text:
Staatliche PorzellanManufaktur Meissen GmbH v. Peter Hillbricht
The Complainant is Staatliche PorzellanManufaktur Meissen GmbH of Meissen, Germany, represented by LS-IP Loth & Spuhler GbR Intellectual Property Law, Germany.
The Respondent is Peter Hillbricht of Kirkland, Washington, United States of America.
The disputed domain name <meissencollector.com> (the "Domain Name") is registered with GoDaddy.com, LLC (the "Registrar").
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the "Center") on January 22, 2014. On January 22, 2014, the Center transmitted by email to the Registrar a request for registrar verification in connection with the Domain Name. On January 22, 2014, the Registrar transmitted by email to the Center its verification response disclosing registrant and contact information for the disputed domain name which differed from the named Respondent and contact information in the Complaint. The Center sent an email communication to the Complainant on January 28, 2014 providing the registrant and contact information disclosed by the Registrar, and inviting the Complainant to submit an amendment to the Complaint. The Complainant filed an amended Complaint (hereafter the "Complaint") on January 31, 2014.
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on February 6, 2014. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was February 26, 2014. The Response was filed with the Center on February 17, 2014.
The Center appointed Nicholas Smith as the sole panelist in this matter on February 27, 2014. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
Established in 1710 in the town of Meissen in Germany, the Complainant is one of the oldest and most well-known manufacturers of porcelain in the world. The Complainant is able to produce more than 175,000 different porcelain products, each made in the Complainant's manufacturing site by trained craftsman.
The Complainant is the owner of a number of trade marks consisting of the word "Meissen" (the "MEISSEN Mark"), in jurisdictions across Europe, including in Germany, where the MEISSEN Mark was registered in 1972 for "All kinds of products or goods made out of porcelain". The MEISSEN Mark is used by the Complainant in its advertising activities and as part of the Complainant's website, located at "www.meissen.de" and "www.meissen.com".
The Domain Name <meissencollector.com> was registered on December 26, 2010. The Domain Name resolves to a website (the "Respondent's Website"), which provides information about Meissen porcelain products. The Respondent's Website contains nearly 900 photos of the Complainant's products arranged by category.
The Respondent's Website does not display any advertising, although it does contain a link to a book about the Complainant's products. This book, on the face of it, does not appear to have any connection to the Respondent. The Respondent's Website also displays a disclaimer stating "This is a non-commercial website intended as a free reference for anyone interested in antique Meissen figurines. This web site is neither authorized by nor affiliated in any way with Staatliche PorzellanManufaktur Meissen GmbH. Their web site can be visited at meissen.com."
The Complainant makes the following contentions:
(i) that the Domain Name is identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant's MEISSEN Mark;
(ii) that the Respondent has no rights nor any legitimate interests in respect of the Domain Name; and
(iii) that the Domain Name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
The Complainant is the owner of the MEISSEN Mark. It owns trade mark registrations for the MEISSEN Mark in various jurisdictions around Europe. The MEISSEN Mark, as a result of its long-running use by the Complainant, is a well-known and famous trade mark.
The Domain Name consists of the MEISSEN Mark and the word "collector" which is a descriptive element. The Domain Name is confusingly similar to the MEISSEN Mark as the dominant part of the Domain Name is the Complainant's MEISSEN Mark.
The Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the Domain Name. The Respondent is not affiliated with the Complainant in any way. The Complainant has not authorized the Respondent to use and register the MEISSEN Mark or to seek the registration of any domain name incorporating the MEISSEN Mark. The Respondent is using the Domain Name to operate a site which displays pictures of the Complainant's products and makes reference to the Complainant's products without permission from the Complainant. The Respondent is not engaging in any business activities using the Domain Name nor is engaged in a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the Domain Name.
The Domain Name was registered and is being used in bad faith. The Domain Name was registered with full knowledge of the MEISSEN Mark. The Respondent appears to have intentionally attempted to attract Internet users to the Respondent's Website for commercial gain, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant's mark as to source, affiliation, or endorsement of the Respondent's Website and of the porcelain products offered on the Respondent's Website or location.
The Respondent disagrees with the Complainant's contention that the MEISSEN Mark is a well-known and famous trade mark. Furthermore the Domain Name is not identical or confusingly similar because the Domain Name describes a collector of the Complainant's products, not the Complainant itself.
The Respondent has been a private collector of Meissen products for over 40 years and has acquired what is one of the largest and finest collections in the entire world. He does not have any business associated with Meissen. The Respondent registered the Domain Name and created the Respondent's Website for the purposes of sharing his hobby of collecting Meissen products with the world.
To the extent that the Respondent's Website refers to the MEISSEN Mark, such use amounts to nominative fair use, because there is no other way to describe the products advertised on the site. Reference is made to the United States case of Toyota Motor Sales v. Tabari 610 F.3d 1171. Thus the Respondent has rights and legitimate interests in the Domain Name.
The Complainant has failed to show that the Respondent has registered and used the Domain Name in bad faith. The Respondent is not using the Domain Name for any commercial gain. Furthermore the Respondent has not engaged in a pattern of conduct, nor was the Domain Name registered for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; the Complainant and the Respondent are not competitors.
To prove this element the Complainant must have trade or service mark rights and the Domain Name must be identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant's trade or service mark.
The Complainant is the owner of the MEISSEN Mark, having registrations for the MEISSEN Mark as a trade mark in the European Union, and in particular Germany.
The Domain Name consists of the MEISSEN Mark and the word "collector". As noted in paragraph 1.2 of the WIPO Overview of WIPO Panel Views on Selected UDRP Questions, Second Edition ("WIPO Overview 2.0"), the addition of common or descriptive terms typically does not prevent a finding of confusing similarity. As such the addition of the word "collector" does not distinguish the Domain Name from the MEISSEN Mark in any significant way. The Panel finds that the Domain Name is confusingly similar to the Complainant's MEISSEN Mark. Consequently, the requirement of paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy is satisfied.
To succeed on this element, a complainant must make out a prima facie case that the respondent lacks rights or legitimate interests in the domain name. If such a prima facie case is made out, then the burden of production shifts to the respondent to demonstrate rights or legitimate interests in the domain name.
Paragraph 4(c) of the Policy enumerates several ways in which a respondent may demonstrate rights or legitimate interests in a domain name:
"Any of the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the panel to be proved based on its evaluation of all evidence presented, shall demonstrate your rights or legitimate interests to the domain name for purposes of paragraph 4(a)(ii):
(i) before any notice to you of the dispute, your use of, or demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; or
(iii) you are making legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue." (Policy, paragraph 4(c))".
The Respondent is not affiliated with the Complainant in any way. It has not been authorized by the Complainant to register or use the Domain Name or to seek the registration of any domain name incorporating the MEISSEN Mark or a mark similar to the MEISSEN Mark. There is no evidence that the Respondent is commonly known by the Domain Name or any similar name.
The Respondent claims that he has used the Domain Name for the purpose of developing and launching a noncommercial fan site. This argument is supported by the content of the website, which contains a very detailed inventory of the Complainant's products, none of which are for sale, nor is there any advertising on the site. The Respondent's Website does contain a link to a book about the Complainant's products however, given that the book is published in a different country and by a different author to the Respondent, the Panel accepts the Respondent's statement that the link is there because the Respondent thought other collectors would find the book useful, and that the Respondent does not receive any financial gain from the Respondent's Website.
Given the circumstances and also the Panel's finding under the bad faith element, the Panel is not satisfied that the Complainant has established that the Respondent does not have rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name.
For the purposes of paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy, the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be present, shall be evidence of the registration and use of the Domain Name in bad faith:
(i) circumstances indicating that the respondent has registered or has acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trade mark or service mark or to a competitor of the complainant, for valuable consideration in excess of its documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name; or
(ii) the respondent has registered the domain name in order to prevent the owner of the trade mark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, provided that the respondent has engaged in a pattern of such conduct; or
(iii) the respondent has registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or
(iv) by using the domain name, the respondent has intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to its website or other online location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the respondent's website or location or of a product or service on the respondent's website or location.
The requirements of paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy are conjunctive, and a complainant bears the burden of proof on each. Telstra Corporation Ltd. v. Nuclear Marshmallows, WIPO Case No. D2000-0003. If any required element is not established, the Complaint must fail. Document Technologies, Inc. v. International Electronic Communications Inc., WIPO Case No. D2000-0270 (denying transfer of the domain name because the Complainant failed to prove bad faith registration).
The Complainant has failed to make any coherent and relevant submissions that the Respondent has registered and used the Domain Name in bad faith. Not only that, the submissions that the Complainant has made on this point are internally inconsistent or factually incorrect.
The Complainant initially makes the submission that the Respondent is engaged in passive holding of the Domain Name. The concept of "passive holding" refers to a situation where a respondent has registered a Domain Name and is not using it for any purpose; the respondent being inactive. In the present proceeding the Respondent is maintaining and active and detailed website at the Domain Name so he cannot be passively holding the Domain Name.
The Complainant then alleges that the Respondent intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to his website or other online location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the Respondent's website or location or of a product or service on the Respondent's website or location. The Complainant also submits that the Respondent uses the Domain Name to divert web traffic from the Complainant to his own business and to profit from his goodwill.
However, not only is there no evidence that the Respondent has made or is making any commercial gain out of the Respondent's Website or operates a business, the Complainant itself states that "the Respondent is not engaged in any business activities that utilize the domain name 'meissencollector.com'."
The Complainant then alleges that the Respondent's Website has not accurately disclosed the relationship of the Respondent with the Complainant, rather the Respondent's Website suggests that it is an official or at least endorsed site of the Complainant. The Respondent's Website prominently displays a disclaimer that states "This is a non-commercial website intended as a free reference for anyone interested in antique Meissen figurines. This web site is neither authorized by nor affiliated in any way with Staatliche PorzellanManufaktur Meissen GmbH. Their web site can be visited at Meissen.com." While the Panel accepts that it is possible that such a disclaimer was placed on the Respondent's Website after the commencement of the proceedings, the Complaint contains no sample of the Respondent's Website that supports its assertion that no disclaimer exists.
There is no evidence that the Respondent has engaged in a pattern of conduct of registering domain names to prevent trade mark owners from registering a corresponding domain name. There is no evidence that the Respondent has ever registered a domain name other than the Domain Name. Nor is there any evidence that the Respondent has registered the Domain Name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor: the Complainant and the Respondent are not competitors.
There are no circumstances that indicate that the the Respondent has registered the Domain Name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the Domain Name registration to the Complainant. There is no evidence that the Respondent has ever attempted to sell the Domain Name.
There is no evidence that the Respondent registered the Domain Name to intentionally attempt to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to his website or other online location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the Respondent's website. There is no evidence that the Respondent has sought or made any commercial gain from the Respondent's Website. The Respondent's Website contains no advertising, nor is there anything for sale on the website. There is no evidence to suggest that the Respondent's Website is anything other than what it purports to be; a noncommercial fan site created by a collector of the Complainant's products.
The onus is on the Complainant to prove that the Respondent registered and used the Domain Name in bad faith. The Complainant has made little or no attempt to prove that the Respondent registered and used the Domain Name in bad faith, indeed its submissions are little more than a series of assertions that are factually incorrect and/or internally contradictory. The Respondent has provided a plausible good faith reason for registering and using the Domain Name, supported by the content of the Respondent's Website. The Respondent's conduct in holding the Domain Name for 3 years, operating a noncommercial fan site without attempting to sell the Domain Name supports its submission that it did not register and does not use the Domain Name in bad faith.
The Panel finds that the Complainant has not established that the Respondent registered and used the Domain Name in bad faith.
For the foregoing reasons, the Complaint is denied.


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LABOUR SLEAZE: Prominent Cllr Speaks Out As Residents In Peterborough Report Widespread VOTE FRAUD By Labour Party
THE Deputy Leader of Peterborough Council has spoken to VoteWatch about shocking revelations relating to vote fraud in the city – while Labour have once again been caught using a convicted vote-rigger to campaign for the upcoming local elections.
Peterborough, which has seen two former mayors sent to prison for electoral fraud and a Labour MP serving porridge for perverting the course of justice, has long been blighted by fraud and numerous scandals from its local Labour Party.
In 2019, the city – described by Nigel Farage as 'another rotten borough' – made national headlines after VoteWatch exposed MP Lisa Forbes and a string of councillors for using a convicted vote-rigger to help win their seats in local and general elections.
Tariq Mahmood (left) is used extensively by Labour in Peterborough, and even appeared in an official campaign video
Today, VoteWatch exclusively revealed that the Labour Party are once again using Mahmood on their official campaign team in Peterborough, with the infamous crook even given a copy of the electoral register.
In 2008, Mahmood received a 15-month sentence for his part in a "systematic campaign of electoral fraud" in the city, and was imprisoned along with a Labour councillor and Peterborough's former Labour Mayor, Mohammed Choudhary.
All three were convicted of forgery over a scheme to fabricate votes for the Peterborough city council election, the four-month case costing the taxpayer over £850,000 after the crooked trio were granted legal aid.
BALLOT-BURGLAR: Tariq Mahmood was snapped campaigning on Labour's official election team again last week
Speaking in 2019, former Peterborough Tory MP and staunch Brexiteer Stewart Jackson said: "Tariq Mahmood should not be involved in politics at all. He has a record for voter fraud and the fact that he is so close to the Labour campaign speaks volumes about the rottenness of the current Labour Party."
Throwing her hat into the ring to join him was Conservative councillor Shazia Bashir, a former Labour supporter who has openly and bravely spoken-out for years against electoral fraud being allowed to go unchecked in the City.
Bashir claimed that a few years ago she had seen electoral fraud first-hand in Eastern European and Asian areas of the city and firmly believes it still happens now.
She also claimed voters in Peterborough are told to take photographs to prove who they voted for, even though polling stations display signs stating that photography is forbidden.
During the 2019 by-election, observation group Democracy Volunteers sent a team of activists to the city who reported that they had "identified an emerging concern in the frequency in which individuals were observed to be photographing their completed ballot papers".
Cllr Shazia Bashir has frequently condemned vote fraud in Peterborough
Also sharing his outrage at the time was Cllr Wayne Fitzgerald, who slammed Labour's use of a convicted vote-rigger – a fact they attempted to cover-up: "Tariq Mahmood is a villain and he was front and centre of the Labour campaign within the Muslim community" he said.
"We receive repeated reports of postal fraud and personation within the largely urban central parts of the city where the Labour vote is strongest."
Labour MPs Fiona Onasanya and Lisa Forbes both extensively used Mahmood to help 'win' their seats in Parliament
Today, the outspoken Councillor and Chairman of the Peterborough Conservative Association, spoke to VoteWatch to once again condemn Labour's scandalous tactics.
"Voters should have 100% confidence in our electoral system and be certain that everything is above board" he said.
"Sadly, here in Peterborough it seems that is not the case as once again a convicted vote fraudster is seemingly involved in election campaigning for the Labour Party!
"We have already had reports of them harvesting votes from the public and particularly from those that are vulnerable and mostly EU citizens."
Cllr Fitzgerald is the Deputy Leader of Peterborough City Council
"I myself personally knocked on a door only yesterday whilst out campaigning, and became very suspicious because the postal vote he had in hand was already pledged to the local Labour candidate and possibly in return for a payment of some sorts. In my book, if it smells wrong then it probably is.
"The authorities and the police do really need to crack down on this postal vote problem here in Peterborough and put some tangible resource into catching these election cheats.
"It is not acceptable to hand out bottles of spirits either from the back of 4×4's on Election Day which I am told is another favourite trick from the Labour Party – we all know it happens and it should be investigated on the day at all Polling stations- it's basic police work."
In past elections, the Labour Party have been reported to police and election officials after engaging in numerous breaches of electoral law. This has included large groups of red-rosette-wearing 'thugs' loitering outside polling stations to intimidate voters, assaults on locals, intimidation and filming INSIDE polling stations, and allegedly trying to bribe voters for their postal votes, with one resident claiming that a Labour official offered her a new vacuum cleaner if she handed over hers and her friend's postal votes.
Tariq Mahmood helped Cllr Shabina Qayyum and other Labour Councillors win their seats
During 2019, both Tariq Mahmood and Councillor Shabina Qayyum were reported to the police after an elderly lady from the Pakistani community accused them of attempting to forcibly steal her postal vote after walking into her home.
"Labour continue to make very poor choices when choosing their political candidates and activists here in Peterborough." Councillor Fitzgerald told VoteWatch. "They really should get their house in order as they continue to work alongside convicted vote-riggers and other dodgy characters.
"Many will recall they defended their MP Fiona Onsanya to the hilt who was in the end deservedly jailed for lying. Plus their last and failed MP Lisa Forbes, now standing for council on May the 6th is a known antisemite who was, following an investigation, told to undertake "training". I'm not sure she ever did!
"It's also interesting to note that the Labour leader here in Peterborough, Shaz Nawaz, is a local accountant whose speciality is tax avoidance and advising his wealthy clients how to pay less tax – now that is irony coming from a so-called socialist."
Peterborough Councillors Ed Murphy and Heather Skibsted were suspended by the labour Party this month
This month, two Peterborough councillors, Ed Murphy and Heather Skibsted, were suspended from the Labour party.
Cllr Skibsted's partner, Alan Bull attracted controversy as a Labour Party candidate in 2019 when he is alleged to have said that the Holocaust was a "hoax". His nomination to be a candidate was reportedly proposed by Cllr Ed Murphy and Bull's partner Cllr Heather Skibsted at the time, before he was later deselected.
The Labour Party are unwilling to confirm or deny that that their suspension is connected to allegations of anti semitism from the pair.
"Frankly, these people are not fit to hold public office and the public should get rid of them once and for all" Cllr Fitzgerald added.
Tags: Labour, Labour Peterborough, Shabina Qayyum, Shaz Nawaz, Shazia Bashir, Stewart Jackson, Tariq Mahmood, Vote fraud, Wayne Fitzgerald
Previous LABOUR-RUN Council Accused Of Breaking Election Laws
Next LABOUR Cllr Placed Under Investigation Over 'Inappropriate, Incompetent And Improper Behaviour'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: can't be able to import module while having modules on different folders in python I'm having project structure like below
code
 |
 -- core --
 |        |
 |        test1.py
 |        test2.py
 |---database--
 |            |
 |            sample.py
 --main.py

main.py is entry point for my application, from main.py I can import test1 from folder core by following code
from core import test1 and it works fine
But when I try to import test2 from test1(both are on same folder core)
I'm using the following in test1
import test2
but I'm getting no module named test2 error

why is that so?
How can I import sample.py in database from test1.py module in core ?

A: What do you have inside these files? Functions? Classes?
You can try:
in test1.py: from .test2 import *
and in sample.py: from ..core.test1 import *

A: First of all: Import statement docs
There are 4 main ways you can import modules or module attributes using import statement:

*

*Absolute module import import module_name.submodule.submodule

*Absolute limited import from module_name.submodule import module_attribute, module

*Relative limited import from .submodule import module_attribute, module

*Relative wildcard import from .submodule import *
What you should know for now: absolute imports resolves path from project root. In your case import test2 is telling python to load code/test2.py instead of code/core/test2.py. To fix this issue, either supply proper absolute path:
import core.test2
or switch to relative path:

*

*from . import test2 if you import from code/core/test1.py

*from .core import test2 if you import from code/main.py

*from ..core import test2 if you import from code/database/sample.py
Warning: be aware of cyclic imports:
from .b import *

from .a import *

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Our People >
Rodrigo Almeida, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, rodrigoalmeida@berkeley.edu
Matthew Baylis, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, matthew.baylis@liverpool.ac.uk
Bill Black, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, William.Black@colostate.edu
Cory Campbell, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Plant Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Corey.Campbell@colostate.edu
Gitta Coaker, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, glcoaker@ucdavis.edu
Nancy DuTeau, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Plant Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, nancy.duteau@gmail.com
Janet Foley, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, jefoley@ucdavis.edu
Bob Gilbertson, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, rlgilbertson@ucdavis.edu
Kathy Hanley, Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, khanley@nmsu.edu
Amanda Hodson, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, akhodson@ucdavis.edu
Neil McRoberts, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, nmcroberts@ucdavis.edu
Raul Medina, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, rfmedina@tamu.edu
Edward Okoth Abworo, African Swine Fever Coordinator and Veterinarian, International Livestock Research Institute, E.Okoth@cgiar.org
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Jane Polston, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, jep@ufl.edu
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Marilyn Roossinck, Departments of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, and Biology; Center for Infectious Diseases Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, mjr25@psu.edu
Mike Strand, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, mrstrand@uga.edu
Matt Thomas, Department of Entomology and Huck Scholar in Ecological Entomology; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, mbt13@psu.edu
Diane Ullman, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, deullman@ucdavis.edu


text:
Falcon Carbon
Lizzie Carr paddling New York's Hudson River to tackle plastic pollution
British environmentalist and adventurer, Lizzie Carr, is embarking on the challenge of a lifetime: to successfully travel the length of the Hudson River on a SUP.
The eight‐day feat of endurance comes with an important environmental purpose – to highlight the issue of plastic pollution, ocean health and its role in climate change through a series of scientific sampling and community outreach initiatives on her route.
After overcoming a battle with cancer in 2015, Lizzie became the first person in history to paddle board the length of England solo and unsupported a year later, and in 2017 became the first woman to solo paddle board acrossthe English Channel – another world first. On 6th September Lizzie will leave Albany, New York State for her new challenge.
Lizzie, who founded the Plastic Patrol initiative earlier this year – a community driven volunteer scheme helping to clean up inland waterways by paddleboard – is also inviting people to join her along the Hudson in a series of beach clean-up operations in partnership with Riverkeeper and Hudson River Park Trust and supported by REN Skincare taking place on:
• Sunday, September 9th, 3:30-‐5:30, Kaal Rock Park in Poughkeepsie
• Wednesday, September 12th, 5:30-‐7:00, Croton Point Park in Croton‐on‐the‐Hudson
• Friday, September 14th, 5:30-‐6:30, Pier 26 Hudson River Park, NY
There are FREE paddleboard taster sessions at each clean up and people are encouraged to sign up for a spot here: lizzieoutside.co.uk/clean‐ups/
Lizzie's epic challenge will culminate on the 15th September when she paddles through New York City and joins the APP World Tour to race to the final destination on her route – the Statue of Liberty – ending her adventure with purpose.
www.lizzieoutside.co.uk
www.plasticpatrol.co.uk
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Based on Patrick Ness' award winning novel, from an original idea by Siobhan Dowd.
It is not often when a film based on a book, which will forever remain one of the best examples of modern fiction (and become a classic in its time), exceeds all expectations and manages to reach points the original book never managed to do.
Undoubtedly, Patrick Ness' screenplay (based on his own book) stays true to its source in every aspect. Even though some characters have been cut down or removed it doesn't feel as if their presence is missed. The overall story and feeling between characters has been heightened, relationships created, ideas added to great affect and small details hidden in plain sight. A Monster Calls, as a film, proves why films can be the next level to a story.
My worry was that Bayonas' (the directors) version of the story wouldn't achieve what the book has managed to do to so many. But, there's was no need to feel that. Instead not only narrative elements have been added, but the craft and image of the film have done so much more to Siobhan Dowd's initial idea. Plot wise, A Monster Calls revolves around a boy, Connor, visited by a strange monster who tells him three stories which come to a final revelation around Connor's ill mother. Each story, in film form, are told through animation which is beautiful merged into live action narrative, the ink spread of colour and life in the drawings is magical. Every aspect of the animation allows what are already perfect stories to be presented on the screen in a way that is simply fantastical.
As a film about grief the emotional intensity is high. Never has a story has such a profound affect on me that after reading the book twice (and crying), that it still manages to produce tears across generations. As I was wiping my eyes at the end a lady in her sixties was wiping hers behind me. Some films like to force emotion by baking an emotional scene with soaring strings and intense music, not A Monster Calls. Here emotion comes naturally, which is a great compliment to the quality of the story.
To me A Monster Calls is the best book I have ever read, and as a film it still remains a lyrical, magical and timeless story of loss. A true film for young and old audiences a like.
YOUR Washing Machine, Tumble Driers, Cooker & Oven Repair specialists.


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Insights expand/collapse
Events (current) expand/collapse
CMAF May 2017
Schroders, 31 Gresham Street, London, EC2V 7QA
Charity Multi-Asset Fund Lunch
You can download the presentation slides or watch the presentation recording below
Join us for our regular Charity Multi-Asset Fund Investor lunch.
The presentation will include a review of how the fund has been invested over recent months and our views on the market outlook. We will be joined by Simon Adler, fund manager from the Schroders specialist value team, who will provide an update on one of the Charity Multi-Asset Fund's core UK equity holdings, the Charity Equity Fund.
This session is designed as a useful update for current investors as well as to provide an insight into the fund for potential charity investors.
Please contact charityevents@cazenovecapital.com with any questions.
There is no charge for attending.
Schroders, 31 Gresham Street, London , EC2V 7QA
Tom began his investment career in 2005 after graduating from Newcastle University with a BA (Hons) in Business Management.
He is now a Portfolio Director with responsibility for a number of segregated portfolios and clients invested in a common investment fund, the Charity Multi-Asset Fund. He co-manages this fund having been involved in its running since launch in 2007.
Tom is a full member (MCSI) of the Chartered Institute for Securities and Investment. He has also completed the London Business School Foundation and Endowment Asset Management Course.
Co-head of Charities
Kate specialises in investment on behalf of charities, endowments and foundations and has over 20 years of experience, with 15 years at Schroders and Cazenove. She is a CFA charterholder and has a BSc (Hons) in Natural Sciences from the University of Durham, is Chair of her local community foundation, Vice-Chair of her local primary school and Chair of the Finance Committee of the Cripplegate Foundation. She won a Women in Investment Award for her work with the Charity Commission and FCA creating a new charity investment vehicle.
She has researched and co-authored a series of publications on Charity investment best practise including 'For Good and Not For Keeps', which examines sustainable expenditure, 'Intentional Investing', which researches how charities can align their investment policy with their aims as an organisation, and more recently 'Time and Money', which explores how charities can make the best use of longevity. Kate was chair of the Charity Investors' Group for 12 years, standing down in 2019. In this role she collaborated with CFG and authored a guide to written investment policies. Kate also regularly writes on charity investment in the charity sector press.


text:
Patent application title: IMAGE DISPLAY APPARATUS
Inventors: Masahiro Kasano (Osaka, JP) Masahiro Kasano (Osaka, JP) Yasuhiro Tanaka (Hyogo, JP)
IPC8 Class: AG02B2722FI
USPC Class: 349 15
Class name: Liquid crystal cells, elements and systems liquid crystal system stereoscopic
Patent application number: 20150116613
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An image display apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: a display panel having at least, first pixels that display a first parallax image and second pixels that display a second parallax image; and an image conversion element. The image conversion element includes: a plurality of first electrodes arranged at a predetermined pitch; a second electrode; and a liquid crystal layer. The image display apparatus according to the present disclosure simultaneously satisfies the following conditions, wherein f is a distance from the liquid crystal layer to the first pixels or the second pixels, r is a length equal to 1/2 of an arrangement pitch of the first electrodes, Δn is a birefringence of the liquid crystal molecules, P is an arrangement pitch of the first pixels and the second pixels, and d is a thickness of the liquid crystal layer: f ≧ 5 P ( 1 ) Δ n < r 2 2 d f ( 2 ) ##EQU00001##
1. An image display apparatus comprising: a display panel having, at least, first pixels that display a first parallax image and second pixels that display a second parallax image; and an image conversion element configured to deflect, in a predetermined direction, light outputted from the display panel, wherein the image conversion element comprises: a plurality of first electrodes arranged at a predetermined pitch; a second electrode disposed so as to oppose the first electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer which is disposed between the first electrodes and the second electrode and is composed of liquid crystal molecules having an isotropic refractive index, the liquid crystal layer having a refractive index which varies when an arrangement direction of the liquid crystal molecules along a longitudinal direction thereof is changed due to an electric field formed between the first electrodes and the second electrode, and the image display apparatus simultaneously satisfies the following conditions: f ≧ 5 P ( 1 ) Δ n < r 2 2 d f ( 2 ) ##EQU00010## where f is a distance (mm) from the liquid crystal aye to the first pixels or the second pixels, r is a length (mm) equal to 1/2 of an arrangement pitch of the first electrodes, Δn is a birefringence of the liquid crystal molecules, P is an arrangement pitch (mm) of the first pixels and the second pixels, and d is a thickness (mm) of the liquid crystal layer.
2. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a control section configured to control voltages applied to the first electrodes and the second electrode, wherein the display panel is switchable between 2D display and 3D display, and when the display panel performs 3D display, the control section applies a voltage across the first electrodes and the second electrode to change the arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer, thereby causing the liquid crystal layer to act as a lens.
[0001] This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2014/001677, filed on Mar. 24, 2014, which in turn claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 2013-063467, filed on Mar. 26, 2013, the disclosures of which Applications are incorporated by reference herein.
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] The present disclosure relates to an image display apparatus such as a liquid crystal display.
[0005] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2012-018349 discloses a display including a liquid crystal lens array element. The liquid crystal lens array element is a liquid crystal element having a lens effect. The display disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2012-018349 controls the lens effect in each of areas on a screen in accordance with a display mode of the area.
[0006] The present disclosure provides an image display apparatus at is able to improve light converging characteristics when an image is displayed.
[0007] An image display apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: a display panel having, at least, first pixels that display a first parallax image and second pixels that display a second parallax image; and an image conversion element configured to deflect, in a predetermined direction, light outputted from the display panel. The image conversion element includes: a plurality of first electrodes arranged at a predetermined pitch; a second electrode disposed so as to oppose the first electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer which is disposed between the first electrodes and the second electrode and is composed of liquid crystal molecules having an isotropic refractive index. The refractive index of the liquid crystal layer varies when an arrangement direction of the liquid crystal molecules along a longitudinal direction thereof is changed due to an electric field formed between the first electrodes and the second electrode. The image display apparatus according to the present disclosure simultaneously satisfies the following conditions:
f ≧ 5 P ( 1 ) Δ n < r 2 2 d f ( 2 ) ##EQU00002##
[0008] f is a distance (mm) from the liquid crystal layer to the first pixels or the second pixels,
[0009] r is a length (mm) equal to 1/2 of an arrangement pitch of the first electrodes,
[0010] Δn is a birefringence of the liquid crystal molecules,
[0011] P is an arrangement pitch (mm) of the first pixels and the second pixels, and
[0012] d is a thickness (mm) of the liquid crystal layer.
[0013] An image display apparatus according to the present disclosure is effective in improving light converging characteristics when an image is displayed.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an image display apparatus according to an embodiment;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal lens according to the embodiment;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the image display apparatus according to the embodiment;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationships among parameters according to the embodiment;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating light converging characteristics of a liquid crystal lens according to an example; and
[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating light converging characteristics of a liquid crystal lens according to a comparison example.
[0020] Hereinafter, an embodiment be described in detail with appropriate reference to the drawings. It is noted that a more detailed description than need may be omitted. For example, the detailed description of already well-known matters and the overlap description of substantially same configurations may be omitted. This is to avoid an unnecessarily redundant description below and to facilitate understanding of a person skilled in the art.
[0021] It is noted that the inventors provide the accompanying drawings and the following description in order that a person skilled in the art may fully understand the present disclosure, and do not intend to limit the subject matter defined by the claims.
[0022] Hereinafter, an embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4.
[0023] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image display apparatus 10 according to the embodiment. In the present embodiment, a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system is set for the image display apparatus 10, and a direction is specified by using coordinate axes.
[0024] As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, an X axis direction coincides with a right-left direction (horizontal direction) when a viewer faces a display surface of an image display panel 60. A Y axis direction coincides with an up-down direction when the viewer faces the display surface of the image display panel 60. A Z axis direction coincides with a direction perpendicular to the display surface of the image display panel 60. Here, "facing" means that the viewer is present directly in front of the display surface such that, for example, when a letter of "A" is displayed on the display surface, the viewer sees the letter of "A" from a correct direction. In addition, FIGS. 1 to 3 correspond to views as seen from above the image display apparatus 10. Thus, the left side in FIG. 1 corresponds to the right side of the display screen viewed from the viewer side.
[0025] As shown in FIG. 1, the image display apparatus 10 includes a backlight 20, the image display panel 60 that is able to display a 2D image and a 3D image, a liquid crystal lens 40, a display control section 65 that controls the image display panel 60, and a control section 70 that controls the liquid crystal lens 40. The liquid crystal lens 40 is an example of an image conversion element. Hereinafter, each component will be described in detail.
[0026] The backlight 20 includes a light source 21, a reflection film 22, a light guide plate 23 having inclined surfaces 24, a diffusion sheet 25, a prism sheet 26, and a polarization reflection sheet 27. The reflection film 22 is provided at a lower surface side (a back surface side) of the light guide plate 23, and the diffusion sheet 25 is provided at an upper surface side (a front surface side) of the light guide plate 23.
[0027] The light source 21 is arranged along one side surface of the light guide plate 23. The light source 21 includes a plurality of LED elements arranged in the Y axis direction.
[0028] Light emitted from the light source 21 spreads in the light guide plate 23 while being repeatedly totally reflected at the upper surface and the lower surface of the light guide plate 23. Light having an angle ;surpassing the total reflection angle within the light guide plate 23 is emitted from the upper surface of the light guide plate 23. The lower surface of the light guide plate 23 is composed of a plurality of inclined surfaces 24 as shown in FIG. 1. By these inclined surfaces 24, light propagating in the light guide plate 23 is reflected in various directions, and thus the intensity of the light emitted from the light guide plate 23 becomes uniform across the entire upper surface.
[0029] The reflection film 22 is provided on the lower surface side of the light guide plate 23. Light having an angle surpassing the total reflection angles of the inclined surfaces 24 provided in the lower surface of the light guide plate 23 is reflected by the reflection film 22, enters the light guide plate 23 again, and is eventually emitted from the upper surface. The light emitted from the light guide plate 23 enters the diffusion sheet 25.
[0030] The diffusion sheet 25 is a film-like member having minute projections and recesses provided on its surface. The thickness of the diffusion sheet 25 is about 0.1 to 0.3 mm. A diffusion plate haying a plurality of beads therein may be used instead of the diffusion sheet 25. The diffusion plate is thicker than the diffusion sheet 25, and thus has an effect of spreading light in the plane direction therein. Meanwhile, the diffusion sheet 25 has a small effect of spreading light in the plane direction since the diffusion sheet 25 is thinner than the diffusion plate, but the diffusion sheet 25 is able to scatter light by the projections and the recesses on its surface. In addition, use of the diffusion sheet 25 also allows reduction in the thickness of the image display apparatus 10 in the Z axis direction.
[0031] The prism sheet 26 has a countless number of minute prism arrays on one surface of a transparent film, The prism sheet 26 reflects part of light and transmits the rest. The prism sheet 26 gives, to the transmitted light, relatively strong directivity in the normal direction of the prism sheet 26. Thus, the prism sheet 26 brightly illuminates in an effective direction with a small amount of light.
[0032] The polarization reflection sheet 27 is a member specific to a backlight for a liquid crystal panel, transmits light of a component in a polarization direction, which is transmitted through the liquid crystal panel, and reflects the other components. The reflected light becomes unpolarized when being reflected on another optical member or the reflection film 22 provided on the back surface of the light guide plate 23, and enters the polarization reflection sheet 27 again, and the transmitted and polarized component passes through the polarization reflection sheet 27. By repeating this, the polarized components of the incident light are uniformed as polarized components to be used effectively in the liquid crystal panel and are emitted to the liquid crystal panel side.
[0033] Light emitted from the backlight 20 enters the image display panel 60. The light that has entered the image display panel 60 is emitted to the liquid crystal lens 40 side.
[0034] A sheet for uniforming polarization of light is formed on each of the incident surface and the emission surface of the image display panel 60. In the present embodiment, a polarization direction of light emitted from the image display panel is the Y axis direction. One example of the image display panel 60 is a liquid crystal panel using an in-plane-switching mode. However, another type of image display panel can be used as the image display panel 60.
[0035] The image display panel 60 is switched between 2D display and 3D display by the display control section 65. The image display panel 60 has a plurality of pixels. When a 3D image is displayed, the plurality of pixels are divided into right-eye pixels and left-eye pixels and used. The display control section 65 controls the image display panel 60 to display a right-eye image by using the right-eye pixels, and display a left-eye image by using the left-eye pixels. The right-eye image and the left-eye image are simultaneously displayed. The liquid crystal lens 40 causes the right-eye image to enter the right eye of the viewer and the left-eye image to enter the left eye of the viewer.
[0036] When 2D display is performed, the 2D image is displayed using all the pixels as in the conventional art. At this time, the liquid crystal lens 40 is controlled by the control section 70 so as not to act as a lens. Therefore, the 2D image passes through the liquid crystal lens 40 as it is and reaches the eyes of the viewer.
[0037] The liquid crystal lens 40 includes opposing substrates 41 and 42, and a liquid crystal layer 43 disposed between the substrates 41 and 42. The liquid crystal lens 40 will be described later in detail.
[0038] The control section 70 switches the value of a voltage applied to the liquid crystal lens 40 depending on 2D display or 3D display. When 3D display is performed, the control section 70 applies a voltage to the liquid crystal layer 43 such that the liquid crystal lens 40 has a lens effect. When 2D display is performed, the control section 70 controls the voltage such that the liquid crystal lens 40 does not have a lens effect. When 2D display is performed, the control section 70 may not apply a voltage to the liquid crystal lens 40, or may apply a voltage such that no lens effect is generated. The voltage to be applied may be appropriately determined according to the orientation of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 43. By controlling the applied voltage in this manner, when performing 2D display, light emitted from the image display panel 60 reaches the eyes of the viewer while the light distribution characteristics of the light are kept unchanged even when the light has passed through the liquid crystal lens 40. Meanwhile, when performing 3D image, light emitted from the image display panel 60 is deflected by the liquid crystal lens 40 such that light from the right-eye pixels is converged on the right eye of the viewer and light from the left-eye pixels is converged on the left eye of the viewer.
[0039] Orientation films are formed on the light emission surface of the opposing substrate 41 and the light incident surface of the opposing substrate 42. Each orientation film orients liquid crystal molecules such that the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules are parallel to the Y axis direction in a state where no voltage is applied to electrodes. However, the orientation films may not be provided if the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules can be kept uniform. Glass may be used as the materials of the opposing substrates 41 and 42.
[0040] The liquid crystal lens 40 can be produced by attaching together the opposing substrate 41 on which an electrode is formed and the opposing substrate 42 on which an electrode is formed, and injecting a liquid crystal between the opposing substrates 41 and 42.
[0041] Next, the liquid crystal lens 40 will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 2.
[0042] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal lens according to the embodiment, and shows one lens portion formed in the liquid crystal lens. FIG. 2(a) shows the liquid crystal lens 40 when 2D display is performed, and FIG. 2(b) shows the liquid crystal lens 40 when 3D display is performed.
[0043] The liquid crystal lens 40 includes the pair of opposing substrates 41 and 42, the liquid crystal layer 43 sealed between the opposing substrates 41 and 42, first electrodes 45 and 47 provided on an inner surface (liquid crystal layer 43 side) of the opposing substrate 41, a second electrode 48 provided on an inner surface (liquid crystal layer 43 side) of the opposing substrate 42, an alignment film (not shown) provided on the light emission surface side of the opposing substrate 41, and an alignment film (not shown) provided on the light incident surface side of the opposing substrate 42. The liquid crystal layer 43 is composed of a plurality of liquid crystal molecules 49.
[0044] The first electrodes 45 and 47 are stripe-shaped electrodes extending in a direction (Y axis direction) perpendicular to a lens pitch direction (X axis direction). The stripe-shaped first electrodes 45 and 47 are repeatedly arranged at predetermined intervals in the X axis direction. In addition, the stripe-shaped first electrodes 45 and 47 are configured such that a voltage can be applied to each of the electrodes individually. On the other hand, the second electrode 48 is a plane electrode.
[0045] The liquid crystal lens 40 is an element that is able to control the orientation of transmitted light according to a voltage applied from the control section 70. Hereinafter, the principle will be described briefly.
[0046] First, birefringence will be described. Birefringence is a phenomenon that, when a light ray is transmitted through a certain substance, the light ray is split into two rays depending on the state of polarization of the incident light ray. The two rays are called an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray, respectively. The birefringence Δn is a difference between ne and no. That is, ne is a refractive index for the extraordinary ray and may be referred to as an extraordinary ray refractive index, and no is a refractive index for the ordinary ray and may be referred to as an ordinary ray refractive index.
[0047] In general, the liquid crystal molecules 49 each have an ellipsoidal shape and has different dielectric constants in the longitudinal direction and the lateral direction thereof. Thus, the liquid crystal layer 43 has a birefringence property in which a refractive index is different for each polarization direction of incident light.
[0048] In addition, when the direction of the long axis orientation (director) of each liquid crystal molecule 49 relatively changes with respect to the polarization direction of light, the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 43 changes. Thus, when the orientation of the liquid crystal molecule is changed by an electric field generated by applying a certain voltage, the refractive index for transmitted light changes. Thus, the liquid crystal layer 43 has the lens effect when a voltage is applied with an appropriate electrode configuration.
[0049] In the present embodiment, a uniaxial positive type liquid crystal is used as a material for forming the liquid crystal layer 43. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2(a), the longer axes of the liquid crystal molecules are oriented in the Y axis direction when no voltage is applied between the opposing electrodes.
[0050] Since the polarization direction of light from the image display panel 60 is the Y axis direction, the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 43 in the case where no voltage is applied to the first electrodes 45 and 47 and the second electrode 48 is uniformly the extraordinary ray refractive index.
[0051] On the other hand, when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal lens 40, for example, the voltage value of the first electrodes 45 and 47 is set at a voltage value V1 higher than a rising voltage Vth of the liquid crystal molecules, and the voltage value of the second electrode 48 is set at a ground potential V0. In this case, as shown in FIG. 2(b), near the first electrodes 45 and 47, the liquid crystal molecules 49 rise with respect to the electrode surface, so that the liquid crystal molecules 49 are oriented upward (in the Z axis direction). With decreasing distance to the lens center, the liquid crystal molecules 49 gradually become parallel to the Y axis.
[0052] The polarization direction of the light emitted from the image display panel 60 is parallel to the Y axis. Thus, the refractive index for the light emitted from the image display panel 60 is the ordinary ray refractive index no near the first electrodes 45 and 47, and increases with decreasing distance to the lens center. The refractive index becomes substantially the extraordinary ray refractive index ne at the lens center.
[0053] As a result, a refractive index distribution occurs in the liquid crystal layer 43. Since tight is deflected from a lower refractive index toward a higher refractive index, for example, light incident on the lens in parallel to the lens is deflected toward the lens center.
[0054] The control section 70 performs control such that no voltage is applied to the electrodes as shown in FIG. 2(a) when a 2D image is viewed while a voltage is applied to the electrodes as shown in FIG. 2(b) when a 3D image is viewed. Thus, when the 2D image is viewed, light incident on the liquid crystal lens 40 passes therethrough as it is without being subject to a lens effect. When the 3D image is viewed, light that has passed through the liquid crystal lens 40 is converged on the eyes of the viewer.
[0055] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the image display apparatus according to the embodiment, and shows one lens portion formed in the liquid crystal lens 40. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationships among parameters shown in FIG. 3. Hereinafter, the parameters of the image display apparatus 10 will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. For the sake of easy-to-view illustration, the ratios between the parameters shown in FIG. 4 are different from the actual ratios.
[0056] First, the parameters shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are defined as follows. The units of length are all "mm".
[0057] P: an arrangement pitch of a left-eye pixel 30L and a right eye pixel 30R in the X axis direction,
[0058] r: a length equal to 1/2 of an arrangement pitch of the first electrodes 45 and 47,
[0059] PD: an interval between the right eye and the left eye of the viewer,
[0060] OD: a distance from the center of the liquid crystal lens 40 in the thickness direction thereof to the eyes of the viewer,
[0061] f a distance from the center of the liquid crystal lens 40 in the thickness direction thereof to the pixels in the image display panel 60,
[0062] d: a clearance between the opposing substrates 41 and 42, i.e., a thickness (cell gap) of the liquid crystal layer 43 of the liquid crystal lens 40, and
[0063] Δn: birefringence of the liquid crystal molecules.
[0064] Here, "pixel" means a point or a combination of a plurality of points, having color information, on the image display panel 60. One point having color information may also be referred to as "sub pixel". In addition, each of the left-eye pixel 30L and the right eye pixel 30R may be composed of one pixel or a plurality of pixels, In a specific example, when one pixel is composed of three sub pixels of R, G, and B, each of the left-eye pixel 30L and the right eye pixel 30R may be composed of a set of R, G, B sub pixels (i.e., one pixel), or two or more sets of R, G, B sub pixels (i.e., two or more pixels). Alternatively, in another specific example, when a pixel is composed of one point having color information, each of the left-eye pixel 30L and the right eye pixel 30R may be composed of one point having color information (i.e., one pixel), or two or more points having color information (i.e., two or more pixels). Accordingly, the arrangement pitch P of the left-eye pixel 30L and the right eye pixel 30R is not a pitch of each pixel provided on the image display panel 60 but an arrangement pitch of an area where a right-eye pixel for displaying a right-eye image is provided and an area where a left-eye pixel for displaying a left-eye image is provided (refer to FIG. 3). In addition, the distances OD and f are distances in a direction perpendicular to the emission surface of the image display panel 60.
[0065] The image display apparatus 10 of the present embodiment is designed so as to satisfy the following equations (1) and (2) simultaneously:
[0066] When equations (1) and (2) are not simultaneously satisfied, occurrence of crosstalk is remarkable when a 3D image is viewed, and visibility of the image is reduced. Hereinafter, the reason for this will be described in detail.
[0067] In general, in a stereoscopic image display apparatus, the following relational equations (3) and (4) are satisfied. Equation (3) can be derived from base-to-height ratios of similar triangles CAB and CGF shown in FIG. 4. Further, expression (4) can be derived from a ratio between base and height of triangle BCD and a ratio between base and height of triangle BFM shown in FIG. 4.
ODP=PDf (3)
r(OD+f)=POD (4)
[0068] When the above equations (3) and (4) are solved for r, equation (5) is obtained:
r = P 1 + P / PD ( 5 ) ##EQU00004##
[0069] Further, an approximation of a focal length F of the liquid crystal lens is expressed by the following equation (6):
F = r 2 2 d ( n e - n o ) ( 6 ) ##EQU00005##
[0070] When the liquid crystal lens 40 is designed, it has conventionally been general practice to make the focal length F of the liquid crystal lens 40 substantially equal to the distance f between the liquid crystal lens 40 and the pixels. In this case, a liquid crystal material having relatively large Δn (=ne-no) has been used to make the cell gap d of the liquid crystal thin.
[0071] However, the inventors of the present disclosure has discovered that, in the image display apparatus of the conventional design, no crosstalk occurs when the viewing distance is short whereas crosstalk occurs when the viewing distance is increased. Crosstalk is a phenomenon that, for example, a part of light that should be converged on the left eye of a viewer enters the right eye of the viewer. When crosstalk occurs, the viewer recognizes unnecessary light, and cannot appropriately recognize an image displayed on the image display panel.
[0072] Specifically, no crosstalk occurred when the distance OD was 300 mm, but crosstalk occurred when the distance OD was 350 mm. Therefore, it is assumed that crosstalk occurs when the viewing distance OD exceeds 325 mm that is an intermediate value between 300 nm and 350 nm.
[0073] The viewing distance OD is expressed by the following equation (7) to which the above equation (3) is converted:
PDf/p=OD (7)
[0074] In order to reduce crosstalk, the viewing distance OD needs to be equal to or larger than 325 mm when the interval PD between the right eye and the left eye is 65 mm. Therefore, the values of PD and OD are assigned to equation (7) to obtain the following equation (8):
65f/P=OD≧325 (8)
[0075] When equation (8) is converted, the following equation (9) is obtained:
65f/P≧325 (9)
[0076] When equation (9) is converted, the above equation (1) is obtained.
[0077] Further, in the conventional design, when the liquid crystal lens satisfies equation (1), the focal length of the liquid crystal lens is set to be equal to the distance f between the liquid crystal lens and the pixels. In the conventional design, since the refractive index distribution in the liquid crystal layer along the Z axis direction is not uniform, crosstalk occurs due to a sudden change in the refractive index near the first electrodes 45 and 47. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the refractive index of the liquid crystal material is designed so as to satisfy the following equation (10):
f<F (10)
[0078] When equation (6) is assigned to equation (10), the following equation (11) is obtained:
f < r 2 2 d ( n e - n o ) ( 11 ) ##EQU00006##
[0079] Here, ne-no=Δn. When this equation is assigned to equation (11) and equation (11) is solved for Δn, the above equation (2) is obtained.
[0080] When the liquid crystal lens 40 is designed so as to satisfy equation (2) while satisfying equation (1), occurrence of crosstalk can be suppressed even when the viewing distance is increased.
[0081] As a result, the image display apparatus 10 of the present embodiment can achieve excellent light converging characteristics. In the present embodiment, the case has been described in which light can be converged on two viewpoints (i.e., the positions of the right eye and the left eye of the viewer). However, also in an image display apparatus capable of converging light on multiple viewpoints not less than three, occurrence of crosstalk can be suppressed by designing the image display apparatus so as to satisfy equations (1) and (2).
[0082] In the present embodiment, the case has been described in which the first electrodes 45 and 47 are formed so as to be in parallel to the Y axis, the first electrodes 45 and 47 may be formed so as to be tilted by a predetermined angle with respect to the Y axis. Also in this case, occurrence of crosstalk can be reduced as in the present embodiment by designing the image display apparatus so as to simultaneously satisfy equations (1) and (2 with the length equal to half the pitch of the first electrodes 45 and 47 in the X axis direction (horizontal direction) being r. Further, occurrence of moire can also be reduced by tilting the first electrodes 45 and 47 by a predetermined angle with respect to the Y axis.
[0083] While in the present embodiment the image display apparatus 10 capable of converging light on each of two viewpoints is exemplary shown, the above-described design conditions can also be applied to an image display apparatus capable of converging light on each of three or more viewpoints. When the image display apparatus can converge light on each of n viewpoints, the above equation (4) can be generalized as shown by the following equation (4') including the setting conditions in the case where the number of viewpoints is two. The following equation (5') is derived from equations (3) and (4'). Using equation (5'), the arrangement pitch of the first electrodes is designed.
2 r ( OD + f ) = m P OD ( 4 ' ) r = m 2 P 1 + P / PD ( 5 ' ) ##EQU00007##
[0084] m: the number of viewpoints,
[0085] P: a repetition pitch of a first pixel for displaying a first parallax image, a second pixel for displaying a second parallax image, . . . , and an m-th pixel for displaying an m-th parallax image,
[0086] r: a length equal to 1/2 of the arrangement pitch,
[0087] PD: an interval between adjacent viewpoints,
[0088] OD: a distance from the center of the liquid crystal lens in the thickness direction thereof to the eyes of the viewer,
[0089] f: a distance from the center of the liquid crystal lens in the thickness direction thereof to the pixels in the image display panel, and
[0090] d: a clearance between the opposing substrates, i.e., a thickness (cell gap) of the liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal lens.
[0091] It is noted that m is a natural number representing the number of viewpoints on which the image display apparatus can converge light. Light emitted from each of the first pixel, the second pixel, . . . , and the m-th pixel is converted on each of the m viewpoints (viewpoint--1, viewpoint--2, viewpoint_m), The meaning of the word "pixel" is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 4. Accordingly, the arrangement pitch P of the first pixel, the second pixel, . . . , the m-th pixel is no the arrangement pitch of each pixel provided in the image display panel, but the arrangement pitch of an pixel area where the first pixel is provided, a pixel area where the second pixel is provided, . . . , and a pixel area where the m-th pixel is provided (i.e., the pitch of adjacent pixel areas).
[0092] Accordingly, by setting the parameters so as to satisfy the above equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, occurrence of crosstalk can be suppressed also in the image display apparatus having m viewpoints, and thus the light converging characteristics of the image display apparatus can be improved.
[0093] Hereinafter, an example will be described. First, parameter values of an image display panel according to the example are as follows:
[0094] pixel pitch P: 133 μm;
[0095] viewing distance OD of the viewer: 350 mm;
[0096] the distance PD between the eyes of the viewer: 65 mm;
[0097] the pitch of the liquid crystal lens 40 (i.e., a value equal to twice r): 265.5 μm;
[0098] the length r equal to half the pitch of the liquid crystal lens 40: 132.7 μm; and
[0099] the distance f between the lens and the pixels: 0.716 mm.
[0100] The pitch of the liquid crystal lens 40 and the length r equal to half the pitch are values obtained from the above equation (5). Generally, a medium such as a glass substrate or an optical film is provided between the liquid crystal lens and the display pixels. When the refractive index of this medium is 1.5, the distance between the liquid crystal lens and the display pixels is 1.07 mm.
[0101] Next, the liquid crystal lens 40 will be described in detail.
[0102] The pitch of the liquid crystal lens 40 (the pitch of the first electrodes 45 and 47) is 265.5 μm, and the width of each of the first electrodes 45 and 47 formed of chromium is 15 μm. The second electrode 48 formed of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a plane electrode. The cell gap of the liquid crystal is 50 μm.
[0103] Further, an elastic coefficient K11 relating to spreading deformation of the liquid crystal layer 43 is 13, an elastic coefficient K22 relating to torsional deformation is 7, and an elastic coefficient K33 relating to bending deformation is 15. In addition, a dielectric constant ε1 of the liquid crystal layer 43 in the director direction is 13, and a dielectric constant ε2 in a direction perpendicular to the director direction is 4. The rotational viscosity of the liquid crystal is 100. A voltage applied to the first electrodes 45 and 47 is set at 5 V, and a voltage applied to the second electrode 48 is set at 0 V.
[0104] Liquid crystal orientation simulation based on the finite element method is performed by using the parameters described above.
[0105] In the simulation, the direction of the director at each position in the liquid crystal layer is obtained. Based on this information, the refractive index sensed by light at each position in the liquid crystal layer is calculated using the following equation (12):
n ( θ ) = n e n o n e 2 sin 2 θ + n o 2 cos 2 θ ( 12 ) ##EQU00008##
[0106] In equation (12), ne is a refractive index of the liquid crystal to extraordinary light, no is a refractive index of the liquid crystal to ordinary light, θ is an angle at which liquid crystal rises when a voltage is applied, namely, an angle formed between the XY plane and the director.
[0107] In this example, the refractive index ne of the liquid crystal layer 43 to extraordinary light is set at 1.670, and the refractive index no to ordinary light is set at 1.505. That is, Δn is 0.165. FIG. 5 shows optical characteristics of the example.
[0108] FIG. 5(a) is a schematic diagram showing, by shading of color, a change in the refractive index in the liquid crystal lens 40 of the example. In FIG. 5(a), the vertical axis shows the thickness of the liquid crystal lens 40 in the Z axis direction, namely, the cell gap d, and the horizontal axis shows positions in the X axis direction between the first electrodes 45 and 47.
[0109] Definition of the vertical axis (Z axis) and the horizontal axis (X axis) in FIG. 5(a) will be described with reference to FIG. 5(d). FIG. 5(d) is a diagram obtained by applying the vertical axis and the horizontal axis of FIG. 5(a) to the schematic diagram of FIG. 3 showing the liquid crystal lens 40. As shown in FIG. 5(d), the horizontal axis (X axis) corresponds to the position of the interface between the liquid crystal layer 43 and the opposing substrate 41. The vertical axis (Z axis) corresponds to the position of the left end of the liquid crystal lens 40. The intersection of the vertical axis (Z axis) and the horizontal axis (X axis) is an origin O.
[0110] In FIG. 5(a), a light-colored portion (white portion) indicates an area where the refractive index is relatively high, and a dark-colored portion (black portion) indicates an area where the refractive index is relatively low.
[0111] FIG. 5(b) shows a graph obtained by averaging the refractive indices in the Z axis direction at the respective positions in the horizontal axis (X axis) in the refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 5(a). Like the horizontal axis of FIG. 5(a), the horizontal axis of FIG. 5(b) shows positions in the liquid crystal lens 40 along the X axis direction.
[0112] FIG. 5(b) shows a graph A indicating the refractive index distribution of the example, and a graph B indicating a refractive index distribution of an ideal GRIN lens (refractive index distribution lens). As shown in the graph B, the refractive index distribution of the ideal GRIN lens is shown by a quadratic curve. It has conventionally been thought that the graph based on the design is desirably close to the ideal graph. However, in this example, as shown in FIG. 5(b), the shape of the graph A is slightly different from the shape of the ideal graph B. The correlation coefficient of the graph A of the example to the ideal graph B is 0.9948. It is found that the distribution of the graph A can suppress occurrence of crosstalk when the viewing distance is long.
[0113] The correlation coefficient will be described. When there are N pieces of data X={X1, X2, X3, . . . , XN} and N pieces of data Y={Y1, Y2, Y3, . . . , YN} and then if the averages of X and Y are represented by Xave and Yave, respectively, the correlation coefficient is expressed by the following formula (13):
i = 1 N ( X i - X ave ) ( Y i - Y ave ) i = 1 N ( X i - X ave ) 2 i = 1 N ( Y i - Y ave ) 2 ( 13 ) ##EQU00009##
[0114] When X and Y agree with each other, the correlation coefficient is 1. The closer to 1 the correlation coefficient is, the stronger the correlation is.
[0115] In the present example, the correlation coefficient is obtained by substituting the refractive index of the example for X and the ideal refractive index for Y.
[0116] FIG. 5(c) is a graph showing the result of calculating light distribution characteristics after light has passed through the liquid crystal lens 40, by using the refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 5(a). In FIG. 5(c), a graph shown by a solid line indicates light for the right eye of the viewer, and a graph shown by a dashed line indicates light for the left eye of the viewer. The vertical axis of FIG. 5(c) shows the intensity of light, and the horizontal axis indicates the angle of light emitted from the liquid crystal lens 40. Definition of an angle θ will be described with reference to FIG. 5(d). As shown in FIG. 5(d), a point of intersection between the X axis and a line segment Z' that passes the center of the liquid crystal lens 40 and extends in the Z axis direction is an origin O'. A line segment connecting the origin O' with the right eye of the viewer is a line segment R, and a line segment connecting the origin O' with the left eye of the viewer is a line segment L. One of an angle formed between the line segment Z' and the line segment R (an angle formed between the line segment Z' and the line segment L), which is more acute than the other, is defined as an angle θ. When the line segment Z' is used as a reference, the viewer's right eye side is defined as a negative direction, and the viewer's left eye side is defined as a positive direction.
[0117] A light beam tracking simulation is performed with the light distribution characteristics of the light source being Lambertian, the wavelength of the light source being 550 nm, and the light source being located at the position of the right-eye pixels. Next, the position of the light source is shifted to the position of the left-eye pixels, and a light beam tracking simulation is performed again.
[0118] Since the viewing distance OD of the viewer is 350 mm and the distance PD between the eyes of the viewer is 65 mm, the angle θ formed between the line segment Z' and the line segment R (right eye) is -5.3°. That is, the right eye of the viewer is located at the position where the angle θ is -5.3°. In the graph shown by a dashed line in FIG. 5(c), if the intensity of the light for the left eye (the dashed-line graph) is measured when the angle θ is -5.3°, in other words, if the light for the left eye enters the right eye of the viewer, the light causes crosstalk. The crosstalk is indicated by a ratio of a noise component to a normal component. In the present example, the intensity of the light for the right eye which enters the right eye of the viewer is the normal component, and the intensity of the light for the left eye which enters the right eye of the viewer is the noise component.
[0119] As shown in FIG. 5(c), when the angle θ is 5.3°, the intensity of the light for the right eye (solid line) is 1.8, and the intensity of the light for the left eye (dashed line) is 0. Therefore, the ratio of the noise component to the normal component is 0% because 0/1.81=0. That is, crosstalk that occurs in the liquid crystal lens 40 of the example is 0%.
[0120] Further, the angle θ formed between the line segment Z' and the line segment L (left eye) is +5.3°. As is apparent from FIG. 5(c), also when the angle θ is +5.3°, the light for the right eye does not enter the left eye. That is, crosstalk to the left eye of the viewer does also not occur.
[0121] In the present example, f=0.716 mm=716 μm, and P=133 μm. Therefore, the present example satisfies the above equation (1).
[0122] Further, since Δn is 0.165 and r2/(2df) is 0.244 in the present example, the present example satisfies the above equation (2).
[0123] Accordingly; it is confirmed that the image display apparatus of the present example suppresses crosstalk.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0124] Next, a comparative example will be described.
[0125] A liquid crystal lens of the comparative example is different from the liquid crystal lens of the above example in that it does not satisfy equation (2). The parameter values of the image display panel of the comparative example are identical to those of the example. The pitch of the liquid crystal lens, the electrode width, and the cell gap are also identical to those of the example.
[0126] Further, an elastic coefficient K11 relating to spreading deformation of the liquid crystal layer 43 is 12, an elastic coefficient K22 relating to torsional deformation is 7, and an elastic coefficient K33 relating to bending deformation is 20. In addition, a dielectric constant ε1 of the liquid crystal layer 43 in the director direction is 9, and a dielectric constant ε2 in a direction perpendicular to the director direction is 4. The rotational viscosity of the liquid crystal is 182. A voltage applied to the first electrodes 45 and 47 is set at 7 V, and a voltage applied to the second electrode 48 is set at 0 V.
[0127] A liquid crystal orientation simulation using the finite element method is performed by using the parameters shown above, and further, calculation of a refractive index is performed.
[0128] In the comparative example, the refractive index ne of the liquid crystal layer 43 to extraordinary light is 1.79, and the refractive index no to ordinary light is 1.52. That is, Δn is 0.27. FIG. 6 shows optical characteristics of the comparative example.
[0129] FIG. 6(a) is a schematic diagram showing, by shading of color, a change in the refractive index in the liquid crystal lens of the comparative example. Since definitions of the vertical axis and the horizontal axis in FIG. 6(a) are identical to those for FIG. 5(a), repeated description is omitted. It is found from FIG. 6(a) that the liquid crystal lens of the comparative example has refractive index distribution when a voltage is applied.
[0130] FIG. 6(b) shows a graph obtained by calculating an average value in the Z direction with respect to the refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 6(a). FIG. 6(b) shows a graph C indicating the distribution of the comparative example, and a graph B indicating a distribution of an ideal GRIN lens (refractive index distribution lens). The graph B is identical to the graph B shown in FIG. 5(b).
[0131] The degree of correlation between the graph C of the comparative example and the ideal graph B is 0.9965, which is higher than the correlation coefficient of the example.
[0132] However, crosstalk occurs in the liquid crystal lens of the comparative example as described below.
[0133] FIG. 6(c) is a graph showing a result of calculating light distribution characteristics after light has passed through the liquid crystal lens, by using the refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 6(a).
[0134] Like in the example, a light beam tracking simulation is performed with the light distribution characteristics of the light source being Lambertian, the wavelength of the light source being 550 nm, and the light source being located at the position of the right-eye pixels. Next, the position of the light source is shifted to the position of the left-eye pixels, and a light beam tracking simulation is performed again.
[0135] Since the viewing distance OD of the viewer is 350 mm and the distance PD between the eyes of the viewer is 65 mm, the angle θ formed between the Z axis and the line segment R (right eye) is -5.3°. As shown in FIG. 6(c), When the angle θ is -5.3°, the intensity of the light for the right eye (solid line) is 1.71, and the intensity of the light for the left eye (dashed line) is 0.076. Therefore, the ratio of a noise component to a normal component is 4.4% because 0.076/1.71=0.044. That is, crosstalk occurs in the liquid crystal lens of the comparative example.
[0136] In the comparative example, the values of f and F are identical o those of the example. Therefore, the comparative example satisfies equation (1).
[0137] However, since Δn is 0.27 and r2/(2d-f is 0.244 in the comparative example, the comparative example does not satisfy equation (2).
[0138] As described above, when equation (2) is not satisfied whereas equation (1) is satisfied, occurrence of crosstalk is recognized. The reason is thought to be as follows. Since the refractive index near the first electrodes 45 and 47 greatly changes when Δn of the liquid crystal is large, light incident near the first electrodes 45 and 47 is not refracted in a desired direction, but becomes a crosstalk component.
[0139] The present disclosure is applicable to a display apparatus capable of 3D display. Specifically, the present disclosure is applicable to a television, a monitor, a tablet PC, a digital still camera, a movie, a camera-equipped cellular phone, a smartphone, and the like.
Patent applications by Masahiro Kasano, Osaka JP
Patent applications by Yasuhiro Tanaka, Hyogo JP
Patent applications in class Stereoscopic
Patent applications in all subclasses Stereoscopic
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Explore the following resources to better understand this larger-than-life artist.
Born in Montreal on October 7, 1923, Jean Paul Riopelle is a Canadian and Quebec artist of international stature. During his long career, he approached the most diverse techniques and produced nearly 7000 works. He particularly exploited painting, engraving and sculpture. He has exhibited all over the world and has distinguished himself by his unique style, at the crossroads of the surrealist, automatist and "all over" movements. He approached both abstraction and figuration while ignoring their respective boundaries. Jean Paul Riopelle died on March 12, 2002 in Saint-Antoine-de-l'Isle-aux-Grues.
Here is a video clip from Riopelle Studio presenting the childhood and adolescence of Jean Paul Riopelle : 1 - RIOPELLE, A CHILD COMING INTO HIS OWN
His childhood
His teenage years
His life as a young adult
His career in France
His death
Riopelle, a child who grew up
From his birth in 1923 on De Lorimier Street in Montreal to his death in L'Isle-aux-Grues in 2002, Jean Paul Riopelle lived a rich, creative and free life. A life whose strong points were established very early on: a passion for nature, a taste for discovery and a total commitment to art.
Jean Paul Riopelle enfant, vers 1926, archives Yseult Riopelle
Jean Paul Riopelle was born on October 7, 1923 in Montreal
He is the son of Anna and Léopold Riopelle
As a child, he drew and went fishing with his father
He dreams of becoming an engineer, a car mechanic or a professional field hockey player!
Jean Paul Riopelle, Hibou premier, oil on canvas, 40,5 x 30 cm (1939-1941) © Estate of Jean Paul Riopelle / SOCAN (2022)
Starting in 1936, he attended the St-Louis-de-Gonzague school in Montreal, then the Mont Saint-Louis
The same year, he began his private drawing lessons with Mr. Bisson
In 1938, he attended a conference by the naturalist Grey Owl which inspired his passion for nature, wildlife and the environment
In 1939, he joined the Saint-Jacques Scouts and became passionate about life in nature
Riopelle à Saint-Fabien-sur-Mer, vers 1941, archives Yseult Riopelle
In 1942, Riopelle entered the École polytechnique de Montréal
In 1943, he enrolled at the École du meuble. There he met professor Paul-Émile Borduas
In 1944 and 1945, he stayed in Saint-Fabien-sur-Mer and painted landscapes
In 1946, he painted in a shed with a few friends who were also students of Borduas: they became the "Automatistes"
He married his childhood sweetheart, Françoise Lespérance, and the couple moved to France
Jean Paul Riopelle and Pierre Gauvreau, cover of the manifesto Refus global, 1948
ink on paper, 21,5 x 18,5 cm © Estates of Pierre Gauvreau and Claude Gauvreau / SOCAN (2022).
In June 1947, Riopelle signed the text Rupture inaugurale in solidarity with André Breton and the Surrealist group
In 1948, he returned to Quebec and signed the manifesto Refus global
His daughters Yseult and Sylvie were born in 1948 and 1949.
In France, in the 1950's and 1960's, he acquired an international reputation as a painter and sculptor
Later, in the 1970's, he went on hunting and fishing trips in the Canadian North and nature became more and more present in his works.
At the end of 1989, Riopelle returned to Quebec to settle down
Jean Paul Riopelle, L'Hommage à Rosa Luxemburg, mixed media on canvas, 155 x 4039 cm (assembled) triptych (1992) © Estate of Jean Paul Riopelle / SOCAN (2022)
In the fall of 1992, following the death of Joan Mitchell, who had been his partner for 25 years, Riopelle created the imposing fresco dedicated to her memory, L'Hommage à Rosa Luxemburg
He died on March 12, 2002, at his home in L'Isle-aux-Grues, in the world of white geese.
See Video "Riopelle, a child coming into his own"
Consult Catalogue raisonné de Jean Paul Riopelle
To learn more, visit the website of your partner the Art Canada Institute:
Art Book Jean Paul Riopelle: Life & Work
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Description: There is a secret organization that cultivates teenage spies. The agents are called Love Interests because getting close to people destined for great power means getting valuable secrets.
Both Caden and Dylan are living in the outside world for the first time. They are well-trained and at the top of their games. They have to be—whoever the girl doesn't choose will die. What the boys don't expect are feelings that are outside of their training. Feelings that could kill them both.
Review: The Love Interest was one of my most anticipated debut novels of 2017. I was super excited for a diverse spy novel that flips familiar book tropes. Sadly, despite a fantastic premise the book is a major let down and disappoints in many ways.
Caden is a spy. He's spent most of his life so far in an underground facility called the Love Interest Compound, being groomed physically and mentally to become a Love Interest for someone influential. His job is to woo the candidate and win her trust while also divulging her secrets to the Compound who will later sell the information to the highest bidder. The concept of the Love Interest Compound is really cool, but the world building is unfortunately undeveloped. I had many unresolved questions regarding its creation and purpose. I did find it interesting though that the institution goes as far as altering the Love Interest physical features with surgery to ensure physical attraction, which reminded me very much of the Uglies series by Scott Westerfeld, and tagging them with a tracker much like we do to our pets. After a very long time Caden has been chosen and pegged as a Nice, the nerdy-boy-next-door type. He is given a script and plays the role as Juliet's long lost friend.
Competing for Juliet's affection is bad boy Dylan, the boy who lingers in Caden's mind as first as a competitor and then to something more. Like Caden, Dylan is also given a script and a role to play as the mysterious brooder/rebel. Each of them must pursue Juliet, a girl destined to be the next great scientific mind. Whoever wins will live and share Juliet's secrets with the Love Interest Compound and whoever loses dies.
The first half of the book was decent and interesting as you follow Caden and Dylan in their individual roles. I was able to suspend my disbelief in Juliet embracing Caden as her long lost friend so easily considering how much her intelligence is emphasized. I would have liked a stronger focus on the development of Caden and Dylan's relationship. The author teeters on the "are they or aren't they?" for most of the book, but I didn't find it convincing mainly because Caden's sexuality, which the Love Interest Compound found interesting and important, is written off and tossed aside. The GLBTQ+ slant of the book is the main reason this book will draw interest, but sadly this is not developed and handled well at all. Instead of exploring sexuality, the boys are thrown into confusing make-out sessions and it is the main reason why I couldn't care for his relationship with Dylan or the push and pull of their attraction. The narrative is told entirely from Caden's perspective, and it can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between what's actually going on and Caden's assumptions.
It is the second half of the book where every thing goes down hill fast. We hardly hear of Juliet's scientific experiments which the Love Interest Compound wants. Caden's cover is quickly revealed and Juliet is surprisingly quick to forgive despite being lied to for over 200 pages (just how smart is she?), the book morphs into an action novel where the Compound must be destroyed. There are few subplots developed with the secondary characters that I didn't care for that were suppose to up the suspense. The ending and epilogue are rushed leaving lots of unanswered questions. Even after lowering my expectations for this book, I was severely disappointed and as a result do not recommend this novel.
Words of Caution: There is some strong language, scenes of underage drinking, and some crude sexual humor. Recommended for Grade 9 and up.
If you like this book try: I would really pick up the Unknown Assassin series by Allen Zadoff instead.
This book sounds like a mess. I like the sound of some things, but to me, it almost sounds like the author threw the LBGTQ angle without really putting thought into. Maybe to get attention?


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Antoine Fuqua is an American film director, known for his work in the film Training Day as well as The Replacement Killers, Tears of the Sun, King Arthur, Shooter, Brooklyn's Finest, Olympus Has Fallen and The Equalizer. He has directed music videos for such artists as Arrested Development, Prince, Stevie Wonder, Toni Braxton, Pras Michel and Usher... See full bio »
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