text:
Cal Poly Ethnic Studies and Sociology Student Receives CSU Trustees' Award
SAN LUIS OBISPO — A Cal Poly ethnic studies and sociology student from Santa Maria has received the 2017 California State University Trustees' Award for Outstanding Achievement.
Continue reading Cal Poly Ethnic Studies and Sociology Student...
Cal Poly Begins Construction on 4.5 Megawatt (AC) Solar Farm
SAN LUIS OBISPO — Work is underway on a Cal Poly solar farm project that will create Learn by Doing opportunities for students, save the university millions of dollars, and provide up to 25 percent of the campus's total electricity needs.
Continue reading Cal Poly Begins Construction on 4.5 Megawatt...
Cal Poly Theatre and Dance Department to Present '4000 Miles' Nov. 2-4, 9-11
SAN LUIS OBISPO — The Cal Poly Theatre and Dance Department will present Amy Herzog's award-winning play "4000 Miles" as its opening show for the 2017-18 season.Performances, held in the Spanos Theatre on campus, will be at 8 p.m. Thursday through Saturday, Nov. 2-4 and 9-11.
Continue reading Cal Poly Theatre and Dance Department to...
Cal Poly Architecture and Landscape Architecture Programs Place High in 2018 DesignIntelligence Survey National Rankings
Architecture Faculty Member Also Recognized in Annual Report
SAN LUIS OBISPO — Cal Poly offers the No. 2 undergraduate bachelor of architecture program in the nation, according to the 2018 DesignIntelligence ranking of the country's 25 best public and private architecture and design schools. Among public universities, Cal Poly's program was ranked No. 1 in the U.S.
Continue reading Cal Poly Architecture and Landscape Architecture Programs...
Cal Poly Will Present 'An Evening with Captain 'Sully' Sullenberger' Nov. 30
SAN LUIS OBISPO – Cal Poly will present "An Evening with Captain 'Sully' Sullenberger" at 8 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 30, in the Performing Arts Center, an event to benefit the university's Center for Leadership.
Continue reading Cal Poly Will Present 'An Evening with...
Cal Poly Research Team Heading to Antarctica to Study Seal Pups
SAN LUIS OBISPO, Calif. — A team of Cal Poly students and professors is heading to Antarctica in October on a 10-week research expedition to study Weddell seal pups.
Continue reading Cal Poly Research Team Heading to Antarctica...
Cal Poly to Host Oct. 25 Talk on Prehistoric Contact Between South America and Polynesia
SAN LUIS OBISPO — Lisa Matisoo-Smith, a professor of biological anthropology at University of Otago in New Zealand, will assess the evidence for Polynesian contact with the Americas during a talk Oct. 25 at Cal Poly.
Continue reading Cal Poly to Host Oct. 25 Talk...
Former U.S. Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize Winner Robert Hass to Speak Oct. 27 at Cal Poly
SAN LUIS OBISPO — National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize winning poet Robert Hass will give a poetry reading Oct. 27 at Cal Poly. After the reading, he will discuss his life and his successful career in poetry and environmental activism.
Continue reading Former U.S. Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize Winner...
Cal Poly Choirs' 2017-18 Season Kicks Off on Oct. 28 with 'Reflections on Life and Love'
Scott Glysson Begins Tenure as New Director of Choral Activities
SAN LUIS OBISPO — Cal Poly's 2017-18 choral ensembles will be introduced in a concert featuring various styles — from Renaissance polyphony to 21st century works — at 8 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 28, in the historic Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa.
Continue reading Cal Poly Choirs' 2017-18 Season Kicks Off...
Cal Poly Dairy Judging Team Takes First Place at National Competition
SAN LUIS OBISPO —The Cal Poly Dairy Judging Team won first place in oral reasons and fourth place overall in the All-American Dairy Show in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Fourteen teams representing the top dairy and animal science college programs throughout the nation, including universities in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Virginia and Indiana, competed in the All-American Dairy Show Youth Judging Contest on Sept. 18.
Continue reading Cal Poly Dairy Judging Team Takes First...


text:
Q: Session variable set in an included file not in the global $_SESSION array So I have a following code snippet:
first page:
<?php
session_start();

var_dump($_SESSION);

function dispatcher($url){
    include "$url.php";
}

dispatcher($_GET['url']);

second page:
$_SESSION['foo'] = 'bar';

The problems is, when I go to secondpage.php and come back to the first page, the $_SESSION array is empty. Any ideas?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Kim Kardashian and Kanye West have reportedly decided not to sell pictures of their daughter, North, to a magazine and donate the money to charity.
The couple ? who welcomed their first child, North, into the world five weeks early in June ? have reportedly turned down another magazine offer of $3 million (R30 million) for the first image of their baby girl and are no longer interested in selling pictures of their family.
A source told gossip website TMZ.com that Kim (32) and Kanye (36) were originally thinking about signing a lucrative publishing deal to donate the money to charity but they recently ditched the idea.
The couple are now deliberating over whether to pose for an upmarket magazine such as Vanity Fair or simply post a picture of their baby on social media like their pals Beyoncé and Jay Z did after their daughter, Blue Ivy, was born.
The Keeping Up with the Kardashians star hasn't been seen much since the birth of her daughter but is reportedly still filming her reality TV show while in hiding.
A source previously said, "[The cameras have been] a constant presence in [Kim's mom] Kris' house since Kim and Kanye brought North home from the hospital. Kanye has been angry about the intrusion, but Kim is contractually obligated to film."


I love oatmeal raisin cookies, especially with a sandwich, or with a glass of cold milk, or with a cup of hot chocolate, or as an anytime of the day snack. I am particularly a fan of the chewy, soft oatmeal raisin cookie without nuts. I have mostly gobbled down oatmeal cookies that have eggs and/or dairy butter as an ingredient. I have tasted a few vegan oatmeal raisin cookies, but those usually contained nuts or weren't as tasty nor chewy. I found the best vegan oatmeal raisin cookie and it is located at Trader Joe's. Bravo to Trader Joe's for accurately naming this cookie Chewy, chunky oatmeal raisin cookie. It is a perfect title. Notice how they put vegan inconspicuously on the label, too? It is probably because vegan foods typically have the reputation of not being as delicious as its non-vegan counterpart.


text:
Q: Loading a Welcome Screen (Splash Screen) before TabBarController In my TabBar based iPhone application, I would like to display a full screen welcome page (with some logs) before the actual application loads, How can I load a UIView from xib file as the welcome screen and then from there I can load my TabBar based application.

A: The right way to do this would be to load your tab bar application normally, but use the presentModalViewController:animated: method of the tab bar controller to display a view controller over it (in application:didFinishLaunching:):
SplashScreenController *controller = [[SplashScreenController alloc] initWithNibNamed:nil bundle:nil];
[self.tabBarController presentModalViewController:controller animated:YES];
[controller release];

I'll usually put a "dismiss" button on the splash screen, but you could also do something like this:
[self.tabBarController performSelector:@selector(dismissModalViewControllerAnimated:) withObject:YES afterDelay:2.0];

which will present the view controller at launch and dismiss it after two seconds. Change the YESes to NOs to avoid the slide-up-from-the-bottom animation.

A: I add a subView to the main window in the appDelegate:
LoginViewController *loginController = [[LoginViewController alloc] initWithNibName:@"LoginViewController"
                                                                             bundle: nil];
[window addSubview: [loginController view]];

Then in the LoginViewController, when I'm ready to dismiss the View (to show YOUR tabController say) I do:
UIView *currentView = self.view;
UIView *theWindow = [currentView superview];

[currentView removeFromSuperview];

CATransition *animation = [CATransition animation];
[animation setDuration:0.5];
[animation setType:kCATransitionPush];
[animation setSubtype:kCATransitionFromBottom];
[animation setTimingFunction:[CAMediaTimingFunction functionWithName:kCAMediaTimingFunctionEaseInEaseOut]];

[[theWindow layer] addAnimation:animation forKey:@"SwitchToView1"];

A: The UI guidelines say you shouldn't have a splash screen - you should present a dummy version of the view the user will see when the application loads, without any data in it:
see Apple iPhone UI Guidelines on Launch Images for details - here's an excerpt:

To enhance the user's experience at
  application launch, you should provide
  a launch image. A launch image looks
  very similar to the first screen your
  application displays. iPhone OS
  displays this image instantly when the
  user taps your application icon on the
  Home screen. As soon as it's ready for
  use, your application displays its
  first screen, replacing the launch
  placeholder image.
It's important to emphasize that the
  reason to supply a launch image is to
  improve user experience; it is not an
  opportunity to provide:

*

*An "application entry experience,"
  such as a splash screen

*An About
  window

*Branding elements, unless they
  are a static part of your
  application's first screen

A: - (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
    splashView=[[UIImageView alloc]initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"image01.png"]];
    splashView.frame=CGRectMake(0,21,320,460);
    [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];
    [self.window addSubview:splashView];

    [self performSelector:@selector(splashremove) withObject:nil afterDelay:10.5];
    [self performSelector:@selector(sixthimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:9.0];
    [self performSelector:@selector(fifthimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:7.5];
    [self performSelector:@selector(fourthimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:6.0];
    [self performSelector:@selector(thirdimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:4.5];
    [self performSelector:@selector(secondimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:3.0];
    [self performSelector:@selector(firstimage) withObject:nil afterDelay:1.5];

   return YES;
}

-(void)firstimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside first image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image01.png"];
}

-(void)secondimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside second image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image02.png"];
}

-(void)thirdimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside third image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image03.png"];
}

-(void)fourthimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside fourth image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image04.png"];
}

-(void)fifthimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside fifth image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image05.png"];
}

-(void)sixthimage
{
    NSLog(@"Inside sixth image");
    splashView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"image06.png"];

}

-(void)splashremove
{
    NSLog(@"Inside splashremove image");

    [splashView removeFromSuperview];
    [splashView release];

    [self.window addSubview:tabBarController.view];
    [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];

}

A: In one of my tab-bar apps, I display a splash screen like so:
In my app delegate object, I start displaying it in didFinishLaunchingWithOptions
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
    splashScreenVC = [[SplashScreenViewController alloc] initWithNibName:@"SplashScreenView" bundle:nil];

    [window addSubview:splashScreenVC.view];
    [window makeKeyAndVisible];

    //set delay before showing new screen
    [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.5f target:self selector:@selector(onSlashScreenExpired:) userInfo:nil repeats:NO];

    return YES;
}

The onSlashScreenExpired method looks like:
- (void)onSlashScreenExpired:(id)userInfo{
    [splashScreenVC.view removeFromSuperview];
    [splashScreenVC release];

    // At this point, create the tab bar controller and display it
}

I'm fairly certain I cobbled this together from another question on SO, but I can't find it.


text:
Foundation Studies Scholarship at UTS in Australia 2021
Foundation Studies Scholarship at UTS in Australia 2021 – To award high achieving commencing international students completing the UTS Foundation Studies at UTS Insearch, Sydney and enrolling in an undergraduate program at UTS. The scholarship is to be offered to international students who exhibit the University's core values and can demonstrate commitment to excellence, innovation, entrepreneurship and social justice.
The University of Technology Sydney is the world's first and 10th largest university in Australia. Established in 1988, it is now one of the leading young universities in the world.
Why study at the University of Technology Sydney? UTS is a creative, comprehensive university which has a reputation for teaching and research excellence. There are a variety of courses and degree programmes that are applicable to the profession and give them world-class facilities as well as practice-based education.
Scholarship Program: Foundation Studies Scholarship.
University or Organization: University of Technology Sydney.
Award: 25% of UTS tuition fees.
Can be taken in: Australia.
To be eligible for the Scholarship, an applicant must meet all of the following criteria:
Must remain an international student (not an Australian citizen, New Zealand citizen or permanent resident of Australia); and
Must complete a UTS Foundation Studies program undertaken at UTS Insearch in Sydney with a minimum overall GPA of 8.5 out of 10.0 and no fail; and
Must meet all admission requirements for the selected UTS undergraduate course; and
Must be commencing studies full-time and on campus (Sydney) in a UTS undergraduate degree in the next available intake after completion of the candidate's Foundation Studies program. On campus studies include face-to-face and/or online (remote) learning applicable to all degrees except online degrees and distance mode degrees; and
Must apply using the UTS online Scholarships Application form; and
Must not:
be studying a UTS online degree or distance mode degree; or
be a government sponsored student; or
be a recipient of another UTS scholarship for the duration of this Scholarship.
Undergraduate degree programme in any subject offered by the University.
Degree programs offered by University of Technology Sydney, Click Here.
The University of Technology Sydney will provide an award 25% of UTS tuition fees for each recipient in Australia.
First applicants have to take admission at the University. After that, applicants have to submit the online application form for the programme.
Application Deadline is February 5, 2021
Tags:Australia
previousEdinburgh Dental Institute MSc Scholarship in UK 2021
nextFinancial Aid for International Students at STLAWU in USA 2021

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text:
March 3, 2014 December 30, 2017 mike
Thoughts on ISTS 11
Somewhere around the middle December, I was asked by my coworker Anthony (@_s1lentjudge) if I wanted to participate in RIT SPARSA's Information Security Talent Search (ISTS) competition, which I had heard of but wasn't entirely familiar with. I agreed, and spent some time in January and February preparing. I wasn't able to do as much as much as I'd like, with project deadlines, my grad class, leisure activities and such, but I did spend some time trying to figure out what I was getting myself into. In a nutshell, the ISTS competition pits "blue teams", each made up of five college students, against one another to defend a set of machines entrusted to them while attacking and gaining access to other team's machines. All the while, a dedicated red team, made up of event sponsors and industry professionals, is also attempting to break into all of the blue team machines. My job, as part of the SUNY Institute of Technology team was to work the offensive, and complete items on the "bucket list" provided by the white team to score points. In addition, I would support the team in other ways that I could. Here are my thoughts from the competition.
The night before the competition, Raphael Mudge (@armitagehacker) gave a presentation about Cobalt Strike and some advice on how to use it to score some access to machines early on. He kept referring to the "Penetration Testing Machines" as though they would be running some obscure system and I was worried that I would have Kali Linux available with all its related tools. Thankfully, once the competition started I found that we had two dedicated Kali machines.
For the most part, the environment set up by RIT SPARSA ran pretty well. I would have enjoyed a few less cables running under my chair but the machines they provided for vSphere and the network seemed to work while the competition was underway.
There was a number of things to accomplish, which helped keep things interesting. I really enjoyed the bucket list, since that gave teams a set of things to focus on after the initial access was obtained. Sure, it's easy to just destroy the machine (and it happened quite a bit) but thinking about how to complete the challenges to score more points for the team was a nice addition. At one point, our asterisk binaries got wiped, but using access we had to another teams asterisk machine allowed us to exfil out the required binaries and get our machine back up and running without having to revert. Alternative to the attack/inject/defense checklist, there were lockpicking challenges, crypto and reversing challenges, and a new mobile security challenge that offered teams even more methods of gaining points than through service checks and injects alone. Honestly, there was more stuff to do during the competition than could realistically be completed.
I stated in "The Good" that the environment that was set up ran pretty well. This is true, except for one thing. The vSphere environment used was frustratingly slow for the first few hours of the competition. It took a solid few minutes to even open up a vsphere console window for the machines, and longer still to actually attempt to login. I gave up even trying to load Cobalt Strike after letting it sit for 15 minutes attempting to start up. It would also have been nice to have had the vmware tools already installed on the machines so that the werent limited to the default resolution (800×600?). One of the Kali machines got rebooted and it took nearly 30 minutes to accomplish. This did get better as time progressed but during a competition like this, the first moments are critical, and being unable to do anything set the teams up for failure from the beginning. This was especially the case since the red team had their own equipment and were informed of the default credentials for all machines during the briefing on the first night. In addition to that, the scoring engine seemed to have some trouble, so it was difficult to determine whether our services were compromised or actually working properly.
There were relatively few rules, which could be considered good I suppose, but it was tough to gauge what was in score or out of scope. Our vSphere creds were compromised at one point, and this was later determined to be against the rules but all too late for us. I have to give credit to the team that did this, since there was little we could to do combat it, except wait for the white team to reset it. I remember frantically switching ttys and CTRL-C'ing on one box to prevent one of our machine's boot partition from being overwritten from /dev/urandom.
The Hilarious:
I loved the idea of compromising/reasoning with the red team to get control of your box back and I think that blue teams should use the same tactics with each other. The song and dance routines that the blue teams had to do to get access back to their domain controllers was quite enjoyable (See: 1, 2, 3).
I also was quite amused by many of the tactics and techniques that were shown off during the event. From the nyan cat bootloader, to the IRC botnet, to the random wall conversations that were had with the red team on another teams box, it was highly amusing and helped alleviate some of the stress.
Raffi (@armitagehacker) was graciously donating shells from the many, many boxes he had access to which was great for completing some of the other challenges that we hadn't finished yet. It was unfortunate that some of these were to our own machines 🙁
Lastly, the second day of competition seemed to bring out the most malicious in people. Boxes were going down left and right as teams were trying to knock each other out in hopes to score some extra service checks. There were so many casualties. We did our share of rm -rf'ing things, partially out of retaliation, and partially because it's not something that you have the opportunity of doing too often. And you know what? It was kinda fun.
Playfair Encryption/Decryption
2014 BSides ROC / Crypto Challenge Write-Up
My Favorite Challenge of the Fall 2019 Hackathon
Creating and Deleting Firefox Profiles
Michael Lisi on 2014 BSides ROC / Crypto Challenge Write-Up
JP B. on 2014 BSides ROC / Crypto Challenge Write-Up
Anonymous on Fun With Crypto
Michael Lisi on 2013 BSides ROC Crypto Challenge Write-Up
David Schuetz on 2013 BSides ROC Crypto Challenge Write-Up


text:
Alan D. Miller: Some of the most important election results are closest to home
With so much attention on the presidential election results, it could be easy to overlook the thousands of other important decisions voters made last week.
So while journalists at The Dispatch, ThisWeek Community News and our sister central Ohio newsrooms in Lancaster and Newark kept one eye on the big national race along with the rest of the country, they spent Election Night mostly focused on local results.
As your local news source, we fan out across the many communities in central Ohio on Election Day to bring you results about what we know is important to you in the places where you live. These races and issues might seem inconsequential in the grand scheme, but they are fundamental examples of the beauty, power and importance of our democracy.
With these local votes, we pick our leaders, set standards and boundaries, and provide funding for public purposes. In short, we control our future and the quality of life in our communities.
Franklin County voters, for example, overwhelmingly approved a levy to help fund soaring demand for mental-health services and addiction treatment. The renewal of the existing five-year, 2.2-mill levy supports the work of the Alcohol, Drug and Mental Health Board of Franklin County, also known as ADAMH.
In Delaware, voters approved by 59% the renewal of a school levy that generates 27% of its operating budget from property taxes.
Voters in Granville approved a 0.75 mill, five-year operating levy to support the Granville Recreation District.
Grandview Heights residents voted to renew the city's property tax which generates an estimated $1.9 million a year to fund general operations. And voters in both Minerva Park and Riverlea approved tax issues.
Voters in precincts facing liquor-sales questions approved many but not all of them. Voters in Columbus precinct 27-E, for example, were willing to approve weekday sales of alcohol at an East Side business by 12 votes but they apparently weren't willing to go so far as allowing sales on Sunday, rejecting that question by 25 votes.
Groveport voters approved two city charter amendments that amounted to bookkeeping changes but were clearly important to city officials and residents.
And in another example of how every vote counts, Gahanna voters virtually tied on Issue 22, a three-part package that includes two tax levies and a bond issue to fund the construction of a new high school.
As The Dispatch reported on Wednesday, just two votes out of more than 28,000 tallied in Tuesday's election were tipping the scales in favor of the issue, with 14,097 voters supporting it and 14,095 against it, according to unofficial results from the Franklin County Board of Elections.
That made it too close to call at that point, given that there were still outstanding absentee ballots to be counted in some precincts located in the school district. And in Ohio, any local election decided by less than half of 1% of votes triggers an automatic recount of ballots to ensure accuracy.
You might live elsewhere and have little interest in the Gahanna vote. But when such issues come up in your hometown, they become intensely important. That's why our news team started filling Dispatch.com and ThisWeekNews.com with results as soon as they were available on Tuesday night.
As with so many events and activities in this year of the coronavirus pandemic, it was an unusual night for the reporters, photographers and editors who worked Election Night. Typically, we would have been together in the newsroom, shouting results across the room to colleagues, calling for stories on deadline, eating cold pizza and drinking stale coffee late into the night.
This year, however, while a few reporters and photographers were out talking with candidates or the proponents and opponents of various issues, most of us worked from home or other remote locations.
We're grateful for the technology that allows us to bring you the news during a pandemic, because we know that while most eyes were on the presidential race, many of you had at least one eye on those important issues and races closest to home.
Alan D. Miller is editor of The Dispatch.
amiller@dispatch.com
@dispatcheditor


text:
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  <title>Creating a new application — Apache Usergrid 1.0 documentation</title>

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Introduction

Documentation Overview

Usergrid Features

Usergrid Data model

Async vs. sync calls

Getting Started

Creating an Usergrid Account

Creating a new application

Creating an application

Securing an application

Using a Sandbox Application

Using the API

Data Storage

The Usergrid Data Store

Data Store Best Practices

Collections

Entities

Data Queries

Querying your data

Query parameters & clauses

Query operators & data types

Advanced query usage

Entity Connections

Connecting entities

Retrieving connections

Disconnecting entities

Push Notifications

Push notifications overview

Adding push notifications support

Getting started with push notifications

Tutorial: Push notifications sample app

Registering with a notification service

Creating notifiers

Managing users and devices

Creating and managing notifications

Troubleshooting

Security & Authentication

Security & token authentication

Using permissions

Using roles

Authenticating users & app clients

Authentication levels

Changing token expiration (time-to-live)

Authenticating API requests

Revoking tokens (logout)

Facebook sign in

Security best practices

User Management & Social Graph

User management & social graph

Working with User Data

Working with group data

Activity

Social Graph Connections

Creating other connections

App Example - Messagee

Geo-location

Geolocating your Entities

Assets & Files

Uploading assets

Retrieving assets

Folders

Counters & Events

Counters & events

Creating & incrementing counters

Decrementing/resetting counters

Using counters hierarchically

Retrieving counters

Organizations & Applications

Organization & application management

Organization

Application

Admin user

API Reference

Methods

Models

Sub-Types

Client SDKs

COMING SOON...

Installing the Stack

Usegrid 1: Deploying to Tomcat

Usegrid 1: Launcher Quick-start

Usergrid 2.1.0 (unreleased) Deployment Guide

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Creating a new application

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Creating a new application¶

Creating an application¶

You can use the admin portal to create applications. An application
represents the data associated with your app. Through an application,
you handle the entities associated with your app, including users,
devices, events, and so on.

To create a new application with the admin portal:

In the admin portal, from the dropdown menu at the far top left,
select the organization to which you will add the new application.

Click the ADD NEW APP button, located at the top of the screen, next
to the application drop-down.

In the dialog box, enter a new application name, then click the
Create button. Your new application will automatically be selected in
the applications drop-down menu.

Applications can also be created programatically with a POST request
to the API. For more, see
Application.

Securing an application¶

If this is going to be a production application, be sure to configure
security roles that provide only the level of access your users will
need. For more on security, see Security Best
Practices .

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The Official Tour of Sufferlandria Race Numbers are ready for your collection. You can download the PPT file from here, change the number and name and then print it out, cut it and nail it to your jersey.
Thanks to Joe at TurboCrank.com for the inspiration!


Toronto, June 16, 2016 - Since 2004, ProArteDanza has been dazzling Canadian audiences with its signature full-throttle physicality and emotionally resonant performances, breaking down barriers between ballet and modern dance and showcasing the brightest talents from both worlds through work that is truly contemporary and of our time.
At the helm of "the best small-scale contemporary ballet company in Canada" (The Globe and Mail), Artistic Director Roberto Campanella has prepared an exciting season featuring a world premiere from himself and an Ontario premiere of an acclaimed work from Artistic Associate Robert Glumbek as its Mainstage Season 2016 programme, which will also tour to three cities in Ontario in early November, and culminate at Harbourfront Centre November 16-19 for its home season presentation.
The 2016 season also includes a Summer Intensive Program with public performances in September. In July, the company workshops the fourth and final instalment of its multi-year project to create a full-length dance work set to Beethoven's 9th Symphony, choreographed byCampanella and Glumbek (called a "A thrilling, 21st Century perspective on Beethoven" by the Globe and Mail's Martha Schabas).
September 1, 2 and 3 at Winchester Street Theatre, 80 Winchester St. at 8:00pm, followed by a reception each night. Tickets are $22 and go on sale August 8. Tickets will be available at http://proartedanza.com.
ProArteDanza's Summer Intensive Program gives pre-professional dancers all the ingredients for serious professional development and advancement. At the end of four weeks of high-level technical training and intense conditioning, students perform work by Roberto Campanella, Robert Glumbek, Benjamin Landsberg, Ryan Lee, Daniel McArthur, Tori Mehaffey and Erin Poole.
Friday, November 4 at 8pm at the Flato Markham Theatre in Markham.
Tickets go on sale to the public on August 9 and will be available by calling the Harbourfront Centre Box Office at 416-973-4000 and on ProArteDanza's website at http://proartedanza.com. Tickets: $25 - $45 nightly (discounts for students, seniors and groups).
For its Season 2016 Mainstage event, ProArteDanza presents a stunning evening of two works: Fearful Symmetries on its final world premiere Ontario tour stop from Artistic Director Roberto Campanella and a Toronto premiere ofDiversion, an acclaimed dance work from Artistic Associate Robert Glumbek.
Roberto Campanella's Fearful Symmetries uses music of the same name by John Adams that is, according to Adams, structured to give the impression of continuous movement over a shifting landscape. With that as a springboard, Campanella places his own experience as an immigrant to Canada in juxtaposition to the current generation of young artists influenced by urban aesthetics and pop culture, and delves into the cultural adaptation of our increasingly hectic and eclectic society.
Robert Glumbek's Diversion is an explosive, high-energy work that embodies ProArteDanza's motto, "passion in performance." Diversion examines various departures we experience in life, both the expected and the unexpected. As a company of eight dancers perform to a driving electronic score by Marconi Union, Diversion challenges and compels audiences with raw power and emotional subtlety. When Ballet B.C. premiered it in 2011, The Georgia Straight noted that it was "mind-blowing... <a> mix of grace, awkwardness, and explosive power... <that> gets the adrenaline going."


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Universities in Manipur
Manipur is a state in the North Eastern Region of India and is one of the "seven sister states" of the region. Being a small state and geographically challenged as it is in the higher regions of the country, education is steadily developing in the region. Both the Central as well as the State Government are making all efforts to develop the education level in the state by established facilities for higher education by establishing Universities in Manipur.
Despite the challenges, Manipur has a few institutions in the state that are of high repute. There are just two Central Universities in Manipur and they are the
About Manipur University
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The Central Agricultural University in Manipur
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The Manipur University is very extensive as it has about 70+ colleges imparting education in subjects ranging from Environment, Life sciences, medicine, law, management and Humanities. The university also has a constituent college under it which is highly reputed college for technological studies.
The Central Agricultural University is the university managed by the Central Government and has a number of courses conducted by it. Besides Agriculture, the other courses include Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Fisheries Horticulture & Forestry Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology and Home Science. All these courses are conducted in different colleges situated across the length and breadth of the state. Both undergraduate and postgraduate courses are conducted by the Universities in Manipur and imparted through the various colleges under it.
There are many technical institutes in Manipur some managed by the Central government like Institute Of National Importance. They are:
The Institute of Plastic Technology
The National institute of technology
The National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology
There is a Regional Medical College that is located in Manipur and has been functioning under the Government of India. The college and research center offers a range of medical and para-medical courses.
(2)Universities Found
Central Agricultural University, Imphal
Iroisemba,
Imphal - Manipur, India
Manipur University, Imphal
Canchipur Imphal - Manipur, India
Phone : +91 385 2435143, +91 385 2435765.
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Q: c++ gpa calculator not accepting grade input #include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int course, numberOfClasses; //declare variables
    double gradePointTotal = 0, gradePointAve; //initialize to 0
    string grade;

    cout << "GPA Calculator \n";
    cout << "\n Enter the number of classes ";
    cin >> numberOfClasses; // enter number of classes

    for (course = 1; course <= numberOfClasses; course++ ) // define loop
    {
        cout << "\n Enter a letter grade for class number " << course << ": ";
        cin >> grade; //Enter grade
        if ( grade == "A" || grade == "a") //accepts upper and lower case
            gradePointTotal = gradePointTotal + 4;
        else if ( grade == "B" || grade == "b")
            gradePointTotal = gradePointTotal + 3;
        else if ( grade == "C" || grade == "c")
            gradePointTotal = gradePointTotal + 2;
        else if ( grade == "D" || grade == "d")
            gradePointTotal = gradePointTotal + 1;
        else if ( grade == "F" || grade == "f")
            gradePointTotal = gradePointTotal + 0;

        gradePointAve = gradePointTotal / numberOfClasses; // calculate the GPA
        cout << "\n Your GPA is: " << gradePointAve << endl; // display GPA

    }
}

I'm a newb to C++. I am not exactly sure why...but my output is not correct. This program calculates gpa. I am able to enter the number of classes I am using, however-I can not enter the letter grades. I was getting an error with my line:
cin >> grade;
but I was able to fix the error message by adding #include . However, it is not doing what is expected....
Why can I not enter my letter grades when the console screen pops up?

A: gradePointAve = gradePointTotal / numberOfClasses; // wrong

is wrong, since you would imply that gradePointTotal contains all grades. but since you are looping, that's not the case.
You need to set course, not numberOfClasses as the quotient:
gradePointAve = gradePointTotal / course; // correct

at least that gives you the correct result.
And remove #include "stdafx.h", you don't need that. It's not really nice to have standard libraries in your project folder. And again, you don't need it for the code.


text:
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What makes Dana-Farber/Boston Children's a world-renowned pediatric cancer center?
Through our shared resources, we offer unmatched expertise in pediatric cancer and blood disorders. And you don't have to take our word for it. In 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranked our five-year cancer survival rate as excellent for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and neuroblastoma, and the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) determined that we were the only pediatric stem cell transplant center in the U.S. to exceed the expected survival rate for transplant patients in 2017.
Who benefits? The thousands of children, adolescents, and young adults we treat each year.


text:
Turpin parents' eldest son looked 'famished' at college, wore the same clothing all semester, report says
Brett Kelman
The eldest son of the Perris couple who is accused of starving and torturing their thirteen children attended classes at Mt. San Jacinto Community College, where a classmate has described him as shy, frail and visibly hungry, according to a news report.
Angie Parra, a classmate at the Riverside County college, said in an interview with NBC Los Angeles that the introverted young man was "sweet but odd" and wore the same clothing all semester.
"I could see sadness in his face," Parra told the news station. "His eyes – he never wanted to make eye contact with anyone."
Parra also recalled how her "famished" classmate once scarfed down food at a school potluck.
"He stood by the table and didn't sit down with a plate," Parra said in the NBC interview. "He literally ate plate after plate after plate."
MORE:Perris parents, accused of torturing 13 kids, dreamed of a reality show about their family, reports say
This young man is one of the thirteen children of David and Louise Turpin, 56 and 49, who are accused of beating, strangling, chaining and starving their kids so severely that it stunted their growth. The Turpins were arrested last week after authorities found their children – ages 2 to 29 – trapped in inhumane conditions at an unassuming house in Perris. Their parents have been charged with multiple counts of torture and face life in prison if convicted.
Despite this harsh captivity, authorities say the Turpins allowed their oldest son to attend some college classes. During a press conference last week, District Attorney Mike Hestrin said Louise Turpin would go to the campus with her son, wait outside the classroom and then immediately escort him home.
RELATED::The Turpin Torture Diaries: Hundreds of journals found in home with 13 captive children
Mt. San Jacinto College confirmed in a public statement that one of the Turpin children attended classes, but said it could not release more information because of privacy laws. The college called the allegations "extremely disturbing" and said the college was "deeply saddened and horrified to hear of the allegations involving these children."
ABC News, which says it has obtained a transcript from the college, is reporting that the Turpin son attended the school for six semesters and maintained a 3.93 grade point average.
The Turpin's captive children were discovered on Jan. 14 after a 17-year-old girl escaped the Perris house through a window and called for help. Hestrin, the district attorney, said three of the children were found in chained to beds. Prosecutors believe Turpin parents punished their children by chaining them for weeks or months at a time.
"I will tell you as a prosecutor, there are cases that stick with you, they haunt you," Hestrin said. "Sometimes in this business we are faced with human depravity. That is what we are looking at here."
Both Turpin suspects pleaded not guilty during a brief hearing last week. Their attorneys declined to discuss the substance of the case.
Reporter Brett Kelman covers public safety for The Desert Sun. He can be reached at (760) 778-4642 or brett.kelman@desertsun.com or followed on Twitter @TDSbrettkelman.


Since emerging as a powerful heavyweight in the nationwide uprising against the United States after the 2003 invasion, Al Sadr has been a pivotal player in Iraqi politics. Starting off as a slow and very uncharismatic speaker whose only political credential was his family name, Moqtada Al Sadr evolved quickly on a personal and professional level, developing eloquent speaking skills, a powerful militia, a network of charity organisations that included hospitals and schools, and an influential bloc in the Iraqi parliament.
His Mahdi Army, which reigns in the ghettos of Baghdad, was modelled after Hezbollah. The mullahs of Iran always had high hopes in him, seeing that he would make a perfect proxy for the Islamic republic in the Arab world when and if Hezbollah parted the scene in Lebanon.
In Tehran, there is an ever-present fear that at one point in time, Hezbollah will no longer be able to carry out the duties for which it was originally formed back in 1982.
They include empowering Shiites in the Arab world and exporting revolutionary Khomeinism. This would happen if Hezbollah ever got dragged into a new civil war in Lebanon or if it were crushed in a war with Israel, or if it were ever abandoned by Syria, which remains the lifeline for Hezbollah arms coming from Iran.
When the Syrians and Israelis went into indirect peace talks, via Turkish mediation, back in 2008, Iran started investing heavily in the Mahdi Army, labelling it as a Plan B.
They were afraid that at one point, if Syria got what it wanted on the Golan, it would part ways with Hezbollah. As far as they are concerned, a Syrian regime that has signed peace with Israel was equal to a Syrian regime that had fallen — two things that they were determined, should never happen.
The conditions in which Hezbollah was founded in the early 1980s very much applied to Iraq after 2003. The state was completely absent, the army had broken down along sectarian lines, lawlessness prevailed, and arms were everywhere, waiting to be picked up by poverty-stricken Arab Shiites on Iran's payroll.
Before his assassination in Damascus in February 2008, prominent Hezbollah chief Imad Mughnieh was reportedly working on a revamp of the Mahdi Army. Back then, the activities of Al Sadr's militia were "frozen" while Iran handled the purging of it of rowdy elements and transforming it into a unified, well-trained, and properly indoctrinated fighting force. Al Sadr was transported to Qom to continue his religious training, earmarked for scholarly promotion from 'seyed' to 'ayatollah', which if obtained, would have given him theological authority to issue fatwas and lead Iraqi Shiites from above, rather than from below.
Al Sadr never continued his studies in Iran, returning home to help set up the Popular Mobilisation Units, some of which were sent to Syria to fight alongside Hezbollah after the outbreak of the present war in 2011. His army was then remobilised to fight Daesh, taking on the name 'Saraya Al Salam' in 2014.
What then triggered Al Sadr's sudden U-turn? Syria's state-run media has refrained from criticising the firebrand cleric, who was often hailed as a "friend" and whose news often made it to the front page of Syrian dailies. Was it a ploy by the Iranians, playing "good cop/bad cop" in Shiite circles of Iraq? Or was it part of Al Sadr's ongoing campaign to bring down the cabinet of Prime Minister Haider Al Abadi through massive protests in the streets of Baghdad accusing it of corruption and of selling out to the Americans. Within the powerful Iraqi Shiite community, many fear and distrust the 43-year old cleric, who emerged out of nowhere to challenge long-established political families like the Hakims and their political machine, the Supreme Iraqi Islamic Council. Often his militias roamed the streets of Iraq, striking at traditional Sunni enemies but also, taking gabs at the Hakim's Badr Organisation, an Iran-funded militia that fought alongside the Iranian Army during its eight-year war with Saddam Hussain.
Is Al Sadr repositioning himself as an 'independent Shiite', distancing himself from the Iranians, expecting a confrontation between the Islamic republic and the Trump White House? Others have done it before, like Subhi Al Tufaili, the first secretary-general of Hezbollah, who now stands as a fiery critic both of Iran and Nasrallah.
Al Sadr cannot go that far — at least for now — fearing systematic character slaughter, isolation within the global Shiite community and perhaps political or even physical elimination at home. Instead he may have decided to send off signals, seeing how other players in the region would respond.
So far nobody has come knocking on his door, except for a delegation from Hezbollah, seeking an explanation for his deviance and wanting to know how he can be accommodated to keep the "Shiite family" united. He has played this game before, striking at former prime minister Nouri Al Maliki, an all-time Iran favourite, after having helped bring him to power in 2006.
When naming his price, Al Sadr outlined a long list of cabinet seats, pockets of influence, and quotas in the Iraqi parliament. Iran nodded back then, and he backed out, putting his full weight behind Al Maliki until the latter's ouster in 2014. He might be hoping to do the same again in 2017 — using Syria this time, to attract the attention of Tehran — yet perhaps, with a whole new set of demands on Iraq's domestic scene.


Colleen received her Bachelor of Arts Degree in Communications at State University of New York in New Paltz, NY. Colleen later made the move to Minnesota and attended St. Cloud State University where she received her initial teaching license in Special Education for students with Emotional Behavioral Disorders. Shortly after, Colleen attended the University of MN in order to complete her Vocational license as a Work Experience Coordinator. She continued to complete her Master's in Education at the University of MN in Work, Family and Community Education, while also receiving her Work Based Learning and Career Accommodation Specialist endorsements.
Colleen has been a Work Experience Coordinator and Transition Lead for Hopkins School District since 2001.
Colleen was honored with a 2007 Teacher of Excellence Award by BestPrep. This award is given to outstanding teachers who have used BestPrep's programs to educate Minnesota students about business, financial literacy, and career education.


text:
Not to be confused with preventive war, namely an anticipatory war in the face of a less immediate threat.
"Preemptive strike" redirects here. For other uses, see Preemptive strike (disambiguation).
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A preemptive war is a war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes. It is a war that preemptively 'breaks the peace'.
The term 'preemptive war' is sometimes confused with the term 'preventive war'. The difference is that a preventive war is launched to destroy the potential threat of the targeted party, when an attack by that party is not imminent or known to be planned. A preemptive war is launched in anticipation of immediate aggression by another party.[1] Most contemporary scholarship equates preventive war with aggression, and therefore argues that it is illegitimate.[2] The waging of a preemptive war has less stigma attached than does the waging of a preventive war.[3]
The initiation of armed conflict: that is being the first to 'break the peace' when no 'armed attack' has yet occurred, is not permitted by the UN Charter, unless authorized by the UN Security Council as an enforcement action. Some authors have claimed that when a presumed adversary first appears to be beginning confirmable preparations for a possible future attack, but has not yet actually attacked, that the attack has in fact 'already begun', however this opinion has not been upheld by the UN.[4][5]
1 Theory and practice of preemptive war
1.1 Prior to World War I
1.2 World War I (1914–1918)
1.3 League of Nations period (1919–1939)
1.4 World War II period (1939–1945)
1.5 1967 Arab–Israeli War (Six Day War)
1.6 2003 U.S.-Iraq War
1.6.1 Arguments for preemptive war made during the Bush administration
1.6.1.1 Sofaer's four elements
1.6.1.2 Walzer's three elements
1.6.1.3 The counter proliferation self-help paradigm
1.7 Post–Bush administration period (2009–present)
2 Intention
3 Legality
Theory and practice of preemptive war[edit]
Prior to World War I[edit]
As early as 1625, Hugo Grotius characterized a state's right of self-defense to include the right to forestall an attack forcibly.[6] In 1685, the Scottish government conducted a preemptive strike against the Clan Campbell, called the Argyll Whigs.[7] In 1837, a certain legal precedent regarding preemptive wars was established in the Caroline affair when British forces in Canada crossed the United States border and killed several Canadian rebels and one American citizen who were preparing an offensive against the British in Canada. The United States rejected the legal ground of the Caroline case. In 1842, US Secretary of State Daniel Webster said that the necessity for forcible reaction must be "instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation." That formulation is part of the Caroline test, which "is broadly cited as enshrining the appropriate customary law standard."[8]
World War I (1914–1918)[edit]
Austro-Hungarian Chief of the General Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf argued for a preemptive war against Serbia in 1913.[9] Serbia had the image of an aggressive and expansionist power and was seen as a threat to Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[9] The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 1914) was used as an excuse for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia, leading to World War I.[10]
During the course of the destructive and costly World War I, for the first time in history, the concept of "the war to end war" began to be seriously considered.[11] As a further expression of that hope, upon the conclusion of the war, the League of Nations was formed. Its primary aim was to prevent war, as all signatories were required to agree to desist from the initiation of all wars, preemptive or otherwise. All of the victorious nations emerging out of World War I eventually signed the agreement, with the notable exception of the United States.[12]
League of Nations period (1919–1939)[edit]
Japanese experts inspect the scene of the 'railway sabotage' at Mukden on South Manchurian Railway
During the 1920s, the League peaceably settled numerous international disputes, and was generally perceived as succeeding in its primary purpose. It was only in the 1930s that its effectiveness in preventing wars began to come into question. Such questions began to arise when it first became apparent in 1931 that it was incapable of halting aggression by Japan in Manchuria. In the Mukden Incident, Japan claimed to be fighting a 'defensive war' in Manchuria, attempting to 'preempt' supposedly aggressive Chinese intentions towards the Japanese. According to the Japanese, the Chinese had started the war by blowing up a railway line near Mukden, China. Therefore, the Chinese were the aggressors, and the Japanese were merely 'defending themselves'. A predominance of evidence has since indicated that the railway had in fact been blown up by Japanese operatives.[13]
Gliwice Radio Tower today. It was the scene of the Gleiwitz incident in September 1939
In 1933, the impotency of the League became more pronounced when notices were provided by Japan and Germany that they would be terminating their memberships in the League. Italy shortly followed suit and exited the League in 1937.[14] Soon, Italy and Germany also began engaging in militaristic campaigns designed to either enlarge their borders or to expand their sphere of military control, and the League was shown to be powerless to stop them.[14] The perceived impotency of the League was a contributing factor which eventually led to the full outbreak of World War II in 1939.[15] The start of World War II is generally dated from the event of Germany's invasion of Poland. It is noteworthy that Germany claimed at the time that its invasion of Poland was in fact a 'defensive war,' as it had allegedly been invaded by a group of Polish saboteurs, signaling a potentially larger invasion of Germany by Poland that was soon to be under way. Thus, Germany was left with no option but to preemptively invade Poland, thereby halting the alleged Polish plans to invade Germany. It was later discovered that Germany had fabricated the evidence for the alleged Polish saboteurs as a part of the Gleiwitz incident.
World War II period (1939–1945)[edit]
Once again, during the course of the even more widespread and lethal World War II, the hope of somehow definitively ending all war (including preemptive war) was seriously discussed. That dialogue ultimately resulted in the re-establishment of the successor organization to the old League, namely the United Nations (UN). As with the League, the primary aim and hope of the new UN was the prevention of all wars (including preemptive wars). Unlike the previous League, the organization had the support of the United States.
In analyzing the many components of World War II, if one might consider as separate individual wars, the various attacks on previously neutral countries, one might consider the attacks against Iran and Norway to have been preemptive wars.
In the case of Norway, the 1940 German invasion of Norway in the 1946 Nuremberg trials the German defense argued that Germany was "compelled to attack Norway by the need to forestall an Allied invasion and that her action was therefore preemptive."[16] The German defence was referring to Plan R 4 and its predecessors. Norway was vital to Germany as a transport route for iron ore from Sweden, a supply that Britain was determined to stop. One adopted British plan was to go through Norway and occupy cities in Sweden.[17][18] An Allied invasion was ordered on March 12, and the Germans intercepted radio traffic setting March 14 as deadline for the preparation.[19] Peace in Finland interrupted the Allied plans, but Hitler became, rightly, convinced that the Allies would try again, and ordered operation Weseruebung.
The new Allied plans were Wilfred and Plan R 4. The plan was to provoke a German reaction by laying mines in Norwegian waters, and once Germany showed signs of taking action UK troops would occupy Narvik, Trondheim and Bergen and launch a raid on Stavanger to destroy Sola airfield. However, "the mines were not laid until the morning of 8 April, by which time the German ships were advancing up the Norwegian coast."[20] However The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg determined that no Allied invasion was imminent, and therefore rejected the German argument that Germany was entitled to attack Norway.[21]
In the case of Iran, in which Soviet and British forces preemptively invaded this country, see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
1967 Arab–Israeli War (Six Day War)[edit]
See also: Pre-emptive nuclear strike
Israeli Air Force personnel inspect the wreckage of an Egyptian aircraft shot down over Sinai during the Six-Day War.
Israel incorporates preemptive war in its strategic doctrine in order to maintain a credible deterrent posture, based on its lack of strategic depth. [22][23][24] The Six-Day War, which began when Israel launched a successful attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967, has been widely described as a preemptive war[25][26][27][28] and is, according to the United States State Department, "perhaps the most cited example [of preemption]".[29] Others have alternatively referred to it as a preventive war.[30] Some have referred to the war as an act of "interceptive self-defense."[31] According to that view, no single Egyptian step may have qualified as an armed attack, but Egypt's collective actions made clear that she was bent on armed attack against Israel. One academic has claimed that Israel's attack was not permissible under the Caroline test, as that there was no overwhelming threat to Israel's survival.[32]
2003 U.S.-Iraq War[edit]
See also: 2003 Invasion of Iraq
The doctrine of preemption gained renewed interest following the U.S. invasion of Iraq. The Bush administration claimed it was necessary to intervene to prevent Saddam Hussein from deploying weapons of mass destruction (WMD). At that time, U.S. decision-makers claimed Saddam's WMD might be given to terrorist groups, and claimed that security of the nation was at a great risk. Congress passed its joint resolution in October 2002, authorizing the president to use military force against Saddam Hussein's regime.[33] However, The Iraq Intelligence Commission confirmed in its 2005 report that no nuclear weapons or biological weapons capability existed. Many critics questioned the true intention of Bush administration for invading Iraq, based on possibility of retaliation on the terrorist attacks which occurred on September 11, 2001. It is still unclear whether the U.S. invasion of Iraq was legally justifiable and, what, if any, gains were achieved by the U.S. as a result of the war.[citation needed]
Arguments for preemptive war made during the Bush administration[edit]
Sofaer's four elements[edit]
The scholar Abraham D. Sofaer identified four key elements for justification of preemption:[34]
The nature and magnitude of the threat involved;
The likelihood that the threat will be realized unless preemptive action is taken;
The availability and exhaustion of alternatives to using force; and
Whether using preemptive force is consistent with the terms and purposes of the U.N. Charter and other applicable international agreements.
Walzer's three elements[edit]
Professor Mark R. Amstutz (citing Michael Walzer) adopted a similar but slightly varied set of criteria and noted three factors when evaluating the justification of a preemptive strike.[35]
The existence of an intention to injure;
The undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger; and
The need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk.
The counter proliferation self-help paradigm[edit]
Israeli Air Force F-16A Netz 107 with 6.5 aerial victory marks and Osirak bombing mark
The proliferation of WMDs by rogue nations gave rise to a certain argument by scholars concerning preemption.[36][37][38] They argued that the threat need not be "imminent" in the classic sense and that the illicit acquisition of these weapons, with their capacity to unleash massive destruction, by rogue states, created the requisite threat to peace and stability as to have justified the use of preemptive force. NATO's Deputy Assistant Secretary General for WMD, Guy Roberts cited the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the 1998 US attack on a Sudanese pharmaceutical plant, (identified by US intelligence to have been a chemical weapons facility) and the 1981 Israeli attack on Iraq's nuclear facility at Osirak as examples of the counter-proliferation self-help paradigm.[39] Regarding the Osirak attack, Roberts noted that at the time, few legal scholars argued in support of the Israeli attack but notes further that, "subsequent events demonstrated the perspicacity of the Israelis, and some scholars have re-visited that attack arguing that it was justified under anticipatory self-defense."[40] Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, American forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Sadaam Hussein had with his inner sanctum.[41] The archive of documents and recorded meetings confirm that Hussein was indeed aiming to strike at Israel.[41] In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated that, "Once Iraq walks out victorious, there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors he noted, "Technically, they [the Israelis] are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq."[41]
Post–Bush administration period (2009–present)[edit]
After the departure of the Bush administration, the Obama administration adopted and continued many policies of the Bush Doctrine.[42]
Intention[edit]
Find sources: "Preemptive war" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The intention with a preemptive strike is to gain the advantage of initiative and to harm the enemy at a moment of minimal protection, for instance, while vulnerable during transport or mobilization.
In his work titled "Rationalist Explanations for War", James Fearon attributes the use of preemptive strikes by rational states to both offensive advantages and commitment problems between states.[43] When a nation possesses a first strike advantage and believes itself to have a high probability of winning a war, then there is a narrower de facto bargaining range between them and an opposing country for peaceful settlements. In extreme cases, if the probability of winning minus the probable costs of war is high enough, then no self-enforcing peaceful outcome exists. In his discussion of preventative war arising from a commitment problem, Fearon builds an infinite-horizon model expected payoffs from period t on are (pt/(l - δ)) - Ca for state A and ((1 -pt)/(l - δ)) - Cb for state B, where Ca and Cb are costs incurred the respective states and δ is the state discount of the future period payoffs. This model shows that a peaceful settlement can be reached at any period that both states prefer, but strategic issues arise when there is no credible third-party guaranteer of the both states committing to a peaceful foreign policy. If there is going to be a shift in the military power between states in the future and no credible restraint is placed on the rising military power not to exploit its future advantage, then it is rational for the state with declining military power to use a preventative attack while it has a higher chance of winning the war. Fearon points out that the declining state attacks not due to fear of a future attack, but because the peace settlement in the future would be worse for it than in the current period. The lack of trust that leads to a declining power's preemptive strike does not stem from uncertainty about intentions of different nations, but rather "the situation, the structure of preferences and opportunities, that gives one party incentive to renege" on its peaceful cooperation and exploit its increased military potential in the future to win a more profitable peace settlement for itself. Thus, Fearon shows that preemptive military action is taken by nations when there is an unfavorable shift in military potential in the future which leads to a shrinking bargain range for a peaceful settlement in the current period, but with no credible commitment by the other party to not exploit their improved military potential in the future.
Legality[edit]
Further information: War of aggression, Jus ad bellum, and UN Charter
Article 2, Section 4 of the U.N. Charter is generally considered to be jus cogens (literally: "compelling law", in practice: "higher international law"), and prohibits all UN members from exercising "the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state". But in the modern framework of the UN Charter, it is the phrase "armed attack occurs" in Article 51[44] that draws the line between legitimate and illegitimate military force.[33] Some scholars believe it is reasonable to assume that if no armed attack has yet occurred that no automatic justification for preemptive 'self-defense' has yet been made 'legal' under the UN Charter. In order to be justified as an act of self-defense, two conditions must be fulfilled which are widely regarded as necessary for its justification. The first of these is that actor must have believed that the threat is real, as opposed to (merely) perceived. The second condition is that the force used in self-defense must be proportional to the harm which the actor is threatened. When it comes to a situation where an armed attack is considered as a self-defense, it usually narrows realistic options for avoidance by nonviolent means such as negotiation, retreat, or calling upon higher authorities (such as the police or the UN).[45]
Controversies relating to the Six-Day War
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Battleplan (documentary TV series)
Bush Doctrine
Caroline affair
Dwight D. Eisenhower statements on 'preventive war' in WikiQuote
Jus ad bellum
War of aggression
Pre-emptive nuclear strike (counterforce)
Soviet offensive plans controversy
Hobbesian trap
^ Beres, Louis Rene (1991–1992), On Assassination as Anticipatory Self-Defense: The Case of Israel, 20, Hofstra L. Rev., p. 321
^ Shue, Henry and Rhodin, David (2007). Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-923313-7
^ Shue and Rodin 2007, p. 118.
^ "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: a Reconsideration" (PDF). 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-02. A US Army sponsored discussion of various justifications for preemptive, preventive and 'precautionary' war.
^ "Adoption of Policy of Pre-emption Could Result in Proliferation of Uniliteral, Lawless Use of Force: By Kofi Annan". 2003. Retrieved 2010-12-02. Kofi Annan discusses his unwillingness to accept proposed new changes in UN policy towards the use of preemptive force, and why.
^ Beres, Louis R. (1991), Permissibility of State-Sponsored Assassination during Peace and War, The, 5, Temp. Int'l & Comp. L.J., p. 231
^ Thomas Heyck (27 September 2013). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1688 to 1914. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-41521-2.
^ Duffy, Helen (2005). The 'War on Terror' and the Framework of International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.ISBN 978-0521547352
^ a b Richard L. DiNardo (14 April 2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-4408-0093-1.
^ Michael S. Neiberg (2007). The World War I Reader. NYU Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8147-5832-8.
^ "United States History: Woodrow Wilson". 2010. Retrieved 1010-11-30. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Discussion of Woodrow Wilson's desire to make World War I the War to End All Wars.
^ "Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site: League of Nations article". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Article summarizing the primary objective of the League of Nations.
^ "Mukden Incident and Manchukuo: C. Peter Chen". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Details of the Mukden Incident
^ a b "League of Nations Timeline". 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-30. A timeline of all major League events.
^ "Factmonster Encyclopedia— League of Nations: Successes and Failures". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Description of the demise of the League of Nations.
^ Myres Smith McDougal, Florentino P. Feliciano, The International Law of War: Transnational Coercion and World Public Order" pp. 211, 212
^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 59 "The British plan which was adopted was more modest. While ostensibly intended to bring Allied troops to the Finnish front, it laid its main emphasis on operations in northern Norway and Sweden. The main striking force was to land at Narvik and advance along the railroad to its eastern terminus at Lulea, occupying Kiruna and Gallivare along the way. By late April two Allied brigades were to be established along that line."
^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 66, 67 "The British held back two divisions from France, intending to put them into the field in Norway, and planned to expand their force eventually to 100,000 men. The French intended to commit about 50,000. The British and French staffs agreed that the latter half of March would be the best time for going into Norway;"
^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p.67,68 "The objectives were to take Narvik, the railroad, and the Swedish ore fields;" "an intercepted radio message setting 14 March as the deadline for preparation of transport groups indicated that the Allied operation was getting under way. But another message, intercepted on the 15th, ordering the submarines to disperse revealed that the peace [in Finland] had disrupted the Allied plan."
^ "COMMAND DECISIONS", CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2000. URL p. 68
^ "http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter03/lawregulatingresorttoforce.html". Archived from the original on 2009-10-14. External link in |title= (help)
^ "Israel's Strategic Doctrine" (PDF). Rand Corporation. September 1981. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ ""Israel's National Security Doctrine: The Report of the Committee on the Formulation of the National Security Doctrine (Meridor Committee), Ten Years Later."" (PDF). Institute for National Security Studies (Israel). February 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ "Strategic Doctrine - Israel". Federation of American Scientists. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ The Six Day War is, "A classic example of preemptive war." Henry Shue, David Rodin Preemption: military action and moral justification
^ "Classic examples of preemptive wars include the July Crisis of 1914 and the Six Day War of 1967 in which Israel preemptively attacked Egypt...." Karl P. Mueller Striking first: preemptive and preventive attack in U.S. national security
^ "The Six Day War between Israel and alliance of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq was an example of preemption." And, "It exemplifies preemption." Charles W. Kegley, Gregory A. Raymond The Global Future: A Brief Introduction to World Politics
^ "Preemptive attack is morally justified when three conditions are fulfilled: The existence of an intention to injure, the undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger, and the need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk. Since these conditions were met in Israel's Six Day War, Israel's preemptive attack on Egypt on June 5, 1967 was a legitimate act of self-defense." Mark R. Amstutz International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
^ "The United States has often walked a fine line between preemption and prevention. In fact there have only been a handful of clear-cut cases of military preemption by any states in the last 200 years. (Israeli preemption in the Six Day War of 1967 is perhaps the most cited example)" U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era U.S. Department of State (2002)
^ Choice or Necessity (New York Times, May 8, 2009)
^ Distein, Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defense p. 192, Cambridge University Press (2005)
^ "The closest case that might have, but is now regarded as not having met the Caroline test, was Israel's first strike against Egypt in 1967. Few regarded it as a good example of a permissible anticipatory attack under the Caroline test, especially after it became clear following the attack that there was no overwhelming threat that justified the attack to ensure Israel's survival. Gathii, James Thuo. "Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Preemptive War Under the Doctrine of Sources." Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1–34, 2005.
^ a b George, and Jens Ohlin. Defending Humanity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
^ Sofaer Abraham D (2003). "On the Necessity of Pre-emption". European Journal of International Law. 14 (2): 220.
^ Mark R. Amstutz, International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics
^ Col Guy Roberts, USMC (Ret) 27 Denver Journal of International Law & Policyy 483
^ Steven C. Welsh, Preemptive War and International Law Center for Defense Information, 5 December 2003
^ Kacerauskis pp. 84–85
^ Roberts, n. 528–536
^ Roberts n. 530–532
^ a b c Gordon, Michael, R. (25 October 2011). "Papers From Iraqi Archive Reveal Conspiratorial Mind-Set of Hussein". New York Times. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Krauthammer, Charles (23 May 2011). "Obama adopts the Bush Doctrine". Chicago Tribune.
^ Fearon, James (1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War". International Organization. 49: 379–414. doi:10.1017/s0020818300033324.
^ "https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml/". External link in |title= (help)
^ David, and Henry Shue. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
Look up prevenge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Preemptive warfare: A viable strategic option
Can a member of The United Nations unilaterally decide to use preemptive force against another state without violating the UN Charter? Vytautas Kacerauskis, International Journal of Baltic Law Volume 2, No. 1 (January, 2005) ISSN 1648-9349
ThoughtCast speaks with Alan Dershowitz about his book "Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways"...
The American Strategy of Preemptive War and International Law
The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense Mary Ellen O'Connell Professor of Law
Pre-emptive Self-Defence, International Law and US Policy Chris Richter
U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era U.S. Department of State
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preemptive_war&oldid=936198071"
Counter-terrorism in the United States
Crime of aggression
George W. Bush administration controversies
Laws of war
Wars by type
Articles needing additional references from July 2017


text:
Home News New laws to protect subcontractors and...
New laws to protect subcontractors and small business introduced in WA
Civil Construction, Commercial Construction
New laws have been approved in Western Australia to guard subcontractors and small businesses in the wake of increasing payment disputes in the construction sector.
Under the new laws, the Small Business Commissioner has larger powers to explore inappropriate behaviour such as price gouging and late or non-payments of insurance claims or rejection of claims.
The reforms come into effect immediately.
According to Small Business Minister Paul Papalia, the laws were put in place to respond to an increasing number of insolvencies and payment quarrels in the construction industry.
"At a time when small businesses confront incredible challenges, the likes of which have never been seen in modern times, it's more important than ever that we provide greater powers for an authority that supports the little guy," he said.
"They will also provide an extra layer of protection for small businesses as they navigate the COVID-19 pandemic."
In addition to the Small Business Development Corporation's (SBDC) current dispute resolution service, the commissioner will now have the power to compel government entities, companies and businesses to deliver documents during the course of investigations.
"In the past, there were many highly publicised cases of insolvencies and disputes over payments owed to small businesses especially in relation to government projects," Papalia said.
"Behind those headlines were the stories of real people with cautionary tales of mismanagement, deceit, intimidation and grief."
Papalia said the Small Business Commissioner can now carry out inquiries based on industry and inter-agency intelligence and grievances from small businesses.
"A specialised investigations and inquiry unit within the SBDC is now up and running, and is aimed at improving corporate and government processes and identifying unfair practices," he said.
"These new powers come after years of advocacy by both myself and the Small Business Commissioner, and strengthen the role of the SBDC in maintaining good business relationships throughout WA."
Small Business Commissioner David Eaton said the reforms will support the current role of the SBDC, which has been providing information and support services to small business owners and operators across Western Australia for more than 35 years.
"The SBDC is independent and impartial, so the legislative changes will not alter its service culture, nor will it compromise the voluntary nature of its highly successful dispute resolution service that has the support of large and small businesses," he said.
"In the current environment, businesses large and small need to work together to secure cash flow and employment. However if that does not occur, then these new tools allow my team to investigate poor behaviour and bring it to the attention of the most appropriate body."
Once a complaint is lodged, Eaton said the SBDC will seek to validate it through robust investigations before pursuing or refusing a claim.
"My objective is to establish facts and not target any particular company or industry," he added.
"Ultimately my goal is a fair operating environment for all businesses across Western Australia."
Western Australia obtains record resources sales
Restrictions lifted on $3.6B Queen's Wharf Brisbane development


text:
Penn students compete to offer big ideas
University of Pennsylvania students competed Sunday night to offer the most compelling ideas for improving Philadelphia.
Some of the ideas presented were bigger than others. The winning student team made a proposal called "Closing Schools, Opening Opportunities." It addressed the Philadelphia school district's need to close a nubmer of school buildings to save money and avoid unused space.
The student teams made presentations to a panel of judges in an event at WHYY.
Sarah Besnoff, a law student, explains that her team suggested selling off the most marketable buildings first to pay for redevelopment of the remaining hard cases, which might otherwise sit for a long time.
"We don't want these to just be sold for as low a value as they can possible get," she said. "We want them to be sold through thoughtful stewardship, and we also want to make sure the necessary things for the safety and the security of the buildings happens."
That would be present challenges for a district strapped for cash. But Besnoff's team – which included former law student Aaron Tjoa and architecture students Evan Litvin and Lea Oxenhandler – argued that their idea would save money in the long run.
By deeding the properties to the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority, they said, the district will save will save costs of ongoing maintainance of the properties.
As one judge put it, the argument was that the school district should stick to education and let somebody else with more experience at real estate handle the buildings.
For proposing the winning strategy, the team won $10,000 and the right to move onto a national competition on April 22 at the National Constitution Center.
The contest was organized by the Fels Institute of Government. Fels assembled a panel of judges with lots of real-world experience in government and policy.
One judge, Philadelphia Councilwoman Marian Tasco, explained why the panel liked the schools proposal:
"I think the complexity of it shows their strength and a commitment to an idea that may be difficult. That is important when you're competing nationally."
Some of the other teams still hope to make a go of realizing their proposals for the region.
Several teams pointed to examples in other cities to make the case for the feasibility of ideas the city has been reluctant to adopt, including a bike share program. One proposal called for the creation of a pilot program of what's called a medical home model, providing intensive support to low-income patients at high risk for hospitalization.
A similar program is in place in Camden.
6abc
'Temple has left us no choice': Group of TU teaching assistants, research assistants go on strike
Temple released a statement reading in part, "TUGSA continues to demand...benefits not available to even full-time employees."
Better pay for Delaware child care workers among recommendations in new report
More than 10,000 Delaware child care workers earn 'unlivable' wages, according to a new report from the state Office of Early Learning.
Philly advocates are urging mayoral candidates to 'make children a priority'
Forty nonprofits and counting have joined the Kids' Campaign, a nonpartisan effort focused on centering the voices of children and families in Philly's mayoral race.


Felipe Nasr has hinted that he will stay with Sauber in 2017.
Earlier, the Brazilian struggled with the car prepared by the Swiss team, and amid Sauber's fight for survival he hinted he would take his major Banco do Brasil backing elsewhere.
But Sauber has subsequently been financial rescued, and 24-year-old Nasr now seems much happier where he is.
"It's been a difficult year, not just for me but for the whole team," he told Brazil's Globo.
Despite that, he said he has kept working hard throughout the season.
"Who is in our situation knows that you cannot just analyse the results, but I have always tried to pull the team up and look at the positive side of things -- and this work will be critical for 2017," said Nasr.
Nasr had been linked with potential moves to Renault or Williams for 2017, and he doesn't deny those talks.
"Yes, we had contacts," he said. "I had had options, but at the moment we have not made a decision. It's a matter of waiting.
"What I see is that Sauber is on a constructive path since the arrival of the new investors. It is an attractive team and I hope to announce my future soon," added Nasr.


text:
Eric Latiff
Eric Latiff is a seasoned journalist at KTN News, having amassed over 20 years in the media industry.
Latiff is also a radio host at Spice FM radio which is owned by Standard Media Group. He hosts the Situation Room, a popular conversational show focusing on political and current affairs.
Despite his academic background being in Telecommunications Engineering, Rose and David Kamotho capitalised on his experience to launch K24 in 2006.
At Media Max, Latiff also served as a Founding Station Manager before he left for Family TV, where he served as a TV producer.
Before joining KTN, he had a 13 years stint at Capital FM as an Online Editor.
The highlight of his career in 2022 was moderating the Presidential Debate, which was graced by President William Ruto. Although Azimio la Umoja candidate Raila Odinga skipped the debate, Latiff projected his understanding of economic issues and trending political issues that kept Ruto on his toes.
Latiff moderated the debate alongside Citizen TV news anchor Yvonne Okwara.


text:
The PKK threatens Erdogan
By Manolis Kostidis/ Published on: 10/09/2013
By Manolis Kostidis – Ankara
Turkey is rocked by the PKK decision to freeze the withdrawal process of Kurdish guerillas from Turkish territories.
Already these last few days there was information that Kurdish rebels has stopped their withdrawal as the leadership of the PKK believes the Erdogan government has not fulfilled almost any promise based on the peace agreement between the two sides.
The commander of the PKK, Gemil Bagik said in an interview a few day ago that "some people are trying to sabotage the peace process and if attacked we will defend ourselves hard and send our guerillas back to Turkey". He also reminded that the PKK had released prisoners held for years, declared truce and begun the withdrawal of forces.
The agreement was reached after successive meetings between the chief of the Turkish Secret Service (MIT) and Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan who is imprisoned on the island of Imrali. But all the terms of the agreement were never disclosed. What was made known is that the PKK agreed to call truce and start withdrawing troops from Turkey, with the Erdogan government promising the democratization of the country, the release of thousands of Kurds and granting the right to teach the Kurdish language in the southeastern provinces. So far, no concrete step has been made on these issues.
The announcement that the withdrawal process would freeze was made by PKK offshoot KCK that said "the Turkish government paid no attention to the withdrawal and seems to want to delay delivering its promises in order to win local election in peace. We urge the government to start the democratization process immediately and take the necessary steps towards solving the Kurdish issue. The withdrawal has stopped but the truce remains".
The vice – President of the Turkish government, Bekir Bozdag, sent a tough message that "the government doesn't want to hold a discussion with a terrorist organization and will take the steps it considers most important".
The vice chairwoman of the pro – Kurdish Peace & Democracy party (BDP), Gultan Kisanak said her party had warned the Turkish government that the Kurds were uneasy with the Turkish side not acting on its promises.
Bulgaria: Bulgarian economy shrank 10% in the second quarter of 2020
Serbia: Trump will become guarantor of the agreement, Dacic says
Turkey: Erdogan and Merkel talked about the Eastern Mediterranean
NATO: Stoltenberg's announcement for a technical dialogue between Greece and Turkey causes confusion
BiH: Resolving the migrant crisis is not an easy job, says BiH Security Minister
Slovenia: First Slovenian satellites reache space
Romania: Political transfers fuel political developments
Turkey: Annual inflation at 11.77% in August
Cyprus: Statistical Authority announces big leap in unemployment rate
Greece: Economy scores 15.2% contraction in Q2 2020


This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of statistics on international trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. Each of the first five volumes of International Trade by Commodity Statistics contains the tables for six countries, published in the order in which they become available. The sixth volume also includes the OECD country groupings OECD Total and EU28-Extra. Detailed tables relating to the Harmonised System HS 2012 classification, are published for Sections and Divisions (one- and two- digit).


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He showed me his price list and when I nodded consent, he went to work with an energy one doesn't often see. His approach to the problem was very professional, businesslike and courteous. I was very comfortable with his knowledge and expertise and felt he was very fair and honest in his recommendations and charges.
The big plumbing problem was made up of several smaller problems and he solved these one by one and in his explanations I could tell he was trying to use the simplest, least expensive methods to get the best outcome. I felt like he was as interested in getting the water flowing as I was. I never felt like he was trying to sell something I didn't need.
I really liked the way he worked, the way he explained things, the quality of his work and the prices he charged. He cleaned up behind himself and carried away large, very heavy pieces of old cast iron pipe. I think Albert & Son Plumbing produces excellent results at a fair price. Great service, top quality, very reasonable cost. What more can I say?
Albert & Son Plumbing LLC.


The Shetland Isles lie over a 100 miles off the northern coast of mainland Scotland and are famous for their rugged coastal landscapes, beautiful turquoise seas and golden beaches. Shetland is made up of over 100 small islands, with the largest being known as 'Mainland', where the main settlement of Lerwick is located.
The Shetland Isles lie about 110 miles north of mainland Scotland and around 50 miles north east of Orkney. Shetland is made up of over a hundred small islands, 16 of which are inhabited, the largest of these is known simply as 'Mainland'. The total population of Shetland is around 23,000 with the largest town, and administrative centre, being Lerwick (population 7,500), other significant settlements include Scalloway (population 1000), and Brae (population 700).
Transport links between the Shetland Islands is mainly by ferry, although there are also flights from Tingwall Airport near Lerwick to most of the inhabited Shetland islands. Shetland is connected to mainland Scotland by air links from Sumburgh Airport to Inverness, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Kirkwall and Bergen. There is also a ferry service from Lerwick to Aberdeen which takes around 12 hours.
The Shetland Isles are blessed with some of the most dramatic and stunning coastal landscapes in Scotland, rugged cliffs, beautiful beaches and turquoise seas. There is also a great variety of wildlife, from rare seabirds to killer whales and dolphins. For the more adventurous there are ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as diving to explore the many ship wrecks that lie off the coast, sea kayaking, rock climbing or horse riding. Shetland is also a great place to cycle, with light traffic and over 1,000 miles of road. Aside from outdoor adventure Shetland offers a host of other attractions for visitors and locals alike. One of the highlights is Lerwick's famous Up Helly Aa fire festival, held every year in the mid winter and featuring the burning of a replica viking long ship. Other highlights include the well preserved Iron age Broch at Mousa and the excellent Shetland Museum in Lerwick.
Sitting between Scotland and Scandinavia, Shetland has an interesting and varied history with a mix of cultures and influences giving the islands a unique feel. Shetland is also rich in prehistoric remains, with evidence of inhabitation from earlier than 4000 BCE. More recently Shetland was colonised by the Norse from Scandinavia during the 8th and 9th centuries from where it became a Viking base for raids and colonisation of the Northern Scottish mainland and Orkney. Shetland, along with Orkney, remained a Norwegian province until the late 15th century when it was annexed to the crown of Scotland. Although Shetland has since remained a part of Scotland it retains an enduring connection with Norway.