text:
the obligatory 6 Nations gloating
Well. I can only echo Doug's slack-jawed disbelief in the comments to the previous post. The England-Wales game has to be one of the strangest I've ever seen - Wales were desperately poor for the first hour, gave the ball away in contact constantly as well as getting regularly cleaned out at the rucks, and only some heroic defence (James Hook and Huw Bennett's desperate efforts to stop Paul Sackey grounding the ball at the end of the first half in particular) kept them in it. For all that England should have been further ahead, and paid the price when the Welsh got things together and England simultaneously, and inexplicably, went to pieces. Glorious stuff for the Welsh supporter, but I don't think many firm conclusions can be drawn. I was strongly reminded of the England-France game from 1997 when they imploded from an almost identical scoreline after an hour in a very similar way.
Plus points: the half-backs, Hook and Phillips. Gavin Henson had a quiet first half but put himself about a bit more in the second. Lee Byrne had a good game too, though Shane Williams had people tearing their hair out (as always) with some of his decision-making. Alun Wyn Jones and, inevitably, Martyn Williams did well too. Minus points: they need to stop giving the ball away in tackles and rucks. And if Shane Williams could stop trying to score tries from behind his own goal line that would be good too.
The other two games couldn't match that one for excitement. I stand by my comments about Ireland - Italy are much improved but they really should have put them away more convincingly, and the French were comfortably too good for the Scots without ever looking brilliant.
Here's a gripe for the IRB, though, as I'm sure they read this blog: forward passes. Have they stopped being illegal and no-one's told me? Generally it's the little close-range offloads out of the tackle that allow an attacker to pop through a gap that look dubious; Vincent Clerc's pass to Cedric Heymans in the build-up to France's first try on Sunday is a good example. And because they know they can get away with it, attackers run very flat lines so that the passer almost has to pass the ball forward to avoid it going behind the intended recipient. Which can be counter-productive as it precludes delaying the pass - if you do that the receiver will have run past you by the time you want to give him the ball.
Two other things: moaning about scrum-halves being allowed to put the ball into the scrum crooked is probably pointless, but referees could, if they wanted to, do something about defensive lines being constantly offside. I haven't done the sums, but I bet there are more interception tries than there used to be. And why? Because people are constantly a couple of bleedin' yards offside, that's why. Which leads me, in a roundabout sort of way, to the Lewis Moody rugby flowchart.
expectorated into a chrome spittoon by electrichalibut at 1:35 PM
Labels: rants, rugby, sport
much funnel be had here......geddit?
more brainfarts
your high-brow quiz of the day
worship Nader! but not this year, please.....
ah, Mr. Quentin O'Sellers, I've been expecting you...
a measly 30 grand?
that's the ticket
banal Booker blitherings
celebrity lookylikey of the day
throw another decapod crustacean on the raised fra...
i'm in ur chest cavity, stealin ur ribz
clearly I need to go to more pubs
album of the day
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the bridges of Gwent county
the obligatory 6 Nations preview
I now expect to get a roasting fork in the midriff...

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text:
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Who is our enemy – Putin or the Russian People?
Published | By
The German government has accused the American commander of the allies in Europe, Gen Philip Breedlove of, disseminating 'dangerous propaganda' by minimizing the extent of Putin's military in his annexation of parts of Ukraine. Putin denies that his military is fighting with the Pro-Russian separatist fighters in Ukraine. He claims that the people in that area are fighting for 'freedom' as they try to add parts of the Ukraine to Putin's 'empire'.
But US Lt Gen Ben Hodges, commander of the US Army in Europe, says that, in fact, at least 12,000 Putin troops are inside UKRAINE capturing more and more territory for Putin's 'separatist army' which is directly proven to include Putin's soldiers through satellite imagery, which anyone in the world can view for themselves. Hundreds of Russian soldiers have been killed in the separatist area of the Ukraine.
NATO and US analysis, have seriously underestimated how many soldiers Putin has sacrificed there.
As I See It, we should be more careful to note that Putin should be help accountable, not the Russian people. Putin's invasion of Ukraine has sacrificed over 80,000 of his own people.
Meanwhile, several courageous teachers who have refused to endorse what Putin calls his 'special military operations' in Ukraine, face retaliation and sanctions. Human rights activists have been arrested, tortured and prosecuted and defense lawyers, threatened and intimidated.
Estimates suggest that over 6,000 civilians have been killed and almost 10,000 innocent people injured.
In Russia, almost 5 million citizens have left the country.
Former Soviet countries saw a huge increase in arrivals after Putin invaded the Ukraine.
But, apparently, most older Russians support Putin, but the younger generation opposes the invasion and are much more skeptical towards the Putin dictatorship. They say that they are feeling the effect of sanctions.
A poll found that over 50% said Ukraine is resisting the invasion more strongly than they expected and that life for ordinary Russians had got worse over the last 20 years, also Russia's international reputation had been damaged.
Those aged 18-24 were more likely to say they opposed the invasion . They were much more likely to reject Putin's claim that the invasion was needed to protect Russia, and to demilitarize and de-Nazify Ukraine. They also had an unfavorable view of Putin and they were more likely recognize President Zalensky as Ukraine's legitimate leader. More than half (54%) said they favored withdrawing Russian forces from the Ukraine.
For whatever reason, US and other Western leaders do not want to label Putin's military action as an 'invasion' of eastern Ukraine and Crimea. They ignore his retaliation, arrests and intimidation of anyone who opposes his illegal actions.
Non-Kremlin Russian media regularly witness the burial of dead Russians soldiers, and report on the brave opposition of the Russian people against the Putin Dictatorship, but of newspapers and our media reporters tell us almost nothing. For whatever reason, its important to our major networks that we hate the Russian people and put no direct blame on Putin, their Communist ruler.
Apparently, our 'World Leaders' have agreed that its ok for them to kill and maim one another's citizens, but bumping off a murderous dictator is not permitted.
' Hirohito' the warlike Japanese leader in WW2 had to be protected, so we 'nuked' a million civilians in Hiroshima and Nagasaki instead. Italian Nazi Dictator Mussolini, was spared.
Idi Amin, reportedly one of the most brutal dictators in the world died peacefully in Saudi Arabia.
Is that why 'Holocaust Hitler' was 'collateral damage' when he was 'inadvertently' blown up?
Our leaders had agreed that assassinating him would have been 'illegal'.
So, is there any hope for the Russian people?
Apparently its not our problem!
'til next time…………..
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text:
Study: Severe Maternal Depression Often Begins During Pregnancy, Not Postpartum
February 4, 2015 — Women with severe maternal depression often begin to develop symptoms during pregnancy, not in the postpartum period, as is commonly thought, according to a new study, the New York Times ' "Well" reports.
The study, published in Lancet Psychiatry , involved more than 8,200 women from 19 centers in seven countries. It is the largest to date on postpartum depressive symptoms, according to Leah Rubin, a co-author of a commentary on the study and an assistant professor in the Women's Mental Health Research Program at the University of Illinois.
All of the women in the study were mothers with depressive symptoms. They were classified into three categories by level of severity: mild or clinically insignificant depression; moderate depression; and severe depression, such as suicidal thoughts, panic and frequent crying.
The researchers found that two-thirds of women who experienced the severest symptoms reported that the onset occurred during pregnancy, while symptoms in women with moderate depression typically began postpartum.
Further, the severely depressed women were more likely than the moderately depressed group to experience complications during delivery, whereas the moderately depressed group was more likely to have problems during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertension.
Potential Explanations
The findings could mean that different biological factors influence women who experience depression during pregnancy than those who develop it after birth, which is believed to be connected to falling hormone levels after delivery.
In addition, Samantha Meltzer-Brody, the study's corresponding author and director of the perinatal psychiatry program at the University of North Carolina, said she is interested in whether immune system issues might play a role, given that 60% of the moderately depressed women reported conditions such as diabetes.
Building off of the study, Meltzer-Brody and colleagues will collect DNA from thousands of women through an online registry, which could eventually help "determine who's at risk," she said (Belluck, "Well," New York Times , 2/2).


How many pages is 1200 words? Just a little under 2.5 pages single spaced, and almost 5 pages double spaced. This may vary if you're using non-typical fonts or page margins, but with a standard 12 point Times or Arial font and default margins you should see similar results. Examples of 1200 word count pages might be a mid-length high school essay, a short college paper or a small to medium sized blog post or product review.
Answer: 1200 words is 2⅖ pages single spaced or 4⅘ pages double spaced.


The good tips for Zumba Class for Beginners – It's obtained so much appeal that you could discover a course at a lot of health clubs, so give it a shot! Right here's exactly what to expect at your initial class.
Zumba is a blend of Latin as well as worldwide songs incorporated with a heart-pumping cardio workout. It was founded in the '90s by Alberto "Beto" Perez, a fitness instructor from Colombia. When he forgot his songs and improvised a traditional aerobics course with Latin music. He mixed the style to a new dance style. The thrilling class has a party-like environment with the focus on having fun.
There are no incorrect moves — as long as you're relocating and maintaining your heart rate up, you're doing it!
Usually, instructors start with a very short warm and comfortable up (after calling out all of the "newbies" to the class) as well as then go directly right into the dancing section where you will be anticipated to shed calories shaking your booty to the song of a mix of Salsa and also hip-hop songs. Don't be frightened if you "can't dance"; the bulk of Zumba dancing classes take place in the dark, commonly also with a disco round spinning lights throughout the area.
Zumba teachers discuss that novices and students of all physical fitness levels rate in all classes. Pupils ought to come to the course with an open mind and also prepare to sweat, relocate, as well as tremble their booty! New pupils might wish to show up to class a few mins early. This allows their teacher to recognize they are a novice, to ensure that he or she could provide any type of extra hints throughout the class.
A lot of brand-new pupils often stand in the back, but many suggest standing near the front or in a place that has a good sight of the teacher. It usually takes a pupil three courses to feel like they "obtain" regimens and motions. All the teachers likewise have their very own special designs, so it is very important to experiment with a few in your area to discover one that jives with you.
Exactly what to put on.
Come dressed in comfy fitness clothes that are simple to move in and also can manage sweat. Put on sneakers that sustain dancing motion — assume side-to-side motions and also pivots as opposed to the basic front-to-back movement. Great footwear could include cross trainers, dancing sneakers, and even running shoes with a damaged thread. Students ought to also bring water and also a towel.
Exactly how often should you take Zumba?
They suggest starting twice a week. So your body and mind will certainly start to bear in mind routines. Also, you'll build your toughness and endurance. Pupils that get truly addicted may go to class from 3 to 5 times a week. Like any type of physical fitness program, it's great to stabilize out cardio classes with strength training, stretching (yoga), and remainder days.
Will Zumba help you reduce weight?
Females in an average weight array, state about 120-170 for estimate objectives, are going to melt in between 350 and 650 calories in an hr of Zumba. If they address full strength through the entire class. The specific expenditure during a class depends on a number of various variables. Which consisting of specific weight, muscle material, physical fitness degree and also more.
Don't get me wrong, 350-650 an hour is nothing to belittle. Every calorie concerns when you are aiming to reduce weight. And also not just are the Zumba calories burned rewarding as well as considerable. It's likewise a fun means to obtain in your cardio without actually feeling like you're exercising.
We do not think it's reasonable, however, to lead customers and also health-conscious exercises to believe that the calorie expense is astronomically high. If an individual assumes that they have actually shed 1000 calls an hour throughout an exercise, they may make food options later in the day as a result of that false feeling of a deficiency.
It was founded in the '90s by Alberto "Beto" Perez, a fitness instructor from Colombia. When he forgot his music as well as improvised a typical aerobics course with Latin songs and also relocates that he grew up the dance too. Generally, instructors begin with a very brief cozy up. After calling out all of the "newbies" to the course. Then goes straight right into the dance part where you will be anticipated to burn calories shaking your booty to the song of a blend of Salsa as well as hip-hop music.
Do not be daunted if you "cannot dance"; the bulk of Zumba dance classes take area in the dark, frequently also with a disco sphere spinning lights across the room. Zumba trainers clarify that novices, as well as students of all health and fitness degrees, are welcome in all courses. New students might desire to show up to class a few minutes early. This allowed their instructor to recognize they are a newbie so that he or she could give any extra clues throughout the course.


text:
Home Weird World Photo Galleries Ghost Town – Hashima Island, Japan
Ghost Town – Hashima Island, Japan
Amit Ghosh
Hashima Island; commonly called Gunkanjima (???; meaning "Battleship Island") is one among 505 uninhabited islands in the Nagasaki Prefecture about 15 kilometers from Nagasaki itself. The island was populated from 1887 to 1974 as a coal mining facility. The island's most notable features are the abandoned concrete buildings and the sea wall surrounding it. It has been administered as part of Nagasaki, Nagasaki since 2005.
"Battleship Island" is an English translation of the Japanese nickname for Hashima Island, Gunkanjima (gunkan meaning "battleship", jima being the rendaku form of shima, meaning "island"). The island's nickname came from its apparent resemblance to the Japanese battleship Tosa due to its high seawalls. It also is known as the Ghost Island. It is known for its coal mines and their operation during the industrialization of Japan. Mitsubishi bought the island in 1890 and began the project, the aim of which was retrieving coal from the bottom of the sea. They built Japan's first large concrete building, a block of apartments in 1916 to accommodate their burgeoning ranks of workers (many of whom were forcibly recruited labourers from other parts of Asia), and to protect against typhoon destruction.
In 1959, its population density was 835 people per hectare (83,500 people/km2) for the whole island, or 1,391 per hectare (139,100 people/km2) for the residential district, the highest population density ever recorded worldwide. As petroleum replaced coal in Japan in the 1960s, coal mines began shutting down all over the country, and Hashima's mines were no exception. Mitsubishi officially announced the closing of the mine in 1974, and today it is empty and bare, which is why it's called the Ghost Island. Travel to Hashima was re-opened on April 22, 2009 after more than 20 years of closure.
amazing Ghost Town
famous Ghost Town
mysterious Ghost Town
mystery of Ghost Town
popular Ghost Town
strange Ghost Town
unexplained Ghost Town
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text:
Q: algorithm for cumulative max I'm looking for efficient and/or elegant ways to compute a cumulative max. I'm interested in the algorithm itself and different approaches to the issue.
set.seed(1)
vec <- sample(1000,10,TRUE)
# vec
# [1] 266 373 573 909 202 899 945 661 630  62

expected:
cummax(vec)
# [1] 266 373 573 909 909 909 945 945 945 945

Here are 2 solutions to measure yours against :
cummax_1 <- function(x) sapply(seq_along(x),function(i) max(x[1:i]))
cummax_2 <- function(x) {
  l <- length(x)
  y <- numeric(l)
  y[1] <- x[1]
  for(i in 2:l) y[i] <- max(x[i],y[i-1])
  y
}

library(microbenchmark)
set.seed(1)
vec_bm <- sample(1e3,1e4,TRUE)
microbenchmark(
  cummax_1 = cummax_1(vec_bm),
  cummax_2 = cummax_2(vec_bm),
  times = 10)

# Unit: milliseconds
#     expr       min        lq      mean   median       uq       max neval
# cummax_1 337.33007 338.92838 350.93473 341.1705 375.4408 377.56073    10
# cummax_2  13.61659  13.85143  14.30533  14.1797  14.8560  15.18955    10

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Issue: 2002-03-06
Issue: 2002-03-06
Lois Greenfield
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Byron Woods Art
Not a Girl
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. David Fellerath Screen
Is There a Price on Gary Phillips' Head?
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Jennifer Strom Archives
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. T.J. Nelson Archives
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. James E. Heyward Archives
"Iffy" aloft
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Victoria A. Wentz Archives
Clem Snide with the Weather and the Capitol Years
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Archives
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Chris Toenes Archives
Pittsburgh Public Theater
Theatrical Triage
Alex Maness
Sport unadorned
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Adam Bertolett Archives
In romance
Illustration by Shelton Bryant
N**ga, Please!
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Derek Jennings News
Death and Dismemberment
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Angie Carlson Features
Old Building Blues
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Margaret Chapman Features
Community Cookbook
In living legends
Retrofantasma Film Series
Georges Le Chevallier
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Nathan Lupo Art
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Rick Cornell Archives
Mar. 06, 2002 4:00 a.m. Jeff Turrentine News


text:
Q: How to convert a binary classes column to numpy array I have an array like this as the label column (2 labels : 0 and 1) , for example:
[0,1,0,1,1]

Supposed that I want to convert this array to a numpy matrix with the shape (5,2) (5 elements, 2 labels) . How can I do that in a trivial way by using any util library?
The outcome I want is like this :
[[0,1][1,0],[0,1],[1,0],[1,0]]

A: You could use NumPy broadcasting -
(a[:,None] != np.arange(2)).astype(int)

Sample run -
In [7]: a = np.array([0,1,0,1,1])

In [8]: (a[:,None] != np.arange(2)).astype(int)
Out[8]:
array([[0, 1],
       [1, 0],
       [0, 1],
       [1, 0],
       [1, 0]])

# Convert to list if needed
In [14]: (a[:,None] != np.arange(2)).astype(int).tolist()
Out[14]: [[0, 1], [1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 0]]


text:
Find the best hunting rangefinder for you!
Can A Rangefinder Improve My Hunting Performance?
by root
While there are many key pieces of hunting equipment that every modern hunter should have in their kit, one of the most important has to be a rangefinder. In the old days, you may have had to rely on your knowledge of the distance of your position from a landmark like a rock or a tree to make your shot accurate, but that kind of skill can take years to hone, and we don't all have time to spend in the woods, practising the art of making the shot count. The good news, however, is that the invention of the laser rangefinder has allowed even inexperienced hunters to enjoy a more professional hunting experience.
What Is A Laser Rangefinder?
A modern laser rangefinder is a lightweight, compact device which allows hunters to easily determine their target and obtain an accurate shot. These powerful devices are capable of reaching out for around a mile, and some of the best are even able to provide hunters with simulated trajectory information. There's no doubt about it, today's optical rangefinders are very sophisticated gadgets which make a hunter's life considerably easier.
How Does A Rangefinder Work?
Rangefinders feature an angle-compensating feature which helps hunters to determine the distance that they must aim for, rather than just the distance to the target. They also feature an eyepiece with an adjustable focus to improve your sight of the target. While weather conditions and different terrain can have an effect on your shot's accuracy, rangefinders have a key role to play in making every shot count. The microchips contained in contemporary rangefinders are able to calculate all of the key information and then present it to the user in real world statistics which the hunter can then use to improve their shot.
Energy efficiency is another vital factor, since nobody wants their rangefinder to run out of juice in the middle of taking a shot. Rangefinders are especially helpful in teaching young hunters the importance of ethical shots and distances from their earliest days of hunting. They come in a range of price brackets, and hunters on a budget can find a device to suit them for around $60, while those who are serious about improving their shot can invest in a device that costs over $5000.
If you do your research carefully, paying attention to your individual needs, the price that you can afford and the kind of terrain that you will be hunting in, you are sure to find the best rangefinder to suit you and your hunting style.
Here are some of the top performing laser rangefinders on the market today.
Leupold 112179 RX-1200i TBR W/DNA
This precise, solidly made and compact rangefinder comes highly recommended by experts. With its swift readings delivery, this model is rated to 1250 yards making it exceptionally functional while out hunting. With its highly legible, bright display, this user friendly device offers impressive visibility in most weather conditions, with interior readings which can be adjusted for different light levels. With 6x magnification and fully multi-coated lenses, this model rivals many more expensive models for its bright and clear image transmission.
There are also three reticles to pick from as well as a scan mode which keeps the target locked with real time range updates without the need to adjust. Not only does this rangefinder have a True Ballistic Range calculator, it also has an inclinometer which adjusts readings taking account of any slopes. This device is also very sturdily built, and can survive a drop of up to 20 feet unscathed. Even though it is a compact, lightweight device, it is rugged and withstand harsh environments, and comes complete with its own carry case.
Leica Rangemaster CRF 1600-B
This model has excellent distance and accuracy, although its price tag matches its quality. With a 1600 yard range and clear and bright optics, this model can work into dusk and in dim lighting conditions. It has a ballistic calculating function which also factors in temperature, incline and air pressure for even faster and more accurate readings.
Lightweight and portable, this model is even waterproof at a depth of up to 3.2 feet, and even boasts a handy scan mode which allows the user to cycle through all targets within the range of sight. The Leica Rangemaster has been rated very highly by experts and users alike thanks to its sturdy construction, high quality performance and speedy readings.
Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder
If you are on a budget and need a rangefinder which is functional and reliable but which won't break the bank, this model from Nikon is the perfect choice. While it doesn't have all of the advanced features of the most expensive devices, this affordable gadget has a range of 550 yards, a 6 x zoom and accuracy to within a yard. As you might expect from a Nikon product, the optics are bright and clear, and its build is highly durable without being too big and bulky.
This compact, lightweight model is so small it can easily fit into a pocket, while its waterproof casing protects against rain and snow. This model is also extremely easy to operate with only a single button operation which makes it perfect for beginners. The bright, large LCD display is easy to read and since this is a very portable device, it can even be worn on the accompanying lanyard around the hunter's neck for better convenience and ease of use. For those who enjoy golfing just as much as hunting, this model is also very versatile and can be used on the green just as well as on the hunt. Although it doesn't feature any slope or distance compensation features, this rangefinder is a perfect choice for beginners and for recreational hunters.
When you choose the right rangefinder for you, you are sure to discover that it is a vital addition to your hunting gear. Helping to make your shot considerably more accurate, a rangefinder can be a complete game changer.
How a Rangefinder Works
How Hunting Rangefinders Make You a Better Hunter
A Guide to Accurate Shooting
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It is basically an underground linkway between 2 subway stations. Peppered with many different shops and restaurants, it makes walking a great alternative between the two stations.
Get quick answers from Pole Town staff and past visitors.


Two weeks after my hard drive crashed, I am still working out all the things my computer did for me without me having to think.
Connections to printers, wifi, passwords. All those automated maneuvers I took for granted were no longer. Every day I discover yet another roadblock I need to overcome.
When I attempted to log on to this blog tonight, the automatic, three stroke move did not work. My site was there but I had no access and when I tried to establish contact, WordPress greeted me with the possibility of creating a new site because I had no site.
Ack. No, no, no, no.
I retraced my clicks and found the correct email path. A reset and thankfully, the door unlocked and I was allowed back into the place I created years ago. The old posts and familiar faces who have commented over the years.
Those moments of not being able to access what was mine showed me how I value this space and the journey recorded. Years of moments and reflections. Comments and connections. All treasured bits of my life.
Technology. A blessing when it works.


text:
wikischool
book:on_ancient_medicine
on ancient medicine
by Hippocrates
Translated by Francis Adams
Whoever having undertaken to speak or write on Medicine, have first laid down for themselves some hypothesis to their argument, such as hot, or cold, or moist, or dry, or whatever else they choose (thus reducing their subject within a narrow compass, and supposing only one or two original causes of diseases or of death among mankind), are all clearly mistaken in much that they say; and this is the more reprehensible as relating to an art which all men avail themselves of on the most important occasions, and the good operators and practitioners in which they hold in especial honor. For there are practitioners, some bad and some far otherwise, which, if there had been no such thing as Medicine, and if nothing had been investigated or found out in it, would not have been the case, but all would have been equally unskilled and ignorant of it, and everything concerning the sick would have been directed by chance. But now it is not so; for, as in all the other arts, those who practise them differ much from one another in dexterity and knowledge, so is it in like manner with Medicine. Wherefore I have not thought that it stood in need of an empty hypothesis, like those subjects which are occult and dubious, in attempting to handle which it is necessary to use some hypothesis; as, for example, with regard to things above us and things below the earth; if any one should treat of these and undertake to declare how they are constituted, the reader or hearer could not find out, whether what is delivered be true or false; for there is nothing which can be referred to in order to discover the truth.
But all these requisites belong of old to Medicine, and an origin and way have been found out, by which many and elegant discoveries have been made, during a length of time, and others will yet be found out, if a person possessed of the proper ability, and knowing those discoveries which have been made, should proceed from them to prosecute his investigations. But whoever, rejecting and despising all these, attempts to pursue another course and form of inquiry, and says he has discovered anything, is deceived himself and deceives others, for the thing is impossible. And for what reason it is impossible, I will now endeavor to explain, by stating and showing what the art really is. From this it will be manifest that discoveries cannot possibly be made in any other way. And most especially, it appears to me, that whoever treats of this art should treat of things which are familiar to the common people. For of nothing else will such a one have to inquire or treat, but of the diseases under which the common people have labored, which diseases and the causes of their origin and departure, their increase and decline, illiterate persons cannot easily find out themselves, but still it is easy for them to understand these things when discovered and expounded by others. For it is nothing more than that every one is put in mind of what had occurred to himself. But whoever does not reach the capacity of the illiterate vulgar and fails to make them listen to him, misses his mark. Wherefore, then, there is no necessity for any hypothesis.
For the art of Medicine would not have been invented at first, nor would it have been made a subject of investigation (for there would have been no need of it), if when men are indisposed, the same food and other articles of regimen which they eat and drink when in good health were proper for them, and if no others were preferable to these. But now necessity itself made medicine to be sought out and discovered by men, since the same things when administered to the sick, which agreed with them when in good health, neither did nor do agree with them. But to go still further back, I hold that the diet and food which people in health now use would not have been discovered, provided it had suited with man to eat and drink in like manner as the ox, the horse, and all other animals, except man, do of the productions of the earth, such as fruits, weeds, and grass; for from such things these animals grow, live free of disease, and require no other kind of food. And, at first, I am of opinion that man used the same sort of food, and that the present articles of diet had been discovered and invented only after a long lapse of time, for when they suffered much and severely from strong and brutish diet, swallowing things which were raw, unmixed, and possessing great strength, they became exposed to strong pains and diseases, and to early deaths. It is likely, indeed, that from habit they would suffer less from these things then than we would now, but still they would suffer severely even then; and it is likely that the greater number, and those who had weaker constitutions, would all perish; whereas the stronger would hold out for a longer time, as even nowadays some, in consequence of using strong articles of food, get off with little trouble, but others with much pain and suffering. From this necessity it appears to me that they would search out the food befitting their nature, and thus discover that which we now use: and that from wheat, by macerating it, stripping it of its hull, grinding it all down, sifting, toasting, and baking it, they formed bread; and from barley they formed cake (maza), performing many operations in regard to it; they boiled, they roasted, they mixed, they diluted those things which are strong and of intense qualities with weaker things, fashioning them to the nature and powers of man, and considering that the stronger things Nature would not be able to manage if administered, and that from such things pains, diseases, and death would arise, but such as Nature could manage, that from them food, growth, and health, would arise. To such a discovery and investigation what more suitable name could one give than that of Medicine? since it was discovered for the health of man, for his nourishment and safety, as a substitute for that kind of diet by which pains, diseases, and deaths were occasioned.
And if this is not held to be an art, I do not object. For it is not suitable to call any one an artist of that which no one is ignorant of, but which all know from usage and necessity. But still the discovery is a great one, and requiring much art and investigation. Wherefore those who devote themselves to gymnastics and training, are always making some new discovery, by pursuing the same line of inquiry, where, by eating and drinking certain things, they are improved and grow stronger than they were.
Let us inquire then regarding what is admitted to be Medicine; namely, that which was invented for the sake of the sick, which possesses a name and practitioners, whether it also seeks to accomplish the same objects, and whence it derived its origin. To me, then, it appears, as I said at the commencement, that nobody would have sought for medicine at all, provided the same kinds of diet had suited with men in sickness as in good health. Wherefore, even yet, such races of men as make no use of medicine, namely, barbarians, and even certain of the Greeks, live in the same way when sick as when in health; that is to say, they take what suits their appetite, and neither abstain from, nor restrict themselves in anything for which they have a desire. But those who have cultivated and invented medicine, having the same object in view as those of whom I formerly spoke, in the first place, I suppose, diminished the quantity of the articles of food which they used, and this alone would be sufficient for certain of the sick, and be manifestly beneficial to them, although not to all, for there would be some so affected as not to be able to manage even small quantities of their usual food, and as such persons would seem to require something weaker, they invented soups, by mixing a few strong things with much water, and thus abstracting that which was strong in them by dilution and boiling. But such as could not manage even soups, laid them aside, and had recourse to drinks, and so regulated them as to mixture and quantity, that they were administered neither stronger nor weaker than what was required.
But this ought to be well known, that soups do not agree with certain persons in their diseases, but, on the contrary, when administered both the fevers and the pains are exacerbated, and it becomes obvious that what was given has proved food and increase to the disease, but a wasting and weakness to the body. But whatever persons so affected partook of solid food, or cake, or bread, even in small quantity, would be ten times and more decidedly injured than those who had taken soups, for no other reason than from the strength of the food in reference to the affection; and to whomsoever it is proper to take soups and not eat solid food, such a one will be much more injured if he eat much than if he eat little, but even little food will be injurious to him. But all the causes of the sufferance refer themselves to this rule, that the strongest things most especially and decidedly hurt man, whether in health or in disease.
What other object, then, had he in view who is called a physician, and is admitted to be a practitioner of the art, who found out the regimen and diet befitting the sick, than he who originally found out and prepared for all mankind that kind of food which we all now use, in place of the former savage and brutish mode of living? To me it appears that the mode is the same, and the discovery of a similar nature. The one sought to abstract those things which the constitution of man cannot digest, because of their wildness and intemperature, and the other those things which are beyond the powers of the affection in which any one may happen to be laid up. Now, how does the one differ from the other, except that the latter admits of greater variety, and requires more application, whereas the former was the commencement of the process?
And if one would compare the diet of sick persons with that of persons in health, he will find it not more injurious than that of healthy persons in comparison with that of wild beasts and of other animals. For, suppose a man laboring under one of those diseases which are neither serious and unsupportable, nor yet altogether mild, but such as that, upon making any mistake in diet, it will become apparent, as if he should eat bread and flesh, or any other of those articles which prove beneficial to healthy persons, and that, too, not in great quantity, but much less than he could have taken when in good health; and that another man in good health, having a constitution neither very feeble, nor yet strong, eats of those things which are wholesome and strengthening to an ox or a horse, such as vetches, barley, and the like, and that, too, not in great quantity, but much less than he could take; the healthy person who did so would be subjected to no less disturbance and danger than the sick person who took bread or cake unseasonably. All these things are proofs that Medicine is to be prosecuted and discovered by the same method as the other.
And if it were simply, as is laid down, that such things as are stronger prove injurious, but such as are weaker prove beneficial and nourishing, both to sick and healthy persons, it were an easy matter, for then the safest rule would be to circumscribe the diet to the lowest point. But then it is no less mistake, nor one that injuries a man less, provided a deficient diet, or one consisting of weaker things than what mare proper, be administered. For, in the constitution of man, abstinence may enervate, weaken, and kill. And there are many other ills, different from those of repletion, but no less dreadful, arising from deficiency of food; wherefore the practice in those cases is more varied, and requires greater accuracy. For one must aim at attaining a certain measure, and yet this measure admits neither weight nor calculation of any kind, by which it may be accurately determined, unless it be the sensation of the body; wherefore it is a task to learn this accurately, so as not to commit small blunders either on the one side or the other, and in fact I would give great praise to the physician whose mistakes are small, for perfect accuracy is seldom to be seen, since many physicians seem to me to be in the same plight as bad pilots, who, if they commit mistakes while conducting the ship in a calm do not expose themselves, but when a storm and violent hurricane overtake them, they then, from their ignorance and mistakes, are discovered to be what they are, by all men, namely, in losing their ship. And thus bad and commonplace physicians, when they treat men who have no serious illness, in which case one may commit great mistakes without producing any formidable mischief (and such complaints occur much more frequently to men than dangerous ones): under these circumstances, when they commit mistakes, they do not expose themselves to ordinary men; but when they fall in with a great, a strong, and a dangerous disease, then their mistakes and want of skill are made apparent to all. Their punishment is not far off, but is swift in overtaking both the one and the other.
And that no less mischief happens to a man from unseasonable depletion than from repletion, may be clearly seen upon reverting to the consideration of persons in health. For, to some, with whom it agrees to take only one meal in the day, and they have arranged it so accordingly; whilst others, for the same reason, also take dinner, and this they do because they find it good for them, and not like those persons who, for pleasure or from any casual circumstance, adopt the one or the other custom and to the bulk of mankind it is of little consequence which of these rules they observe, that is to say, whether they make it a practice to take one or two meals. But there are certain persons who cannot readily change their diet with impunity; and if they make any alteration in it for one day, or even for a part of a day, are greatly injured thereby. Such persons, provided they take dinner when it is not their wont, immediately become heavy and inactive, both in body and mind, and are weighed down with yawning, slumbering, and thirst; and if they take supper in addition, they are seized with flatulence, tormina, and diarrhea, and to many this has been the commencement of a serious disease, when they have merely taken twice in a day the same food which they have been in the custom of taking once. And thus, also, if one who has been accustomed to dine, and this rule agrees with him, should not dine at the accustomed hour, he will straightway feel great loss of strength, trembling, and want of spirits, the eyes of such a person will become more pallid, his urine thick and hot, his mouth bitter; his bowels will seem, as it were, to hang loose; he will suffer from vertigo, lowness of spirit, and inactivity,- such are the effects; and if he should attempt to take at supper the same food which he was wont to partake of at dinner, it will appear insipid, and he will not be able to take it off; and these things, passing downwards with tormina and rumbling, burn up his bowels; he experiences insomnolency or troubled and disturbed dreams; and to many of them these symptoms are the commencement of some disease.
But let us inquire what are the causes of these things which happened to them. To him, then, who was accustomed to take only one meal in the day, they happened because he did not wait the proper time, until his bowels had completely derived benefit from and had digested the articles taken at the preceding meal, and until his belly had become soft, and got into a state of rest, but he gave it a new supply while in a state of heat and fermentation, for such bellies digest much more slowly, and require more rest and ease. And as to him who had been accustomed to dinner, since, as soon as the body required food, and when the former meal was consumed, and he wanted refreshment, no new supply was furnished to it, he wastes and is consumed from want of food. For all the symptoms which I describe as befalling to this man I refer to want of food. And I also say that all men who, when in a state of health, remain for two or three days without food, experience the same unpleasant symptoms as those which I described in the case of him who had omitted to take dinner.
Wherefore, I say, that such constitutions as suffer quickly and strongly from errors in diet, are weaker than others that do not; and that a weak person is in a state very nearly approaching to one in disease; but a person in disease is the weaker, and it is, therefore, more likely that he should suffer if he encounters anything that is unseasonable. It is difficult, seeing that there is no such accuracy in the Art, to hit always upon what is most expedient, and yet many cases occur in medicine which would require this accuracy, as we shall explain. But on that account, I say, we ought not to reject the ancient Art, as if it were not, and had not been properly founded, because it did not attain accuracy in all things, but rather, since it is capable of reaching to the greatest exactitude by reasoning, to receive it and admire its discoveries, made from a state of great ignorance, and as having been well and properly made, and not from chance.
But I wish the discourse to revert to the new method of those who prosecute their inquiries in the Art by hypothesis. For if hot, or cold, or moist, or dry, be that which proves injurious to man, and if the person who would treat him properly must apply cold to the hot, hot to the cold, moist to the dry, and dry to the moist- let me be presented with a man, not indeed one of a strong constitution, but one of the weaker, and let him eat wheat, such as it is supplied from the thrashing-floor, raw and unprepared, with raw meat, and let him drink water. By using such a diet I know that he will suffer much and severely, for he will experience pains, his body will become weak, and his bowels deranged, and he will not subsist long. What remedy, then, is to be provided for one so situated? Hot? or cold? or moist? or dry? For it is clear that it must be one or other of these. For, according to this principle, if it is one of the which is injuring the patient, it is to be removed by its contrary. But the surest and most obvious remedy is to change the diet which the person used, and instead of wheat to give bread, and instead of raw flesh, boiled, and to drink wine in addition to these; for by making these changes it is impossible but that he must get better, unless completely disorganized by time and diet. What, then, shall we say? whether that, as he suffered from cold, these hot things being applied were of use to him, or the contrary? I should think this question must prove a puzzler to whomsoever it is put. For whether did he who prepared bread out of wheat remove the hot, the cold, the moist, or the dry principle in it?- for the bread is consigned both to fire and to water, and is wrought with many things, each of which has its peculiar property and nature, some of which it loses, and with others it is diluted and mixed.
And this I know, moreover, that to the human body it makes a great difference whether the bread be fine or coarse; of wheat with or without the hull, whether mixed with much or little water, strongly wrought or scarcely at all, baked or raw- and a multitude of similar differences; and so, in like manner, with the cake (maza); the powers of each, too, are great, and the one nowise like the other. Whoever pays no attention to these things, or, paying attention, does not comprehend them, how can he understand the diseases which befall a man? For, by every one of these things, a man is affected and changed this way or that, and the whole of his life is subjected to them, whether in health, convalescence, or disease. Nothing else, then, can be more important or more necessary to know than these things. So that the first inventors, pursuing their investigations properly, and by a suitable train of reasoning, according to the nature of man, made their discoveries, and thought the Art worthy of being ascribed to a god, as is the established belief. For they did not suppose that the dry or the moist, the hot or the cold, or any of these are either injurious to man, or that man stands in need of them, but whatever in each was strong, and more than a match for a man's constitution, whatever he could not manage, that they held to be hurtful, and sought to remove. Now, of the sweet, the strongest is that which is intensely sweet; of the bitter, that which is intensely bitter; of the acid, that which is intensely acid; and of all things that which is extreme, for these things they saw both existing in man, and proving injurious to him. For there is in man the bitter and the salt, the sweet and the acid, the sour and the insipid, and a multitude of other things having all sorts of powers both as regards quantity and strength. These, when all mixed and mingled up with one another, are not apparent, neither do they hurt a man; but when any of them is separate, and stands by itself, then it becomes perceptible, and hurts a man. And thus, of articles of food, those which are unsuitable and hurtful to man when administered, every one is either bitter, or intensely so, or saltish or acid, or something else intense and strong, and therefore we are disordered by them in like manner as we are by the secretions in the body. But all those things which a man eats and drinks are devoid of any such intense and well-marked quality, such as bread, cake, and many other things of a similar nature which man is accustomed to use for food, with the exception of condiments and confectioneries, which are made to gratify the palate and for luxury. And from those things, when received into the body abundantly, there is no disorder nor dissolution of the powers belonging to the body; but strength, growth, and nourishment result from them, and this for no other reason than because they are well mixed, have nothing in them of an immoderate character, nor anything strong, but the whole forms one simple and not strong substance.
I cannot think in what manner they who advance this doctrine, and transfer Art from the cause I have described to hypothesis, will cure men according to the principle which they have laid down. For, as far as I know, neither the hot nor the cold, nor the dry, nor the moist, has ever been found unmixed with any other quality; but I suppose they use the same articles of meat and drink as all we other men do. But to this substance they give the attribute of being hot, to that cold, to that dry, and to that moist. Since it would be absurd to advise the patient to take something hot, for he would straightway ask what it is? so that he must either play the fool, or have recourse to some one of the well known substances; and if this hot thing happen to be sour, and that hot thing insipid, and this hot thing has the power of raising a disturbance in the body (and there are many other kinds of heat, possessing many opposite powers), he will be obliged to administer some one of them, either the hot and the sour, or the hot and the insipid, or that which, at the same time, is cold and sour (for there is such a substance), or the cold and the insipid. For, as I think, the very opposite effects will result from either of these, not only in man, but also in a bladder, a vessel of wood, and in many other things possessed of far less sensibility than man; for it is not the heat which is possessed of great efficacy, but the sour and the insipid, and other qualities as described by me, both in man and out of man, and that whether eaten or drunk, rubbed in externally, and otherwise applied.
But I think that of all the qualities heat and cold exercise the least operation in the body, for these reasons: as long time as hot and cold are mixed up with one another they do not give trouble, for the cold is attempered and rendered more moderate by the hot, and the hot by the cold; but when the one is wholly separate from the other, then it gives pain; and at that season when cold is applied it creates some pain to a man, but quickly, for that very reason, heat spontaneously arises in him without requiring any aid or preparation. And these things operate thus both upon men in health and in disease. For example, if a person in health wishes to cool his body during winter, and bathes either in cold water or in any other way, the more he does this, unless his body be fairly congealed, when he resumes his clothes and comes into a place of shelter, his body becomes more heated than before. And thus, too, if a person wish to be warmed thoroughly either by means of a hot bath or strong fire, and straightway having the same clothing on, takes up his abode again in the place he was in when he became congealed, he will appear much colder, and more disposed to chills than before. And if a person fan himself on account of a suffocating heat, and having procured refrigeration for himself in this manner, cease doing so, the heat and suffocation will be ten times greater in his case than in that of a person who does nothing of the kind. And, to give a more striking example, persons travelling in the snow, or otherwise in rigorous weather, and contracting great cold in their feet, their hands, or their head, what do they not suffer from inflammation and tingling when they put on warm clothing and get into a hot place? In some instances, blisters arise as if from burning with fire, and they do not suffer from any of those unpleasant symptoms until they become heated. So readily does either of these pass into the other; and I could mention many other examples. And with regard to the sick, is it not in those who experience a rigor that the most acute fever is apt to break out? And yet not so strongly neither, but that it ceases in a short time, and, for the most part, without having occasioned much mischief; and while it remains, it is hot, and passing over the whole body, ends for the most part in the feet, where the chills and cold were most intense and lasted longest; and, when sweat supervenes, and the fever passes off, the patient is much colder than if he had not taken the fever at all. Why then should that which so quickly passes into the opposite extreme, and loses its own powers spontaneously, be reckoned a mighty and serious affair? And what necessity is there for any great remedy for it?
One might here say- but persons in ardent fevers, pneumonia, and other formidable diseases, do not quickly get rid of the heat, nor experience these rapid alterations of heat and cold. And I reckon this very circumstance the strongest proof that it is not from heat simply that men get into the febrile state, neither is it the sole cause of the mischief, but that this species of heat is bitter, and that acid, and the other saltish, and many other varieties; and again there is cold combined with other qualities. These are what proves injurious; heat, it is true, is present also, possessed of strength as being that which conducts, is exacerbated and increased along with the other, but has no power greater than what is peculiar to itself.
With regard to these symptoms, in the first place those are most obvious of which we have all often had experience. Thus, then, in such of us as have a coryza and defluxion from the nostrils, this discharge is much more acrid than that which formerly was formed in and ran from them daily; and it occasions swelling of the nose, and it inflames, being of a hot and extremely ardent nature, as you may know, if you apply your hand to the place; and, if the disease remains long, the part becomes ulcerated although destitute of flesh and hard; and the heat in the nose ceases, not when the defluxion takes place and the inflammation is present, but when the running becomes thicker and less acrid, and more mixed with the former secretion, then it is that the heat ceases. But in all those cases in which this decidedly proceeds from cold alone, without the concourse of any other quality, there is a change from cold to hot, and from hot to cold, and these quickly supervene, and require no coction. But all the others being connected, as I have said, with acrimony and intemperance of humors, pass off in this way by being mixed and concocted.
But such defluxions as are determined to the eyes being possessed of strong and varied acrimonies, ulcerate the eyelids, and in some cases corrode the and parts below the eyes upon which they flow, and even occasion rupture and erosion of the tunic which surrounds the eyeball. But pain, heat, and extreme burning prevail until the defluxions are concocted and become thicker, and concretions form about the eyes, and the coction takes place from the fluids being mixed up, diluted, and digested together. And in defluxions upon the throat, from which are formed hoarseness, cynanche, crysipelas, and pneumonia, all these have at first saltish, watery, and acrid discharges, and with these the diseases gain strength. But when the discharges become thicker, more concocted, and are freed from all acrimony, then, indeed, the fevers pass away, and the other symptoms which annoyed the patient; for we must account those things the cause of each complaint, which, being present in a certain fashion, the complaint exists, but it ceases when they change to another combination. But those which originate from pure heat or cold, and do not participate in any other quality, will then cease when they undergo a change from cold to hot, and from hot to cold; and they change in the manner I have described before. Wherefore, all the other complaints to which man is subject arise from powers (qualities?). Thus, when there is an overflow of the bitter principle, which we call yellow bile, what anxiety, burning heat, and loss of strength prevail! but if relieved from it, either by being purged spontaneously, or by means of a medicine seasonably administered, the patient is decidedly relieved of the pains and heat; but while these things float on the stomach, unconcocted and undigested, no contrivance could make the pains and fever cease; and when there are acidities of an acrid and aeruginous character, what varieties of frenzy, gnawing pains in the bowels and chest, and inquietude, prevail! and these do not cease until the acidities be purged away, or are calmed down and mixed with other fluids. The coction, change, attenuation, and thickening into the form of humors, take place through many and various forms; therefore the crises and calculations of time are of great importance in such matters; but to all such changes hot and cold are but little exposed, for these are neither liable to putrefaction nor thickening. What then shall we say of the change? that it is a combination (crasis) of these humors having different powers toward one another. But the hot does not loose its heat when mixed with any other thing except the cold; nor again, the cold, except when mixed with the hot. But all other things connected with man become the more mild and better in proportion as they are mixed with the more things besides. But a man is in the best possible state when they are concocted and at rest, exhibiting no one peculiar quality; but I think I have said enough in explanation of them.
Certain sophists and physicians say that it is not possible for any one to know medicine who does not know what man is [and how he was made and how constructed], and that whoever would cure men properly, must learn this in the first place. But this saying rather appertains to philosophy, as Empedocles and certain others have described what man in his origin is, and how he first was made and constructed. But I think whatever such has been said or written by sophist or physician concerning nature has less connection with the art of medicine than with the art of painting. And I think that one cannot know anything certain respecting nature from any other quarter than from medicine; and that this knowledge is to be attained when one comprehends the whole subject of medicine properly, but not until then; and I say that this history shows what man is, by what causes he was made, and other things accurately. Wherefore it appears to me necessary to every physician to be skilled in nature, and strive to know, if he would wish to perform his duties, what man is in relation to the articles of food and drink, and to his other occupations, and what are the effects of each of them to every one. And it is not enough to know simply that cheese is a bad article of food, as disagreeing with whoever eats of it to satiety, but what sort of disturbance it creates, and wherefore, and with what principle in man it disagrees; for there are many other articles of food and drink naturally bad which affect man in a different manner. Thus, to illustrate my meaning by an example, undiluted wine drunk in large quantity renders a man feeble; and everybody seeing this knows that such is the power of wine, and the cause thereof; and we know, moreover, on what parts of a man's body it principally exerts its action; and I wish the same certainty to appear in other cases. For cheese (since we used it as an example) does not prove equally injurious to all men, for there are some who can take it to satiety without being hurt by it in the least, but, on the contrary, it is wonderful what strength it imparts to those it agrees with; but there are some who do not bear it well, their constitutions are different, and they differ in this respect, that what in their body is incompatible with cheese, is roused and put in commotion by such a thing; and those in whose bodies such a humor happens to prevail in greater quantity and intensity, are likely to suffer the more from it. But if the thing had been pernicious to of man, it would have hurt all. Whoever knows these things will not suffer from it.
During convalescence from diseases, and also in protracted diseases, many disorders occur, some spontaneously, and some from certain things accidentally administered. I know that the common herd of physicians, like the vulgar, if there happen to have been any innovation made about that day, such as the bath being used, a walk taken, or any unusual food eaten, all which were better done than otherwise, attribute notwithstanding the cause of these disorders, to some of these things, being ignorant of the true cause but proscribing what may have been very proper. Now this ought not to be so; but one should know the effects of a bath or a walk unseasonably applied; for thus there will never be any mischief from these things, nor from any other thing, nor from repletion, nor from such and such an article of food. Whoever does not know what effect these things produce upon a man, cannot know the consequences which result from them, nor how to apply them.
And it appears to me that one ought also to know what diseases arise in man from the powers, and what from the structures. What do I mean by this? By powers, I mean intense and strong juices; and by structures, whatever conformations there are in man. For some are hollow, and from broad contracted into narrow; some expanded, some hard and round, some broad and suspended, some stretched, some long, some dense, some rare and succulent, some spongy and of loose texture. Now, then, which of these figures is the best calculated to suck to itself and attract humidity from another body? Whether what is hollow and expanded, or what is solid and round, or what is hollow, and from broad, gradually turning narrow? I think such as from hollow and broad are contracted into narrow: this may be ascertained otherwise from obvious facts: thus, if you gape wide with the mouth you cannot draw in any liquid; but by protruding, contracting, and compressing the lips, and still more by using a tube, you can readily draw in whatever you wish. And thus, too, the instruments which are used for cupping are broad below and gradually become narrow, and are so constructed in order to suck and draw in from the fleshy parts. The nature and construction of the parts within a man are of a like nature; the bladder, the head, the uterus in woman; these parts clearly attract, and are always filled with a juice which is foreign to them. Those parts which are hollow and expanded are most likely to receive any humidity flowing into them, but cannot attract it in like manner. Those parts which are solid and round could not attract a humidity, nor receive it when it flows to them, for it would glide past, and find no place of rest on them. But spongy and rare parts, such as the spleen, the lungs, and the breasts, drink up especially the juices around them, and become hardened and enlarged by the accession of juices. Such things happen to these organs especially. For it is not with the spleen as with the stomach, in which there is a liquid, which it contains and evacuates every day; but when it (the spleen) drinks up and receives a fluid into itself, the hollow and lax parts of it are filled, even the small interstices; and, instead of being rare and soft, it becomes hard and dense, and it can neither digest nor discharge its contents: these things it suffers, owing to the nature of its structure. Those things which engender flatulence or tormina in the body, naturally do so in the hollow and broad parts of the body, such as the stomach and chest, where they produce rumbling noises; for when they do not fill the parts so as to be stationary, but have changes of place and movements, there must necessarily be noise and apparent movements from them. But such parts as are fleshy and soft, in these there occur torpor and obstructions, such as happen in apoplexy. But when it (the flatus?) encounters a broad and resisting structure, and rushes against such a part, and this happens when it is by nature not strong so as to be able to withstand it without suffering injury; nor soft and rare, so as to receive or yield to it, but tender, juicy, full of blood, and dense, like the liver, owing to its density and broadness, it resists and does not yield. But flatus, when it obtains admission, increases and becomes stronger, and rushes toward any resisting object; but owing to its tenderness, and the quantity of blood which it (the liver) contains, it cannot be without uneasiness; and for these reasons the most acute and frequent pains occur in the region of it, along with suppurations and chronic tumors (phymata). These symptoms also occur in the site of the diaphragm, but much less frequently; for the diaphragm is a broad, expanded, and resisting substance, of a nervous (tendinous?) and strong nature, and therefore less susceptible of pain; and yet pains and chronic abscesses do occur about it.
There are both within and without the body many other kinds of structure, which differ much from one another as to sufferings both in health and disease; such as whether the head be small or large; the neck slender or thick, long or short; the belly long or round; the chest and ribs broad or narrow; and many others besides, all which you ought to be acquainted with, and their differences; so that knowing the causes of each, you may make the more accurate observations.
And, as has been formerly stated, one ought to be acquainted with the powers of juices, and what action each of them has upon man, and their alliances towards one another. What I say is this: if a sweet juice change to another kind, not from any admixture, but because it has undergone a mutation within itself; what does it first become?- bitter? salt? austere? or acid? I think acid. And hence, an acid juice is the most improper of all things that can be administered in cases in which a sweet juice is the most proper. Thus, if one should succeed in his investigations of external things, he would be the better able always to select the best; for that is best which is farthest removed from that which is unwholesome.
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All posts tagged in: jim henson
Neil Raymundo · Other Cartoons
Disney Junior Reimagines Muppet Babies for 2018
Disney Junior has recently announced that production is underway on their reimagined Muppet Babies series, which is slated for an early 2018 release. This reboot of the beloved Jim Henson property will feature CG animated renditions of Kermit the Frog, Piggy, Fozzie, Gonzo, Animal, and all of the other babyfied versions of the Muppets. The legs of Miss Nanny will also be making a comeback to the ...
Cecilia Cordero · Other Cartoons
Muppet Babies Makes a Comeback to Disney TV on 2018
Muppet Babies is ready to fulfil its promise and make their fans' dreams come true as Disney Junior launches a new, reimagined Muppet Babies in 2018. The series will chronicle the playroom adventures of Piggy, Kermit the Frog, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Miss Nanny and Animal. The production has just started on the CG-animated series, a co-production of Disney Junior, The Muppets Studio, Disney ...
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Marc Morrell · Other Cartoons
Toon Hero App Launches Social Network BETA
LOS ANGELES, CA – March 20, 2014 – Today, Trigger Happy, the creators of the animated storytelling app Toon Hero, launched their own social network, www.toonhero.com. Users will be able to publish their creations faster and directly on the social network using HTML5 technology with the newly released version 1.4 of the app. A user profile is created, which showcase each of the individual's ...
Moving Image Museum Planning a Jim Henson Gallery
The Museum of the Moving Image and The Jim Henson Legacy have recently announced that the family of Jim Henson has donated almost 400 puppets, costumes, and props to the museum, which will be used in order to build a new gallery devoted to Henson's long storied career and his contributions to the industry. The project had a fundraising goal of $5 million, and is anchored by $2.75 million ...
The Muppets Visit Good Luck Charlie
This coming Sunday, April 28 at 7:30 pm, Jim Henson's loveable Muppets will be paying a visit to Disney Channel's live action sitcom Good Luck Charlie, with the Muppets being represented by Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy, along with a bunch of other felt friends. In the episode, the Duncan family is preparing to build their own dream house after the current one has been infested by ...
Jim Henson's ImaginOcean Looking for Partners
The Jim Henson Company is currently seeking partners for their new children's animated series, ImaginOcean, which is based on the acclaimed Off-Broadway musical John Tartaglia's ImaginOcean. The 52×11 musical cartoon will blend the real time puppeteering techniques that the Henson Digital Puppetry Studio became famous for with state of the art CG animation. ...
Sid The Science Kid: The Movie in the Works
The Jim Henson Company and Nine Eyes Tone & Shanghai Animation Film Studios have teamed up to produce a new CGI animated movie based on Sid the Science Kid. The series is Henson's latest series utilizing digital puppetry, and is currently part of the PBSKIDS preschool lineup. ...
ToonBarn Rob · Disney · Muppets · Toy Story
Disney and Pixar's Toy Story Small Fry joins Jim Henson's The Muppets
On November 23rd, the Muppets will finally make their return to the big screen, ready to impress the legions of old fans and a world of new ones. The Disney mascots wont be traveling alone, however, as the film will be joined by a brand new Toy Story short, entitled Small Fry. When Cars 2 hit theaters a few months back, movie goers were also greeted with a short from the Toy Story universe, ...
ToonBarn Rob · Other Cartoons
Dinosaur Train travels to Dinosaur Big City, from Jim Henson Company
On August 22nd, catch a train to Dinosaur Big City – a Dinosaur Train! The Jim Henson Company series is ready to debut a one-hour made-for-TV movie based on the Dinosaur Train series, giving all your favorite CG dinos some extra room to roar! The special hits PBS Kids, also helping to usher in Dinosaur Train season two. Other stops along the way during the year are Big Dinosaur Week, ...
ToonBarn Rob · Muppets
Muppets: The Green Album from Walt Disney Records
In this latest Muppets revival boom, as we inch our way closer to November's new Muppets movie, we simply can't get enough of the whole world folks like Jim Henson created. Apparently, we're not alone, as many of the music industry's biggest stars have gotten together to release a brand new record, Muppets: The Green Album. Hitting stores on August 23rd, the record will ...
Sid The Science Kid celebrates Earth Day on PBS Kids
On April 18th, PBS Kids will debut the first of four brand new episodes of Sid the Science Kid. Each episode, which will spread out between Apirl 18th and April 21st, will explore a different "Green theme" in honor of the Earth Day holiday. The environmental topics will include: where trash goes, how recycling works, why Sid's dad wears a mask when he paints, and what happens ...
The Jim Henson Company's Dinosaurs in the Snow now on DVD
As a special winter gift from The Jim Henson Company and PBS Kids, Dinosaur Train is coming home on DVD in a new collection, Dinosaurs in the Snow. The package includes eight episodes of Dinosaur Train, a co-production between Henson's crew, Paramount Home Entertainment, and Sparky Entertainment. The disc includes the following episodes: Dinosaurs in the Snow, Night Train, Fossil Fred, ...
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Debar (  ,  eller Dibër) är en stad i västra Nordmakedonien, nära gränsen till Albanien. Staden hade 11 735 invånare vid folkräkningen år 2021.

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Awaken Designs | Feng Shui Home Staging :: Do you decorate for the seasons?
How about mixing Pumpkins with Peppers to spice up the Autumn decor?
Pumpkins & Peppers! I'd never seen purple chili peppers like these before! Mixed with orange pumpkins and decorative cabbages, along with the bright yellow & red chili peppers, this is a unique & colorful autumn decorating idea that I'm definitely going to steal. And I failed to ask the gardening crew at Sloat, but I think you can even eat the peppers after the season ends. Even better, multi-tasking decorations! Love that.


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