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Mara Moustafine
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The earliest Russian visitors to Sydney were the officers and crew of a Russian Imperial fleet undertaking naval and scientific expeditions through the Indian and Pacific oceans in the early nineteenth century. Sydney became a transit point on their long-distance journeys. Apart from replenishing supplies and repairing their vessels, the crews were able to rest and interact with the settlers of the new colony of New South Wales. These ship visits played a key role in establishing early links between Russia and Australia. [1]
Nineteenth-century visitors
The first Russian ship to visit Port Jackson was the sloop Neva in June 1807, under the command of Lieutenant Leonty Gagemeister, a Baltic German from Latvia. [2] Governor Bligh received the Russian naval officers with a banquet and fireworks. Seven years later, the second Russian ship, the Suvorov, arrived, bearing the long-awaited news of Napoleon's defeat. As Russia and Britain were by then allies, Sydney celebrated with great fanfare. Governor Macquarie himself hosted a lavish dinner for the officers, while Russian seamen were fêted in Sydney's taverns.
Visits by Russian ships to Sydney became more frequent in the 1820s. Of note was the visit in 1820 of a squadron of four sloops which made Port Jackson their base during their research mission in the Pacific. While their ships were refitted and repaired, the Russian seamen became a familiar sight around Sydney. The Russians were given most-favoured-nation status and treated as brothers-in-arms. The spot on the northern shore of Port Jackson where they anchored came to be known as 'Russian Point', later renamed Kirribilli.
These sentiments changed dramatically as Russo-British relations deteriorated after Tsar Nicholas I brutally suppressed the Polish uprising in 1831, and the Crimean war of 1853–56 prompted widespread Russophobia. There were calls to strengthen Australia's defence capability, and the construction of Fort Denison in Sydney Harbour was resumed in 1855 as a defence against possible attack by the Russian Fleet. Although Russian ship visits became less frequent in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Sydney press continued to whip up Russophobia until Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–05. Despite this, there was a warm welcome for the Russian corvette Rynda, which arrived in January 1888, with a Grand Duke aboard, to participate in Sydney's centenary celebrations.
A Sydney businessman, Edmon Monson Paul, was appointed Honorary Consul of Russia in 1857 and served in the role until 1913. He looked after the interests of the growing number of Russian subjects in the colony, assisted with arrangements for ship visits and represented Russia in matters of state, including the inauguration ceremony for the Commonwealth of Australia held in Centennial Park in Sydney on 1 January 1901. [3]
An early Russian visitor to Sydney was scientist and Pacific ethnographer Nikolai Mikluho–Maclay. [4] He lived in Sydney at various times between 1878 and 1886, married the daughter of former New South Wales Premier John Robertson and was instrumental in the establishment of Australia's first biological marine station at Camp Cove in 1881. Though his plan for a 'free' Russian colony in the south Pacific did not eventuate, it stimulated public interest in Russia about migration to Australia. [5]
Early Russian settlers in Sydney
Several men giving Russia as their birthplace were among the convicts who arrived in Sydney in the early 1800s. The earliest was Constantin Milcow, a horse-breaker born in Moscow, who arrived on the Atlas III, to serve a seven-year sentence for stealing bacon. He was known to work around Sydney between 1816 and 1825. Russian seamen also jumped ship in Sydney in this early period. [6]
The 1881 census recorded 322 Russians in the colony of NSW. Their number grew to 1176 in 1891 and 1536 by 1911. [7] It should be noted that this early census data categorised as 'Russian' people of diverse ethnicity and nationality originating from the Tsarist Empire and their spouses. Initially, ethnic Russians and other Eastern Slavs (Byelorussians, Ukrainians) comprised a very small percentage of their number – most were Jews, followed by Finns, Poles and Balts. [8]The early migrants saw Australia as a land of opportunity where they could escape political, racial and religious discrimination. After the completion of the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria in 1904, many of them travelled to Australia through China and across the Pacific.
Among the first wave of Russian migrants arriving before World War I, most of the long-term settlers were drawn from minority nationalities, while ethnic Russians, initially at least, saw their time in Australia as temporary. [9] Some were political exiles, evading the draft or awaiting the demise of the Tsarist regime; others wanted to make their fortunes and return home: these made little effort to establish social or cultural organisations. A benevolent society, aimed at uniting the Russian community and helping new arrivals, was formed in Sydney in 1909 and a branch of the Brisbane-based socialist Union of Russian Workers some years later. Russian settlers entered actively into the life of their adopted homeland and helped to build the nation. More servicemen enlisted in the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) from Russia than from any other non-Anglo-Celtic nation, 373 of them from NSW. [10]
After the overthrow of the Tsar in February 1917, around 500 Russian political exiles from around Australia set sail from Sydney with the funds made available by the Provisional government in Petrograd. In 1918 the Bolshevik regime appointed Peter Simonov, [11] a Russian revolutionary activist in Australia, as Consul-General, though he was not recognised by the Australian government. In October 1920, Simonov launched the Australian Communist Party in his Sydney office before leaving for Russia the following year. Like many of the returnees, he is believed to have been shot in Stalin's purges.
White Russians in Sydney
The second wave of Russian migrants, who arrived in the 1920s, were the so-called White Russians – loyalists of the Tsarist regime, who fled Russia in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and civil war. After the defeat of the White Armies in Siberia, most of them had crossed the border into Manchuria in northern China and later made their way to Australia via Japan. As Brisbane was the first port of call for the Japanese steamers in which they travelled, many of them settled in Queensland, though some ventured further south to Sydney.
Building a new life in Sydney in the difficult economic circumstances of the 1920s and 1930s was not easy for the Russians, especially those who had to learn a new language. Work was scarce and few were able to find employment in their previous professions. Some bought chicken farms on the outskirts of Sydney, other took on menial labour. The 1921 census recorded 1444 Russians in New South Wales. By 1933, their number had risen to 1624, an estimated three-quarters of them living in Sydney. [12]
In 1924 the small community of ethnic Russians in Sydney established a club, known as the Russian House, in a rented room in Pitt Street. [13] It served as a meeting place and venue for lectures, concerts, celebrations of traditional Russian festivals and the occasional church service. The club also helped new arrivals find work, accommodation and their way around in their new city. After relocating to larger premises, first at 700 George Street, then 800 George Street, the staunchly pro-monarchist Russian House became the heart of Russian social and cultural activities in Sydney. It had a large Russian language library, provided a meeting place for musical, drama, literary and chess groups, and a venue for theatrical performances, concerts and dinner dances. In June 1937, the Day of Russian Culture was launched there at a jubilee celebration of Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, which the community continues to celebrate annually.
The earliest Russian Orthodox church services in Sydney were conducted by Father Innokenti Seryshev at the Greek or Syrian churches in inner Sydney, while Easter Mass was celebrated at Christ Church St Laurence near Central Station. In 1933, the first Russian Orthodox parish was established under Father Methodius Shlemin, who then held monthly Sunday services at the Russian House in George Street. Many Russians in Sydney at that time lived around the eastern suburbs and the first Russian Orthodox Church, St Vladimir's, was opened in 1942 in a converted house at 31 Robertson Road, Centennial Park. It was the centre of Russian Orthodox life in Sydney until the early 1950s and still functions. [14]
Leading figures in the Sydney's fledgling Russian community in the 1930s were George Davidenkov, a former officer of the Russian Imperial Army, architect and musician, who arrived in Sydney from Estonia in 1928, and his wife, Irina Belinsky, the daughter of a former governor of Sakhalin. Their marriage in 1934 in the Greek Church was probably the first Russian Orthodox wedding in Sydney. Davidenkov served as President of the Russian House for many years, while Irina worked in its library and was the first teacher at its Russian school, which opened in 1941.
The most prominent Russian in 1930s Sydney was Ivan Repin, [15] who had arrived from Russia via Shanghai in 1925. By the mid- 1930s he had opened a string of Repin's coffee shops in the centre of Sydney. These quickly became meeting places for European migrants, businessmen and coffee-drinking intellectuals, and brought to the city a degree of European sophistication. Many newly arrived Russians found work in Repin's cafes, the last of which closed in the mid- 1960s. Repin was also a generous benefactor of St Vladimir's church.
Several Russian language journals were published in Sydney by Father Sereshev, who established Sydney's first Russian printing house, Oriento, in 1937. These included The Emigrant 's Way ( 1935–41) and other publications on religious and literary themes. Ivan Repin also funded the publication of The Russian in Australia, edited by Davidenkov, which appeared between 1937 and 1938, and was revived from 1950 to 1962.
Russian culture made its presence felt in Sydney in the late 1920s and 1930s through the visits of famous Russian émigré performing artists from Europe, including prima ballerina Anna Pavlova, opera singer Fyodor Shalyapin, the Ballet Russes de Monte Carlo and the Don Cossack Choir. As in other capitals, they played to full houses and their innovative style left a lasting legacy on Australian ballet and music. Some of the artists stayed on in Sydney and became part of the Australian arts scene.
Political divisions
Politically, the Sydney Russian community in the 1920s and 1930s was polarised over the fate of their homeland. Most were pro-monarchist and anti-communist, though they varied in the strength of their commitment to the cause. Activists founded organisations like the Military Union, the Russian Monarchist Group, and the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), while others took a more passive approach, focusing on building their new lives in Australia.
At the other end of the spectrum, the pro-Soviet Russian Workers' Association raised funds to assist the Soviet Union. From 1930 to 1939 they operated from a rented room in Oxford Street. After hitting a low when Stalin signed a pact with Hitler in 1939, the group gained popularity in the wake of Germany's invasion of the USSR in 1941, which prompted Sydney Russians to close ranks and lend support to aid efforts for Russia. Sydney Russians were active in Jessie Street's Russian Medical Aid and Comforts Committee and her Sheepskins for Russia appeal [16].
By 1943, the pro-Soviet group had moved to new premises which they registered as the Russian Social Club at 727 George Street, directly across the road from the rival pro-monarchist Russian House. Soviet films were screened there and dances and concerts held to raise funds for the USSR. At the height of sympathy for Soviet Russia, a benefit concert to celebrate the defeat of the Germans at Stalingrad drew a crowd of 500 people. Such support did not last long beyond the Allied victory. By the end of the 1940s, the Russian community again split along ideological lines.
Russians in postwar Sydney ( 1949–52)
With the arrival of several thousand Russian refugees from war-torn Europe in the aftermath of World War II, Sydney displaced Brisbane as the main centre of ethnic Russian settlement in Australia. The 1954 census, which for the first time separated out the Ukraine and the USSR, recorded 5472 Russians living in New South Wales, 75 per cent in metropolitan Sydney. Most of the refugees had been taken to Germany as prisoners of war or forced labour, and ended up in the Displaced Persons (DP) camps. The remainder were White Russian émigrés who had been living in Europe after fleeing the Bolshevik revolution.
Arriving under the Commonwealth government's assisted passage scheme, many were initially sent to remote locations to work off two-year contracts. The majority then chose to settle in Sydney, where they were able to establish themselves successfully in a time of full employment. Eighty per cent of these Russians were less than 40 years of age and quickly embraced their identity as 'New Australians'. In fear of forced repatriation from the camps to Stalin's Russia, some had disguised their ethnic origins while still in the DP camps in Europe. In Australia, most kept a low profile and remained aloof from the Russian cultural community.
Among those who rose to prominence were Jennie George (born Eugenie Sinicky), the first female President of the ACTU and later a Labor member of the Federal Parliament; and Bill Jegorow, the foundation chair of the Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council (FECCA).
Russians from China 1950s– 1960s
The Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 prompted thousands of ethnic Russians and Russian Jews, many of whose families had lived in China from the early 1900s, to seek refuge in Sydney. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the majority came from the international settlements in Shanghai and Tientsin. Among them were refugees evacuated from Shanghai to the Philippine island of Tubabao shortly before the fall of the Kuomintang government in 1949. Like the DPs, this group initially had to work off two-year contracts. Most then settled in Sydney.
In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, Russians from Harbin and other parts of north China, which had once been home to a vibrant Russian émigré community, made their way to Australia. [17] With the assistance of the World Council of Churches, they were sponsored by friends and relatives already resident in Australia, and in turn sponsored others in a chain migration. In the mid- 1960s, Russians from Xinjiang, often of mixed Russian-Chinese descent, managed to escape China ahead of the Cultural Revolution, which brought migration from China to a complete standstill until the 1980s, when the final groups arrived. Over half of the 14,000 people who arrived under the special humanitarian program for White Russians from China between 1947 and 1985 settled in Sydney.[18]
After living in multi-ethnic and cosmopolitan cities in China, the Russians from China adapted relatively easily to their new life in Australia. Most were well educated, entrepreneurial and often multilingual. They succeeded in business and worked in technical professions. Graduates of the Harbin Polytechnical Institute found ready employment as engineers and draughtsmen in various departments of the New South Wales public service. [19] Having experienced life in vibrant Russian diaspora communities, these Russians also played a key role in developing Russian community institutions in Sydney, including Saturday language schools to ensure that their children retained Russian language and culture. Sydney's Russians from China were given unique visibility when the young Shanghai-born Sydney University student from Manly, Tania Verstak, became the first migrant to win the Miss Australia quest in 1961, and then went on to win Miss International in 1962. [20]
Cold War Sydney
Sydney featured prominently in the unfolding of Australia's own Cold War drama, the Petrov Affair, [21] with the defection in April 1954 of Soviet diplomat and spy, Vladimir Petrov and his wife Evdokia. It was at the Russian Social Club in George Street that Petrov met Michael Bialoguski, [22] the Polish ASIO agent, who enticed him to defect with the unkept promise of a joint chicken farm in the Blue Mountains. On the tarmac at Sydney's Kingsford Smith Airport, a distraught Mrs Petrov, with one high-heeled shoe missing, was strong-armed onto a plane by Soviet agents. Sydney Russians were among the angry crowd of several thousand trying to prevent her departure. After their defection the Petrovs initially stayed in a safe house at Palm Beach, before slipping quietly into suburban Melbourne under assumed names.
In the heightened Cold War climate following the Petrov affair, the Royal Commission into Espionage that followed it, and the revelations about Stalin's purges in 1956, most Sydney Russians further distanced themselves from all things Soviet. A visit to the Russian Social Club to watch a film or buy some imported Soviet vodka also ran the risk of being reported to ASIO. Exception was made for Russian cultural performances and many took their children to see Russian artists who visited Sydney in the 1960s, including the Stars of the Bolshoi Ballet, the Berioska Dance Company and the Great Moscow Circus.
With the influx of Orthodox believers to postwar Sydney, the Russian Orthodox Church began to play a key role in Russian community affairs. In 1949, land was purchased in Vernon Street, Strathfield, and the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St Peter and St Paul was consecrated in December 1953. Strathfield soon became the hub of Russian cultural life in Sydney. [23] A Russian Saturday school opened at the church in 1954 and other community organisations began to flourish, including the Russian Scouts and other youth and sports organisations, a literary society, choirs and folk dancing groups. Russian bakeries, delicatessens, and other businesses opened in Strathfield and neighbouring Burwood.
By 1956, the Russian Club – formerly the Russian House – had moved from the city to its own premises at 3 Albert Road, Strathfield. This became a permanent centre of Russian cultural activities, hosting theatrical groups, musical, ballet and folk dance ensembles, as well as exhibitions of Australian Russian artists.
By this time, community organisations also shifted their attention from the needs of Russians abroad to local welfare needs. In 1957 the Committee to Aid Russians in Europe and Asia, established in 1945 to assist refugees, was transformed into the Russian Relief Association in Sydney with a focus on care for elderly Russians. They established the St Sergius Retirement Village in Cabramatta and later a nursing home and other facilities. [24] The first Russian Orthodox section at Rookwood cemetery was also acquired.
As the community grew, Russian Orthodox churches and Saturday schools were established in other areas where many Russians lived, including Fairfield, Cabramatta, Hurstville, Carlton, Blacktown and Croydon. During the 1960s, the schools held cultural performances at an annual celebration of the Day of the Russian Child. The language study undertaken at these schools equipped the students to sit exams in Russian at School and Higher School certificate levels. Tertiary courses in Russian were offered at the University of New South Wales and later at Macquarie University. [25]
In 1976 the pro-Soviet Russian Social Club also moved to the western suburbs, constructing a library and theatre in William Street, Lidcombe. The club hosted concerts and meetings with visiting Soviet artists in association with the Soviet Consulate in Sydney. In 2010, the club continued to celebrate events like Victory Day and is popular for its Russian restaurant.
Russian language media got a boost in the late 1970s with the launch of ethnic radio station 2EA and later SBS, which broadcast an hour-long Russian program five days a week. Since 1980, SBS television has screened a daily Russian news service. In 1977, the nationwide Russian language newspaper Edinenie (Unification), established in Melbourne in 1950, moved its operation to Sydney. Today it also publishes online.
Russian-speaking migrants from the former Soviet Union
In the 1970s, following US President Nixon's visit to Moscow in 1972, Soviet Jews were permitted to leave the Soviet Union for Israel. Over a thousand arrived also in Sydney, mainly from Russia, the Ukraine and Kazakhstan, sponsored by the Jewish community. Many settled in the eastern suburbs, especially around Bondi, where Russian delicatessens, restaurants and video shops soon flourished.
A further wave of Russian-speakers arrived in Sydney in the wake of Gorbachev's liberalisation of travel and emigration in the late 1980s and the breakup of the former Soviet Union in 1991. These 'new Russians' included people of a variety of ethnicities, including Russians, Ukrainians, Jews and Georgians, who integrated well into a globalising Sydney.
Most were well-educated professionals and entrepreneurs with a good knowledge of English. Some, including academics, information technology specialists and musicians, brought with them highly marketable skills and talents. Others brought venture capital and trade connections. Also among them were Russian women who arrived as wives or fiancées of Australian men, a theme captured in the 2001 Australian film, Russian Doll .
Among the new Russian language publications launched were the weekly newspaper Gorizont (Horizon) in 1993 and a journal, Avstraliiskaya Mozaika (Australian Mosaic) in 2001. The latter journal aims to introduce Russian migrants to Australia and its culture. Since the late 1990s, Russian schools have opened in the eastern suburbs of Maroubra and Bellevue Hill.
Historical legacy and broader engagement
Since the 1990s various Russian language publications have emerged in Sydney with the aim of documenting the legacy of the Russian community in Australia. These include the quarterly journal, Avstraliada, as well as two volumes on the history of Russians in Australia, edited by Natalie Melnikov. [26] The Russian Historical Society, established in 1994, holds exhibitions and publishes monographs on Russian themes.
In 1994 the Russian Ethnic Community Council of NSW was inaugurated at the initiative of Bill Jegorow to serve as the umbrella for other community organisations.
The Russians of Sydney have also deepened their cultural engagement with the broader community. The Sydney Balalaika Orchestra, established in 1992, brings together musicians of different ethnic origins to perform Russian folk music both in Australia and abroad. More recently, the annual Russian Resurrection Film Festival, launched in Sydney in 2004 in collaboration with the government of the Russian Federation, has made Russian cinema part of Sydney's multicultural arts scene.
Since the demise of the Soviet Union, and with it the ideological differences that polarised Russians for so long, contacts between Russians in Sydney and their historic homeland have increased significantly. May 2007 saw the reunification of the Russian Orthodox Church, ending the 80-year schism between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. Travel and tourism have grown in both directions, as has contact through the internet and the World Wide Web, and many Sydney Russians watch Russian television directly via satellite.
In September 2007, 200 years after the visit of the first Russian ship to Sydney, a new highpoint in Russian-Australian relations was reached when President Vladimir Putin arrived in Sydney for the APEC meeting, the first Russian head of state to visit Australia.
Data from the 2006 census, released in 2008, provides an insight into the diversity of Sydney's Russians. While 5364 people listed the Russian Federation as their place of birth, 14,553 claimed Russian ancestry and 13,221 spoke Russian at home; 7912 espoused Russian Orthodoxy, while 2650 Jews claimed Russian ancestry; 1881 people born in China claimed Russian ancestry, while 443 who were born in China espoused Russian Orthodoxy and Chinese ancestry; 2510 Russian speakers were born in the Ukraine, 954 of them Jews. These statistics are indicative of the many streams of the Russian diaspora who have come to Sydney and contributed to the richness of its multicultural society. [27]
Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007
Boris Christa, 'Russians', in James Jupp (ed), The Australian People: Encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Cambridge, 2001, pp 636–642
[1] Aleksander Massov, 'Russian Naval Voyages to Australia 1807– 1903', in Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 27–74
[2] Aleksander Massov, 'The visit of the Russian sloop Neva to Sydney in 1807: 200 years of Russian-Australian contacts', Australian Slavonic and East European Studies, no 20, 2006, pp 203–214
[3] Yuri Aksenov and Alexander Massov, 'The Establishment of Consular Relations 1857– 19 18', in Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 76–84
[4] RW de M-Maclay, 'Mikluho-Maklai, Nicholai Nicholaievich ( 1846– 1888)', in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 5, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1974, pp 248–50
[5] Elena Govor, 'Glimpses of Russian Australia', in Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 314
[6] Elena Govor, 'Russians in Australia 1804– 1920: Convicts, Swagmen and the Anzacs', in Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 116–140
[7] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Tables 9.1–9.22 Population (a), sex and country of birth, NSW, in Australian Historical Population Statistics, Canberra, 2008. All census references in this article are taken from this source.
[8] Elena Govor, 'Russian Prerevolutionary Emigration to Australia: Socioethnic Background and Preconceptions', http://www.elena.id.au/Preconceptions.htm
[9] The analysis of waves of migration throughout this article has been drawn from Boris Christa, 'Russians', in James Jupp (ed), The Australian People: Encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Cambridge, 2001, pp 636–642. The demographic analysis is based on ABS statistics and Charles Price, 'Russians in Australia: A Demographic Survey', in John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds), Russia and the Fifth Continent: Aspects of Russian-Australian Relations, St Lucia, Queensland, 1992, pp 54–80.
[10] Elena Govor, 'Russians in Australia 1804–1920: Convicts, Swagmen and the Anzacs', in Aleksander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds) Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 116–140. For statistical breakdown of Russians in the AIF see Elena Govor, 'Russian Anzacs', http://russiananzacs.elena.id.au/
[11] Eric Fried, 'Simonov, Peter ( 1883?– 1938?)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 11, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1988, pp 607–08
[12] In addition to ethnic Russians, these figures included Ukrainians, Jews, Belorussians and others
[13] Information about the cultural and political life of the Sydney Russian community in the 1920s and 1930s has been drawn from a range of sources, including Avstraliada Editorial Committee (eds), Russkie v Avstralii (Russians in Australia), Sydney, 2008; CM Hotimsky and GV Berdnikoff, Russkie v Avstralii, Edinenie, Melbourne, 1957; Galina Kanevskaya, 'Russian Immigrant Life in Australia: from 1923 to the Present', in Alexander Massov, John McNair and Thomas Poole (eds), Encounters under the Southern Cross: Two centuries of Russian-Australian relations 1807–2007, Adelaide, 2007, pp 254–260; MD Frolova, Russians in Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 1996; and K Avramenko, M Koreneva and K Mutsenko-Yakunina, Russian Women in Australia, part 2, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 1994
[14] Michael A Protopopov, A Russian Presence: A History of the Russian Church in Australia, Giorgias, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2006 was the source of information on the Russian Orthodox Church throughout
[15] Ian J Bersten, 'Repin, Ivan Dmitrievitch ( 1888– 1949)', in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 16, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2002, pp 78–79
[16] Jessie Street and Lenore Coltheart, Jessie Street: a revised autobiography, Federation Press, Sydney, 2004, pp 143–145
[17] Mara Moustafine, Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files, Random House Australia, Sydney, 2002, pp 390–340
[18] Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs, A New Life for Refugees: Australia's Humanitarian Program, Canberra, 2005, p 1
[19] V Vinocuroff and Yu Kamensky, Russian Engineers in Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 1996
[20] Julie Ustinoff and Kay Saunders, 'Celebrity, Nation, and the New Australian Woman: Tania Verstak, Miss Australia 1961' in Journal of Australian Studies, 2004
[21] Museum of Australian Democracy and Old Parliament House, The Petrov Affair exhibition, 2004
[22] David McKnight, 'Bialoguski, Michael ( 1917– 1984)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 17, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2007, pp 97–98
[23] Kyra Tatarinoff, Peter Tatarinoff, Anatoly Konovets and Irene Kasperski-Andrews (eds), Russians in Strathfield: A community profile 1949– 1999, Russian Ethnic Community Council of NSW, Sydney, 1999 and Avstraliada Editorial Committee (eds), Russkie v Avstralii (Russians in Australia), Sydney, 2008 were useful sources on community activities
[24] OS Koreneff, Russian Relief Association in Sydney, University of Melbourne Parkville, 1988
[25] Natalie Melnikov (ed), Istoriya Russkikh v Avstralii (History of Russians in Australia), vol 2, Sydney, 2008
[26] Natalie Melnikov (ed), Istoriya Russkikh v Avstralii (History of Russians in Australia), vols 1 and 2, Sydney, 2004 and 2008
[27] ABS and Census 2006 cross tabs generated by author through CDATA
Immigration Russians
Moustafine, Mara
Mara Moustafine is a writer, historian and former Australian diplomat
Drowned river valley that forms Sydney Harbour and includes North Harbour and Middle Harbour. Long inhabited by the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Wangal and Eora people, Port Jackson was renamed by Captain Cook in 1770, although his ship did not enter the Heads.
Three-masted ship of 370 tons and 61 metres long which was the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the globe in 1804.
Gagemeister, Leonty
Ship master and explorer who crossed the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and circumnavigated the globe in 1816 and 1828.
Bligh, William
Governor of New South Wales who was overthrown in the Rum Rebellion of 1808.
Suvorov
Ship of the Russian-American Company which visited Sydney on its voyage to deliver cargo to Novoarkhangelsk in Russian America (now Sitka, Alaska).
Macquarie, Lachlan
British military officer who became the fifth Governor of New South Wales and was responsible for extensive social, economic and architectural development in the colony.
Bellingshausen, Faddei Faddeevich
Russian admiral and explorer who was the commander of the ship Vostok that arrived in Sydney in 1820 as part of a Russian expedition through the Pacific and the Antarctic. Also known as Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
North Shore residential suburb built on Cammeraygal land in North Sydney local government area. Now containing the residences of the Prime Minister (Kirribilli House) and the Governor-General (Admiralty House), its uninterrupted views across the Harbour make it one of Sydney's most desirable suburbs.
Fort Denison
Rocky island in Sydney Harbour, colloquially known as Pinchgut, on which a Martello tower fort was built in the 1840s and 50s.
Defending colonial Sydney
For more than a century, Sydney faced recurrent and often well-founded fears of raids and even invasion. The British Empire's enemies and rivals sent warships into the Pacific to annexe territories, and Sydney was a potentially desirable conquest. Fortress Sydney grew out of anticipated dangers that could not be ignored.
Rynda
Russian steam corvette class warship built in St Petersburg in 1885.
Michaelovitch, Alexander
Russian grand duke and grandson of Tsar Nicholas I who visited Australia for the Centenary celebrations.
Paul, Edmon Monson
Honorary Russian Consul in Sydney.
Inauguration of the Commonwealth celebrations Centennial Park 1901
Ceremony and mass celebration held to honour the achievement of Federation in 1901.
The largest urban park in the southern hemisphere, developed as a parkland since the early days of European settlement. It also gives its name to the small residential suburb on its western fringe, whose most famous resident was Nobel Prize winning novelist Patrick White.
Miklouho-Maclay, Nikolai
Ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist who established the first marine research station in Sydney.
Miklouho-Maclay, Margaret-Emma
Wife of scientist Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay.
Pastoralist, land reformer and politician who was Premier of New South Wales five times.
Small bay just inside South Head of Sydney Harbour, north of Watsons Bay.
Milcow, Constantin
Convict of Russian origin.
Atlas III
Convict transport which arrived from Portsmouth in 1816 with 187 male convicts.
International war between the Allies (Britain and its dominions, France, Russia, Italy and the USA) and Central Powers (Germany and Austria–Hungary,Turkey and Bulgaria) that was fought mainly in Europe and the Middle East. It began on 28 July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918. Australia's involvement in the war began on 4 August 1914 when Britain and Germany went to war and Australia, as one of Britain's dominions, pledged full support. Australians fought in the British and Australian armies.
While no battles took place on Australian soil, Australian involvement in the conflict had both immediate and long term impacts on the local community.
Union of Russian Workers
Revolutionary organisation formed in Brisbane which agitated for the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and was strongly opposed to the Australian government and the war effort. Many members were deported for organising illegal demonstration and newspapers.
Simonov, Peter
Communist activist who was appointed Russian consul and was one of the founding members the Communist Party of Australia.
Political party established in 1920 after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. It achieved its greatest political strength in the 1940s which resulted in an attempt to ban the party in 1951.
Russian Club
Pro-monarchist Russian social club formed in 1924. It has occupied various premises over the decades.
Seryshev, Innokenti
Priest of the Russian Orthodox church who initially used other Orthodox churches for services in 1926.
Christ Church St Laurence
Anglican church in George Street which became a centre for Anglo-Catholic worshippers from the 1880s.
Central Railway Station
Central Railway Station, opened in 1906, is Sydney's main rail terminus. Built on the site of the Devonshire Street Cemetery, it replaced a nearby terminus on Devonshire Street.
Shlemin, Methodius
Russian Orthodox priest who was invited from Queensland to be parish priest to the Sydney community.
St Vladimir's Russian Orthodox church Centennial Park
An early Russian Orthodox church in Sydney.
Davidenkov, George
Russian emigrant and active member of the community in Sydney.
Belinski, Irina
Russian community leader.
Repin, Ivan
Coffee shop proprietor and coffee importer who helped establish a European cafe culture in Sydney.
Russian publishing business established in 1937.
The Emigrant's Way
Russian language magazine published by Oriento publishing house from 1935.
The Russian in Australia
Russian language magazine published irregularly between 1937 and 1962.
Pavlova, Anna
Russian ballerina who toured the world with her own company to great critical acclaim.
Shalyapin, Fyodor
Russian opera singer who toured Australia.
Ballet Russes de Monte Carlo
Ballet company established in 1932 by Rene Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil which toured Australia in 1936.
Don Cossack Choir
Men's chorus of exiled Russian Cossacks founded by Serge Jaroff in 1921. It toured extensively under his direction until 1979.
Military Union
Russian political association formed between the wars.
Russian Monarchist Group
Russian political group which supported the restoration of the Russian monarchy.
National Alliance of Russian Solidarists
Russian anti-communist organisation formed in Serbia in 1930 which spread worldwide with Russian emigrants.
Russian Workers' Association
Organisation formed to give voice to alienated migrant workers.
Street, Jessie
Feminist activist who campaigned for every major social justice issue of the twentieth century, including women's and children's rights, Aboriginal rights, peace, civil liberties, economic equality and more.
Russian Medical Aid and Comforts Committee
Organisation formed in 1941, a few weeks after Russia became an ally in the European war effort, to provide medical and humanitarian aid to the Russian people. This included over 165,000 dressed sheepskins sent in 1942.
Russian Social Club
Pro-Soviet club formed in 1943.
Global conflict during the years 1939–1945. Australia's involvement in the second world war began with Prime Minister Robert Menzies' radio announcement on 3 September 1939 that the country was at war, and ended with Japan's unconditional surrender on 14 August 1945. As a member of the British Commonwealth, Australia fought with the alliance of powers known as the Allies (Great Britain, France, United States of America, the Soviet Union and China) against the Axis powers (Germany, Japan, Italy). More than a million Australians served, and for the first time the country came under direct military attack.
George, Jennie
Trade unionist and politician who became the first women to hold the position of President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions from 1996 to 2000.
Australian Council of Trade Unions
Organisation of trade unions formed in 1927 in Melbourne to improve workers' rights and conditions on a national basis.
Jegorow, Bill
Russian migrant who fought for the rights of migrants and worked for decades to improve ethnic affairs and community relations.
Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council
Organisation representing Australians from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds which provides advocacy, develop policy and promote issues to government and the broader community.
First proposed by William Wentworth in 1848 as an expansion of Sydney College, the university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act in 1850 and inaugurated in 1852 before moving to Camperdown in 1859. It is the oldest university in Australia.
Verstak, Tania
The first migrant to win the Miss Australia quest in 1961.
Miss Australia Quest
Competition for girls which ran from 1954 until 2000. Competitors raised money for sufferers of cerebral palsy.
Petrov, Vladimir
Soviet diplomat and spy whose defection in 1954 caused outrage and serious repercussions within Australian politics for many years.
Petrova, Evdokia
Russian diplomat and spy who defected with her husband in 1954.
Bialoguski, Michael
Doctor and intelligence agent whose work with ASIO was to culminate in engineering the defection of the Petrovs in 1954.
Major airport serving Sydney and Australia, which is one of the oldest continuously operating airports in the world. Successive enlargements have resulted in the reclamation of land in Botany Bay to build new runways, and the resumption of property in surrounding suburbs because of noise.
Far northern beachside suburb on the Barrenjoey Peninsula. It was named after the cabbage tree palms which were common in the area.
Stars of the Bolshoi Ballet
Ballet company which toured Australia from Russia.
Berioska Dance Company
Dance company of 70 dancers from Moscow which performed in Sydney in 1966 and 1977.
Great Moscow Circus
Circus company from Russia first imported to tour in Australia by Eric Edgley in 1965.
Inner-western suburb which is built around a major rail interchange and is an important commercial and educational hub.
Saints Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Diocesan Cathedral
Russian Orthodox cathedral built for the Russian community in the early 1950s.
Inner-western suburb which is characterised by a mixture of residential, commercial and light industrial development. It contains many notable examples of Victorian and Federation architecture.
Russian Relief Association of St Sergius of Radonezh
Russian aid organisation which extended its services to aged care.
Western commercial and residential suburb named after the estate of Captain John Horsley (1840). It has a rich and diverse cultural mix, with Arabic, Assyrian and Vietnamese being the most commonly-spoken languages after English.
Cabramatta
South-western suburb which began as an agricultural township. It evolved into one of Sydney's most multicultural suburbs after the Second World War when it was settled by successive waves of European and Asian migrants.
Busy southern commercial and residential suburb which grew after the railway line, opened in 1884, allowed residential development and subdivision. Immigration from Hong Kong since the 1990s has created a vibrant Chinese community.
Southern residential suburb, which developed after the railway reached nearby Hurstville in 1884. The name of Forest Road comes from the area once being heavily timbered.
Western suburb on the country of the Darug people, which as 'Blacks' Town' became the site of the short-lived Native Institution in 1823. It was a separate town until suburban development joined it to Sydney in the mid-twentieth century.
Predominantly residential inner-western suburb on Wangal land. In 1983 its Malvern Hill Estate was made one of New South Wales's first heritage conservation areas.
Incorporated by Act of the Parliament in 1949, its development can be traced back to the formation of the Sydney Mechanics Institute in 1843 and Sydney Technical College in 1878.
University in Sydney's northern suburbs, established by legislation in 1964 and opened to students in 1967.
Western suburb, 14 kilometres west of central Sydney, nestled around Rookwood Cemetery, with industry and commercial development as well as residential areas. The area was known by several names, including Rookwood, Liberty Plains, and Haslams's Creek, before a new name 'Lidcombe' was created in 1914 by combining the surnames of two of the mayors of Rookwood Council, Frederick Lidbury and Alexander Larcombe.
Consulate General of the Russian Federation
Authority representing the rights and interests of the Russian Federation.
Multicultural radio station established in 1975.
SBS Radio
National multicultural radio station which took responsibility for radio stations 2EA and 3EA in 1978.
SBS Television
National multicultural television station which began broadcasting in 1980.
Edinenie
Russian language newspaper established in Melbourne but published in Sydney from 1977.
There has been a Jewish community in Sydney since the beginning of European settlement. With the Jewish free settlers who arrived from the 1820s, they built businesses and congregations in Sydney. In the late-nineteenth century, a new group of Jewish immigrants arrived from Eastern Europe, fleeing pogroms and persecution. Jewish Sydneysiders were active in public life and in business, settling in the eastern and inner western suburbs. The community doubled in size after World War II as immigration increased, and the community developed new educational and cultural organisations as well as a broader range of religious congregations.
Inner-eastern suburb adjacent to Bondi Beach, largely a working class suburb for much of the twentieth century and also home to a large population of Jewish immigrants. Its name comes from an Aboriginal word for 'sound of waves breaking on a beach'.
Movie directed by Stavros Kazantzidis in 2001.
Gorizont
Russian language newspaper published weekly since 1993.
Avstraliiskaya Mozaika
Russian language journal first published in 2001.
South-eastern beachside suburb. Its name is believed to come from a tribe that lived there, or from a Dharuk companion of Bennelong. Another conjectured meaning is 'like thunder', referring to the sound of heavy surf.
Affluent suburb overlooking the harbour five kilometres east of central Sydney. In the nineteenth century it was home to villas built by the colony's emerging plutocracy. Mass suburban development was helped by the extension of the tram line to Bondi Beach in 1914.
Avstraliada: Russkaia letopis
Russian language journal published quarterly since 1994.
Russian Historical Society in Australia
Organisation to promote Russian history and culture.
Russian Ethnic Community Council of New South Wales
Umbrella organisation for Russian community and cultural groups.
Sydney Balalaika Orchestra
Orchestra of authentic folk instruments which plays traditional Russian folk music.
Russian Resurrection Film Festival
Annual film festival to promote an appreciation of Russian cinema.
Putin, Vladimir
Russian politician who served as the second President of the Russian Federation and since 2008, as Prime Minister of Russia.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting 2007
Meeting of Asian and Pacific leaders in Sydney in September 2007.


Taking out Campervan Insurance is one of the most inexpensive car insurances that there is. Receive Online Quotes with a panel of specialist campervan insurance providers.
Campervans have been popular in the UK for a long time. It's not hard to see why given all the idyllic camping spots you can find across the country. A campervan provides you not only with a means of transport but also allows you to have some of the comforts of home whilst you're camping.Something every campervan owner must take care of ASAP is getting their campervan insured. This needn't be a hassle as long as you know how to go about it in the right way. On this site you'll be able to obtain quotes from providers of campervan insurance incredibly easily but before you do it's worthwhile reading through the information presented here so that you'll feel confident when it comes to getting your policy.
The Named Drivers – One of the biggest factors that will affect the cost of your insurance policy will be the driving history of the named drivers. Ideally any drivers that are named on the policy will have a good amount of driving experience and have no claims or points on their licence. Typically drivers over 25 willpay less than 18-24 year olds.
The Model of Campervan – The value of your campervan will also affect the price of the policy. One of the most popular models of campervan is the Volkswagen Camper. Bear in mind that often you will be given cover for the depreciated value of your vehicle rather than what it would cost to replace it, should your campervan be written off.
Security – If you're able to demonstrate that your campervan is secure this will certainly stand in your favour. You will ideally it parked in a locked garage when not being used. You should also make the effort to fit your campervan with an alarm, immobilizer, tracker and any other safety device that will make it more secure.
Usage – How you use your campervan will also affect cost. Plenty of people like to travel to music festivals in their campervan which means their contents are at much greater risk of being stolen so this will reflect in the price if you choose to have contents cover.
Let's look at a few of these in detail. Firstly is contents cover. When deciding whether you should get your contents insured you have to look at both the value of the contents you plan to keep in your campervan and the likelihood of them being stolen. If you're someone who likes to take your campervan to music festivals and other large gatherings then your contents are going to be at much more risk of being stolen. If you like to take expensive items such as laptops and tablets with you when you travel then it's probably a good idea to get your contents covered.
Limited mileage discounts are usually available if you only use your campervan in a limited way. You can save a good amount of money by agreeing to stay under a certain annual mileage that you and the insurance provider agree upon.
Lastly, breakdown assistance is an incredibly useful option to have included in your policy. When you're using a campervan you'll often be travelling far from home and relying on it as a means of accommodation. Breaking down in the middle of nowhere could be disastrous but with breakdown assistance you won't have this worry.
When getting campervan insurance, the right policy doesn't mean just the cheapest. There are some key factors worthconsidering to ensure you get the right policy for your needs.
Only Get What You Need – If you never plan to take your campervan out of the country then you have no need for European cover. If you already have breakdown assistance then you obviously don't need this included in your policy. By only getting what you're sure you'll need you can save a good deal of money on your policy.
Check the Small Print – The whole purpose of having insurance is to give you peace of mind so you want to be sure that if you need to make a claim you'll be fully compensated. It's always worth checking the small print on your policy as there may be some details you're unaware of.
Shop Around – A hugely important part of getting the best deal on your campervan insurance is to shop around. Whilst it might be tempting to get with the first insurance provider you contact, this is not the best way to do things as you cannot know for sure whether you're getting a good deal or not. By getting several quotes you can get a true idea of the market and choose the best value policy.
If you want to save money on your campervan insurance there are a couple of things you can do. Firstly you should join a campervan owner's club. Many insurance providers will give special discounts to members of these clubs so it's always worth joining one. Secondly you can choose to pay annually for your insurance rather than monthly. Often this will give you a very decent saving on what you pay overall.
Since getting multiple quotes is one of the best ways to save money on your insurance it makes sense to get them in the most efficient way possible. Whilst it's now much easier to obtain quotes yourself from different insurance provider's websites, there is an easier. By filling out the simple form on this site you can get quotes from multiple insurance providers who specialize in campervan insurance. It's never too soon to take care of the insurance for your campervan so you can drive it legally and with peace of mind.


text:
namespace {

class ChromeBlocklistTrialTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
  ChromeBlocklistTrialTest(const ChromeBlocklistTrialTest&) = delete;
  ChromeBlocklistTrialTest& operator=(const ChromeBlocklistTrialTest&) = delete;

 protected:
  ChromeBlocklistTrialTest() {}
  ~ChromeBlocklistTrialTest() override {}

  void SetUp() override {
    testing::Test::SetUp();

    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
        override_manager_.OverrideRegistry(HKEY_CURRENT_USER));

    blocklist_registry_key_ = std::make_unique<base::win::RegKey>(
        HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
        install_static::GetRegistryPath()
            .append(blocklist::kRegistryBeaconKeyName)
            .c_str(),
        KEY_QUERY_VALUE | KEY_SET_VALUE);
  }

  DWORD GetBlocklistState() {
    DWORD blocklist_state = blocklist::BLOCKLIST_STATE_MAX;
    blocklist_registry_key_->ReadValueDW(blocklist::kBeaconState,
                                         &blocklist_state);

    return blocklist_state;
  }

  std::wstring GetBlocklistVersion() {
    std::wstring blocklist_version;
    blocklist_registry_key_->ReadValue(blocklist::kBeaconVersion,
                                       &blocklist_version);

    return blocklist_version;
  }

  std::unique_ptr<base::win::RegKey> blocklist_registry_key_;
  registry_util::RegistryOverrideManager override_manager_;
  content::BrowserTaskEnvironment task_environment_;
};

// Ensure that the default trial sets up the blocklist beacons.
TEST_F(ChromeBlocklistTrialTest, DefaultRun) {
  // Set some dummy values as beacons.
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconState,
                                      blocklist::BLOCKLIST_DISABLED);
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconVersion, L"Data");

  // This setup code should result in the default group, which should have
  // the blocklist set up.
  InitializeChromeElf();

  // Ensure the beacon values are now correct, indicating the
  // blocklist beacon was setup.
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(blocklist::BLOCKLIST_ENABLED),
            GetBlocklistState());
  std::wstring version(base::UTF8ToWide(version_info::GetVersionNumber()));
  ASSERT_EQ(version, GetBlocklistVersion());
}

// Ensure that the blocklist is disabled for any users in the
// "BlocklistDisabled" finch group.
TEST_F(ChromeBlocklistTrialTest, BlocklistDisabledRun) {
  // Set the beacons to enabled values.
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconState,
                                      blocklist::BLOCKLIST_ENABLED);
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconVersion, L"Data");

  scoped_refptr<base::FieldTrial> trial(
    base::FieldTrialList::CreateFieldTrial(
      kBrowserBlocklistTrialName, kBrowserBlocklistTrialDisabledGroupName));

  // This setup code should now delete any existing blocklist beacons.
  InitializeChromeElf();

  // Ensure invalid values are returned to indicate that the beacon
  // values are indeed gone.
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(blocklist::BLOCKLIST_STATE_MAX),
            GetBlocklistState());
  ASSERT_EQ(std::wstring(), GetBlocklistVersion());
}

TEST_F(ChromeBlocklistTrialTest, VerifyFirstRun) {
  BrowserBlocklistBeaconSetup();

  // Verify the state is properly set after the first run.
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(blocklist::BLOCKLIST_ENABLED),
            GetBlocklistState());

  std::wstring version(base::UTF8ToWide(version_info::GetVersionNumber()));
  ASSERT_EQ(version, GetBlocklistVersion());
}

TEST_F(ChromeBlocklistTrialTest, BlocklistFailed) {
  // Ensure when the blocklist set up failed we set the state to disabled for
  // future runs.
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconVersion,
                                      TEXT(CHROME_VERSION_STRING));
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconState,
                                      blocklist::BLOCKLIST_SETUP_FAILED);

  BrowserBlocklistBeaconSetup();

  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(blocklist::BLOCKLIST_DISABLED),
            GetBlocklistState());
}

TEST_F(ChromeBlocklistTrialTest, VersionChanged) {
  // Mark the blocklist as disabled for an older version, it should
  // get enabled for this new version.  Also record a non-zero number of
  // setup failures, which should be reset to zero.
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconVersion,
                                      L"old_version");
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconState,
                                      blocklist::BLOCKLIST_DISABLED);
  blocklist_registry_key_->WriteValue(blocklist::kBeaconAttemptCount,
                                      blocklist::kBeaconMaxAttempts);

  BrowserBlocklistBeaconSetup();

  // The beacon should now be marked as enabled for the current version.
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(blocklist::BLOCKLIST_ENABLED),
            GetBlocklistState());

  std::wstring expected_version(
      base::UTF8ToWide(version_info::GetVersionNumber()));
  ASSERT_EQ(expected_version, GetBlocklistVersion());

  // The counter should be reset.
  DWORD attempt_count = blocklist::kBeaconMaxAttempts;
  blocklist_registry_key_->ReadValueDW(blocklist::kBeaconAttemptCount,
                                       &attempt_count);
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<DWORD>(0), attempt_count);
}

}  // namespace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fantails are a collection of book banded readers (each 16 pages). They have controlled levels according to a student's reading age. Each collection can be used alongside other popular reading schemes. Includes 80 fiction readers, each with colorful illustrations and 80 non-fiction readers, each with real-life photographs. Holders are included for easy storage.


text:
Kolakowski: Sam the savior? Cool your Jets
Ryan Kolakowski | Friday, September 14, 2018
Sam Darnold might be the emerging Broadway star of New York Jets football, but, when it comes to their newly crowned franchise quarterback, fans should exercise an abundance of caution.
On Monday evening, fans of the New York Jets were awestruck when their usual laughingstock of a franchise put a 48-17 drubbing on Matthew Stafford and the Detroit Lions.
In the third quarter of the Monday Night Football matchup, the Jets posted 31 points in seemingly every way imaginable. Linebacker Darron Lee returned an interception 36 yards to the end zone. Andre Roberts tightroped down the sideline on a 78-yard punt-return touchdown. Isaiah Crowell dashed 62 yards out of the Jets backfield for a long rushing score. Big play after big play put an exclamation point on the Jets win.
But the explosive play that ignited the Jets offense in the second half? That was certainly Sam Darnold's 21-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Quincy Enunwa, giving New York a 24-17 lead.
Darnold, the third-overall pick in April's NFL draft, wasn't expected to start the first game of the year. He was added to a depth chart that included journeyman Josh McCown and former Vikings' quarterback Teddy Bridgewater. By the time the season kicked off, though, Bridgewater had been traded to New Orleans and McCown was relegated to mentor and backup duty.
Darnold was thrust into the spotlight, but he was promptly embarrassed when his first pass of the evening was intercepted and returned for a touchdown.
The reaction online was immediate. Bleacher Report ribbed the Jets on Twitter, posting a photo of the recently traded Bridgewater along with the caption, "Y'all need me to come … OH WAIT YOU TRADED ME."
Darnold bounced back after his initial turnover and led New York to the win in Week 1. Along the way, the quarterback completed 16 of his 21 pass attempts for 198 yards and two touchdowns. Although modest, that stat line was certainly impressive for a rookie debut.
By the end of the night, fans were enamored with their 21-year-old superstar.
Nearly a year ago, I wrote that New York football fans should shield their eyes from the horrendous product on the field in MetLife stadium. After a year of struggles, this must be it. This must be what Jets fans were waiting for. Sam Darnold is the savior, the franchise, a real quarterback to take the reins of the offense.
Even the Jets' players and coaching staff were excited to see Darnold's performance in Week 1, said ESPN's Rich Cimini.
Today, though, it is necessary that fans remind themselves of one thing. This franchise is still the New York Jets.
The Jets, who have not been to the playoffs since their AFC Championship Game appearance in 2010.
The Jets, who have had to look up in the standings at the New England Patriots every season since 2002.
The Jets, who have already seen performances like this from high-profile rookie quarterbacks.
In 2013, Geno Smith led the Jets to an 18-17 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers while tossing for 256 yards. Smith struggled in two years as the Jets starter before being benched in 2015 and then leaving the team after 2016.
In 2009, Mark Sanchez racked up 272 yards through the air in a 24-7 win over Houston. The Jets reached two AFC Championship Games with Sanchez at quarterback, but he was nothing more than a game manager before flaming out.
We have watched this movie before. It is unreasonable to expect Sam Darnold to join the Jets and suddenly become the savior. The rookie quarterback is hardly perfect, and he illustrated that with a pick-6 on the first pass of his career.
Throughout his time at the University of Southern California, Darnold was terribly turnover-prone. In the 2017 season, he tossed 13 interceptions and lost nine of his 12 fumbles in 14 games.
Those 22 turnovers are a cause for concern in New York, a city where the pressure of the media and the fan base can crush an athlete. The back pages of the New York tabloids sang Darnold's praises Tuesday morning, but they can tear him down at the first sign of weakness. If Darnold allows those turnover woes to follow him to MetLife Stadium, a chorus of boos could be raining down on him very soon.
Darnold is barely 21 years old, making him the youngest quarterback to start a season opener since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970. He played in only 27 games over two seasons at USC. That youth is an exciting shot of adrenaline for the Jets, but that inexperience indicates he still has a lot of growing up to do.
Jets coach Todd Bowles tried to extinguish the excitement around his rookie at his Thursday-morning press conference.
"It's only been one game," Bowles said. "To sit here and say whether he's great or whether he's trash or whether he's anything else, it's way too early for that."
Fans should follow Bowles' lead in remaining level-headed after Darnold's initial success.
This is not to say that this Jets team doesn't have the potential to be successful. They own a tenacious defense led by lineman Leonard Williams and outspoken safety Jamal Adams. Quincy Enunwa, Robby Anderson and Isaiah Crowell provide sneaky depth and speed at offensive skill positions.
Fans are excited, and with good reason. They have suffered through enough, so it is fair to rejoice in this victory and be happy with the progress.
However, this is to say that expectations should be tempered. As Adams tweeted after the win against the Lions, "Not too high not too low. But a great 1-0 start as a team."
Fans should take Adams' advice as the Jets prepare to make their home opener against the Miami Dolphins this Sunday.
Keep your eye on Darnold, though. Maybe, just maybe, he will be the next big thing to hit Broadway.
The views expressed in this column are those of the author and not necessarily those of The Observer.
Tags: New York Jets, sam darnold
About Ryan Kolakowski
Contact Ryan
Greason: New York sports fans shouldn't give up hope
I am a New York sports fan. Always have been, always will be. I...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Angular libraries cross-dependency I am looking for some help with Angular7 libraries.
I have a project A in which I have developed two libraries - library 1 and library 2. The second library (library 2) has a dependency on the first library (library 1). Later, in another project, let's say project B I may use library 2.
My problem is with specifying that library 2 has a dependency on library 1. Currently, the two libraries are built in a folder libs/ in the root of the project - which makes library 2 imports from library 1 works with and without specifying that it has a dependency on library 1 in its package.json file.
Library 1 package.json
{
  "name": "library-1",
  "version": "0.0.1",
  "peerDependencies": {
    "@angular/common": "^7.1.0",
    "@angular/core": "^7.1.0"
  }
}

Library 2 package.json
{
  "name": "library-2",
  "version": "0.0.1",
  "peerDependencies": {
    "@angular/common": "^7.1.0",
    "@angular/core": "^7.1.0",
    "@angular/material": "7.2.0",
    "library-1": "0.0.1"
  }
}

Also, their build+dev location is specified in the main tsconfig.json file:
{
  ...,
  "compilerOptions": {
    ...,
    "paths": {
      "library-1": ["libs/library-1", "projects/library-1/src/"],
      "library-1/*": ["libs/library-1/*", "projects/library-1/src/*"],
      "library-2": ["libs/library-2", "projects/library-2/src/"],
      "library-2/*": ["libs/library-2/*", "projects/library-2/src/*"]
    }
  }
}

Is there a way where I can make it explicit that the second library does not compile if the first one is not installed?

A: If anyone else is having a similar setup and wants to know what I did.
1.Added the paths for the different libraries which point to the specific public_api.ts in the root level tsconfig.json. This allows on the fly compilation when you use the library in the main project.
{
   ...options,
   "paths": {
       "library-1": "projects/library-1/src/public_api.ts",
       "library-2": "projects/library-2/src/public_api.ts"
   }
}

2.Added peer dependency in package.json of library-2 to library-1. This would show a warning if you use library-2 in a project without adding library-1 as a dependency as well.
{
    ...options,
    "peerDependencies": {
         "library-1": "0.1"
     }
}

3. Added an extra tsconfig.build.json extends the tsconfig.lib.json and overrides the path for library-1 from the root tsconfig to use the compiled code of that library. This would build library-2 with compiled sources and not just mingle it and directly import from library-1.
{
  "extends": "./tsconfig.lib.json",
  "compilerOptions": {
    "paths": {
      "library-1": ["dist/libs/library-1"]
    }
  }
}

4.Use the following command to build library-2 so the new tsconfig.build.json is used.
ng-packagr -p projects/library-2/ng-package.json -c projects/library-2/tsconfig.build.json

A: I had the same error we had on  tsconfig.json
 "paths": {
      "dxp-lib-commons": [
        "projects/dxp-lib-commons/src/public-api.ts"
      ],
      "dxp-lib-components": [
        "projects/dxp-lib-components/src/public-api.ts"
      ],
      "dxp-lib-services": [
        "projects/dxp-lib-services/src/public-api.ts"
      ]
    },

So commons it is the base for the other two, i had pointed to the public-api,ts on develop and use it fast. Yet when we did a build on this, it will crash with   'rootDir' is expected to contain all source files.
So after looking several posts i discovered that on build it is necesary to point to the dist and compiled commons not the public-api.ts so on components and service i added on the tsconfig.lib.prod.json
"paths": {
  "dxp-lib-commons": [
    "dist/dxp-lib-commons"
  ]
}

And worked.

A: Yes you can specify the first project as a dependency on the second project package.json file:
"dependencies": {
    "Local first project": "file:../myprojectfolder/myprojectpackagefolder"
    "Git First project": "git+ssh://git@gitlab.mydomain:first-project.git"
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our products can be used in training to obtain a good muscle growth. These support endurance, muscle strength,muscles and joints.
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Electronic waste has become a large contributor to landfill volumes. Medical device manufacturers are requiring devices to be rendered inoperable when discarded. Trestles has teamed with an eWaste recycling facility and medical device manufacturers to properly dispose of heart defibrillators. The devices are ultimately disassembled, sorted into recyclable products, processed, and the individual commodity remarketed.


text:
White Flowering Tree Identification
Some white-flowered trees, like the orange, have easy identifiers such as fruit.
1 Determine What Kind of Fruit Tree I Have
2 Small Trees to Grow Near Sidewalks
3 Trees That Bloom in the Winter With Camellia-Like Pink & White Flowers
4 Facts About Eddie's White Wonder Dogwood
A huge number of trees and shrubs boast white flowers. Rogers Trees and Shrubs, in fact, lists over 1,000 species as having white flowers, and those are merely the decorative types; it is not even an exhaustive list. Because of this, identifying your species of white flowering tree should start with very basic categories, such as whether it is an edible or ornamental and whether it loses its leaves in the fall.
Many fruit trees have white flowers. This includes all types of citrus (Citrus spp.), such as lime, lemon, orange and grapefruit, hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11. These evergreen trees grow to a variety of heights, but are normally 15 to 25 feet, with fragrant, showy white flowers in the winter and spring. Cherry trees also have white flowers. Black cherry (Prunus serotina), hardy in USDA zones 3 through 9, produces small, bitter fruits that are edible only after cooking.
Deciduous Ornamentals
Like fruit trees, ornamentals may be deciduous or evergreen. Crepe myrtles like "Glendora White" (Lagerstroemia indica "Glendora White"), hardy in USDA zones 7 through 9, have long panicles of white flowers and grow to around 25 feet. Its foliage changes seasonally, starting out bronzed and changing to light green in summer and yellow in fall. Ornamental crabapples may also have white blossoms. "Snowdrift" (Malus "Snowdrift") grows to between 15 and 20 feet and is hardy in USDA zones 4 through 8, with single flowers that grow to around 1 3/4 inches in diameter.
Evergreen Ornamentals
Many evergreens have white blossoms as well. Examples of evergreen ornamentals include the southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), hardy in USDA zones 7 through 9, whose fragrant white flowers bloom in spring. These cup-shaped blooms are 8 to 12 inches in diameter and hard to miss, even among 10-inch leathery green leaves. Well-known examples include the Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica), which is hardy in USDA zones 7 through 9. Its lovely white, radial, 5-inch blooms are set against a backdrop of glossy, dark green leaves. American holly (Ilex opaca), hardy in USDA zones 5 through 9, puts out creamy white blossoms in spring, changing to red berries in fall. Only female hollies bloom or produce berries.
Because there are so many different types of white flowering tree, it is helpful to use a guide to help you identify the tree. Many guides exist online and in book form that will help you narrow down the tree's characteristics, generally starting with basics like leaf shape and whether leaves are deciduous or evergreen. They also take into account unique characteristics like blossom shape, winter fruit and leaf color. The white dogwood (Cornus florida), for instance, hardy in USDA zones 5 through 9, has distinct four-petaled flowers, purple-red fall foliage and bright red fruits in winter.
United States Forest Service: Citrus Spp.
Missouri Botanical Garden: Prunus Serotina
Missouri Botanical Garden: Magnolia Grandiflora
Missouri Botanical Garden: Malus "Snowdrift"
Missouri Botanical Garden: Camellia Japonica
Missouri Botanical Garden: Ilex Opaca
Monrovia: "Glendora White" Crepe Myrtle
Arbor Day Foundation: What Tree Is That?
Arbor Day Foundation Tree Details: Dogwood, White
Sarah Moore has been a writer, editor and blogger since 2006. She holds a master's degree in journalism.
Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images
Moore, Sarah. "White Flowering Tree Identification." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/white-flowering-tree-identification-93375.html. Accessed 17 July 2019.
Moore, Sarah. (n.d.). White Flowering Tree Identification. Home Guides | SF Gate. Retrieved from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/white-flowering-tree-identification-93375.html
Moore, Sarah. "White Flowering Tree Identification" accessed July 17, 2019. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/white-flowering-tree-identification-93375.html
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$53M REVENUE WRITE-DOWN: State analysts said Wednesday that fearful federal workers, the elderly and struggling families are buying less than expected this year, reducing state sales tax receipts by about $72 million, Erin Cox is reporting in the Sun. That trend was the biggest contributor to a $53 million revenue write down the Board of Revenue Estimates approved Wednesday. The state's chief revenue forecaster blamed President Donald Trump's budget-cutting rhetoric for causing economic trepidation among the state's large federal workforce.
PESSIMISM ON RACE RELATIONS: Maryland residents are pessimistic about race relations, with a strong majority saying in a new poll that the situation has recently "gotten worse" in the state, reports Erin Cox and John Fritze in the Sun. Though people most feel there is a problem in the state, the poll found African Americans and whites hold very different perspectives on the pervasiveness of workplace discrimination, the extent of unfair policing practices, and the propriety of taking down Confederate monuments or letting white supremacists rally in public.
A spokeswoman for Gov. Larry Hogan said the governor's office received "dozens of calls" expressing opposition to the hiring of Foose by the state department. Hogan expressed his own concern to the superintendent, writing "hiring Ms. Foose is not a decision I would have made." Foose's hiring was also opposed by 10 members of the Howard County delegation to the General Assembly, Bryan Sears writes for the Daily Record.
FRICK TO RUN FOR MO CO EXEC: Maryland House Majority Leader Bill Frick abruptly abandoned plans Wednesday to run in the state's 6th Congressional District, opting to launch a campaign for Montgomery County executive instead, John Fritze of the Sun reports.
Frick, 42, said he decided to enter the executive's race because he wants to bring "a new generation of leadership" to the jurisdiction. He is more than a decade younger than the three other Democratic candidates, County Council members Roger Berliner (Potomac-Bethesda), 66; Marc Elrich (At Large), 67; and George L. Leventhal (At Large), 54, reports Josh Hicks in the Post.
THE FRICK EFFECT: Josh Kurtz of Maryland Matters totes up the winners and losers after state House Majority Leader Bill Frick jumped from the 6th District congressional election to the race for Montgomery County executive. Even though he has waded into county issues before, Frick has always seemed more comfortable in Annapolis, and in a legislative environment generally. So in that respect, his decision to run for executive is surprising. Will Frick actually change the dynamic of the race?
BONUS FOR NEW CORRECTIONS OFFICERS: Maryland will offer a $5,000 recruitment bonus to new correctional officers to alleviate a persistent problem with vacancies in the state prison system, reports Michael Dresser in the Sun. Stephen T. Moyer, the secretary of the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, will hold a news conference today outside a recently closed part of the old Baltimore City Detention Center to announce the incentive.
HOGAN & HOGAN MYSTERY DINNER: Gov. Larry Hogan and his brother Tim, who runs the family's real estate business, are due to appear together tonight at a dinner in Annapolis that Tim Hogan is sponsoring as a member of the Washington, D.C., Economic Club. What this dinner is about and how the Hogan brothers came to be appearing together is something of a mystery, Josh Kurtz of Maryland Matters writes.
FRANCHOT BACKS BALTIMORE FOR HQ2: Democratic Comptroller Peter Franchot on Wednesday joined a chorus of officials praising Baltimore's Port Covington project as the best way to lure Amazon's prized new headquarters to Maryland, Erin Cox of the Sun reports. "Port Covington would be the perfect site for Amazon," Franchot said during his opening remarks at the regular Board of Public Works meeting in Annapolis.
IANNUCCI BACKS PG FOR HQ2: Bruce DePuyt interviews David Iannucci for Maryland Matters on Prince George's attempt to lure the Amazon HQ2 there. If the Washington, D.C., region wins the competition for Amazon's new headquarters, it will be because the workforce here is superior. That's the view of the top economic development official in Prince George's County, which this week publicly announced details of its bid to get the giant retailer to move to the county.
Holden Wilen of the Baltimore Business Journal writes that Prince George's County Executive Rushern Baker says the county's bids for Amazon.com Inc.'s second headquarters are not meant to detract from Baltimore's competing bid — he wants the state to have as many chances to win as possible.
SUN UNHAPPY WITH BAKER: The Sun editorial board writes a letter to Baker, criticizing his county's quest for the Amazon headquarters.
TRUTH & STATE CENTER: Jim Peiffer, former state Department of Transportation principal staff on the State Center project for six years before his retirement, writes in MarylandReporter that Barry Rascovar's Sept. 4 column about State Center is very misleading. The stakes are high and clarity on details surrounding this project is very important –– particularly as the lack of transparency from the state grows. Key parts of his tale about a faulty plan, greedy developers, and changing economic circumstances are just not true.
BUSCH IS BACK: Ovetta Wiggins of the Post looks at House Speaker Michael Busch's illness and road to recovery following a liver transplant. Now, he's ready to get back to work.
RALLY AGAINST 'TRUMPCARE:' The event in the Washington suburb of Silver Spring was billed as a public forum on Medicaid in the state of Maryland. But with Republicans just 10 miles away in the U.S. Senate working to undo Obamacare, it more closely resembled a campaign rally for the resistance. U.S. Rep. Jamie B. Raskin (D-Md.) denounced the latest Republican effort to gut the federal Affordable Care Act, calling it "Trumpcare" and a "mutating monstrosity," reports the Post's Jenna Portnoy.
VIGNARAJAH's ANNOUNCEMENT: Samuel Manas of Maryland Matters writes that Krishanti Vignarajah, a former policy director for Michelle Obama, formally announced her candidacy for governor of Maryland Tuesday afternoon, laying out a wide platform and striking out at Gov. Larry Hogan (R) on his relationship with President Trump.
Andrew Metcalf of Bethesda Beat looks at Vignarajah's responses to questions about her eligibility to run for governor.
YOUNG PG DEMS CHALLENGE INCUMBENTS: Writing in MarylandReporter, Mark Rose reports that a group of young Democratic challengers in their 20s and 30s has emerged in Prince George's County to run for the House of Delegates in 2018 and take on incumbent Democrats. The challengers cite a need for fresh blood and new ideas in a delegation they say has gotten out of touch with the voters and ineffective at getting things done.
ANNAPOLIS MAYOR's RACE: The primary election handed Annapolis a few surprises Tuesday, with an incumbent unseated, an incredibly close Ward 4 race and newcomer Gavin Buckley defeating state Sen. John Astle for the Democratic mayoral nomination. The results set the stage for a general election that will likely be incredibly competitive and expensive. Buckley's win sets up what appears to be a competitive race against incumbent Mayor Mike Pantelides, Chase Cook of the Annapolis Capital reports.
INFO RELEASE SOUGHT IN HARASSMENT PROBE: Several Washington County commissioners said Wednesday they favor releasing more information to the public in the coming weeks stemming from a completed investigation into sexual harassment claims by a now-former county employee against a fellow commissioner, Tamela Baker and CJ Lovelace report for the Hagerstown Herald-Mail.