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TBT: Twister (1996)
July 10, 2014 February 6, 2017 / Tom
So today the stars have aligned, and it being the tenth of the month both TBT and The Franco Files have merged on the same day! Given the performance I decided to highlight with July's installment of TFF, and the fact it involves a pretty ridiculous tornado, I started thinking about movies featuring similarly whacky weather. Pretty hard to find the film that's more consistently entertaining and taxing on the old bag of popcorn than this particularly thrilling rollicking through the midwestern plains in Jan DeBont's adaptation of a screenplay penned by best-selling author Michael Crichton.
Today's food for thought: Twister.
Rockin' Wakita since: May 10, 1996
[Theater]
I can't really justify my great love for this special-effects driven spectacular, or why I cherish it over other similar disaster action films. Actually, yes I can. I can back-up my love for Twister: it's supremely fun, at times even scary. . .even to this day. You can't tell me you don't go at least a little white-knuckle during the destruction of the drive-in theater. So, really, it's the whole having to explain why this particular, generic story does it for me more than others. There's a legion of other similar films that have tried to mimic the scale of Jan de Bont's adventure, and there are about ten times as many films that fall under the umbrella of cheesy disaster films — most of which are relegated to the Sci-Fy channel.
So, what was it?
Was it the air-born cow. . .or cows, plural? (How many of those fuckers were there flying around?) Or was it the rescuing of Aunt Meg (Lois Smith) after the same brute force that tore down the drive-in theater absolutely hammered the small town of Wakita? Might it have been a delightful turn from Phillip Seymour Hoffman as the free-spirited Dusty that piqued my curiosity so? The general (albeit slightly stereotyped) enthusiasm shared amongst the entire storm chase team — the likes of which featured a couple on the cusp of divorce? Or could it have been the idea that this pair of unlikelies — Bill (Bill Paxton) and Jo (Helen Hunt) — managed to fend off their emotional storm enough to weather a summer of historically high tornadic activity in the midwest?
Wait. . .aren't people supposed to be the ones doing the chasing?
Umm. . . how about all of the above? Toss some spices into the pot in the form of a killer rock-and-roll soundtrack, and what you have simmering on the cooker is a highly memorable action-packed summer film that simultaneously satiates the meteorology dork in me and satisfies my sweet tooth for visual spectacle (these renderings were pretty impressive for the time, you have to admit). Never mind the respect for science, as Crichton's screenplay turns the wind phenomenon commonly known as a tornado (or 'nader, depending on where you hail from. . .and yes, that was also a terrible pun) into a character in itself, presenting it as an increasingly intimidating force of nature the longer the movie endures.
Sure, Twister can't help playing out on occasion like an amusement park ride, its narrative ultimately boiling down to a series of stops at various locations, all of which become sites of near-catastrophic failure as the team have multiple close encounters with some seriously high-speed winds. In the end, I'm not sure what other choices de Bont had in steering the audience through this chaotic summer period, one in which a fearless group of scientists competed with others to help provide safer precautions for people living directly in harm's way. While the presence of so many tornados in such a short time span tended to strain credulity, the damage they subsequently caused hardly did. Neither did the harsh reality that served as the team's motivation. Aunt Meg had a close call, but so many others, like Jo's family, hadn't been so lucky.
In the end, there's very little to defend about this film as it pertains to memorable cinematic achievement. You know, excluding those eye-popping visuals. Apart from Hoffman's ingratiating Dusty, characters don't really leave lasting impressions; they weren't designed to. But the film as a whole succeeded immensely, designed as a simple popcorn package meant to entertain and enthrall.
Jack Nicholson about to be. . .blown away. . .by this film's special effects.
Recommendation: Suckers for early films coated in special effects and well-versed in action set-pieces have this film in their collection, no doubt. It's a must-have for anyone who's fan enough to take the tour at Universal Studios of the reconstructed set of the drive-in. (Hint-hint, I took the tour at Universal Studios. . . 🙂 ) It's also a classic for anyone seeking a nature-related, thrilling adventure from the '90s.
Running Time: 113 mins.
TBTrivia: As anyone knows, the tornadoes in this film generate quite the racket. To help create the cacophonous noise associated with these brutal winds, the filmmakers chose to incorporate a slowed-down audio recording of a camel moaning. Yes, that's right. A camel moaning.
Photo credits: http://www.drafthouse.com; http://www.imdb.com
1990s, Action, movie review, throwbackthursday
#anothercow, #billpaxton, #classic, #cow, #crazy, #flyingcows, #goodfilm, #goodmovie, #goodtimes, #goodvibrations, #philipseymourhoffman, #throwbackthursday, #tornado, #tornadoes, #twister, #wildsideofnature, #wow
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14 thoughts on "TBT: Twister (1996)"
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caragale
Yaaaassss I definitely remember this one fondly. 🙂 It's been forever since I've seen it and now I want a rewatch so badly! Lol. Totally forgot Hoffman was in it, too. I need to have a Hoffman tribute day and just watch and/or rewatch a bunch of his stuff. Great review of a very fun film, Tom! And you are just so PUNNY! 😉
Yeah it won't go down as one of Hoffman's most classic roles but it's both the first role I ever saw him in and one of my personal favorites, as he really just enjoys himself here. He can relax and maybe, for once, he doesn't quite have to throw himself headlong into a dramatic role.
I'm glad you appreciate my puns. It's all puntastic over here!! 😀
Man, it's been ages since I've seen this. One of Hoffman's first performances as well. The special effects were good I recall! Terrific Tom.
Hoffman is so much fun in this film man, there's quite a lot to cherish with this action-packed adventure. Sure, character development is pretty much non-existent, but who cares when there's this much fun to be had beholding the spectacle of mid-90s CGI???
Also, I have no idea how I overlooked your comment Mark. My apologies.
#notgoodenough
Tim The Film Guy
Floating cows is worth the watch alone 😀
Fully agreed Mr Tim! Floating cows and debris in the form of tractor trailers, semi's and small upended homes. God this movie is so much fun!
Brian @ Hard Ticket to Home Video
What would Ed and little angel do if a truck came along and splattered your brains all over the interstate? Or carried off by a twister?
movierob
great review Tom! I loved this film when it came out and still extremely enjoy watching it especially because of the cast
Hey Rob, absolutely! I find Twister just has insane amounts of replay value!!! I'm glad to find another fan of this outrageously good time. The cast is good and the special FX are great, and I loved the soundtrack, too.
Excellent choice. Completely agree Tom
That flying cow is practically iconic, no? Boy I forgot Phillip Seymour Hoffman is in this! I quite enjoyed this one, one of the better disaster flicks. Not a great film by any means, but pretty entertaining.
P.S. What does it take to be added to the DSB club? 😉
Hey there Ruth!! The cow bit just cracks me up every time, it no doubt has to be one of the most lasting images of this film. And possibly of the disaster film genre itself!
And no need to worry Ruth, unfortunately the widget I have on the side only lists the 50 most recent people/blogs I have added/followed so you are on there, but just farther down. I need to find an app or widget that accommodates more names. . .


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Passing a variable into an other function ( jeasyui ) Hello, I have been desperately trying to pass a variable between functions, I have tried some solutions but they didn't worked - maybe I do it wrong. I got no ideas how to solve this, this might be trivial for some of you, looking forward a help.
How does it work : The input radio's are supposed to add a parameter in the url ( queryParams - all should be ok according to the documentation ), I call it a additional filter for displaying specified data. When you click a radio script gets the value and should attach it to the queryParams.
If you have more questions don't hesitate to ask.

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio1" value="0">Radio1

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio2" value="1" checked="checked">Radio2

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio3" value="2">Radio3

$("li").on("click", "input", function () {
    $('#dg').datagrid('reload'); //reloads the grid
    alert($(this).val()); //gets the value of input type radio
    globalVar = $(this).val(); //assign the value to a global variable
    $('#string').html(globalVar);
});

$('#dg').datagrid({

    url: 'data_loader.php',
    queryParams: { //this adds to the url ?ltype=valur
        ltype: globalVar //assign the global variable here
    }
});
//$('#string2').html(globalVar);

JSFiddle example.

A: One solution is to just call .datagrid again.

$("li").on("click", "input", function () {
    var val = $(this).val();
    $('#string').html(val);
    updateDataGrid(val);
});

updateDataGrid();   // this initial call may or may not be needed.
                    // if the grid should load something on start up
                    // then pass a parameter to it here.

function updateDataGrid(query) {
    $('#dg').datagrid({

        url: 'data_loader.php',
        queryParams: {
            ltype: query
        }
    });
}

<link href="http://www.jeasyui.com/easyui/themes/default/easyui.css" rel="stylesheet"/>

Filter

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio1" value="0">Radio1

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio2" value="1" checked="checked">Radio2

        <input type="radio" name="letter_type" data-custom="Radio3" value="2">Radio3

            Item ID
            Product
            List Price
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            Status

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outer

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Сезон НБА 2004—2005 був 59-им сезоном в Національній баскетбольній асоціації. Переможцями сезону стали «Сан-Антоніо Сперс», які здолали у фінальній серії «Детройт Пістонс».

Регламент змагання
Участь у сезоні брали 30 команд, розподілених між двома конференціями — Східною і Західною, кожна з яких у свою чергу складалася з трьох дивізіонів.

По ходу регулярного сезону кожна з команд-учасниць провела по 82 гри (по 41 грі на власному майданчику і на виїзді). При цьому з командами свого дивізіону проводилося по чотири гри, із шістьома командами з інших дивізіонів своєї конференції — теж по чотири гри, а з рештою чотирма командами своєї конференції — по три. Нарешті команди з різних конференцій проводили між собою по два матчі.

До раунду плей-оф виходили по вісім найкращих команд кожної з конференцій, причому переможці дивізіонів посідали місця угорі турнірної таблиці конференції, навіть при гірших результатах, ніж у команд з інших дивізіонів, які свої дивізіони не виграли. Плей-оф відбувався за олімпійською системою, за якою найкраща команда кожної конференції починала боротьбу проти команди, яка посіла восьме місце у тій же конференції, друга команда конференції — із сьомою, і так далі. В усіх раундах плей-оф переможець кожної пари визначався в серії ігор, яка тривала до чотирьох перемог однієї з команд.

Чемпіони кожної з конференцій, що визначалися на стадії плей-оф, для визначення чемпіона НБА зустрічалися між собою у Фіналі, що складався із серії ігор до чотирьох перемог.

Регулярний сезон
Регулярний сезон тривав з 2 листопада 2004 р. по 20 квітня 2005 р., найкращий результат по його завершенні мали «Фінікс Санз».

Підсумкові таблиці за дивізіонами

Східна Конференція

Західна Конференція

Підсумкові таблиці за конференціями

Легенда:
z — Найкраща команда регулярного сезону НБА
c — Найкраща команда конференції
y — Переможець дивізіону
x — Учасник плей-оф

Плей-оф

Переможці пар плей-оф позначені жирним. Цифри перед назвою команди відповідають її позиції у підсумковій турнірній таблиці регулярного сезону конференції. Цифри після назви команди відповідають кількості її перемог у відповідному раунді плей-оф. Курсивом позначені команди, які мали перевагу власного майданчика (принаймні потенційно могли провести більшість ігор серії вдома).

* — переможці дивізіонів.

Лідери сезону за статистичними показниками

Нагороди НБА

Щорічні нагороди

Найцінніший гравець: Стів Неш, «Фінікс Санз»
Новачок року: Емека Окафор, «Шарлотт Бобкетс»
Найкращий захисний гравець: Бен Воллес, «Детройт Пістонс»
Найкращий шостий гравець: Бен Гордон, «Чикаго Буллз»
Найбільш прогресуючий гравець: Боббі Сіммонс, «Лос-Анджелес Кліпперс»
Тренер року: Майк Д'Антоні, «Фінікс Санз»
Менеджер року: Браян Коланджело, «Фінікс Санз»
Приз за спортивну поведінку: Грант Гілл, «Орландо Меджик»

Перша збірна всіх зірок:
F – Тім Данкан, «Сан-Антоніо Сперс»
F – Дірк Новіцкі, «Даллас Маверікс»
C – Шакіл О'Ніл, «Маямі Гіт»
G – Аллен Айверсон, «Філадельфія Севенті-Сіксерс»
G – Стів Неш, «Фінікс Санз»

Друга збірна всіх зірок:
F – Леброн Джеймс, «Клівленд Кавальєрс»
F – Кевін Гарнетт, «Міннесота Тімбервулвз»
C – Амаре Стадемаєр, «Фінікс Санз»
G – Двейн Вейд, «Маямі Гіт»
G – Рей Аллен, «Сіетл Суперсонікс»

Третя збірна всіх зірок
F – Трейсі Макгреді, «Х'юстон Рокетс»
F – Шон Меріон, «Фінікс Санз»
C – Бен Воллес, «Детройт Пістонс»
G – Кобі Браянт, «Лос-Анджелес Лейкерс»
G – Гілбер Арінас, «Вашингтон Візардс»

Перша збірна всіх зірок захисту
F – Кевін Гарнетт, «Міннесота Тімбервулвз»
F – Тім Данкан, «Сан-Антоніо Сперс»
C – Бен Воллес, «Детройт Пістонс»
G – Брюс Боуен, «Сан-Антоніо Сперс»
G – Ларрі Г'юз, «Вашингтон Візардс»

Друга збірна всіх зірок захисту
F – Тайшон Прінс, «Детройт Пістонс»
F – Андрій Кириленко, «Юта Джаз»
C – Маркус Кембі, «Денвер Наггетс»
G – Джейсон Кідд, «Нью-Джерсі Нетс»
G – Двейн Вейд, «Маямі Гіт»
G – Чонсі Біллапс, «Детройт Пістонс»

Перша збірна новачків
Емека Окафор, «Шарлотт Бобкетс»
Двайт Говард, «Орландо Меджик»
Бен Гордон, «Чикаго Буллз»
Андре Ігуодала, «Філадельфія Севенті-Сіксерс»
Луол Денг, «Чикаго Буллз»

Друга збірна новачків НБА
Ненад Крстич, «Нью-Джерсі Нетс»
Джош Сміт, «Атланта Гокс»
Джош Чілдресс, «Атланта Гокс»
Джамір Нельсон, «Орландо Меджик»
Ел Джефферсон, «Бостон Селтікс»

Гравець місяця

Новачок місяця

Тренер місяця

Посилання
Детальна статистика сезону НБА на сайті www.basketball-reference.com

2004 у канадському спорті
2005 у канадському спорті

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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BACKYARD BROADCASTING LOCAL NEWS AUGUST 25, 2022
HIT AND RUN DRIVER HITS ANOTHER CAR AND HOUSE
A driver in an Altima who hit a bicyclist and was fleeing that scene in Williamsport Wednesday afternoon around 5pm, caused more harm when they ran a stop sign hitting a woman driving a Mazda and then the side of a house. According to the Sun Gazette police have not identified the driver in the Altima who injured the person on the bike at Huffman and Packer Streets, sending them to the hospital. The suspect then went through a stop sign at Baldwin Street, hitting a woman driving the Mazda, and then hit a home on the 1200 block of Baldwin. The driver of the Altima is facing misdemeanor charges.
EAST LYCO SCHOOL BOARD INCREASES PAY FOR SUBSTITUTES
East Lycoming School District has increased pay for substitute teachers heading into the new school year as administrators face staffing challenges. According to the Sun Gazette, superintendent, Dr. Mark Stamm says they are fully staffed in the professional positions but that support staff positions are still open. The East Lycoming School board voted to increase the day-to-day rate a substitute teacher earns by 25 to 125 dollars, teachers who are substituting for up to 89 days earns 150 per day and a teacher assigned to the same position for more than 90 days receives 175 per day with benefits.
UPDATE ON UTAH LITTLE LEAGUE'S EASTON OLIVERSON
There's an update to treatment of Easton Oliverson, the Utah Little League player who fell from his International Grove bunk bed August 14th requiring emergency brain surgery. Doctors at Geisinger say Easton will undergo a necessary procedure on Friday weeks ahead of schedule, and will likely go back to Utah within days of having that done. Easton's father, Jace Oliverson told media outlets that they know there is a chance of a full recovery, and that the prayers of the community were instrumental in aiding Easton with improving so fast.
GAME COMMISSION OFFERS LEARN TO HUNT WEBINARS
The Pennsylvania game commission has started their series of free webinars for 2022 called "Learn to Hunt". According to the PGC the first installment debuted yesterday on the basics of squirrel hunting and can be seen on the Game Commission's website. Upcoming programs will feature sessions on archery hunting for deer in September, and pheasant hunting in October. Each webinar will have information on locations to hunt, tips and tactics and preparing game for meals. Register for free for upcoming webinars on the PGC website pgc.pa.gov.
MILTON HOUSE FIRE STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION
The identities of the family who were rescued from a house fire in Milton Monday morning have still not been released. According to the Daily Item, a 20 year old man and 21 year old woman and their one year old infant were rescued from 123 Myrtle Street in Milton, and remain hospitalized in an unknown condition. State fire marshals are still investigating the cause of the fire that brought firefighters from at least seven companies 4 am on Monday.
WOMAN AWAITING DUI TRIAL RELEASED ON BAIL
A Selinsgrove woman who caused a fiery DUI crash March 11th after she flipped her car onto the roof of a Shamokin Dam restaurant with her 1 year old infant in the car, was released on bail this week. According to North Central PA dot com, 43 year old Theresa Risso was arrested last spring for aggravated assault, endangering the welfare of children and DUI and had a blood alcohol level four times the legal limit. Risso posted 200 thousand dollars monetary bail and previously waived her preliminary hearing and formal arraignment. Her trial is upcoming in Snyder County Court.
SHAMOKIN WILL DISMISS EARLY DUE TO THE HEAT
There will be early dismissals today and tomorrow for Shamokin area schools. The district had implemented a relaxed dress code to cope with the heat as they resumed classes this past week in several buildings with malfunctioning air conditioning. According to the Superintendent Chris Venna, middle and high school students at Shamokin will be dismissed at noon today and tomorrow and the elementary students will be dismissed at 12:30pm today and tomorrow.
WELCOMES THE WORLD FESTIVAL FRIDAY IN WILLIAMSPORT
The two week long Little League World Series that wraps up this weekend features the 12th annual Welcomes the World Festival, coming up Friday night in downtown Williamsport from 5pm til 9. According to the Williamsport Lycoming Chamber of Commerce, the family-friendly festival will have free activities for children and the public as well as food and merchandise vendors. Retired MLB player Ricky Henderson will be signing autographs downtown from 5:30 until 6:30. According to the Sun Gazette, the turn out for the festival is expected to be strong with the championship Little League World Series game being played on Sunday.
Chinese Taipei 5 Mexico 1
Hawaii 13 Tennessee 0
Curaçao 7 Nicaragua 2
Texas 8 Hollidaysburg 4
Little League today
Mexico vs Curaçao 3pm Lamade
Pearland, Texas vs Nolensville, Tennessee 7pm Lamade
Braves 14 Pirates 2
Guardians 7 Padres 0
Nationals 3 Mariners 1
White Sox 5 Orioles 3
Phillies 7 Reds 5
Blue Jays 3 Red Sox 2
Dodgers 12 Brewers 6
Williamsport 9 Trenton 1
Williamsport's up 2 in the series. Game 3 tonight in Trenton 7pm 1st pitch in Trenton
NFL tonight
Green Bay is in Kansas City to play the Chiefs at 8 PM on NFL Network and San Francisco is in Houston at 8:15 on Prime Video
NFL Weekend
The Bills play tomorrow in Carolina at 7pm and Saturday the Eagles are in Miami. Sunday it's the Giants and the Jets at 1 and Detroit vs Pittsburgh @4:30pm on CBS
A federal jury awarded Vanessa Bryant $16 million on Wednesday after an 11-day civil trial over photos of the helicopter crash that killed NBA legend Kobe Bryant, daughter Gianna and seven others in January 2020 . The verdict was reached on Kobe Bryant Day in Los Angeles, on 8/24, representing the jersey numbers the NBA legend wore during his 20-year career with the Lakers.


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Montgomery Parks boasts more than 200 miles of trails.
Our trails are used for active and passive recreation, and exploring. We encourage you to practice trail safety at all times as you enjoy the trails.
Natural Surface Trails – Natural surface trails are typically narrow (2-4 feet wide) dirt trails. Types of uses associated with these trails are hiking, horseback riding and all-terrain biking. Unless noted otherwise on the trail map, natural surface trails are "shared by all".
Hard Surface Trails – Hard surface trails may include asphalt paths but they may also be any firm and stable surface capable of supporting casual walkers and cyclists.
Please note that the PDF Maps linked below do not meet ADA standards. We apologize for this inconvenience and are working to make our documents more accessible. Thank you for your understanding.
If there has been recent inclement weather please make sure you check our Trails Operation Status RainoutLine. Heavy rains can create hazardous conditions on trails and adversely impact the integrity of park trails. We thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Trails are shared recreation amenities and are accessed by a variety of users at the same time. Please be courteous to all users, and remember that pedestrians have the right-of-way.
Use caution or avoid trails during rain, high winds and other inclement weather.
Avoid natural surface trails for 24 hours after a rain event.
Cyclists are encouraged to wear helmets.
STOP at stop signs, they indicate dangerous cross car traffic.
Remember that pedestrians have the right-of-way. All trail users should stay to the right on the trail. Bicyclists approaching pedestrians should make an advanced noise using voice, bell or horn, and should pull off the trail when stopping to avoid possible accidents.
Pets should be kept on a short leash, and owners must clean up after their pets.
Bicyclists must keep a safe, reasonable speed and adhere to trail speed limits. Adjust speed to trail congestion and surface conditions.
Trails are available for use from sunrise to sunset each day, unless noted otherwise.
Respect, communication, and courtesy go a long way in helping everyone enjoy the trail safely.
Never use the trails alone and always let someone know where you are going.
Carry personal identification and a cell phone if possible.
When you approach your car, have your key ready and check the floor and the back seats before you get in.
Program the Park Police Emergency number 301-949-3010 into your cell phone before you leave.
Discover over 200 miles of trails.
Find out if a Montgomery Parks trail is open, closed or undergoing renovation in real time! Montgomery Parks urges the public to use common sense and good judgment when accessing trails and to avoid those that are wet or have muddy conditions.


Every business has a goal to make customer-focus a high priority but not every business achieves this aim.
At Flash Building & Maintenance, clients are the heart of our business and we don't take them for granted. As a client, we will respect you, listen carefully to your requests and needs, and do our utmost to deliver exactly what you need within your budget and timeline.
This approach has helped us attract clients and more importantly maintain client relationships, which is why we enjoy many long-term relationships with customers.
Flash Building & Maintenance has enjoyed a mutually beneficial relationship with national retailer JB Hi Fi since 2004. We've helped JB with hundreds of store builds, shop fits-outs, office fit-outs and renovations.
Our high quality work, customer-focus and determination to complete jobs on time and on budget are keys to this relationship. We're proud to have JB Hi Fi as a loyal long-term customer.
Flash Building & Maintenance has also completed many fixture, shop fitting and shop front projects for Optus, in addition to projects for most major shopping centres within Melbourne and Australia.


Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that can cause whole-body soreness, discomfort, depression, and anxiety.
According to various research studies, chronic pain impairs the hippocampus, which is a region of the brain that controls learning, memory, and emotional processing.
In this blog, the pain management specialists at American Spine explain how pain affects mood and memory.
A 2012 study from Northwestern University found brain fog, depression, and anxiety in chronic pain patients is caused by damage to nerve pathways and the hippocampus, a region that regulates emotions. Many pain patients encounter the symptoms of depression and anxiety frequently, and they often attribute them to being upset or frustrated with their condition. This isn't unusual, and quite frankly, being frustrated with pain is warranted.
Chronic pain can be incredibly difficult to deal with, so it's understandable why someone would feel depressed, anxious, and confused. Still, researchers from Northwestern University are saying these feelings may be caused by an impaired hippocampus. The study, which was published in the April edition of the Journal of Neuroscience, found patients suffering from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and chronic back pain had smaller hippocampi than those who didn't suffer from a chronic pain condition.
This was a revolutionary find, considering now more than ever pain management specialists are characterizing chronic pain syndromes as physical and mental disorders, not just physical conditions. Treatment for these diseases now focuses on a multidisciplinary approach, using interventional pain medicines with alternative therapies to provide whole-body wellness.
Going back to the study, researchers speculated different hippocampal sizes could be attributed to the lack of neuron growth found in this part of the brain. According to the report, the formation of new neurons is critical to memory and emotional processing. Patients who suffer from chronic pain don't have this capability, which can lead to cognitive impairments.
Fortunately, this research team and others have been looking into treatment options that can support pain management from a mind and body approach. Until then, there are a number of behavioral health therapies available for patients recovering from a spinal surgery, or for patients who are still living in chronic pain. Call American Spine today to meet with our helpful staff who can walk you through different complementary therapies for interventional pain care and minimally invasive surgery.


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Ancient Egypt power struggle detailed in new Assassin's Creed Origins trailer
By Robin-Leigh Chetty 23 August 2017 | Categories: news
It seems like the Assassin's Creed franchise is back to winning ways, with each new trailer that we see for Origins further amping up anticipation for this game. The latest one is titled Game of Power, and focuses on the power struggle that grips Ancient Egypt and the part gamers will play in the outcome as Bayek.
Drawing on actual ancient history, the storyline of Origins will feature figures like Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, as their politics determine what unfolds in the region. More pertinent to gamers, however, will be Ptolemy XIII, the ruler whose iron fist is crushing Bayek's people, and part of the reason why he takes up the Assassin's mantle.
While we're yet to play the game proper, this most recent trailer proves that the cutscenes could be as entertaining to watch as playing the game. Hit play on the trailer below and see yet another reason why we can't wait to play Assassin's Creed Origins when it launches on 27 October.
Assassins Creed OriginsGamingTrailerStoryline


text:
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Earth Interactions Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Journal of Climate Journal of Hydrometeorology Journal of Physical Oceanography Meteorological Monographs Monthly Weather Review Weather and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and Society
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Author or Editor: Deliang Chen x
Sort by RelevanceDate - Old to RecentDate - Recent to OldArticle A - ZArticle Z - AAuthor A - ZAuthor Z - AJournal A - ZJournal Z - A
Recent Changes in the Moisture Source of Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau
Chi Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, and Deliang Chen
Evidence has suggested a wetting trend over part of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in recent decades, although there are large uncertainties in this trend due to sparse observations. Examining the change in the moisture source for precipitation over a region in the TP with the most obvious increasing precipitation trend may help understand the precipitation change. This study applied the modified Water Accounting Model with two atmospheric reanalyses, ground-observed precipitation, and evaporation from a land surface model to investigate the change in moisture source of the precipitation over the targeted region. The study estimated that on average more than 69% and more than 21% of the moisture supply to precipitation over the targeted region came from land and ocean, respectively. The moisture transports from the west of the TP by the westerlies and from the southwest by the Indian summer monsoon likely contributed the most to precipitation over the targeted region. The moisture from inside the region may have contributed about 18% of the total precipitation. Most of the increased moisture supply to the precipitation during 1979–2013 was attributed to the enhanced influx from the southwest and the local moisture supply. The precipitation recycling ratio over the targeted region increased significantly, suggesting an intensified hydrological cycle. Further analysis at monthly scale and with wet–dry-year composites indicates that the increased moisture contribution was mainly from the southwest and the targeted region during May and September. The enhanced water vapor transport from the Indian Ocean during July and September and the intensified local hydrological recycling seem to be the primary reasons behind the recent precipitation increase over the targeted region.
Journal of Climate
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0842.1
El Niño–Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation Control of Climate in Puerto Rico
Björn A. Malmgren, Amos Winter, and Deliang Chen
Many studies have shown that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a significant influence on climate in many parts of the globe, mostly in the Pacific Basin. The objective of this study is to examine the possible impact of ENSO on climatic patterns on the island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. The authors find that annual mean air temperatures are controlled by ENSO since 1914. El Niño years are associated with warm air temperatures, whereas El Viejo (La Niña) years, which are the opposite of El Niño, are cooler. On the other hand, since 1911 fluctuations in annual rainfall amounts are synchronous with variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the winter and are not controlled by ENSO. During years of a high winter NAO index, when the axis of moisture transport in the North Atlantic changes to a more southwesterly–northeasterly orientation, annual precipitation in Puerto Rico is lower than average.
Volume 11: Issue 10
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2713:ENOSOA>2.0.CO;2
Summer High Temperature Extremes in Southeast China: Bonding with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and East Asian Summer Monsoon Coupled System
Weiwen Wang, Wen Zhou, and Deliang Chen
This study investigates summer high temperature extremes (HTEs) in southeast China and their linkage with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric circulations in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). An interdecadal change in HTEs associated with the abrupt shift of the ENSO–monsoon climate in the late 1980s is demonstrated. Before this interdecadal shift, the interannual variability of HTEs was linked mainly to temperature adjustments associated with the meridional displacement of the East Asian jet stream (EAJS), whereas after the shift HTEs were found to follow an ENSO cycle, which may be due to intensified and persistent ENSO activities, tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming, and changes in atmospheric teleconnections. Impacts of the EAJS, the South Asian high (SAH), and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) on HTEs are further investigated based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. It is found that mainly the first leading EOF mode with a homogeneous spatial pattern shows dominance before the interdecadal shift, whereas both of the first two leading EOF modes show dominance after the interdecadal shift. A possible mechanism of how HTEs in southeast China are linked to the EAJS, the SAH, and the WNPSH in the ENSO–monsoon coupled system is proposed.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00545.1
Homogenization and Assessment of Observed Near-Surface Wind Speed Trends across Sweden, 1956–2013
Lorenzo Minola, Cesar Azorin-Molina, and Deliang Chen
Multidecadal variability of observed near-surface wind speed from 24 stations across Sweden has been analyzed for 1956–2013, with a focus on 1979–2008 (incorporating an additional 9 stations) for comparison with previous studies. Wind speed data have been subjected to a robust data processing protocol, consisting of quality control, reconstruction, and homogenization, by using geostrophic wind speed series as reference. The homogenized dataset displays a significant (at p < 0.05) downward trend for 1956–2013 (−0.06 m s−1 decade−1) and an even larger decreasing trend for 1979–2008 (−0.14 m s−1 decade−1). However, differences have been observed seasonally, with significant decreasing values in spring, summer, and autumn and a small downward trend in winter for 1956–2013. Most interestingly, a nonsignificant wind speed increase has been detected in winter for 1979–2008, which contrasts with the marked "stilling" reported for this season in much of midlatitude regions. The decreasing rate in wind speed is larger for coastal stations and in the southern part of Sweden. Decreasing trends were found at 91.7% of the stations during summer, whereas 58.3% of the stations displayed decreasing trends in winter. On the contrary, increasing trends occurred in 41.7% of the stations for winter and in only 8.3% for summer. The possible impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index has also been investigated, showing evidence that the small increasing trend in winter for 1979–2008 is hypothetically associated with the positive tendency of the NAO index during the last decades. These results reveal the influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation on wind speed variability across Sweden.
Evaluation of WRF Mesoscale Climate Simulations over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979–2011
Yanhong Gao, Jianwei Xu, and Deliang Chen
To develop a finescale dataset for the purpose of analyzing historical climatic change over the Tibet Plateau (TP), a high-resolution regional climate simulation for 1979–2011 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model driven by the ERA-Interim (ERA-Int). This work evaluates the high-resolution (30 km) WRF simulation in terms of annual variation, spatial structure, and 33-yr temporal trends of surface air temperature (Tair) and precipitation (Prec) over the TP, with reference to station observations. Another focus is on the examination of the height–temperature relationship. Inheriting from its forcing, the WRF simulation presents an apparent cold bias in the TP. The cold bias is largely reduced by a lapse rate correction of the simulated surface air temperature with help of the station and model elevations. ERA-Int presents the same sign of Tair and Prec trends as the observations, but with smaller magnitude, especially in the dry season. Compared to its forcing, the WRF simulation improves the simulation of the annual cycles and temporal trends of Tair and Prec in the wet season. In the dry season, however, there is hardly any improvement. The observed Tair presents a downward linear trend in the lapse rate. This feature is examined in the WRF simulation in comparison to ERA-Int. The WRF simulation captures the observed lapse rate and its temporal trend better than ERA-Int. The decreasing lapse rate over time confirms that Tair change in the TP is elevation dependent.
Decadal Transition of the Leading Mode of Interannual Moisture Circulation over East Asia–Western North Pacific: Bonding to Different Evolution of ENSO
Xiuzhen Li, Zhiping Wen, Deliang Chen, and Zesheng Chen
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle has a great impact on the summer moisture circulation over East Asia (EA) and the western North Pacific [WNP (EA-WNP)] on an interannual time scale, and its modulation is mainly embedded in the leading mode. In contrast to the stable influence of the mature phase of ENSO, the impact of synchronous eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on summer moisture circulation is negligible during the 1970s–80s, while it intensifies after 1991. In response, the interannual variation of moisture circulation exhibits a much more widespread anticyclonic/cyclonic pattern over the subtropical WNP and a weaker counterpart to the north after 1991. Abnormal moisture moves farther northward with the enhanced moisture convergence, and thus precipitation shifts from the Yangtze River to the Huai River valley. The decadal shift in the modulation of ENSO on moisture circulation arises from a more rapid evolution of the bonding ENSO cycle and its stronger coupling with circulation over the Indian Ocean after 1991. The rapid development of cooling SSTAs over the central-eastern Pacific, and warming SSTAs to the west over the eastern Indian Ocean–Maritime Continent (EIO-MC) in summer, stimulates abnormal descending motion over the western-central Pacific and ascending motion over the EIO-MC. The former excites an anticyclone over the WNP as a Rossby wave response, sustaining and intensifying the WNP anticyclone; the latter helps anchor the anticyclone over the tropical–subtropical WNP via an abnormal southwest–northeast vertical circulation between EIO-MC and WNP.
Evaluation of the Global Climate Models in the CMIP5 over the Tibetan Plateau
Fengge Su, Xiaolan Duan, Deliang Chen, Zhenchun Hao, and Lan Cuo
The performance of 24 GCMs available in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is evaluated over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) by comparing the model outputs with ground observations for the period 1961–2005. The twenty-first century trends of precipitation and temperature based on the GCMs' projections over the TP are also analyzed. The results suggest that for temperature most GCMs reasonably capture the climatological patterns and spatial variations of the observed climate. However, the majority of the models have cold biases, with a mean underestimation of 1.1°–2.5°C for the months December–May, and less than 1°C for June–October. For precipitation, the simulations of all models overestimate the observations in climatological annual means by 62.0%–183.0%, and only half of the 24 GCMs are able to reproduce the observed seasonal pattern, which demonstrates a critical need to improve precipitation-related processes in these models. All models produce a warming trend in the twenty-first century under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (rcp8.5) scenario; in contrast, the rcp2.6 scenario predicts a lower average warming rate for the near term, and a small cooling trend in the long-term period with the decreasing radiative forcing. In the near term, the projected precipitation change is about 3.2% higher than the 1961–2005 annual mean, whereas in the long term the precipitation is projected to increase 6.0% under rcp2.6 and 12.0% under the rcp8.5 scenario. Relative to the 1961–2005 mean, the annual temperature is projected to increase by 1.2°–1.3°C in the short term; the warmings under the rcp2.6 and rcp8.5 scenarios are 1.8° and 4.1°C, respectively, for the long term.
Conditional Attribution of the 2018 Summer Extreme Heat over Northeast China: Roles of Urbanization, Global Warming, and Warming-Induced Circulation Changes
Chunlüe Zhou, Deliang Chen, Kaicun Wang, Aiguo Dai, and Dan Qi
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Volume 101: Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0197.1
Water Vapor Transport and Moisture Budget over Eastern China: Remote Forcing from the Two Types of El Niño
Xiuzhen Li, Wen Zhou, Deliang Chen, Chongyin Li, and Jie Song
The water vapor transport and moisture budget over eastern China remotely forced by the cold-tongue (CT) and warm-pool (WP) El Niño show striking differences throughout their lifetime. The water vapor transport response is weak in the developing summer but strong in the remaining phases of CT El Niño, whereas the opposite occurs during WP El Niño. WP El Niño causes a moisture deficit over the Yangtze River valley (YZ) in the developing summer and over southeastern China (SE) in the developing fall, whereas CT El Niño induces a moisture surplus first over SE during the developing fall with the influential area expanding in the decaying spring and shifting northward in the decaying summer. It is the divergence of meridional water vapor transport that dominates the total water vapor divergence anomaly, with the divergence of zonal transport showing an opposite pattern with smaller magnitude.
Investigation of the vertical profile of moisture budget shows a great baroclinicity, with the strongest abnormal moisture budget occurring in different levels. The moisture transport via the southern boundary plays a crucial role in the regional moisture budget anomalies and is located near the surface over SE, in the lower troposphere over the YZ, and at the lower-middle troposphere over the eastern part of northern China. The enhanced moisture surplus near the surface forced by WP El Niño over SE in the mature winter and decaying spring is offset by a moisture deficit within the lower-middle troposphere due to a diverse response circulation at different vertical levels.
Increase in Surface Friction Dominates the Observed Surface Wind Speed Decline during 1973–2014 in the Northern Hemisphere Lands
Zhengtai Zhang, Kaicun Wang, Deliang Chen, Jianping Li, and Robert Dickinson
During 1973–2014, a reduction trend in the observed surface wind speed (10 m) in the Northern Hemisphere lands has been widely reported; this reduction is referred to as "global stilling." The primary determining factors of global stilling include atmospheric circulation, turbulent friction, and surface friction when ignoring the vertical influencing factors. Most of the existing studies on the attribution of global stilling do not take changing surface friction into account. In addition, there are other changes in the climate system, such as aerosol loading, which could have an impact on atmospheric circulation, but are not included in the majority of current models either. Here, we developed a novel approach based on modeled winds calculated from sea level pressure observations and applied the method to approximately 4000 weather stations in the Northern Hemisphere lands from 1973 to 2014 to attribute the stilling in the three factors. In our methods, we neglected the vertical influencing factors on surface wind speed but took the aerosols' changes on atmospheric circulation and gradual urbanization effect on surface wind speed into account. We found that atmospheric circulation has dictated the monthly variation in surface wind speed during the past four decades. However, the increased surface friction dominates the long-term declining trend of wind stilling. Our studies had uncertainties while neglecting the influence of vertical factors on surface wind stilling, despite most of the existing studies showing their effect was minor compared to the three factors explored in our study.
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The Sandy Springs Police Department will accept drop-offs of unwanted prescription medicine pills for safe disposal on Saturday, Oct. 28, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Held in partnership with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration on its "National Prescription Drug Take Back Day," the event allows people to dispose of expired or unused pills or patches for free, with no questions asked, to prevent accidents or pollution. Only pills and patches will be accepted, not other forms of medication such as liquids or needles.
The drop-off will be held at police headquarters, 7840 Roswell Road, Building 301, Sandy Springs.
For information about the DEA program, see its website here.


Dolce Diet tips & tricks, Part I: (Not so) Mysterious Quinoa | Says who?!
I sometimes jump right into talking points without knowing if my readers actually have any idea what I'm talking about. So before I go on, my disclaimer: To my MMA & sports-fitness-dieting gurus, I know you're familiar with Mike Dolce, you can skip southward to the recipe. To the rest of you, whom I am THRILLED to tell this to: please check out my buddy Mike's fantabulous Living Lean book here, so that you may have a better idea of where I'm coming from. You'll thank me, after you buy the book (online w/ shipping OR ON iTunes).
SIMPLE SOLUTION!! Here I am, to share my easiest (tastiest, too) quinoa recipe.
I never have trouble finding it in organic or "green" sections, nor at "health food" stores. Just ask where it is, most employees will direct you right to the grains.
Even if the package says it's been pre-rinsed, do it again. Use a fine mesh strainer, run clean water over it until it no longer bubbles or looks sudsy and water runs clear, and then leave to dry out a little. After you've done this, you're ready for the tastiest and easiest quinoa side dish EVAH!
Place an empty, dry, medium-sized saucepan over medium heat. Once heated, add previously rinsed quinoa (damp or fully dried back out). Stir continuously for two minutes, to toast. Add 1 3/4 cups of water, stir to make sure nothing is stuck to the pan, and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low, cover, let simmer for 14 minutes – set your timer, don't open it back up until it's finished!!! After 14 minutes, remove the quinoa from the heat, leave covered, and let stand for 2 minutes.
While the quinoa is simmering, place a small (preferably non-stick) skillet over medium heat. Add dry, raw pine nuts to dry skillet and toast until golden (about 3 minutes), mixing/moving nuts constantly. Transfer pine nuts to a separate container. Again, over medium heat, add olive oil to the skillet. After giving the oil a few minutes to come up to heat, add your thinly sliced garlic. If your garlic is sliced SUPER thin, it will probably look as if the oil is bubbling in an almost soapy-looking way. NO WORRIES, just keep the garlic moving so it doesn't burn – no matter the thickness. Cook the garlic until it is golden, 2-3 minutes. Remove garlic AND oil from heat, together, as you'll be adding them both to the finished dish later.
← About that "10lbs Down by 2012" thing..
(Try to restrain yourself with a toy that costs a quarter, though.
wouldn't have a clue if it were pinned on to their lapel. While these items maybe fewer and far between, they do exist.


In addition to open text questions, two new question types in SurveyGizmo allow for a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data. Heatmap: This question type allows respondents to click on the areas of an image they like or don�t like and provide direct, qualitative feedback on why they reacted as they did.
Also, answers to closed-ended questions can easily be analyzed statistically, which is what you usually want to do with survey data. However, in one-on-one usability testing , you want to get richer data than what�s provided from simple yes/no answers.
Yeah no prob. Exversion is open data infrastructure. It allows people to create data repositories same way they might create code repositories on github (for example) and share this data with everybody or with a select group of individuals.


text:
Q: How to identify if input is over? I am trying to take inputs within a loop. How do I know when the input stops? Say for example I have an int input and I am taking in the input as long as the user wants. But I am not prompting before each entry. I'm not asking if the user has any more inputs, nor I do I know the number of inputs in advance.
How do I stop taking in the inputs?
Here is what I've till now.
while(1){
    scanf("%d",&input);
    if(conditionFulfilled)
        index=0;

    if(index)
        printf("%d",input);
}

Here, as long as the condition is not fulfilled, I print everything. But once the condition is fulfilled, I keep taking in the inputs, but don't print them. How do I know when the input stops?
I'll try to make myself more clear now.
What I want to do is, I want the user to keep entering the numbers, now I want to print those numbers in the same order, but once the user has entered a number greater than 50 I dont want to print that and any number afterwards.
Also, I dont want the user to stop entering the inputs once this above condition is achieved. Also, I can ask the user every time if he wants to enter any more number? I just want him to keep entering, and then once he is done. I should get the desired printed output.
But I just cant figure out, how do I know if the user is done with all the inputs.
I was thinking I can store the inputs as characters, since a newLine is stored in the character but not in the integer inputs. i.e. scanf("%c",&input). will store the \n character, but if it is scanf("%d",&input) will ignore all the newLines, now I can check for two consecutive newlines, and that will stop it.
Well, I am not sure if it is the right way?
Also, say if I enter 4 and then hit enter, now 4 and enter both are on the input stream, now how can I clear this input stream for the newLine character, and just take in 4 in my variable?
I hope it makes more sense now?
Edit: I guess the above solution wont work, since if I am taking in the input as char I wont be able to process 22 since It will just take the first 2 and leave the other one in buffer only.

A: It's better to use getchar() in a while loop and use CTRL+D which is EOF terminator of input.(But make sure you have enough size of buffer to store input).
If input is smaller than the size , you can realloc for the new size.In that way you can save space.

A: If you are happy only taking the first 2 inputs when the input is something like: 20 20 foo 30, then just do:
while( scanf( "%d", &input ) == 1 )

However, in any reasonable program, you will want to deal with invalid input more gracefully.

A: If you want the user to do something like:
5<enter>
16<enter>
3<enter>
...

As long as they want, you can't know when they are done. I'm assuming this is the case you're talking about since you're looping a single input.
In this case you have to set the end state for the user, either by a terminating sequence such as "enter -1 to stop" or by setting the number of inputs before hand, "enter 10 values".
However if you want to accept any number of values all at once, such as:
5 16 3 ... <enter>

Then you can read the value into a string with scanf() and break it apart around your token character (space in this case). If you want to do this you don't need a loop.

So let's say in your code conditionaFulfilled is an input of 0, and you want to break when they enter a -1:
while(1){
scanf("%d",&input);
if(input == 0)
  index=0;
else if(input == -1)
   break;
if(index)
printf("%d",input);
}

Now the code will keep entering and printing numbers until they put in a 0, at this point it will keep taking numbers, but not using them until the input is -1.

EDIT based on your edit:
Well, I am not sure if it is the right way?
There really isn't a "right way", it's your program so it's up to you. The first part of my answer explains this, you have to define how you want to take your input. Do you want them to enter the numbers one at a time? Do you want them all on one line? It's up to you!
Edit: I guess the above solution wont work, since if I am taking in the input as char I wont be able to process 22 since It will just take the first 2 and leave the other one in buffer only.
 no, your code is taking them as integer numbers %d. If you were taking them as characters %c then yes, you are correct a multi-digit number you'd have to do special work to take:
If the user enters 22<enter>   you'd have to loop taking characters until a newline and you'd have to shift the digits accordling:
2 * 10^1 + 2 * 10 ^0 = 22

Also, say if I enter 4 and then hit enter, now 4 and enter both are on the input stream, now how can I clear this input stream for the newLine character, and just take in 4 in my variable?
If you're only reading digits via scanf("%d", &input), then you don't have to worry about new line characters.
Hope that helps.


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Excavation of the Governor's Palace, 1930–1931.
Excavation, in one form or another, has been an important feature of Colonial Williamsburg's research since 1928. In that year, a group of laborers was set to work exposing the foundations of the Capitol building at the east end of Duke of Gloucester Street. This project, motivated by architectural interest, was the first of now hundreds that would help inform the careful reconstruction of this 18th-century town, and would eventually lead researchers to a more detailed and complete understanding of the lives of those who made their homes here.
Archaeologists excavate a late 18th-century dairy at the Coffeehouse site in 2009.
Colonial Williamsburg's Historic Area, by all outward appearances, is a "finished product." With more than 85 years of excavation behind us, it might seem safe to assume that all of the archaeological work has been completed. In fact, this is nowhere close to true. Only an estimated 15 to 20% of the Historic Area's 301 acres have been fully excavated. This statistic speaks not only to the labor-intensive nature of archaeological excavation but, more importantly, to archaeology's evolving goals and techniques as they have been practiced in Williamsburg for the last 85 years.
Looking back, the history of excavation at Colonial Williamsburg can be separated into four chapters. While these divisions are often aligned with changes in leadership, there are also distinct goals and methodologies identifying each (see detailed descriptions below). The first phase was defined by the reconstruction of Williamsburg as a town. During this period, more than 300 buildings were reconstructed based on architectural evidence, adding to the 88 structures that had survived from the 18th century. The hallmark of the second period was the introduction of open-area, stratigraphic excavation, and a focus on artifacts—techniques that spelled the difference between the "excavation" of the first phase, and the advent of "true archaeology" in Williamsburg. More recent phases can be characterized more as evolutions than as new disciplinary directions. During the third phase, new technology expanded the breadth of archaeological evidence, and a comparative approach opened new areas of research. The most recent changes, phase four, have much to do with the presentation of archaeological information, and engagement with communities.
Excavating an entire town is an enormous undertaking, and there will be opportunities for visitors to see active archaeological sites in Williamsburg for a long time to come. You might not, however, see an archaeological excavation each time you visit. That is because archaeologists, particularly in a protected town such as Williamsburg, are guided by a conservation ethic. Sites are excavated only when motivated by challenging research questions, and only when there is adequate funding not just for the excavation, but for lab work, artifact conservation, and report writing. Conservation also demands that some sites, or portions of sites, be "banked"—saved for a time when new questions or better technology might yield superior results.
In the meantime, the goal of archaeological excavation is to produce a representative sample of 18th-century Williamsburg: to excavate properties at the commercial (east) end, as well as some of the more gentrified "urban plantations" on the northwestern side of town; sites once occupied by the affluent, and tenant sites; sites where trades were practiced; as well as domestic and industrial sites. Overarching this mission is a commitment to filling in gaps, particularly toward understanding the lives of Williamsburg's large enslaved African and free black and Indian populations.
Early cross-trenching at the corner of Nassau Street (bottom) and Duke of Gloucester Street (right).
For the first thirty years of Colonial Williamsburg's history, the goals and methods of excavation were simple, straightforward, and so architecturally-oriented that today we self-consciously avoid calling the work "archaeology" at all. Excavation between 1928 and 1958 focused entirely on the problem of finding the physical remains of Williamsburg. Although 88 buildings survived from the 18th century, almost four times that number had fallen into disrepair and been razed over the course of the ensuing centuries.
The job of locating these structures fell to the large number of unemployed laborers that the Depression years had to offer. These men were set to work "cross-trenching": digging trenches one shovel blade wide (about one foot), and one shovel handle apart (about five feet), from one property boundary to the opposite side. When brick foundations were encountered, the workmen trenched around them, allowing an architect and a draftsman to draw what remained and to determine whether the structure dated to the 18th century.
Archaeologists dig trenches in search of building foundations.
Cross-trenching proved to be a very successful means of locating building foundations. As a technique, it was quick and relatively inexpensive, making it the "discovery" method of choice not only in Williamsburg but also on other prominent sites, such as Jamestown Island. By the late 1950s an estimated 75% of the Historic Area had been cross-trenched, and the job of reconstructing the physical town was nearly complete. Yet something was missing.
While trenching turned out to be an excellent means of fast and accurate reconstruction, it produced little information about the people and the daily activity that made Williamsburg a vibrant 18th-century town. One of the primary problems with the technique was that artifacts—the evidence of those lives and activities—were not collected in any systematic way. Although excavators saved up to three 15-by-28-by-15-inch boxes of artifacts per property, most of these were architectural fragments—locks, hinges, bits of marble mantle—considered useful for the purposes of reconstruction. Workers also collected an assortment of unusual objects that caught their attention, but very few of the everyday items—ceramics, bottle glass, tobacco pipe fragments, and animal bones—that define 18th-century life for today's archaeologists. Fortunately, these practices—fairly common at the time—were about to come to an end at Colonial Williamsburg.
Extent of trenching during the earliest phase of excavation.
Wholesale excavation ("unstructured" excavation of buildings like the Capitol and the Governor's Palace whose locations were well-known).
Cross-trenching: Excavation at a 90 degree angle (1928–1938) or a 45 degree (1938–1958) to the street in order to recover building remains.
Excavation as an architectural tool.
Historical archaeology had not yet emerged as a discipline.
All major public buildings, including the Governor's Palace, the Capitol, the Raleigh Tavern; domestic sites such as the Wythe, Peyton Randolph, and Brush-Everard sites; trade sites such as the James Geddy Foundry, and the Anderson Blacksmith Shop.
Excavation at Wetherburn's Tavern, 1965–1966.
In the late 1950s a British archaeologist named Ivor Noël Hume was hired as the foundation's first full-time trained archaeologist. Under his leadership, excavation was separated from the Office of Architecture and evolved into a discipline very similar to the archaeology practiced today.
Noël Hume instituted two crucial changes to the excavation program. The first was the introduction of open-area, stratigraphic excavation. Whereas early excavation had relied on narrow trenches to locate brick foundations, Noël Hume was interested in all of the many activities that had occurred on a site, and their relationship to one another. In order to reveal these, he opened up excavation areas that encompassed entire back yards. Sites were gridded into ten-foot squares with balks between the units to allow for the passage of wheelbarrows. The tools changed too. Shovels were traded for trowels, which were used to carefully remove soil layers.
Uncovering bottles at Wetherburn's Tavern.
As excavators worked their way down through the site's history they began to uncover many of the features that had been missed by earlier trenching: trash pits, post holes identifying the locations of fence lines or lightly constructed buildings, gardens, and backyard work areas.
Noël Hume's second major innovation was the systematic retrieval of artifacts, not just those that were pretty or unusual, or might enhance an architectural reconstruction. Once those artifacts had been collected and their locations carefully noted, he used them to help assign dates to soil layers, and to reveal some of the activities of site inhabitants.
While Noël Hume excavated a significant number of sites during his tenure at Colonial Williamsburg, it was one of his earliest projects, the excavation of Wetherburn's Tavern, which showcased the advantages of careful, stratigraphic excavation. Asked to define a sequence of tavern construction, Noël Hume produced detailed plans of the site's evolution, including outbuildings, wells, and evidence of a fire.
Recovered artifacts expanded the story considerably. One well yielded blanket fragments that were later reproduced for the tavern beds. Branches and cuttings recovered from the same well helped to inform the landscape reconstruction, while pits and seeds suggested the contents of Henry Wetherburn's garden. Further discovery of 47 intact wine bottles, filled with Morello cherries and an unidentified liquid, added a touch of mystery to the Wetherburn's story.
Ivor Noël Hume was (and in his retirement continues to be) a prolific writer, appealing to both popular and professional audiences. Although written more than 45 years ago, his A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America is an essential volume for all historical archaeologists. Another book, Martin's Hundred, which describes the discovery of a 17th-century settlement nine miles outside of Williamsburg, is responsible for popularizing what was once seen as a dry and dusty profession.
Use of archaeology to provide site-specific detail about historic events and site occupants.
Rise of "popular archaeology" through pamphlets and other very readable volumes.
A number of Williamsburg's craft shops, including the Geddy foundry, the Anthony Hay cabinetmaker shop, and the Anderson forge. Other highlights include Wolstenholme Town (at Carter's Grove), Wetherburn's Tavern, and the Public Hospital.
Area behind the Peyton Randolph House showing open-area excavation along with former cross-trenching.
In 1982 Dr. Marley R. Brown, III replaced Ivor Noël Hume as Director of Archaeological Research. In some respects this transition caused few changes to field practices: today sites are still excavated stratigraphically, though baulks are no longer used, and ten-foot squares have been replaced by one-meter units. Artifacts are still saved, as are environmental data such as seeds, phytoliths (fossilized casts of plant cells), oyster shells, and animal bone, all of which can help reveal human behavior.
Recovering seeds for (archaeobotanical) analysis from a flotation sample.
Brick kiln discovered in the Bruton Heights project.
Advances in technology opened new avenues of research that continue to transform the archaeological research conducted at Colonial Williamsburg. Soils are tested for their chemical composition; distribution patterns of artifacts are recorded and scrutinized; and we have benefited from site previewing techniques such as ground-penetrating radar and soil resistivity testing.
The annual field school in historical archaeology, held each summer in conjunction with the College of William & Mary's Department of Anthropology, got its start during this period. Since 1984 thousands of graduate and undergraduate students have learned to excavate on complex sites within the Historic Area and on its borders; some of these students are now widely recognized professionals in the archaeology world.
New topics emerged within Williamsburg's archaeological discussion during this period: the Archaeology of Enslaved and free African Americans, landscape archaeology, and the exploration of "foodways" (the activities surrounding procurement, preparation, and consumption of food). A desire to understand the growth and development of Williamsburg as Virginia's colonial capital led to a focus on Middle Plantation, the 17th-century town from which Williamsburg sprung, and Jamestown, which preceded it as the capital of colonial Virginia. How this development was mirrored in other places prompted studies in comparative colonialism in Bermuda and Barbados.
The most fundamental shift since 1982, however, was defined by a more anthropological, or comparative, approach. How did the clientele of Shields Tavern compare to that of Wetherburn's or Charlton's? Where did a gunsmith fit in the social pecking order of early 18th-century Williamsburg? How did the diet of an elite, 17th-century urbanite differ from that of an 18th-century rural plantation owner, or that of his slaves? The ability to make these comparisons, and to answer these questions depends heavily on the accumulation of more than 50 years of solid archaeological research.
Careful collection of environmental data in addition to artifacts.
"Anthropological" approach, often using quantitative analysis.
Attention to detailed recording and stratigraphic analysis.
Multi-disciplinary approach using tools from the physical sciences (resistivity testing, neutron activation).
Focus on interpretation and education.
The Peyton Randolph property, Shields Tavern, the Thomas Everard site, St. George Tucker Garden, the Coffeehouse, the John Page site, and Rich Neck Plantation.
Excavation (2011) of a 1779 brick drain west of the Armoury.
A significant increase in excavation has characterized the most recent phase of Colonial Williamsburg's archaeological history. Occasioned by three back-to-back property reconstructions (Richard Charlton's Coffeehouse from 2008 to 2009, the Public Armoury from 2010 to 2013, and the Market House from 2013 to 2015), this uptick in fieldwork seems vaguely reminiscent of the pace and architectural focus of Colonial Williamsburg's early years. But the results have been quite different.
While careful excavation will always precede Colonial Williamsburg's brick-and-mortar reconstructions, architects, carpenters, and brick masons are no longer the end consumers of archaeological data. New technology, in a variety of forms, is shaping the product of archaeological research, and placing it in the hands of new audiences.
A digital model of the Armoury site, part of the Virtual Williamsburg project.
Among the most innovative of these projects has been collaboration between archaeologists and computer modelers in Colonial Williamsburg's Digital History Center. Since 2009, in the context of the Virtual Williamsburg initiative, modelers have been drawing on more than half a century of stratigraphic excavation data to construct phased 3D computer models interpreting changes to Williamsburg's built and natural landscapes. While carpenters were rebuilding the 1779 Public Armoury complex on Duke of Gloucester Street, modelers rendered the property five years prior, when it was still an uncluttered tavern yard. The ability to visualize change through time has proven to be both a powerful research tool and an engaging method for broader public interaction. In the words of one archaeologist, "it is as if the interpretive technology has caught up with the strengths of the archaeological data."
Trash deposit, digitally modeled, at the Coffeehouse.
In addition to allowing "virtual time travel," computer modeling has provided a stage for decades' worth of archaeological information that was unfit, impossible, or unpleasant to replicate within the context of a living history museum. For example, recent forays into Williamsburg's 18th-century ravines, many of them long since filled, have provided archaeologists with a new sense of the town's former landscape. Restoring these enormous features to the physical landscape would be impossible, but within the Virtual Williamsburg model those steep, trash-filled ravines that once bordered the Coffeehouse and Armoury lots have been restored, as have backyard trash pits, weed-choked backyard corners, and the near-treeless streets revealed by archaeobotanical research.
Since 2009, webcams and blogs have introduced new and sometimes unsuspecting audiences to the archaeological process, and to its role in research. Focused on reconstruction projects at the Coffeehouse, Armoury, and Markethouse, these tools have captured excavation in real time, and have allowed lively interactions between webcam watchers and Colonial Williamsburg's staff. Common misconceptions have been clarified, updates shared, and predictions made about what will be found next. Through these exchanges, and through other social media sites such as Facebook, a group of geographically scattered visitors has coalesced into a sustained "local audience" for Colonial Williamsburg's archaeology program.
Finally, recent excavations at the Brafferton and the Bray School sites have opened opportunities to engage with, and to be accountable to, Native American and African descendant communities. In 2011 and 2012 excavations at the Brafferton Indian School were carried out in consultation with the Brafferton Legacy Group, an advisory body made up of William & Mary Native American alumni. A commemorative ceremony honoring the Brafferton's history as an Indian School was held at the outset of the fieldwork, and regular updates were provided to Legacy group members. Members of the Legacy group, in turn, assisted with the site's interpretation to visitors and guests, and one member participated in the excavations. Likewise, excavations at the Bray School site were carried out with the support of the College of William & Mary's Lemon Project—a program designed to encourage scholarship on the 300-year relationship between African Americans and the College, and to build bridges between the College and the community. The Bray School project's archaeological fieldwork built upon archival research carried out by Lemon Project staff, and the results were presented directly to Williamsburg's descendant African American community after each season of excavation.
Collecting environmental samples from the Coffeehouse ravine.
Careful collection of artifacts and environmental data.
Use of technology to convey archaeological research.
Increased interaction with public audiences, and with "stakeholders".
Relaxing the boundaries between archaeology and other areas of research.
The Coffeehouse, James Anderson's Blacksmith Shop and Public Armoury, the Bray School, the Secretary's Office ravine, the Market House site, and the Wren Yard site.
Meredith Poole is a Staff Archaeologist in the Department of Architectural and Archaeological Research. This paper was written in 2001 for an educational program conducted by the department, and updated in 2014.


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laundry. Ann was in town. We visited some of her NC people, some of whom had a new baby. Out in some suburb of town. There are like kajillions of different towns around here. I will figure them out eventually possibly.
I want to take lots of pictures in the future of these towers (radio, tv, cell phone, Washington Monument) anything I can find. I like their beaconness and their recepibility. I was at one point really onto something with my pictures. I want to work to get back to there.
new era of action shots.
I am seriously considering quitting the local lab in favor of home development. Short term that might mean we have fewer shots on here. (as though this is still the spot it was in the past). In my defense, this will be a money saving move and the local lab has lost my film on more than one occasion. I think eventually I'll get a computer of my own and a film scanner and we'll be pumping out the jams. But I believe B&W home processing at least is too good a deal to pass up (home printing to come, bucket list style, eventually). I'm getting grand ambitions in a way. I think I spotted a configuration of our future bathroom where I could get an enlarger setup and somehow MacGyver something with the bathtub where I could line up the treys in there somehow.
Anyhow, boy was launching himself.
Gotta check some out in the winter. Days are so short though! Our neighbor recently appeared to get a canoe-- need to muster up the courage about borrowing it. And take it in some tubes or something.
still figuring out how to shoot sky-scapes. Had to work quick here-- smelled like a tipped over out house.
I think I should retire the "out of towners" tag. It's like tagging each post "pictures" or "whining."
guess how many times I've listened to this song today.
I rode some coasters as a kid but never many insane ones as an adult. I'd like to get out here some day and get twisted around.


text:
Toki Medieval
Bespoke historical replicas
Knives and scabbards
Bone and antler
Planked shields
Modern re-enactment shields are typically cut from sheets of exterior grade ply as it is strong, durable, and widely available. Throughout the medieval period and beyond sheets of wood had to be constructed from planks of wood glued together, as the width of wood available was dictated by the size of the tree.
Unlike a modern re-enactment shield, early medieval shields were disposable, and designed to catch weapons rather than to withstand repeated blows across multiple battles. As a result of this, a professional warrior would have taken several shields to battle.
With this project, my aim was to produce a shield I could use for re-enactment combat using traditional techniques and materials. Historical shields were typically made from solid planks between 5mm and 10mm thick, but in order to withstand extended use, I needed to produce a more strongly constructed shield from ply-ed wood. Although there are no early medieval finds of ply-ed shields, a Northern French manuscript from the period describes shields constructed of ply-ed wood, and it was this technique which I used.
The shield shown above is 30 inches in diameter, which is at the top end of sizes from the archaeological record. It is based on a 2008 Danish find of an incomplete shield. The shield is covered with 2mm thick leather, again as per archaeological finds and written records.
The shield is constructed from three cross-laminated layers of seven poplar planks. I used poplar because it is the most common wood used in current finds. The planks are glued together using a casein-based glue (cheese glue).
Unlike the majority of re-enactment shields, the grip and boss are attached using clench nails rather than rivets and the grip is attached separately to the boss. This technique is based on archaeological finds.
Tags: planked shields, shields, weapons, woodwork
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Arthur G. Dove, Morning Sun, 1935. Oil on canvas, 20 x 28 in. The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. Acquired 1935.
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WILTON-This premium nonstick cooling grid combines superior nonstick performance and serving convenience, which provides the highest level of baking satisfaction. Heavy duty steel construction prevents warping. Size: 14-1/2x20. Dishwasher safe.
Measurements: Approx. 14-1/2" x 20"
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These are a nice size, bought 2 and they will cover the island area nicely for cooling baked goods. Good price, and will probably keep in mind for gifts since the granddaughters are starting to do baking.
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This cooling rack is literally huge! Even though I read the description I was still surprised when I received it. Seems well made, light weight and did I mention HUGE?
In the past year, I've been doing a lot more baking than ever before, but didn't realize how important a cooking rack was until now.It is a wonderful addition to the rest of my newly purchased baking products, and I will be ordering another one very soon.