text:
Concept that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events
"Good luck" redirects here. For other uses, see Luck (disambiguation) and Good luck (disambiguation).
In Western culture, a four-leaf clover is often considered to bestow good luck.
Luck is the phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events. The naturalistic interpretation is that positive and negative events may happen all the time, both due to random and non-random natural and artificial processes, and that even improbable events can happen by random chance. In this view, the epithet "lucky" or "unlucky" is a descriptive label that refers to an event's positivity, negativity, or improbability.
Supernatural interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object, or the result of a favorable or unfavorable view of a deity upon a person. These interpretations often prescribe how luckiness or unluckiness can be obtained, such as by carrying a lucky charm or offering sacrifices or prayers to a deity. Saying someone is "born lucky" may hold different meanings, depending on the interpretation: it could simply mean that they have been born into a good family or circumstance; or that they habitually experience improbably positive events, due to some inherent property, or due to the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a monotheistic or polytheistic religion.
Many superstitions are related to luck, though these are often specific to a given culture or set of related cultures, and sometimes contradictory. For example, lucky symbols include the number 7 in Christian-influenced cultures, but the number 8 in Chinese-influenced cultures. Unlucky symbols and events include entering and leaving a house by different doors in Greek culture, throwing rocks into the wind in Navajo culture, and ravens in Western culture. Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires. For example, in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the eye, whereas shaking hands with a chimney sweep might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to do given the dirty nature of their work. In Chinese culture, the association of the number 4 as a homophone with the word for death may explain why it is considered unlucky. Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised, for example feng shui in Chinese culture and systems of astrology in various cultures around the world.
Many polytheistic religions have specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck, both good and bad, including Fortuna and Felicitas in the Ancient Roman religion (the former related to the words "fortunate" and "unfortunate" in English), Dedun in Nubian religion, the Seven Lucky Gods in Japanese mythology, mythical American serviceman John Frum in Polynesian cargo cults, and the inauspicious Alakshmi in Hinduism.
1 Etymology and definition
2 Interpretations
2.1 As lack of control
2.2 As a fallacy
2.3 As an essence
2.4 As a self-fulfilling prophecy
3 Social aspects
3.2 Lotteries
3.3 Means of resolving issues
3.4 Numerology
3.5 Science
4 In religion and mythology
4.1 Buddhism
4.2 Christianity and Judaism
4.3 Hinduism
4.4 Islam
5 Measuring belief in luck
5.1 Belief in good luck
5.2 Multidimensional beliefs about luck
5.3 Belief in luck and luckiness
Etymology and definition[edit]
1927 advertisement for lucky jewellery. "Why Be Unlucky?".
The English noun luck appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from Low German, Dutch or Frisian luk, a short form of gelucke (Middle High German gelücke). Compare to old Slavic word lukyj (лукый) - appointed by destiny and old Russian luchaj (лучаи) - destiny, fortune. It likely entered English as a gambling term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word's connotations; luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event. Luck has three aspects:[1][2][3]
Luck is good or bad.[4]
Luck is the result of chance.[5]
Luck applies to a sentient being.
Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word speed (Middle English spede, Old English spēd); speed besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance"; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help; a bestower of success can also be called speed, as in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693).
The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome as a "falling" (as it were of dice), via Old French cheance from Late Latin cadentia "falling". Fortuna, the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable way, thus introducing the notion of chance.
Interpretations[edit]
Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways.
As lack of control[edit]
Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates phenomena that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework, one can differentiate between three different types of luck:
Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be changed. Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples.
Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.
Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Examples can be identified only in hindsight.
Circumstantial luck with accidental happenstance of favorable discoveries and/or inventions is serendipity.
As a fallacy[edit]
Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A rationalist approach to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an avoidance of unscientific beliefs. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking. To a rationalist, a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "post hoc ergo propter hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general:
A happens (luck-attracting event or action) and then B happens;
Therefore, A influenced B.
More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is: One who enjoys good health; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life; has good appearance, and; has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents.[6]
In the rationalist perspective, probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections.
The gambler's fallacy and inverse gambler's fallacy both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of random events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, so I'll definitely roll one tonight".
Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that "luck is mere luck" rather than a property of a person or thing.[7]
As an essence[edit]
Maneki-neko with Seven Lucky gods.
There is also a series of spiritual, or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding certain circumstances.
Luck can also be a belief in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals. Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity, which he described as "a meaningful coincidence".
Abrahamic religions believe God controls future events; belief in luck or fate is criticised in Book of Isaiah chapter 65, verses 11-12:
What will happen to you for offering food and wine to the gods you call good luck and fate? Your luck will end.
Belief in the extent of Divine Providence varies; most acknowledge providence as at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. Christianity, in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted omens and practiced forms of ritual sacrifice in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "Divine Grace" or "Blessing" as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others.
Mesoamerican religions, such as the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas, had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as self-sacrifice by means of bloodletting, could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation[8] would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe, in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed.
Many traditional African practices, such as voodoo and hoodoo, have a strong belief in superstition. Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual's luck. Shamans and witches are both respected and feared, based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them.
As a self-fulfilling prophecy[edit]
Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a placebo, producing positive thinking and improving people's responses to events.
In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky.[9] People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods.[9] People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities.[10] One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a "lucky ball" performed better than those who were not.[10]
Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increase the chances of a serendipitous encounter, such as socializing with people who work in different fields.[10]
Social aspects[edit]
Wheel of fortune as depicted in Sebastian Brant's book, author Albrecht Dürer
Luck is an important factor in many aspects of society.
Games[edit]
The philosopher Nicholas Rescher has proposed that the luck of someone's result in a situation of uncertainty is measured by the difference between this party's yield and expectation: λ = Y - E. Thus skill enhances expectation and reduces luck. The extent to which different games will depend on luck, rather than skill or effort, varies considerably. For example, chess does not involve any random factors (beyond the determination of which player moves first), while the outcome of Snakes and Ladders is entirely based on random dice rolls. In poker, especially games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw.[11] Luck is positive (good luck) if the player's position is improved and negative (bad luck) if it is worsened. A poker player who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good".[12]
Almost all sports contain elements of luck. A statistical analysis in the book The Success Equation attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the major North American sports leagues. This analysis concluded that, on a luck-skill continuum, the NBA had the most skill-dependant result while that of the NHL was most luck-dependant.[13]
Lotteries[edit]
Main article: lottery
A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck.
Means of resolving issues[edit]
"Leaving it to chance" is a way of resolving issues. For example, flipping a coin at the start of a sporting event may determine who goes first.
Numerology[edit]
Main article: Numerology
See also: Triskaidekaphobia
Most cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in Asian cultures, where the obtaining of "lucky" telephone numbers, automobile license plate numbers, and household addresses are actively sought, sometimes at great monetary expense. Numerology, as it relates to luck, is closer to an art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to astrology, and to some degree to parapsychology and spirituality and is based on converting virtually anything material into a pure number, using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers. Numerology is folkloric by nature and started when humans first learned to count. Through human history it was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional fortune-telling to on-line psychic reading.
Science[edit]
Different thinkers like Thomas Kuhn have discussed the role of chance in scientific discoveries. Richard Wiseman did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people make their own good and bad fortune. His research revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities, making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition, creating self-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good."[14] Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000)[15] and that lucky people are happy and optimistic whereas unlucky people feel anxious and depressed (Day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003).[14][16]
Although previous studies have explored the antecedents and consequences of luck using attribution theory (e. g., Fischoff, 1976; Weiner et al., 1987),[17][18] personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b),[19] and more recently a cognitive priming approach (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people feel, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also found that the effects of priming luck using subliminal messages increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect).[20][21]
In religion and mythology[edit]
Buddhism[edit]
Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and do not occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality, karma (Pali: kamma), is central in Buddhism. In the Sutta Nipata, the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck:
Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12[22]
However, belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In Thailand, Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm.[23]
Christianity and Judaism[edit]
Proverbs 16:33 states "the lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord". Ecclesiastes 9:11 states: "chance happeneth to them all". Proverbs 16:33 would indicate that something as random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin is not outside of God's sovereign control. And, therefore, its results are not merely of chance.
God's sovereignty involves two aspects. God's active will or sovereignty would involve something he causes to happen such as the leading of wicked King Ahab into battle (2 Chronicles 18:18-19). Ahab's death was not merely the result of a randomly shot arrow, but as 2 Chronicles 18 reveals, God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot arrow to accomplish his intended will for Ahab that day.
God's passive will involves him allowing, rather than causing, something to happen. Chapter 1 of the book of Job illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job. It is also involved in the evil that God allowed Joseph's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good, a good not apparent to Joseph until years later (Genesis 50:20).
Hinduism[edit]
In Hinduism the Bhagavad-Gita values 'Purushartha'
more than mere Luck or Fate .
The Gita says; " Set thy heart upon selfless performance of thy natural duty (Svakarma, Svadharma ) , but never on its reward . Work not for a reward ; but never cease to do thy work " . ( Gita , 2 . 47 ) .
There are five causes of all actions as given in the Samkhya wisdom ; says Gita—
"The physical body ( adhisthana ) , the lower'I am' ( karta ) , the means of perception (karanam), the varied multiple efforts (vividhasch pruthak cheshta ) and the Cosmic Wheel of Action ( daivam ), these five sources together are responsible for success or failure of any action " . ( Gita, 18 . 14–15 ) .
Here the word 'daivam' does not mean luck, fate. fortune , providence or destiny. None of these English words are the exact synonym for the Sanskrit word 'Daivam' here . ' Daivam ' is the Cosmic Whee of Action ( Kshara-gati, Apara-Prakriti, Maya ) that keeps the perfect account of our past and present actions.
A man who says ; " Nothing is impossible for me; I am the only hero of all these achievements ; who else is there like me ? ", he is a man of clouded vision and he does not see the Truth
Islam[edit]
The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is "a force that brings good fortune or adversity" Quran 17-13 (Isra): "And (for) every man We have fastened to him his fate(fortune) in his neck, and We will bring forth for him (on the) Day (of) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open". However, there is a very long discussion on how this prefixed destiny, fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so as to how much amends one can make in this predetermined fate by one's own contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam. There is no concept of luck in Islam other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings. It is stated in the Qur'an (Sura: Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Scatter) verse:22) that one's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." However, one should supplicate towards Allah to better one's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". However, in the Arabic language there is a word which directly means "luck", which is حظ ḥaẓẓ, and a related word for "lucky", محظوظ maḥẓūẓ. It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck, as it is classified as shirk (associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone).[citation needed]
The Tunisians retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil eye.[24] A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.[25]
Measuring belief in luck[edit]
A horseshoe on a door is regarded a protective talisman in some cultures
Belief in good luck[edit]
Darke and Freedman (1997)[26] were the first researchers systematically to address directly both the concept and the measurement of belief in luck as a deterministic and personal attribute. They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is "a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people but not others".[26] They define disbelief in luck as "a tendency to agree with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable" (p. 490). To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief, Darke and Freedman developed a 12-item measure.[26] Unfortunately, they found their measure "does not seem particularly good at distinguishing between people who [say] they [are] typically lucky from those who [say] they [are] typically unlucky".[26] They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution,[26] as did Prendergast and Thompson (2008).[27]
Multidimensional beliefs about luck[edit]
André (2006)[28] proposed a model of luck-related perceptions that includes separate positive and negative beliefs. However, she found the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly, suggesting they are conceptually very close or in fact the same. Maltby et al. (2008)[29] proposed a 6-dimensional model of beliefs around luck, but empirical analyses supported only a 4-dimensional model: belief in being personally lucky; belief in being personally unlucky; general belief in luck; and rejection of belief in luck.
Belief in luck and luckiness[edit]
A barnstar, mounted on a wall, is seen as a lucky symbol in some parts of North America
Thompson and Prendergast (2013)[30] clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness. They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky by differentiating between belief in luck as a deterministic phenomenon that affects the future, on one hand, and on the other, belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise chance events in the past might have turned out. They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure, respectively, belief in luck and personal luckiness constructs. They found no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each, suggesting they represent two discrete and unidimensional constructs. Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also found to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables, such as the Big Five and affect.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
List of lucky symbols
List of bad luck signs
Gunther, Max. "The Luck Factor" Harriman House Ltd 1977. ISBN 9781906659950
Hartman, Robert (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology (London: Routledge, 2019).
Mlodinow, Leonard. "The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives" Penguin Group, 2008. ISBN 0375424040
Mauboussin, Michael. "The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing." Harvard Business Review Press, 2012 ISBN 9781422184233
Rescher, Nicholas. "Luck", Farrar Straus Giroux 1995. Reissued University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001
Sauder, M. (2020). A Sociology of Luck. Sociological Theory.
Taleb, Nassim N. "Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" Random House 2001 ISBN 0812975219
^ Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. "Luck accordingly involves three things: (1) a beneficiary or maleficiary, (2) a development that is benign (positive) or malign (negative) from the stand point of the interests of the affected individual, and that, moreover, (3) is fortuitous (unexpected, chancy, unforeseeable.)"
^ CHANCE News 4.15 ...the definition in the Oxford English dictionary: "the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person"
^ Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 28. "Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability."
^ Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. "Luck thus always incorporates a normative element of good or bad: someone must be affected positively or negatively by an event before its realization can properly be called lucky."
^ Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. ..."that as a far as the affected person is concerned, the outcome came about "by accident." "
^ Sumit Kumar Sirkar, Pothi (2010). "How to be Lucky and Successful in Life". Pothi.com. p. 5. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Elbow Room by Daniel Clement Dennett, p. 92. "We know it would be superstitious to believe that "there actually is such a thing as luck" - something a rabbits' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think there is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterising events and properties as merely lucky."
^ Burland, C. A (1985). The Aztecs: gods and fate in ancient Mexico. London: Orbis Publishing.
^ a b Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., Wood, A.M. (2008). Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman beliefs around luck scale Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 655–660.
^ a b c The Science Of Luck
^ Zare, Douglas. "A Measure of Luck". Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^ Miller, Ed (Nov 27, 2009). "The Pitfalls of Running Good". CardPlayer.com. Retrieved 11 April 2014. I've always thought that one of the worst things that can happen to new poker players is for them to run really good right out of the gate. If they rack up a number of big wins early on, a couple of bad things can happen.
^ Vox (2017-06-05), Why underdogs do better in hockey than basketball, retrieved 2018-07-02
^ a b Wiseman, R. (2003). The luck factor. London, UK: Random House.
^ Duong, T.,&Ohtsuka, K. (2000). TheVietnamese-language SouthOaksGambling Screen for the Australian context. In J. McMillen, & L. Laker (Eds.), Developing strategic alliances: Proceedings of the 9th National Association for Gambling Studies Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland 1999 (pp. 161−171). Kew, Australia: The National Association for Gambling Studies.
^ Wiseman, R., & Watt, C. (2004). Measuring superstitious belief: Why lucky charms matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1533−1541.
^ Fischoff, B. (1976). Attribution theory and judgment under uncertainty. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 1, 421−452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
^ Weiner, B., Frieze, I., Kukla, A., Reed, L., Rest, S., & Rosenbaum, R. M.(1987). Perceiving the causes of success and failure. In Edward E. Jones, David E. Kanouse, Harold H. Kelley, Richard E. Nisbett, Stuart Valins, & Bernard Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behaviors pp. 95−120. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
^ Darke, P. R., & Freedman, J. L. (1997a). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 2, 486−511.
^ DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Self-monitoringmoderates the effects of nonself primes on self-judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 657−671.
^ Kramer, T., & Block, L. (2008). Conscious and non-conscious components of superstitious beliefs in judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(6), 783−793.
^ "A Basic Buddhism Guide: Good Luck and Fate". Buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
^ Thai Amulets (2007-02-09). "Thai Amulets". Thailand Life. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
^ "La Tunisie de A à Z, Khomsa". Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
^ Pagès, Jean-Louis (2005). Tunisie-Plus (in French). Limoges: éd. Solilang. p. 33.
^ a b c d e Darke P.R. & Freedman J.L. (1997). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 486–511.
^ Prendergast, G.P. & Thompson, E.R.(2008). Sales promotion strategies and belief in luck. Psychology & Marketing, 25 (11), 1043–1062.
^ Andre, N. (2006). Good fortune, luck, opportunity and their lack: How do agents perceive them? Personality and Individual Differences,40 (7), 1461–1472.
^ Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., & Wood, A. M. (2008). Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Around Luck scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 655–660.
^ Thompson, E. R., & Prendergast, G. P. (2013). Belief in Luck and Luckiness: Conceptual Clarification and Measure Validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(4), 501-506.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Luck
Look up good luck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up luck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Luck". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Myth and ritual
List of superstitions
Sailors' superstitions
Theatrical superstitions
Gris-gris
Sampy
Ascalapha odorata
Carranca
Djucu
I'noGo tied
Oscar love curse
White lighter myth
Witch window
Superstition in India
Superstition in Pakistan
Japanese superstitions
Bhoot (ghost)
Chhaupadi
Churel
Ghosts in Bengali culture
Jackal's horn
Kuai Kuai culture
Muhurta
Nazar battu
Pichal Peri
Puppy pregnancy syndrome
Akabeko
Kanai Anzen
Okiagari-koboshi
Fan death
Agimat
Arbularyo
Lihi
Pagtatawas
Usog
Kuman Thong
Palad khik
Takrut
Nang Kwak
Curse of 39
Jin Chan
Numbers in Chinese culture
Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese
August curse
Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
Bayern-luck
Blarney Stone
Cornicello
The Goodman's Croft
Himmelsbrief
Icelandic magical staves
Mooncalf
Need-fire
Painted pebbles
Powder of sympathy
Rabbit rabbit rabbit
Ravens of the Tower of London
Russian traditions and superstitions
Spilling water for luck
The Scottish Play
Troll cross
Tycho Brahe days
Witch post
Wolfssegen
4 (Four-leaf clover, Tetraphobia)
7 (Seventh son of a seventh son)
13 (Friday the 13th, The Thirteen Club, Thirteenth floor, Triskaidekaphobia)
666 (Number of the Beast)
Auspicious wedding dates
Baseball superstition
Break a leg
Cramp-ring
Davy Jones' Locker
End-of-the-day betting effect
Fear of frogs
Fear of ghosts
First-foot
Four Eleven Forty Four
Gambler's conceit
Knocking on wood
Law of contagion
Literomancy
Lock of hair
Maternal impression
Miasma theory
Numismatic charm
Rabbit's foot
Ship sponsor
Shoes on a table
Sign of the horns
Spilling salt
Statue rubbing
Three on a match
Witch ball
Apotropaic magic
Astrology and science
Folk religion
Fortune-telling
Magic and religion
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
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Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020
Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links


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Greencoat UK Wind Plc (UKW) is a renewable infrastructure fund with the main objective to invest in operating the UK wind farms and preserve capital on a real basis. The company reinvest excessive cash flow in operating extra UK wind farms. The company invest in income-producing wind farms, both offshore and onshore in the UK.
Financial Highlights for H1 Financial Year 2019 ended June 30, 2019
On July 26, 2019, the company announced its interim results. In the first half of the financial year ending 30th June 2019, the company's return on investments declined by 46.89 per cent to £40,077 thousand from £75,471 thousand in H1 FY2018. The company's total income and gains for the H1 FY2019 were £40,528 thousand against £75,845 thousand in H1 FY2018.
The company's operating profit stood at £28,572 thousand in H1 FY2019 against £67,426 thousand in H1 FY2018. The company's PBT (Profit before tax) declined by £ 45,183 thousand to £16,658 thousand from £61,841 thousand in H1 FY2018. The company's PAT (Profit after income tax) stood at £16,658 thousand in H1 FY2019 against £62,000 thousand in H1 FY2018. The basic and diluted earnings per share stood at 1.34 pence in H1 FY2019 versus 5.90 pence in H1 FY2018.
The company paid 1.735 pence per share as a dividend with respect to the quarter ended June 30, 2019. The total dividend declared by the company was 3.47 pence per share with respect to period that ended June 30, 2019. The company's NAV stood at £1,868.1 million (unaudited) at the end of H1 FY2019. The company's NAV per share stood at 123.2 pence at the end of H1 FY2019.
The company's financial performance for the first half of the financial year 2019 declined significantly. Both the top-line and bottom-line performance declined for the period. The company had made three significant investments, which includes wind farms in Dunmaglass and Stronelairg (£452 million) and in Tom nan Clach (£145 million). The company had raised funds of more than £500 million from its shareholders (existing and new).
The company's new investment in Tom nan Clach had improved the company's energy generation capacity. The company has a healthy pipeline of investment opportunities in the future. The company's operations are not much impacted by the ongoing Brexit uncertainty.
The company invests heavily towards different projects to increase its capacity to generate more power, but sometimes these investments might not bring as expected returns or become unattractive. The company might not be able to find needed wind resources to boost its operations. As renewable energy is costly to produce, any decline in the market price of electricity will have a negative impact on the company's profitability.
Greencoat UK Wind Plc Share price performance
Chart as on 30-July-19, before the market close (Source: Thomson Reuters)
While writing (as on 30th July 2019, at 11:16 AM GMT), Greencoat shares were trading at GBX 139.1 per share; surged by 0.21 per cent as compared to the previous day closing price level. The company's market capitalisation was around £2.13 billion.
In the last 52-wks, Greencoat UK Wind Plc shares have registered a high of GBX 143.60 (as on 10th April 2019) and a low of GBX 122.45 (as on 16th August 2018). At the current trading level, as quoted in the price chart, its shares were trading 3.13 per cent below the 52-week high price level and 13.59 per cent above the 52-week low price level.
At the time of writing, the stock's volume before the market close, stood at 662,236. Stock's average traded volume for 5 days was 2,191,978.20; 30 days- 2,270,985.80 and 90 days – 2,219,302.06. The company's stock beta was 0.27, which makes it less volatile as against the benchmark index. The average traded volume for 5 days plunged by 3.48 per cent as against 30 days average traded volume.
The shares of the company (at the time of writing) were trading below the 30-days and 60-days SMA, which shows a negative trend in the stock price movement and could further move down from the current trading levels.
In the past 1 year, Greencoat UK Wind Plc shares have delivered a positive return of 9.98 per cent. Also, on a YTD (Year-to-Date) time interval, the stock surged by approximately 10.16 per cent and was down by 1.98 per cent in the last three months.
Share's RSI (Relative Strength Index) for the 30-days, 14-days and 9-days was recorded at 47.15, 36.90 and 28.31 respectively. Also, the stock's 3-days RSI was recorded at 18.24.
Directa Plus PLC
Directa Plus PLC (DCTA) produces and supplies graphene-based products for domestic and industrial purposes. The Company owns the G+ brand, which offers a variety of graphene-based products which are developed for a specific purpose and are ready-to-use in both domestic and industrial markets. There are various sub-categories of the G+ brand which are designed to cater to specific needs such as Basic G+, Ultra G+, Liquid G+, Pure G+, Zapp G+, Paste G+ and Dub-Masterplast G+. These requirements mainly come from textiles, tires, composite materials and environmental solutions such as treatment of contaminated water and soils.
The company focuses on developing and marketing its patented environmental solution known as Grafysorber technology for international oil and gas customers, which operate in the environmental sector.
Grafysorber technology which is based on graphene based chemical solution for the treatment of water contaminated by hydrocarbons, is believed to be multiple times far effective from conventional decontamination solutions. This technology is sustainable, can be reused, non-flammable, and the hydrocarbons can be separated from the water and reused.
The company was awarded a SS (supply & service) contract to extract and treat crude from oil- producing wells in the Europe onshore region. The contract commences on August 1, 2019, which includes treatment of sludges and by-products (crude) for a period of upcoming six months using the patented technology for €150,000. Through the mobile treatment units the company will provide full services including the extraction process to the customers.
The company and its clients believe that the patented technology will not just optimise the production and workflow, but also help in cost reduction by extracting best (crude oil) out of waste (sludge and water mix) used in extraction process and can be disposed as treated waste. Furthermore, this methodology will help the company in meeting environmental guidelines by reducing the superfluous usage of water resources and will stimulate the production process by improving the quality of water injection.
This contract is in line with the company's strategy, according to which it provides full decontamination and recovery service in international oil and gas markets and create value for all the stakeholders.
Financial Highlights for Financial Year 2018 ended December 31, 2018
The revenue from sales and service stood at €2.25 million this year, which has doubled itself as against €0.95 million in FY17. The total income of the company (with grant included) was twice this year (stood at €2.50 million) as against €1.23 million in FY17. The loss after tax of the company stood at €3.96 million this year as against the loss of €3.95 million in FY17, which was nearly the same. The company was successful in raising funds of £3.45 million in December plus proceeds of £1.32 million received post-period through the successful placement of shares. The company's cash and cash equivalents stood at €5.50 million in FY18 as against €6.93 million in FY17.
In FY18, the company has seen a lot of traction, signed agreements and received orders for the products to be delivered in the upcoming year. The company is ahead of its competition in terms of leads.
Plus PLC Share price performance
While writing (as on 30th July 2019, at 11:32 AM GMT), Directa Plus Plc shares were trading at GBX 82.5 per share; plunged by 0.60 per cent as compared to the previous day closing price level. The company's market capitalisation was around £42.99 million.
In the last 52-wks, Directa Plus Plc shares have registered a high of GBX 90.00 (as on 21 May 2019) and a low of GBX 36.10 (as on 21 September 2018). At the current trading level, as quoted in the price chart, its shares were trading 8.33 per cent below the 52-week high price level and 128.53 per cent above the 52-week low price level.
At the time of writing, the stock's volume before the market close, stood at 37,516. Stock's average traded volume for 5 days was 106,520.60; 30 days- 131,648.93 and 90 days – 92,422.19. The company's stock beta was 1.62, which makes it much more volatile as against the benchmark index.
The average traded volume for 5 days plunged by 19.09 per cent as against 30 days average traded volume.
The shares of the company (at the time of writing) were trading above the 60-days and 200-days SMA, which shows a positive trend in the stock price movement and could further move up from the current trading levels.
In the past 1 year, Directa Plus Plc shares have delivered a positive return of 90.80 per cent. Also, on a YTD (Year-to-Date) time interval, the stock surged by approximately 71.13 per cent and was up by 30.71 per cent in the last three months.
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Running head: the structure of noun phrase in english and vietnamese
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The structure of noun phrase in English
Pre-modification Head Noun Post-modification
The structure of noun phrase in Vietnamese
Pre-modification Head Post-modification
Pre-modification The focus marker "cái"
A Numeral or an indefinite quantifier
The attributive modifiers
Noun Phrase
The Structure of Noun Phrase in English and Vietnamese
Student: Nguyen Kim Phung
Contrastive Analysis
Instructor: Nguyen Ngoc Vu
Words do not simply get together at random to form a meaningful unit. That is to say they should be combined systematically and grammatically into phrases, and then into sentences. According to Wikipedia, "in grammar, a phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence" ("Phrase," n.d.). For example, the group of words "the girls in their summer dresses" is a phrase. In English and Vietnamese, there are three kinds of phrases whose names are defined on the basis of the classes of the word that is the chief word or head of the phrase namely noun phrase, verb phrase, and adjective phrase. Among those phrases, noun phrase proves to be an interesting case that needs closer attention. The goal of this study is to understand the structure of noun phrase in English and Vietnamese. Attention is also given to the comparison and contrast between the structure of English noun phrase and Vietnamese noun phrase. Finally, some implications for language teaching and language learning will be under discussion.
The structure of noun phrase in English:
George Yule (2006) defines a noun phrase as "a phrase in which the main word is a noun and which is used as a subject or an object" (p.269). When analyzing the structure of a noun phrase, Baker examines individual modifiers as well as complements that can follow the main word, i.e., a noun (1995). For example, he concerns about "elementary noun phrases introduced by quantity words", "elementary noun phrases introduced by a(n)", etc. It means he just examines modifiers separately rather than arranges them into an order. Jackson (1989), however, suggests all the possible elements that can combine into a single noun phrase. In this paper, I take Jackson's viewpoint as a foundation. According to him, an English noun phrase has the following formula:
Pre-modification + Head + Post-modification
As we can see, a noun phrase consists of three parts: pre-modification, head, post-modification. In a noun phrase, the head is obligatory but the Pre-modification and the Post-modification are optional. As their names have suggested, the function of the pre-modification and post-modification is to elaborate or limit the head noun's meaning. Noun phrase gets its name from the head word. First, let's have a look at the head word.
The word noun phrase is self-explanatory. It is obvious that the most common kind of head word in a noun phrase is a noun. In some cases, a pronoun may also act as the central part of a noun phrase. There are four kinds of pronouns functioning as heads: personal pronoun, (a) indefinite pronoun (b), possessive pronoun (c), and demonstrative pronoun (d). For example:
he in he is a doctor
someone in someone in the house
his in his is large.
this in this happens every two years.
Usually, when a pronoun takes the role of head in a noun phrase, it is not preceded by pre-modification; however, it can be followed by post-modification, e.g. he who hesitates.
Pre-modification:
The pre-modification of noun phrase can be demonstrated as the following:
Pre-determiner + identifier + numeral/quantifier + adjective + noun modifier
A noun phrase can be introduced by a pre-determiner. The most common pre-determiners are all, both, half, and fractions. For example, in the noun phrase all the students, all functions as a pre-determiner.
What comes after a pre-determiner is the class of identifiers. Identifiers include articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, that, these, those) and possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), only one of which can occur in a noun phrase. It means that they are "mutually exclusive in English". One thing special about noun phrase is that the article "the" can go with any head be it singular or plural (a). In contrast, demonstratives must "agree in number with the common noun phrase" (Baker, 1995, p. 153) (b). For example:
the book, the books
this book, that book but these books, those books
The identifier can be followed by a numeral/quantifier. Unlike the identifier, the numeral/quantifier can have more than one component. In general, this constituent of noun phrase may have the three favorite sequences:
ordinal numeral + indefinite quantifier, e.g. the first few guests
ordinal numeral + cardinal numeral, e.g. the first two guests
indefinite quantifier + cardinal numeral, e.g. several thousand guests
The groups of words coming after a numeral/quantifier are called adjectives. More than one adjective can co-occur in a noun phrase. In this case, adjectives are arranged in a rather fixed order. Jackson has suggested an ordering for adjectives with an example: a charming small round old brown French oaken writing desk. In this example, the adjectives appear in an order basing on a principle: 1. epithet (charming) 2. size (small) 3. shape (round) 4. age (old) 5. color (brown) 6. origin (French) 7. substance (oaken) 8. present participle (writing). However, it is necessary to bear in mind that there is no fixed formula for a sequence of adjective.
Placed between adjectives and a head noun is a noun modifier. A noun modifier is a noun that is placed immediately before a head noun to modify the head noun. For example, in a country garden, the village policeman, and the news agency, country, village and news are noun modifiers. Jackson also points out that "it is unusual for more than one noun modifier to occur in a noun phrase" and that "noun modifier + head noun constructions are often the first stage in the formation of compound nouns".
Post-modification
After the head noun, there appears post-modification. Post-modifications can be a word such as an adjective, an adverb or a phrase such as prepositional phrase or a clause such as relative clause, non-finite clause.
Usually, when people need an adjective to modify the head noun, they place it in the pre-modification position. However, in some cases, an adjective can go after the head noun, especially in some few set phrases like blood royal, heir apparent.
In addition, in comparison with adjectives, adverbs are more frequently found in the position of post-modification and they can be regarded as reductions of a prepositional phrase. For example, the time before can be understood as the time before this one.
A relative clause is a clause composed of a relative pronoun as a head which refers back to the head noun of the noun phrase. The relative pronoun "who" and "whom" refer to people. The relative pronoun "which" is used for plants and animals. If the relative pronoun is an index of an object, it can be omitted. For example: in the noun phrase the girl whom I met yesterday, "whom" is optional.
A Non-finite clause can also function as post-modification. There are three kinds of non-finite clauses according to the verb that introduces them: Infinitive Clause (a), Present Participle Clause (b) and Past Participle Clause (c). For example:
a movie to see
the man talking to the teacher
the movie chosen by the teacher
An infinitive clause is introduced by a to-infinitive. Likewise, a present participle and a past participle clause are introduced by a present participle and a past participle respectively. Non-finite clauses can be reconstructed into full relative clauses. For example:
(a) movie to see  a movie that we should see
(b) the man talking to the teacher  the man who is talking to the teacher
(c) the movie chosen by the teacher  the movie that is chosen by the teacher
A prepositional phrase is form by a preposition + a noun phrase, e.g. in the corner. Prepositional phrases are said to be the most frequent kind of post-modifiers in noun phrases. For example: the man in the corner. A prepositional phrase can also be rebuilt into a relative clause, e.g. the man who is in the corner.
In conclusion, we can have a brief summary of English noun phrase:
Table 1: The structure of Noun Phrase in English
Pre-modification__Head__Post-modification'>Pre-modification__Head_Noun__Post-modification'>Pre-modification
Head Noun
Pre-determiner
Numeral/
Indefinite quantifier
Noun modifier
Adjective/adverb
Relative clause
Non-finite clause
Vietnamese have an old saying "Qua bao phong ba bão táp không bằng ngữ pháp Việt Nam", which means Vietnamese grammar is very complicated. The fact is Vietnamese linguists cannot reach a consensus on some grammatical issues. With no exception, noun phrase has been at the center of debate for long. Now I'd like to present the viewpoint of some established figures in this field.
In the book Vietnamese grammar (Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt), Nguyễn Tài Cẩn points out that Vietnamese noun phrases have two parts: the head and the modification composed of the pre-modification and post-modification. What special about his finding is the head noun. He claims that if the noun is preceded by a classifier, both the noun and the classifier form the head. So the head is the combination of T1 and T2. For example:
Pre-modification
T1 (classifier)
T2 (noun)
khoa Văn
cuốn
này
According to Diệp Quang Ban, a noun phrase consists of three constituents: pre-modification, the head, post-modification. In the pre-modification, all the modifiers add more information in terms of quantity. In contrast, all the elements of post-modification give more information about quality. The head of a noun phrase can be a word or a group of words in which a classifier is followed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective. For instance:
những
con mèo
ấy
Basing on the analysis of those linguists together with Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu, and Hoang Trong Phien, this paper will discuss in detail the structure of Vietnamese noun phrases. A noun phrase is treated as a grammatical unit composed of three parts: pre-modification, head, post-modification. In this part, I will take "tất cả những cái con mèo đen ấy" as an example to analyse the structure of Vietnamese noun phrase. The structure of Vietnamese noun phrase can be summarized in the following table:
Table 2: The Structure of Noun Phrase in Vietnamese
(thành tố phụ chỉ tổng lượng)
Numeral/ Quantifier
(thành tố phụ chỉ số lượng)
Focus marker "cái"
("cái" chỉ xuất)
Classifier (T1)
(loại từ)
(T2)
Attributive modifier
(thành tố phụ nêu đặc trưng miêu tả)
Demonstrative
(thành tố phụ chỉ định)
The head of a noun phrase can be a single noun (e.g.: mèo) or a classifier + a noun (e.g.: con mèo). Classifiers are words such as cái, con, người. There are sharp distinctions between these classifiers. "Cái" usually combines with inanimate objects, e.g.: cái chén. In contrast, "con" is likely to be accompanied by animate objects, e.g.: con rùa. "Người" is used for human being, e.g.: người lính. It is worth noticing that although người refers to human being, we say "con" người.
When there is a classifier + an attributive modifier (danh từ chỉ loại + tổ hợp từ tự do miêu tả), the head is the classifier, eg: hai người đang ngồi đọc sách đằng kia, những việc nói hôm nọ.
If two or more coordinate nouns go together in a noun phrase, they together constitute the head, eg: toàn thể cán bộ, giáo viên, công chức
In some special noun phrases such as ba sôi, hai lạnh, hai đen (ba phần nước sôi, hai phần nước lạnh, hai cốc cà phê đen), the heads are the representatives (sôi, lạnh, đen) of the absent nouns (phần, cốc)
The focus marker "cái" ("cái" chỉ xuất) is used to emphasize the noun mentioned in the head. Sometime it is used to express hatred toward someone. In addition, the focus marker 'cái" is usually accompanied by a demonstrative that appears after the head noun. For example: cái con người bạc ác ấy. It is advisable that we distinguish the focus marker "cái" ("cái" chỉ xuất) from the classifier "cái" ("cái" loại từ). The focus marker "cái" can go with any T2, whereas the classifier "cái" can only go with T2 which are inanimate objects.
A Numeral or an indefinite quantifier is distributed in position (-2). Numerals are một (one), hai (two), ba (three), etc. Indefinite quantifiers are vài, dăm ba, mọi, những, tất cả, các, mấy, etc. Here are some points about numerals/ quantifiers that should be taken into consideration:
Firstly, the focus marker "cái" does not co-occur with mỗi, từng, mọi, or các. For example, it is ungrammatical to say mỗi cái con mèo, các cái con mèo.
Secondly, a numeral does not go immediately before collective nouns, except when the collective nouns refer to the members of a family. For example, we can say hai vợ chồng, bốn anh chị em, but we do not say năm trâu bò, mười quần áo. We should say năm đàn trâu bò, mười bộ quần áo instead.
Thirdly, it is necessary to insert a classifier between an indefinite quantifier (except for những, các) and a collective noun, eg dăm cái quần áo, mấy con gà vịt.
The position (-3) can be occupied by the following words: hết thảy, tất thảy, tất cả, etc. They express totality. The word totality is ambiguous in the sense that it can refer to the collection of many things (plural) (a) or the collection of many parts of a single object (singular) (b). For example:
Anh ta làm tất cả mọi việc.
Anh ta ăn cả một con gà.
Unlike pre-modification in which all the positions are relatively stable, post- modification is more complicated. Before investigating post-modification, we should bear in mind that there is no rigid formula for the post-modification.
The attributive modifiers can be a noun phrase (a), a verb phrase (b), an adjective phrase (c), a prepositional phrase (d), or a pronoun (e). Its function is to describe the head noun. For example:
phòng tạp chí , vườn cau
cái nhà xây năm ngoái
chiếc áo đẹp, khu vườn xanh tốt. It is noticeable that an adjective phrase may be preceded by the intensifier "rất", e.g. chiếc áo rất đẹp, khu vườn rất xanh tốt.
cái võng ở sau vườn
phòng (của) chúng tôi.
A relative clause can also serve as an attributive modifier. In this case, the relative pronoun is "mà". The word "mà" is optional as illustrated in cuốn sách (mà) tôi rất thích, sách báo (mà) thư viện đặt mua.
When more than one attributive modifier co-occurs, the common sequences are:
adjective phrase + prepositional phrase, e.g.: một cái võng đắt tiền ở sau vườn
adjective phrase + relative clause, e.g.: cuốn sách mới mà tôi rất thích.
the smaller unit + the larger unit, e.g.: vấn đề cấp bách / số một/ về sản xuất hàng tiêu dùng.
Demonstratives are considered to be the rightmost post-modifiers. They are ấy, nọ, kia, này, ấy, etc. Usually, demonstratives can follow any of the attributive modifiers, e.g.: hoàn cảnh (của) chị ấy, những cái con mèo đen ấy.
After considering carefully the structure of noun phrase in English and Vietnamese, I will juxtapose the structure of English noun phrases and Vietnamese noun phrases in order to compare and contrast them.
Although English belongs to the Indo-European language family, and the Vietnamese language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic family (Lan, n.d.), the two languages' noun phrases have many things in common. First, both are endocentric structures (cấu trúc hướng tâm), which means they both have a head noun. Second, in both languages, the head noun can have pre-modification to the left and post-modification to the right. Let's consider the following examples:
a house on the hill (English)
một ngôi nhà ở trên đồi (Vietnamese)
In the two examples, the heads are house and ngôi nhà. House is preceded by a pre-modifier (an article "a") and followed by a post-modifier (a prepositional phrase "on the hill"). In the same pattern, ngôi nhà is placed between a pre-modification (numeral "một) and a post-modification (a prepositional phrase "ở trên đồi").
The difference in language family also accounts for the differences between English and Vietnamese noun phrases.
The first distinct feature that makes Vietnamese noun phrases different from the English noun phrases is the head noun itself. As we all agree, Vietnamese nouns cannot indicate number. That is to say while English needs the morpheme "-s" or "-es" to indicate the plural form of a noun, a Vietnamese noun does not change the form whether it is singular or plural. This is well-demonstrated in this example: một con mèo (one cat), hai con mèo (two cats). However, it does not mean that we cannot differentiate a singular noun from a plural noun in Vietnamese. The numeral and the classifier are responsible for this function. For example:
một con mèo = one cat
những con mèo = many cats
con mèo = one cat
đàn mèo = many cats (more than one cats)
In (a) the numeral "một" (one) precedes a singular noun while in (b), the plural marker "những" (many) signals the appearance of a plural noun. In (c) and (d), the classifier "con" and "đàn" also give us a hint about plurality.
The second distinct property of Vietnamese noun phrases is the participation of the focus marker "cái". From the two tables above, we can see that there is no element called focus marker "cái" in the English language. However, the focus marker "cái" of Vietnamese language is commonly attached to demonstratives ấy, nọ, kia, này, ấy which have the equivalent in English (this, that, these, those)
This brings me to the next point. The difference between English and Vietnamese noun phrases also lies in the order of the constituents of noun phrases, i.e. demonstratives and adjectives. In an English noun phrase, the demonstrative and adjective(s) usually occur to the left of the head noun (a). Meanwhile, in a Vietnamese noun phrase, adjective(s) and the demonstrative occur to the right of the head noun (b) as in the following examples:
this black cat
con mèo đen này
All the analysis and comparison is futile unless it serves a meaningful purpose. The intensive study of the structure of English and Vietnamese noun phrase provides us with food for thought in terms of implications for language teaching and language learning.
Firstly, Vietnamese nouns do not have the same mechanism with English nouns when it comes to the plural form, so Vietnamese tend to "forget" the morphemes "-s" or "-es" after a plural noun. For example, they may say two book instead of two books because in their mother tongue they can safely say một quyển sách (singular) and hai quyển sách, những quyển sách, các quyển sách (plural). The instance indicates that Vietnamese nouns remain unchanged despite the change in the plurality and that Vietnamese people use the plural markers "những", "các" to convey plurality. That's why they may produce ungrammatical English phrases. Moreover, Vietnamese people are very unfamiliar with the concept of countable and uncountable nouns. Consequently, they may overgeneralize the rule and not be aware that we cannot add "-s" or "-es" to an uncountable noun. For example they may use an advice/ advices and an information/ informations without knowing that advice and information are uncountable nouns; therefore, we cannot add "-s" or "-es" to advice and information. This raises a problem to Vietnamese because in our language, we say một/ nhiều lời khuyên, một/ nhiều thông tin. These examples show clearly how the mother tongue can interfere in the process of learning English. Therefore, teachers should draw students' attention to the issue of singular/ plural nouns and countable/ uncountable nouns.
Secondly, Vietnamese people find it difficult to recognize the head noun in long and complicated noun phrases such as a beautiful young girl who is standing by the window. It's a fatal weakness if students cannot point out the head noun. Because an English noun phrase can function as a subject of a sentence, it is vital that English learners can identify the head noun and match it with the main verb. It is obvious that subjects and verbs are the fundamental elements of a sentence. Therefore, unless students can make subjects accord with main verbs, they cannot produce correct sentences. In order for students to deal with this problem, teachers should guide them through the process of describing the organization of English noun phrases. If students can successfully identify the head noun, they will not make subject-verb agreement mistakes.
Thirdly, adjectives are very important in modifying head nouns. In terms of English structure, they usually come before head nouns. That is something I have presented above. The problem here is sometimes we need more than one adjective to describe the head noun. In such an occasion, English learners are often confused because they do not know how to put a string of adjectives into a right order. While native speakers can use many adjectives to describe things without difficulty, English learners find this a real challenge. For example, English people can say a long series of adjective with ease: a charming small round old brown French oaken writing desk. Fortunately, Jackson has suggested a rule: 1. epithet (charming) 2. size (small) 3. shape (round) 4. age (old) 5. color (brown) 6. origin (French) 7. substance (oaken) 8. present participle (writing) (Jackson, 1982, p.13). I have to admit that we do not have many sequences of adjectives like this in real life. However, these are very common in writing and knowing how to arrange adjectives in a natural order is an advantage. As a result, teachers should remind students of how to use adjectives to make their description as detail and correct as possible, especially in writing.
In conclusion, the minimum requirement of a noun phrase both in English and Vietnamese is a head noun. If we want to add more color to a noun phrase, we can make use of pre-modification and post-modification. A contrastive analysis view of the structure of noun phrases in English and Vietnamese gives us an insight into the similarities and differences between the two equivalent linguistic units in the two languages. It also helps us to draw out some implications for language teaching and language learning. I hope that this paper in some way can be useful for ESL and EFL teachers and students. What I want to suggest more is that new researches focus on the function of noun phrases because a thorough understanding of the function of noun phrases can give learners more confidence in their language competence.
Baker, L., C. (1995). English syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Diệp Quang Ban. (2005). Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt-tập 2. Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
Jackson, H. (1982). Analysing English: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics,
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mai Ngọc Chừ, Vũ Trọng Nghiệu & Hoàng Trọng Phiến. (2007). Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học và tiếng Việt. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
Nguyễn Tài Cẩn. (2004). Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản đại học quốc gia Hà Nội.
Phrase. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
Yule, G. (2006). Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced With Answers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
: ed -> CA2009
CA2009 -> Ho chi minh city university of education
CA2009 -> Word formation in English and Vietnamese
CA2009 -> Ho chi minh university of education department of english
CA2009 -> Contrastive Analysis
CA2009 -> Polite strategies in english and vietnamese imperatives
CA2009 -> The English Causative Structure with "Have" and "Get"
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Delicious home made baked beans, casseroles and desserts. A wonderful meal for only $8. Proceeds benefit The Neighborhood Café: a time of shared community, camaraderie and food every Tuesday evening.
The premier variety show of the region featuring music and singing and dance to a theme: Don't miss this entertainment experience. This is a fundraising event for the Chocolate Church Arts Center.
Midcoast Life Church, 45 Floral St.
Bring your car down and have it washed for FREE while you enjoy a cup of tea or coffee or a cold drink. Best of all... it's all FREE!
Don't miss it as Jeff Barnhart breathes new life into selected silent short comedies and describe this age-old process to the audience. Barnhart, who is an internationally renowned pianist, vocalist, arranger, bandleader, recording artist, an ASCAP composer, educator and entertainer, turns his attention to performing live, era-appropriate piano accompaniment to classic silent films for this special fundraising event.
Chocolate Church Arts Center Annex, 804 Washington St.
There are 10 students from Morse High School traveling to Japan this summer. A student-led bake sale will be held on Saturday, April 20th at Brackett's Market in Bath from 9am-noon. 100% proceeds will go toward student travel expenses. Stop by to stock up on treats!
Annual meeting for Bath Historical Society, followed by lecture, "Kennebec Caper: Bath's 1775 Mast Landing Affair" by Earl R. "Bud" Warren, about the seizure at Bath of a mast shipment for the Royal Navy, soon after the battles of Lexington and Concord.
FREE egg hunt at Midcoast Life Church! Saturday April 20th // 1:00PM - 3:00PM Come search for thousands of candy filled eggs under piles of hay! Awesome prize giveaways and fun for the whole family! BRING A BAG OR BUCKET TO COLLECT YOUR EGGS!


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jake Paul is developing a late night-style talk show for YouTube Red
Man cuts his books in half to make them 'portable,' spurs online debate
Esther Bell— January 21
'You are a serial killer.'
White rapper punched in the face for saying the N-word during battle Tuesday 9:21 AM
Hillary Clinton blasts Bernie Sanders, says 'nobody likes him' Tuesday 8:57 AM
Someone found Harry Styles' doppelganger—and TikTok is obsessed Tuesday 8:08 AM
Buckle up.
@jakepaul/Instagram
Christine Friar— 2018-03-30 02:48 pm | Last updated 2018-03-30 02:59 pm
Jake Paul, aka the Paul brother not currently on thin ice with YouTube, is reportedly developing a new talk show with the streaming giant's subscription-only branch.
Paul—whose brother, Logan, is still coming off a months-long string of problematic behavior—is apparently ready for a little image rehab on YouTube Red after having a (separately) rocky year himself. It's easy to forget in light of his brother's antics, but in the past year the 21-year-old Jake said the N-word in a rap video, got sued for a prank involving a car horn, and was dropped from his Disney Channel show following a public dispute with his neighbors. So despite being "the good Paul," Jake still has damage control to do.
OH SNAP https://t.co/rtNZGBY7RY
— Jake Paul (@jakepaul) March 30, 2018
According to the Hollywood Reporter, the still-untitled series will pair Paul with the showrunner from Sarah Silverman's Hulu series and have "a late-night variety show feel." The upside to partnering with the streaming service as opposed to a traditional TV network is that Paul's fans can ostensibly tune in whenever they want, just like they do for his current content on his YouTube channel.
What's yet to be seen is which version of Paul the new show is hoping to bring us. In a recent Good Morning America appearance, Paul told Michael Strahan he sees himself as "an imperfect role model." He traveled to Florida in the wake of the Parkland shooting to try to raise gun reform awareness for his 14 million young subscribers.
But YouTube seems eager to assure us that its order is still only for a pilot and not a full season: "Last year, we engaged in early development deals with a handful of YouTube creators as part of our normal process to evaluate new creative ideas," a spokeswoman told THR. "There is no series order currently in place."
Christine Friar
Christine Friar is a writer and editor in New York who focuses on streaming entertainment and internet culture. Her work has appeared in the Awl, the Fader, New York Magazine, Paper Magazine, Vogue, Elle, and more.
Celebrities Entertainment Jake Paul Streaming Television Youtube Youtube Red


text:
Q: C#: Send XML over https/SSL3 with client/server certificates I need to develop a C# client able to post XML docs into a SAP Bussiness Connector 4.6.
The Client:
.NET until 4.6, VS 2013 available, SO Win 8.1 Pro 64 bits.
The Server:
Windows 2000, with SAP Business Connector 4.6 (it's really equal to WebMethods 4.6), configured with https and Client certificate as authentication method. The server has a certificate that doesn't match the URL used in local development against it.
I'm trying several .NET methods and clients. I'm actually trying httpClient to connect with BC, without success.
The actual code is very similar to this:
try
{
    System.Net.Http.HttpClient client;
    //HttpClient uses the HttpMessageHandler pipeline for sending and receiving requests
    //WebRequestHandler derives from HttpClientHandler but adds properties that generally only are available on full .NET
    System.Net.Http.WebRequestHandler wrHandler = new System.Net.Http.WebRequestHandler();
    System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate x509cert = System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2.CreateFromCertFile("MyClientCertificate.crt");
    wrHandler.ClientCertificates.Add(x509cert);
    client = new System.Net.Http.HttpClient(wrHandler);

    //THIS SKIPS SERVER CERTIFICATE
    System.Net.ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = delegate { return true; };
    System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage request = new System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage();
    request.Method = System.Net.Http.HttpMethod.Post;
    request.RequestUri = new System.Uri("https://192.168.12.12:3333/invoke/wm.PartnerMgr.flows.UCLR.0000000001:ORDERS");
    request.Content = new System.Net.Http.StringContent(CtrXMLToSendContent.Text, Encoding.UTF8, CtrClient1MediaType.Text);

    System.Net.ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = System.Net.SecurityProtocolType.Ssl3 | System.Net.SecurityProtocolType.Tls;

    Task<System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage> taskResponse = client.SendAsync(request);
    if (taskResponse.Wait(-1)) //-1 = infinite
    {
        //Response received
        System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage response = taskResponse.Result;
        TextResponseData.Text = response.ToString();
        Task<String> taskResponseStr = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
        taskResponseStr.Wait();
        String responseContent = taskResponseStr.Result;
        TextResponseContent.Text = responseContent;
    }
    else
    {
        TextClient1Infolog.AppendText("Wait ");
    }
}
catch (Exception _e)
{
    TextClient1Infolog.AppendText("Error :" + Environment.NewLine);
    TextClient1Infolog.AppendText(_e.ToString());
}

When I launch it, it throws an exception, giving this error:

System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: An error occurred while sending the request. ---> System.Net.WebException: The request was aborted: Could not create SSL/TLS secure channel.

There's no server response at all I can explore or debug. I think it's a problem of handshaking SSL protocol. I must insist: There's no response text from server, no 402 or 404 message errors at all: Nothing is received.
Firefox over that direction says no connection. IE, with TSL 1.0, 1.2 and 1.3 activated, says it cannot connect; activating SSL 3.0 and reopening page says there's a problem with server certificate (yes, because I'm accesing from local network, where certificate states for something like "this.server.com").
Fiddler4 doesn't say me much (and autocertificates appears to be confusing something), SoapUI appears to be not very useful here (haven't see way to set certificates and SSL handshakes).
Found a tool (TestSSLServer, link: http://www.bolet.org/TestSSLServer/) that gave me this info:

Supported versions:  SSLv3 TLSv1.0 Deflate compression: no Supported
  cipher suites (ORDER IS NOT SIGNIFICANT):
    SSLv3
       RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5
       RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
       RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
       RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5
       RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
       RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
       RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
    (TLSv1.0: idem)
  ---------------------- Server certificate(s):
  188659f61762af0de690bf5cb76a8554e7ff7f23: CN=my.server.com,
  OU=Domain Control Validated
  ---------------------- Minimal encryption strength:     weak encryption (40-bit) Achievable encryption strength:  strong encryption
  (96-bit or more) BEAST status: vulnerable CRIME status: protected

So I suppose I have to force SSL3 handshake (I think this is OK in my code), validate server certificate (too)... perhaps I must do something with client certificate.
Must I generate one for my client computer and load it? How can I generate one with one of the encriptions of the TestSSLServer's list? Wich file should be installed in what computer?
And I'm open to hear about other http clients (ServerXMLHTTP, etc) or tools able to test xml postings over xml. Any ideas about how to proceed for now?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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SmartGuard® PaintShields provide paint protection for outlets and switches. These covers are designed to help painters save time during the prep and clean-up stages. They install quickly over receptacles and switches keeping paint and drywall spray textures from entering electrical devices. PaintShields install so quickly that you'll save time by eliminating cutting around devices and carefully rolling up to switches and outlets.
Protection from roller splatter on outlets and switches.
Holds firmly in place at spray applications.
Eliminate careful rolling around devices.
Installs quickly and easily (no taping).


COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA—Palmetto Health is notifying individuals of an email phishing incident that resulted in unauthorized access to individual email boxes. The incident was limited to certain employee email accounts, and did not affect our medical record systems. We believe the purpose of the unauthorized access was to gain access to payroll information.
Palmetto Health values the safety and security of patient and employee information and is continuing to take steps to enhance its security measures to help prevent something like this from happening in the future. We attempted to notify by letter at the last known address and by substitute notice every person who was affected by this incident. While we have no evidence that any patient information contained in the affected email accounts has been used inappropriately, we are offering complimentary identity theft protection services to those whose financial data could have been accessed. We recommend affected persons to remain vigilant and monitor account statements and credit reports carefully and to report discrepancies to law enforcement. Fraud alerts and security freezes also can be activated to help protect individuals.
Anyone with questions or concerns can call a toll-free hotline at 877-239-1279, Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. EST, excluding holidays. The call center will be open until Friday, June 28, 2019. More information is also available on Palmetto Health's website, here.


Already have a master's degree but looking for more specialization in health care management? The Simmons Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS) in Health Care Management gives you the health care specialization you need in a condensed, flexible format- with no GMAT or GRE required.
Join Simmons for a webinar on May 21st and learn how you can start the 5 course certificate program this fall! Register below.


You can adjust system settings to customize your Mac. For example, you can change the size and location of the Dock, choose a desktop background, and more.
To open System Preferences, click the System Preferences icon in the Dock or choose Apple menu > System Preferences.
Options are organized into preferences. For example, options that control how the desktop appears are located in Desktop & Screen Saver preferences.
If you want to change an option but don't know where to find it in System Preferences, use the search field at the top of the window. Options that match your search text are listed, and the preference panes where they're located are highlighted.


The first things which might surprise you on opening up this CD is that there are no booklet notes, just a picture of an old typewriter with an Ives quote alongside: "And I did what I wanted to, quite sure that the thing would never be played, and perhaps never could be played". You will have gathered therefore that any information I can offer I have gleaned myself from various sources and I must say immediately that the above dates for the works are, to a certain extent, guess-work even by Ives scholars.
First, there are four sonatas. The sequence began as early as 1902/3 when the initial ideas for the First Sonata were developed. It is in three movements. The first begins Andante and moves into an Allegro Vivace. The middle movement is marked Largo cantabile but the last word does not apply consistently as the movement develops aggressively at times. The finale is an Allegro. The usual Ivesian fingerprints are here. Its composition came about when he was finding himself at the time of the Third Symphony The Camp Meeting. You hear hymns, popular tunes and ragtime, poly-rhythms and cross-rhythms with many of the melodies recognisable from other works like Orchestral Set II and the Symphonies 3 and 4. One must think of Ives, to quote Stuart Feder in the "Life of Charles Ives" (Cambridge University Press, 1999) as nostalgic for "the Danbury of his childhood (indeed childhood itself) and was and forever remained, a sojourn into American Arcady", the America of his father — who was a very considerable influence on him — and grandfather.
The form in an Ives movement is unique. Taking the middle movement of this First Sonata, he begins simply with a lovely child-like melody and gradually adds complexities and abstractions. Vivid memories start to pile in from all sides resulting eventually in a passionate crescendo and an outburst reaching a wild climax. This suddenly fades as Ives releases the reverie and becomes aware of his present world.
This analysis could equally apply to the third movement of the Second Violin Sonata. To an even greater degree it is filled with the Ivesian fingerprints mentioned above. The difference is that it is openly programmatic. Movement I is entitled Autumn and one might think here of harvest-time. Ives had written Three Harvest Home Chorales several years before; the gathering of the crops was a significant village/town event. The second is In the Barn; once the crops are in the village can celebrate with a dance of wild abandon. The third, which is nostalgic and reflective in the main, is The Revival with its quasi-religious mood.
The first movement of the Third Sonata is as long as the whole of the Second Sonata. At this time Ives was at his most prolific. In the early 1920s he started to gather his music together with a view to some of the works being published and he may well have enlarged or at least revised some of them. It appears in fact that the movements of this Sonata may have been cobbled together from separate pieces during the First World War. This Third Sonata is very approachable with its poised and melodic first movement, its jazzy middle Allegro and its Cantabile Adagio opening to the third.
You will have noticed that, as yet, I have not mentioned the performances or the recording. The weakness of each is manifested in this aimlessly played first movement. There is little sense of musical direction and the performers are not helped by an awkward recording, the sound of which can often over-emphasise the piano especially in the heavy chordal passages. In fairness I didn't entirely realise this until a friend lent me the version recorded by Curt Thompson and Rodney Waters on Naxos 8.559119, which sounded so much better prepared and understood. Sadly Berthomé-Reynolds' tone quality is not consistent and this compounds the problem. It's also a pity that so little space has been left between the sonatas.
The Fourth Sonata begins after only a few seconds. Its subtitle Children's Day at the Camp Meeting gave Ives the chance to recall his 1870s childhood with much "inventive play at the summer camps" (Feder). It's also based on hymns, which were sung by children at their services. Ives said that he wanted to write a sonata which his "twelve year handicapped nephew could play". That may be so in the first movement (Allegro) but the second one "got away". Indeed Ives' demands on the violinist are often so extraordinarily impossible in many places in these sonatas, that it's as if he is asking the player also to help in the creation of the work. The length of the whole Fourth Sonata, a generally very approachable work, is less than the Third Sonata's first movement.
This is not top-drawer Ives nor are these performances necessarily on top of the music. I like the way Annabelle Berthomé-Reynolds and Dirk Herten tackle the slower more sensitive sections but the more abrasive and fierce passages, of which there are many, sound rather congested and unpleasing. As I indicated above this, no doubt, is also, down to the recording.


The WPRA is proud to have Justin Boots Company as a sponsor of the Justin Best Footing Awards. This amazing program allows the WPRA Board of Directors and members to recognize those committees in each of the 12 rodeo circuits that have put forth extra effort to ensure their rodeo had the safest, most consistent ground conditions throughout the entire rodeo. This in turn ensures a safe and level playing field for the barrel racing contestants and their horses.
1st Place winners receive a $1,000 cash award, plaque and Justin certificate redeemable for one pair of Justin smooth ostrich or lizard boots.
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Most Improved winners receive a plaque.
Congratulations to all of the Justin Best Footing Award winners!


The Virginia Hunting Dog Alliance (VHDA) was formed as an umbrella organization, part of the Commonwealth Sportsmen's Alliance PAC, to give Virginia Sportsmen a political voice within the law. Many groups came together because many of the "old line established or nationally affiliated organizations" simply were more interested in going along to get along. Virginia's Sportsmen need a strong voice to educate and tell the public and our elected officials politicians not to tread on our right to hunt with dogs, which has been a Virginia tradition since the beginning.
Why do we need a political action committee (PAC)?
Virginia law requires that "Any person, association, organization or group of individuals that anticipates receiving contributions and/or spending funds in excess of $200 for the purpose of influencing the outcome of any non-federal election in Virginia must register as a political committee with the SBE". The Commonwealth Sportsmen's Alliance, formed in 1989 and registered in 1991, has become the surest way for Sportsmen and their organizations to have a political voice without having to create new organizations and face the ordeal of making regular reports to the State Board of Elections.
Why not just have annual membership fees?
We established the VAHDA in response to the DGIF study on hounds and the general unresponsiveness of DGIF to Sportsmen's concerns. It was felt that a new organization should not weaken existing groups, but work to strengthen all groups entering an Alliance. No membership fee is required; we ask Alliance groups and clubs to send a donation and provide their mailing list so that we support General Assembly members that are our friends and oppose those that work against out rights. Many clubs and organizations are holding fundraiser's locally to help raise money for this Alliance.
Why are we concentrating on the Virginia General Assembly?
DGIF derives all authority from the legislature, which according to Article 1 Section 2 of the Virginia Constitution is derived from the people. The DGIF Board members are currently appointed by the Governor and serve "at his pleasure". Only the Governor sets policy for his administration. We need the members of the General Assembly to help defend our heritage!
What can I do to help make the Alliance stronger?
Then ask your clubs and organizations, your hunting friends, and your neighbors to join.
Send a donation to the Virginia Hunting Dog Alliance.
Call your legislators in the Virginia Senate or the Virginia House of Delegates TODAY and talk to them about our heritage of hunting with dogs in Virginia.