text:
News: Babcox Publications Acquires Fleet Equipment & T3 Magazines
cations for the automotive aftermarket to now include the truck fleet equipment management and information technology (IT) arenas. These respected magazines, and their editorial staffs, broaden our reach and offer outstanding publications for the marketplace."
Each month, Fleet Equipment targets an audience of qualified fleet equipment managers who are directly responsible for specifying and buying trucks, trailers, components and parts, fuel and oil, tires and wheels, support services and other components necessary for a fleet's efficient and profitable operation.
Founded in 1974, Fleet Equipment is a 63,000 circulation BPA-audited publication that is 100 percent dedicated to equipment management and maintenance. It is the only business magazine focused solely on the management and purchase of truck equipment. Editorial content encompasses five key areas:
Equipment management techniques;
New equipment and component technologies;
Profiles of successful equipment management procedures;
Latest maintenance techniques, products and services; and
Effective tools and equipment.
T3, founded in 1995, targets the largest market for information technology in the world. The transportation and logistics industry includes 85,000 companies and 14 million workers. T3, is the only publication in this industry that features 100 percent information technology.
T3, provides detailed information to CIOs, CFOs, CEOs and other C-level executives in the commercial vehicle and mobile workforce industry. It informs them how to streamline their business processes and optimize the functionality of enterprise systems so they can effectively use existing and emerging technology.
"As truck fleets continue to face equipment management and IT business challenges, we are ready to support their efforts through these magazines," said Publisher Bob Dorn. "Babcox's publishing history is based upon a niche approach to the automotive aftermarket. Fleet Equipment and T3, representing the truck fleet market, fit perfectly into the Babcox family of publications.
For additional information or to inquire about advertising or editorial opportunities, contact David Moniz, Group Publisher, at 330-670-1234 ext. 215, or Bob Dorn, Publisher, at 847-462-5771 (direct) or 330-670-1234 ext. 294.
CORTECO ANNOUNCES 2ND ENGINE WINNER
Vic Edelbrock, president and CEO of Edelbrock Corp., joined Corteco at the PRI Show in Indianapolis on Dec. 10, 2004, to draw the name of the winner of a 410 hp Chevy small-block performance engine sealed by Corteco and valued at $6,900.
Winning the engine was Sherry Roberts of Roberts Racing LLC. Roberts Racing, based in Sparks, GA, has been involved in the racing industry for 23 years and currently owns three cars in the Late Model Dirt division.
Roberts stated that their engine builder uses Corteco gaskets exclusively and they have always been satisfied with the results.
This was the second drawing of this nature that Edelbrock and Corteco teamed up for in 2004. Shane Leist of Rockwell City, IA, was selected as the winner of an identical engine by Edelbrock at the AAPEX trade show in Las Vegas last November.
AUTOZONE LAUNCHES NEW AUTOMOTIVE WEB PORTAL FUNCTIONALITY
Last December, AutoZone, Inc. (www.autozone.com) launched new website functionality, creating the automotive aftermarket's first Internet portal that meets the needs of both consumers and repair professionals, according to the company.
Designed with the primary purpose of helping consumers connect with quality repair shops, the portal includes a "Find-A-Shop" tab that allows users to search for professional automotive repair shops nationwide by entering their zip code. All shops listed are "ProCarCareZone" members that use ALLDATA repair information and solutions in their businesses or purchase parts from AutoZone Commercial. Many shops listed are "Platinum ProCarCareZone" members, offering online appointment scheduling as well as e-newsletter and maintenance reminder services to their customers.
The "For the Professional" tab of the portal is the gateway to professional automotive services, including AutoZone Commercial, ALLDATA and ProCarCareZone. AutoZone Commercial provides The Complete Solution to meet the parts ordering needs of professional shops, offering the industry's only 72-hour no-core-charge and 48-hour labor warranty claims processing programs and ALLDATA repair information, as well as online parts ordering through AZ PartsConnect. The new ALLDATA is "shop management re-invented," offering integrated information technology that boosts shop performance at every stage of the repair process. ProCarCareZone, web-based tools to effortlessly build and maintain customer relationships, is the newest addition to the ALLDATA suite.
NEW JERSEY AUTOCARE SPECIALIST NAMED
NAPA/ASE TECHNICIAN OF THE YEAR
NAPA AUTO PARTS and the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) have named Jeff Walker the 2005 NAPA/ASE Technician of the Year. Presented annually by NAPA AUTO PARTS and ASE, the award is given to a technician who exemplifies excellence and achievement in the industry. Walker, owner of Walker's Automotive Services in Pleasantville, NJ, has 32 years of experience. He began pumping gas in 1972 at age 16 and then realized a lifelong dream of owning a repair business in 1994.
"This award is something I've aspired to during my career and winning it means I've begun reaching some of the goals I set for myself," said Walker, who is a recertified Master ASE technician with L1 and L2 Certification. He is also a Master Medium/Heavy Truck technician, Master Collision Repair/Refinish technician, Master Engine Machinist and a Certified Collision Repair Estimator. In fact, Walker is certified in 28 ASE categories, ranking him among the elite of all technicians with ASE credentials.
"The Technician of the Year award is the benchmark of excellence to which all technicians aspire," said Bob Susor, NAPA president. "Jeff is committed to the auto repair industry, to maintaining its professionalism and to superior customer service. We are proud to count Jeff among NAPA's automotive repair professionals."
AUTO SUPPLIERS SUPPORT ANTI-COUNTERFEITING LEGISLATION
Legislation to strengthen the U.S. criminal statute against production and trafficking in counterfeited goods ‹ introduced in Congress on Jan. 4 by Rep. Joe Knollenberg (R-Mich.) ‹ would provide the automotive supplier industry with an important tool in fighting product counterfeiting, according to the Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association (MEMA).
The "Stop Counterfeiting in Manufactured Goods Act," H.R. 32, would strengthen the existing law by closing loopholes that can allow counterfeiters to avoid prosecution, maintain control of assets for criminal enterprises and unjustly profit from their illegal activities. "Product counterfeiting is a crime that steals jobs in our industry. Penetration of counterfeit automotive products is also a risk to public safety, at home and abroad," said Paul Foley, vice president of MEMA and lead executive of the association's anti-counterfeiting efforts. "We strongly support Congressman Knollenberg's efforts to attack this problem by closing loopholes in our laws. The automotive parts and components industry, as well as many other American manufacturers will work vigorously to pass this bill," Foley said. The American automotive parts and components industry looses an estimated $12 billion in sales on a global basis to counterfeiting.
"MEMA has been lobbying for stronger criminal laws against counterfeiting," Foley continued. "In the aftermarket, OE or heavy duty markets, product counterfeiting means lost sales, lost jobs, safety risks and loss of brand integrity."
FEDERAL-MOGUL TAKES LEAD IN AUTOMOTIVE
PARTS COUNTERFEITING FIGHT
Federal-Mogul Corporation will continue to work with other OEM and aftermarket suppliers to lead the automotive industry's fight against counterfeit parts in the coming year, according to company executives. The organization has committed significant resources to combating the problem, which costs the global automotive industry $12 billion each year, with 25 percent of that loss in the U.S. alone, according to the Federal Trade Commission.
Federal-Mogul supports legislation introduced recently in Washington to strengthen the U.S. criminal statute against production and trafficking of counterfeit goods and is a participating member of MEMA's Brand Protection Council, an industry group created in 2004 to address global product counterfeiting.
"We're committed to ensuring consumers are getting the highest quality repair parts that meet industry standards for repair and replacement," said Scott Emmer, brand protection manager for Federal-Mogul. "Federal-Mogul is dedicated to working toward the elimination of counterfeit parts in the supply chain while saving consumers money and alleviating safety concerns."
INDUSTRY ROUNDUP…
Federal-Mogul Corporation on January 12 received the 2004 DaimlerChrysler Global Supplier Award for the Powertrain category. The prestigious and highly selective Global Supplier Award is designed to recognize global supplier contributions and excellence in supplier performance.
Two of the top groups in the automotive aftermarket, Parts Plus and Independent Auto Parts of America (IAPA), merged on Jan. 1 to form the Automotive Distribution Network (ADN). The decision was approved unanimously by Parts Plus' 36 members and IAPA's 16 members. The Network consists of 51 members, 242 warehouse distributor locations and more than $2 billion in annual sales.
Sam Arnelas joined American Remanufactured Inc. (ARI) as the new director of warehouse management, effective Dec. 1, 2004.
Airtex, provider of aftermarket fuel pumps, cooling systems and engine management components, has appointed sales veteran John Beale as national sales manager.
R. W. (Bob) O' Gorman joined the Automotive Lift Institute (ALI) as executive vice president in the company's Indialantic, FL, headquarters.
Margaret Beck was promoted to director of communications for the Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association (MEMA). She formerly served as the association's manager of communications.
Robbie Addison, longtime administrator for the Automotive Service Association (ASA) Mechanical Division, has been named division manager. The division manager works directly with the elected division director and is responsible for the communication and activities of the operations committee.
The Car Care Council Women's Board announces that the Independent Auto Parts of America (IAPA) has agreed to sponsor its 2005 scholarship program, which will be awarding five scholarships to female students who are pursuing an education in automotive technology, with plans to enter the automotive field upon graduation.
BOSCH RECEIVES INNOVATION AWARD FOR UNIVERSAL O2 SENSOR
Robert Bosch Corporation received the prestigious "Automechanika Innovation Award 2004" in the Parts and Components category for the Bosch Universal Heated Oxygen Sensor. The award was presented at Automechanika Frankfurt 2004. Held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Automechanika is the leading international trade fair combining both the automobile aftermarket and the OE market.
Bosch's Universal Heated Oxygen Sensors feature a unique sealing system and specially formulated heat-resistant connectors that are designed for easy installation and require no special tools. "Universal Oxygen Sensors can be used to replace OEM oxygen sensors that are attached by different connectors and cable lengths," says Dave Pankonin, product manager, Engine Management Products for Bosch.
"To install a replacement three- or four-wire universal oxygen sensor, you simply cut the cable, remove the old sensor, and attach the new Universal Oxygen Sensor with a quick adjustment of the connector."
VIDEO: Hunter DAS 3000 & ADASlink Complete...
Auto Pros On The Road: Street & Strip Performance
A&M Auto Service, Pineville, NC


From Israel to Thailand, from Russia to Argentina, share the diverse Sabbath traditions that come alive around the world each week. The book follows the cycle of one Shabbat in Jewish homes around the globe. Winner of the Sydney Taylor Honor Award of the Association of Jewish Libraries.


Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, forming large cushions; squamules: 3-6 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, entire to irregularly crenate-lobed to irregularly digitate lobed podetia: scarce to common, 14-55 mm tall, greenish gray, cup-bearing; cups: 2-9 mm wide, entire or with blunt to finger-like proliferations along margins, often simple and without proliferations but infrequently bearing one to three tiers of proliferations from center surface: smoothly corticate, squamulose or esquamulose, esorediate, slightly arachnoid in young parts Apothecia: uncommon, up to 3.5 mm diam, dark brown ascospores: narrowly fusiform, 10-16 x 2-3 micro meter Pycnidia: common, at cup margins, subglobose to ovoid, with hyaline gelatin conidia: 3-4 x 0.5-1 micro meter Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow changing to brownish, C-, KC-, P+ brick red, UV- Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid, occasionally with atranorin. Habitat and ecology: on soil or over duff World distribution: northern Africa, Asia, Europe and North America; mainly Mediterranean to temperate Sonoran distribution: eastern Arizona, Baja California, and southern California. Notes: Persistent primary squamules and usually poorly developed, short podetia distinguish this subspecies from subsp. verticillata, which is present further north in western North America (Hammer 1995). Specimens of C. cervicornis from California containing atranorin (in Santa Barbara and Amador Counties) were discussed in Hammer and Ahti (1990); their taxonomic status is still uncertain. Cladonia cervicornis probably includes more than two taxa in western North America, and is in need of further study. Here C. cervicornis is reported as new to Mexico.


The Twenty Ten theme, shown in Figure 10-1, offers a clean design style that's highly customizable for the millions of WordPress users who want a simple look that focuses on the content for their sites. As such, the font is sharp and easy to read. Many of the new built-in theme features allow you to make simple, yet elegant, tweaks to the theme, including uploading new feature images and adjusting the background colors.
Figure 10-1: The Twenty Ten theme.
Two-column default layout: The two-column layout — one of the most common layouts for blogs and used more and more on general Web sites — is the default, and it includes a content area on the left, a widget-ready sidebar on the right, and a footer area with four widget-ready spaces (refer to Figure 10-1).


text:
Q: Does a charged capacitor weigh more than uncharged? I know that charging a capacitor only moves particles from one plate to the other, so the total amount of charge in the capacitor does not change, nor does the total number of particles.
However, the charged capacitor does have electrical energy that the uncharged capacitor does not have, and energy has a mass equivalence according to $e=mc^2$, so wouldn't the capacitor weigh a little bit more when charged?
A 470 μF capacitor charged to 3.3 V, for instance, would have a stored energy of 2.6 mJ, which has a mass equivalence of 0.03 femtograms, which is the weight of ~1,416,666 carbon atoms?
Likewise, a superconducting loop inductor would weigh slightly more when it is energized (has a current flowing through it) vs unenergized because of the mass equivalence of the energy stored in the magnetic field?

A: Your reasoning is correct. If you store energy in a system, mass-energy equivalence provides the conversion for calculating the matter equivalent which, if you had a weighing device sensitive enough, you could (in principle) measure.
For things like charged capacitors and stretched springs and pressurized gas tanks and cans filled with gasoline, the mass difference is too small to measure. Even in the most energetic reactions we can create (nuclear reactors, atomic bombs, fusion) the mass equivalence of the energy release is of order ~a fraction of a percent.
The most efficient method for wringing energy out of mass occurs when mass spirals into a black hole. Theoretically, it is possible (in an idealized process) to extract up to ~40% of the mass as energy release in this case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Enter this restaurant for lunch, and the traditional red and mustard colours of China will welcome you, along with an elaborate dim sum buffet. This mouth-watering platter is prepared by our Chinese chef, who's an expert at beautifully infusing a burst of his country's flavours into little dumplings. Make yourself comfortable, check out the paintings on the walls and browse through the extensive menu. In case you find yourself in a dilemma, the diligent staff will happily recommend dishes based on your preferences. Our Chinese head chefs, have settled here, in our island country, only to serve you. They specialise in traditional cookery and dim sums. In case you'd like to choose from a wide range of options, that is a balanced combination of flavours decided by them, go for our set menus. Regardless of what you pick, you might need a cup of green tea at the end of a decadent meal, to feel less guilty.
To book this beautiful experience, reach out to us at [email protected] or +94 11 249 1949.


I was really chuffed to find this sample in my LiveBlogger goody bag. I had smelt it whilst in the Orla Kiely store in Covent Garden with my lovely Mother & we both really liked it. She had used the tester and we noticed how well the scent settled down and lasted on her skin. It was lovely and fresh. Although at the time I thought it was't a great summery scent.
So to find a sample in my bag made me very happy. I've been using is sparingly and trying to make it last as long as possible. I've been a huge fan of the Orla Kiely print as most people are. They are so recognisable and iconic now. I managed to pick up a dress in the Orla Kiely line released in UNIQLO & I LOVE IT. But im getting side-tracked, back to the perfume.
It's a really warm rich scent that is easy to wear. I love it and my mum keeps trying to pinch my sample. So I'd say that is a good fragrance for most people. It's so hard to describe a perfume & I think also fragrance sit and develop differently on everyone. So if you get the chance to test this Orla Kiely Eau De Parfum then do so. You won't be disappointed.
You can buy this Orla Kiely Eau de Parfum online HERE for £55 for 100ml. I must also just mention the packaging is as lovely as you'd expect from Orla Kiely. It's a real treat. Have you tried this or any other bath / body products from Orla Kiely. Let me know what you thought.


In 1996 Jay Caselberg started writing with a passion. For nearly the next two years, he wrote full time and garnered his first few publications writing as James A. Hartley.
He writes across many genres, both at short story and novel length, crossing the boundaries of Science Fiction, Fantasy, Mystery, and the Literary, generally with a dark edge. He writes under both names now.
One always listens and always watches. This is bound to have an influence.
The back and forth at panels during conventions is always instructive, just as much from fellow authors as the fans. It's a big mix, a mindmeld.
1940's cinema. Film Noir generally as a genre. As far as authors go, it's way to many. Standouts are probably Gene Wolfe, Franz Kafka, Ray Bradbury, Shakespeare.
See, that's really difficult because I am sure that the expectation would pale with proximity. Generally, as a reclusive author type, I don't play that well with others, and in close confinement, hmm, well... Anyway, were it to be anyone, maybe Albert Einstein.
Several of the people I've worked with over the years.
My Kindle, fully loaded. Oh and about 600 cows for sustenance.
The ability to change people's thought processes, to mess with their heads.
See above. To touch the darkness within and stir it.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Stability analysis of Shakura-Sunyaev $\alpha$ disk (Shakura \&
Sunyaev~1973) was performed by many authors (Lightman \& Eardley 1974;
Lightman 1974; Shakura \& Sunyaev 1976; Piran 1978) and yield the well
known conclusions: the disk is stable for gas pressure dominated (GPD)
region and becomes viscously and thermally unstable for radiation
pressure dominated (RPD) region. While the general relativity
generalization of the Shakura \& Sunyaev model were available (Novikow
\& Thorne~1973) the stability studies were presented only for the
Newtonian case.

Recently Ghosh~(1998) reported a new regime of instability for
$\alpha$ disks when general relativity effects are taken into
account. He found that even in GPD disks there exist a region not far
from the inner edge of the disk which is viscously unstable. This
might have an enormous influence on the models of active galactic
nuclei and galactic low-mass X-ray binaries.

In this paper we repeat a stability analysis studied by Lightman \&
Eardley~(1974) but in a relativistic case. We obtain the same results
as for the Newtonian case \ie, disk is viscously stable for gas
pressure dominated region, but becomes viscously unstable in the
region where radiation pressure dominates. Thus we do not confirm the
results obtained by Ghosh~(1998). We discuss an error made by
Ghosh~(1998) leading to wrong conclusions.

\section{Disk structure}

Surface density evolution is described by the equation (Ghosh~1998)
\be
{\cal A}^{\half}{\cal D}^{-\half}{\partial\Sigma\over\partial t} =
{\cal D}^{\half}{1\over r}{\partial\over\partial r}\left[ {{\cal
D}^{-\half}\over (\partial\ell/\partial r)} {\partial\over\partial
r}\left({\cal BC}^{-1}{\cal D}r^2W\right)
\right]\,,
\label{Sigma}
\ee
where $W$ is the vertically integrated viscous stress, $\ell$ is the
specific angular momentum, and $\cal A$, $\cal B$, $\cal C$, $\cal D$
are relativistic corrections (Novikov \& Thorne 1973)
\be
  {\cal A}\equiv 1+{A^2 \over \tilde r^2}+{2 A^2 \over \tilde r^3},\quad
  {\cal B}\equiv 1+{A \over \tilde r^{3/2}},\quad
  {\cal C}\equiv 1-{3\over \tilde r}+{2 A \over \tilde r^{3/2}}, \quad
  {\cal D}\equiv 1-{2\over \tilde r}+{A^2 \over \tilde r^2}\,.
\ee
Here $A \equiv cJ/GM^2$ is the dimensionless spin of the central accreting
object, and $\tilde r \equiv r c^2/GM$ is the dimensionless distance.

Equations of disk structure under the assumption of thermal
equilibrium yield following expressions for the relation between the
surface density of the disk and the viscous stress
\be
\SigR = \left({16 c^2 \over 9 \alpha \ifmmode \kappa_{es} \else $\kappa_{es}$\fi^2}\right)W^{-1}
{\cal CKD}^{-2}\,,
\label{SigR}
\ee
\be
\SigG = \left({m_p\over k \alpha}\right)^{4/5} \left({b c \over
18\ifmmode \kappa_{es} \else $\kappa_{es}$\fi}\right)^{1/5} \left( {r^3 \over G M} \right)^{1/10}W^{3/5}
{\cal C}^{1/5}{\cal D}^{-1/5}\,,
\label{SigG}
\ee
where, ${\cal K} \equiv 1 - {4 A \over \tilde r^{3/2}} + {3 A^2 \over
\tilde r^2}$ is relativistic correction introduced by Riffert \&
Herold~(1995); $\SigG$ and $\SigR$ are surface densities in the gas
pressure and radiation pressure dominated regimes respectively.

\section{Viscous stability analysis}

Newtonian version of Equations (\ref{Sigma}) and (\ref{SigR}) was used
by Lightman \& Eardley~(1974; see also Lightman~1974) to study the
stability of the Keplerian disk. The assumption of thermal equilibrium
was proved to be justified by Shakura \& Sunyaev~(1976) because in the
limit of wavelengths of the radial perturbation much longer than the
disk thickness the viscous instability is clearly decoupled from the
thermal instability. As was correctly noticed by Ghosh~(1998), the
basic stability criterion is the sign of the partial derivative,
\dwds, and remains the same for both relativistic and non relativistic
disks.

The point is that in order to determine the stability of the disk we
should compute this partial derivative at a given radius directly from
Equations (\ref{SigR}) and (\ref{SigG}). It corresponds to the linear
perturbation of the surface density distribution in
Equation~(\ref{Sigma}) under the assumption of thermal equilibrium
leading to known relation $W(\Sigma)$ at a given radius.  In that case
the perturbation $\delta W$ of $W$ is expressed through
\be
 \delta W = (\dwds)_r \delta \Sigma,
\ee
and in the next step $\delta \Sigma$ is decomposed into linear waves
according to standard local analysis. Spatial derivatives of
unperturbed stress and surface density are neglected in this process.

Thus for radiation dominated disk we have
\be
W \propto (\alpha \Sigma)^{-1} {\cal CKD}^{-2}
\label{WR}
\ee
>From (\ref{WR}) we can calculate viscous stress derivative
\be
\left (\dwds \right )_{RPD} \propto - \alpha^{-1} \Sigma^{-2} {\cal
CKD}^{-2} < 0
\ee
which immediately shows that the disk is viscously unstable in the
whole radiation pressure dominated region. This is a relativistic
generalization of the well known result obtained first by Lightman \&
Eardley~(1974) exactly in the same way.

For gas pressure dominated disk from (\ref{SigG}) we have
\be
\left (\dwds \right )_{GPD} \propto \Sigma^{2/3} r^{-11/6} {\cal
C}^{-1/3} {\cal D}^{1/3} > 0
\ee
which shows that gas pressure dominated disk is stable. No evidence is
found for any unstable region, in opposite to the claim of
Ghosh~(1998).

The conclusion of Ghosh~(1998) was based on the computation of
entirely different partial derivative, namely $(\dwds)_{\dot M}$, or
equivalently, the expression $(\dwdr)/(\dsdr)$ which has no
straightforward relation to $(\dwds)_r$.

To show this clearly we first replot the Figure~1 of Ghosh~(1998)
showing the radial dependence of the stress and the surface density in
a stationary solution for a single value of accretion rate. The
loop-like character of this plot simply reflects the fact that the
stress and the surface density are zero at the marginally stable orbit
(upper branch) and they again tend to zero for radius approaching
infinity (lower branch). In this Figure the region where
$(\dwdr)/(\dsdr)<0$ corresponds to radii between $\tilde r \simeq 14$
and $\tilde r \simeq 22$.

Since Ghosh~(1998) claimed that the negative part of the slope
indicate the unstable region we show the correct stability plot for
the two radii from this range. A single such plot, as explained above,
show the dependence of the stress vs. surface density for a fixed
radius but variable accretion rate. Upper and lower part of a curve is
well approximated by Equation~(\ref{SigR}) and Equation~(\ref{SigG}),
correspondingly, and more general approach to gas/radiation pressure
contribution matches smoothly those two asymptotic solutions giving a
single curve. The slop of this curve determines the disk viscous
stability. The accretion rate adopted in Figure~1 is marked in
Figure~2 with crosses. It is well within a stable region, as claimed
in all papers prior to Ghosh~(1998).

To confirm our analysis we perform numerical simulations of surface
density evolution according to Equation~(\ref{Sigma}) for both
radiation pressure and gas pressure dominated disks. The results are
presented on Figure~3 and 4 respectively. We can see that for
radiation pressure dominated disk the initial small perturbation grows
leading to total disruption of the disk, while for gas pressure
dominated disk initial perturbation is smoothed out to stationary
configuration.

\section{Conclusions}

We study the viscous stability of relativistic, Keplerian accretion
disk in the thermal equilibrium. We confirm the results previously
obtained in the Newtonian case \ie, the disk is stable in gas pressure
dominated regime and becomes viscously unstable in radiation pressure
dominated regime. We show that instability recently reported by
Ghosh~(1998) was caused by improper use of the stability criterion for
accretion disk, and does not appear if the correct approach is
applied. We confirm our results by performing numerical simulations of
surface density evolution which completely agree with our analytical
analysis.

\hskip 1in

\acknowledgements

This work was supported by Polish KBN grants 2P03D00410 and
2P03D00415. RM also acknowledge support from the Foundation for Polish
Science.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The following research is grouped by topic.
This paper provides a single-column modeling approach to study the interaction between convection and large-scale dynamics. It is called the Column Quasi-Geostrophic (CQG) method because we use the quasi-Geostrophic dynamics to parameterize the responses of large-scale dynamics to convective anomalies. This framework could allow us to attri- bute the precipitation of strong rainfall events to dif- ferent large-scale forcings and the resulting convective feedback. Another potential application is to help understand the structure of convection in organized convective systems, such as monsoon depressions. The CQG framework can also serve as a test bed for improving convective parameterizations.
Extratropical extreme precipitation events are usually associated with large-scale flow disturbances, strong ascent, and large latent heat release. The causal relationships between these factors are often not obvious, however, the roles of different physical processes in producing the extreme precipitation event can be difficult to disentangle. Here we examine the large-scale forcings and convective heating feedback in the 2010 Pakistan precipitation events within the Column Quasi-Geostrophic framework. Numerical results show that the positive feedback of convective heating to large-scale dynamics is essential in amplifying the precipitation intensity to the observed values. Orographic lifting is the most important dynamic forcing in both events, while differential potential vorticity advection also contributes to the triggering of the first event. Horizontal moisture advection modulates the extreme events mainly by setting the environmental humidity, which modulates the amplitude of the convection's response to the dynamic forcings.
Nie and Sobel: Responses of tropical deep convection to the QBO: cloud-resolving simulations, JAS, 2015.
Observational studies suggest that the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) can modulate tropical deep convection. The authors use a cloud-resolving model with a limited domain, representing a convective column in the tropics, to study the mechanisms of this modulation. The large-scale circulation is parame- terized using the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation. Temperature variations typically seen in easterly and westerly phases are imposed in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of this reference profile. The equilibrium precipitation rate shows slight increases in response to a QBO easterly phase temperature perturbation over small SST anomalies and strong decreases over large SST anomalies, and vice versa for the QBO westerly phase perturbation. A column moist static energy budget analysis reveals that the QBO modulates the convective precipitation through two pathways: it changes the high-cloud properties and thus the column radiative cooling, and it alters the shape of the large-scale vertical motion and thus the efficiency of energy transport by the large-scale flow.
Nie, Boos and Kuang: Observational Evaluation of a Convective Quasi-Equilibrium View of Monsoons, JC, 2010.
Idealized dynamical theories that employ a convective quasi-equilibrium (QE) treatment for the diabatic effects of moist convection have been used to explain the location, intensity, and intraseasonal evolution of monsoons. This paper examines whether observations of the earth's regional monsoons are consistent with the assumption of QE. It is shown here that in local summer climatologies based on reanalysis data, maxima of free-tropospheric temperature are, indeed, nearly collocated with maxima of subcloud equivalent potential temperature, in all monsoon regions except the North and South American monsoons. Free-tropospheric temperatures over North Africa also exhibit a strong remote influence from the South Asian monsoon.
Vertical structures of temperature and wind reveal two types of monsoon circulations. One is the deep, moist baroclinic circulation clearly seen in the South Asian monsoon. The other is of mixed type, with the deep moist circulation superimposed on a shallow dry circulation closely associated with boundary layer temperature gradients.
Nie and Kuang: Beyond bulk entrainment and detrainment rates: a new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection, GRL, 2012.
A new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection is proposed, where the vertical evolution of the cloud mass flux distribution as a function of given parcel properties is viewed as a mapping process. Matrices that characterize this mapping process are constructed using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model embedded in a Large Eddy Simulation. Extending previous use of LES-diagnosed bulk entrainment and detrainment rates to test bulk plume models, the construction of these mapping matrices from LES provides a reference, against which multiple-parcel models can be compared. The framework is further applied to diagnose the response of shallow cumuli to a small tem- perature perturbation.
Nie and Kuang: Responses of shallow cumulus convection to large-scale temperature and moisture perturbations: a comparison of large-eddy simulations and a convective parameterization based on stochastically entraining parcels, JAS, 2012.
Responses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined through diagnostics of large-eddy simulations (LESs) and a stochastic parcel model. The parcel model reproduces most of the changes in the LES-simulated cloudy updraft statistics in response to the perturbations. Analyses of parcel histories show that a positive temperature perturbation forms a buoyancy barrier, which preferentially eliminates parcels that start with lower equivalent potential temperature or have experienced heavy entrainment. Besides the amount of entrainment, the height at which parcels entrain is also important in determining their fate. Stochastic entrainment is key for the parcel model to reproduce the LES results. The second part of the paper further explores the feasibility of a stochastic parcel–based cumulus parameterization.
Nie, Kuang, Jacob and Guo: Representing effects of aqueous phase reactions in shallow cumuli in global models, JGR, 2016.
Aqueous phase reactions are important, sometimes dominant (e.g., for SO2), pathways for the oxidation of air pollutants at the local and/or global scale. In many current chemical transport models (CTMs), the transport and aqueous reactions of chemical species are treated as split processes, and the subgrid-scale heterogeneity between cloudy and environmental air is not considered. Here using large eddy simulation (LES) with idealized aqueous reactions mimicking the oxidation of surface-originated SO2 by H2O2 in shallow cumuli, we show that the eddy diffusivity mass flux (EDMF) approach with a bulk plume can represent those processes quite well when entrainment/detrainment rates and eddy diffusivity are diagnosed using a conservative thermodynamic variable such as total water content. Experiments with various reaction rate constants and relative abundances of SO2 and H2O2 indicate that when the reaction timescale approaches the in-cloud residence time of air parcels, the errors of the bulk plume approach start to increase. Treating chemical tracer transport and aqueous reaction as split processes leads to significant errors, especially when the reaction is fast compared to the in-cloud residence time.


Well well well, what is this!? A DIY (not exactly Wednesday) post! It's been a long time, I must admit. I can't promise this will be a regular thing again, but we'll take what we can get, right?
This is a DIY I should have shared ages ago, but it felt unsuited for anything other than the holidays. Making your own snow globe could be one of the easiest and fastest crafts out there, and it makes a great Christmas (Hanukkah, anything) gift. Over the years I've made several of these for some dear pals, so I can vouch for it as a thoughtful and neat gift.
Make sure the mason jar (or whatever) you selected has a wide enough opening that you can easily fit your object in without a struggle (i will admit I struggled a bit with the wings of this guy). Once you are certain it will fit, you can apply your water resistant glue to the bottom of the object, and carefully place it at the bottom of the jar (beware long haired dames, tie your hair back when using glue, I learned the hard way, not one, but two times). This can be tricky if you don't have tiny dainty hands. My hands are rather small, but definitely not small enough to fit directly inside the jar. In a ghetto attempt to carefully place Mr. Eagle in the jar I used a pair of tongs. It did the trick, so I don't care how weird it may have been.
I left the glue to dry for 24hrs, but most glues will tell you you can wait 1hr. The longer it's left, the better the hold. Jiggle your jar around a bit to make sure it's secure, and then you can begin pouring your distilled water into the jar. I never fill the jar to the brim – a few inches before the brim will do just fine. Once your jar is a cool filled guy, add in a few drops of glycerin. Don't get crazy now, a few drops will do.
Stop, glitter time! Use whatever colour combination you'd like. I did have to remake this snow globe after my stupid glue situation, so I ended up using gold, red and silver glitter on my finished one. Because of the glycerin, the glitter will sit at the top of the water. Do not fret, once you shake that baby, things will get real snow globe glittery inside.
To add a little something to the finished snow globe, I usually wrap twine around the lid. As stated before, it is your life, people, but I do feel adding something to the top gives it a nice finished look. If using twine, make sure to leave the ends free so it can be tied into a little bow when you're done. You'll be quite sad if you forget to do this.
And voila, a thoughtful gift that is very kind to our check books, and makes you look like some sort of DIY master (it's not true though).
How did you get into your line of work? What did you study in University?
I took a completely absurd and unrealistic four-year program at Ryerson University. OK, let me preface that by saying, this was, upon graduation, my dream program. The program, New Media, is a multi platform fusion of sculpture, robotic arts, physical computing, programming and performance art. We spoke a lot about user interface and interactivity, social networking and environments. We wrote a lot of code in a lot of different languages and used that code to manipulate, transform and communicate to make move or interact a medium of our choice, mine predominately being sculpture. Anyways, the potential for a realistic, successful career out of this program seemed so….impossible. So I tried to cover my bases and started working alongside some super talented people in our sister program at Ryerson, Film. Here I honed set dressing, art direction, production design and prop making. So in short, I graduated with credits in new media and experience in film. Then after working in retail for a bit after school to help pay off some of my student debt, I used my portfolio to get myself a job as a merchandiser at a store on the Danforth (a street in Toronto), who happened to have the largest Window I had ever seen, and I just thought I could treat it like a film set. I was naive to think it would be that easy.
Did you always know this was the job for you?
Never. I really had no retail experience prior to iQliving and I had zero merchandising experience, and to be honest I didn't like retail. It was so far segregated from Fine Arts that I truly believed a career as a merchandiser would never be rewarding enough for me, and it really wasn't. I adored window dressing at iQ but I dreaded merchandising inside, I just had no passion for it. For a long time I thought of it as the work part and it was sort of the sacrifice I had to make to be able to continue to carry out my windows. So as I started to fall into my career as a Visual Merchandiser, obviously I heard more and more about Anthropologie and the job that they offered of Display Coordinator.
Having my own workshop is incredible. There is sort of an entrepreneurial vibe to Anthropologie, we have a lot of control over our own stores, which constitutes to the amount of passion people have for their positions. There is an incredible sense of entitlement in regards to artistic decisions I make at work and this is very rewarding. The other amazing thing about Anthro is I am a jack-of-all-trades. This can be at times the greatest challenge to the position but it is also why there is no other retail environment like Anthro. Every project I am divulging into a completely new and at most times foreign medium. This holiday we made animals completely out of different types of paper, and for our sweet shop I had to make cupcakes and pies out of cardboard. Last week I perfected the sewing machine and next week I will be working with casting in cement. It never slows down and you would be crazy to complain of boredom, ever.
How does working for Anthropologie differ from iQ Living?
In everyway possible. At iQ I was a Visual Merchandiser completely absorbed into the world of retail. At Anthro, I am a Display Coordinator alongside people in the retail environment, basically an in house artist.
Do you decorate your own apartment as creatively as you do windows?
I have the best intentions and the worst follow through. Both my fiance and I have crazy schedules so our home serves as a hub for comfort and recovery with a few good looking moments here and there.
Are there other creative things you like to do outside of work, or does your job satisfy your creative needs?
Absolutely I want to do other projects. Its weird, as creative as I get to be at work, it will always be work. That's also the only way I can look at it as so I can separate myself from it everyday after 5. You can get so attached to this work that it can engulf you and there is no line between work and play…because work sort of is play. I'd like to do a project on the side…. that is just personal…. no goals, no expectations…. if I don't like it I don't have to commit, it would feel nice to not have to take my art so seriously.
Are there other careers you think you'd like to get into in the future?
My ultimate goal, after Anthro, which is no time soon, is to get into retail design; setting up floor plans, building fixtures, setting the aura for a store based on the actual architecture and navigation of the space itself. I am always itching to be in other spaces. My true passion has nothing to do with the object itself in art, but the way objects live and breathe in a space and I want to examine that in as many different stores and windows as possible. Ambitious, I know.
Any advice for aspiring people?
Try to find and meet people who feel the same way that you do about art and life and where they meet. Ask them as many questions about their successes and failures and make a plan for yourself based on those.
Keep an eye our for this girl, I know she'll be doing great things in the years to come. And thank you to Taylor for sharing part of your life and insight with us.
I have always loved Lindsay and Duncan's apartment. It feels like you walked into an eccentric grandmother's home, full of unique antique and found objects. It's cluttered in the most organized way, which I think very few people know how to pull off. It has almost an eerie feel to it, what with animal skulls and even a scythe (!!!), while also being a place where you can curl up under a blanket and feel at home. With every turn of your head there is something fun to look at, which I think really represents these two. I'm telling you, these two have an eye for finding the best things and decorating in a way that cannot be taught.
Thanks to Lindsay, Duncan, Oliver and Rollins for sharing their home with us!


Cartagena is a port city on Colombia's Caribbean coast. It is the country's fifth-largest city. Photo: IAMCR.
The International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) is holding its 60th annual conference July 16-20 in Cartagena, Colombia.
The conference has been organized in partnership with the Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios (UNIMUNUTO) and is being attended by over 1,500 communication researchers and practitioners from around the world.
WACC, as an institutional member of IAMCR, is regularly present at IAMCR's annual conferences. This year, WACC is being represented by Lorenzo Vargas, coordinator of WACC's Communication for Social Change Programme, which every year helps build the capacity of dozens of grassroots organizations around the world to advance social change by drawing on a communication rights framework.
A number of Pre-Conferences on topics such as media education, political communication, and participatory advertising were held in the days prior to the IAMCR conference. One conference was titled "Reflections on Foreign Aid, Philanthropy, and Change in Media Systems", organized by the Centre for International Media Assistance (CIMA).
Key ideas revolved around the landscape of media development being affected by a marked a decline in trust in journalism, growing polarization, a global migration crisis, and the sense that media is being instrumentalized to advance certain political agendas. In this context, it is more important than ever to support independent media, and to foster policy environments that promote media pluralism and democracy.
Participants also heard that it is critical to link media development to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to raise the profile of media-related work in relation to development, as well as to internet governance processes to in order develop models that advance media pluralism in the digital age.
The issue of media concentration remains a significant issue in many parts of the world, both in terms of supply (sources of content) and reception (media platforms). Reporters Without Borders presented one of its current initiatives on the topic, the Media Ownership Project, which maps media ownership in a number of countries in the Global South.
There is also a need for a more critical approach to media development that does not simply try to reproduce media models from the Global North in the Global South, especially considering that most media models of Northern countries are in crisis and are being undermined by issues such as the fake news phenomenon, attacks on press freedom, and lack of trust in the media.
This entails questioning assumptions about media formats and models, and finding ways to build on the rich tradition of participatory communication in many parts of the Global South.
The IAMCR conference was officially opened on July 16 with a celebration of the 30th anniversary of Jesús Martín Barbero's landmark book From Media to Mediations, whose translation into English WACC sponsored.
The opening session also recognized the major contributions by Latin American thinkers such as Néstor García Canclini, Mario Kaplun, Luis Ramiro Beltrán, and Paulo Freire, to the field of communication studies. The IAMCR conference continues until 21 July.


My "college experience" has been somewhat jeopardized because of my financial situation. I was convinced that I would be able to afford the school upon commencement, but as a result of the recent financial chaos on Wall Street these funds have virtually disappeared. As a result of this I have been forced to work an almost full time job along with my semester classes. Juggling both of these obligations has left me with virtually zero free time to interact with my friends or family. The best advice I can possibly offer is to do whatever it takes to completely avoid this situation. Either save up enough capital going into the school, keeping it safely in a bank, or give serious thought to whether or not you should take out a loan. Personally I am reluctant to take out any loans, especially because of the risk of not being able to find a job immediately upon graduation. Compounding interest can turn a small loan into something staggering. In short I would advice all to put yourselves into as financially sound position as possible when entering college to avoid any future stresses and possible situations that may ruin your "college experience."
Finding the right college may take some time and lots of researching, but I will tell you one thing don't let finances drive you away from your dreams. As we all know times are tough right now, but putting away a great education and settling for something more affordable is the wrong decision. I chose Merrimack College for it's great reputation and small classroom sizes not for the $40,000 per year it cost to attend this prestigious college. As I am funding my education entirely by myself I have found there are ways to get scholarships and loans to cover expenses, you just need to find them. Working one or two jobs while at school on the weekends or take an internship over the summer. What's great about some schools is they offer 5 year programs to allow for co-ops. I'm currently finishing my co-op with a large engineering firm in my respective field of study. Pay is great and it gives me another year to save. There is so much more to life than money, so please don't let financing turn you away from what makes you happy, your dream!


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Costco's Costco Wholesale is losing money, analyst says
A Costco Whole Foods is losing cash and is losing market share, a major analyst has said, highlighting concerns that the retailer's stock is on the cusp of a "collapse."
Costco has been buffeted by rising competition, rising food prices, the death of a longtime co-owner, a new store opening and a shakeup of the retail chain's headquarters in San Jose, California.
Analysts have been warning for years that Costco's share price was near collapse, and that its stock was poised for a full-blown stock market correction.
But Costco's chief executive, Gary Sacks, has insisted the company was well on its way to profitability, despite a recent dip in profits and the loss of some stores.
Analytics firm IBISWorld estimates that Costco has lost $2.6 billion in its last two quarters, which is nearly double the $1.9 billion in the same period last year.
The analysts surveyed by The Wall Street Journal said Costco is in a "very precarious situation" given a strong dollar and rising food costs.
"In the current economic environment, Costco is facing severe cash and stock pressure as the price of commodities is already exceeding that of other retailers," IBISworld said.
The Costco chief executive said in a statement that he is committed to a plan to achieve profitability by 2019, while the analysts were "not expecting a turnaround in the foreseeable future."
The analysts also cited Costco's ongoing "corporate governance issues," which they said would result in its board not approving any of the proposed strategic plan for 2019.
They said Costco would likely have to slash more than $4 billion in costs by 2019.
The analysts have also been concerned about the chain's ability to sell more than a million pounds of groceries in the next two years, given a drop in grocery shopping and other sales.IBISWorld said Costco's stock could fall to $30 a share by the end of 2019.
Tags: closest supermarket, compare supermarket, el rancho supermarket, vons supermarket
'It's not the first time': Supremo has to find ways to make its food accessible
How to make your next meal at the supermarket taste even better

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Risk Takers
Invest Ahead
Wealth Coach
Biden's inauguration
What's moving markets today: June 11, 2019
By CNN Business
Updated 5:45 p.m. ET, June 11, 2019
What we covered here:
US stocks ended the day lower.
Beyond Meat (BYND) shares are down after a downgrade.
H&R Block (HRB) stock climbs after making an acquisition.
Sprint (S) and T-Mobile (TMUS) shares tumble after its merger might face legal challenge.
5:17 p.m. ET, June 11, 2019
Tariffs send this beanbag retailer tumbling 23%
From CNN Business' Nathaniel Meyersohn
Lovesac (LOVE), which sells sectional couches and beanbags, tumbled 23% on Tuesday after the retailer disclosed that tariffs hurt its business during the start to 2019.
The retailer said that a 10% tariff on imported goods from China squeezed profit during the first quarter of 2019.
Lovesac manufacturers parts of its furniture in China, but said it is working to diversify its manufacturing base.
When tariffs someday go away, Lovesac will be an even healthier and more efficient business than before, CEO Shawn Nelson told analysts on an earnings call.
Other retailers, such as Walmart (WMT), have warned that tariffs will lead to higher prices for consumers.
What's next for investors on Wednesday
From CNN Business' Anneken Tappe
The market is closed for the day and investors are looking ahead to what's next.
Overnight, China's consumer and producer price inflation data is due. The reports will come out at 9:30 p.m. ET.
The main data point for Wednesday is US consumer price inflation for May, which is expected at 1.9% year-over-year, and will be reported at 8:30 a.m. ET. Note that today's producer price index came in below expectations.
US oil inventories data is due at 10:30 a.m. ET.
Lululemon (LULU), Tailored Brands (TLRD) and RH (RH) report earnings.
Dow snaps six-day winning streak
US stocks ended slightly lower today, marking the end of a rally that has lasted for more than a week. Ahead of today's close, the Dow had logged gains six days in a row. A winning streak like that was last seen in May 2018.
The Dow closed down 0.1%, or 14 points.
The S&P 500 and the Nasdaq closed flat in negative territory.
United Technologies (UTX) was the weakest stock in the Dow, dropping 4%. Raytheon (RTN), which is set to merge with United Technologies, was the biggest loser in the S&P 500. Its shares dropped 5.1%.
Earnings could suffer amid more policy uncertainty, says LPL Financial
Policy uncertainty, especially when it comes to trade, could weigh on earnings in coming quarters, according to LPL Financial.
"Policy uncertainty remains high, particularly around trade, but you wouldn't know it from last week's stock market rally, which jumped 4.4% on increasing hopes for Federal Reserve (Fed) rate cuts," said John Lynch, chief investment strategist at LPL Financial. "However, that doesn't mean stocks are in the clear as the trade conflict with China continues."
While tariffs on Mexican imports were avoided thanks to the United States and Mexico reaching a deal, the picture is less clear when it comes to China. On top of that, new tariffs, for example against the European Union or Japan, could still be in store as well.
A prolonged trade war with China could mean companies would incur the tariffs or have to change supply chains, leading to rising costs and worsening profit margins, said Lynch:
"As long as the tariffs remain in place, earnings growth will be tougher to come by."
But policy uncertainty concerns more than just trade, said Lynch. Monetary policy is also part of it. Expectations for what the Federal Reserve might do next have changed quite a bit. The market is penciling in an interest rate cut this year.
Amid all this, LPL cut its 2019 S&P 500 earnings forecast from $172.50 per share to $170, which is still above the consensus estimate of $168.
Trump's use of tariffs could be a drag on the market, says Goldman Sachs CEO
President Donald Trump's liberal use of tariffs in negotiations could impact markets and investor confidence, Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon said during an interview with CNBC at the Code Conference in Arizona.
"There's no question if the president continues to use tariffs for a broader, political agenda, it can have an impact on market activity," Solomon said.
Stocks have been rallying for more than a week. If the Dow ends in the green today, it will have logged gains for seven days in a row. Investors have been breathing a sigh of relief after Mexico and the US agreed to a deal that avoided tariffs on Mexican imports.
Boeing shares slip after announcing no new orders for the second straight month
From CNN Business' Chris Isidore and Jordan Valinsky
Boeing (BA) shares slipped more than 1% after it reported no new commercial aircraft orders in May.
That's the second straight month that Boeing's orders were at a standstill in the face of the 737 Max crisis.
The drop in orders isn't only because of the grounding of the 737 Max. Boeing also has a massive backorder of about 5,000 planes. Many of its customers do not need to place orders for additional jets right now.
Read more about Boeing's orders here.
12:24 p.m. ET, June 11, 2019
Stocks pull back at midday
Have we reached the top of this stock rally?
At midday, the Dow, the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq Composite have paired their gains and turned red. The Dow and the S&P are both down 0.1%, while the Nasdaq has slipped 0.2%.
Nevertheless, the S&P remains less than 2% away from it's all time record closing high. And if the Dow closes in the green today, it will be its longest streak of gains in over a year. All in all, this slightly more sluggish day doesn't seem like a cause for concern.
Technology and telecommunications services stocks are leading gains across the board. Verizon (VZ) and Cisco (CSCO) are among the biggest gainers in the Dow, up 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively.
11:08 a.m. ET, June 11, 2019
JPMorgan says Beyond Meat's valuation has gone too far
From CNN Business Paul R. La Monica
Beyond Meat's stock had soared more than 570% from its initial public offering price as of the market close on Monday. But one Wall Street analyst thinks the plant-based protein company's valuation is now beyond reason.
JPMorgan's Ken Goldman downgraded Beyond Meat (BYND) to a "neutral" rating on Tuesday, news that sent shares plummeting nearly 20% in early trading.
Goldman, who just raised his forecast for the stock to $120 a share last Friday, noted in newly released report that Beyond Meat had surged "beyond our price target."
This is particularly noteworthy since JPMorgan Chase (JPM) was one of the lead underwriters of the Beyond Meat offering. Investment banks typically lavish praise on the companies that they advise.
Goldman said that he still believes the company's fundamentals look solid, but he also now thinks the valuation is way ahead of itself.
Any hiccup in performance — real or perceived — could lead to a meaningful correction in the share price," Goldman wrote.
Sprint and T-Mobile shares slide following reported major lawsuit
From CNN Business' Jordan Valinsky
Sprint (S) shares tumbled 7% following a report that several state attorneys general are planning to file a lawsuit blocking its planned merger with T-Mobile (TMUS).
Reuters reports New York's state AG Letitia James is leading the lawsuit, with 9 other attorney generals expected to join.
T-Mobile shares also fell nearly 2%.
The proposed $26 billion merger between the two telecommunication companies has faced a rocky path.
In May, the pair announced that they adjusted their merger terms to address concerns brought to them by the FCC. The regulator and the US Department of Justice both have to approve the deal before the companies can complete their merger.


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Archives for June 22, 2022
Steel Person
June 22, 2022 by Michael LaBossiere Leave a Comment
The Steel Person fallacy involves ignoring a person's actual claim or argument and substituting a better one in its place. It has the following pattern:
Premise 1: Person A makes claim or argument X.
Premise 2: Person B presents Y (a better/stronger version of X).
Premise 3: Person B defends Y.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is true/correct/good.
This is fallacious because presenting and defending a better version of a claim or argument does not show that the actual version is good. A Steel Person can be effective because people often do not know the real claim or argument being defended.
The fallacy is especially effective when the Steel Person matches the audience's positive biases or stereotypes. They will feel that the improved version is the real version and accept it. The difference between applying the principle of charity and committing a Steel Person fallacy lies mainly in the intention: the principle of charity is aimed at being fair, the Steel Person fallacy is aimed at making a person's claim or argument appear much better than it is and so is an attempt at deceit.
As such, this fallacy should not be confused with correctly using the principle of charity. This principle requires interpreting claims in the best possible light and reconstructing arguments to make them as strong as possible. But this must be tempered by the principle of plausibility: claims must be interpreted, and arguments reconstructed in a way that matches what is known about the source and the context in which they were made. The principle of charity is aimed, in part, at avoiding the Straw Man. The principle of plausibility is aimed, in part, at avoiding the Steel Person.
A variant of this fallacy is the Just Kidding fallacy. This occurs when a person asserts, in bad faith, that the claim or argument they or someone else made was just a joke or that they were not serious. The target is supposed to believe this and thus accept that the person's professed belief is better than what their claim or argument indicates. This is often used in response to being embarrassed or called out for (typically for bigotry or prejudice). This variant has the following form:
Premise 2: X receives a negative response.
Premise 3: X is claimed to be "just kidding" or a joke.
Conclusion: Therefore, X does not represent Person's A real view.
This is a type of Steel Man because turning the claim or argument into an alleged joke makes it appear better than the person's claim or argument taking as being serious. While people do make jokes that do not accurately represent their real views, it does not follow that just because a person (or their defender) claims they were joking that they really were. This tactic is often used when a bigot is recruiting; if they get a positive response, then they can escalate. If they face criticism, they can claim, in bad faith, that they were joking and maintain their cover. This tactic is also commonly used in response to the embarrassment that can arise from making a claim in ignorance or presenting a bad argument.
Defense: While this fallacy is generally aimed at an audience, it can also be self-inflicted: a person can unwittingly make a Steel Person out of a claim or argument. This can be done entirely in error (perhaps due to ignorance) or due to the influence of positive biases. The defense against a Steel Man, self-inflicted or not, is to take care to get a person's claim or argument right and to apply the principle of plausibility. As with any fallacy, it should not be inferred that the conclusion of a Steel Person argument must be false. In fact, when someone makes a Steel Man they will often present a plausible claim or good argument. While the substituted steel claim or argument does not prove anything about the original, the substituted claim or argument should be assessed on their own merits and not simply rejected because they are part of a fallacy. In the case of the Just Kidding variant, the defense is to be on guard against people attempting to dismiss claims or arguments as jokes. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to know when a person is committing this fallacy since doing so requires knowing that they were not, in fact, joking. However, it is possible to use what you do know about a person to assess such claims.
Reporter: "Was the President serious when he said that if 'you want to keep someone away from your house, just fire the shotgun through the door'?"
Press Secretary: "First, the President was obviously joking when he made that remark. Second, what he meant by that remark is that a shotgun would be sufficient for home defense and therefore there is not a legitimate need for assault weapons, like the Assault Rifle-15."
Reporter: "You mean 'ArmaLite Rifle-15."
Press Secretary: "Sure."
Reporter: "Was the President serious when asked if disinfectants could be used in COVID cures?"
Press Secretary: "Obviously he was just joking. He was being sarcastic."
Reporter: "What about when he asked about using light to treat COVID?"
Press Secretary: "Also joking. He is such a kidder."
Ben: "Have you ever noticed how many Jews work in Hollywood? That explains a lot."
Sheryl: "Like what?"
Ben: "Like how they are controlling the media. Ever notice how many Jews are bankers? International bankers?"
Sheryl: "That sounds antisemitic. I can see where this is probably going."
Ben: "Hey, I am just kidding!"
Filed Under: Critical Thinking/Logic
Prediction Fallacy
This fallacy occurs when someone uncritically rejects a prediction or the effectiveness of the responses to it when the predicted outcome does not occur:
Premise 1: Prediction P predicted outcome X if response R is not taken.
Premise 2: Response R was taken (based on prediction P).
Premise 3: X did not happen, so Prediction P was wrong.
Conclusion: Response R should not have been taken (or there is no longer a need to take Response R).
The error occurs because of a failure to consider the obvious: if there is an effective response to a predicted outcome, then the prediction will appear to be "wrong" because the predicted outcome will not occur.
While a prediction that turns out to be wrong is technically wrong, the error here is to uncritically conclude that this proves the response was not needed (or there is no longer any need to keep responding). The initial prediction assumes there will not be a response and is usually made to argue for responding. If the response is effective, then the predicted outcome will not occur, which is the point of responding. To reason that the "failure" of the prediction shows that the response was mistaken or no longer needed is thus a mistake in reasoning.
To use a silly analogy, imagine that we are in a car and driving towards a cliff. You make the prediction that if we keep going, we will go off the cliff and die. So, I turn the wheel and avoid the cliff. If backseat Billy gets angry and says that there was no reason to turn the wheel or that I should turn it back because we did not die in a fiery explosion, Billy is falling for this fallacy. After all, if we did not turn, then we would have died. And if we turn back too soon, then we die. The point of turning is so that the predicted outcome of death will not occur.
A variation on this fallacy involves inferring the prediction was bad because it turned out to be "wrong":
Premise 2: Response R was taken based on prediction P.
Premise 3: X did not happen.
Conclusion: Prediction P was wrong about X occurring if response R was not taken.
While the prediction would be "wrong" in that the predicted outcome did not occur, this does not disprove the prediction that X would occur without the response. Going back to the car example, the prediction that we would die if we drove of the cliff if we do not turn is not disproven if we turn and then do not die. In fact, that is the result we want.
Since it lacks logical force, this fallacy gains its power from psychological force. Sorting out why something did not happen can be difficult and it is easier to go along with biases, preconceptions, and ideology than it is to sort out a complicated matter.
This fallacy can be committed in good faith out of ignorance. When committed in bad faith, the person using it is aware of the fallacy. The intent is often to use this fallacy to argue against continuing the response or as a bad faith attack on those who implemented or argued for the response. For example, someone might argue in bad faith that a tax cut was not needed to avoid a recession because the predicted recession did not occur after the tax cut. While the tax cut might have not been a factor, simply asserting that they were not needed because the recession did not occur would commit this fallacy.
Defense: To avoid inflicting this fallacy on yourself or falling for it, the main defense is to keep in mind that a prediction based on the assumption that a response will not be taken can turn out to be "wrong" if that response is taken. Also, you should remember that the failure of a predicted event to occur after a response is made to prevent it would count as some evidence that the response was effective rather than as proof it was not needed. But care should be taken to avoid uncritically inferring that the response was needed or effective because the predicted event did not occur.
Julie: "The doctor said that my blood pressure would keep going up unless I improved my diet and started exercising."
Kendra: "How is your blood pressure now?"
Julie: "Pretty good. I guess I don't need to keep eating all those vegetables and I can stop going on those walks."
Kendra: "Why?"
Julie: "Well, she was wrong. My blood pressure did not go up."
Robert: "While minority voters might have needed some protection long ago, I am confident we can remove all those outdated safeguards."
Kelly: "Why? Aren't they still needed? Aren't they what is keeping some states from returning to the days of Jim Crow?"
Robert: "Certainly not. People predicted that would happen, but it didn't. So, we obviously no longer need those protections in place."
Kelly: "But, again, aren't these protections what is keeping that from happening?"
Robert: "Nonsense. Everything will be fine."
Lulu: "I am so mad. We did all this quarantining, masking, shutting down, social distance and other dumb thing for so long and it is obvious we did not need to."
Paula: "I didn't like any of that either, but the health professionals say it saved a lot of lives."
Lulu: "Yeah, those health professionals said that millions of people would die if we didn't do all that stupid stuff. But look, we didn't have millions die. So, all that was just a waste."
Paula: "Maybe doing all that was why more people didn't die."
Lulu: "That is what they want you to think."
Argument Against Authority
Also Known As: Argument Against Expertise
This fallacy occurs when a person rejects a claim simply because it is made by an authority/expert. It has the following form:
Premise 1: A is an authority/expert in field F.
Premise 2: A makes claim C in field F.
Conclusion: Claim C is false.
This fallacy can be seen as the reverse of a Fallacious Appeal to Authority. In that fallacy, an unqualified person's claim is accepted because they are mistakenly attributed expertise. In this fallacy, a qualified person's claim is rejected because of their correctly attributed expertise. That is poor reasoning can be illustrated with an example from geometry:
Premise 1: Euclid is an expert on geometry.
Premise 2: Euclid claims that triangles have three sides.
Conclusion: Triangles do not have three sides.
This fallacy has the unusual feature of not only being bad reasoning but also reasoning in which the premises will often support the rejection of the conclusion. This is because the target of this fallacy tends to be a qualified expert speaking in their field and, as such, someone who is likely to be right. But not guaranteed to be right.
There are rational grounds for doubting experts, as discussed in the Fallacious Appeal to Authority. When a person rationally applies the standards of assessing an (alleged) expert and determines that the expert lacks credibility, they would not be committing this fallacy. But to reject a claim solely because of the source is always a fallacy (usually an ad hominem) and rejecting a claim because it was made by an expert would be doubly fallacious if there were such a thing. But this fallacy can have great psychological force and explaining this takes us to visit our good, dead friend Socrates in ancient Athens.
One of Socrates' friends went to the oracle of Delphi and asked them who was the wisest of men. It was, of course, Socrates. While many would accept such praise, Socrates believed that the gods were wrong and set out to disprove them by finding someone wiser. He questioned the poets, the politicians, the craftspeople, and anyone who would speak with him. He found everyone believed they knew far more than they did and the more ignorant a person, the more they believed they knew. Reflecting on this, Socrates concluded that the gods were right: he was the wisest because he knew that he knew nothing, that his infinite ignorance eclipsed what little he knew. While some were grateful to Socrates, more were outraged and saw to it that he was put on trial and sentenced to death.
While we now have smart phones, people have not changed since those times: most believe they know far more than they do, and they resent those who would disagree. Technology has made this worse—thanks to the "university of Google" and social media, people not only doubt the experts, but regard themselves as equal to or better than them.
We can continue our philosophical adventure by visiting our good dead friend John Locke. While Locke is best known for "life, liberty and property" he also wrote on enthusiasm. By "enthusiasm" he did not mean being really excited about your favorite sports team or getting free guacamole. He was concerned with the tendency to believe a claim because how strongly one feels it to be true. While Locke, as a devout Christian, focused on religion, he held to a very sensible general principle that one should believe in proportion to the evidence rather than in proportion to the strength of feeling.
While psychologists and cognitive scientists have examined the various cognitive biases that contribute to what Locke calls enthusiasm, his basic idea is still correct: believing based on strong feeling is not a rational way to form beliefs. True beliefs can be backed up with evidence and reason. The power of this enthusiasm leads people to believe based on the strength of their feelings and they will often be wrong. This leads people to reject what experts claim when there is disagreement. They will feel that they are right and that their strong feeling counts more than expertise.
Americans, like me, are especially prone to rejecting experts and a mistaken conception of democracy serves to fuel this fallacy. While American political philosophy professes that everyone is equal and everyone has a right to free expression, these are often wrongly interpreted as everyone being equal in knowledge and that all opinions are equally good (although each of use sees our opinion as first among equals). The science fiction writer Isaac Asimov noted this: "There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there has always been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge."
A clever tactic is to misuse the standards discussed under the Fallacious Appeal to Authority and accuse the targeted expert of failing to meet those standards. While this could be done in good faith ignorance, this will usually be a bad faith tactic involving lies or disinformation. This tactic can create the illusion of logical force since it resembles the correct way to assess an alleged expert. It will also have the advantage of psychological force, since it is not constrained by the requirements of a good faith assessment. This allows for the use of other fallacies when engaged in the bad faith criticism.
As would be expected, Ad Hominem attacks are often made on experts to provide fallacious justification for rejecting their claims. For example, an expert might be accused of being whatever the boogeyman of the day is to "refute" their claims. Wicked Motive is also a popular addition to this fallacy. For example, an expert in climate change might be accused of the wicked motive of trying to destroy capitalism to "refute" their claims about climate science. As another example, a business expert might be accused of the wicked motive of wanting to exploit workers to "refute" their claims about business. The Fallacy Fallacy is also useful here: a critic could claim that those who believe the expert's claim are committing a Fallacious Appeal to Authority and then conclude, fallaciously, that the expert's claim is false.
As a final point, this fallacy can be committed even if the target is not an expert. In this case, the person committing the fallacy would have a false premise (that the person making the claim is an expert in the field) and be making an error of reasoning (that the alleged expert is wrong because they are allegedly an expert).
Defense: This fallacy is often self-inflicted due to arrogant ignorance. Fortunately, a fundamental lesson of philosophy provides an excellent defense: realizing, as Socrates did, that wisdom is recognizing that we know nothing relative to the infinity of what we do not know. This is not to embrace empty skepticism in which everything is doubted, but to accept a healthy skepticism of the extent of our own knowledge and to develop a willingness to listen to those who (probably) have knowledge.
This fallacy is also often accepted because of the incitement of strong feelings about an expert's claims. This can be self-inflicted or caused by others. The defense against this is not to become unfeeling. It is to be aware that feelings are not evidence and to try to believe proportional to the evidence and not our enthusiasm. This is difficult to do since it is hard to fight feelings. But rational decision making that can be a matter of life or death requires it. How we feel about pandemics, guns, economics, vaccines, or climate change does not tell us which claims about them are true.
For my fellow Americans, the defense is not to reject democracy or freedom of expression but to realize that neither entail that "my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge." We can accept democracy and accept that people have the right to express themselves, but the truth of a claim is not decided by a vote nor is any opinion automatically as good as another just because they can be freely expressed. Most people get this in what they see as practical matters: while some people attempt to do their own dentistry, build rockets, or rewire their house, most realize that root canals, major electrical work and rockets are best left to people who know what they are doing. We turn to dentists, electricians, and engineers because they are experts. We should get that the same applies beyond these areas. This is not to say that we should blindly believe the experts, but that we should accept claims made by credible experts over our own ignorance.
Seth: "Yeah, that epidemiologist says that we need to get vaccinated to stop the Squirrel Pox pandemic, but I have done my own research. So, I am not getting vaccinated. I am sure that because I work out, I will be fine."
Yolanda: "I guess people are still mad about the election."
Jeff: "I am. I did my research and I know that the election was stolen."
Yolanda: "What sort of research? Experts across the country looked for evidence and there were almost a hundred court cases. Nothing significant was found."
Jeff: "I figured you would trust the 'experts.' But I did my own research and I know they are wrong. Those experts think too much and don't do the kind of research I do. Also, they are biased and full of hate."
Yolanda: "You keep talking about your research. What research did you do?"
Jeff: "I did my research. You should, too."
Interviewer: "As I am sure you know, there has been some turmoil in Agrabah. Would you favor using military force against the country if doing so was in America's interest?"
Don: "Ah, yes. They are saying a lot about the trouble in Agrabah."
Interviewer: "When I interviewed foreign policy experts, they said it would be impossible to use force against Agrabah."
Don: "Those pointy-heads don't know anything. We are the most powerful country in the world, and we could wipe Agrabah off the map. Right off the map."
Interviewer: "So, you know a lot about foreign policy?"
Don: "I sure do."
Rick: "Hey, can you pick up some chips when you go to the store?"
George: "Sure. What kind?"
Rick: "Salt & vinegar chips. Check to make sure that they are not GMO. Also, check to make sure they are organic, vegan, free-range and cruelty free."
George: "Why no GMO? They are safe. Well, as safe as non-GMO food."
Rick: "Who says they are safe?"
George: "Scientists and researchers."
Rick: "I've Googled GMO a lot. I know the truth. I'm not going to believe those researchers. This YouTuber has this video that shows how eating GMO foods can change your genes!"
George: "I don't think food works like that. Also, who is this YouTuber?"
Rick: "They talk about health. Like how healing candles can cure cancer."
George: "Do they have a degree in genetics or something?"
Rick: "No. But that is why I trust her."
George: "Does she sell candles?"
Rick: "Yes."
George: "Are they gluten free?"
Rick: "Of course."


text:
Q: Excel Macro opens with run time error 32809 I have an Excel Macro Enabled workbook that I created on Excel 2013.  The workbook's macros work well with my computer but does not work on some other computers even if they are using Excel 2013. Works on 7/10 computers I tried both on windows 7 and 8. When I send it to someone's computer that does not work this is what happens:
They open the workbook and once the user clicks "enable content" the workbook errors out "run time error '32809': Application-defined or object-defined error"
debug shows it getting stuck on 2nd line of code below:
private sub workbook open()
Worksheets(1).OLEObjects("ComboBox21").ListFillRange = "impacts"
**Worksheets(2).OLEObjects("ComboBox21").ListFillRange = "yesnoo"** This line errors

if I comment out these two lines, the workbook will open but the combobox21 on worksheet(2) gets renamed to combobox22 and does not work but the first combobox on worksheet(1) loads and functions fine.
I would like to add that if I comment out the lines
Worksheets(1).OLEObjects("ComboBox21").ListFillRange = "impacts"
Worksheets(2).OLEObjects("ComboBox21").ListFillRange = "yesnoo"

I get the error now that "Can't exit design mode because control ' dattimepicker21' cannot be created

A: I found and fixed the problem, the machines that were not working were missing MSCOMCT2.OCX
http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/office/forum/office_2013_release-excel/date-picker-dropdown-in-excel-2013/71decdcd-6cc6-4a70-b1ab-20294a2a315a


text:
Claire Rokita
© 2021 Kirkland & Ellis LLP
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claire.rokita@kirkland.com
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Claire Rokita is a transactional associate in the Houston office of Kirkland & Ellis LLP.
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GSO Capital Partners, L.P., an affiliate of Blackstone, in securing an investment-grade term loan facility and a construction-to-term loan facility in connection with its $850 million recapitalization of Altus Power America, a market-leading solar power company that provides clean electricity to commercial, industrial and municipal clients across the United States
Gastar Exploration LLC, an affiliate of Ares Management Corporation, in its merger with Chisholm Oil and Gas LLC
Magnetar Capital and The Carlyle Group in a $625 million preferred equity investment round in Altus Midstream, a Permian-to-Gulf midstream company affiliated with Apache Corporation
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