE) without a thermostat.

 The time averages of the NVE simulations corresponds to  microcanonical averages with
a constant energy. The dynamics can, however, be constrained to a  (mean)
 temperature (NVT), e.g by a Nos\'{e}-Hoover constraint (NH) \cite{Tox6}. Another way is simply to rescale the
velocities to a given mean value \cite{Diemand}. The MD are performed with a time increment $dt=0.01$
and the NH- MD with a "friction constant" $ \eta=0.05$. The sensitivity of  homogeneous nucleation with respect to
the values of  $dt$ and $ \eta$ was investigated in  \cite{toxcold}, where also  further MD technical details are given.

It is necessary to determine the distribution of  clusters and their temperatures   every
time step in order to obtain  the dynamics of nucleation. A cluster consists of particles with at least
two nearest neighbors (a "Stillinger criterion").
 The determination of clusters can be done without a significant increase in computer time \cite{toxcold}.

The thermostats are "intensive", by adjusting the kinetic energy of a particle to the mean kinetic energy proportional
to its excess kinetic energy and independent of its position.  For the big systems  with many  particles and with a few small nuclei the difference between
the mean temperature of $all$ the particles with and without a rescaling are tiny and a thermostat has no effect on the  nucleation.
But the intensive thermostats  differ from the way a real system is affected by a local excess of kinetic energy. The
succeeding droplet growth is associated with a significant release of latent heat and the droplets have a significant higher
temperature than the surrounding supercooled gas. The dissipation of the heat into the surrounding is affected
by an intensive thermostat, and with the consequence that NVE and NVT  simulations of droplet growth differ.

\section{Homogeneous nucleation below the triple point temperature}

Homogeneous nucleation by MD is a stochastic  process,
 and it is not possible to predict when the nucleation takes place.
The supersaturated gas can remain in the quasi-equilibrium state (QES) for very long time,
but sooner or later a critical nucleus appears and the system  phase separates. The degree of supersaturation
 $S$  at the temperature $T$ is given by the pressure $P$ or density $\rho$ in the QES state, $S=P/P_{eq} \approx \rho/ \rho_{eq}$,
where $P_{eq}$ and $\rho_{eq}$ are the pressure and gas density of coexisting (supercooled) liquid and gas at the same temperature.

 Most of the particles in the QES are  free and not bound to any other particles, but there are some dimers and  an exponential
declining distribution of  bigger clusters  \cite{toxcold}. A nucleation might appear when  a small  cluster grows and
reaches the critical nucleation size. Occasionally this event does not result in a nucleation, but most often
the growth continues. The dynamics of homogeneous nucleation can be separated into three time intervals: (I) the time where the system remains
in the QES with $\textit{sub-critical}$ $\textit{ clusters}$, (II) the time  interval where a sub-critical cluster grows to
$\textit{ a}$  $\textit{critical}$  $\textit{nucleus}$, and (III)
the state  after a stable  $\textit{droplet}$ is created and where it  grows   until
the system  reaches the equilibrium state of corresponding liquid and gas.

 The temperature of a successful sub-critical cluster fluctuates, and
 it is necessary to perform independent
nucleations in order to determine the mean behavior
of a nucleating  cluster.
 As in \cite{toxcold} we have performed 25 independent homogeneous nucleations. The simulations are
  at the temperature $T=0.50$ and $\rho=0.0040$,  and the data are
collected in Table I. This temperature is well below the triple point temperature $T_{tr.p.}=0.674$ of a LJ system,
and  the corresponding condensed state is the (fcc) crystal state.
 The QES with $\rho=0.0040$ is a supersaturated state with $S \approx 73$,
and is one of the  states also investigated by \cite{Diemand,Angelil} (T5n40). The present
data for nucleation agrees with theirs, also  with respect to the size of the critical nucleus: $n_{cl} \approx 18$.
$ $\\

{\bf Table 1}. Data for the homogeneous nucleation at $T=0.50$  and QES density $\rho=0.0040$.
$ $\\
 \begin{tabbing}
 \hspace{2.9 cm}\=\hspace{2. cm}\=\hspace{2. cm}\=\hspace{2. cm}\kill
 $t_{nucl. start}$ \> $ \Delta t_{nucl}$  \> $ T_{cl}$ \> $ n_{coor.no.}$ \\
 \end{tabbing}
 \begin{tabbing}
  \hspace{2.9 cm}\=\hspace{2. cm}\=\hspace{2. cm}\=\hspace{2 cm}\kill
 67000$_{\pm 43000}$ \> 1500$_{\pm 1000 }$ \> 0.486$_{\pm 8}$ \> 7.1$_{\pm 4}$ \\
 onset    \> 200 \> 0.467$_{\pm 19}$ \> 6.1$_{\pm 3}$ \\
 \end{tabbing}
$ $\\
$t_{nucl. start}$: mean time before a successful sub-critical cluster  appears.\\
 $ \Delta t_{nucl}$:  nucleation time for  this sub-critical cluster.\\
 $ T_{cl}$:   mean temperature of the
sub-critical cluster in  $ \Delta t_{nucl}$; and at onset of nucleation. \\
$ n_{coor.no.}$: the mean coordination number of a particle at the center of the sub-critical cluster.\\

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,angle=0]{Figure1.pdf}

\end{center}
\caption{Radial distribution $g(r)$ of particles in the droplet at the distance $r$ from the central particle in the droplet. The
green function is for  a small droplet just after the nucleation. The red curve is the distribution at the time where
the droplet has reach  a mean temperature equal to $T_{tr.p}$. The  magenta curve is $g(r)$ for a supercooled liquid at $T=0.5$ and
the blue curve is for a liquid at $T_{tr.p}$.}
\end{figure}

All 25 successful cold clusters nucleated to liquid-like droplets.
 A nucleating cluster  appears after  of the order 7 million time steps ($t_{nucl. start}= 67000_{\pm 43000}$)
and the growth to a critical nucleus  takes a mean time of $ \Delta t_{nucl}=1500_{\pm 1000 }$.
The mean temperature during nucleation confirms the observation in \cite{toxcold}, in fact the tendency is even more
pronounced  below the triple point temperature. It is a cold small
cluster, which performs the nucleation. The nucleating cluster starts the growth with a mean temperature $T=0.47$,
and the mean temperature during the growth from a small cluster with $n_{cl} \approx 5$
particles to  the critical size with  $n_{cr.cl} \approx 18$ is  $T=0.49$, and
below the QES temperature  $T=0.50$. The  mean coordination number $n_{coor.no.}=7$ of the
particle nearest the center of mass of the nucleus corresponds to a density $\rho \approx 0.60 $, which
is equal to the density of the critical cluster at a much higher temperature \cite{toxcold}, but significantly
below the bulk density of LJ liquid ( $\rho_{tr.p}(l)$ = 0.8 and   $\rho(l) $= 0.92 (extrapolated) at $T=0.50$) \cite{Baidakov}.
 The interior of the
25 critical nuclei with $\rho \approx 0.60 $  corresponds to a diluted liquid with only a weak ordering of a first coordination shell \cite{Tox5}.
Figure 1 shows the radial distribution of particles around the central particle for a small droplet (green line) together
with the corresponding distribution at  a later time with droplet growth (red line), and the distributions
in bulk liquid at the triple point (blue line) and for supercooled liquid at $T=0.50$ (magenta line). All four curves are for a
liquid like distribution and without lattice order.

 We have also performed nucleations at other  temperatures below $T_{tr. p.}$ and for other QES densities which
confirm the result that a  nucleation below the triple point temperature
 is initiated from a small cold cluster and nucleates, as a first step  to
a liquid-like nucleus without any lattice order.

\section{Droplet growth}

The  critical nucleation is followed by  a period with liquid  droplet growth. The growth is associated with a release of latent heat which
primarily increases the temperature in the droplet, but  subsequently dissipates into the  surrounding QES gas.
An example of the  temperature evolution is shown in Figure 2. The  two curves show the fluctuating temperature in the
droplet during the  nucleation and the succeeding growth of the liquid-like droplet.
The growth is without a thermostat (green curve) and with a Nose-Hoover thermostat (red curve). The temperature, $T_{droplet}$, of the fluid droplets
 increases dramatically and reaches $T_{droplet} \approx T_{tr.p.}$ after  $t \approx  31560$. The droplets remain, however, liquid-like during the
growth without a crystallization. The radial distribution of particles  around the central
particles in the droplet (NVE) at  $T_{droplet} \approx T_{tr.p.}$ is shown in Figure  1 (red curve).

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,angle=0]{Figure2.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Temperature evolution during nucleation and droplet growth  at $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.50$. The green  curve shows the
temperature  in the droplet as a function of nucleation time $t$ from the
time where the sub-critical cluster starts the growth  ($t_{start}=0$).
The red curve is  the  temperature evolution with NVT growth.
 The inset shows (green: NVE; red: NVT) the corresponding number of particles in the droplet, $n_{droplet}(t)$
 from the start and to the time  $t \approx 31560$,
where the temperature of the droplet exceeds $T_{tr. p.}=0.674$.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,angle=0]{Figure3.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{ Time  evolution of the mean number, $<n_{droplet}(t)>$, of particles
 in the droplets at $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.80$. The green curve is the mean of  25  simulations without a thermostat (NVE). The blue curve is the corresponding
mean growth, when  only the particles far away from the droplet are rescaled to maintain the temperature in  the QES gas.
 The red curve is the growth  for NVT  dynamics of the total system.
 The inset shows the corresponding temperature evolution during the NVE growth of a droplet. The green curve shows the
temperature in the droplet and the blue curve shows the temperature of
the  particles in the  gas far away from the droplet.
}
\end{figure}
 The intensive thermostat affects, however, the growth rate. The inset in Figure 2 shows the two growth and they
differ already shortly after the nucleation. The latent heat dissipates slowly into the QES gas and establishes a temperature
gradient at the droplet. The NVT simulation removes kinetic energy of a particle proportional
to its excess temperature by which  the temperature gradient is reduced. The growth is faster for a lower temperature of
the droplet,  and this fact
 explains the (nonphysical) enhanced  droplet growth by NVT simulations.

 The latent heat dissipates into the surrounding supersaturated
gas.  A  "final size" effect of the NVE simulations, due to the periodical boundaries, appears,  when the
temperature gradient exceeds half of the box length $l$. The entire system is then heated up.
 When the temperature, shown in Figure 2,   exceeds the triple point temperature,  the droplet has heated up
the gas of  particles,
 located more than $l/2$ away from the center of the droplet, from $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.50$ to $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.53$.

 The impact of the released  latent
heat on droplet growth is of course not limited to growth below the triple point temperature.
Figure 3 shows the corresponding temperature evolution by droplet growth at a supersaturated
gas with the temperature $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.80$.
  The green curve with rms deviations is the mean of the twentyfive
 independent droplet growth and without a thermostat (NVE), and the red and blue curves are for different NVT dynamics. The red curve
is the growth when the velocities for all 40000 particles   are rescaled  every time step to  $T=0.80$  \cite{Diemand}, and the blue
curve is the growth, when only the velocities of the   particles outside a sphere with radius  $r_{sph}=l/2$ are rescaled.
The inset in the figure shows the temperature in a droplet (green curve) together with the
temperature $T_{\textrm{QES}}$ in the gas far away from the droplet (blue line) at the NVE simulation. The
total system begins to be heated up already after $\approx$ 200000 time steps ($t=2000$).

The intensive thermostats reduce the local excess kinetic energy and thereby  the temperature   in the droplet and the  temperature gradient
between the droplet and the QES state.
 The  consequence of the lower excess temperature in the droplet and
 the supersaturated  gas nearby is, that the NVT growth is faster because a  particle, which collides with the droplet, has an
increased ability to be attached to the droplet.

 The system size  and the supersaturation in the present simulations are chosen in order to ensure that there appears only one
critical nucleus and droplet.
The released latent heat is proportional to the number of growing droplets, which for a given supersaturation is
proportional to the volume of the MD system, given by the number $N$ of simulated particles. So the artifact of
 an intensive thermostat is not removed by increasing the size of the system. If one e.g. increases the system size (
length of the box) by a factor of two, i.e. increases $N$ with a factor of eight and the volume with a factor of four,
 one also increases the probability of obtaining a  critical nucleus and a subsequent release of latent heat by a factor of four.

    Almost all MD  (and Monte Carlo (MC)) simulations of
droplet growth are NVT simulations with intensive thermostats which enhance the growth, and in an nonphysical way.

\subsection{Droplet growth at less supersaturation}

The supersaturation $S=73$  for   $T_{\textrm{QES}}=0.50$
is  higher than the supersaturations in experiments of nucleation in  Argon \cite{Schweizer},
 and it is much higher than in a supercooled gas  in nature.
The released latent heat dissipates into the surrounding and establish a temperature gradient between the growing droplet and the  gas.
The total temperature difference between the droplet and the QES state for  $S=73$
 is given by the difference between the green and blue curves in the inset of Figure 3.
The droplet growth is   slower at a low supersaturation.   The consequence of this fact is,  that the released heat has a longer time to
dissipate  into the surrounding gas and with  a smaller temperature gradient between the growing droplet and the  gas far away.
It is difficult to investigate homogeneous nucleation at a low supersaturation, because the nucleation time increases exponentially
with decreasing supersaturation.
But the size of the critical nucleus  varies, however, only a little with the degree of supersaturation \cite{Diemand},
 and this fact makes it possible
to investigate droplet growth at a low supersaturation.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,angle=0]{Figure4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Droplet growth  for different QES densities obtained by NVE dynamics. The red curve is for $\rho_{\textrm{QES}}=0.0040$; blue curve: $\rho_{\textrm{QES}}=0.0030$;
 and green curve: $\rho_{\textrm{QES}}=0.0020$. The inset shows the corresponding temperature evolutions in the droplets.}
\end{figure}

 The supersaturation is
reduced by  removing gas particle  randomly in the  gas around   the critical nucleus, once it is created.
The supersaturation is reduced to  a density $\rho=0.0030$ with $S=0.55$ and  $\rho=0.0020$ with $S=0.37$, respectively.
The droplet growth is shown in Figure 4.
The temperature in the droplet remains well below the triple point temperature for a  supersaturation $S=0.37$ (green curve), but without a crystallization
within the first  $t=10000$ time   of droplet growth, which
 corresponds to a growth time of
$\approx 1 \mu s$ for droplet growth in supersaturated Argon.
 At the time $t=10000$ the droplet with $S=37$ (green curve) contains
$n_{droplet} \approx 600 $ particles without crystallizing and despite  the fact,
 that the interior of the droplet has a bulk liquid-like mean density.
The droplet was followed for another time $t=10000$ where it continued the growth without  a crystallization.

\subsection{Crystallization of supercooled LJ droplets}

 The   vitrification and crystallization
  of nanodroplets    has been the subject of great interest for long times  \cite{Bal}.
All MD (and MC) simulations of crystallization in LJ nanodroplets have been for NVT simulations \cite{Tanaka1,Polak,Voivod,Malek}. Some of the simulated
crystallizations of nanodroplets of LJ particles have, however, been for droplets at low vapor densities and  without growth
\cite{Polak,Voivod,Malek}. The crystallization of the nanodroplets shows a complex lattice  order,
 but it is unclear, whether the  release of latent heat by crystallization might affect the crystallization.
The debate in the literature has been, whether the crystallization is obtained as a crystallization
 in the bulk part of the droplet or is surface initiated \cite{Djikaev1,Li}.

\section{Summary}
 The thermodynamic stable state for condensed matter below the triple point temperature is a crystalline state. Never the
less the homogeneous nucleation in a supersaturated gas of LJ particles  at a temperature below the triple point temperature is to a
liquid-like critical nucleus \cite{Tanaka1,Diemand,Voivod,Malek}. The present constant energy simulations show that 25 independent nucleations
at a low temperature, $T=0.50$, well below the triple point temperature all
are initiated by a small cold cluster and nucleate to  liquid-like droplets.  The droplets remain liquid-like for a long time before
they crystallize.

 The supercooled  liquid-like glass state is one of the quasi-equilibrium states at low temperature \cite{Debenedetti} and the
  homogeneous nucleation  to a liquid-like state  is in accordance with-, and an extension of Ostwald's step rule for phase change to a condensed  state for
a system with   polymorphism. \cite{Ostwald}.

The present MD simulations show, that the release of latent heat at the phase change affects the growth of the new phase. All simulated homogeneous  nucleations
 are with an intensive thermostat,
which suppresses the temperature gradients at the growing droplets and enhances the growth. It is, however, possible to
conserve energy in   a big MD system and for long times  by a correct treatment of the potential \cite{Tox2,Tox3,Tox4}, and
 simulations of homogeneous nucleation and droplet growth should be without  thermostats, since nucleation and growth in nature are at constant energy.

The classical nucleation theory  for homogeneous nucleation and the succeeding droplet growth are in general formulated
as a non-equilibrium reaction, but at a constant temperature. The present simulations reveal, that this is not correct for
the actual supersaturations considered in the MD (and MC) simulations. The  temperature
of the droplets during
the growth  will, however, deviate less from the surrounding
 gas state for less supersaturations, and the classical nucleation theory might
be considered as a limit law for homogeneous nucleation  at small supersaturations.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The center for viscous liquid dynamics 'Glass and Time'
is sponsored by the Danish National Research Foundation
(DNRF).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Home > Resources > Articles > Twitter admits phone numbers meant for security used for ads
Twitter admits phone numbers meant for security used for ads
October 9, 2019 | 150 views
Twitter on Tuesday apologized after "inadvertently" using phone numbers and email addresses for advertising even though the personal data was provided for account security. Twitter users' phone numbers and email addresses submitted to allow for account authentication were matched with advertisers' own data to enable targeted ads. "When you provided an email address or phone number for safety or security purposes this data may have inadvertently been used for advertising purposes," Twitter said in an online post. None of the user data was shared with partners outside the company, and it was unclear how many people were affected,the San Francisco-based company said.
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Does it mean that the person started watching TV sometime before and still watching it or the person started watching TV sometime before and has stopped watching it? does it mean something else rather than my options?
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Across the Bar is a publication of the San Joaquin County Bar Association, providing local legal news, educational content, and information about Bar Association events.
Remote First Impressions Program
The San Joaquin County Bar Association and the San Joaquin County Office of Education present A Remote First Impressions Program for fifth graders countywide. Materials are available via You Tube and an online document repository so that any teacher can access the program. Even home-schoolers can participate in the program as they will have access as well. Just click on the links in the flyer to access the materials. Thank you for your support of the First Impressions Program.
MCLE Self-Study: California Rules of Professional Conduct Overhauled
The State Bar of California's new and amended Rules of Professional Conduct took effect November 1, 2018—the first overhaul in nearly 30 years. Sixty-nine approved rules replace the 46 that previously governed the conduct of California's more than 250,000 licensed attorneys. The changes seek to align California's rules with legal standards across the country. Previously, California was the only state that did not base its rules on the American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduc...
MCLE Self Study: Implications of E-Discovery in California
E-discovery: what is it, where is it, and (if it doesn't help our case), why do we care? The California State Bar has opined that an attorney may violate ethical duties of competence by failing to understand and perform e-discovery.1 The Committee Opinion set out a list of nine e-discovery tasks that "attorneys handling e-discovery should be able to perform (either by themselves or in association with competent counsel or expert consultants)." They include: Initially assess e-discovery needs and...
Under Oath: Ellen Schwarzenberg
Under Oath
Ellen Schwarzenberg is an attorney with the Office of the Public Defender.
Q. What is your idea of perfect happiness?
A. Oh my! Being in a state of serenity. A quiet place with a good book.
Q. What is your greatest fear?
A. Loneliness; not being vital or engaged.
Q. What is the trait you most deplore in yourself?
A. I'm restless, but I guess it can be good or bad.
Urgent Request: Veterans Treatment Court Needs Veteran Mentors
The Veterans Treatment Court of San Joaquin County is looking for veterans of the Armed Services to serve as volunteer mentors for veterans who are in Veterans Treatment Court. A major component of this treatment program is for veterans to be paired with their volunteer mentors, meet during the once-a-month court session, and have one or more contacts via telephone or e-mail during the week. The goal is for the mentor to help support the veteran in his or her treatment toward the goal of successful completion and graduation from the program at the end of the 12- to 18-month term.
First Impressions Mock Trial Program Approaches its Twentieth Year!
By now, most of you have either participated in the First Impressions Mock Trial Program or at least have heard of it. It is a civics education program brought to fifth graders to teach them about the three branches of government, focusing on the judicial branch, and culminating with a mock trial in the courtroom where the students play the judge, attorneys, jurors, witnesses, courtroom clerk, and bailiff.
AB 5 - California Legislature Weighs in on the Dynamex Decision Regarding California Independent Contractors
On September 18, 2019, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed Assembly Bill No. 5 (AB 5) into law. The law provides clarification as to when California workers can by classified independent contractors rather than employees of the hiring company.
Judicial Fairness Coalition Engages to Educate
The Judicial Fairness Coalition (JFC) was established by the California Judges Association in 2018 to respond to false and unfair criticism against judges and the judiciary. The JFC's over 75 members include judges, attorneys, law professors, and major Bar Associations like the California Lawyers Association (CLA), whose membership exceeds 100,000. The American Board of Trial Advocates (ABOTA), with national membership, also participates in the JFC.
Saving Lives and Saving Money: Collaborative Courts Make A Difference
LaFonda was referred to San Joaquin County Superior Court's Parole Reentry Collaborative Court because of her parole violations and her high treatment needs. She was referred to several residential treatment programs and had run away from all of them. As she was in custody for her latest violation, her frustrated case manager opined that she was "unamenable" and her participation in this collaborative court should be terminated. The case manager had no new ideas, except to suggest that LaFonda spend three weeks in jail before trying a fourth program.
The SJCBA is finishing up 2019 in a strong position. Revenue exceeded projections and expenses were under budget. The New Lawyers Reception in February was a great opportunity for members to mix and mingle, hear an inspiring speech from Judge Vlavianos about Collaborative Courts (there's more on that topic in this ATB issue), meet San Joaquin County's newly sworn-in attorneys, and fete Outstanding New Lawyer awardee, Michael Lay.
It has been my pleasure for more than a decade to serve as a member of the Across the Bar Committee and, since 2011, as the editor of Across the Bar. After nearly eight years at the helm of the San Joaquin County Bar Association's official magazine, I am following in George Washington's footsteps and bringing my term to a close.
Looking Back & Moving Forward
MEMBER SURVEY AND CONTEST
Current members of the SJCBA received a brief survey earlier this month. Please take a few minutes to complete it and provide the SJCBA with your opinions. This association belongs to you. The survey is anonymous and won't take long to complete. After you complete it, you can enter a drawing to win your next year's SJCBA membership for free!
Respecting Gender Identity in the Workplace
Each of us has a gender identity—deeply held internal sense of being male, female, or something in between. A transgender person is someone whose sex assigned to them at birth is different from their gender identity.1 Today, transgender people may undergo a "transition" process whereby they align their sex and gender identity through a series of social, legal, and medical steps. Medical professionals and associations like the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA) widely agree that a person's gender status is innate and biological, and that transitioning is often medically necessary to achieve healthy outcomes.
Drivon School of Law Offering Course in Law and Public Policy for Lawyers and Students
Today's law practice requires understanding the connections between law, public policy, and legislation. This summer, the Drivon School of Law at Humphreys is offering a course entitled The Law & Public Policy, which is being taught by former State Assemblymember Greg Aghazarian and Dr. Lawrence Giventer.
Thomas Keeling Receives the 2019 Law Day Award
Law Day is a day set aside nationally each year to celebrate the rule of law. It provides an opportunity to understand how law and the legal process protect our liberty, strive to achieve justice, and contribute to the freedoms that all Americans share. Each year, the SJCBA selects a community member who represents the ideals that Law Day celebrates.
The 2019 Law Day Award was presented to Tom Keeling at a lunch on April 30 at the Stockton Golf and Country Club. Tom is a partner at The Freeman Firm and a California State Bar Certified Appellate Law Specialist.
Young Lawyers Section Awards $5,000 in Hon. Franklin Stephenson Scholarships
Each year, the Young Lawyers Section of the SJCBA raises money to provide scholarships to students who plan to become lawyers. The funds are given in the name of the Honorable Franklin Stephenson, who had a passion for law and education.
This year, the Young Lawyers sponsored a Stockton Ports baseball game at Banner Island to raise scholarship funds for this year's scholarship recipients. Judge Stephenson's son, Jordan, threw out the first pitch. The successful event was sponsored by Speed Dry Carpet Cleaning and the following law offices and lawyers: Carillo-Davalos Attorneys at Law; the Law Offices of Armando Villapudua; Smith & Johnson Law; the Bogan Law Firm; the Law Offices of Charles L. Hastings; attorney Natali Ron; and the law firm of Hakeem, Ellis, and Marengo.
Introducing the New Supervising Probate Court Attorney
A few months into her new job in Department 11A, Across the Bar reviews Sabrina Schneweis-Coe's path to her new role as Supervising Probate Attorney in the Superior Court of San Joaquin County's Probate Department.
Sabrina was a Dean's List graduate from CSU- Sacramento in 1996 before enrolling at McGeorge School of Law, where she tutored first-year students and represented clients as a certified law student in family law, probate, estate planning, bankruptcy, and landlord-tenant law. After graduating with distinction, she began her career at a small boutique firm in Sacramento before opening her own Lodi practice in 2002.
Under Oath: Anthony Gutierrez
Anthony Gutierrez has been an SJCBA Member since 1980. Now retired from practice, he is a former member of the San Joaquin County Board of Education.
Q. Definition of perfect happiness?
A. On the Santa Cruz beach with family and friends.
Q. Greatest fear?
A. For me, any harm to my grandchildren. For the world, people failing to live together in peace.
Q. Trait you dislike in yourself?
A. I worry too much about things. My family calls me a worry wart!
Federal Overtime Regulations to be Updated in 2020
Employers across the country were preparing for a big change to Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") regulations regarding employee exemption in December 2016. The new rule would have increased the minimum salary employers must pay to exempt employees—those who perform primary duties that classify them as "executive," "administrative," "professional," "outside sales," or "computer"—from $455 per week ($23,660 per year for full-time employees) to $913 per week ($47,476 per year for full-time employees).
2019 New Lawyers Reception
February 5th at the Bank of Stockton Headquarters
The Bank of Stockton hosted a reception on February 5 to recognize the newest members of the legal profession in San Joaquin County. Attorneys who passed the 2018 California State Bar Exam gathered with more than 125 lawyers, judges, elected officials, Bank of Stockton leaders and family at the Bank of Stockton headquarters on Miner Avenue.
The Only Constant Is Change
Your San Joaquin County Bar Association engaged in needed house cleaning over the past eighteen months. Having re-established a strong foundation on which to build, it is time to focus on maximizing member value and long-term stability. Over the next few months, some of the goals and activities it is pursuing include:
President's Message: 1st Quarter 2019
I am excited to usher in 2019 with our first issue of Across the Bar. This new year brings new laws, and within this edition of ATB your San Joaquin County Bar Association has done its best to provide information you need to stay up to date in your practice. Past board member Gregory Meath's article on the new Rules of Professional Responsibility provides comprehensive updates to the rules, and includes the option of gaining MCLE self-study credit. The New Laws Every Lawyer Needs to Know by our editor Michael Tener gives our members a quick and useful read.
Under Oath: Judge Richard Vlavianos
Q. What is your idea of happiness?
A. The key is being happy with what you have and not wanting anything more. If I won the lottery, I wouldn't quit my job. I love what I do. Sometimes I can't believe I get paid for this.
A. I could be less spontaneous.
Interspousal Deeds: Are They Effective Transmutations?
Does execution of a quitclaim deed or interspousal transfer grant deed constitute a valid transmutation of property from community property into separate property of one spouse?
It is widely understood by family law attorneys that under Family Code section 760, except as otherwise provided by statute, any property acquired during the marriage is presumed to be community property. What if spouses purchase property together, but then one party executes a quitclaim or interspousal transfer grant deed during the marriage, waiving his or her interest in that property and thereby granting it to the other spouse?
New Laws Every Civil Lawyer Needs to Know
With the beginning of a new year, a number of new laws affecting civil procedure have taken effect.1 Some of the most important are summarized below2 :
2018 Outstanding New Lawyer Michael K. Lay
Sing, O Muse, the striving heroes humble
Who spend themselves for others to protect
Like Gideon's small force, or Leonidas',
With weaker force the stronger force oppose,
But strive as Portia, armed with law and wit;
Who take on hard quests unsung and many
And who persevere in the face of scorn;
Who cast not stones but justice seek for those
Accused, as did Daniel for Susana.
SJCBA Year-in-Review
New Lawyers Reception February 13, 2018 at the Bank of Stockton Headquarters The Bank of Stockton hosted a reception on February 13 honoring the newest members of the legal profession in San Joaquin County. Attorneys who passed the 2017 California State Bar Exam gathered with more than 125 family members, veteran lawyers, and judges at the Bank of Stockton headquarters on Miner Avenue in Stockton. The keynote speaker for the evening was the Honorable Consuelo Maria Callahan, judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Heather Rubino, the San Joaquin County Bar Association's president-elect, was presented the 2017 Outstanding New Lawyers Award by 2016 recipient Jamie Bossuat. Law Day Luncheon May 1, 2018 at the Stockton Golf & Country Club The 2018 Law Day Luncheon was held on May 1 at the Stockton Golf and Country Club. The 2018 Law Day Award recipient was the Honorable Robin Appel, San Joaquin County Superior Court Judge.
Veterans Treatment Court: Mentors Needed
February 2, 2015 marked the commencement of San Joaquin County's first Veterans Treatment Court. Now in operation more than three-and-a-half years, we have had six graduations with 36 graduates. We expect to graduate 10 more at the next graduation in April of 2019, which will be our largest graduating class to date.
Veterans Treatment Court is held on the first Monday of each month, from 9:30 a.m.-noon in Department 10-D. There are usually about 25 veteran defendants in "Vet Court" at any given time.
New Rule of Professional Conduct 1.2.1 and the Cannabis Lawyer: A Dilemma Unresolved?
How do California's revised Rules of Professional Conduct affect the ethical dilemma of a lawyer who is asked to provide legal services to a cannabis enterprise?
The revised rules include a new Rule 1.2.1, which essentially follows the language of American Bar Association ("ABA") Model Rule 1.2 (d) and makes it unethical for a lawyer to "assist a client in conduct that the lawyer knows is criminal, fraudulent or a violation of any law..." Although the laws of California and many other states have become more lenient with respect to cannabis—including by the passage of Proposition 64, which allowed the recreational use of cannabis beginning on January 1, 2018—new Rule 1.2.1 may make the lawyer's ethical position more difficult.
Under Oath: Christopher Eley
Chris and I met at a coffee shop on a beautiful morning. We spent a moment catching up and then dove into to the questions.
A. "Hummm…. Can it include chocolate?" He joked. Staring across the room he pondered over the question as I sipped my tea. "I believe it requires balance. That tends to be a problem with lawyers today; to be useful in the law and still trying to have a full life outside of the office. I think most of us struggle with that, and the struggle is always changing."
There is a whiteboard on my office wall that lists the areas I am focusing on as I begin serving as the executive director of your Bar Association.
First is fiscal responsibility and sustainability. Your Bar can't do anything if it doesn't have resources. Members should feel confident that the Bar is working as efficiently and effectively as possible. The Board of Governors and members are entitled clear information about revenue, expenses, reserves, and other needed information.
President's Message: 4th Quarter 2018
"I feel a very unusual sensation—if it is not indigestion, I think it must be gratitude." —Benjamin Disraeli
As my year as president comes to a close, I am reflecting back on a year that brought us tremendous change and impressive improvement to the operations of the San Joaquin County Bar Association and the San Joaquin County Bar Foundation. I am extremely proud of what we have wrought. And I have great hope for continuing improvement in our operations, in our service to the community, and in our benefit to membership.
Annual Meeting Recap
On November 14, 2018, several members of the legal community ventured out into the smoke-filled air and gathered at the University Plaza Waterfront Hotel for the San Joaquin County Bar Association's ("SJBCA") 78th Annual Meeting and Luncheon.
Outgoing SJCBA President Michael Norton welcomed everyone to the event and, as they ate lunch, the audience got to enjoy a slideshow memorializing many of the events the Bar Association sponsored during the year.
Yes, You Do Have to Get Fingerprinted - Again
When you applied to be admitted as a member of the California State Bar, you were required to be fingerprinted and to have those fingerprints forwarded to the State Bar. Business and Professions Code section 6054 requires the Bar to maintain those prints in a law enforcement database, so that the State Bar disciplinary unit can be notified of members' arrests. That did not happen. Past "administrative failures" are blamed for the fact that the State Bar did not ensure th...
Under Oath: Jason Chong
Q. What is your idea of perfect happiness? A. "I was actually thinking about this one as I was driving here! I had to be prepared," he joked. "But, I guess I don't set the standard too high. Just being alive with no major worries about finances, health, family. That's happiness. I look at people around the world in much worse situations and it's hard to wish for more than I have. I have enough." Q. What is your greatest fear? A. "My greatest fear?" He sat back and pondered a litt...
President's Message: 3rd Quarter 2018
Like it or not, our society is shifting toward more and more politicization of our courts. From the gyrations and machinations of our senators' Supreme Court confirmation hearings to the voter recall of California Superior Court trial judges, no judicial officer can assume that she or he is immune from the swirling winds of politics and the hot wind of politicians. One decision that offends, bewilders or confuses the body politic can be enough to cause a jurist to be sucked into a vortex of name...
Employment Law Roundup
Hiring and Promotions
Much like the Hollywood movie season, this summer saw a number of "blockbuster" employment law decisions that you may have missed while on vacation. The summer kicked off with two big decisions from the Supreme Courts of California and the United States. First, in Dynamex Operations W. v. Superior Court1, the California Supreme Court set forth a new set of rules for determining whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor for the purposes of wage and hour claims (e.g. unpaid minimum...
Time Flies as Things are Getting Done
It's amazing to me to think that I have now been with the San Joaquin County Bar Association as interim executive director for over six months! Originally, we talked about it taking perhaps 90-120 days to evaluate processes, fill some openings, and help the Board of Governors with their selection of a permanent director. However, what has occurred since, and the challenges we have faced and overcome, are also things to really reflect upon and appreciate. We also need to recognize and appreciate ...
Under Oath: John Soldati
John Soldati is a commissioner of the Superior Court of California, San Joaquin County. As of press time, Commissioner Soldati is awaiting certification of the results of the June 5, 2018 election in which he is the apparent victor of the race to become the newest judge of that court. John and I met for coffee near the courthouse following his morning calendar. He was punctual, cheerful and ready for the questions! Q. What is your idea of perfect happiness? A. "Do I have to answer these really q...
Civility in Your Law Practice
Many staff and some attorneys may not be aware of the California Bar Association's Guidelines of Civility and Professionalism, which were adopted in 2009. The Guidelines are intended "to protect the public and promote respect and confidence in the legal profession." While they are directed to attorneys, it is good practice for office staff to be mindful of these standas as well. The Guidelines' goal is to foster a level of civility and professionalism that exceeds the minimum requirements of the...
2018 Law Day Award Recipient, The Honorable Robin Appel
Were I limited to a single word to describe Robin, it would be "remarkable." It represents the essence of what defines her and is based on the comments received from her colleagues, attorneys, children, mother, siblings, and friends. The most difficult aspect of writing this article was reducing it to a manageable size, considering the accolades bestowed on Robin upon her receipt of the 2018 Law Day Award. As a single mother for most of her daughters' lives, Robin was a chauffer, nurse, teacher,...
ABLE Accounts: Five Things You Need to Know
President Obama signed the ABLE (Achieving a Better Life Experience) Act into law on December 19, 2014, yet ABLE accounts remain unknown and underutilized. An ABLE account is a tax-advantaged savings account for individuals with disabilities under Internal Revenue Code section 529A. Millions of individuals with disabilities and their families depend on a wide variety of public benefits for income, health care, and food and housing assistance. Eligibility for these public benefits (e.g., SSI, Med...
I opened my private practice after graduating law school and passing the California bar exam. I made a conscious decision to go solo at the time, and I was going to make it work no matter what. With support of my husband and family, I plunged into the world of a solo practitioner. I learned and grew a lot since that time and would like to provide some advice about choosing to go and remain solo. The Practice of Law As a solo practitioner, you do not have a senior partner or a colleague next door...
People v. Sanchez and Family Court
One of the most landmark cases related to evidence to come down in years, People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665 established new limits on an expert's ability to testify as to hearsay statements relied on in forming his opinion. How does this affect a family law case? Many family law cases involve the use of experts, such as financial experts, pension experts, etc. This article will focus primarily, however, on how Sanchez could affect the manner in which testimony is received from a Child Cust...
Under Oath: Jayne Lee
Q. What is your idea of perfect happiness? A. "Spending time with family and appreciating what I have as opposed to longing for that 'thing' in the future. Tomorrow is elusive, appreciate today." Q. What is your greatest fear? A. "Well, I have two fears," she admitted. "The first is if something terrible happened to my family." "And the second?" I inquired. "I'm also afraid of the zombie apocalypse. So my greatest fear would be something terrible happening to my family during the zom...
New Laws Affecting Civil Procedure in San Joaquin County
The Legislature and the courts introduced numerous statutes and rules affecting civil practice that went into effect at the beginning of this year. While the volume of changes is much too large to cover comprehensively in a single article, the following are eight of the most significant ones governing civil procedure in this county. 1. Scheduling ex parte hearings Civil ex parte hearings are again being scheduled through the clerk for the department in which the matter will be heard, rather than...
2017 Outstanding New Lawyer Heather Rubino
When Heather Rubino was 14 years old, she was featured in an article with accompanying photos in the Stockton Record sports page. She had bowled a perfect 300 game, for which she was honored with a special ring and a patch. Fast forward to 2018 and Heather is again being honored, but this time as the San Joaquin County Bar Association Outstanding New Lawyer. There is a common thread between these two events. Both honors are the result of Heather's skill, strength and focus. And it is those attri...
Transfer on Death Deeds in California
The most common means of transferring real property upon death of the owner are three well-known methods: (1) holding property in joint tenancy or as community property with right of survivorship, (2) a living trust, or (3) a will. However, in 2016, a lesser-known alternative to keep a decedent's home out of probate became available to Californians: the revocable transfer on death or "TOD" deed, a simple and inexpensive way to transfer real property to a beneficiary in California. Including Cali...
New Employment Laws for 2018
A new year brings new legislation. Below are some of the new employment laws in California that attorneys, employers, and employees may find particularly interesting. All of the laws described below went into effect January 1, 2018. S.B. 63 – California New Parent Leave Act Employers that have at least 20 employees within 75 miles of a worksite must provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks of job-protected parental leave in order to bond with a new child within one year of the child's birt...
A Much-Appreciated Opportunity
I have been accused by family and friends of not being serious every time I tell them I am going to retire. Since I have retired several times, perhaps they are right. I've been very fortunate in my lifetime to do a wide variety of positive and exciting things. However, I say sincerely that being asked to head the San Joaquin County Bar Association and Foundation as interim director ranks way up there on top of that list. I'm thankful and humbled for the opportunity. I had been retired the most ...
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Lindsay Dee Lohan
New York City, New York, USA
Lindsay Lohan Trivia
Fronted her first official ad campaign in the U.K., posing in second-hand clothes for the 2008 Visa Swap fashion event.
Had her mug shot used in a full-page black-and-white ad by the American Beverage Institute to rail against a petition by activists to try and get a breathalyzer installed in every car in America (May 2008).
Included in People magazine's annual "50 Most Beautiful People" list by April 2005.
Refused to play the character Regina in "Mean Girls" (2004) because she felt fans would perceive her as arrogant.
Has a good relationship with Paris Hilton and Ashlee Simpson.
Is allergic to blueberries.
Wears a size 9 shoe.
Was originally offered the role of Penny in "Inspector Gadget" (1999) but turned it down.
Recreated Marilyn Monroe's "The Last Sitting" for New York Magazine's February 25, 2008 issue.
Is of Italian and Irish descent.
She is a 'straight A' student at school and is skillful at math and science.
Was included in Mr. Blackwell's 46th, 47th, and 48th annual Worst Dressed Women Lists.
Chosen the 2nd in a poll conducted by In Touch Weekly Magazine of Hollywood's Hottest Redheads (September 2007).
Had her waxwork, on display in Madame Tussauds Wax Museum in NYC's Times Square, dressed in a prison chic following her second DUI arrest in a month on July 24, 2007.
Ranked 3rd on Forbes Magazine's Hollywood's Top Earning Stars Under 21 list in 2007, made $6 million during the year 2006.
Voted the 6th World's Most Eligible Bachelorette by FHM Magazine in February 2007.
Ranked 2nd in a poll conducted by Star Magazine on the 50 Most Annoying People of 2006.
Chosen 6th on the poll of the Most Wanted Star Hairstyles conducted by In Touch Magazine in November 2006.
Was crowned Coolest Party Girl at Life & Style Magazine's 2nd Stylemaker's Awards, held on September 14, 2006 in Los Angeles.
Said in an interview in the September 2006 issue of Elle Magazine that she is willing to go to Iraq with Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton and entertain American troops there.
She has becoming the youngest person to host an MTV Movie Award show, and also the first host to win an award, which she got for "Freaky Friday" (2003) (June 5, 2004).
Had her name included in Yahoo's annual list of Popular Search Terms three years in succession, 2005, 2006, and 2007.
Included in Maxim Magazine's annual Hot 100 list of the Most Successful Women of the Year in Film, Television, Music, Sports and Fashion, ranked 4th in 2005 and 3rd the following year.
Had her orange Hermes handbag returned, with no property was taken, after it was stolen at London's Heathrow airport on September 7, 2006.
Gave up her role in both "A Woman of No Importance" (2008) and "The Edge of Love" (2008).
Made the list of "The Sexiest Stars Under The Sun" compiled by Life & Style Magazine in May 2007 for being the Hottest in Hollywood.
Had her 21st birthday party sponsored by Svedka Vodka despite the fact that she had problems with drink in the past and becoming a member of Alcohol Anonymous (AA).
Accidentally revealed a little too much of her breast at the 5th annual Ten Fashion Show held in Hollywood on Feb 28, 2006.
Named Hollywood's Style Queen of the Year by American magazine Us Weekly in April 2007.
Chosen to be the face of designer Jill Stuart's fall collection (April 2007).
Voted the 2nd Unhealthy Celeb according to a poll by healthy living brand Lime in March 2007.
Has worked as a model for Abercrombie & Fitch Kids (A&F Kids) and Calvin Klein Kids.
Caught lip syncing on Good Morning America earlier in 2005, which fact can be found on several download and media sites.
Released a statement through her representative January 17, 2007, confirming the fact that she has checked herself into rehab, the posh Wonderland Center in Los Angeles.
Named the Trainwreck Of The Year in US men's magazine Blender's 2006 Readers' Poll.
Went under the knife on January 4, 2007 to have surgery to remove her appendix.
Voted the No. 6 Best Dressed Female in a poll conducted by American publication Life & Style in December 2006.
Has been tapped to model Miuccia Prada's Miu Miu line's Spring 2007 ads.
Ranked 4th on Film Threat's annual list of "Frigid 50: The Coldest People in Hollywood" in November 2006.
Was rushed to St. Vincent's Hospital in New York after slipping and falling at the city's Milk Studios during a New York Fashion Week event on Sept 15th, 2006.
Has been voted Celebrity with Biggest Ego in the poll conducted by Teen People in October 2005.
Included in Teen People's list of the "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" (May 2005).
Got overheated and dehydrated while filming "Georgia Rule" (2007) and was taken to an L.A. hospital early morning on July 26th, 2006.
Signed a $2 million worth deal to become the spokesperson for America's best-selling acne treatment Proactiv Solution.
Was given the Kabbalah name "Rose" by famous pop singer and Kabbalah devotee Madonna and so her name becomes "Lindsay Lohan Rose" (July 2006).
Marked her 20th birthday with a huge party by the beach in Malibu which cost nearly �55,000.
Revealed in the new issue of Harper's Bazaar, on newsstands June 20, 2006 that her fantasy isn't to start her own clothing line but to open an exclusive Paris boutique filled with designer clothing.
Was reported to have spent more than $1 million on clothes and accessories last year, because of which she has to seek help from a hypnotist to end her penchant to spend money (June 2006).
Has become the youngest ever waxwork at the famed Madame Tussaud's museum in New York City (April 2006).
Once was treated at a London hospital after cutting her leg in an accident at Bryan Adams' home (February, 2006).
Is the number one actress in Teen People's list of Power-Wielding Players in Young Hollywood, earning over 7 million dollar per movie (August, 2005).
Has been one of the 11 young stars under age 25 to be mentioned one of World's 100 Most Powerful Celebrities by Forbes Magazine in January 2006.
She was 2003's 5th Hottest Teen Female Star.
Has been one of the participants of the annual Red Dress Collection held by The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in February 2006.
Made a tattoo inscribed the word of Breathe on her wrist by January 2006 to remind her of the asthma attack she has had earlier.
Experienced an asthma attack that caused her to be taken to a hospital (January 2nd, 2006).
Early in 2006, in a tell-all interview with Vanity Fair, Lohan revealed that she once tried drugs and battled bulimia, but later denied that she experienced the eating disorder a week later.
Her most favorite food is sushi.
Lohan enjoys her spare time swimming, playing basketball, shopping, singing, reading, writing, gymnastics, collecting Beanie Babies, roller-blading, and playing with her siblings Aliana, Dakota and Michael Lohan.
She's been hospitalized for two times in less than a year. The 1st was last year while filming "Herbie: Fully Loaded" (2005), while the 2nd was after working 17 hours on her movie "Just My Luck" (2005).
She confessed on "Last Call with Carson Daly" (2002) that she fell asleep during the premiere of "The Parent Trap" (1998).
At age 7, she got to dress as garbage ("Things You Find on the Bottom of the Subway") for a Halloween skit on "Late Show with David Letterman" (1993).
She is involved in charity projects, such as "The Carol M. Baldwin Breast Cancer Foundation," "Save the Children," "The United Cerebral Palsy Association," and her own charity organization "Dream Come True."


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November 1999, Volume 53, No. 11 ›
Smart Packaging Adds a Dimension to Safety
‹ November 1999, Volume 53, No. 11
Fran Katz
As consumers require more minimally processed foods, the interest in "smart" packaging increases. At this year's IFT Annual Meeting, several papers looked at the various aspects of packaging related to food safety. At the same time, patents are beginning to proliferate on the subject of "smart" packages,
Such packages may exhibit several varieties of intelligence. Antimicrobial materials can be introduced into packaging polymers or onto the surface of containers; packages may be developed specifically for treatment to reduce bacterial content; or combinations of those methods can be used. Another kind of "smart" may be the development of packages that withstand various kinds of processing techniques without damage, permitting the enclosed product to be safer over an extended shelf life.
Research into the effectiveness of propyl paraben and its manner of use was reported by D. Chung and K.L. Yam of Rutgers University. They indicated that propyl paraben can be dispersed in polymer emulsions and applied to clay-coated papers for use in food packaging. Antimicrobial activity was measured by agar diffusion and cell culture tests. Diffusion studies suggested that release of the antimicrobial varies with the composition of the food wrapped in the coated paper.
M.A. Khadre and A.F. Yousef of Ohio State University found that using ozone as a means of disinfecting packaging was effective in decreasing bacteria, specifically Pseudomonas fluorescence, which was used as a model system, by up to 5 logs, and from formed biofilms by up to 3 logs. Usage rate was 5–18 ppm of ozone in water.
Use of pulsed light as a secondary treatment to sterilize packages and their contents is disclosed in U.S. patent 5,925,885, assigned to PurePulse Technologies, Inc. This method of sterilization permits the use of packages that do not include polyvinyl chloride, such as polyethylene or thin polypropylene containers which cannot withstand the temperatures presented by autoclaving. (PVC's resistance to heat has made it the preferred package for products such as parenteral and enteral prefilled products, despite some environmental problems.)
The use of antimicrobial agents, including phytochemicals and chemical releasers, in polymers used for forming packaging is described in U.S. patent 5,906,825, assigned to Magellan Companies Inc. The polymers discussed include silicones, polystyrenes, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polyalkylenes, polyolefins, polyvinyls, synthetic rubbers, latex, Npropylsilicates and mixtures. Biocides discussed include capsicum, grapefruit seed extract, lemongrass oil, tea tree oil, citric acid, and mixtures of these materials. A chemical release agent can be added to control the migration and release of the antimicrobial; some release agents include vitamin E and citric acid.
An older technology is described in U.S. patent 5,573,797, which discusses the addition of Streptococcus or Pediococcus-derived bacteriocin or a synthetic equivalent combined with a chelating agent to a food; it can also be used without the chelating agent in a packaging film. The patent was assigned to Viskase Corp. Claims describe the package as a film, such as a polymeric film or a regenerated cellulosic film, containing a heat-resistant, Pediococcus-derived bacteriocin in a synergistic combination with a chelating agent to inhibit or kill Listeria monocytogenes on contact with a food.
As consumers want foods to be processed less strenuously than in the past, and packaging that permits better processing, provides antibacterial activity of its own, or permits a process that enhances safety without changing texture and flavor will bring a positive response.
Some patents of interest to those selecting packaging are listed below. Patents can be downloaded from the Internet at www.uspto.gov at no cost. Click on patent search, and type in the patent number.
Water insoluble film. U.S. patent 5,962,053, filed 2/17/98, issued 10/5/99 to F.M. Merritt II, assigned to Viskase Corp. Describes an edible, water-insoluble film made from a polysaccharide and protein, particularly konjac flour, agar, and gelatin. The film is formed by deacetylating the konjac flour to insolubilize it, forming an insoluble film.
System and method for filling and sealing containers in controlled environments. U.S. patent 5,961,000, filed 11/4/96, issued 10/5/99 to J.J. Sanfilippo et al. Describes an open architecture system for filling and sealing containers in controlled environments. The system provides easy access to containers being processed, and minimizes startup times and waste. Containers are processed by gas distributors (which may include gassing rails) that are provided in segments and individually movable between operating and service positions. Exhaust plenums are described for improving function of the gas distributors when processing containers.
Polymer packaging. U.S. patent 5,962,051, filed 10/29/96, issued 10/5/99 to P. Noble et al., assigned to Pernod Richard. Describes a long-life polymer package for a fruit-based and/or vegetable-based drink. The packaging includes a monolayer formed of a methyl acrylate acrylonitrile/butadiene terpolymer. The invention also discloses a process intended to limit the degradation of fruit-based and/or vegetable-based drinks contained in the polymer package.
Products & Literature
A CORK DESIGNED BY WINEMAKERS is made from Dow Plastics Affinity polyolefin plastomers and provides a state-of-the-art closure that protects the wine and doesn't cause the suave opener of the bottle to look like a dolt when the cork crumbles. That's because the cork never crumbles. Instead, the extruded plastic closure slides from the neck of the bottle as a clean cylinder. The "corks" offer the same oxygen transmission rates as natural wood corks and meet FDA requirements for direct food contact. The cork, called Neocork, is made by Neocork Technologies, Inc. from foamed Affinity polyolefin plastomers with an outer layer of elastomeric materials, using a process described as profile extrusion, in which the foamed resins are extruded as a continuous part, then cut to the proper length. The smooth outer surface is printed or branded with company names or logos to identify the product. Neocork Technologies was founded in 1996 with the support of Beringer Wine Estates, Clos de Bois, Kendall Jackson Vineyards, Ronert Mondavi, and Tirner Road Vintners. For more information about the "cork," write to Neocork Technologies, 110-A Mezzatta Ct., American Canyon, CA 94589 (phone 707-642-6800, e-mail [email protected]) —or circle 378. For more information about Affinity resins, write to The Dow Chemical Co., Customer Information Group, Attention E#1961, P.O. Box 1206, Midland MI 48641-1206 (phone 800-441-4369)—or circle 379.
NEW PRODUCT FEEDER matches packaging speeds up to 600/min. The horizontal form-fill-seal wrapper is a fast, flexible unit that features a dual self-centering film spindle to save film-threading time. The unit is controlled by a touch-screen control, and features a 30-product-size memory for fast changeovers. For more information, contact Formost Packaging Machines, Inc., 19211-144th Ave., N.E., Woodinville, WA 98072 (phone 4256-483-9090, fax 425-586-5656) —or circle 380.
NONDESTRUCTIVE UNIT tests UHT milk products, particularly 125- to 1,000-cc UHT brik-type cartons supplied by Tetra-Pak and Combibloc, by checking the hydrodynamic behavior of the contents, at speeds approaching 1,000/hr. Because testing is so rapid, a higher proportion of cartons can be tested. The ElecTester MK IV detects slight changes by oscillating the package and measuring the reduction in amplitude. For information, write to Eibis International, P.O. Box 308, Ramsgate, CT12 5DG, England (phone +44 (0) 1843 821358, fax +44 (0) 1843 821328)—or circle 381.
by FRAN KATZ
Food Processing & Packaging
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An overview of the perception and mitigation of astringency associated with phenolic compounds January 14, 2021
Bacterial spores in spices and dried herbs: The risks for processed food January 14, 2021
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Diverse skill sets needed for growing opportunities October 26, 2020
Preparing for a new work paradigm October 23, 2020
No quick fix for employment inequities October 22, 2020


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Damages at the Site of Tel Taban
Dr. Maamoun Abdulkarim, Director-General of Antiquities and Museums, has a field visit in Al_Hasakeh region on 12/july/2016, accompanied by the Head of the Department of Antiquities in Al_Hasakeh Mr. Khalid Ohmo, and a number of guards and technicians, where Mr. Director-General visited of two important archeological sites Tel Mozan and Tel Taban.
It was found that Tel Taban site, had been heavily damaged by criminal acts of the Antiquities gangs, during the ISIS occupation of this site, such damages appeared as creation of three tunnels in the body of the hill in the western and northern part, and the total length of these tunnels more than twenty meters, and it is certainly that these tunnels have caused a big damages in the important archaeological levels of this hill, which was located to the south of the city of Al_Hasakeh on the eastern bank of Al_Basel Lake Dam,.
It is important to mention that the Japanese Mission has worked in the site between 1997-1999 and then between 2005-2006. Revealed in these seasons for important archaeological levels, dating back to the era of Uruk broker, as well as levels return to ancient Babylonian period, around the seventh century BC, and important buildings are dated to the period of the Assyrian intermediate around the twelfth century BC, and had found it on some cuneiform tablets. ,and the Director general visited Tel Mozan (URKESH) also, who worked in it since 1984, a US mission from Los Angeles University, headed by Giorgio Puccilaty.


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You can join Sudden for FREE to receive the email bulletins and special offers on events and resources.
You can find out more about supporting people bereaved suddenly, including children as well as adults, through the Sudden website.
Brake has only recently been set up in New Zealand. It is part of the charity Brake that has been providing support services to road crash victims in the UK for over 15 years, including an acclaimed helpline offering emotional support and detailed information on procedures that follow a road crash. Can you help us to provide other services for road crash victims in New Zealand? Visit our fundraising pages for more information and ideas.


The crux pitch (number 4) of Sudostwand (VII-, 6P) on Doupianifels. Kastraki village is below and Pindos Mountains are further back (Sept. 2008).
Regardless, looks awesome! Out o' curiosity, what were the bolts there? Standard modern 3/8"ers, 1/4"ers, ...?
You're probably right Dirk but I'm not entirely sure how to bring up the non-standard English characters. As for the HW, it was great looking for the most part: beefy (I'd guess 3/8 but not 100% ...short memory) and well maintained. Most of the pegs looked to be cemented in.


Come along to our Christmas sale on Saturday 1st December, from 10am to mid-day.
There will be all sorts of gifts and goodies available for sale, including a selection of goods from Uganda. You can even have a free cup of tea and mince pie!


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Spotlight on Honduras
Honduras is the original banana republic, but travel there is easy, enjoyable and inexpensive. The slow pace, natural beauty and low-profile tourism make it particularly appealing to travelers who enjoy getting off the beaten track. Honduras is the second biggest country in Central America. It has colonial villages (Gracias, Comayagua), ancient Mayan ruins (Copan), natural parks (Moskitia), and a Pacific and Caribbean coastline and the Bay Islands, with great beaches and coral reefs where snorkeling and diving are exceptional by any standard.
Roatan Island - Lush Roatan is the largest of the Bay Islands that lie some 30 miles off the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Roatan is 40 miles long and 4 miles wide and offers a friendly and laid-back setting. Here you can enjoy the superb Tabyana beach at West Bay, the beautiful Half Moon Bay, 'Dolphin Encounters' at Anthony's Key Resort and snorkeling and diving amid the Western Hemisphere's most spectacular underwater reefs. The underwater environment is rich and extensive; reefs surround the islands, often within swimming distance of the shore. Caves and caverns are a common feature, with a wide variety of sponge and the best collection of pillar coral in the Caribbean. Several parts have been proposed as marine reserves.
Bahia de Omoa – Omoa is one of the oldest towns in Honduras that played an important role in the history of Honduras, especially during colonial times. This area of the country is of stunning beauty thanks to the impressive Merendon mountain range backbone to this part of the cost. Visit the massive fortress of San Fernando de Omoa, national monument, built by Spaniards centuries ago to protect the coast and shipments of silver bound from mines of Tegucigalpa to Spain from the continuous attacks of British pirates. A mute testimony of Honduras's colonial past, the fort's green gardens, humid rooms and massive walls will make fantasies turn to a time in the past, when pirates still roamed the Caribbean Sea. There are also very pleasant waterfalls nearby. In addition to their natural beauty, they have some very pleasant refreshing swimming holes.
Coxen Hole (also called Roatan) is the capital of the Bay Islands that lie 30 miles off the Caribbean coast of Honduras, an archipelago patchwork that is the remains of an ancient submerged volcanic mountain range. It is located on the largest island, lush Roatan and offers a friendly and laid-back setting. Here you can enjoy the superb beach at West Bay, 'Dolphin Encounters' at Anthony's Key Resort and snorkeling and diving amid the Western Hemisphere's most spectacular underwater reefs. You can also take an excursion to visit Tikal, the ceremonial centre of the ancient Maya civilization, lying in a tropical rainforest 19 miles north of Lake Petén Itzá in Guatemala. The underwater environment is rich and extensive; reefs surround the islands, often within swimming distance of the shore. Caves and caverns are a common feature, with a wide variety of sponge and the best collection of pillar coral in the Caribbean.
Guanaja Island - Completely surrounded by dramatic reefs, Guanaja once served ancient Mayan and Payan Indians as a sacred and spiritual paradise. The lush island of Guanaja is the only Bay Island to boast mountains high enough to support a true river and scenic waterfalls. Unlike the other two islands, Guanaja remains the hidden treasure of the Caribbean. Besides attracting divers, anglers and adventure travelers with its tropical jungles, pure white sand and teeming reefs, Guanaja has also captured hearts of jetsetters, including international architects and world famous archaeologists/treasure divers, who have made the island their home or home away from home. Unlike the other Bay Islands, all transportation is by boat, adding to the island's charm. Guanaja houses three small villages, Savannah Bight, Mangrove Bight, and "Bonacca Town" (Lo Cay). Christened "The Venice of the Caribbean" by author Jane Houlson (Blue Blaze 1934), "Bonacca" rises out of the sea, forming a 17-acre stilted town a few hundred meters offshore and is home to 75% of Guanaja's population.
Puerto Cortes is the principal port of Central America, and its port facilities are most advanced. The town has a very attractive central park. The municipal beach is a big attraction on weekends and holidays. The Saturday farmer's market draws big crowds of shoppers, tons of fresh fruit, vegetables, and meats from local producers. From Puerto Cortes there is a partially paved road to the west taking you to Chivana, Omoa, Cuyamel, other small ocean side villages, and Guatemala. It's a great drive, mountains on the left and ocean on the right. There are many beach homes belonging to upper crust folks from other parts of Honduras scattered among the local villages and homes.
Agents who have been to Honduras...
Melissa Potter


The sweet and savoury combination of chicken, dried fruit and feta makes for a delicious light dinner option. Vary the fruit and the cheese for totally different takes on this classic dinner salad.
Whisk together oil, vinegar, salt and pepper.
In large bowl, toss together lettuce, chicken, feta cheese, apricots and almonds. Drizzle with dressing; toss to coat.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hi everyone I'm sharing a new card using some great stamps available from the store to create my card.
Some times, you need a "happy whatever" card to send someone showing them how much you care!
Using the Brushed Wildflowers stamp, I inked it with several colors of ink, then lightly spritzed the stamp with water as I wanted a water colored effect. Stamping the image on cardstock, I had a fun effect. This stamp was perfect for this technique. I then matted the panel on 3 layers of cardstock sto emphasize the colors in the image.
Happy Whatever from the Sentiments 1 stamp set, was stamped in black ink and matted with 2 layers of cardstock before being added across the stamped image.
You had me at watercolor! Love the neutral colors and the any occasion sentiment!


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Israel may have committed war crimes in Gaza - UN
World / 1 March 2019, 9:45pm / Mel Frykberg
Palestinian demonstrators run away from teas gas fired by Israeli forcers during a protest at the Israel-Gaza border fence, in the southern Gaza Strip. Picture: Reuters/Ibraheem Abu Mustafa
Jerusalem - Israeli soldiers may have committed war crimes by deliberately targeting unarmed children, journalists and disabled people during recent protests in Gaza. This is the finding of a United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) Independent Commission of Inquiry that was released on Thursday in Geneva.
The three-person panel comprising of Kenyan legal and human rights expert, Betty Muringi, Bangladeshi lawyer, Sara Hossain and chaired by Argentinian lawyer, Santiago Canton, concluded that Israel had intentionally shot unarmed Palestinian protestors since March 30, during the Great March of Return weekly protests along the eastern fence of the Gaza Strip, the Afro-Palestine Newswire reported.
Protesters were calling for the 12-year-old Israeli siege imposed on the coastal enclave to be lifted.
According to the report, the vast majority of Gaza protesters who were killed by Israeli forces -- 154 out of 183 people -- had been unarmed, and "did not pose an imminent threat of death or serious injury to others when they were shot, nor were they directly participating in hostilities".
The commission -- known as the UN Human Rights Council Independent Commission of Inquiry on the 2018 Gaza protests -- found that 35 children had been killed, some from direct weapons fire. The commission also noted one case involving a disabled person in a wheelchair and direct fire at journalists who claimed that they were clearly identified as press.
"There is no justification for shooting children and disabled people that pose no risk, said commission member, Sara Hussein, at Thursday's press conference.
Betty Murungi added that the healthcare system in the Gaza Strip was not capable of dealing with the scope and complexity of the injuries among residents of the Strip.
She also called on Israel to lift its blockade of the besieged coastal territory to allow medical supplies in, and to grant exit permits to Palestinians seeking medical assistance abroad.
The commission concluded there were "reasonable grounds" that Israeli security forces violated international law, and recommended that UN members consider imposing individual sanctions, such as a travel ban or an assets freeze, on those identified as responsible by the commission.
In addition, the commission said that evidence it collected should be transferred to the International Criminal Court in The Hague.
While the Israeli government refused to co-operate with the commission's investigations and rejected the report it came out swinging in response.
"Israel rejects outright the UN Human Rights Council report. The council is setting new records for hypocrisy and mendacity, out of an obsessive hatred of Israel, the only democracy in the Middle East. It is Hamas which fires missiles at Israeli citizens, throws explosive devices and carries out terrorist activity during the violent demonstrations along the fence," said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
"Israel will not allow Hamas to attack Israel's sovereignty and its people and will maintain the right of self-defence. IDF soldiers will continue to vigorously defend Israeli citizens against attack by Hamas and the other terrorist organisations financed by Iran, which declares its intention to destroy Israel."
Palestinian political and civil society groups, however, welcomed the report's findings.
"The report indicates, beyond any doubt, that the Israeli occupation has committed clear war crimes against the Palestinians who came out to protest peacefully to demand the right of return and lift the siege," Hamas spokesperson, Bassem Naim, said in an interview with the Afro-Palestine Newswire Service.
The Palestinian Authority hailed the UN report, but says it doesn't go far enough in establishing accountability.
"We urge the international community and all United Nations related institutions to oblige Israel to commit to the fourth Geneva Convention and uphold its legal obligations as a belligerent occupant to protect the Palestinian citizens under its military control," said PA spokesperson, Ahmad Shami.
Amnesty International said that the report's findings confirmed the groups own conclusion that "that many cases appeared to amount to willful killings constituting war crimes."
Israeli rights group, Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), called on the Israeli government to establish a commission of inquiry to examine the events that took place during the protests.
"It is impossible to ignore the death and injury of dozens of civilians, among them, women and children, by claiming self-defence," said an ACRI spokesperson.


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Meet Locals Ready to Show You The Nightlife of Seoul—Citysurfing
August 19, 2022 adminTravel
Seoul is an enormous city with a buzzing 24 hour culture. The South Korean capital city's streets are never empty, though most are far quieter mid-morning than they are at midnight. If you're planning on visiting the South Korean capital, you definitely want to check out Seoul's nightlife. These are the five most exciting areas in Seoul when the sun goes down.
Hongdae
Hongdae is a serious contender for the largest nightlife area on the planet. This sprawling area surrounding Hongik University stretches out into nearby areas Hapjeong, Sangsu, Sincheon and the streets surrounding Ewha Women's University, with each of these being served by their own subway stations.
If you walk the streets behind Hongik University subway station's Exit 9, you will find buskers and street performers pulling in crowds during both the day and night. There are countless bars, clubs and restaurants in the area with something to suit all tastes.
The largest clubs can be found in the streets running between Hongik University and Sangsu stations, with two of the most famous among Koreans being Cocoon and Noise Basement. Gogo's caters to a more international crowd, with its basement rock club FF playing rock and indie classics long into the morning. The Children's Play Park, across the street from the main university building, is a popular hang-out spot. Revellers can grab cheap drinks from any of the nearby convenience stores and watch local bands and even regular Korean freestyle rap battles. If you master the language, you might even consider getting involved yourself!
Gangnam
Thanks to Psy's global megahit 'Gangnam Style', this is the party area in Seoul that will probably be highest on most visitors' must-see places. A huge tribute to Psy's single has been erected near Gangnam station Exit 11, making it a popular place for tourists to pose for photographs.
The streets running parallel to the main street near Exit 10 and Exit 11 of Gangnam station are host to the majority of the area's bars, restaurants and clubs. The most popular clubs here are Mass and Noise Basement – a branch of the same club that can be found in Hongdae.
Many locals and experienced visitors will recommend visiting clubs a little further out, however, with a few of the major hotels in the area having popular clubs built beneath them.
Itaewon
Itaewon is the international area of Seoul and is a favorite hang-out spot for ex-pats of all nationalities. If you're interested in watching virtually any international sport, you're likely to find an Irish pub or American-style sports bar that's showing it. This is the best place in Seoul to sample international cuisine. There are restaurants from just about every corner of the globe here, with the majority of them serving highly authentic food cooked by ex-pats from that nation. There are also a few places that serve fusion Korean- international food. Vatos, a fusion Korean-Mexican restaurant, is one of the most popular – but be prepared to wait a while to get served!
There are also a large number of clubs in this area, with most serving up more eclectic and international music styles than the EDM that is typical of most Korean clubs.
If you're sick of spending your nights in Seoul partying, Dongdaemun offers late-night shopping and a wide array of both street food vendors and restaurants. In Korea, most stores are open until 10 or 11pm every day of the week, so late-night shopping really does mean late-night shopping in Dongdaemun, where many stores are open until 3am or later.
The area is hugely popular with Chinese and Japanese tourists, with most attracted by the possibility of picking up trendy Korean fashion at bargain prices. But in order to get those bargain prices, you need to be prepared to haggle!
One of the unique things about Dongdaemun is the live stage shows near the largest shopping malls put on outside to attract customers. Expect to see big crowds gathering to watch K-pop groups on the road to stardom perform here at peak times.
Cheongdam
Gangnam has a reputation for being upmarket when compared to areas like Hongdae and Itaewon, but Gangnam is a few steps below Cheongdam, where the real rich kids of Korea go to play. This wealthy area plays host to some of the most exclusive clubs in Seoul. You can expect big clubs full of beautiful people, but be prepared to pay a lot more for your drinks for the privilege!
Nightlife With a Local
Seoul is a truly 24 hour city that has something for everyone, whatever the time. If you're planning a trip to the South Korean capital, you might want to ditch early-morning wake-up calls and instead get with the late night Korean schedule. In fact, you'll find many coffee shops and restaurants are closed until 10am or later. Unlike a lot of cities in Europe and North America, it's usually easier to do just about anything in Seoul at 9pm than it is at 9am.
But be careful. Seoul is large and it's easy to get lost or disorientated if you're not a native speaker. That's why having a local show you around is a great idea. Locals can help you easily navigate Seoul and find all the best places to shop, eat, and have fun.
To meet locals, visit Citysurfing.com. On Citysurfing you can meet and book locals in Seoul that are available to help first time travellers and people relocating.
There are Seoul locals that will show you around; locals that offer tour guide services; locals that provide translation, photography, and videography services; and even locals that do pick ups, drop offs and drive-arounds.
It's a great way to experience Seoul with locals and make new friends at the same time.
Some Good Advice on Where Not to Camp
Llandudno: Why You Should Love It


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