text:
Human well-being
Forest management & restoration
Gender, justice & tenure
Value chains & finance
DG's Column
Fire & haze
FORESTS NEWS
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'Rural' forests nurture healthy socio-environmental activity — s ...
Global study: REDD+ initiatives see challenges — and opportunities
UN: REDD+, green economy are inseparable; concerns for equity remain
'Rural' forests nurture healthy socio-environmental activity — scientists
The success of the logic of rural forests: natural vegetation dynamics instead conventional agriculture.
Mark Foss
State-run policies often do not incorporate what researchers call the "logic of rural forests," researchers reported in a study titled "Public policies and management of rural forests: Lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?"
Soil health critical for maintaining human health, biological diversity, researchers say
As the pandemic pushes millions toward poverty, forests and trees can safeguard livelihoods
More availability of regional data can help protect Africa's forests
Reforest to stop drought-flood syndrome, says World Food Prize laureate Rattan Lal
BOGOR, Indonesia (15 April 2014) — Policymakers and conservationists often overlook the importance of rural forests and the local knowledge that has sustained them for centuries, according to a report published in the journal "Ecology and Society" that reflects on the way sustainable development policies have affected rural forests.
Rural — or domestic — forests exist all over the world, from temperate countries to arid and tropical humid regions. They are managed by local people as part of their agricultural and livelihood activities, according to the journal, which featured eight studies on rural forests in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia and Africa funded under the Public Policies and Traditional Management of Trees and Forests project (known by its French acronym, POPULAR).
Local communities lose out as oil palm expands
Rural forests are affected by national forest policies and regulations. However, state-run policies often do not incorporate what researchers call the "logic of rural forests," researchers reported in a study titled "Public policies and management of rural forests: Lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?"
"People in rural forests have a particular way of envisioning production and subsistence systems, and creating an alliance between forest ecosystems and agriculture," said Geneviève Michon, a scientist with l'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) who led research on the resilience of several domestic forest over the world (based on chestnut trees in Corsica, France; argan trees in Morocco; and agroforests in Indonesia).
Unlike the modern representation of nature domestication for production, rural people don't introduce a clear distinction between "forest" and "agriculture."
LOGIC OF RURAL FORESTS
Management of rural forests relies on complex practices that domesticate trees, ecosystems and landscapes to serve human needs, researchers said, citing earlier studies. In this domestication process, they take advantage of natural vegetation dynamics rather than combating them as in conventional agriculture.
In what Michon has called "the most humanized of all European forest trees," for example, more than 15 centuries of domestication of the chestnut tree, which is reproduced by grafting, has not erased the wild characteristics of the tree — high canopy, vigor and capacity to survive without human care — and chestnut forests incorporate grafted varieties as well as wild trees.
Domestication is often invisible, which conceals the intricacies of rural forest management and leads to a misunderstanding of its importance, the researchers said.
While some domesticated trees — like the argan in Morocco — appear to be "wild", researchers point out they are, in fact, carefully tended. Earlier research has shown that local people cultivate a variety of shapes for their forests: in rangelands, for instance, techniques such as selective pruning can help or hinder goat foraging.
In Indonesia, some NGOs want to protect rural forests for the sake of conservation, but their policies can undermine the interests of local people in terms of limiting access to land or forbidding slash-and-burn techniques
Geneviève Michon
Agroforests in Indonesia evolved from planting trees in areas cleared by swidden, an agricultural technique in which rotational fires are set to clear and regenerate fertile land for planting. Although it has been domesticated, the resulting forest resembles a natural ecosystem with a high canopy, dense undergrowth and high levels of biodiversity — all with minimal human interference, Michon said.
Previous research also shows how forest farmers invest more energy into domesticating entire landscapes rather than focusing on individual species. This includes building terraces to prevent soil and water runoff, introducing differentiated rights that divide forests into distinct areas (such as orchards for fruit production, foraging space and timber production) or varying the landscape among open fields, forest plots and individual trees.
"This type of management, where you do a little bit of everything, and everything is optimized, is probably the best real-life example of sustainability, and it is largely ignored by mainstream forestry," said Robert Nasi, senior scientist at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) who, along with Michon, co-led the POPULAR project.
Democratic Republic of Congo:
A new generation of forest managers
"When left to themselves, people in rural forests manage their resources reasonably well," he said. "The way they do does not fit the modern standards of production rationalization, but if you look at the result over the long term, they produce significant economic and social benefits for rural people, and they can adapt to change. As a result, rural forests are very resilient."
Over the centuries, rural forests have survived despite national policies that impose intensive agriculture and modernization, the study said. Due to the global economic crisis, however, national — and even local — governments are paying more attention to rural forests as part of pro-active socio-environmental and economic strategies. This does not always improve the fate of rural forests.
"In Indonesia, some NGOs want to protect rural forests for the sake of conservation, but their policies can undermine the interests of local people in terms of limiting access to land or forbidding slash-and-burn techniques," Michon said. The NGO approach is perhaps less extreme than that of forestry administrators, but it still pays little attention to the logic of rural forests."
Michon and Nasi are optimistic: even if global views are not about to change abruptly, globalization may open up new avenues for appreciation of rural forests. Already, they say, foresters and biologists have begun considering humans as a valid part of the forest ecosystem rather than as invaders. Specialists in ethnoscience have also helped cast the interactions between local people and forests in a more positive light. New trade and consumption patterns (environmental certification, fair trade, geographical indication systems) can also help these systems develop their own logic while benefitting from the outside world.
Read also Understanding the role of forest income in rural livelihoods: Insights from China
For more information about the issues discussed in this article, please contact Robert Nasi, r.nasi@cgiar.com
We want you to share Forests News content, which is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). This means you are free to redistribute our material for non-commercial purposes. All we ask is that you give Forests News appropriate credit and link to the original Forests News content, indicate if changes were made, and distribute your contributions under the same Creative Commons license. You must notify Forests News if you repost, reprint or reuse our materials by contacting forestsnews@cgiar.org.
Topic(s) : Community forestry Landscapes
Keyword(s) : Africa agroforestry ecosystems France Geneviève Michon landscape approach Morocco Public Policies and Traditional Management of Trees and Forests Robert Nasi Southeast Asia traditional knowledge & practices
Location: Global
More by Mark Foss
Shades of green: Balancing Indonesia's conservation and development
Study: As forests, grasslands gave way to farms, soil carbon emissions soared
See all stories by Mark Foss
More in Community forestry or Landscapes
No success for REDD+ in Doha until links between carbon, biodiversity & people better understood
Gaining traction on climate goals
Watch: Highlights video from the 2016 Global Landscapes Forum- The Investment Case
Landscape approaches have potential but can do better in reporting, practice
See all on Community forestry or Landscapes
What can tropical deforestation models tell us?
The impact of fuel collection on forests
Willingness to pay for environmental services
Structural adjustment and Bolivian forests
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
CIFOR advances human well-being, equity and environmental integrity by conducting innovative research, developing partners' capacity, and actively engaging in dialogue with all stakeholders to inform policies and practices that affect forests and people. CIFOR is a CGIAR Research Center, and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). Our headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya, Yaounde, Cameroon, and Lima, Peru.
Follow @cifor
The views expressed in Forests News are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the Center for International Forestry Research. This site is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)


Unsure about Rationalising the Denominator?
Understanding how to Rationalise the Denominator is important to ensure your success in tests, assessments and exams.
An exam question asks to "express with a rational denominator" and to "give your answer in its simplest form" on the fraction below.
Rationalising the Denominator means getting rid of any surds from the bottom (denominator) part of the fraction.
We cover everything you need to know about Rationalising the Denominator in the Study Guides.


25 July will be the final date for the submission of entries for the Fairway National Literary Awards (FNLA) 2017. Running for the third consecutive year, this competition seeks to recognise and reward exceptional talent in creative writing in Sri Lanka in the Sinhala, Tamil and English languages. All novels published in Sri Lanka between 1 June 2016 and 31 May 2017 in any genre will be eligible for these awards.
At the Fairway National Literary Awards 2016 ceremony, Theena Kumaragurunathan's novel First Utterance was announced as the chosen winner in the English Language category and Tennyson Perera's novel Maha Ravana secured first place in the Sinhala category. Panjam Pilaikka Vantha by M. Sivalingam was declared the winner in the Tamil language category. In recognition of the effort and contribution of publishers who play a pivotal role in the creative process the publishers of the winning titles were also given awards for the first time at this ceremony.
Submissions for this year's competition are being accepted from 5 June to 25 July at the Fairway National Literary Awards Secretariat, 'The Fairways', 100, Buthgamuwa Road, Rajagiriya. (Telephone: 0117586586/0774462285). A panel of judges will review all the entries and announce the shortlists for all three language categories by the second week of September 2017. All shortlisted authors will be awarded Rs. 100,000 each and the winners of the Fairway National Literary Awards 2016 in all three languages will receive Rs. 500,000 each. The grand Fairway National Literary Awards 2017 ceremony will be held in Galle during the Fairway Galle Literary Festival in January 2018.
The main objective of these awards is to provide pathways for talented local writers to achieve national level significance and showcase their creative work to a countrywide audience. The fact that the awards ceremony is held concurrently with the Fairway Galle Literary Festival, which draws a significant number of foreign literary enthusiasts, provides the writers with the additional benefit of being able to present their work to an international audience. It is hoped that these awards will promote the unearthing of new talent during forthcoming years and spur on many young aspiring writers to bring forth outstanding creative work.
Fairway Holdings wishes all contenders the best of luck and assures them that all entries would be considered purely on merit with the panel of erudite judges ultimately selecting the best works that are worthy of being bestowed the Fairway National Literary Awards 2017.


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Walt Disney Imagineering Is Developing Walking Animatronics
by Eric Diaz
In Jurassic Park, there's a famous scene where entrepreneur John Hammond says "When they opened Disneyland in 1956, nothing worked." To which Jeff Goldblum's Dr. Ian Malcolm said "Yeah, but John, if Pirates of the Caribbean breaks down, the pirates don't eat the tourists."
Well, we don't envision a future where the robot pirates are going to eat any park guests. But, according to a piece in The New York Times, Disney is exploring ways in which robots might get up and start walking around the park. This is the wild future Walt Disney Imagineering is working on right now.
Disney wants the robots in its parks to come alive. One goal: Setting them free from the confines of the rides and letting them wander walkways to turn the parks into, as one executive put it, "inhabited places." https://t.co/UGlTjq0Cjw
— The New York Times (@nytimes) August 19, 2021
Imagineering has already shown off their prototype Baby Groot in a series of videos. But that walking animatronic is just the tip of the iceberg for what's coming. According to the article, Disney's newest robotics initiative, codenamed "Project Kiwi," is about "extreme Marvel and Star Wars characters— huge ones like the Incredible Hulk, tiny ones like Baby Yoda." They mention their amazing advancements in recent years, like the swinging Spider-Man "stuntronic" seen in Avengers Campus at Disneyland.
The most fascinating tidbit from The New York Times article comes from Imagineering's Leslie Evans. They see these advances in robotics as an opportunity to make the walkways between rides more exciting for the park guests. "We want to create incredible experiences outside of a show box. To me, that's going to be next level. These aren't just parks. They are inhabited places." So yes, one day, salty pirates like Davy Jones might just get up and walk around after all.
So what does this mean for the future of Disney theme parks? Imagineering is confident that these advances won't mean that robots will replace cast members who portray Disney characters. Why get a robot to play Elsa or Cruella when you can get a real live human to do it? But it does mean characters that humans can't believably play might go the Groot route. Imagine a Baby Yoda, or even a grown-up Yoda, walking around Galaxy's Edge? Or for that matter, any non-human Star Wars character? It's honestly what fans have been waiting for ever since Galaxy's Edge opened.
TechCrunch/Walt Disney Imagineering
And some things will be combinations of real live humans with animatronics. Imagineering previewed exoskeletons made for oversized characters. We spotted a wampa from The Empire Strikes Back, or at least its feet. And a large green hand that looked like the Hulk's. Could we see Bruce Banner and maybe even Thanos roaming around Avengers Campus in the not-too-distant future? That seems to be the plan.
And this is the future. We don't think iconic attractions like Pirates of the Caribbean and the Haunted Mansion will ever go away. But it's clear that, at some point, the old '60s animatronics will be replaced with more believable and mobile ones. No more swashbucklers and happy haunts just standing in place. In 10 years' time, those rides might have entirely new robots inside. Ones that will blow away even the most jaded 21st-century kid.
More by Eric Diaz
Original Spider-Man/Venom Art Sold for a Whopping $3 Million
'90s Mutants Get a Modern Remix in X-MEN '92: HO...
BIGBUG Trailer Offers a Chaotically Pastel Machine Uprising
Tessa Thompson Explains Valkyrie's New MCU Powers
TAGGED: Disneyland, walt disney world, Imagineering, Disney Parks, animatronics, Walt Disney Imagineering
THE PROUD FAMILY: LOUDER AND PROUDER Sets Release Date
Rosie Knight
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Eric Diaz
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The following letter was sent to the Cameron County Board of Commissioners and the Emporium Borough Manager.
As individuals and organizations dedicated to reducing deaths and injuries caused by off-highway vehicles (OHVs), we are writing to urge you to reject any proposal that would increase OHV access to the roads of Cameron County.
Allowing OHVs to use public roads suggests to the public that roadway riding is a safe and responsible use of OHVs when in fact, industry, regulators, and consumer and public health and safety advocates, all agree that OHVs are not safe on public roads.
Tragically, we have identified sixteen OHV-related deaths in Pennsylvania in 2017 alone. From 2013 through 2016, we documented at least 129 deaths in Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, these numbers may continue to rise as we gather more data.
We write to communicate the dangers of allowing OHVs on roads and hope that this information will help inform any policy decision you make.


The latest advances broadcast media content protection and mobile television reception took centre stage on the ADTH exhibit at the Broadcast Asia 2018, held from June 26 through 28 in Singapore. Delegate traffic to the stand was high on all three days including visitors from the entire APAC region and beyond.
For over 20 years, Atlanta DTH, Inc. (www.ADTH.com) has been a leading supplier of cable and satellite direct-to-home communications equipment and a developer of innovative telecommunication systems for IPTV, OTT, DTT and other media-related applications. ADTH solutions provide the tools for content broadcasters to expand their service offerings to existing and new customers by allowing them to expand and develop their markets. ADTH strives to meet the technological goals of its customers across the broadcast, telecommunications and IPTV markets.


text:
Q: Best way to test for existence of a variable in Python I am reading a million plus files to scrape out some data.  The files are generally pretty uniform but there are occasional problems where something that I expected to find is not present.
For example, I expect some sgml code to identify a value I need
for data_line in temp  #temp is a list of lines from a file
    if <VARIABLENAME> in data_line:
        VARIABLE_VAL=data_line.split('>')[-1]

Later on I use VARIABLE_VAL.
But I sometimes get an exception: no line in the file that has
<VARIABLENAME>theName

To handle this I have added this line after all the lines have been processed:
try:
    if VARIABLE_VAL:
        pass
except NameError:
    VARIABLE_VAL=somethingELSE

I have seen somewhere (but I can't find it anymore) a solution that looks like
if not VARIABLE_VAL:
    VARIABLE_VAL=somethingELSE

Any help would be appreciated

A: Just initialize your variable to its default value before the loop:
VARIABLE_VAL = somethingELSE
for dataline in temp: ...

this way, VARIABLE_VAL will keep its initial, default value unless bound to something else within the loop, and you need no weird testing whatsoever to ensure that.

A: Alex's solution is correct. But just in case you do want to test if a variable exists, try:
if 'VARIABLE_VAL' in locals():
    ....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


During my 2014 Paul Dresher Ensemble Artist Residency Program, my husband Francis Phan assisted me and together, we created a solo theatrical piece together.
My original goal was to explore various and creative ways to combine direct lighting and video projection with sound, music and movements. I was interested in seeing how various fabrics, materials and color affect lighting and therefore creating a state of mind through color, light and shadow. I was curious of videotaping something and projecting the things I videotaped. I wanted to see everything in conjunction with a single focus in a space and experiment how I could transform and move the space through this form of artistic expression. I name my piece "Moving Space."
I improvised using my violin and danced. We instinctively used layers and started to create layers of me dancing and in some cases, interacting with each other. Eventually, Francis recorded me improvising on the violin while I danced as final video recording that could be used for live performance in the future.
Two years later, we produced this video production that you could see above. We encourage you to observe the light and as well as the shadow as you step into this "moving space" through "The Shifting".
1 month exploring projection, lighting and audio at Paul Dresher's studio. Here are some images my partner captured of me dancing with layers and layers of my own projections in the light and shadow.
I'm proud to have the opportunity to be stage director and narrator fo or Harmony of Nature – Legend of Bunun and Cello, featuring the Bunun Mountain Traditional Music Chorus and Cellist Annie Chang. Alice Chang, founder of Main Art, produced this amazing concert "Harmony of Nature".
I am honored to have been invited to speak at the Annual Gala of Taiwanese American Junior Chamber of Commerce – Northern California (TAJCC_NC) about the Power of Expressive Arts. I am very thrilled to be speaking on topic of my passion and linking the expressive arts back to my home community!
I am honored to be part of the artistic team for "Love, Paiwan Tribe", produced by Alice Chang of Main Art, Alice Chang. This show was featured at the Orient International Festival of Oriental Music SHRINE AT BAZAAR in Rotermann square, Tallinn, May 29 – June 2, 2013.
I was the Assistant Director for the newly developed opera produced by the National Symphony Orchestra, called "La Peintre, Yu-Lin".
Please visit the website of our amazing costume designer Sophia Hong and set designer Nelson Wilmotte.
In The Orphan of Zhao, individuals struggle for justice in the face of oppression and the misuse of power. This theme recurs throughout history.Recall the lone college student who stopped a battalion of tanks in their tracks by simply standing in front of them during the 1989 massacre of Tiananmen Square. Each character that tries to save the Orphan embodies the spirit of that student.
I hope that this play forces us to reflect on the importance of human rights and what each of us deems worth fighting for. I decided to depict the violence on stage in a realistic and graphic way. Beauty coexists with violence and pain—a reality that I feel is important to confront.
Forgiveness From Heaven is a wealthy eighteenth century Chinese woman with bound feet. She enjoys her husband's attention as Blessing From Heaven takes much pride in Forgiveness From Heaven's small feet (golden lotus feet).
Later, her husband Blessing From Heaven dismisses her because her toes falls off due to gangrene which was caused by the practice of foot-binding. Forgiveness From Heaven stays at the hospital by herself and starts to use different drugs and joints. She eventually dies in the hospital next to Wanda who has breast cancer.
After Forgiveness From Heaven passed away in the hospital, her spirit unbound her feet. Using the red silk, she started dancing the Chinese ribbon dance with great joy bringing the play to an end.


The best reflective hat. Soft and warm cashmere with stripes of Scotchlite, The Headlight reflects oncoming lights and keeps you safe. We wanted to take our perfectly crafted cashmere hat and make one just for you: for your late night runs and 4 a.m. bike rides.


002-plugins.patch (1.5 KB) - added by anonymous 5 years ago.
004-statvfs-fix.patch (1.0 KB) - added by anonymous 5 years ago.
Please submit the patches to the mailinglist according to SubmittingPatches, to keep trac mostly for actual bugs.


Freebie marketing and lead generation platform.
PayByShare gives you the ability to share your resources i.e.: e-books, reports, white papers or secret links with promo codes in exchange for a share. You, as the author of a campaign, will get a dashboard with metrics and graphs as well as an automatically generated landing page with unique URL.
Your audience will get your resource once they share a tweet about it.


text:
Karsten Honhold (* 28. Januar 1947 in Timmendorfer Strand) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Boxer.

Leben
Als Amateur wurde der für den BC 59 Travemünde boxende Honhold 1969 in West-Berlin und 1971 in Kiel deutscher Vizemeister. Er kam auf insgesamt 167 Amateurkämpfe. Im Mai 1972 bestritt der von Harry Kneipp als Trainer betreute Honhold seinen ersten Kampf als Berufsboxer. Der als Landwirt mit Hof bei Travemünde tätige Honhold trat im Mai 1975 im Kampf um die deutsche Meisterschaft im Halbschwergewicht gegen Leo Kakolewicz an, verlor in Ludwigshafen aber durch K.o. in der achten Runde. Anfang Oktober 1976 stand Honhold erneut Kakolewicz im Ring gegenüber. Der Kampf um die deutsche Meisterschaft wurde in einem Zelt auf dem Hamburger Heiligengeistfeld ausgetragen, Honhold musste den Kampf in der neunten Runde aufgeben und erklärte anschließend, dass es an der Zeit sei, seine Boxlaufbahn einzustellen. Rund ein Jahr später bestritt Honhold wieder einen Kampf, ehe er im Februar 1978 erneut um die deutsche Meisterschaft im Halbschwergewicht kämpfte. In Kiel traf er auf Karl-Heinz Klein und ging zweimal zu Boden, der Kampf wurde in der dritten Runde abgebrochen. Seinen letzten Kampf als Berufsboxer bestritt Honhold im Mai 1978.

Als Trainer betreute Honhold seinen Sohn Christian.

Fußnoten

Boxer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1947
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Joshua Samuel Donn (born June 1, 1982 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a multi national champion and a gold medal world junior champion in contract bridge. He is known as a bridge lecturer as well as author. He is the all-time leader of Richard Pavlicek's monthly polls that ran from 2000-2006 and had thousands of participants from over 90 countries. He currently resides in Las Vegas, Nevada with his daughter.

Publications
Donn authored a popular online column called "Breakin' the Rules" from 2011 to 2015. He also co-authored a book called More Breaking the Rules: Second Hand Play with Barry Rigal in 2013.

Bridge accomplishments

Awards
 Joan Gerard Youth Award, World Bridge Federation
 Finalist, International Bridge Press Association "Yeh Bros. 2014 Best Bid Deal of the Year" for Josh Donn & Adam Kaplan in "Grand Bidding" by Sue Munday
 Finalist, International Bridge Press Association "2014 Master Point Press Book of the Year" for More Breaking the Rules - Second-Hand Play by Barry Rigal and Josh Donn

Wins
 World Youth Bridge Team Championships 2006
 Roth Open Swiss Teams 2008
 Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs 2011
 Roth Open Swiss Teams 2016
 Roth Open Swiss Teams 2019

Runners-up
 NABC+ Mixed Swiss Teams 2016
 Grand National Teams 2016

External links

References

1982 births
American contract bridge players
Living people
People from Knoxville, Tennessee


text:
Planet P Project: 1931 (Go Out Dancing Part 1)
Somebody, somewhere, is going to write that the Planet P Project is what Pink Floyd would sound like if Roger Waters was still in the band. But that really does not give enough credit to Tony Carey. Yes the theme of 1931 is World War II, and the music interfuses sound clips and side story telling in the best light of The Final Cut, but 1931 musically is it's own entity. From the driving drumming to the use of intricate keyboards, this is a CD that stands on its own.
1931 is the first in a trilogy of CDs that will chronicle the last 100 years of world society. It starts with the amazing "My Radio Talks To Me" about 1931 Nazi propaganda. It jumps to Japan with "Join the Parade". We take a tour of Italy and so on and so forth until Carey touches on all the feelings and people that participated in the turning point of the world.
As a concept CD, this works amazingly well. You won't find any of the preaching of some Waters output. Instead, you have diverse, intricate, and entertaining songs that paint pictures. This CD doesn't tell you what to feel, it lets you feel it naturally on each and every listen.
Planet P Project is highly recommended to any fans of progressive rock. You won't find that 5 minute guitar solo or the 8th time change in the last 10 measures, but if you like your rock intelligent, entertaining, and driving, then 1931 is for you.
My Radio Talks To Me 6:41
Join The Parade 4:29
Good Little Soldiers 5:12
Work (will make you free) 4:49
The Judge and The Jury 5:02
The Other Side Of The Mountain 5:48
Waiting For The Winter 4:55
Believe It 4:04
The Things They Never Told Me 4:35
Where Does It Go? 5:03
Added: February 1st 2005
Reviewer: Steve Ambrosius
Related Link: Purchase at ProgRock Records
» SoT Staff Roundtable Reviews:
Posted by Duncan Glenday, SoT Staff Writer on 2005-02-01 12:36:50
Tony Carey is a multi-instrumentalist, multi-talented, and multi-faceted individual. And he taps deeply into that multitude of facets on 1931, which is to be part one of the Go Out Dancing trilogy.
In 1978 Carey left Rainbow and he left California and he settled in Germany. Besides his career as a successful producer and a small-part actor (Full Metal Jacket), he has released over 30 CDs. Three of these were under the Planet P Project, and the eponymous Planet P record hit the top-10 in the album charts in the early '80s. In 2003, some two decades later, Carey released 1931, subtitled Go Out Dancing Part 1. Record 2 will be Levittown, focusing on the 1950s, and Out In The Rain will examine the state of unfortunates around the world. The CD reviewed here is ProgRock records's re-release of the 2003 piece.
1931 Examines America's first radio evangelist who supported pre-Hitler Germany and the radicalism of that era; and it explores Hirohito's Japan, the McVeigh-set in modern day America. Ten songs run 4 to 6 radio-friendly minutes and each vignettes a troubled time in recent history - usually viewed from the personal perspective of a victim or participant, and always told with a biting cynicism that defines the tone of this whole CD. This satire is expressed through the prose, over-dubbed spoken voices or snippets of the historical speeches delivered to adoring masses by charismatic dictators.
Musically - the sound is very full. It is dominated to some extent by a prominent drum machine which lends it a 1980s vibe, but the rest of the instruments and the sampled overlays and particularly the vocals give it a modern hard-rock meets progressive rock feel. Carey plays most instruments in most songs and no major credits are given to any other artist - only a brief acknowledgement of 3 guest artists. This is very much a one-man project.
The hard-hitting lyrics are descriptive and easily heard and are dripping with cynicism. But don't let that turn you off. The rich progressive rock yields a great listen, and the you have to admire Carey's ambition and courage in producing a challenging, intelligent piece of music that comments at once on contemporary values, and on the darkest events in our recent history.
Posted by Timm Phelen on 2004-12-25 15:59:07
Thank you for reviewing Tony Carey/ Planet P Project :G.O.D.-1931. Anyone who would like to hear more of Tony's music can check him out at www.babyboomermusic.com there he has the original artwork for 1931 and tracks from his other new cd "Islands and Deserts" . Also check out Tony's website www.truebeliever.de or hook up with his fans on the messageboard at www.tony-carey.info thanks again for reviewing my favorite artist! timm
Posted by KSM on 2004-12-20 12:07:28
Believe It, or not... the review, as glowing as it is, only scratches the surface. There is so much depth to the music and the lyrics that repeated listenings will only start the process of reavealing all. The scope of the CD is much broader than just WWII, it spans the 20th Century, right up to modern times. The lyrics demand your attention and the music commands close scrutiny; I recommend earphones and turn it up.
The multiple characters and points of view in the CD skewer the -isms that have plagued recent history.
Be careful, you just might learn something...


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Browns notebook: Steve Wilks claims he has no emotions about Arizona reunion, one top defender says, 'I buy it to a point'
Nate Ulrich Beacon Journal Marla Ridenour Beacon Journal
Dec 12, 2019 at 5:21 PM Dec 12, 2019 at 6:49 PM
BEREA — Browns defensive coordinator Steve Wilks wants everyone to believe he's in robot mode.
Instead of conceding it would be human nature for a reunion with the Arizona Cardinals to evoke an emotional response from him, Wilks insisted the opposite is true.
"To be honest, I don't really have any emotions in regards to this week," Wilks said Thursday. "I want to win this game, just like I wanted to win last week's game, just like I wanted to win the first game against Tennessee. So my focus is trying to get these guys in position to be successful, and hopefully we can go out there and get a win."
The Cardinals fired Wilks on Dec. 31 after they went 3-13 in his only season as their head coach. The Browns added him to lead their defense in January after the Cardinals hired former Texas Tech coach Kliff Kingsbury as his successor. Now they're 3-9-1 as they prepare to host the 6-7 Browns on Sunday.
So do the Browns players who work with Wilks buy his claim that no emotions are involved?
"If you've ever been with Coach Wilks, he's a very even-tempered individual. Obviously, he gets fired up in competitive situations," linebacker Joe Schobert said. "I buy it to a point, but I think personally, in his head, when you make good plays or when you win the game, he'll have a little emotion in his head. But he's not going to say it out loud. He's not going to make it about him. That's just the kind of guy he is."
Do the Browns defenders want to win one for Wilks?
"We want to get all of them," defensive tackle Sheldon Richardson said. "If he's got a personal vendetta, there's just more juice to it. Hopefully the play calling, everything he calls hits home. That's how I feel about it. If there's a hidden agenda there, he hasn't shown it. But if not, we'll hold it down for him."
Wilks said he has shared some lessons he learned in Arizona with first-year head coach Freddie Kitchens, who spent 11 seasons as a Cardinals assistant before joining the Browns in 2018 as a running backs coach.
"What I learned [in Arizona] is just really how to deal with adversity as a head coach trying to prepare each and every week, trying to get your guys up to perform at a high level," Wilks said. "So it was difficult going through the struggles, but I thought the guys performed and played well and they stayed together throughout. So there's a lot of things that I learned and a lot of things that I will carry moving forward."
In the doghouse?
Kitchens said he didn't bench Rashard Higgins in Sunday's 27-19 win over the Cincinnati Bengals because the wide receiver reportedly refused to enter the Oct. 13 game against the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth quarter.
"I think you guys [in the media] are trying to make a big problem with me and Hig," Kitchens said. "Hig goes out, does his job and does his work. You have to make a decision [about who plays]. Hig should play some, and we'll see where it goes. But there's no problem with me and Hig.
"I don't hold grudges. [Benching him Sunday as a result of the Seahawks game] would insinuate that I'm holding a grudge on Hig. I just said that I don't have a problem with Hig. I actually love Hig. I love being around him, love him being out there. I tried to get him to come over and eat Thanksgiving dinner with me, and he wouldn't do it. He said he had other plans."
Scheduled to become an unrestricted free agent in March, Higgins didn't play on offense and had just one special teams snap versus the Bengals.
During the portion of Thursday's practice open to the media, Kitchens and Higgins spent several minutes talking to each other on the field.
The two clashed earlier this season over a disagreement about when Higgins was healthy enough to return from a sprained medial collateral ligament. Higgins missed five games with the knee injury but has said he could have returned Oct. 7 against the San Francisco 49ers. He was active but didn't play a week later versus the Seahawks.
Still, Higgins worked his way back into the No. 3 receiver role. He caught a 7-yard, game-winning touchdown pass Nov. 10 against the Buffalo Bills. However, he hasn't had a reception since then.
Higgins played 33-of-69 snaps against the Bills, 28-of-70 against the Pittsburgh Steelers (Nov. 14), 24-of-75 against the Miami Dolphins (Nov. 24) and 28-of-66 against the Steelers (Dec. 1) before being shut out against the Bengals while fellow backup receivers Damion Ratley and KhaDarel Hodge logged 15 and 13 snaps, respectively, out of the offense's 54.
Higgins didn't address the media this week.
Asked what Higgins needs to show to play more, Kitchens said: "Everything we're looking for. He knows. We know."
Pro Bowl Joe?
Schobert is having a Pro Bowl-caliber season, Wilks said.
"If I had a vote, I would say yes," the defensive coordinator added.
Fan voting ended Thursday. Players and coaches will vote Friday. Each group's vote counts one-third toward determining the 88 Pro Bowl selections. They will be announced Dec. 17, and the Pro Bowl will be played Jan. 26 in Orlando.
Running back Nick Chubb, who leads the NFL in rushing yards, is the safest bet among Browns players to make the Pro Bowl.
Punter must wait
Browns special teams coordinator Mike Priefer said rookie punter Jamie Gillian does not deserve a spot in the Pro Bowl ... yet.
"No, I don't think so. I'm just going to be honest. I would let you know if I thought he did," Priefer said. "I think Jamie's a very good punter. I think he's going to get better and better and better. There are better punters than him that have performed better this year. He's just got to be more consistent. Is he a Pro Bowl-talent punter? Absolutely. Is he ready to be on the Pro Bowl roster this year? I don't think so.
"I think there's two or three AFC punters that have probably had better years than him. We've got to protect better for him, we've got to cover better for him and he's got to perform more consistently and we'll get him to that level."
Going into Thursday night, Gillan ranked third among AFC punters in gross average (46.2) and 10th in net average (40.7). The Los Angeles Chargers' Ty Long was tops in average (47.7), the Jacksonville Jaguars' Logan Cooke the leader in net (43.8) and the Tennessee Titans' Brett Kern and the New England Patriots' Jake Bailey were tied for the most punts inside the 20 with 33.
With Chris Hubbard (knee) still limited in practice, there are signs pointing to Kendall Lamm making his second consecutive start at right tackle.
"We have not lost faith and confidence in Chris at all," Kitchens said. "But Kendall did play good [against the Bengals], and we'll see where it is at the end of the week."
Starting center JC Tretter (knee) sat out practice for the second consecutive day.
"No setback," Kitchens said. "He's just dealing with the same thing."
Safety Eric Murray (knee) has missed six games, but Kitchens said he could "potentially" return Sunday. Murray has been limited this week.
"He's made more progress this week than he made last week," Kitchens said.
Rookie linebacker Sione Takitaki (illness) returned to practice after missing Wednesday's session.


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Pelosi signs articles of impeachment against Trump, House delivers them to Senate
US Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signs the Articles of Impeachment against US President Donald Trump on January 15, 2020, in Washington, DC. – The US House of Representatives voted Wednesday to transmit articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump to the Senate, opening the way for the historic trial of the 45th president for abuse of power. (Photo by Brendan Smialowski / AFP)
WASHINGTON, DC (AFP) — Two articles of impeachment against Donald Trump were delivered from the US House to the Senate on Wednesday, setting in motion the trial of the 45th US president.
Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi signed the articles, which charge Trump with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, before they were ceremonially walked through the Capitol to the Republican-controlled Senate.
"So sad, so tragic for our country, that the actions taken by the president to undermine our national security, to violate his oath of office and to jeopardize the security of our elections, has taken us to this place," said Pelosi, before using several ceremonial pens to sign the articles.
Held in blue folders, the articles were delivered to a Senate clerk by officials including the House managers chosen to prosecute the case against Trump, after a message notifying the Senate of the impeachment charges was read aloud on the floor of the chamber.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell then invited House managers to formally read the articles on the Senate floor at noon Thursday.
Later that day at 2:00 pm, US Supreme Court Justice John Roberts will arrive to be sworn in.
"Then the chief justice will swear in all of us senators," a somber McConnell said on the floor.
The Senate will be converted into a court of impeachment for only the third time in US history.
"The trial will commence in earnest on Tuesday," McConnell said.
"We'll pledge to rise above the petty factionalism and do justice for our institutions, for our states and for the nation," he said.
"I'm confident that this body can rise above short-termism and factional fever and serve the long-term best interests of our nation. We can do this, and we must."
McConnell said the White House would be notified of Trump's pending trial, and that the Senate will "summon the president to answer the articles and send his counsel."
WASHINGTON, DC – JANUARY 15: The seven House impeachment managers, including House Intelligence Committee Chairman Rep. Adam Schiff (D-CA), House Judiciary Committee Chairman Rep. Jerry Nadler (D-NY), Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY), Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) and Rep. Val Demings (D-FL) leave the Senate chamber of the U.S. Capitol after transmitting two impeachment articles January 15, 2020 in Washington, DC. The House formally sent the two articles of impeachment against U.S. President Donald Trump to the Senate today. Alex Wong/Getty Images/AFP
– Trial expected to last two weeks –
Trump is accused of secretly holding up aid to Ukraine between July and September to pressure Kiev to investigate former vice president Joe Biden, the Democratic frontrunner in this year's White House race.
He was formally impeached on December 18 when the Democratic-controlled House charged him with abusing his power by illicitly seeking help from Ukraine for his reelection.
The president is also charged with obstruction for holding back witnesses and documents from the House impeachment investigation in defiance of Congressional subpoenas.
Wednesday's ceremonial procedures mark the end of a weeks-long standoff between House Democrats and the Senate's Republican leadership over whether to call witnesses in the trial.
Pelosi has demanded witnesses testify, including key Trump administration officials with firsthand knowledge of the president's efforts to pressure Ukraine which formed the basis of his impeachment.
Republicans say they will only consider witnesses once the initial trial rules are approved and the trial, expected to last two weeks, is underway.
Trump's conviction in the Senate is highly unlikely as the president's Republican Party has a 53-47 majority. A two-thirds super-majority of senators is required to find him guilty and remove him from office.
Iran leader's speech fails to quell plane anger


Before submitting your diploma application, be sure to check your Degree Audit to ensure that you have satisfied all of your degree requirements. If you have any questions about whether or not you have completed the requirements, visit an ECON advisor.
Only those students who will satisfy ALL of their degree requirements by the end of that semester should submit a diploma application. If you are completing your degree requirements during the summer or winter session and wish to participate in the commencement ceremony please see an ECON advisor.
Late Diploma Applications: If students do not complete the online graduation application by the end of the schedule adjustment period of the semester in which they plan to graduate, please contact an ECON advisor for instructions on how to complete a late application.


The Kastmaster's balance produces wild action and flash without creating line twist. Because of the aerodynamic design, the Kastmaster is the master distance caster, and catches fish from pan-sized trout to bragging-sized stripers, fresh to salt water. The Kastmaster is precision machined and will not break, bend or corrode and it retains its luster even after repeated exposure to salt water.


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VAWA Application Process in Oak Brook
The VAWA application process in Oak Brook holds many advantages for those looking to escape a toxic situation. If your spouse has harmed you and you still wish to become a citizen, you do not need to feel trapped. A VAWA application could allow you the freedom you need to escape a horrible situation, and with the help of our skilled immigration attorneys, you could file this application for paperwork allowing your stay in the U.S.
The Ins-and-Outs of the Violence Against Women Act Application
The Violence Against Women Act application is filed under Form I-360. Basically, victims of spousal abuse follow it word by word in answering the questions, but they have to look at each question carefully. Questions may seem simple, but they contain legal terms, requiring a bit of knowledge to answer them correctly. Aside from that, though, the biggest thing in a VAWA case is providing and proving the evidence of the abuse, the relationship between the immigrant and the US citizen or the legal permanent resident abuser, and that is where most of the time and effort on a case is spent. While both time-consuming and tricky, it may be best to work with an attorney for help with the VAWA application process in Oak Brook.
Additionally, there are two other forms for VAWA applications, one of them is an employment authorization document application, Form I-765. If the person is represented by an attorney, they would have to fill out Form D-28.
Confidentiality and VAWA Applications
The VAWA application is confidential because the government made it illegal to release any information concerning a battered spouse or a child applicant. There also is the privacy act that applies, so even a judge in court cannot give the information without the applicant having signed off on it.
Who Has Access to the Application?
Generally, access to the VAWA application form is limited to employees of the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, or the Department of State. An officer at one of those departments handles the application out of the Vermont Service Center that acts on it and possesses that information. At times, if an interview is required, an officer is selected in the local US Citizenship and Immigration Services office to conduct that interview.
How Marriage to a U.S. Citizen Affects the Process
If the immigrant is married to a US citizen, he or she still has to provide evidence of the abuse, but there would be an additional need to prove both parties entered into a good-faith marriage and that the relationship does exist between them. If the couple has been divorced, then they would need to show when, and the case must be filed within a certain period.
First Steps When Applying
The first step in the VAWA application process is to meet with an attorney to identify whether an individual is eligible for a VAWA application. For example, in some instances, someone may be eligible for a U-Visa in which the aggressor was a non-US citizen. In the case of a VAWA application, the aggressor must be a citizen or a legal primary resident of the United States. Once that is done, ideally, the meeting would be completely confidential, and it is protected by the attorney-client privilege, so the immigrant is able to share freely with the Oak Brook attorney and be advised accordingly.
Evidence Gathered for Proving Abuse
The immigrant and attorney must prove evidence of battery and extreme cruelty, one or both, and that could include:
Reports from officers, judges, or other court officials
School or social worker write-ups
Documents showing an order of protection against an abuser
The government often takes into account evidence of seeking refuge with a battered women's shelter or even whether the immigrant has consulted with a psychologist or other mental health professional. Often, these providers of evidence submit what they have through photos, videos, or other tangible documents detailing injuries. An Oak Brook lawyer could help collect any of this valuable evidence that would bolster a VAWA application.
Consult an Attorney about the VAWA Application Process in Oak Brook
Despite what you may have been told, leaving a spouse who holds citizenship over you does not bar you from gaining entry status into the states. In fact, there is a whole subset of forms that you could apply for that would give you the ability to stay in the U.S. The VAWA application process involves those forms and extends specifically to foreign persons who have suffered abuse at the hands of a spouse who is already a citizen. For more information, reach out to an attorney.
VAWA Application Forms in Oak Brook
Good Moral Character
Important VAWA Factors
VAWA Application Process


Many thanks to your permanent support to UIY.
In order to improve our brand effect, the OEM will cancel gradually from Oct 15,2018. We really hope it won't cause any inconvenience to your company during this period. We promise that your existing orders will not be affected.
At the same time, we also sincerely hope that your company can become our brand agent, if accept, some discount will be given, details please contact our related sales representatives.
Your support will make us work harder, and we will create a bright future together!


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Q: VIDEO HLS (m3u8) - Simulate a local connection rate? I am in local development, wampserver and laravel 5.3
I use ffmpeg to convert video files to HLS (video.m3u8).
The quality adapts according to the user's connection speed. Youtube uses this technology.
I now want to test according to the bitrate but I am in local.
The video plays automatically in the best format.
Is there a solution to simulate a local connection rate?

A: Since you're sending data over HTTP, check out Fiddler.  https://www.telerik.com/download/fiddler  It has the ability to simulate slower speeds.
An alternative is to use a tool like Clumsy which can simulate poor network conditions at the network level.  https://jagt.github.io/clumsy/  I've had trouble with it under Windows 10, but it seems fine under Windows 7.
There are commercial traffic shaper applications as well.

A: I like to use Chrome for HLS testing and throttling, this keeps my testing needs all one place/one application. In Chrome install the "Native HLS PLayback" plugin, this allows you to enter a m3u8 URL right into Chrome and play it back. Then open up Chrome's Developer Tools, go to the Network tab, and then go to 'Networks conditions' - in here you can do Network throttling and specify whatever download/upload speeds you want. This should allow to test/view your different bitrates.


Let's see here... before I begin I shall note that Talisman has been in touch with Lord Merthwyl who seems to believe that he doesn't have to comply with the license or with copyright laws.
He seems to have just removed some. Not more than half an hour ago, he had most of Sichae's library modules up, and all the copyright on them was stolen too.
Oh... I just checked, the other manipulations were there.
but to delete copyrights or replace them is not okay.
If he is aware of his violations, he should act now.
Aye, he brought forward a complaint a couple of days ago.
I've left lays.zip in his shared folder for the moment, and you can see that the ONLY changes he made (apart from taking author credit) were in the non-executable initial comments originally provided by hex.
Lord Merthwyn has now been banned from DragonPrime.
Napa has been removed from DragonPrime.
They have one other collaborative 'coder' whom I am watching closely.
Another one doing this... and this person seems to be the one that Lord Merthwyl complained about stealing "his" code.
Primary copyright? I DON'T THINK SO!
He has stolen code from Esoterra - Funny, I don't see my name listed as the author of citypendelhaven.
Leviathans Pain Shop - yet another one where I am listed as the "concept" when it is bleedingly obvious it is merely text changes to petra.
Quests that require Sneakabout's functions to run. Broken links all over the place. Incorrect links. Races based on Felyne that are not credited to me and not released. Specialties with no credits or release.
Yeah, we've been digging into this crowd for a few days now.
Some people seem to think we're stupid, or will never stumble across their site...but we find them.
but true they present themselves in public, and so it becomes public...sooner or later.
I'm pretty sure this is where I should post about this.
They've done the exact same thing to another one of my modules.
I've sent a petition to them to remove those modules immediately, can someone help me with future steps, if it comes to them?


As of early Friday afternoon on the US East Coast, "Despacito" had logged 2.995 billion views on YouTube, ahead of rap ballad "See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth at 2.994 billion. The triumph of Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi's song crushed a short reign for "See You Again," which only clawed into the number one spot last month topping the extraordinary four-and-a-half-year run of Korean artist Psy's "Gangnam Style."
"Wow," Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee, who is featured on "Despacito," said to his nearly 17 million followers on Instagram. "Thank you all for supporting since day one!" "Despacito" has already been named most streamed song of all time. On July 19, the song's label, Universal Music Latin Entertainment, said "Despacito" in its original and remixed versions had reached 4.6 billion streams across platforms including YouTube and Spotify.


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it-2 pp. 1205-1210
Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 2
John Study Notes—Chapter 17
John Study Notes—Chapter 1
This is the usual English term for translating the Greek koʹsmos in all of its occurrences in the Christian Greek Scriptures except 1 Peter 3:3, where it is rendered "adornment." "World" can mean (1) humankind as a whole, apart from their moral condition or course of life, (2) the framework of human circumstances into which a person is born and in which he lives (and in this sense it is at times quite similar to the Greek ai·onʹ, "system of things"), or (3) the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants.
The King James Version used "world" to render not only koʹsmos but also three other Greek words in some of its renderings of them (ge; ai·onʹ; oi·kou·meʹne) and five different Hebrew words ('eʹrets; cheʹdhel; cheʹledh; ʽoh·lamʹ; te·velʹ). This produced a blurring or confused blending of meanings that made it difficult to obtain correct understanding of the scriptures involved. Later translations have served to clear up considerably this confusion.
The Hebrew 'eʹrets and the Greek ge (from which come the English words "geography" and "geology") mean "earth; ground; soil; land" (Ge 6:4; Nu 1:1; Mt 2:6; 5:5; 10:29; 13:5), although in some cases they may stand in a figurative sense for the people of the earth, as at Psalm 66:4 and Revelation 13:3. Both ʽoh·lamʹ (Heb.) and ai·onʹ (Gr.) relate basically to a period of time of indefinite length. (Ge 6:3; 17:13; Lu 1:70) Ai·onʹ may also signify the "system of things" characterizing a certain period, age, or epoch. (Ga 1:4) Cheʹledh (Heb.) has a somewhat similar meaning and may be rendered by such terms as "life's duration" and "system of things." (Job 11:17; Ps 17:14) Oi·kou·meʹne (Gr.) means the "inhabited earth" (Lu 21:26), and te·velʹ (Heb.) may be rendered "productive land." (2Sa 22:16) Cheʹdhel (Heb.) occurs only at Isaiah 38:11, and in the King James Version it is rendered "world" in the expression "inhabitants of the world." The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (edited by G. Buttrick, 1962, Vol. 4, p. 874) suggests the rendering "inhabitants of (the world of) cessation," while pointing out that most scholars favor the reading of some Hebrew manuscripts that have cheʹledh in place of cheʹdhel. The New World Translation reads "inhabitants of [the land of] cessation."—See AGE; EARTH; SYSTEMS OF THINGS.
"Kosmos" and Its Various Senses. The basic meaning of the Greek koʹsmos is "order" or "arrangement." And to the extent that the concept of beauty is bound up with order and symmetry, koʹsmos also conveys that thought and therefore was often used by the Greeks to mean "adornment," especially as regards women. It is used in that way at 1 Peter 3:3. Hence also the English word "cosmetic." The related verb ko·smeʹo has the sense of 'putting in order' at Matthew 25:7 and that of 'adorning' elsewhere. (Mt 12:44; 23:29; Lu 11:25; 21:5; 1Ti 2:9; Tit 2:10; 1Pe 3:5; Re 21:2, 19) The adjective koʹsmi·os, at 1 Timothy 2:9 and 3:2, describes that which is "well-arranged" or "orderly."
Evidently because the universe manifests order, Greek philosophers at times applied koʹsmos to the entire visible creation. However, there was no real unanimity of thought among them, some restricting it to the celestial bodies only, others using it for the whole universe. The use of koʹsmos to describe the material creation as a whole appears in some Apocryphal writings (compare Wisdom 9:9; 11:17), these being written during the period when Greek philosophy was making inroads in many Jewish areas. But in the inspired writings of the Christian Greek Scriptures this sense is virtually, perhaps entirely, absent. Some texts may appear to use the term in that sense, such as the account of the apostle's address to the Athenians at the Areopagus. Paul there said: "The God that made the world [form of koʹsmos] and all the things in it, being, as this One is, Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in handmade temples." (Ac 17:22-24) Since the use of koʹsmos as meaning the universe was current among the Greeks, Paul might have employed the term in that sense. Even here, however, it is entirely possible that he used it in one of the ways discussed in the rest of this article.
Linked With Mankind. Richard C. Trench's Synonyms of the New Testament (London, 1961, pp. 201, 202), after presenting the philosophic use of koʹsmos for the universe, says: "From this signification of κόσμος [koʹsmos] as the material universe, . . . followed that of κόσμος as that external framework of things in which man lives and moves, which exists for him and of which he constitutes the moral centre (John xvi. 21; I Cor. xiv. 10; I John iii. 17); . . . and then the men themselves, the sum total of persons living in the world (John i. 29; iv. 42; II Cor. v. 19); and then upon this, and ethically, all not of the ἐκκλησία [ek·kle·siʹa; the church or congregation], alienated from the life of God and by wicked works enemies to Him (I Cor. i. 20, 21; II Cor. vii. 10; Jam. iv. 4)."
Similarly, the book Studies in the Vocabulary of the Greek New Testament, by K. S. Wuest (1946, p. 57), quotes Greek scholar Cremer as saying: "As kosmos is regarded as that order of things whose center is man, attention is directed chiefly to him, and kosmos denotes mankind within that order of things, humanity as it manifests itself in and through such an order (Mt. 18:7)."
All humankind. Koʹsmos, or the "world," is therefore closely linked and bound up with mankind. This is true in secular Greek literature and is particularly so in Scripture. When Jesus said that the man walking in daylight "sees the light of this world [form of koʹsmos]" (Joh 11:9), it might appear that by "world" is meant simply the planet Earth, which has the sun as its source of daylight. However, his next words speak of the man walking at night who bumps into something "because the light is not in him." (Joh 11:10) It is primarily for mankind that God gave the sun and other heavenly bodies. (Compare Ge 1:14; Ps 8:3-8; Mt 5:45.) Similarly, using light in a spiritual sense, Jesus told his followers they would be "the light of the world" (Mt 5:14), certainly not meaning they would illuminate the planet, for he goes on to show their illuminating would be for mankind, "before men." (Mt 5:16; compare Joh 3:19; 8:12; 9:5; 12:46; Php 2:15.) The preaching of the good news "in all the world" (Mt 26:13) also means preaching it to mankind as a whole, even as in some languages "all the world" is the common way of saying "everybody" (compare French tout le monde; Spanish todo el mundo).—Compare Joh 8:26; 18:20; Ro 1:8; Col 1:5, 6.
In one basic sense, then, koʹsmos refers to all humankind. The Scriptures therefore describe the koʹsmos, or world, as being guilty of sin (Joh 1:29; Ro 3:19; 5:12, 13) and needing a savior to give it life (Joh 4:42; 6:33, 51; 12:47; 1Jo 4:14), things applicable only to mankind, not to the inanimate creation nor to the animals. This is the world that God loved so much that "he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life." (Joh 3:16, 17; compare 2Co 5:19; 1Ti 1:15; 1Jo 2:2.) That world of mankind forms the field in which Jesus Christ sowed the fine seed, "the sons of the kingdom."—Mt 13:24, 37, 38.
When Paul says that God's "invisible qualities are clearly seen from the world's creation onward, because they are perceived by the things made," he must mean from the creation of mankind forward, for only when mankind appeared were there minds on earth capable of 'perceiving' such invisible qualities by means of the visible creation.—Ro 1:20.
Similarly, John 1:10 says of Jesus that "the world [koʹsmos] came into existence through him." While it is true that Jesus shared in the production of all things, including the heavens and the planet Earth and all things in it, koʹsmos here applies primarily to humankind in whose production Jesus likewise shared. (Compare Joh 1:3; Col 1:15-17; Ge 1:26.) Hence, the rest of the verse says: "But the world [that is, the world of mankind] did not know him."
"The founding of the world." This clear connection of koʹsmos with the world of mankind also aids one in understanding what is meant by "the founding of the world," as referred to in a number of texts. These texts speak of certain things as taking place 'from the founding of the world.' These include the 'shedding of the blood of the prophets' from the time of Abel onward, a 'kingdom prepared,' and 'names being written on the scroll of life.' (Lu 11:50, 51; Mt 25:34; Re 13:8; 17:8; compare Mt 13:35; Heb 9:26.) Such things relate to human life and activity, and hence "the founding of the world" must relate to the beginning of mankind, not of the inanimate creation or the animal creation. Hebrews 4:3 shows that God's creative works were, not started, but "finished from the founding of the world." Since Eve was evidently the last of Jehovah's earthly creative works, the world's founding could not precede her.
As shown under ABEL (No. 1) and FOREKNOWLEDGE, FOREORDINATION (Foreordination of the Messiah), the Greek term (ka·ta·bo·leʹ) for "founding" can refer to the conceiving of seed in human conception. Ka·ta·bo·leʹ literally means "a throwing down [of seed]" and at Hebrews 11:11 may be rendered "conceive" (RS, NW). Its use there evidently refers to Abraham's 'throwing down' human seed for the begetting of a son and Sarah's receiving that seed so as to be fertilized.
Therefore "the founding of the world" need not be taken to mean the beginning of the creation of the material universe, nor does the expression "before the founding of the world" (Joh 17:5, 24; Eph 1:4; 1Pe 1:20) refer to a point of time prior to the creation of the material universe. Rather, these expressions evidently relate to the time when the human race was 'founded' through the first human pair, Adam and Eve, who, outside of Eden, began to conceive seed that could benefit from God's provisions for deliverance from inherited sin.—Ge 3:20-24; 4:1, 2.
'Spectacle to world, both to angels and men.' Some have understood the use of the word koʹsmos in 1 Corinthians 4:9 to include both invisible spirit creatures and visible human creatures, by the rendering: "We are made a spectacle unto the world, both to angels and men." (AS) However, the footnote offers an alternative reading in saying: "Or, and to angels, and to men." This latter rendering is also the way in which other versions render the Greek text here. (KJ; La; Mo; Vg; CC; Murdock) Young's translation reads: "A spectacle we became to the world, and messengers, and men." Just preceding this, in 1 Corinthians 1:20, 21, 27, 28; 2:12; 3:19, 22 the writer uses the word koʹsmos to mean the world of humankind, so that evidently he does not depart from that sense immediately afterward in 1 Corinthians 4:9, 13. Hence, if the rendering "both to angels and men" is admitted, the expression is merely an intensification, not to enlarge the meaning of the word koʹsmos, but to enlarge on the spectatorship as going beyond the world of mankind, so as to include "angels" as well as "men."—Compare Ro.
The human sphere of life and its framework. This does not mean that koʹsmos loses all of its original sense of "order" or "arrangement" and becomes merely a synonym for mankind. Mankind itself reflects a certain order, being composed of families, tribes, and having developed into nations and language groups (1Co 14:10; Re 7:9; 14:6), with their wealthy and poor classes and other groupings. (Jas 2:5, 6) A framework of things that surround and affect mankind has been built up on earth as mankind has grown in number and in years of existence. When Jesus spoke of a man as 'gaining the whole world but forfeiting his soul in the process,' he evidently meant gaining all that the human sphere of life and human society as a whole could offer. (Mt 16:26; compare 6:25-32.) Of similar significance are Paul's words about those "making use of the world" and the married persons' 'anxiety for the things of the world' (1Co 7:31-34), as also is John's reference to "this world's means for supporting life."—1Jo 3:17; compare 1Co 3:22.
In the sense of signifying the framework, order, or sphere of human life, koʹsmos has a meaning similar to that of the Greek ai·onʹ. In some cases the two words can almost be interchanged. For example, Demas is reported to have forsaken the apostle Paul because he "loved the present system of things [ai·oʹna]"; while the apostle John warned against 'loving the world [koʹsmon]' with its way of life that appeals to the sinful flesh. (2Ti 4:10; 1Jo 2:15-17) And the one who is described at John 12:31 as "the ruler of this world [koʹsmou]" is identified at 2 Corinthians 4:4 as "the god of this system of things [ai·oʹnos]."
At the close of his Gospel, the apostle John says that if all the things Jesus did were set down in full detail, he supposed "the world [form of koʹsmos] itself could not contain the scrolls written." (Joh 21:25) He did not use ge (the earth) or oi·kou·meʹne (the inhabited earth) and thereby say that the planet could not contain the scrolls, but he used koʹsmos, evidently meaning that human society (with its then existing library space) was not in position to receive the voluminous records (in the book style then used) that this would have entailed. Compare also such texts as John 7:4; 12:19 for similar uses of koʹsmos.
Coming "into the world." When one is 'born into this world,' then, he is not merely born among mankind but also comes into the framework of human circumstances in which men live. (Joh 16:21; 1Ti 6:7) However, while references to one's going or coming into the world may refer to one's birth into the human sphere of life, this is not always the case. Jesus, for example, in prayer to God said: "Just as you sent me forth into the world, I also sent them [his disciples] forth into the world." (Joh 17:18) He sent them into the world as grown men, not as newborn babes. John speaks of false prophets and deceivers as having "gone forth into the world."—1Jo 4:1; 2Jo 7.
The many references to Jesus' 'coming or being sent forth into the world' evidently do not refer primarily, if at all, to his human birth but more reasonably apply to his going out among mankind, publicly carrying out his assigned ministry from and after his baptism and anointing, acting as a light bearer to the world of mankind. (Compare Joh 1:9; 3:17, 19; 6:14; 9:39; 10:36; 11:27; 12:46; 1Jo 4:9.) His human birth was solely a necessary means to that end. (Joh 18:37) In corroboration of this, the writer of Hebrews represents Jesus as speaking words from Psalm 40:6-8 "when he comes into the world," and Jesus logically did not do this as a newborn babe.—Heb 10:5-10.
When his public ministry among mankind came to its close, Jesus knew "that his hour had come for him to move out of this world to the Father." He would die as a man and would be resurrected to life in the spirit realm from which he had come.—Joh 13:1; 16:28; 17:11; compare Joh 8:23.
"The elementary things of the world." At Galatians 4:1-3, after showing that a child is like a slave in the sense of being under the stewardship of others until he is of age, Paul states: "Likewise we also, when we were babes, continued enslaved by the elementary things [stoi·kheiʹa] belonging to the world." He then proceeds to show that God's Son came at the "full limit of the time" and released those becoming his disciples from being under the Law that they might receive the adoption of sons. (Ga 4:4-7) Similarly at Colossians 2:8, 9, 20 he warns the Christians at Colossae against being carried off "through the philosophy and empty deception according to the tradition of men, according to the elementary things [stoi·kheiʹa] of the world and not according to Christ; because it is in him that all the fullness of the divine quality dwells bodily," stressing that they "died together with Christ toward the elementary things of the world."
Of the Greek word stoi·kheiʹa (plural of stoi·kheiʹon) used by Paul, The Pulpit Commentary (Galatians, p. 181) says: "From the primary sense of 'stakes placed in a row,' . . . the term [stoi·kheiʹa] was applied to the letters of the alphabet as placed in rows, and thence to the primary constituents of speech; then to the primary constituents of all objects in nature, as, for example, the four 'elements' (see 2 Pet. iii. 10, 12); and to the 'rudiments' or first 'elements' of any branch of knowledge. It is in this last sense that it occurs in Heb. v. 12." (Edited by C. Spence, London, 1885) The related verb stoi·kheʹo means "walk orderly."—Ga 6:16.
In his letters to the Galatians and Colossians, Paul was evidently not referring to the basic or component parts of the material creation but, rather, as German scholar Heinrich A. W. Meyer's Critical and Exegetical Hand-Book (1884, Galatians, p. 168) observes, to "the elements of non-Christian humanity," that is, to its fundamental, or primary, principles. Paul's writings show this would include the philosophies and deceptive teachings based purely on human standards, concepts, reasoning, and mythology, such as the Greeks and other pagan peoples reveled in. (Col 2:8) However, it is clear that he also used the term as embracing things of a Jewish nature, not only non-Biblical Jewish teachings calling for asceticism or "worship of the angels" but also the teaching that Christians should put themselves under obligation to keep the Mosaic Law.—Col 2:16-18; Ga 4:4, 5, 21.
True, the Mosaic Law was of divine origin. However, it had now been fulfilled in Christ Jesus, "the reality" to which its shadows pointed, and it was therefore obsolete. (Col 2:13-17) Additionally, the tabernacle (and later temple) was "worldly" or of human construction, hence, "mundane" (Gr., ko·smi·konʹ; Heb 9:1, Mo), that is, of the human sphere, not heavenly or spiritual, and the requirements related thereto were "legal requirements pertaining to the flesh and were imposed until the appointed time to set things straight." Christ Jesus had now entered into the "greater and more perfect tent not made with hands, that is, not of this creation," into heaven itself. (Heb 9:8-14, 23, 24) He himself had told a Samaritan woman that the time was coming when the temple at Jerusalem would no longer be used as an essential part of true worship but that the true worshipers would "worship the Father with spirit and truth." (Joh 4:21-24) So the need to employ such things that were only "typical representations" (Heb 9:23) within the human sphere picturing the greater things of a heavenly nature had ceased with Christ Jesus' death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven.
Hence the Galatian and Colossian Christians could now worship according to the superior way based on Christ Jesus. He, and not humans and their principles or teachings, or even the "legal requirements pertaining to the flesh" as found in the Law covenant, should be recognized as the appointed standard and the full means of measuring the truth of any teaching or way of life. (Col 2:9) Christians should not be like children by voluntarily placing themselves under that which was likened to a pedagogue or tutor, namely, the Mosaic Law (Ga 3:23-26), but they were to be in a relationship with God like that of a grown son with his father. The law was elementary, "the A B C of religion," as compared with the Christian teaching. (H. Meyer's Critical and Exegetical Hand-Book, 1885, Colossians, p. 292) Anointed Christians, because of their being begotten to heavenly life, had, in effect, died and been impaled to the koʹsmos of the human sphere of life, in which regulations such as fleshly circumcision had been in force; they had become "a new creation." (2Co 5:17; Col 2:11, 12, 20-23; compare Ga 6:12-15; Joh 8:23.) They knew that Jesus' Kingdom was not from a human source. (Joh 18:36) They certainly should not turn back to "the weak and beggarly elementary things" of the human sphere (Ga 4:9) and thereby be deluded into giving up the "riches of the full assurance of their understanding" and "accurate knowledge of the sacred secret of God, namely, Christ," in whom are concealed "all the treasures of wisdom and of knowledge."—Col 2:1-4.
The world alienated from God. A use of koʹsmos unique to the Scriptures is in making it stand for the world of mankind apart from God's servants. Peter writes that God brought the Deluge "upon a world of ungodly people," while preserving Noah and his family; in this way "the world of that time suffered destruction when it was deluged with water." (2Pe 2:5; 3:6) It may again be noted that the reference here is not to the destruction of the planet or of the celestial bodies of the universe, but it is restricted to the human sphere, in this case the unrighteous human society. It was that "world" that Noah condemned by his faithful course.—Heb 11:7.
The pre-Flood unrighteous world, or human society, ended, but mankind itself did not end, being preserved in Noah and his family. After the Flood the majority of mankind again deviated from righteousness, producing another wicked human society. Still there were those who took a separate course, adhering to righteousness. In course of time God designated Israel as his chosen people, bringing them into covenant relationship with himself. Because the Israelites were thus made distinct from the world in general, Paul could use koʹsmos, "world," as equivalent to the non-Israelite "people of the nations," or "Gentiles," at Romans 11:12-15. (NW; KJ) He there pointed out that Israel's apostasy led to God's revoking his covenant relationship with them and that it opened up the way for the Gentiles to enter into such relationship and its riches, by being reconciled to God. (Compare Eph 2:11-13.) The "world," or koʹsmos, then, during this post-Flood and pre-Christian period again designated all humanity outside of God's approved servants, and specifically those outside Israel during the period of its covenant relationship with Jehovah.—Compare Heb 11:38.
In a similar manner and with great frequency, koʹsmos is used to signify all non-Christian human society, regardless of race. This is the world that hated Jesus and his followers because they bore witness concerning its unrighteousness and because they maintained separateness from it; such world thereby showed hatred for Jehovah God himself and did not come to know him. (Joh 7:7; 15:17-25; 16:19, 20; 17:14, 25; 1Jo 3:1, 13) Over this world of unrighteous human society and its kingdoms, God's Adversary, Satan the Devil, exercises rulership; in fact, he has made himself "the god" of such world. (Mt 4:8, 9; Joh 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; compare 2Co 4:4.) God did not produce such unrighteous world; it owes its development to his chief Opposer, in whose power "the whole world is lying." (1Jo 4:4, 5; 5:18, 19) Satan and his "wicked spirit forces in the heavenly places" act as the invisible "world rulers [or, cosmocrats; Gr., ko·smo·kraʹto·ras]" over the world alienated from God.—Eph 6:11, 12.
Not simply humanity, of which Jesus' disciples were a part, but the whole organized human society that exists outside the true Christian congregation is meant in such texts. Otherwise Christians could not cease to be a "part of the world" without dying and ceasing to live in the flesh. (Joh 17:6; 15:19) Though unavoidably living in the midst of that society of worldly persons, including those engaging in fornication, idolatry, extortion, and similar practices (1Co 5:9-13), such Christians must keep themselves clean and unspotted by that world's corruption and defilement, not entering into friendly relations with it, lest they be condemned with it. (1Co 11:32; Jas 1:27; 4:4; 2Pe 1:4; 2:20; compare 1Pe 4:3-6.) They cannot be guided by worldly wisdom, which is foolishness in God's sight, nor can they 'breathe in' the "spirit of the world," that is, its selfish and sinful activating force. (1Co 1:21; 2:12; 3:19; 2Co 1:12; Tit 2:12; compare Joh 14:16, 17; Eph 2:1, 2; 1Jo 2:15-17; see SPIRIT [Impelling Mental Inclination].) Thus, through their faith they 'conquer the world' of unrighteous human society, even as did God's Son. (Joh 16:33; 1Jo 4:4; 5:4, 5) That unrighteous human society is due to pass away by divine destruction (1Jo 2:17), even as the ungodly pre-Flood world perished.—2Pe 3:6.
Ungodly world ends; humankind preserved. Thus, the koʹsmos for which Jesus died must mean the world of mankind viewed simply as the human family, all human flesh. (Joh 3:16, 17) As to the world in the sense of human society alienated from God and in actual enmity toward God, Jesus did not pray on behalf of such world but only for those who came out of that world and put faith in him. (Joh 17:8, 9) Even as human flesh survived the destruction of the ungodly human society, or world, in the Deluge, so Jesus showed that human flesh is to survive the great tribulation that he likened to that Flood. (Mt 24:21, 22, 36-39; compare Re 7:9-17.) "The kingdom of the world" (evidently meaning of humankind) is, in fact, promised to become "the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ," and those reigning with Christ in his heavenly Kingdom are due to "rule as kings over the earth," hence over humankind apart from the deceased ungodly human society dominated by Satan.—Re 11:15; 5:9, 10.


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Safeguard Old State •
Renew Education Foundation
Friday July 19, 2019 |
The SOS News Dispatch
Safeguard Old State's Free Newsletter
SOS Announces 'Campus Renewal' Speaker Series
By The Safeguard Old State Executive Staff
Safeguard Old State is excited to announce a new speaker series designed to foster a dialog over the role of students, trustees, alumni and faculty in relation to their alma mater, our Pennsylvania State University.
SOS will be welcoming three speakers to campus over the next two weeks from national non-profits focused on higher education.
Anne Neal, president of the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA), Adam Kissel, executive staff member of the Foundation for Individual Rights In Education (FIRE) and Ben Novak, former Penn State Trustee and president of the Mount Nittany Conservancy and Lions Paw Alumni.
The speakers will focus on the relation of trustees and alumni to the university, the relation of students to their university, and the relation of faculty members to the university, respectively.
As a part of the mission of Safeguard Old State, we strive to provide education for our community on all fronts from individual rights to tuition and traditions. Anne Neal will speak tomorrow, Tuesday, Dec. 2 at 5pm and Dr. Adam Kissel will speak Thursday, Dec. 11, at 7:30pm in 101 Thomas.
Anne D. Neal
Anne D. Neal "is the President of the American Council of Trustees and Alumni and manager of the Fund for Academic Renewal. She is a Phi Beta Kappa, magna cum laude graduate of Harvard College with an A.B. in American History and Literature. She received her J.D. degree from Harvard Law School where she served as the first woman editor of the Harvard Journal on Legislation.
From 1980 to 1982, Ms. Neal specialized in the First Amendment at the New York City law firm of Rogers & Wells. Subsequently, she has served as General Counsel of the Office of Administration, Executive Office of the President; associate at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Wiley & Rein; Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of the Recording Industry Association of America; and General Counsel and Congressional Liaison of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
She sits on the boards of All Hallows Guild, Washington National Cathedral, Friends of the U.S. National Arboretum, Paine Art Center and Arboretum, and the Sabre Foundation. She is also a member of the Washington Founders Committee for Historic Mount Vernon. She is a founding member of the National Museum of Women in the Arts and the US House of Representatives Child Care Center.
Adam Kissel
Adam Kissel graduated from Harvard University and from the University of Chicago, where he served as Student Liaison to the Board of Trustees and earned an A.M. from the Committee on Social Thought. His academic interests include the history and theory of liberal education, the history and theory of rhetoric, and rhetoric's relationship with philosophy.
He also has served as a professional editor for Nobel laureate James Heckman and for faculty in a variety of disciplines. Before joining FIRE, Adam was a director of the Lehrman American Studies Center and the Jack Miller Center for the Teaching of America's Founding Principles. With Sharon Browne he wrote a Faculty Rights Handbook in 2007.
Ben Novak
Ben Novak was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on February 15, 1943. He graduated from Penn State University in 1965, having served as president of the Undergraduate Student Government in his senior year. He graduated from Georgetown University Law School in 1968.
He served as a Captain in the U.S. Army, Infantry, from 1968 to 1970, including a year in Vietnam where he won the Bronze Star. Mr. Novak was admitted to the Bar of Pennsylvania in 1968. He is also admitted to the Bar of the United States Supreme Court, the District of Columbia, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, the United States Third Circuit, and the U.S. Military Court of Appeals.
He has served on the Penn State Board of Trustees from 1988-2000, is a member of Lion's Paw Alumni Association, former president of the Mount Nittany Conservancy, and a distinguished alumnus.
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Q: Paypal Buy now button with single purchase only? I have a shop with unique items (paintings) for sale so there can't be two purchases of a single item at the same time. But in case if two users will have a purchase page opened and finaly both of them will decide to do the Purchase the one who will be first will get it. Second will get the message that this item is already sold etc.
Is there any way to say to paypal that only one item_id can be sold ?
Of course it is possible to refund the second buyer his money, but less actions is always better.
Also I understand in "Button Factory" you can easily specify the quantity of items you have, but can I specify this then using a HTML ?
My HTML code for buttons is:
<form  name="_xclick" action="https://www.sandbox.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_xclick">
<input type="hidden" name="custom" value="SELLER: 1, BUYER: 2">
<input type="hidden" name="business" value="something@gmail.com">
<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">
<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Art work name 101">

<input type="hidden" name="item_number" value="101">
<input type="hidden" name="no_shipping" value="1">
<input type="hidden" name="amount" value="5.00">
<input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynowCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="Pay with PayPal - it's fast and secure!">
</form>

Thanks in advance for your solutions or suggestions,
Max

A: It is possible to set the maximum quantity available of a product when creating the pay now button in your PayPal dashboard.
The problem is also reported here and the how-to has been added as first reply:
https://www.paypal-community.com/t5/About-Settings-Archive/how-to-limit-the-number-of-items-being-sold-on-the-add-to-cart/td-p/445493
It is not possible to specify this trough HTML because this could be manipulated by end users. This wil result in order being sold multiple times but without enough stock.


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