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Blu-ray: Highly Recommended
Sale Price 89.86
List Price 135
Alfred Hitchcock: Masterpiece Collection - Psycho
Review Date November 1st, 2012 by David Krauss
October 30, 2012 is when Universal is releasing the 'Alfred Hitchcock: Masterpiece Collection' containing fifteen of the director's seminal works. In an effort to bring you the most in-depth coverage on this set we are going through each included movie to give you the most thorough review we can. Feel free to visit the 'Alfred Hitchcock: Masterpiece Collection' hub page. There you will find links to the other movies in this set and everything you'd want to know about the set's technical specifics and its packaging.
Portions of this review also appeared in our coverage of 'Psycho.'
Technical Specs: 50GB Blu-ray Disc
Video Resolution/Codec: 1080p/VC-1
English Descriptive Audio: English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
English: DTS 2.0 Mono
French DTS 2.0 Mono
Subtitles/Captions: English SDH, Spanish, and French
Special Features: Audio Commentary
Posters and Lobby Cards
Theatrical Trailers
Hitchcock/Truffaut Interviews
Movie Studio: Universal
Most film buffs enjoy a good debate, and one topic that never fails to generate discord among classics aficionados is "What is Alfred Hitchcock's best film?" Ask 50 different Hitchcock fans and you might just get 50 different answers; so varied and nuanced is the director's work. Though plenty of Hitch's admirers would surely pick 'Psycho' as the cream of the crop, I believe any serious student of the Master of Suspense would put this grandfather of the modern slasher film in its proper perspective – as a gritty, gimmicky, somewhat exploitive yet engrossing and tense study in terror. Masterpiece? In many ways, yes. Hitchcock directs 'Psycho' with the same care, artistry, and invention that distinguish his entire film canon, and, as a result, it has been copied, ripped off, examined, and dissected more than perhaps any other Hitchcock picture. As far as notoriety goes, none of his other movies can touch it. Mention 'Psycho' and you think Hitchcock; mention Hitchcock and you immediately think 'Psycho.' The two will be forever entwined. No doubt about it, 'Psycho' is a great, immortal, influential movie. But Hitchcock's best? Not to me.
Even calling 'Psycho' the quintessential Hitchcock picture is, in my opinion, misguided. Those with only a passing knowledge of the director might think 'Psycho' typifies the kind of fare Hitch regularly churned out. But in reality, this gruesome, low-budget shocker is a Hitchcock anomaly, far removed from the elegant, romantic mysteries and grand-scale espionage flicks that compose the bulk of his catalogue. Its impact, though, cannot be minimized. With its startling and (for its time) graphic violence, sexual overtones, and hint of misogyny, 'Psycho' changed the face of the modern thriller, ushering in a more explicit era, free of the taboos that previously constrained and asphyxiated the genre. Without 'Psycho,' would we have 'A Nightmare on Elm Street,' 'Friday the 13th' or 'Halloween?' Who knows? But 'Psycho' certainly paved their way. So should we thank Hitchcock for spawning a new genre of thriller, or condemn him for creating a film that inspired generations of inferior and ever more violent and gory copycats? That's another topic for debate.
What 'Psycho' does so well, and so much better than its more lurid descendants, is the way it makes its story initially relatable, allowing us to invest ourselves in the characters and their dilemmas before taking an unexpected detour into the grotesque. What begins as a straightforward, linear story about a troubled woman (Janet Leigh) who steals a large sum of money so she and her illicit lover can embark upon a new existence suddenly veers off in a totally different direction. With a few swift thrusts of a butcher's knife into a woman's naked body as she luxuriates in a warm shower at a rundown roadside inn known as the Bates Motel, it transforms itself into an unsettling tale of murder, cover-up, sexual deviance, and insanity. In a heartbeat, one story ends and another begins. 'Psycho' brutally proves we really don't know what lies around the next corner – or on the other side of the shower curtain – and bloodcurdling horror can confront us at any moment.
Hitchcock, though, is much too substantive a director and too good a storyteller to rely on cheap thrills. 'Psycho' is remembered as a physically violent film, marked by brutal slayings in the shower and on the stairs, and for its climactic chamber of horrors twist. Yet those three scenes comprise less than three minutes of the picture's 109-minute running time and feature surprisingly little gore. (Hitchcock's genius lies in his ability to make us think we see more than we actually do.) Sure, they leave an indelible impression, but they can't quite overshadow the more intriguing and complex psychological studies of both Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) and Marion Crane (Leigh), whose paths coincidentally and fatefully cross one dark and stormy night. That's where the true allure of 'Psycho' lies, and Hitchcock expertly develops those characters so we identify and empathize with them. He also sprinkles in some welcome bits of ghoulish humor to take the edge off, and frames it all with his patented visual artistry. A close-up of an eye peering through a hole in the wall, reflections representing duality and duplicity, high and low angle shots altering perspective and enhancing a sense of unease…Hitchcock delicately and seamlessly weaves them into his fabric so we're only marginally aware of his technique.
Though Norman, the mother-obsessed, browbeaten motel proprietor, grabs the bulk of attention, each time I see 'Psycho' the character of Marion becomes more fascinating and dimensional. Would we remember Janet Leigh at all if she hadn't been stabbed to death in the shower? That's yet another topic for debate, but take away her ear-splitting shriek when she first lays eyes on her knife-wielding attacker, and her performance in 'Psycho' remains quietly riveting from her opening scene lolling around with her illicit lover in a seedy hotel to our final look at her lifeless face pressed against the bathroom floor in an even seedier and far more creepy motel. Leigh balances sex appeal with vulnerability and a thoughtful introspection that makes her sequence of the film infinitely more interesting than the by-the-book Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew mystery investigation that comprises the picture's second half, as Marion's lover, Sam (John Gavin), and sister, Lila (Vera Miles), try to figure out what happened to her. 'Psycho' never really drags, but the more mundane nature of Sam and Lila and their methodical pursuit of the truth make the film more pedestrian, save for the instances where they share the screen with Norman. (The tacked on psychobabble that comprises the film's final minutes may be necessary, but its clinical presentation is a definite buzz-killer and one of the few elements of the film that seems a bit cheesy.)
Leigh justly earned a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her portrayal, but Perkins was inexplicably passed over for his iconic turn as the troubled Norman. Though Norman Bates may have been (sadly) eclipsed in the modern era by the more flamboyant Freddy and Jason, he remains one of the most recognizable figures in horror movie history, thanks to Perkins' finely etched, complex portrait. Whether he's nervously stuttering when discussing sensitive issues, delicately swinging his hips as he climbs the stairs, or exhibiting a wealth of boyish charm, Perkins embodies the character so completely it's impossible to imagine anyone else in the part (especially Vince Vaughn, who gamely – if misguidedly – took on the role in Gus Van Sant's purposeless remake). Miles brings some chutzpah to the cardboard Lila and Martin Balsam makes a strong impression in his few scenes as the doomed investigator, Arbogast.
Mood is an essential element in any Hitchcock film, and in 'Psycho,' Bernard Herrmann's all-string score creates and sustains a marvelous sense of unease from the opening credits forward. Innovative, discordant, and wonderfully screechy, the brash music of Herrmann enhances suspense, accentuates the violence, and creates a wonderfully eerie feeling of foreboding that sustains itself throughout the film. It's difficult to envision 'Psycho' without its score, and the picture's impact would never be as potent without it.
And potent is exactly what 'Psycho' remains a half century after it scared America away from the shower. Whether it occupies the top slot on your list of Hitchcock favorites is irrelevant. 'Psycho' is unique among Hitchcock films in its tone, execution, and look, and will continue to fascinate – and scare – audiences far into the future. "We all go a little mad sometimes," Norman says to Marion. "Haven't you?" "Yes," she responds. "And sometimes, just one time can be enough." One time, however, will never be enough to drink in the story and style of 'Psycho.' It's a movie to watch, enjoy, study, and scrutinize over and over again.
Check the main hub page for the complete detail of the packaging of this set. Everything about it can be found there. For fun we've posted a picture of the section in the set created for 'Psycho' so you can see what it looks like.
This is the same disc that was used for the 50th anniversay release of the movie.
50GB Blu-ray Disc
1080p/VC-1
English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
English SDH, Spanish, and French
Improving upon the transfer of 'Psycho' that was included in the DVD release of the Alfred Hitchcock Masterpiece Collection wasn't very difficult. That shoddy effort features an abundance of grain; sporadic fuzziness; nicks, marks, and other print defects galore; and an overall harshness that detracts from Hitchcock's artistry. Thankfully, Universal recognized those weaknesses and made a point of cleaning up 'Psycho' so it looks as spiffy as possible in high definition. I say "as possible," because 'Psycho' was shot on a shoestring budget and purposely made to look a bit dingy and dirty, so don't expect a glossy black-and-white transfer on a par with classics like 'Casablanca.' 'Psycho' possesses great contrast at times, but can often look a bit harsh and monochromatic, and this high-quality 1080p/VC-1 effort beautifully replicates the film's original look while bringing out as much detail and nuance as it can.
The horizontal and vertical lines that comprise much of the opening title sequence are much crisper and the lettering is better defined than on the DVD. And once the skyline of Phoenix comes into view, the boost in clarity and cleanliness of print becomes immediately apparent. Some specks and marks still regularly crop up, but they're far less noticeable. (As far as numbers go, there are still too many surface defects for my taste, but the differences between the Blu-ray and DVD are substantial in that regard.) Grain has been drastically reduced, but enough remains to keep that essential celluloid feel intact. Background detail is much clearer; check out the crisp rear-projection street scene outside Marion's office early in the film when Hitchcock makes his cameo. Contrast seems more pronounced, which heightens gray scale variance and adds a fresh dimensional quality other home video versions of 'Psycho' lack. Many times, the principals are framed against blank, nondescript walls, which makes them jump out a bit to great effect in this high-def treatment.
Blacks are rich and inky, especially during the nocturnal driving scenes, and the white headlights stay well defined. Close-ups are vivid and striking; the extreme tight shots on both Marion's face as she wends her way to California and Arbogast as he enters the hardware store are among the best in the film. The rain is sharply rendered, so individual drops and beads can be distinguished, and the iconic shower drain shot and subsequent dissolve into Marion's fixed eye is rock solid. And despite all the white in the shower sequence, the details – spray, blood, tile, curtain – are all distinct. Various reflections in mirrors and windows are also clearer than ever before, as are the shadows that are such a vital part of the picture. As far as my eye could see, no noise reduction, banding, or edge enhancement muck up the works, and only mild shimmering on complex patterns occasionally rears its ugly head.
No question about it, 'Psycho' has never looked better, and despite the marks that still mar the print, this is a strong effort from Universal that beautifully honors this chilling classic.
This Blu-ray edition boasts a newly mastered 5.1 track in DTS-HD Master Audio. While the sound is definitely clearer and more dimensional than the DVD audio, it doesn't possess much of a surround feel. The sound remains firmly anchored in the front channels – not surprising, considering the original track is mono – but there's some decent stereo separation that widens the listening area somewhat. Dialogue is always easily comprehendible, and any pops, crackles, or hiss have been scrubbed away.
Aurally, 'Psycho' is all about the music and sound effects. Bernard Herrmann's masterful, all-string score flaunts marvelous presence and dynamic range, but never wraps around the listener like we expect. Nuances of tone come through nicely and even the screechiest sections resist distortion, even at high volume. The slicing effects (achieved by stabbing a knife into a melon) and other subtle atmospherics are crisp and clear, adding creepy accents to the action on screen. Bass frequencies are solid but muted, and exist mostly as shadings to the score.
'Psycho' may not produce the sonic fireworks of more recent releases, but this 50-year-old film sounds better than ever.
All of the extras from the Hitchcock Masterpiece Collection DVD have been ported over to this Blu-ray release with the exception of the production notes. Additions include an audio commentary, interviews, and two featurettes. This is a very strong package that gives both 'Psycho' fanatics and those new to this classic a wealth of information regarding production, promotion, and the film's influence on both movies and culture.
Audio Commentary – Stephen Rebello, author of 'Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho,' provides an informative, well-paced, and interesting commentary that never lapses into plot summation and analysis. In an easygoing style, he discusses various aspects of the picture's production, shares on-set anecdotes, compares the movie to the novel upon which it's based, and points out where various cuts and deletions occurred. He examines the censorship issues the film faced, talks about Hitchcock's fascination with birds, notes a number of subtleties that aren't immediately apparent, addresses the film's lukewarm critical reception, and mentions that 'Psycho' haunted Hitchcock for the remainder of his life. This is not a scholarly presentation – and that may disappoint some viewers – but there's enough solid information here to enlighten even diehard Hitchcock fans. Definitely a worthwhile time investment.
Documentary: "The Making of 'Psycho'" (SD, 94 minutes) – Comprehensive and absorbing are the best adjectives to describe this 1997 documentary that's almost as long as the film itself. Lots of firsthand recollections from principal cast and crew members give us an insider's perspective on working with Hitchcock and the particulars of the production. Janet Leigh's memories are especially vivid (she talks glowingly about Anthony Perkins – his talent, sense of humor, and friendship), as are those of Hitchcock's daughter, Pat, who played a small comedic role in the film. Topics such as casting, wardrobe, censorship, editing, sound effects, and music are examined, as well as public and critical reaction to what was a very unique entertainment back in 1960. Any 'Psycho' fan would be crazy to miss this absorbing, well-made documentary.
Featurette: "Psycho Sound" (HD, 10 minutes) – This all-new featurette looks at how the 5.1 mix for 'Psycho' was developed from the film's original elements. Comparisons between the original mono track and the new 5.1 mix demonstrate the enhancements.
Featurette: "In the Master's Shadow: Hitchcock's Legacy" (SD, 26 minutes) – Martin Scorsese, John Carpenter, William Friedkin, and other motion picture professionals and historians recall their initial Hitchcock experience and how it affected them in this absorbing 2008 featurette. They also examine and analyze the director's style, his subtleties, and how he refined his own influences and expanded upon them. Clips from a slew of Hitchcock films illustrate the master's command of the medium, while excerpts from more modern fare show how acclaimed directors like Spielberg, De Palma, and Scorsese borrowed and paid homage to him. One of the most fascinating sequences juxtaposes the shower scene in 'Psycho' against a fight sequence in 'Raging Bull' that was modeled after it shot by shot.
"Hitchcock/Truffaut" (HD, 15 minutes) – Also new to this release, excerpts from audio tapes of director Francois Truffaut's legendary 1962 interviews with Hitchcock, conducted in preparation for a book, focus on 'Psycho' and Hitchcock's perspective on the movie's structure and narrative. Clips and stills from the film accompany the audio. It's rare to hear a director from Hitchcock's generation discuss his own work, so this intelligent dialogue is a real treat.
Newsreel Footage: The Release of 'Psycho' (SD, 8 minutes) – Footage of crowds lining up to see the film in New York, as well as an examination of 'Psycho's rules and regs (no admittance after the film begins, don't reveal the ending) and its unique ticket policy distinguish this promotional short.
"The Shower Scene: With and Without Music" (SD, 3 minutes) – The title says it all. The scene is presented in its original form and without Bernard Herrmann's score. The lack of music intensifies the violence and horror, and makes the sequence seem even more gruesome.
"The Shower Sequence: Storyboards by Saul Bass" (SD, 4 minutes) – A collection of black-and-white sketches outlining the classic scene.
"The 'Psycho' Archives" (SD, 8 minutes) – A slew of production photos, scene shots, and on-set candids – all of which scroll by much too slowly – comprise this skippable supplement.
"Posters and 'Psycho' Ads" (SD, 3 minutes) – Posters from a variety of countries, as well as several newspaper advertisements are included for perusal. These, too, scroll by at a snail's pace.
"Lobby Cards" (SD, 2 minutes) – Browse through several color lobby cards here.
"Behind the Scenes Photographs" (SD, 8 minutes) – Still shots of Hitchcock, his actors, and his crew make up this comprehensive collection of on-set photos.
"Publicity Shots" (SD, 8 minutes) – More black-and-white stills, many of which were used to advertise and hype the film. Some of the screaming shots of Leigh and Miles are quite amusing.
Theatrical Trailer (SD, 7 minutes) – Hitchcock himself "hosts" this non-traditional preview, designed as a tour of the Bates property. The lighthearted approach belies the film's sinister nature.
Re-Release Trailers (SD, 2 minutes) – These five trailers of varying length hype "the version of 'Psycho' TV didn't show."
This is the second double-dip in this set. Thankfully, it's a disc that's worth owning anyway. There wasn't really anything they could've done to improve on the job that they already did for 'Psycho' when it was released recently. 'Psycho' is one of Hitchcock's masterpieces, so it's necessary that it was included in this set. It remains very highly recommended.
Portions of this review also appear in our coverage of Dunkirk on Blu-ray. This post features unique Vital Disc Stats, Video, and Final Thoughts sections.


This element sofa by Walter Knoll was designed in the 60s. This model is called Piccolino and is designed as a straight sofa and as a round sofa. This version is the round sofa. The leather is camel colored. This sofa offers very good comfort and has a friendly look on both sides because of the low height and form. The sofa has two corner elements (element with fixed armrest) and 4 middle elements. The foam is still firm and flexible and the individual elements are firmly connected.


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Photo: newyorkjets.com / nfl.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pur Tea - Dayi 7452 is one of the classic, traditional recipe in Menghai tea factory. It used to be the highest quality of ripe Pu Er tea exported to overseas.
This Dayi 7452 Pur tea is medium-fermented, with tea buds spreaded on the surface. Bright red tea liquid with mellow & thick taste, and sweet aroma; less coarse taste compared to 7572.
Important tips: for brewing ripe Pu Er tea, the water temparature should be over 95 degrees, based on different kind of Pu Er teas.Storage method: Pls store all the Dayi 7452 Pur tea in a dry & cool environment without any ordor. The best storage environment temperature is between 10-35 celsius degree; moisture degree is between 50-75 degree.


De kleine Odessa is vertaald in het Duits, het Spaans, het Catalaans, het Koreaans en het Pools.
loved these books so much. They are amazing. I've read loads of books but this was my favorite. I read the books in Dutch but wish I could read them in Englinsh could you please have them translated to English? If you could let me know anything about it either nearly done or already there under a different title or any plans to have it done. Please tell me?
Loads of thanks for writing the books and reading this mail.


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Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments Program
Gogebic County, Michigan
Pick another state U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District Of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Pick a county Michigan State Total Alcona County, Michigan Alger County, Michigan Allegan County, Michigan Alpena County, Michigan Antrim County, Michigan Arenac County, Michigan Baraga County, Michigan Barry County, Michigan Bay County, Michigan Benzie County, Michigan Berrien County, Michigan Branch County, Michigan Calhoun County, Michigan Cass County, Michigan Charlevoix County, Michigan Cheboygan County, Michigan Chippewa County, Michigan Clare County, Michigan Clinton County, Michigan Crawford County, Michigan Delta County, Michigan Dickinson County, Michigan Eaton County, Michigan Emmet County, Michigan Genesee County, Michigan Gladwin County, Michigan Gogebic County, Michigan Grand Traverse County, Michigan Gratiot County, Michigan Hillsdale County, Michigan Houghton County, Michigan Huron County, Michigan Ingham County, Michigan Ionia County, Michigan Iosco County, Michigan Iron County, Michigan Isabella County, Michigan Jackson County, Michigan Kalamazoo County, Michigan Kalkaska County, Michigan Kent County, Michigan Keweenaw County, Michigan Lake County, Michigan Lapeer County, Michigan Leelanau County, Michigan Lenawee County, Michigan Livingston County, Michigan Luce County, Michigan Mackinac County, Michigan Macomb County, Michigan Manistee County, Michigan Marquette County, Michigan Mason County, Michigan Mecosta County, Michigan Menominee County, Michigan Midland County, Michigan Missaukee County, Michigan Monroe County, Michigan Montcalm County, Michigan Montmorency County, Michigan Muskegon County, Michigan Newaygo County, Michigan Oakland County, Michigan Oceana County, Michigan Ogemaw County, Michigan Ontonagon County, Michigan Osceola County, Michigan Oscoda County, Michigan Otsego County, Michigan Ottawa County, Michigan Presque Isle County, Michigan Roscommon County, Michigan Saginaw County, Michigan Saint Clair County, Michigan Saint Joseph County, Michigan Sanilac County, Michigan Schoolcraft County, Michigan Shiawassee County, Michigan Tuscola County, Michigan Van Buren County, Michigan Washtenaw County, Michigan Wayne County, Michigan Wexford County, Michigan Michigan NRCS
Pick a district 1st District of Michigan (Rep. Jack Bergman) 2nd District of Michigan (Rep. Bill Huizenga) 3rd District of Michigan (Rep. Justin Amash) 4th District of Michigan (Rep. John Moolenaar) 5th District of Michigan (Rep. Dan Kildee) 6th District of Michigan (Rep. Fred Upton) 7th District of Michigan (Rep. Tim Walberg) 8th District of Michigan (Rep. Elissa Slotkin) 9th District of Michigan (Rep. Andy Levin) 10th District of Michigan (Rep. Paul Mitchell) 11th District of Michigan (Rep. Haley Stevens) 12th District of Michigan (Rep. Debbie Dingell) 13th District of Michigan (Rep. Rashida Tlaib) 14th District of Michigan (Rep. Brenda Lawrence)
Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments Program in Gogebic County, Michigan totaled $13,898 from 1995-2020‡.
Counties in Gogebic County, Michigan Receiving Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments Program payments, 1995-2020‡
1995-2020‡
1 Menominee County, Michigan $2,879,739 6.8% 6.8%
2 Lenawee County, Michigan $2,828,662 6.6% 13.4%
3 Monroe County, Michigan $2,262,828 5.3% 18.7%
4 Eaton County, Michigan $2,040,764 4.8% 23.5%
5 Berrien County, Michigan $2,040,023 4.8% 28.3%
6 Ottawa County, Michigan $2,027,175 4.8% 33.0%
7 Van Buren County, Michigan $1,995,458 4.7% 37.7%
8 Branch County, Michigan $1,891,510 4.4% 42.1%
9 Calhoun County, Michigan $1,836,153 4.3% 46.4%
10 Leelanau County, Michigan $1,703,720 4.0% 50.4%
11 Jackson County, Michigan $1,595,008 3.7% 54.2%
12 Cass County, Michigan $1,521,552 3.6% 57.7%
13 Washtenaw County, Michigan $1,319,398 3.1% 60.8%
14 Hillsdale County, Michigan $1,182,839 2.8% 63.6%
15 Benzie County, Michigan $1,177,649 2.8% 66.4%
16 Grand Traverse County, Michigan $802,362 1.9% 68.2%
17 Montcalm County, Michigan $742,124 1.7% 70.0%
18 Barry County, Michigan $740,543 1.7% 71.7%
19 Antrim County, Michigan $702,480 1.6% 73.4%
20 Clinton County, Michigan $674,477 1.6% 74.9%
21 Ingham County, Michigan $653,576 1.5% 76.5%
22 Saint Joseph County, Michigan $628,988 1.5% 77.9%
23 Ionia County, Michigan $590,470 1.4% 79.3%
24 Sanilac County, Michigan $568,888 1.3% 80.7%
25 Gratiot County, Michigan $531,229 1.2% 81.9%
26 Wexford County, Michigan $490,528 1.2% 83.1%
27 Delta County, Michigan $483,437 1.1% 84.2%
28 Kalamazoo County, Michigan $433,655 1.0% 85.2%
29 Allegan County, Michigan $424,367 1.0% 86.2%
30 Muskegon County, Michigan $350,361 0.8% 87.0%
31 Lapeer County, Michigan $345,746 0.8% 87.8%
32 Mason County, Michigan $343,132 0.8% 88.6%
33 Macomb County, Michigan $337,789 0.8% 89.4%
34 Chippewa County, Michigan $331,959 0.8% 90.2%
35 Saint Clair County, Michigan $311,472 0.7% 90.9%
36 Newaygo County, Michigan $274,226 0.6% 91.6%
37 Shiawassee County, Michigan $272,557 0.6% 92.2%
38 Genesee County, Michigan $237,243 0.6% 92.8%
39 Isabella County, Michigan $227,713 0.5% 93.3%
40 Kent County, Michigan $219,625 0.5% 93.8%
41 Dickinson County, Michigan $213,870 0.5% 94.3%
42 Saginaw County, Michigan $211,733 0.5% 94.8%
43 Wayne County, Michigan $205,442 0.5% 95.3%
44 Mecosta County, Michigan $201,303 0.5% 95.8%
45 Iosco County, Michigan $178,026 0.4% 96.2%
46 Oceana County, Michigan $154,181 0.4% 96.6%
47 Gladwin County, Michigan $144,087 0.3% 96.9%
48 Huron County, Michigan $139,668 0.3% 97.2%
49 Marquette County, Michigan $137,106 0.3% 97.5%
50 Livingston County, Michigan $117,557 0.3% 97.8%
51 Bay County, Michigan $106,848 0.3% 98.1%
52 Alpena County, Michigan $77,011 0.2% 98.3%
53 Osceola County, Michigan $69,983 0.2% 98.4%
54 Alger County, Michigan $66,000 0.2% 98.6%
55 Ogemaw County, Michigan $61,098 0.1% 98.7%
56 Arenac County, Michigan $58,770 0.1% 98.9%
57 Midland County, Michigan $54,294 0.1% 99.0%
58 Missaukee County, Michigan $49,693 0.1% 99.1%
59 Alcona County, Michigan $47,563 0.1% 99.2%
60 Iron County, Michigan $44,517 0.1% 99.3%
61 Montmorency County, Michigan $43,162 0.1% 99.4%
62 Houghton County, Michigan $37,015 0.1% 99.5%
63 Ontonagon County, Michigan $34,114 0.1% 99.6%
64 Tuscola County, Michigan $30,847 0.1% 99.7%
65 Mackinac County, Michigan $30,743 0.1% 99.7%
66 Baraga County, Michigan $22,631 0.1% 99.8%
67 Presque Isle County, Michigan $19,114 0.0% 99.8%
68 Luce County, Michigan $17,491 0.0% 99.9%
69 Gogebic County, Michigan $13,898 0.0% 99.9%
70 Schoolcraft County, Michigan $12,648 0.0% 99.9%
71 Manistee County, Michigan $11,722 0.0% 100.0%
72 Clare County, Michigan $6,849 0.0% 100.0%
73 Oakland County, Michigan $5,996 0.0% 100.0%
74 Cheboygan County, Michigan $4,781 0.0% 100.0%
75 Otsego County, Michigan $1,452 0.0% 100.0%


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Minister Breen's speech at official opening of Google Data Centre in Grange Castle
*Check Against Delivery*
Good afternoon everyone. It is a pleasure to be here today in Grange Castle, alongside Minister Humphreys to officially announce the expansion of Google's data centre.
This €150 million investment will create 400 jobs during the construction and when finished will also increase Google's headcount on the site.
Google's total employment in Ireland is now over 7,000, between fulltime staff and contractors, across a range of functions. I am delighted that you have performed so well and that you continue to broaden and grow your operations here.
Your success in Ireland is a great tribute to your staff who have helped you establish such a firm footing.
I understand your Dublin team spans 60 nationalities and supports customers in more than 62 languages in over 100 markets. Your reputation as one of the best places to work in the country certainly seems well deserved.
I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Google as a good neighbour. Google has a positive impact on local communities through education programmes, mentoring local start-ups and volunteering by Google employees. This type of relationship between business and communities is to be applauded.
Google's presence here reflects the confidence they have in Ireland as a business-friendly environment that supports enterprise development. They have really contributed to Ireland's reputation as a technology and innovation hub which of course that has been key to our economic recovery in recent years.
But apart from the economic advantage it has given us as a nation, technology has transformed our personal lives. From a period within my lifetime where a home telephone was a luxury, technology now allows us carry a device that allows us to effortlessly connect with the entire world, whether it's by video, voice or email. Technology has made the world more accessible and, used properly, has the capacity to improve the quality of our lives.
And, of course, the key driver of technology is Data. Data is the fuel that drives our collective ability to innovate and create and to provide for some of the wonderful technological advances that impact on our everyday lives.
The Government is very committed to ensuring that Ireland remains a world-leading location for data-related activities, including construction of data centres. These activities are a key part of our enterprise landscape and mark Ireland's success as a leader in the digital sector.
Other Government actions to advance digitisation
The Government is working hard to ensure that Ireland remains positioned to embrace the opportunities that digitisation brings.
Next week, for example, I will host a meeting of the D9+ Group – an alliance of EU digital frontrunner states that rank highly on the EU's Digital Economy and Society Index. The group's focus is on providing strategic oversight on digital policy issues and acts as a forum for the exchange of best practice.
We are committed to further building our international connectivity and developing our energy infrastructure, especially in terms of increased renewable energy generation and usage.
We have a strong talent pool with a steady stream of the key skills required in this sector; including data technicians and network engineers.
Ireland's Data Protection Regime
But alongside hard infrastructures like energy grids, a strong and trusted data protection regime is very much a key part of the infrastructure in a modern economy. Data is valuable and, like everything of value, it is important that is protected and used responsibly.
I can see right across my own broader brief, which takes in employment, business and the digital single market, just how core data protection is to how businesses operate in the modern economy.
A strong data protection regime is one of the key factors in the decision making process for companies seeking to establish or expand their data centre operations. They, and in particular, their customers need to be confident that their data is safely stored and secured.
Key among my priorities is to maximise awareness among Irish organisations so that they are fully prepared for the GDPR which comes into effect on 25 May.
As you know, the GDPR provides us all with more clearly defined rights that will give us greater control over the use of our personal data.
For example, it will give us the right to obtain details of how our data is being processed; the right to obtain copies of data held; the right to have it corrected and the right to have that data erased where there is no legitimate reason for its retention, effectively a right 'to be forgotten'.
GDPR will also mean that for the first time individuals may seek compensation through the courts for breaches of their data privacy rights.
Whilst enhanced privacy rights are essential, a strong and independent regulator is fundamental to ensuring that any alleged breaches of our rights as citizens are capable of being investigated and adjudicated upon.
Our Data Protection Commissioner, Helen Dixon, has an excellent track record in this regard and has earned the trust of the public and of enterprises – large and small- that operate in Ireland.
The significance attached to the role of the Data Protection Commissioner in the modern digital world, is reflected in the resources it receives to undertake its important work.
Since 2014, the Office has seen a six-fold increase in its budget to provide the level of expertise needed to deal with the evolving complexity and increased scale of digital technologies.
The Office has a dedicated team to regulate major data-driven multinationals that have their European headquarters in Ireland. Ireland's data protection regime ranks among the best in the world, both in terms of its resources and its reputation for excellence.
Data protection is clearly a very busy and challenging area which impacts on all sectors of the economy and society.
But I firmly believe that Ireland is well-placed to deal with these challenges. Our presence here today in Google's state-of-the-art data centre is testament to Ireland's attractiveness as a place for innovative and progressive enterprise. It is our intention to protect and build on our success.
In closing, I want to congratulate Google on this expansion today and wish them every success in their future here. I would also like to acknowledge the team in IDA Ireland, whose tireless work and engagement with FDI companies has helped transform our economy and bring in companies like Google into Ireland.


Backup deduplication is a method of reducing the backup size by excluding duplicate data blocks from the backup. In any organization, VMs contain duplicates of data, such as VMs deployed from the same template, VMs with the same OS, and VMs that have some (semi)identical files, such as database entries. Block-level data deduplication enables to reduce backup size by saving only unique data blocks to the Backup Repository while replacing duplicated blocks with references to the existing ones.
NAKIVO Backup & Replication automatically deduplicates all backups across an entire Backup Repository. This means that all data blocks are taken into account by backup deduplication, even if you back up VMware VMs, Hyper-V VMs, and AWS EC2 instances to the same backup repository. While backup deduplication is turned on by default, you can disable it if, for example, you want to use a hardware-based data deduplication device such as an EMC Data Domain.
VM backup deduplication can provide 10X to 30X reduction in storage capacity requirements. For example, you have 10 VMs running Windows 2016 Server, which occupies 10 GB each. While the total amount of data is 100 GB, only one copy of OS data (10 GB) will be written to a backup repository with data deduplication, which provides 10 to 1 storage space savings.
More efficient disk space utilization allows storing more recovery points per VM backup. In addition, lower storage space requirements save money on direct storage costs (as fewer disks are needed to store the same amount of information) and on related costs (such as cooling, electricity, and maintenance).


What is now known as the Monmouth & Brecon Canal is actually a waterway made up of two completely separate canals. In fact, there is also a substantial branch line which, in effect, adds a third route to the area.
In December a meeting was held to discuss the building of a waterway from Newport to Pontnewynydd and a branch line from Malpas to Crumlin. A recently started canal to the west at Cardiff had encouraged local businessmen, especially those who owned ironworks in the distant valleys, to promote a similar canal of their own. Amongst the canal's promoters (and an eventual shareholder) was Josiah Wedgwood, the main man behind the Trent & Mersey Canal some 20 years earlier in far away Staffordshire.
An Act of Parliament was granted and work began. The Monmouthshire Canal was to have two lines; an 11 mile main line with over 40 locks and an 11 mile "Crumlin Branch" with over 30 locks.
The route had been surveyed by Thomas Dadford junior who preferred to build his locks grouped closely together in flights rather than build them at intervals all along the route.
The largest flight was created at Rogerstone on the Crumlin Branch where he bunched 14 locks together in one flight. There were no major difficulties in building the Monmouthshire Canal, it needed no major aqueducts and would sport just two short tunnels.
Tramway interchanges were to be built once the waterway was complete, these would link the canal to the many businesses, especially coal mines, up in the hills.
In August, while the Monmouthshire Canal was in its early stages of construction, newspapers reported that another canal was being planned to the north. This would be the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal and would head north from the River Usk near Pontypool, past Abergavenny to Gilwern. No connection with the Monmouthshire Canal was planned in the initial reports. In October, a meeting was held between the proprietors of the Monmouthshire Canal and the promoters of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. The Monmouthshire promoters were very keen to ensure that the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal would not bypass their own route so they donated £3,000 towards the building of a connecting junction. They also agreed to supply water to the bottom pound of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. Everyone was so enthusiastic that it was also decided that the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal's planned route should be extended to reach Brecon in the Welsh hills.
Like the Monmouthshire Canal, the Abergavenny line was also surveyed by Thomas Dadford junior. Once again, as a "friendly" business gesture, the survey was financed by the Monmouthshire Canal Company. Dadford's recommended line from Brecon to Pontypool was 33 miles long and the scheme was also to include 3 tramways which would connect the canal to local industries. The survey was accepted by the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny committee in November and they awaited their turn in Parliament.
In March, the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal received its Act of Parliament. However, starting work on the canal was soon put on hold when in Spring the majority of local banks fell into financial trouble. The Monmouthshire Bank at Chepstow was badly hit and this had great consequences for both of the new canals. Share prices dropped in an instant by 25%.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was finally started though it was not the waterway but the tramways which were first to be built. This greatly annoyed the Monmouthshire Canal company because they had done so much to aid the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal through its promotional days. The Monmouthshire company had decided to build their tramways last, feeling that gaining income from the waterway was more important. The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal company felt it was more important to grab the business from up in the hills & remote valleys as quickly as possible. Thus they built tramways which connected to the Usk Valley but not, as yet, to a canal. John Dadford (junior's brother) was appointed engineer on the first tramway on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny "Canal". It was built from the coal mines at Gelli Felen in the Clydach Valley to Glangrwyne. It was another 3 years before any work began on the actual waterway.
Most of the Monmouthshire Canal was completed and opened. With the use of over a dozen connecting tramways the route chiefly served the blast furnaces at Cwmcarn, Ebbw Vale, Nantyglo and Baenavon as well as many local coal mines. The canal cost around £220,000 to build including the construction of the tramways (some of which were over 20 miles long). Locks on the canal (like on most other Welsh canals - and railways in later years) were built to their own peculiar non-standard gauges. The Monmouthshire Canal locks were built 64 feet long by 9 feet wide, special boats were built to fit these strange dimensions (at a cost of £28 each). Fortuitously the earliest boats were actually built to slightly smaller dimensions which later turned out to be perfect for the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal's own peculiar dimensions.Unlike the English narrow boats with their bright green and red paint, the South Wales barges were generally grey and fairly dour.
Thomas Dadford junior was appointed as chief engineer on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal and work finally began for real.At first Dadford worked only as a part time engineer as he was still employed on the construction of the neighbouring Monmouthshire Canal.The first section of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal to be completed was the embankment and aqueduct over the River Clydach and by the end of the year a section in the centre of the route was opened from Gilwern to Llangynidr.
Meanwhile, the early success of the Monmouthshire Canal was turning the small town of Newport, at the southern terminus of the route, into one of Britain's busiest coal ports.
With the Monmouthshire Canal completed and running successfully, Thomas Dadford junior became the full time chief engineer on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. This route was a lot more difficult to build than the Monmouthshire Canal - and a lot more costly. There were only to be 6 locks on the whole 33 miles but much of the route had to find its way through the hills half way up the side of the Usk Valley. This meant most of the route had to be built on a ledge on inaccessible wooded hillsides. Many small aqueducts were needed and embankments were often necessary to carry the route above villages down in the valley.
With money becoming very scarce, the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company had to make calls on its shareholders to raise additional cash to enable them to start the northern most section from Gilwern to Brecon.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal reached Brecon and this meant that the canal's main water supply could now be used. This was taken from the River Usk via a weir above Brecon. The water left the weir and actually passed right under the town to run into the canal at its terminus. By the time the company reached Brecon they were once again desperate for more cash. Some money began to come in with the shipment of coal along the newly opened sections but much more money needed to be raised if the canal was to avoid being stranded with no link to the Monmouthshire Canal at Pontypool. Work was suspended until further funds could be gained. It was probably at this stage that company realised their mistake in building the tramways first.
While the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal lay unfinished, during the first years of the 1800's the Monmouthshire Canal was twice extended at Newport, new wharves were built and an extra lock was added at Potter Street. However, while Newport grew and trade was high, profits for the canal company were poor and dividends for shareholders were either low or totally non-existent.
Canal companies in Wales were often more busy with their tramways than they were with their waterways. The canals were the main trunk of a network which could have hundreds of miles of tramways.During this year the Monmouthshire Canal company gained an Act allowing them to build a new tramway from Newport to Sirhowy, way up to the north of Ebbw Vale. The line included a 34-arched viaduct across a valley. As well as providing a direct link to the sea for coal, the tramway also help water supply and traffic delays on the heavily locked Crumlin Branch.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal gained a new Act of Parliament allowing it to raise more money to complete its line.
Work recommenced on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal with Thomas Cartwright now appointed as engineer. The route was extended south to Govilon Wharf but once again work had to stop when the money ran out.
Meanwhile, the success of the Monmouthshire Canal was causing congestion in Newport. The company decided to extend the route by a mile to Pillgwenlly (further down the Usk Estuary) and a boat weighing machine was added later to ease delays when gauging.
A local businessman named Richard Crawshay granted the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company a loan of £30,000 to be used to complete the canal and link it to the Monmouthshire Canal.
Work on the final stretch of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was started and the route's third engineer was appointed. This time William Crossley was in charge.
On February 7th the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal finally reached Pontypool and joined the Monmouthshire Canal 19 years after receiving its original Act. The total cost of the canal had been around £200,000. Unfortunately there was still one further delay before the route was opened throughout. The final aqueduct on the route, at Pontymoile in Pontypool, had to be demolished and rebuilt. This took another year to complete.
While the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company were pleased to see their canal up and running, the Monmouthshire company were not. Despite all the help the Monmouthshire Canal had given to its neighbour in the early days, they were now facing big profit losses due to the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company charging much lower tolls. At first the Monmouthshire company refused to lower its tolls in the vain hope that the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company would eventually have to put their prices up. When this did not happen and profits continued to suffer the Monmouthshire company were forced to drop their tolls to the same level as its new rival. Even then they only did so for any barges which used both waterways on the same journey. Over all, the Monmouthshire Canal was always a relatively expensive route to use.After dropping its tolls the Monmouthshire Canal's profits steadily grew and over the next few decades it was a fairly successful route reaching its peak by the early 1840's.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal's trade grew very slowly. Concerns over low profits resulted in attempts to attract more trade. As well as the low tolls mentioned above, a whole succession of tramways were built in the hope of encouraging more traffic. The company also struck up deals with iron companies in which they agreed to deliver iron ore to the foundries for free so long as the ironworks used the canal to carry away the finished products. They also gave toll reductions to long distance carriers and to companies who "guaranteed" trade. All this helped enormously and profits increased over the next few years. However, within 5 years trade began to decline again.
Profits were dropping so quickly that the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company had to cut staff wages. For a while profits began to grow again but this was short lived and the small up-turn actually proved to be the canal's last profitable years.
The Monmouthshire Canal was faring better than its neighbour during this time though not in any big way. Competition between the two canals was certainly doing nothing to help either of them.
Steam locomotives were introduced on the Newport to Sirhowy tramway. Rather than help the Monmouthshire Canal company's income this became the source of a number of problems in its early days. The heavy steam trains damaged the plateways and the poor horses who still pulled tram-trucks were terrified by the new engines! All the same, the Monmouthshire Canal was carrying a lot of coal and Newport was now the 3rd biggest coal exporting port in Britain.
Trade decline on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was becoming so worrying that shareholders began to talk of a merger with the Monmouthshire Canal. Meetings were held but agreements over dividends could not be settled and no amalgamation took place. All the same, the meeting did a lot for both companies and in the following years they worked a lot more closely. This enabled both to see a rise in profits.
Along came the railways, down went the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal's trade. The company toyed with the idea of completely selling out to the Welsh Midland Railway but luckily (for the canal's sake) the railway company was dissolved before any agreement had been made. The company then decided to look into the viability of turning its waterway into a railway themselves which would run along the entire route from Brecon to Pontypool. However, nothing came of this idea either.
Railway competition was not as great a worry for the Monmouthshire Canal. Well after the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal's profits had begun to suffer the Monmouthshire Canal was still doing well. Newport was still exporting more coal than Cardiff despite the building of the Taff Valley Railway into Cardiff city. All the same, the company could see the growing threat of the railways and eventually gained permission to convert its many tramways into railways, albeit with a maximum speed of 10mph. In the Act the company obtained rights allowing it to become the Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company and they surveyed the whole of the canal main line with a view to building a railway in its place. However, the first few years after the tramways were converted were not a great success so the canal remained as a waterway.
After a number of years of poor trade and little done since becoming a "railway company" the Monmouthshire Canal's committee was completely replaced and the new committee acted very quickly.Straight away they closed down the northern-most two miles of the main line (sometimes called the Snatchwood Branch) from Pontnewynydd to Pontymoile Basin in Pontypool. Soon after this, they built the Newport & Pontypool Railway. The remaining part of the canal main line (also running from Newport to Pontypool) was kept open but it lost virtually all of its trade to the adjacent railway.
The closed stretch of the Monmouthshire Canal main line to the north of Pontypool, which had 11 locks on it, was obliterated when the railway was extended and built on its course. The Crumlin Branch of the canal was still kept open in full though it too suffered badly from railway competition.
Numerous schemes for sales and conversions were looked into by the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny company but the waterway continued to run under its original form despite the competition from the newly converted Monmouthshire company and from numerous other railways entering the area.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal still continued though trade declined year after year. This was hit even more when most of the local ironworks which used the canal closed down. The loss in trade had forced the company to go down the same road as most other canal companies - they decided to reduce their tolls. In most cases this never did much to aid profits and at best was only meant to try and keep existing trade from leaving the waterway. Inevitably, because tolls were cheaper, profits became even lower.
Trade was so low by now on the remaining stretches of the Monmouthshire Canal that outlay for maintenance had become far higher than income. Thus the canal was slowly becoming derelict while still in use.
With the continued decline of income on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal the company finally decided it was best to sell out to the Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company. A deal was finalised in September and the canal was sold for £61,000. The Monmouthshire company were expected by many to convert the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal into a railway but this was never their intention. They had been eager to buy the canal ahead of any other potential railway company because they desperately needed the water supply for their own surviving stretches of canal. They were then able to make a healthy profit out of selling water to local industries.
Coal trade had hit an all time low on the Monmouthshire Canal so the company decided to close its once prosperous wharves in Newport and replace them with railway interchanges.
The Monmouthshire and Brecknockshire & Abergavenny canals finally lost their independence when the Great Western Railway took over the Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company. The new owners had little interest in canals and the two Welsh waterways joined many others on GWR's stock list which were simply left to run down.
In Brecon the Brecknock Boat Company Wharf was closed and filled in. Later, just to the north, the terminus of the route (Brecon Basin) was also closed, filled in and eventually became used as an access road. This shortened the route by several hundred yards and made it very difficult to turn a boat at the end of the revised line.
By the turn of the century trade on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was reduced to one boat per week.
The Monmouthshire Canal's Crumlin Branch packet boat (passenger service) ended. For many decades it had taken people to and from Newport Market but trains and roads had now become a far more popular (and certainly quicker) method of transport.
Another of the Monmouthshire Canal's regular trades was lost when the brick carriers at Allt-yr-yn gave up taking their cargo from their brick works to the top of the 14 Cefn Locks at Rogerstone.
The last cargo was carried on the Crumlin Branch of the Monmouthshire Canal. Later in the year GWR closed a section of the canal in the centre of Newport, pushing its terminus further north to Town Lock near Mill Street.
The last commercial voyage on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was made at Llangynidr.
The last cargo was carried on the remaining stretch of the Monmouthshire Canal's main line.
The Government nationalised virtually all of Britain's waterways, the Monmouthshire Canal and Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal were grouped together as the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal and put under the authority of the British Transport Commission. When it was announced that the government were to close the whole canal a man named Ian Wright took a canoe down the Crumlin Branch. The law stated that no waterway could be closed if a "vessel" had "used" the route within the past 12 months! By this time, although mostly still intact, stretches of the former Monmouthshire Canal were unnavigable - even by canoe!However, this hardly mattered as far as potential leisure seekers were concerned because GWR had placed a ban on the use of motorised pleasure craft and on using any of the locks on either canal - the BTC kept this ban in place on the newly formed all-in-one canal.
The BTC's job was not to rescue all canals but to systematically get rid of those which were not fit for commercial use.The Crumlin Branch came under this category and was officially closed despite the previous years efforts of Ian Wright.
Despite the official closure, for some years R.H. Bowen had been running a pleasure boat business at Rogerstone on the Crumlin Branch near the top of the Cefn Flight. The craft were all rowing boats or canoes but the state of the un-maintained canal forced Mr. Bowen out of business.
The BTC closed down the section of the former Monmouthshire Canal main line from Pontypool to Cwmbran, by now the canal was in a poor state of repair and no boats were using it.
In the infamous BTC survey which classified all of Britain's waterways, the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal did not fair well. It was classified as a Remainder Canal which basically meant it was to be left to rot and eventually was to be completely wiped out.
The whole of the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal was officially abandoned. By this time enthusiasm for rescuing old waterways was growing all over the country. In the Midlands the Stratford Canal was already being restored and in Monmouthshire local people were beginning to show interest in their decaying (if not dead) waterway.
The British Waterways Board was created and, although they were officially no different to the BTC in terms of rescuing defunct canals, their take-over coincided with many restoration projects.Restoration of the former Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal began and over the next few years the BWB aided the restorers in their work. The only lock flight on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was re-opened and boats were able to navigate from Pontypool Basin to the village of Talybont. A fixed bridge barred the way north, taking a number of years to negotiate its removal.
A new government survey of inland waterways was undertaken but this still classified the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal as a Remainder Waterway. This meant it had no legal protection but despite this, restoration of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny stretch continued. Further south, on the former Monmouthshire Canal the story was different, from time to time stretches were filled in by industry, new housing and new roads.
The whole of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal ran through the fast developing Brecon Beacons National Park. A huge boost came to the restorers when Breconshire and Monmouthshire county councils gained permission from the British Waterways Board to turn the canal into a leisure amenity. This meant almost all future funding would come from the National Park. It also meant that it was very unlikely that any parts of the line would be blocked by roads or other developments.
The first major works on the last unnavigable stretches of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal were started with the rebuilding of Brynich lock, restoration of Brynich Aqueduct and the placement of a new drawbridge at Talybont where a low fixed bridge had held up restoration for some time.
The whole of the former Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal was fully reopened from Pontypool to Brecon giving holidaymakers a unique journey along the hillsides of the Brecon Beacons National Park.
While there was good news on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal, there was only gloom for the Crumlin Branch of the Monmouthshire Canal.It received no funding or protection and a number of road widening schemes took parts of the canal away. This included a new housing estate at Risca which needed access roads which caused canal bridges to be flattened and Giles Aqueduct to be completely demolished.
The infamous county and local council reorganisation which effected most of Britain had an advantageous effect on most of the former Monmouthshire Canal. All of the main line to the south of Cwmbran and all of the Crumlin Branch now fell under Newport County Council's jurisdiction and they were very sympathetic towards the restoration project. Among other things this saved the Cefn Flight of 14 locks at Rogerstone which had previously been due to be built on.The land around the flight was subsequently tidied up, the locks were cleared out and the whole area was turned into parkland with a picnic site and walkways which included wooden bridges over the locks to allow visitors a close-up view. At the top of the flight a canal visitor centre was built. Today the locks are far from navigable but their masonry and side ponds are kept well maintained - waiting for the day when the first boat comes their way.
A major breach occurred on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal high up on a hillside above Llanfoist. The canal had to be closed while the breach was repaired and a 4 mile stretch of the canal bed was lined with concrete.
With the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal now fully restored, attention turn to the Monmouthshire Canal. The section at Sebastopol on the main line was cleaned up by the Torfaen Canal Society. During the late 1970's a dredger cleared the bed on this same section and Job Creation employees tidied up the towpath etc. However, the section immediately to the north near Pontypool was left in a sorry state and the stretch to the south through Cwmbran remained unnavigable with little hope of the local council allowing restoration to begin. In complete contrast, further south the sympathetic Newport Council continued to show interest in the waterway by fully restoring Gwastad Lock.
Cwmbran council announced proposals to rebuild its main road system. Part of the plan would include flattening and culverting bridges over the canal. The IWA represented the Monmouthshire Canal at a public hearing but it was defeated and the road "improvements" went ahead the following year, effectively blocking the canal and any chance of restoration.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal is now used by thousands of holidaymakers every year. Unfortunately, the Monmouthshire Canal and its Crumlin Branch have seen little restoration in comparison. During the early part of the decade the main line was finally "tidied up" and is now maintained in the Cwmbran area but the Pontypool area had been left to decay and most of the line in central Newport had long since been filled in.
Suddenly things began to change for the Monmouthshire Canal main line. The Pontypool stretch, just south of the junction with the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal, was tidied up and the clean up of the stretch in Cwmbran was extended. Restorers were given permission to rebuild Crown Bridge at Sebastopol which, when complete, would allow a stretch of about 3 miles to become navigable. A feasibility study was set up to survey the whole main line in order to calculate the cost of a full restoration.
During summer restoration of Crown Bridge on the Monmouthshire Canal was completed. The local council were then awaiting funding to allow them to dredge the canal and open it for boats.
In December heavy rain caused a build up of drainage water which flowed off the hills into the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. Because the route is situated on the side of the hills for most of its length it means that surplus water from the mountains runs into the canal rather than running into the valley below. On December 8th BW were warned that water was leaking through the canal bank at Talybont where the route is carried above the village on a small embankment. Local police were alerted and villagers who lived near the canal were evacuated.Before anything could be done to stop the leakage there was a collapse of the canal bank. Half a million gallons of water and the earth from the broken bank rushed down Talybont's main street completely flooding the ground floors of houses opposite and the Star Inn pub some 50 yards away. The main road was completely blocked by mud from the canal and the burst bank left a gap almost 30 feet wide. It took days to clear away the mud which had ruined the ground floors of over 15 houses and it took 4 months to repair the canal. A concrete lining was fitted to prevent the problem from ever happening again (in theory).
During the same week as the Talybont disaster, further south at Llanfoist, where the 1975 breach had occurred (and had been repaired with a concrete lining), it was noticed that the towpath was beginning to crack. Investigations showed that major repairs were needed on this stretch of the canal bed too. A local hire boat fleet was moved away from the area and the suspect stretch of canal was isolated and drained. It was found that the concrete lining had cracked. A temporary trough was installed to allow one-way traffic along the damaged section while repairs went on.
All this must have been very disappointing for everybody concerned with the canal but just days after the breach at Talybont and the problems at Llanfoist were discovered there was a big boost for the waterway.Powys county council announced that they were to give the canal £7 million worth of funding towards a new basin at the northern terminus in Brecon.
A restoration report in the canal press early in the year announced that sections of the Monmouthshire Canal around its junction with the Crumlin Branch had been relined. However, there were still many flattened bridges blocking the way and many locks had been converted to weirs. It would still be some time before the whole main line would be navigable, restorers were predicting 2010 as a realistic target for the reopening of the whole route.
On April 15th the newly restored Crown Bridge on the Monmouthshire Canal was officially opened by the Mayor of Torfaen. A large crowd of local people and dozens of boats attended the opening. The newly reopened section allowed an extension of 2 miles from the terminus of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal at Pontypool to a new winding hole south of Crown Bridge in Sebastopol. The line to the south of the winding hole had also been recently dredged though it ran to a dead end via the tiny Cwmbran Tunnel to the head of a disused lock flight.
British Waterways reported that the problems at Llanfoist on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal may take a number of years to resolve. The temporary trough which was installed 12 months earlier was to stay in place for the foreseeable future. Major repair work is incredibly difficult on a canal which has to remain open for most of the year. Access to the damaged section is very difficult, not only is it several hundred yards from the nearest access point but it is in dense woodland and on a ledge half way up a mountain! The access point itself is not particularly accessible being up a steep narrow track.The towpath from the access point to the damaged canal is just wide enough for a towing horse.
During Spring it was announced that a new leisure area was to be developed on the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal at Goytre Wharf.Woodland trails, picnic areas, refreshments, an exhibition centre, new moorings and a restaurant trip boat were all to be implemented in the scheme. Plans were also announced to restore the lime kilns which stood alongside the canal at the wharf and to recreate the tramway which once ran to the wharf. By this time the project to reinstate Brecon Basin was well under way.The old basin had been re-excavated and a new canal side theatre was being built taking the form of an original canal warehouse. Just to the south, alongside the terminus of the canal, the site of the Brecknock Boat Company Wharf (which was last used in 1881) had already been restored and reopened. This gave boats a lot more room to turn around and moor while awaiting the opening of the new basin.
Hopes of reopening the Monmouthshire Canal main line have been given a boost with the possibility of National Lottery Funding. A new survey was being made with the intention of submitting an application to the fund. If successful the restorers aim to connect the main line to the River Usk at Crindau, just north of Newport. No matter what happens now, nothing will stop the full restoration of the Monmouthshire Canal main line. Once that is up and running it may not be long before the Crumlin Branch is also restored to something close to its former glory. The whole of the "Monmouth & Brecon Canal" is a major monument to Welsh architecture; the Monmouthshire Canal with its mighty lock flights and the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal with its amazing route through the Welsh hills should never have been allowed to die. But now the whole route is well on its way to a long and prosperous reincarnation!
What we now know as the "Mon & Brec" is actually 2 different waterways with 3 different lines. The Monmouthshire Canal is partly restored and partly navigable, the Crumlin Branch is derelict while the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal is now fully navigable.
The main line of the Monmouthshire Canal began at a junction with the River Usk in Newport. My 1971 reference book said that most traces of the canal in the town centre had vanished so I guess by now all traces will have gone. Most stretches had already been covered by car parks though the reference book said Town Lock in Mill Street and a stretch to Barrack Road were still there. Unfortunately these were also about to be filled in.
North of Barrack Road (at the north end of Barrack Hill Tunnel) is a better scene. The canal is in water and has a towpath as it rounds a wooded hillside to its junction with the Crumlin Branch at Malpas, the M4 motorway is close by overhead. Strangely it is the main line which turns away at the junction while the Crumlin Branch actually carries on in a straight line. This is because the main line has curved from north to west but it soon takes a sharp bend to head north again beyond the junction. Just a few hundred yards north is Gwastad Lock which has been fully restored. To the north of Malpas the canal used to run through open country but most of this is now developed into housing estates.Near the village of Llantarnam the canal climbs up through the 10 Ty Coch Locks where, in 1995, only some of the chambers still survived.
The route now enters Cwmbran where the unsympathetic council either filled in the lock chambers or converted them into "cascades". Although these look attractive in their own way, they are a great hindrance to restoration. Five Locks Road crosses over the route at the 5 Pontnewydd Locks, nearby is a new housing area named Five Locks Close. Above the locks the canal is now well restored and (theoretically) capable of taking boats. This stretch includes Cwmbran Tunnel which, although not officially open, is navigable. It is just 80 yards long but has no towpath and is very low and narrow.
My 1971 reference book reported that past Cwmbran the canal instantly deteriorated. Parts of it were blocked by weed, bikes and bedspreads. Bridges were culverted and a pipe had been installed crossing the route at a height which completely blocked any chance of navigation. The reference book also reported that because the canal was not maintained or cleared of silt in this section the towpath and nearby properties often suffered badly from flooding after heavy rainfall. All of these obstructions made it very difficult for local industries to draw their water supply which still came (in theory) from the River Usk via the canal. The author of my reference book, Ronald Russell, was unusually outspoken about the state in which he'd found the canal in Pontypool. He called it a disgrace, saying it could easily become a useful amenity to the heavy local industry and with two "canal side" pubs it could also have provided the public with an interesting leisure area. This is the only stretch still owned by the government - everything to the south is in the hands of local councils. Changes in government policy (or simply change of government) saw the beginning of a big change for the canal during the 1980's and this continuing into the 1990's. This whole stretch was restored, Panteg Works now draws a good supply of water and, following the rebuilding of Crown Bridge, the channel is officially open to boats.
The route soon reaches Pontymoile Basin which has an attractive bridge and a toll house beside the site of the stop lock which used to regulate the waters of the Monmouthshire Canal from those of the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. The Monmouthshire Canal used to bend left to continue north west while the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal heads north.
Past the junction the Monmouthshire Canal used to head north west for its final 1½ mile into Pontnewynydd. This section was closed in 1853 and most of it was converted into railway by the Monmouthshire Canal company. In 1971 (if not still) there were a few scattered traces of the original canal including part of a lock in Pontypool which had been preserved on a new traffic roundabout!
The Crumlin Branch leaves the main line south of Malpas, to the north of Newport. It starts by heading south west, roughly following the line of the M4 though a little way to its south. It is still a very rural canal route (apart from the ever present sound of motorway traffic) as it runs around the bottom of Allt-yr-yn, a hill which in English means "The Declivity Of The Ash Trees"! Allt-yr-yn lock and accompanying cottage is said to be dear to the hearts of many Newport people, bringing back memories of childhood days. The following stretch has five single locks as it winds through fields before turning west and going under the M4, sadly, in a pipe, though a towpath tunnel was built for walkers. Just past the motorway are the fourteen Cefn Locks near Rogerstone. All the locks have deep stone chambers which lift the branch a total of 150 feet. Most of the locks were built in pairs though they are not true staircases. They are similar to the Bratch Locks on the Staffs & Worcs Canal which have tiny pounds between each lock. These pounds connect to side ponds which store water. Half way up the flight one of the locks, known as "the sea lock" was built wide at the top to allow boats to pass. A little way further up, the towpath changes sides close to a lock cottage. In 1971 the skeleton of a boat lay on the grass near the top of the flight between two side ponds.At that time there were plans to fill the locks in and leave them at just a few inches depth for safety and the side ponds were to be converted into paddling pools. Thankfully the locks and side ponds were saved from this fate when Newport Council took over the running of the district in 1974. They smartened the place up, turning it into a park complete with a canal visitor centre. Past the lock flight the route follows the same course as the former A467 (now the B4591) on the north eastern side of the road. Immediately after the locks the canal turns sharply from west to north west through a wooded cutting, leaving the Lwyd Valley and crossing into the Ebbw Vale. When the cutting recedes, the waterway emerges high up on the hillsides. In the main, the stretch out of Rogerstone through to Risca is in good condition and still very rural although the route has been culverted 3 times. The towpath is in good repair along most of branch and most road bridges have survived though Ty Sign housing estate is said to be far from pretty. A 1995 magazine article damns the culverts which were made when bridges were flattened to give access to "interminable new housing". This, on the face of it, is a fair complaint, but then again... does the writer of the article not live in a nice house? Was it not new once? Did it not once stand where green land had been? Or does he expect us all to remain within the towns in Victorian slums (which were also originally built on green land)? Was the canal itself not originally cut like a scar through peaceful pastures?? If the new houses stand for 200 years will some future-day historian not scream blue murder if a council wants to tear them down?? Here endeth this particular rant on the subject of "everything old is great - all things new are crap"!! To be fair to the writer of the article, he had good right to be a little upset, it was written by Ian Wright - the man who took his canoe along this very section in 1948 and stalled its closure. One very sad loss due to the new housing is Giles Aqueduct which was demolished in 1973 to make room for one of the access roads.
The village of Risca is far below the canal as the route is surrounded by steep hills and woodlands all along this section. Beyond Risca Quarry the final stretch of watered canal, passing Crosskeys and Pontywaun, is said to have "high scenic value" not unlike the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal. At Crosskeys the canal is severed and disappears for a few hundred yards under the main road. When the waterway reappears it continues for just one more mile and then comes to an abrupt end at Cwmcarn. Beyond here my 1971 reference book said the route had already (in some places) been wiped out during road widening schemes and, in other places, was just about to be filled in. It said there was nothing to see on the approach to Crumlin other than the odd muddy ditch. Crumlin once had a famous viaduct, built in 1857 it carried the Ebbw Vale railway for 1,650 feet, 210 feet in the air across the valley. Not surprisingly it was the largest viaduct in the world for some time and photographs look as though travelling on it was somewhat precarious - it was dismantled in 1965. The viaduct crossed the canal in Crumlin though the waterway has also long since gone.
The Monmouthshire Canal had 24 tramways (or "dramroads" as they were called in the area) but there is virtually no trace of any of them except for a very short section to the west of Pontypool town centre.Most were converted into railways or simply wiped out.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal is now fully restored and is used by thousands of holiday makers every year. Its route is fully covered in all good canal guides so I will not describe it in full here though I will recommend some of the many places worth visiting.
The Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal is the only one in Britain to fall completely within the boundaries of a National Park and is probably set within the most beautiful countryside on any canal route.Among it's most interesting features - along with the continuous excellent views - are the wharves at Pontymoile, Goytre, Gilwern, Govilon, Llanfoist and Llangattock. Pontymoile (in Pontypool) is the point where the Brecknockshire & Abergavenny Canal made a junction with the Monmouthshire Canal. To the south the Monmouthshire has been reopened for a couple of miles.At the junction there is a car park and picnic tables. There is an old wharf cottage and a small aqueduct just to the north. Water usuallyspills down cascading steps from the aqueduct into the stream below.Goytre is presently being redeveloped with parkland, restaurants and restored tramways. Llanfoist is high on the hillside, found by travelling up a very narrow road which was once part of a tramway. At the wharf are some old canal buildings and a narrow pedestrian tunnel under the canal. Virtually all of the wharves have old lime kilns nearby. Llangynidr lock flight is one of the best in Britain and makes for a beautiful afternoon stroll. It is overhung by trees, crosses a fast river on an aqueduct and passes a cascading weir. There are old canal cottages and stables (still lived in) and a pub on the road which crosses near the bottom of the flight.
The small Ashford Tunnel and Brynich Aqueduct are worth seeing while Talybont is an interesting village with its aqueduct, pubs, lift bridge and the main street running along the foot of a short canal embankment. At the end of the line is Brecon, a town well worth seeing - including the "Promenade" along the banks of the Usk. The new canal basin with its new theatre gives an excellent terminus to an excellent canal.


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Collections Highlight, Feature Articles, Humanities, Just for Fun
What to Read this Month: August 2021
August 27, 2021 Anna Twiddy
Welcome to the fall semester! We at the library know that this is a busy time for everyone at Duke (including ourselves), but if you have time to read, here are some new recommendations from our New & Noteworthy and Overdrive collections! The titles below represent only a tiny fraction of these collections, so be sure to follow those links to explore them in more depth. For the first time in a long time, too, you can visit our New & Noteworthy collection on the first floor of Perkins, inside the lobby by the Perk. Just be sure to wear a mask!
The Aeneid by Vergil, translated by Shadi Bartsch. Though there are numerous English translations of Vergil's epic, Bartsch's, which was published in the US earlier this year, sets itself apart by striving to be as close to the original Latin as possible in its content and presentation. Unlike most English translations, Bartsch largely preserves Vergil's rhythm, resulting in often clipped English that starkly contrasts with other high-profile translations of the poem. Accompanying the translation is her introduction, in which she discusses the Aeneid's continuing political resonance today, over 2000 years after it was originally written. In all, this new translation offers an innovative look at the poem, one that keeps close to Vergil while also rendering the poem accessible to modern-day readers. You can read a review here and an excerpt here.
How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning With the History of Slavery Across America by Clint Smith. In this book, Atlantic staff writer Smith studies the way the history and legacy of slavery in the United States has been dealt with at nine historic sites (eight in the US, and one abroad). As Smith observes, each site reckons with the subject quite differently—he contrasts, for example, the centering of enslaved people's lives at Louisiana's Whitney Plantation with the glorification of the Confederacy at Virginia's Blandford Cemetery—reflecting the contradictory and tumultuous understanding of slavery present in American culture at large. Smith's depiction of these sites is multi-faceted and richly described, in no small part because he interviews such a wide range of people, including tourists and tour guides, historians and other experts, and formerly incarcerated people. In presenting such a complex picture of historical reception in the contemporary United States, Smith offers a compelling and extremely relevant read. You can read reviews here and here.
Crying in H Mart by Michelle Zauner. In this memoir Zauner, founder of the band Japanese Breakfast, depicts her often complicated relationship with her mother Chongmi, as well as her grief following Chongmi's death from cancer in 2014. Though Zauner describes a childhood and adolescence in which she attempts to distance herself from her and Chongmi's Korean heritage (Zauner's father Joel is white American), she finds that her ties to her mother always remain in some form, and often hinge upon their shared love of Korean cuisine. Just when Zauner begins to increasingly reconnect with her mother in her twenties, Chongmi is diagnosed with cancer. Zauner describes the futility of the treatments and her mother's slow death, and spends the rest of the book depicting the ways in which her intense grief shaped her life and musical work. In describing these emotionally wrought events, the memoir serves as a unique meditation on the relationship between food and identity, as well as grief. You can read reviews here and here.
Hearing Homer's Song: The Brief Life and Big Idea of Milman Parry by Robert Kanigel. In this biography, Kanigel tackles the life of classicist Milman Parry, who died young but proved to be monumentally influential on the field of Classical studies. Though some previous Classical scholars had proposed the idea that Homer, legendary author of the Iliad and Odyssey, was not in fact a real person, it was Parry who first fully fleshed out the idea that the epics were the products of generations of storytelling by countless performers. Kanigel discusses at length how Parry came to this conclusion, including his pointed observations about language and meter in Homer's poems, as well as his travels to Yugoslavia, where he closely studied the oral traditions of the region's singers and performers. In the midst of this discussion, Kanigel talks about the often difficult circumstances of Parry's personal life, including his dysfunctional marriage and untimely death: Parry shot himself at the age of 33 in 1935, but whether this was a suicide, an accident, or a murder at the hands of his wife remains unclear. You can read reviews here and here.
Revival Season by Monica West. In this novel, West tells the story of teenager Miriam Horton as she accompanies her family on a summer-long tour of Baptist revivals in the South. Her father Samuel, once an exceptionally popular preacher and faith healer on the revival circuit, finds his audience evaporating as word gets out about his physically assaulting a pregnant teenager during the previous summer. This disappointment heightens preexisting tensions between the volatile Samuel and his family, but things get even more complicated for Miriam when she discovers that, unlike her father, she has a genuine ability to heal others. What follows is Miriam's gradual coming-of-age, and the discovery of her individual spirituality, as she navigates her relationships with her father, mother, sister, and various others. In bringing Miriam's story to life, West offers a thoughtful and enjoyable—though sometimes intense—meditation on African-American evangelicalism, patriarchy, and general spirituality. You can read reviews here and here.
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Vulture Lists
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things to look forward to Dec. 13, 2013
Kurt Sutter to Write Period Drama Pilot for FX
By Halle Kiefer
HOLLYWOOD, CA - SEPTEMBER 07: Writer/producer Kurt Sutter attends the season 6 premiere of FX's "Sons Of Anarchy" at Dolby Theatre on September 7, 2013 in Hollywood, California. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) Photo: Kevin Winter/2013 Getty Images
You have to admire FX's relentless quest to have a show set in every single epoch in world history. As soon as the seventh season of Sons of Anarchy comes to a close, SoA creator/showrunner Kurt Sutter will be visiting 14th-century England in his new pilot The Bastard Executioner, "the story of a warrior knight in King Edward III's charge." We're not saying it should be exactly like SoA set in the 1300s, but we're not going to be too upset if that's what happens organically.
FX Is Developing a New Show From Kurt Sutter
historical dramas
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Q: if nodejs datebase over 256MB, buffer toSting failed I have a server which running nodejs with nedb, everything is fine until the db files reach 256MB, nodejs go down and give me a buffer toSting failed.
I do know 256MB is the limit for strings in V8, but I dont suppose nedb wont handle it at all. So what should I do if a db file over 256MB, and how can I repair my db files?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm a production sound mixer for TV and film, and I typically shoot on location.
For one feature film in particular, we were shooting in the Austrian Alps, outside of Tirol, Austria. Lots of walking, hiking, rigging, pushing, with some days more painful than others.
From shooting on the edge of mountains, trekking through rivers laden with jagged rocks and exposed sheet metal, to moss-laden boulders in vast forests, I wore my Lowa Renegades every day for 2 months. This was in 2011, and I still wear them whenever I shoot in rough terrain.
Literally the best boots I've ever owned. This photo: my incredible boom op, Omar B., standing on the left, me on the right.


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È citato da Palladio di Galazia quale amico di Tirannio Rufino. Si dedicò all'ascesi.

Non è certa la sua identificazione con il proprietario della catacomba di Aproniano.

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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