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The roles of women in France have changed throughout history. In 1944, French women obtained women's suffrage. As in other Western countries, the role of women underwent many social and legal changes in the 1960s and 1970s. French feminism, which has its origins in the French Revolution, has been quite influential in the 20th century with regard to abstract ideology, especially through the writings of Simone de Beauvoir.  In addition the article covers scholarly work on topics in history, education, reproductive rights, families, feminism, domestic violence, religion and art.

History
The traditional role of women in French society involves domestic duties such as housekeeping, preparation of meals in the customary fashion that involves a "succession of courses eaten one at a time", child rearing, harvesting of crops, and tending to farm animals. Upon the onset of the industrial revolution in France, women's role changed with them becoming domestic helpers, factory workers, and washerwomen.  This did not generally include women who had "bourgeois" status, because these women often became dependent on the financial support of their husbands; such women of upper-class status also had the tendency to send their own children to wet nurses until weaned.

Very slow population growth, especially in comparison to Germany continue to be a serious issue in the 1920s. Pronatalists wanted higher marriage rates and higher birth rates among the French, but they also encouraged immigration from Europe. Propagandists advised women that they were abandoning their family responsibilities under the influence of feminism. One new role was for them to marry the immigrants and refashion them into Frenchmen. The Conseil Supérieur de la Natalité campaigned for provisions enacted in the Code de la Famille (1939) that increased state assistance to families with children and required employers to protect the jobs of fathers, even if they were immigrants, during the Great Depression.

Further changes to the status of women in France became apparent in 1944, when French women gained the right to vote. However, it was only during the 1960s (1965 more precisely) that they won the right to work without getting permission from their husbands, in addition to the right to open personal bank accounts. At present, due to effective health care provision in the country, the life-span of women is at an average of 80.9 years old. So-called "infant allowances" are available to subscribing pregnant women and their newborn children. However, in modern-day France, women who have attained a "suitable level of education" and training are gaining prominent positions in the fields of business and the engineering industry, particularly within Paris, the capital city of France.

Education
Educational aspirations were on the rise and were becoming increasingly institutionalised in order to supply the church and state with the functionaries to serve as their future administrators. Girls were schooled too, but not to assume political responsibility. Girls were ineligible for leadership positions and were generally considered to have an inferior intellect to their brothers. France had many small local schools where working-class children - both boys and girls - learned to read, the better "to know, love, and serve God." The sons and daughters of the noble and bourgeois elites were given gender-specific educations: boys were sent to upper school, perhaps a university, while their sisters - if they were lucky enough to leave the house - would be sent to board at a convent with a vague curriculum. The Enlightenment challenged this model, but no real alternative was presented for female education. Only through education at home were knowledgeable women formed, usually to the sole end of dazzling their salons.

Reproductive rights and health

Women in France obtained many reproductive rights in the second half of the 20th century.
The Neuwirth Act of 1967 authorized contraception. The Veil Law of 1975 legalized abortion. The maternal mortality rate in France is 8.00 deaths/100,000 live births (as of 2010). France's HIV/AIDS rate is 0.4% of adults (aged 15–49) - estimates of 2009.
France has been one of the first countries to take legal action against female genital mutilation (which occurs in its immigrant communities) and to prosecute those who perform the practice.

Family life

In common with other countries in Mediterranean Europe and of Roman Catholic tradition, French organization of family life has traditionally been conservative, founded on distinct gender roles. Under the Napoleonic Code, married women were subordinated to the husband's authority. Married French women obtained the right to work without their husband's consent in 1965. The paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that, parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children); and a new reform in 1985 abolished the stipulation that the father had the sole power to administer the children's property. Adultery was decriminalized in 1975. In 1990, following a case where a man had tortured and raped his wife, the Court of Cassation authorized prosecution of spouses for rape or sexual assault. In 1992, the Court of Cassation convicted a man of the rape of his wife, stating that the presumption that spouses have consented to sexual acts that occur within marriage is only valid when the contrary is not proven. Until 1994, France kept in the French Penal Code the article from 1810 that exonerated a rapist if they later married their victim, and in 1994 Law 94-89 criminalized all marital rape. In 1999, France introduced PACS (a civil union, known as "civil solidarity pact", which can be contracted both by heterosexual and by same-sex couples). In 2005, France reformed its divorce laws, simplifying the procedure, in particular by reducing the separation period, necessary before a divorce in certain circumstances, from 6 years to 2 years; there are now four types of divorce that can be obtained (divorce by mutual consent; divorce by acceptance; hostile divorce; divorce for separation). A law, passed 4 April 2006, makes rape by a partner (including in unmarried relationships, marriages, and civil unions) an aggravating circumstance in prosecuting rape.

In the past decades, social views on the traditional family have changed markedly, which is reflected in the high proportion of cohabitation and births outside of marriage, and in a questioning of traditional expectations regarding the family; in the European Values Study (EVS) of 2008, 35.4% of respondents in France agreed with the assertion that "Marriage is an outdated institution".

As of 2020, 61% of children were born outside of marriage. In France, legal reforms regarding the "illegitimacy" of children (born outside of marriage) began in the 1970s, but it was only in the 21st century that the principle of equality was fully upheld (through Act no. 2002-305 of 4 March 2002, removing mention of "illegitimacy" — filiation légitime and filiation naturelle; and through law no. 2009-61 of 16 January 2009). In 2001, France was forced by the European Court of Human Rights to change several laws that were deemed discriminatory, and in 2013 the Court ruled that these changes must also be applied to children born before 2001.

Feminism

Feminism in France has its origins in the French Revolution. Some famous figures were notable in the 19th century, including Louise Michel, Russian-born Elisabeth Dmitrieff and Nathalie Lemel. French feminism encompasses a branch of feminist theories and philosophies that emerged in the 1970s to the 1990s. This French feminist theory, compared to Anglophone feminism, is distinguished by an approach which is more philosophical and literary, rather than focused on practical issues. Its writings tend to be effusive and metaphorical being less concerned with political doctrines.

Simone de Beauvoir,  a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist and social theorist, is a prominent feminist figure.
She is known for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism.

Domestic violence
In the 21st century, France has taken many steps in order to combat domestic violence and violence against women, in particular by enacting Law No. 2010-769, of July 9, 2010, on Violence Against Women, Violence Between Spouses, and the Effects of These Types of Violence on Children. France has also ratified the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.

France has a long tradition of indulgence towards crimes of passion, which before 1975 were treated legally very leniently. In France, as of 2004 to 2009, former and current partners were responsible for more than 80% of all cases of murders of women.

Religion

The traditional religion of France is Roman Catholicism, but today it is no longer the state religion; and contemporary France is one of the most secular countries in Europe. In France, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The Republic is based on the principle of laïcité  enforced by the 1880s Jules Ferry laws and the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Today, France also has a sizable Muslim population. In 2010, France enacted a ban on face covering, prohibiting the wearing in public places of niqab, burqa and similar outfits. In 2014, the European Court of Human Rights  upheld the French law, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together".

In art

Particularly noteworthy French women painters during the late 18th century include Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Anne Vallayer-Coster, and Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. Vallayer-Coster was prominent for her figural paintings of King Louis XV's daughters and his daughter-in-law Queen Marie Antoinette. Antoinette and the Mesdames de France, also helped Labille-Guiard and Vigée Le Brun obtain admission to the Académie which caused a huge stir among the press, who decided to pit them as rivals against each other. The French Revolution of 1789 created a hostile environment for artists at the time, particularly those supported by the royal family. Vigée Le Brun and Vallayer-Coster, along with many other female artists, fled to other parts of Europe and Russia. Labille-Guiard, however, chose to stay and built a respectable reputation painting the faces of the Revolution. After the Revolution, lesser known women artists were able to use the now wide-open biennial Salon (France) to display their art to a more receptive audience.

After the French Revolution, the number of French women artists sharply declined. It was the monarchy who gave women artists, especially painters, the opportunities to succeed. The Royal Academy was closed down and replaced with an institution that barred the admittance of women. Some female artists close to the monarchy were even executed. It wasn't until the end of the 19th century that a significant number of women were combating stereotypical gender roles. Traditional gender roles hindered prospective French women's artistic careers.  While drawing and painting at the amateur level was encouraged as a part of a good bourgeois education, women were not socially permitted to engage in professional careers that weren't deemed important to society and/or disrupted in the perceived women's role of being a fully functional wife and mother.  Many of the artists of this time felt the need to choose between a career and marriage. Also, any female students who did receive training from a skilled artist, were given limited expectations and were generally left with the simplest of artistic tasks. In 1860, Marie Bracquemond, a rising impressionist artist, quipped of her instructor, famous painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, "The severity of Monsieur Ingres frightened me... because he doubted the courage and perseverance of a woman in the field of painting... He would assign to them only the painting of flowers, of fruits, of still lifes, portraits and genre scenes."

In the 1870s, life drawing classes became more open to French female students aspiring to be artists in Paris. Perhaps the most successful French woman artist in this era was Rosa Bonheur, who was well known for her animal paintings as well her sculptures. At a time dominated by male artistic ability, Bonheur is received very positively and rated very well among all of her peers. In an attempt to reject the gender roles, she cut and maintained a short hairstyle and also requested permission from the police to wear man's pants in order to remain relatively unnoticed in farms and slaughterhouses while she painted animals and studied animal anatomy. Due to concerns like this, women were more likely to embrace movements like the Impressionism that put artistic emphasis on everyday subjects, and not historical themes, that could be painted at home. Despite these hindrances, France was still one of the leading countries for the private tutelage of artistic women at the end of the 18th century. When the École des Beaux-Arts—the primary training facility—eventually succumbed to heavy pressure and began admitting women in 1897, France was no longer the hold-out in providing women with a state-sponsored education.

Women painters built their own support network in Paris.  By the 1880s the Union des Femmes Peintres et Sculpteurs played a central role. This is despite the fact that only a select few women were admitted into quality artistic schools, including the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy). Camille Claudel (1864-1943) was at first censored as she portrayed sexuality in her work. Her response was a symbolic, intellectual style as opposed to the "expressive" approach normally attributed to women artists, Her work became well regarded.

With regard to literature, France is well known for the writer George Sand (pseudonym of Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin).

See also
 Women's history#France
 Ancien Régime
 History of France
 Women in the French Resistance

References

Further reading
 Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France." Contemporary European History 27.3 (2018): 482–499. online
 Curtis, Sarah A. "The Double Invisibility of Missionary Sisters." Journal of Women's History 28.4 (2016): 134–143, deals with French nuns in 19th century.
 Diamond, Hanna. Women and the Second World War in France 1939-1948: Choices and Constraints (1999)
 Foley, Susan. Women in France Since 1789 (NYU, 2004)
 Hafter, Daryl M. and Nina Kushner, eds. Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century France (Louisiana State University Press; 2014) 250 pages; Scholarly essays on female artists, "printer widows," women in manufacturing, women and contracts, and elite prostitution.
 McBride, Theresa M. "A Woman's World: Department Stores and the Evolution of Women's Employment, 1870–1920," French Historical Studies (1978) 10#4 pp664–83 in JSTOR
 McMillan, James F. France and Women 1789-1914: Gender, Society and Politics (Routledge, 2000) 286 pp.

 Rapley, Elizabeth, and Robert Rapley, "An Image of Religious Women in the 'Ancien Regime': the 'Etats Des Religieuses' of 1790–1791." French History (1997) 11(4): 387–410
 Roberts, Rebecca. "Le Catholicisme au féminin: Thirty Years of Women's History," Historical Reflections (2013) 39#1 pp. 82–100, on France, especially research on Catholic nuns by Claude Langlois
 Spencer, Samia I., ed. French Women and the Age of Enlightenment (1984)
 Stephens, Sonya. History of Women's Writing in France (2000).

External links

 France, Cultural Etiquette, Global Portal for Diplomats, eDiplomat
 Top 10 Myths About France and the French People by Kelby Carr


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Home » General Health » Heavy Metals: The Hidden Harmful Ingredient (Even in "Healthy" Foods)
Heavy Metals: The Hidden Harmful Ingredient (Even in "Healthy" Foods)
By Dr. Michael Kessler, DC - February 10, 2015
Disclaimer: Results are not guaranteed*** and may vary from person to person***.
I try to be 100% conscious of what I put into my body. If you are like me, you also avoid pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals found in a lot of foods. I am very aware of any ingredient in the foods I ingest.
But even though you may consume a clean, organic diet, free of most highly processed foods, you could be unknowingly being poisoned with toxic heavy metals. Yes, it's true. The same cadmium in your batteries or paint can also be found in your "healthy" cereals, protein powders, and supplements.
How Do Heavy Metals Affect Your Health?
Heavy metals are pretty much everywhere you turn. They can be found in cosmetics, contaminated water, medications, household items, canned foods, cigarette smoke, and even in your favorite soft drink. Even rice is known to contain high levels of arsenic. Mercury is found in dental amalgam fillings and some tattoo ink. And if you're the type of person who gets severe headaches, you may have heavy toxicity toward lead, aluminum, cadmium, or nickel.
Even if you're consuming just a little at a time, the accumulation of these heavy metals can cause serious health conditions, such as autism, infertility, dementia, thyroid problems, immune system disorders, heart disease, and even cancer. Other effects from heavy metal toxicity include birth defects, constipation, anemia, liver disease, hypertension, seizures, and insomnia. In other words—heavy metal toxicity is a very serious concern.
Are Heavy Metals in Healthy Foods?
Approximately 25% of Americans blindly suffer from heavy metal toxicity. I think that estimate is fairly low, especially when you are exposed to many toxic heavy metals every day. I was even shocked to learn that toxic heavy metal levels can even be found in a so-called healthy food I eat every day.
Mike Adams is a renegade food activist, food researcher, and consumer health advocate, and he helps issue industry-wide agreements for cleaner and safer food. He is also the science lab director for the Natural News Forensic Food Lab, which is a project of the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.
Levels of heavy metal content in any processed foods occur from food packaging materials and the equipment used during food processing. There are no limits on heavy metal content in foods, or even organic foods, enforced by the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). As a result, you could be consuming extremely toxic levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper, mercury, nickel, and tungsten, and not even know it.
Adams has tested more than 1,000 products for heavy metal content with the ICP-MS atomic spectroscopy instrument. What Adams has found is alarming! Certain junk food cereals contained particularly high heavy metal concentrations, but it was the healthier foods that shocked me. Rice protein powders contained more than 10 parts per million (ppm) of tungsten, 500 parts per billion (ppb) of lead, and 2,000 ppb of cadmium. Ginkgo herb products also contained more than five parts per million of lead. Cacao is considered a healthy alternative to cocoa in chocolate, but more than 400 ppb of lead was discovered in cacao powder products.
Certain whey protein powders, sprout proteins, pea proteins, hemp proteins, superfood grasses, and processed sea vegetables also contain toxic levels of heavy metals. Your pet is not even safe; high concentrations of mercury were also found in dog and cat treats. A list of some brand names for heavy metal results can be found at the Natural News Forensic Food Lab.
How to Avoid Heavy Metals
Unfortunately, at this time, it is legal for highly toxic levels of heavy metals to remain in your processed foods—even the so-called healthy products. Knowing this, it is best that you avoid processed foods in general to reduce your heavy metal exposure.
In response to Adams' heavy metal testing, some natural and organic product companies are testing heavy metals more carefully; however, other companies insist that heavy metals are good for you, despite the evidence that suggests they are harmful for your body.
Are you silently suffering from heavy metal toxicity? An advanced blood test or hair mineral analysis can reveal the toxic levels of metals in your body. A heavy metal detox protocol can help you flush the excessive metal exposure from your body; however, professional guidance from a natural health practitioner is required. Heavy metal detox kits can produce side effects, such as fatigue or headaches. It may take months before the body is ready for a heavy metal detox, and digestive support, and cleanses of the kidneys, liver, and lymphatic system are also necessary.
In the meantime, make changes in your diet and include nutrient-dense, dark green, leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and collard greens. Other foods that can help expel heavy metals from the body include Brussels sprouts, eggs, cauliflower, cilantro, parsley, and chlorella.
Sources for Today's Article:
"A New Standard in Consumer Food Safety," Low Heavy Metals Verified web site; http://www.lowheavymetalsverified.org/, last accessed February 9, 2015.
Goldstein, H., "Everyday heavy metal toxicity," Natural News web site, January 13, 2013; http://www.naturalnews.com/038769_heavy_metals_toxicity_copper.html, last accessed February 9, 2015.
Hupston, F., "Top foods that chelate the body of heavy metals," Natural News web site, January 14, 2013; http://www.naturalnews.com/038670_heavy_metals_chelation_foods.html, last accessed February 9, 2015.
Morgan, J.N., "Effects of processing of heavy metal content of foods," Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1999; 459: 195–211.
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Heroes and Cartwheels
It's been a whirlwind the last couple weeks here at SoBS headquarters, with a great run of shows leading up to a very exciting appearance at a festival hosted by another husband and wife duo we hold in very high regard. We're back home now and prepping for the next run but for the moment, I'm taking a minute to reflect on these last couple of weeks.
We performed a short opening spot for Sam Baker — what a gracious artist! We arrived in the midst of his soundcheck; Sam soon finished and came bounding back to the dressing rooms with the energy of an 11 month old labrador retriever. Infectious and uplifting, full of excitement, he welcomed us as if we'd just arrived at his home after a long journey (the irony being that he was in our hometown). Following our soundcheck, Sam asked us if we'd join him at the end of his set for a couple of songs. I said yes before we had a moment to think and the next thing you know, Lauryn is cajoled into an impromptu fiddle accompaniment. A quick and dirty "rehearsal" later and we were left to cross our fingers and make it up as we went. We closed out the show with him on two songs with me singing back-up and Lauryn serenading the theater on the fiddle (you can listen here and here). It was a wonderful experience, as was getting to talk art with Sam backstage. Do yourself a favor and pick up a copy of his album, "Say Grace".
Next up on the milestone list was our appearance at Nowhere Else Festival hosted by Over The Rhine at their farm in rural Ohio. We got to hear two days of incredible music, see some old friends, make some new friends, and spend some time with a couple of our heroes in this industry. The festival line-up was an eclectic mix of great music. Kicking things off was the magnetic Leigh Nash with great music all day long and ending with evening performances from Over The Rhine (Saturday and Sunday), John Paul White (Saturday), and drum roll please … James McMurtry (Sunday).
Leigh Nash and her husband, Stephen Wilson lit the place up with his nylon string guitar and that singular voice of hers. You may recall her from her band, Sixpence None The Richer and their mega-hit, "Kiss Me" (which they performed to the delight of us all), but winning us over was the achingly beautiful "God Gave Me Horses". There's a spirit or an essence to Leigh, something that evokes a past innocence that lies within us all and something we should all revisit. Plus, she shared sips of her wine with Lauryn before we went on.
John Paul White gave a vocal performance for the ages before turning over the stage to Over The Rhine and The Band of Sweethearts. His playing was tasteful, restrained, and sparse as that astonishing voice wove together a gorgeous tapestry of heartfelt songs punctuated by his gratitude to a mesmerized audience. We were blown away.
Over The Rhine, performing as a 6 piece that included Jay Bellerose (hero sighting #1), dazzled us all with their inimitable music both nights. Our love of their music should be no secret to anyone reading this post. But for those of you interested in the deeper well from which we drink, Jay is a highly sought after drummer appearing on some of our favorite recordings. His playing changed the way I view the instrument (not to mention the limits of mind/body coordination). Following Saturday night's performance, we had a moment to chat with him. He was gracious as we gushed over his playing and gave some wonderful insight into his approach to the instrument –- insight I will most certainly revisit when we begin our next recording project.
Sunday evening however, was one for the record books. James McMurtry (hero sighting #2) is largely to blame for my pursuit of songwriting. His debut album, "Too Long in the Wasteland" came out in 1989 and he became the standard bearer of songwriting for me. I've seen him many, many times over the years but I believe his performance at Nowhere Else was the most emotive I've seen yet. A consummate pro, he wrangled the crowd (many of whom I suspect were unfamiliar with him) with pure craft and impeccable timing. His songs are targeted and pointed with no fat and no BS and his delivery is just the same. Afterwards, we had the absolute pleasure of talking shop with him at length about baritone guitars, David Grissom's amps (Joe Ely "Lord of the Highway" era), tour routing, booking Rapid City, and even his next album. He's been at this career a good while now and his songs have comprised the majority of the soundtrack of my life over the last 30 years. I hold him in the highest regard and to have the honor of spending some time chatting with him left us both pretty thrilled.
Closing out the weekend, though, was Lauryn performing a cartwheel to celebrate her 55 years on planet earth. She ended up doing several. We toasted her birthday, we toasted our appearance at the festival, and I'll continue to toast this amazing woman on this crazy journey with me. So, put on some music that inspires you, join me in raising a glass to this lovely lady I am so lucky to make music with and to call my wife, and wish us well as prepare for the next leg of our tour.
~ Dennis
Here are links to some of the artists referenced:
Sam Baker
James McMurtry
Leigh Nash
Jay Bellerose
and our friends, This Side of Eve


Illustrated deck of cards featuring friends, family and some characters, who had inspired or influenced me in any way, 'til my 23rd birthday.
This deck has 53 playing cards, including 1 joker. Each card has a different originally hand drawn portrait and digitally added colors.
5323 was born in 2014 in black and white, this is 2018 colorful edition.