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Up The Nile With A Child: What the Sphinx had to say…
Artemis Pittas and Rafael Guzman take a trip through time and space on a boat.
"Tutankamun was nothing! Nothing! What did he do? Nothing!" The guide in the Archaeological Museum of Cairo was passionate and angry. An elderly American tourist couple looked genuinely saddened. It's not what you expect to hear when you've come all the way to Egypt inspired by the 'Tutankamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs' exhibition currently touring the world. The guide was merciless: "He didn't fight any wars, he didn't build any temples, he was a boy when he became Pharaoh, and he died young. People think he was the most important Pharaoh because of lucky Mr Carter, but he wasn't. He was nothing."
Overhearing the guide's outburst against the distortions of history confirmed my experience of visiting the Nile with my partner and six-year-old son – a trip I highly recommend to any parent concerned about how to explain the world we live in. Religion? War? Globalization? The desert hides the answers to questions it takes the eyes and ears of a child to discern.
We'd wanted to go to Egypt ever since the national outcry in Italy (where we live) against a proposal to reduce the teaching of ancient history in schools. Fired with parental passion to fill this gap in Romano's education, we set off full of romantic visions of palm trees and pyramids. Romano was also clear about the purpose of the visit: "I'm going to talk to the Sphinx," he kept saying with the self-assurance of the 'Age of Mythology' computer game generation. Little did we know he was right.
Like the sands of time, all tours to the Nile follow the same pattern – by boat between Luxor and Aswan, plus a few days in Cairo. Each day of the trip is numbered like the days of creation. Days One and Two were a hectic spin through the golden age of Pharaonic military, economic and political expansion. There was no need to worry about whether a six-year-old could cope with 7 am wake-up calls and long hours of siteseeing. There was Romano, jumping out of bed in the morning, ready for another day of getting in and out of mini-vans, riding fairground trains up to funerary complexes sculpted into sheer desert mountainsides, creeping and crawling deep into underground tombs, cricking his neck at giant stone statues, running through epic colonnades of lotus- and papyrus-shaped columns. Whether open-air or underground, the box-within-a-box-within-a-box design of Egypt's tombs and temples are perfect playground labyrinths to explore. Having fun was not Romano's problem. Something else was.
"I don't understand when they say 'B.C.E.' and 'C.E.'" he concluded at the end of Day Two.
By the time we'd reached Day Five, neither did we.
When you're standing in the last 'pagan' temple of Mediterranean civilization, where Egyptian gods and goddesses, Greek monarchs, Roman emperors, and Coptic Christian altars share the same roof, nothing could be more artificial that an imaginary dividing line between the ancient and the modern, the past and the present, polytheism and monotheism, the bad and the good, the false and the true – as if you can really cut through history and change human nature in the same way as Aswan's dams have stopped the Nile in its tracks, leaving the crocodiles on the other side and creating the magical lake in which the rescued and restored Temple of Philae stands like a jewel.
When it comes to putting the world into perspective, there's nothing like winding gently up the Nile for three days at a hypnotic 10 miles an hour on a slow-motion Voyage of the Beagle, along a trail which leads from the power, wealth and elaborate death rites of the Pharaohs, through the Greek and Roman empires, all the way up to the power, wealth and elaborate death rites seen just a few years ago at the funeral of the Pope – the inheritor of the Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires, and the Pharaoh of our day. A management reshuffle, more central control, a few name changes here, a bit of redecoration there, and we're still travelling along an uninterrupted course in religion-by-numbers which is delightful for a primary school child to follow. From Seth to Satan; from the 12 gods of Olympus to the 12 tribes of Israel to the 12 disciples; from Osiris, Isis and Horus, to Chronos, Rhea and Zeus, to Joseph, Mary and Jesus, to the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost – the examples of how little we've moved from our origins roll on and on. When you're flowing with the timeless rhythm of the Nile, the clock never restarts on the fantastic world of threes, fours, sevens, tens and twelves which was born along these riverbanks some 9,000-plus years ago.
Reluctantly turning our backs on the oasis paradise of the Nile valley, on Day Six we were whisked to Aswan airport for our flight to Cairo. One anti-terrorist security scan after another, armed guards and soldiers all over the place, huddles of not-so-secret policemen scrutinizing North American, Latin American, Japanese, Indian and European tourists, while the news played on a radio – there was more bloodshed in Iraq and Afghanistan; there was more tension between Egypt and Israel and Israel and the Palestinians in the Middle East; there were more fears of global recession; but even more importantly, there were the top stories about the trial of a Muslim for converting to Christianity, and the scandal of Christians converting to Islam in order to divorce, and then converting back again. If religion really is the opium of the people, who's to say we're using a better drug than our forefathers?
Fastforwarded into the Tower of Babel of Cairo's megalopolis of twenty million people, when staring at the faces of thousands of drivers, passengers and tourists from different countries, backgrounds and religions who are stuck in the infernal traffic just like you, the world looks just as chaotic, multi-cultural and polytheistic as it ever was. Judging by the evidence, of all the gods who still survive, the most popular is Hermes or Mercury, the god of commerce, without whose influence Mesopotamia's nomadic desert tribes would never have crossed paths or grouped together to found the cities, civilizations and religions that formed the empires which still compete for control of the trade routes between Africa, the Middle East and Europe. To this day, no empire can exist, expand or survive without the driving force of the god who gave his Roman name to both merchants and mercenaries. Did the Greeks have globalization in mind when they gave Hermes his winged sandals and helmet so that he could defy time and space and cast his spell simultaneously anywhere and everywhere in the world?
Whatever you call him, there can't be a better temple to the enduring worship of the god of trade than the great souk of Cairo – a bewildering, meandering, tentacled, permanently overcrowded bazaar which started life as the world's first shopping mall 800 years ago. The free market is so mercurial here that buying or selling even the simplest object becomes a bizarre exercise in speculation requiring all of Hermes' famous cunning, guile, deceit and charm. Like overexcited brokers in a trading room as big as a small town, the souk's salesmen follow a negotiational logic which makes price fluctuations, currency exchanges, commodity cycles, derivatives and futures look sane. Running the gauntlet of baksheesh-begging hands, barefoot children, mangy cats and insistent tradesmen, Romano wasn't happy. Of all the divinities we met, the god of the markets was without doubt the most disturbing for a child.
Relieved to be out of the market mayhem, we moved on to Cairo's famous Archaeological Museum, only to discover that Hermes had arrived before us. The exhibits, including Tutankamun's gold, are just the tip of the iceberg of the immeasurable treasure either plundered, sold or exchanged over the centuries by tomb raiders, European occupiers and Ottoman governors. In 1835 Abbas Pasha handed over the entire collection of the fledgling museum to the Archduke of Austria. But whether hidden abroad in private vaults, or proudly displayed in museums around the world, it's misleading to pretend that spiriting away the majority of Egypt's past has brought Western civilization closer to its origins.
"Zeus must be angry," observed Romano on Day Seven. A thunderstorm darkened Cairo's sky, black clouds racing over the city, and rain fell in the desert as we picked up the trail of the Nile temples, shuffling along with thousands of other tourists through the three shrines of monotheism – first the synagogue, then the church, then the mosque. Three times we heard that there was only one God; three times we were told that the same God spoke to three peoples; and three times we were asked to believe that only one of those three peoples actually understood what God had said. "I don't understand," said Romano.
How could he? Would the world really fall apart if we taught our children that there are just as many ways of believing, and just as many gods to believe in as there ever were; that Judaism is split into so many tribes that not even a planet-sized Promised Land can unite them; that Christianity is just as divided over the three-in-one or one-in-three nature-of-God-issue as it was 1,700 years ago at the Council of Nicaea, and that Islam is still arguing about who Mohammed's real heir was.
Why shed so much blood and invent so many stories just to prove that each new monotheism's story is true and divinely inspired, while the arguments on Mount Olympus are pure fantasy? How come, despite all efforts, the squabbles between the Greek gods and goddesses have lost none of their universal appeal? Maybe the best family saga of them all isn't myth, legend or even soap-opera, but a divine reality show with at least three immortal messages for us all: man invented god; gods will interfere on earth for as long as man lets them; and where there's one god, there'll always be another to compete with them.
Living in Italy, where Catholicism is part of the curriculum from the first year of nursery school, you don't need to have heard about The God Delusion to worry about why and how religion is taught to three-year-olds. While the Anglo-Saxon world rediscovers the word 'indoctrination', the Latin world has never stopped fighting the battle to separate the church and state – especially during election campaigns, where the Vatican continues to plays its role in making and breaking governments, and Italian political candidates don't worry about accusing progressive Catholics of being 'the cancer of the church'. When you're a member of any religious caste employed on an open-ended, verbal contract which allows you to take advantage of all the wisdom of the past while dismissing it as heretical or idolatrous, and which also gives you carte blanche to think, say, write, teach or do anything you like in the name of God, you're never going to give up that much freedom and power (with out-of-this-world profits) without a good fight.
"What will you ask the Sphinx?" our guide asked Romano.
"If he can count to infinity." The numbers must have gone to Romano's head; or maybe there's something about being in the middle of another traffic-jam on your way to Giza that gets the mind going.
Standing like the tiniest of ants at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Cheops, staring far, far up into the sky, at the tip of the world's greatest funerary monument as it points like an arrow into the eternity of the heavens above, Romano stated, "I don't want to die."
Who does? No matter how many fig-leaves or abstract figures we use to cover up the past; no matter whether the Messiah will appear, the Saviour reappear, or Allah is waiting in Paradise; no matter where we are or what we believe, it seems we're just as troubled by the same fear of nature and of death as we ever were, as if man hasn't always been the only creature who can't accept he's not omnipotent or immortal. It's as if, like Osiris, we'd all been cut up into little pieces, and were unable to rest in peace until our scattered parts had been stuck together again.
"Guess what the Sphinx said!" shouted Romano as he rushed past us on the latest lap of a never-ending run round and round the Sphinx's colossal body. "He can see infinity!"
Romano must have been right. Staring inscrutably, impassively and unblinkingly over our heads into the heart of the sun every day, contemplating time in splendid isolation, watching the world turn and Pharaohs, Philosophers, Emperors, Jews, Christians, Moslems and everyone else come and go, the mystery is not what the Sphinx is hiding, but why we can't hear what he's been saying for so long. When nothing is original and everything is an echo of something that's already been said or done; when even the most advanced discoveries about the universe can only tell us that we live on a revolving oasis in a cosmic desert which might or might not contain other oases, it might even be true that the Sphinx is the only creature on earth who never lies. After all these centuries of listening to gods telling us how to behave, it takes a half-human, half-lion to remind us that just because no man is an island, it doesn't necessarily mean he has to be part of the herd. No wonder the Arabs feared him, the Mamelukes cannonballed his nose, and the French took his Pharaonic beard to the Louvre.
Looked at from the Sphinx's point of view, the real riddle is us, and why we continue to fog our vision by dividing the world into a kind of before-and-after advert for history which distorts the truth and confuses our understanding like a particularly abrupt jump in continuity. For our children's sake, couldn't we find a more accurate division of our reality – such as 'behind current events' and 'current events'? Something which puts things back into context, and which alters our perspective by clarifying the relationship between the past and the present instead of obscuring it? It's the difference between watching stories flash by on a news bulletin and getting stuck into an in-depth long-running documentary. That way we'd all know that the last 2,000 years of history don't make sense without background knowledge of the preceding three, six or nine thousand years. We could even avoid the limitations, superficiality and indoctrination of a lot of boring lessons in nationalist history as well as religion, and refocus our attention on picking up the trail of a more universal route to our roots, without offending anyone, in heaven or on earth.
If we can't change the fact that the Roman Empire pulled off history's most impressive Director's Cut when it reorganised its intellectual resources to impose a BC/AD chronology on the world which even the church admits is not strictly correct; if it's too much trouble to change all our history books by going back to Before and After the Egyptians; if we can't come up with a way of understanding our existence which goes round like a clock instead of straight ahead like a line – how will we ever know that if anyone is stumbling around in the desert following false gods, it's not us?
© Artemis Pittas & Rafael Guzman 2009
Artemis and Rafael are freelance journalists based in Rome.
Descartes Was Right!
Souls, Minds, Bodies and Planets (part 2)
Philosophical Reviews of The Bible
Predestination and the Wagers of Sin
Virtue ethics and the New Testament
The Dialectics of Faith & Enlightenment
Heavenly Thoughts


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Home/Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3/Maghery, Dungloe, coastal walk.
Walk along the coast of Maghery (sandy plain) with history and heritage …. Passing the 18th century red house Kelp factory, view the signal tower built around 1804-06 during the Napoleonic War and the soap stone underground quarry used to make talcum powder, this mining for soapstone had started in 1860's, this mining shaft was built 7 metres below sea level and the main tunnel went for several hundred metres out under the sea which followed a seam of top quality white soapstone.
Termon stone circle is worth a visit, this circle 20mts in diameter and consists of low granite boulders, this stone circle dates back from the early bronze age (c.2300-1500 BC) .
Lough Aghnish Promontory Fort dates from the Iron age (c.500BC-432AD), these type of defensive walls are usually found on sea promontories but this one one is located on Lough Aghnish lake.
Another great coastal walk with sea arches on the edge of the wild Atlantic Ocean.


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Pros – Mens and Womens track
DI – Division I
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Central's Daniels Poised to Repeat in Multis
December 6, 2018 /in DIII /by nextleveliowa
Will Daniels-Central
©Dutch Athletics 2018
It may be four months until the 2019 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships, but Central College junior Will Daniels is primed and ready to repeat as the heptathlon national champion after setting a new school record at the Doane College (Neb.) Happy Holidays Multi-Event.
Courtesy Dutch Athletics, click here! Feature photo: Will Daniels-Central ©Dutch Athletics 2018
Tallying up 5,423 points across the seven-discipline competition, Daniels not only exceeded the school record, he also recorded the No. 3 mark ever in Division III. Distancing himself by 471 points over the second-place finisher, Daniels was the meet champion.
"I'm sure he's happy about the school record," associate head coach Jim Fuller said. "It's Will's first school record. He's solidly in the national meet, we won't have to think about it the rest of the indoor season."
In the pole vault, he cleared 14 feet, 1.25 inches. That effort matches his career-best effort from the outdoor season and is a foot better than anything he ever has done indoors.
"He got on the same pole as he did at last year's outdoor national meet when he jumped that high before, but he didn't need a 20-mph tailwind," Fuller said. "I was happy with the way he vaulted."
In the 60-meter hurdles, he finished in 8.70 seconds while he completed the 1,000-meter run in 2 minutes, 57.89 seconds.
"It was his third or fourth best hurdle time, but he ran more under control and a little more precise than he has in the past," Fuller said. "The 1,000 is not his strongest event, but he did okay. The whole field went out slow, but Will finished really well."
H.S. Kuyper Fieldhouse on Central's campus is the site of the Dutch Holiday Preview next Saturday, starting at 10 a.m. with field events.
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You are here: Home1 / Ethics2 / Rights in Islam3 / What is meant by 'justice' with respect to polygamy?
What is meant by 'justice' with respect to polygamy?
June 30, 2014 /in Ethics, Rights in Islam /by amin edrisi
In verse 3 of SuratulNisa, we read:
فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلاَّ تَعْدِلُوا فَوَاحِدَةً
"…but if you fear that you will not do justice (between them), then (marry) only one."
Similarly, in verse 129 of this same chapter, we read:
وَ لَنْ تَسْتَطِيعُوا أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ النِّسَاءِ وَ لَوْ حَرَصْـتُمْ
"And you have it not in your power to do justice between wives, even though you may wish (it)."
The question that arises here is: What is meant by 'justice' with respect to multiple wives? Is this 'justice' associated with issues of life like sleeping together, gifting items and things, and providing ease and comfort, or is it associated with respect to the heart and human sentiments too?
Without any doubt justice, with respect to affections and sentiments of the heart, is something that is beyond the control of man. Who possesses the ability to exercise total control over his affection – a state, which is governed by factors external to himself? It is for this reason that Allah has not considered the observance of this kind of justice to be obligatory and in verse 129 of this chapter says:
وَ لَنْ تَسْتَطِيعُوا أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ النِّسَاءِ وَ لَوْ حَرَصْتُمْ
"And you have it not in your power to do justice between wives, (with respect to sentimental inclinations) even though you may wish (it)."
Thus, till such time that the internal sentiments do not result in granting preference to some of the spouses over the others in actions, it is not prohibited. What is obligatory upon a man is to maintain justice amongst the spouses with respect to issues that are practical and external in dimension.
From the above explanation it becomes plain that those, who have sought to correlate the above verse:
with verse number 129:
وَ لَنْ تَسْتَطِيعُوا أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا بَيْنَ النِّسِاءِ وَ لَوْ حَرَصْتُمْ
and thus conclude that polygamy is totally forbidden in Islam, have made a grave error. – They have argued that the first verse places the condition of 'justice', while the second verse considers this justice to be an impossible task for the men.,
As has been referred to previously, the kind of justice, whose observance is beyond the ability of man, is that which is associated with the internal sentiments, and this is not one of the requirements for polygamy; the condition for polygamy is the justice which is associated with acts and deeds.
Testifying to this aspect is the latter part of the verse 129 of this same chapter, which says:
فَلا تَمِيلُوا كُلَّ الْمَيْلِ فَتَذَرُوها كَالْمُعَلَّقَةِ
"Now that you cannot observe justice with respect to your sentiments between your spouses, at least do not direct all your sentimental inclinations towards one, leaving the other in suspense."
Consequently, people who have taken one part of this verse and abandoned the other part, have erred in the issue of polygamy and it is a cause for astonishment for every researcher.
Incidentally, according to Islamic traditions, it appears that the first person to raise this objection was Ibn Abi al-'Auja – one of the materialists and a contemporary of Imam as-sadiq (a.s) – who argued over it with Hisham b. Hakam, the diligent Islamic scholar. Not finding the answer to it, Hisham started out from his city, Kufah, towards Madinah and approached Imam as-sadiq (a.s).
The Imam (a.s) was greatly astonished to see him in Madinah at a time when it was not the season for Hajj and 'Umrah. Hisham presented his question, whereupon the Imam (a.s) said: "The justice intended in verse 3 of Suratul Nisa is the justice associated with the maintenance of the spouses (and observation of their rights, and the manner of conduct and behaviour) whereas the justice in verse 129, which has been regarded as an impossible task, is the justice associated with internal sentiments (thus, polygamy, with adherence to the Islamic conditions, is neither prohibited nor impossible)."
After returning from his journey, when Hisham presented Ibn Abi al-'Auja with the answer he swore that it was not Hisham's answer but somebody else's.
It is quite evident that if we are interpreting the term 'justice' differently in the two verses it is because of the clear context that is present in both the verses. The verse under discussion clearly states: Do not direct all your inclinations towards one spouse, and has thus permitted the selection of two spouses, but on the condition that, despite the difference in internal inclinations, no injustice should be done to the other with respect to actions and deeds. Besides, the initial portion of verse 3 of this same chapter expressly permits polygamy.
Tags: justice, polygamy
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All Curious Persons Ask Themselves
What is Justice?
Justice of God – eBook
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Why are men permitted to have more than one spouse ? What is the philosophy behind temporary marriage?


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La Villa Liebermann (in tedesco: Liebermann-Villa) è una storica residenza di Berlino in Germania.

Storia
Il pittore Max Liebermann, cofondatore del movimento della Secessione berlinese e successivamente presidente dell'Accademia delle arti di Prussia, acquistò nel 1909 dei terreni con accesso diretto al lago di Wansee per erigervi una residenza di villeggiatura estiva per fuggire dal caos cittadino di Berlino. La villa, progettata dall'architetto Paul Otto Baumgarten, venne completata nell'aprile 1910.

Descrizione
La proprietà include un elegante e ricco giardino.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Liebermann

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15 Year Old Black Boy is a Pennsylvania Hero [EXCLUSIVE]
Yesterday was a refreshing day for the communities who had their hearts touched by a Pennsylvania teen. Temar Boggs, was a town hero yesterday after he rescued a 5 year old kidnapped girl. The little girl was abducted this past Saturday and sent Lancaster, Pennsylvania in a big search party to find this little girl.
"I'm just a normal person who did a thing that anybody else would do, " Boggs said.
Boggs didn't know the child nor the situation but once he was approached by neighbors asking about her where abouts, he gathered a group of his peers and hit streets in search of this 5 year old girl. "I Had a gut feeling we would find this little girl," Chris Garcia (Friend of Boggs) stated. The block was flooded with people in search of this little girl when Boggs focused his attention on a tan vehicle. He looked closer at the vehicle noticing the victim in the back seat, the driver caught on and tried to flee the scene but gave up and threw the girl out. The little girl ran to Boggs arms, asking for her mother but wouldn't leave his arms in fear of being captured again. She was taken out for Ice Cream before being assaulted by the criminal. She was returned to her family who called Boggs a guardian angel.
"It was like fate, it was like meant for me and Chris to be there. If we wouldn't have left [to look for the girl] who knows what would have happened to the little girl. It was a blessing for me to make that happen," Boggs said.
What a touching story after such a rough weekend for our community.
@GiovanniZeus
July Concerts
15 Year oLd	, Boggs	, giovanni zeus	, girl	, Hero	, kidnapped	, Saturday	, Saved Lives	, Temar	, Trayvon Martin
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Q: how make chart size flexible on any number of entries im new in web design,i have a kendo chart,when the number category axes is 12 or less,its fine and readable, problem starts when number of category axis increase to 20 or more,in this case what could be the solution?below is the css and also the screenshot of what happens when the number of entries increase,
Here is the CSS:

The chart is the one with 60% of width and floated right ,left one is another chart,i attached the careen shot also

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Christiaen Jansz. Striep, född 1634 i Den Bosch, död 1673 i Amsterdam, var en holländsk stillebens- och djurmålare.

Striep erhöll 1656 borgarrätt i Amsterdam. I sina fint utförda och natursanna bilder ådagalägger han, att han bildat sig dels efter Willem Kalf, dels efter Otto Marseus van Schrieck. I den förres maner målade han åtskilliga av dessa så kallade frukoststycken (matvaror, fyllda glas, humrar med mera på ett bord), vilka på hans tid var så omtyckta, i den senares penslade han små, i mörk ton hållna landskapsstycken med ormar, fjärilar och så vidare. Två tavlor av sistnämnda slag finnas i Sveriges Nationalmuseum. Två stillebensstycken i Willem Kalfs genre ses i Schwerins museum.

Källor

Nederländska landskapsmålare
Djurmålare
Stillebenmålare
Nederländska målare under 1600-talet
Personer från 's-Hertogenbosch
Representerade vid Nationalmuseum
Födda 1634
Avlidna 1673
Män
Ugglan


Several small networking and software companies are teaming up to introduce CloudRouter, an open source router to simplify cloud migration.
"We went into this with the intent of writing an open source router that can run anywhere," says Jay Turner, project lead at CloudRouter and senior director of DevOps at IIX, a provider of software-defined network interconnects based in Mountain View, Calif.
Compute and networking are moving from physical infrastructure to a combination of physical, virtual and cloud. Network control logic was "strictly relegated to proprietary, hardware-based platforms" but "we are seeing broader adoption of open source software-based platforms. We initiated the CloudRouter project in order to simplify this migration to the cloud without forcing users to abandon control over network routing and governance," Turner says.
The router is designed to help network operators make the transition from onsite hosted solutions to the cloud. "One of the side benefits of moving to a software solution and traditional hardware is that it breaks the reins on that vendor lock-in," Turner says. The software can run in conjunction with network operators' existing infrastructure.
The beta is available now for download at cloudrouter.org.
CloudRouter will initially see enterprise deployments, but the authors expect it to move to carriers as the software matures.
"We're seeing a genuine need for a Linux distribution dedicated to incorporating the latest and greatest of open-source SDN technologies, such as the OpenDaylight project, delivered in modern cloud and container formats such as OSv and Docker," says IIX CTO Paul Gampe.
CloudBees, which provides solutions for IT organizations for software delivery based on Jenkins CI, an open source server for continuous integration (CI) software development.
Cloudius, which provides an operating system for web-scale workloads such as NoSQL, running in the cloud only on a hypervisor. The beta software now runs on AWS.
NGINX, which provides support for the open source NGINX software, comprising web server, load balancer, caching and media streaming.
OpenDaylight, the open source SDN controller project.
But how much support will CloudRouter get? Anybody can say they're launching an open source project, and license code accordingly. But successful projects require significant commitments of funding and staff support.
IIX "will provide multi-million dollar support by way of staff and other considerations," Gampe says.
CloudRouter fills a need for IIX and its customers, for a router distribution optimized for the cloud inside its platform architecture. "Given we were intending to build the CloudRouter we felt it was appropriate for us to make this work available to the open-source community." Gampe says.
Want to know more about SDN? This will be just one of the many topics covered at Light Reading's second Big Telecom Event on June 9-10 in Chicago. Get yourself registered today or get left behind!
The CloudRouter Project will "formalize a sponsorship program for organizations to contribute financially or in-kind to the Project" in the "near future," Gampe says.
CloudRouter is still in early days yet -- backed by a few small companies and a not-for-profit, with software just released in beta. It's light years from being ready to replace proprietary switches in Tier 1 carrier networks. Vendors that serve those networks shouldn't be worried. But they should be looking over their shoulders. After all, Linux started as a one-person project by a college kid too broke to be able to afford to license Unix.
I like this idea. It's going to need to be tested in smaller environments, but when the bugs are worked out I think this could be huge.
Why hasn't anyone come up with something like this before?


text:
Geological Society of America (19)
Blue Ridge Province (2)
Central Appalachians (4)
Valley and Ridge Province (2)
Atlantic Coastal Plain (3)
Chesapeake Bay (5)
New Castle County Delaware (1)
Delmarva Peninsula (2)
Gettysburg Basin (1)
Baltimore County Maryland
Baltimore Maryland (2)
Calvert County Maryland (1)
Dorchester County Maryland (1)
Montgomery County Maryland (1)
Queen Anne's County Maryland (1)
Talbot County Maryland (1)
Wicomico County Maryland (1)
Adams County Pennsylvania (1)
Columbia County Pennsylvania (1)
Delaware County Pennsylvania (1)
Potomac River (2)
Salisbury Embayment (1)
Susquehanna River (2)
Accomack County Virginia (1)
Fairfax County Virginia (1)
Northampton County Virginia (1)
building stone (2)
marble deposits (1)
ichnofossils (1)
Invertebrata
Mollusca (1)
microfossils (2)
palynomorphs
miospores
nannofossils (1)
exposure age (1)
Holocene
lower Holocene (1)
Calvert Formation (1)
middle Miocene
Choptank Formation (1)
Saint Marys Formation (1)
Paleogene
lower Eocene
Aquia Formation (1)
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
Potomac Group (1)
Catskill Formation (1)
Devonian
Upper Devonian
Hampshire Formation (1)
lower Paleozoic
Conococheague Formation (1)
Wilmington Complex (1)
Permian (1)
Silurian (1)
Wissahickon Formation (1)
amphibolites (1)
metaigneous rocks
serpentinite (1)
metasomatic rocks
continental shelf (1)
folds (1)
intrusions (1)
ocean circulation (1)
orogeny (1)
sea-level changes (5)
bone beds (1)
limestone (1)
diamictite (1)
mudstone (1)
planar bedding structures (1)
sedimentation (1)
weathering (2)
paleosols (1)
Environmental geology (2)
Eocene (1)
Upper Devonian (1)
lower Eocene (1)
GSA Field Guide (18)
SEPM Special Publication (1)
Jeffrey P. Halka
David K. Brezinski, Jeffrey P. Halka, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
Book: Tripping from the Fall Line: Field Excursions for the GSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, 2015
Series: GSA Field Guide
The incision history of the Great Falls of the Potomac River—The Kirk Bryan field trip
David K. Brezinski, Paul Bierman, Jeffrey P. Halka, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
DOI: 10.1130/2015.0040(01)
Abstract Measuring the rate at which rivers cut into rock and determining the timing of incision are prerequisite to understanding their response to changes in climate and base level. Field mapping and measurement of cosmogenic 10 Be in 106 rock samples collected from the Great Falls area of the Potomac River show that the river has cyclically incised into rock and that the position of the knickzone, now at Great Falls, has shifted upstream over the later Pleistocene. Exposure ages increase downstream and with distance above the modern channel. The latest incision began after 37 ka, abandoning and exposing a strath terrace (the old river channel) hundreds of meters wide beginning at Great Falls and ending at Black Pond, 3 km downstream. This incision was coincident with expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet. Exposure ages of samples collected down the walls of Mather Gorge downstream of Great Falls indicate incision, at rates between 0.4 and 0.75 m/k.y., continued into the Holocene. The 10 Be data are more consistent with continued channel lowering through this 3 km reach than the steady retreat of a single knickpoint. Prior to 37 ka, the primary falls of the Potomac River were likely at Black Pond. Ongoing incision siphoned water away from these paleofalls, leaving them high and dry by 11 ka. Downstream of Black Pond, the strath terrace surface is covered with fine-grained sediment, and the few exposed bedrock outcrops are weathered and frost-shattered from periglacial processes active during the Last Glacial Maximum.
A billion years of deformation in the central Appalachians: Orogenic processes and products
David K. Brezinski, Steven J. Whitmeyer, Jeffrey P. Halka, Christopher M. Bailey, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., David B. Spears
Abstract The central Appalachians form a classic orogen whose structural architecture developed during episodes of contractional, extensional, and transpressional deformation from the Proterozoic to the Mesozoic. These episodes include components of the Grenville orogenic cycle, the eastern breakup of Rodinia, Appalachian orogenic cycles, the breakup of Pangea, and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean basin. This field trip examines an array of rocks deformed via both ductile and brittle processes from the deep crust to the near-surface environment, and from the Mesoproterozoic to the present day. The trip commences in suspect terranes of the eastern Piedmont in central Virginia, and traverses northwestward across the Appalachian orogen through the thick-skinned Blue Ridge basement terrane, and into the thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt of the Valley and Ridge geologic province. The traverse covers a range of deformation styles that developed over a vast span of geologic time: from high-grade metamorphic rocks deformed deep within the orogenic hinterland, to sedimentary rocks of the foreland that were folded, faulted, and cleaved in the late Paleozoic, to brittle extensional structures that overprint many of these rocks. Stops include: the damage zone of a major Mesozoic normal fault, composite fabrics in gneiss domes, transpressional mylonites that accommodated orogen-parallel elongation, contractional high-strain zones, and overpressured breccia zones in the Blue Ridge, as well as folds, thrusts, and back thrusts of the Alleghanian foreland.
The tectono-thermal evolution of the central Appalachian Orogen: Accretion of a peri-Gondwanan(?) Ordovician arc
David K. Brezinski, Howell Bosbyshell, Jeffrey P. Halka, LeeAnn Srogi, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Gale C. Blackmer, William S. Schenck, Ryan Mathur, Victor Valencia
Abstract Recent detrital zircon results in both the central Appalachians and New England demonstrate that middle Ordovician, 'Taconic' island arcs, long considered to be peri-Laurentian, are built upon or associated with rock of Gondwanan affinity. This trip will visit granulite-facies orthogneiss of the Wilmington Complex, a 475–480 Ma magmatic arc, and the adjacent Wissahickon Formation. The Wissahickon Formation is intruded by and interlayered with meta-igneous rocks with arc affinity and contains detrital zircon populations characteristic of both Gondwanan and Laurentian sources. The Chester Park Gneiss, now known to have detrital zircon age spectra which match the Gondwana-derived Moretown Terrane in New England, is also featured. The trip will examine contact relationships between arc and Laurentian rocks and a newly discovered location where metapelitic rock contains garnet with crystallographically oriented rutile inclusions, possibly indicative of ultrahigh-temperature or ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. We will discuss similarities between rocks of the central and northern Appalachians and evaluate a new model wherein the central Appalachian rocks were originally part of the Taconic arc in New England and were translated by strike-slip deformation to their present position in the orogen.
Cambrian–Ordovician of the central Appalachians: Correlations and event stratigraphy of carbonate platform and adjacent deep-water deposits
David K. Brezinski, David K. Brezinski, Jeffrey P. Halka, John F. Taylor, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., John E. Repetski, James D. Loch
Abstract This trip seeks to illustrate the succession of Cambrian and Ordovician facies deposited within the Pennsylvania and Maryland portion of the Great American Carbonate Bank. From the Early Cambrian (Dyeran) through Late Ordovician (Turinan), the Laurentian paleocontinent was rimmed by an extensive carbonate platform. During this protracted period of time, a succession of carbonate rock, more than two miles thick, was deposited in Maryland and Pennsylvania. These strata are now exposed in the Nittany arch of central Pennsylvania; the Great Valley of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; and the Conestoga and Frederick Valleys of eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. This field trip will visit key outcrops that illustrate the varied depositional styles and environmental settings that prevailed at different times within the Pennsylvania reentrant portion of the Great American Carbonate Bank. In particular, we will contrast the timing and pattern of sedimentation in off-shelf (Frederick Valley), outer-shelf (Great Valley), and inner-shelf (Nittany arch) deposits. The deposition was controlled primarily by eustasy through the Cambrian and Early Ordovician (within the Sauk megasequence), but was strongly influenced later by the onset of Taconic orogenesis during deposition of the Tippecanoe megasequence.
Late Devonian climatic change and resultant glacigenic facies of western Maryland
David K. Brezinski, David K. Brezinski, Jeffrey P. Halka, C. Blaine Cecil, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
Abstract The latest Devonian (Famennian) is characterized by an extensive Southern Hemisphere glaciation. Deposits resulting from this glaciation are present in several formations in the mid-Atlantic region, including the Hampshire, Catskill, Rockwell, and Spechty Kopf. The Hampshire (= Catskill) Formation exhibits a noticeable stratigraphic change upsection from the middle to the top. The middle part consists of thick intervals of red, channel-phase sandstones with thin overbank siltstone and mudstone. These mudstones contain poorly developed, calcareous paleosols. The top of the Hampshire Formation consists of greenish-gray sandstones containing abundant coaly plant fragments, coalified logs, and pyrite, interbedded with thick paleo-Vertisols. The upsection increase in preserved terrestrial organic matter suggests the onset of environmental conditions that became increasingly wet. The Late Devonian escalation in climate wetness culminated in the development of a stratigraphically and spatially restricted succession of diamictite-mudstone-sandstone interpreted as having formed in glacial and proglacial environments. These glacial environments are recorded in the lower Rockwell Formation of western Maryland and contemporaneously deposited intervals of the Spechty Kopf Formation of northeastern Pennsylvania. Sheared and massive diamictite facies are interpreted as lodgement and meltout deposits, respectively; whereas, bedded diamictites are interpreted as resedimented deposits. The diamictite facies is locally overlain by a mudstone facies with variable characteristics. Both the massive and deformed mudstone lithofacies are interpreted as a clast-poor, subaqueous glaciolacustrine deposit. Laminated mudstones are interpreted as forming in quiet glaciolacustrine environments. The pebbly sandstone facies is interpreted as proglacial braided outwash deposits that both preceded glacial advance and followed glacial retreat.
Geomorphology, active tectonics, and landscape evolution in the Mid-Atlantic region
David K. Brezinski, Frank J. Pazzaglia, Jeffrey P. Halka, Mark Carter, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Claudio Berti, Ron Counts, Greg Hancock, David Harbor, Richard Harrison, Matt Heller, Shannon Mahan, Helen Malenda, Ryan McKeon, Michelle Nelson, Phillip Prince, Tammy Rittenour, James Spotila, Rich Whittecar
Abstract In 2014, the geomorphology community marked the 125th birthday of one of its most influential papers, 'The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania' by William Morris Davis. Inspired by Davis's work, the Appalachian landscape rapidly became fertile ground for the development and testing of several grand landscape evolution paradigms, culminating with John Hack's dynamic equilibrium in 1960. As part of the 2015 GSA Annual Meeting, the Geomorphology, Active Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution field trip offers an excellent venue for exploring Appalachian geomorphology through the lens of the Appalachian landscape, leveraging exciting research by a new generation of process-oriented geomorphologists and geologic field mapping. Important geomorphologic scholarship has recently used the Appalachian landscape as the testing ground for ideas on long- and short-term erosion, dynamic topography, glacial-isostatic adjustments, active tectonics in an intraplate setting, river incision, periglacial processes, and soil-saprolite formation. This field trip explores a geologic and geomorphic transect of the mid-Atlantic margin, starting in the Blue Ridge of Virginia and proceeding to the east across the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain. The emphasis here will not only be on the geomorphology, but also the underlying geology that establishes the template and foundation upon which surface processes have etched out the familiar Appalachian landscape. The first day focuses on new and published work that highlights Cenozoic sedimentary deposits, soils, paleosols, and geomorphic markers (terraces and knickpoints) that are being used to reconstruct a late Cenozoic history of erosion, deposition, climate change, and active tectonics. The second day is similarly devoted to new and published work documenting the fluvial geomorphic response to active tectonics in the Central Virginia seismic zone (CVSZ), site of the 2011 M 5.8 Mineral earthquake and the integrated record of Appalachian erosion preserved on the Coastal Plain. The trip concludes on Day 3, joining the Kirk Bryan Field Trip at Great Falls, Virginia/Maryland, to explore and discuss the dramatic processes of base-level fall, fluvial incision, and knickpoint retreat.
Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region
David K. Brezinski, David S. Powars, Jeffrey P. Halka, Lucy E. Edwards, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Susan M. Kidwell, J. Stephen Schindler
Abstract The Salisbury embayment is a broad tectonic downwarp that is filled by generally seaward-thickening, wedge-shaped deposits of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain. Our two-day field trip will take us to the western side of this embayment from the Fall Zone in Washington, D.C., to some of the bluffs along Aquia Creek and the Potomac River in Virginia, and then to the Calvert Cliffs on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. We will see fluvial-deltaic Cretaceous deposits of the Potomac Formation. We will then focus on Cenozoic marine deposits. Transgressive and highstand deposits are stacked upon each other with unconformities separating them; rarely are regressive or lowstand deposits preserved. The Paleocene and Eocene shallow shelf deposits consist of glauconitic, silty sands that contain varying amounts of marine shells. The Miocene shallow shelf deposits consist of diatomaceous silts and silty and shelly sands. The lithology, thickness, dip, preservation, and distribution of the succession of coastal plain sediments that were deposited in our field-trip area are, to a great extent, structurally controlled. Surficial and subsurface mapping using numerous continuous cores, auger holes, water-well data, and seismic surveys has documented some folds and numerous high-angle reverse and normal faults that offset Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits. Many of these structures are rooted in early Mesozoic and/or Paleozoic NE-trending regional tectonic fault systems that underlie the Atlantic Coastal Plain. On Day 1, we will focus on two fault systems (stops 1-2; Stafford fault system and the Skinkers Neck-Brandywine fault system and their constituent fault zones and faults). We will then see (stops 3-5) a few of the remaining exposures of largely unlithified marine Paleocene and Eocene strata along the Virginia side of the Potomac River including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum boundary clay. These exposures are capped by fluvial-estuarine Pleistocene terrace deposits. On Day 2, we will see (stops 6-9) the classic Miocene section along the ~25 miles (~40 km) of Calvert Cliffs in Maryland, including a possible fault and structural warping. Cores from nearby test holes will also be shown to supplement outcrops.
Miocene stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland
David K. Brezinski, Susan M. Kidwell, Jeffrey P. Halka, David S. Powars, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Lucy E. Edwards, Peter R. Vogt
Abstract Miocene strata exposed in the Calvert Cliffs, along the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, have a long history of study owing to their rich fossil record, including a series of spectacular shell and bone beds. Owing to increasingly refined biostratigraphic age control, these outcrops continue to serve as important references for geological and paleontological analyses. The canonical Calvert, Choptank, and St. Marys Formations, first described by Shattuck (1904), are generally interpreted as shallowing-up, from a fully marine open shelf to a variety of marginal marine, coastal environments. More detailed paleoenvironmental interpretation is challenging, however, owing to pervasive bioturbation, which largely obliterates diagnostic physical sedimentary structures and mixes grain populations; most lithologic contacts, including regional unconformities, are burrowed firmgrounds at the scale of a single outcrop. This field trip will visit a series of classic localities in the Calvert Cliffs to discuss the use of sedimentologic, ichnologic, taphonomic, and faunal evidence to infer environments under these challenging conditions, which are common to Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata throughout the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains. We will examine all of Shattuck's (1904) original lithologic "zones" within the Plum Point Member of the Calvert Formation, the Choptank Formation, and the Little Cove Point Member of the St. Marys Formation, as well as view the channelized "upland gravel" that are probably the estuarine and fluvial equivalents of the marine upper Miocene Eastover Formation in Virginia. The physical stratigraphic discussion will focus on the most controversial intervals within the succession, namely the unconformities that define the bases of the Choptank and St. Marys Formations, where misunderstanding would mislead historical analysis.
Coastal and wetland ecosystems of the Chesapeake Bay watershed: Applying palynology to understand impacts of changing climate, sea level, and land use
David K. Brezinski, Debra A. Willard, Jeffrey P. Halka, Christopher E. Bernhardt, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Cliff R. Hupp, Wayne N. Newell
Abstract The mid-Atlantic region and Chesapeake Bay watershed have been influenced by fluctuations in climate and sea level since the Cretaceous, and human alteration of the landscape began ~12,000 years ago, with greatest impacts since colonial times. Efforts to devise sustainable management strategies that maximize ecosystem services are integrating data from a range of scientific disciplines to understand how ecosystems and habitats respond to different climatic and environmental stressors. Palynology has played an important role in improving understanding of the impact of changing climate, sea level, and land use on local and regional vegetation. Additionally, palynological analyses have provided biostratigraphic control for surficial mapping efforts and documented agricultural activities of both Native American populations and European colonists. This field trip focuses on sites where palynological analyses have supported efforts to understand the impacts of changing climate and land use on the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem.
Holocene barrier-island geology and morphodynamics of the Maryland and Virginia open-ocean coasts: Fenwick, Assateague, Chincoteague, Wallops, Cedar, and Parramore Islands
David K. Brezinski, Randolph A. McBride, Jeffrey P. Halka, Michael S. Fenster, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Christopher T. Seminack, Trent M. Richardson, Julie M. Sepanik, J. Thomas Hanley, Joshua A. Bundick, Elizabeth Tedder
FIGURES | View All (132)
Abstract This four-day field trip will include 21 field stops along a 105-km reach of Maryland's and Virginia's barrier-island coast along the Delmarva Peninsula. Along the way, we will cover aspects of barrier-island and nearshore geology and of barrier-island and backbarrier marsh process-response morphodynamic systems in two hydrodynamic settings: (1) the wave-dominated Assateague Island along the northern Delmarva Peninsula and (2) the mixed-energy Virginia barrier islands along the southern Delmarva Peninsula. We will also examine anthropogenic impacts on barrier-island systems at Ocean City Inlet, Maryland, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Wallops Island, Virginia.
Karst of the Mid-Atlantic region in Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia
David K. Brezinski, Daniel H. Doctor, Jeffrey P. Halka, David J. Weary, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., David K. Brezinski, Randall C. Orndorff, Lawrence E. Spangler
Abstract The Mid-Atlantic region hosts some of the most mature karst landscapes in North America, developed in highly deformed rocks within the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. This guide describes a three-day excursion to examine karst development in various carbonate rocks by following Interstate 70 west from Baltimore across the eastern Piedmont, across the Frederick Valley, and into the Great Valley proper. The localities were chosen in order to examine the structural and lithological controls on karst feature development in marble, limestone, and dolostone rocks with an eye toward the implications for ancient landscape evolution, as well as for modern subsidence hazards. A number of caves will be visited, including two commercial caverns that reveal strikingly different histories of speleogenesis. Links between karst landscape development, hydrologic dynamics, and water resource sustainability will also be emphasized through visits to locally important springs. Recent work on quantitative dye tracing, spring water geochemistry, and groundwater modeling reveal the interaction between shallow and deep circulation of groundwater that has given rise to the modern karst landscape. Geologic and karst feature mapping conducted with the benefit of lidar data help reveal the strong bedrock structural controls on karst feature development, and illustrate the utility of geologic maps for assessment of sinkhole susceptibility.
The Centralia coal mine fire (Centralia, Pennsylvania): A field guide for an evolving system
David K. Brezinski, Jennifer M. Elick, Jeffrey P. Halka, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
Abstract Burning and evolving for over 50 years, the anthracite coal fire in Centralia, Pennsylvania, has provided researchers with an ideal environment to study how shallow coal fires affect surface vegetation, nutrients and soil, landscape subsidence, organisms, fire migration, as well as human health. Ten years ago, surface temperatures from some gas exhaust vents were measured to be between 456° and 540 °C, and the fire was recorded to be moving rapidly at a rate of 20–22 m/yr. However, the fire has changed considerably since that time. Today, the average annual temperature of surface exhaust vents is ~65 °C, and its rate of movement is nearly unperceivable. In light of the changing parameters of the fire, Centralia continues to provide an interesting environment in which to study the effects of a subsurface anthracite coal fire on the landscape. This field trip will examine the geologic structure of the region, the Buck Mountain coal succession, the geomorphic features produced by the fire, the environmental consequences related to the removal of natural resources like coal, how a government responds to regional environmental disasters like coal fires, and the legacy of a coal fire on a region. Over the past decade, this fire and its influence on the landscape have changed considerably. However, there are still many interesting things to learn from this fire and the surrounding region.
The hydrogeology of urbanization: The lost springs of Washington, D.C., late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of D.C., and the Baltimore Long Term Ecological Research site (LTER)
David K. Brezinski, Aditi S. Bhaskar, Jeffrey P. Halka, Milan Pavich, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., John (Jack) M. Sharp, Jr.
Abstract Urbanization is a major process now shaping the environment. This field trip looks at the hydrogeology of the general Washington, D.C., area and focuses on the city's lost springs. Until 150 years ago, springs and shallow dug wells were the main source of drinking water for residents of Washington, D.C. Celebrating the nation's bicentennial, Garnett P. Williams of the U.S. Geological Survey examined changes in water supply and water courses since 1776. He examined old newspaper files to determine the location of the city's springs. This field trip visits sites of some of these springs (few of which are now flowing), discusses the hydrologic impacts of urbanization and the general geological setting, and finishes with the Baltimore Long Term Ecological Research site at Dead Run and its findings. The field trip visits some familiar locations in the Washington, D.C., area, and gives insights into their often hidden hydrologic past and present.
Building stones of Baltimore, the Monumental City
David K. Brezinski, Joseph T. Hannibal, Jeffrey P. Halka, David W. Bolton, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
Abstract Baltimore, the Monumental City, was founded in 1729. One of the oldest large cities in the United States, it has had a long history of stone use. This chapter discusses the stone used for a number of iconic Baltimore monuments and buildings, including the Battle Monument, the Washington Monument, the neo-classical Basilica of the Assumption, the neo-Gothic Mount Vernon Place United Methodist Church, Transamerica Tower (Baltimore's tallest building), and a number of other structures, providing an overview of the major stone types used in the city during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The general trend over this time is a shift from use of local and regional stone to use of stone from a variety of sources, including stone from Europe and Asia. This trend is most apparent in stone used for building exteriors. The various stones used have different properties, which affect their susceptibility to weathering. These include serpentinites, marbles, and brownstones that are particularly prone to weathering.
Building stones of the National Mall
David K. Brezinski, Richard A. Livingston, Jeffrey P. Halka, Carol A. Grissom, Richard A. Ortt, Jr., Emily M. Aloiz
Abstract This guide accompanies a walking tour of sites where masonry was employed on or near the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It begins with an overview of the geological setting of the city and development of the Mall. Each federal monument or building on the tour is briefly described, followed by information about its exterior stonework. The focus is on masonry buildings of the Smithsonian Institution, which date from 1847 with the inception of construction for the Smithsonian Castle and continue up to completion of the National Museum of the American Indian in 2004. The building stones on the tour are representative of the development of the American dimension stone industry with respect to geology, quarrying techniques, and style over more than two centuries. Details are provided for locally quarried stones used for the earliest buildings in the capital, including Aquia Creek sandstone (U.S. Capitol and Patent Office Building), Seneca Red sandstone (Smithsonian Castle), Cockeysville Marble (Washington Monument), and Piedmont bedrock (lockkeeper's house). Following improvement in the transportation system, buildings and monuments were constructed with stones from other regions, including Shelburne Marble from Vermont, Salem Limestone from Indiana, Holston Limestone from Tennessee, Kasota stone from Minnesota, and a variety of granites from several states. Topics covered include geological origins, architectural design considerations, weathering problems, and conservation issues.
Introduction and update for the "Geology of the Gettysburg battlefield" and geology's influence on military history
David K. Brezinski, Roger J. Cuffey, Jeffrey P. Halka, Richard A. Ortt, Jr.
Abstract The 1863 Battle of Gettysburg in south-central Pennsylvania was one of the most important in American history, as well as the biggest ever fought within America's boundaries. It shows clearly how underlying geology and surface topography can influence military actions. Thus, it continues to attract the attention of many specialists of varied interests, in addition to the general public (who came out for the 150th-anniversary reenactments two years ago). Previously, we prepared a concise field-trip guide (Cuffey et al., 2006a) for use on organized field trips across the battlefield, and for later self-guiding examination of critical sites thereon. Because that guide remains relevant and appropriate, it is available in its entirety, 1 for use with this year's GSA Annual Meeting field trip. Please see the National Park Service battlefield map therein (Cuffey et al., 2006a, p. 2, Fig. 1). A few helpful updates can be added to that guide and are included in this introductory paper. They concern the most visibly battle-damaged building on the battlefield, the similar 1859 Battle of Solferino, and the new Gettysburg Battlefield Visitors' Center. 1 GSA Data Repository Item 2015275, "Geology of the Gettysburg battlefi eld: How Mesozoic events and processes impacted American history" (Cuffey et al.,2006a), is available at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2015.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA.
Tripping from the Fall Line: Field Excursions for the GSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, 2015
David K. Brezinski, Jeffrey P. Halka, Richard A. Ortt
Abstract Prepared in conjunction with the 2015 GSA Annual Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, this volume contains guides to field trips in this historic region. Emanating from the Fall Line city of Baltimore, these trips reflect the diversity of geological features in the mid-Atlantic region including the Piedmont, Appalachian Mountains, and Coastal Plain, and the importance of geology on the development and construction of the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Trips to the core of the Appalachian orogen concern themselves with the tectonic and metamorphic history, early Paleozoic carbonate platform development, Devonian paleoclimate, and coal-mine fire hazards. Excursions to the Coastal Plain examine various aspects of Cenozoic stratigraphy, structure, barrier island formation, and wetland and ecosystem development. A variety of trips also explore urban geology, including building and monument stones of Baltimore and Washington, D.C., urban hydrogeology, and Civil War battlefield geology.
Patterns and Rates of Sediment Accumulation in the Chesapeake Bay During the Holocene Rise in Sea Level
Charles H. Fletcher, III, Steven M. Colman, John F. Wehmiller, Jeffrey P. Halka, C. H. Hobbs, III
Book: Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems
Series: SEPM Special Publication
DOI: 10.2110/pec.92.48.0101
Abstract Holocene sediment thicknesses measured from seismic-reflection profiles, together with long-term rates of sediment accumulation calculated from these thicknesses and the history of relative sea level, indicate that the Chesapeake Bay has filled rapidly with sediment during Holocene submergence of the bay. Sediment-accumulation patterns indicate that both the Susquehanna River system and the continental shelf are important sources of sediment; averaged over Holocene time, sediment transported from the continental shelf through the mouth of the bay may be volumetrically more important than sediment derived from rivers. Average Holocene rates of sediment accumulation show considerable spatial variability, presumably related to local variations in sediment sources, wave energy, and tidal currents. Nonetheless, these rates show several clear trends. Rates on the shallow marginal shelves of the bay tend to be low (0 to 2 mm/yr) and to increase only slightly toward the bay mouth. Rates in the deep channels are higher (1 to 5 mm/yr), have local maxima, and increase distinctly toward the bay mouth. At any given position in the bay, sediment-accumulation rates increase with depth to the base of the Holocene section. Our estimates of average Holocene rates of sediment accumulation are clearly higher in many places than previous estimates, but they are somewhat less than short-term rates previously measured by a variety of methods. Short-term rates may be affected by anthropogenic changes in the basin and by recent acceleration of relative sea-level rise. In addition, most short-term rates are site specific, biased in their distribution, and fail to account for the large spatial variability observed in long-term rates. Maximum long-term rates of sediment accumulation are limited by the rate of submergence; many existing short-term measurements clearly cannot be extrapolated back in time. Long-term rates of sediment accumulation confirm the ephemeral nature of estuaries and the close tie between sea level and estuarine history. These observations are important considerations for studies of the evolution of estuaries and the record of estuaries in the geologic record.
Ancient channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula
STEVEN M. COLMAN, JEFFREY P. HALKA, C. H. HOBBS, III, ROBERT B. MIXON, DAVID S. FOSTER
GSA Bulletin (1990) 102 (9): 1268-1279.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1268:ACOTSR>2.3.CO;2


Heat a little water or oil in a pan.
Add the rosemary, dried fruit and sugar and cook until the sugar is caramelised.
Add the rest of the ingredients, except the pears and vinegar and boil for a couple of minutes.
Add the pears and simmer until the pears are softened and picking up flavour. Stir frequently but gently to avoid breaking up the pears.
Remove pan from the from heat and spoon chutney into your sterilised jars.
Cut a circle from greaseproof paper and place on top, then seal with the jar lid.
If you want it to keep the chutney for a longer time, boil the full jars in water for an extra 10 mins.


77 Best Crown Gift Ideas Images On Pinterest m toys and treats to cult beauty buys and wardrobe staples, here are 100 gift ideas under $100, ranked from cheapest to most expensive.
Men's Gear, Gadgets & Gift Ideas. The Bite Cure from Vortix relieves the irritation and itching you get from insect stings and bites. It is a chemical-free, drug-free device that uses concentrated heat & vibration in the affected area to increase localized blood flow and circulation.
9/16 In. X 3-5/8 In. Primed Finger-Jointed Crown. The Woodgrain Millwork 9/16 in. x 3-5/8 in. WM 49 Prime Finger-Joint Crown Moulding is used where walls meet ceilings. Prime Finger-Joint WM 49 Crown Moulding is the best way to add interest to any room or space.
77 Best Crown Gift Ideas Images On Pinterest Trims. Gift Wrap. You've bought the gift and the card—now it's time to add your own creative touches with gift wrap collections from Hallmark. Whether you're looking for birthday gift bags, Christmas gift wrap, or gift-wrapping ideas, Hallmark is here to help. Kreg Crown Pro Molding Tool-KMA2800. Perform exacting angular cuts on crown molding planks up to 5-1/2 in. wide with the Kreg Crown-Pro. This handy device makes easy work of cutting outside and inside corners, holding trim at your preferred angle so you can simply pass the saw blade through. 76+ Best DIY Woodworking Ideas Plans .... Woodworking Ideas Plans. The Best Woodworking Ideas Plans Free Download PDF And Video. Get Woodworking Ideas Plans: The Internets Original and Largest free woodworking plans and projects links database.


You must contact us no later than June 1, 2017, to cancel your registration for the IMETI2017. For cancellations made by June 15, 2017, your registration fee will be refunded less a 70 USD (2,100 NTD) cancellation fee. No refunds will be given for cancellations made after June 15, 2017.
Only one paper is included in the full registration.
Full registration includes: attendance at all scientific sessions, publication fee of EI proceedings, banquet, lunches, tea breaks, conference gifts, and abstract proceedings(electronic version).
Additional papers do not include banquet, lunches, and conference gifts.


Unlike many companies of its kind, Gengo specializes in everyday, non-technical translation and was built to handle web content in particular—user-generated content, social posts, apps, etc.
Customer content on the Gengo blog makes translation accessible for everyone, not just industry veterans, with special posts targeting ecommerce, travel and media users.
Three ways to improve your ecommerce translation ROI, linked below, is an example post.


'Betty' passed away peacefully with her family by her side in her home at Trillium Lodge.
Predeceased by her husband Cecil, and survived by her 6 children; Wendy Herzig, Joanne Scott (Bob), Jim Cunning, Dave Cunning (Lynette), Linda Quesnel (Doug) and Mike Cunning (Debbie), 15 Grandchildren, 12 Great-Grandchildren and 2 Great-great Grandchildren.
Despite her physical challenges, she had a good life and remained bright and positive. She was an inspiration to everyone.
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to your favourite charity.
Our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Desai, Dr. Fletcher, and her loving "family" at Trillium.


Paula Silsby served as the United States Attorney for the District of Maine from 2001 to 2008. Prior to her appointment as United States Attorney, she served as an Assistant United States Attorney handling both civil and criminal cases, including stints as Senior Litigation Counsel and Chief of the office's Criminal Division. As a government attorney, Paula lectured within the United States Department of Justice on the topics of workplace harassment and discrimination and served as an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) investigator.
Paula is a graduate of Mount Holyoke College and the University of Maine School of Law and served as a law clerk to Justice Harry P. Glassman in the Maine Superior Court. She is a Director of Gorham Savings Bank, a Trustee of the Maine Community College System, a Member of University of Maine School of Law Foundation Board, a Member of the Margaret Chase Smith Foundation Board and a Member of Maine Early Learning Investment Group. She has been an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Maine School of Law and a trial practice instructor at Harvard Law School. Paula is admitted to the practice of law in the federal and state courts of Maine. With her association to the Firm, Paula rejoins former colleague Jay P. McCloskey, her predecessor as United States Attorney for Maine.


text:
Q: Android - onclick, change TextView content , background colour and set visibility gone Hi I am very new to Android development. Here is my problem:
In have two activities as shown below.

*

*Activity1.class XML--> has two buttons
Button1  (Id:@+id/btn1 , onclick:doTHIS) and
Button2  (Id:@+id/btn2 , onclick:doTHAT)

*Activity2.class XML--> has a TextView with this parameters
Textview  (Id:@+id/texter  ,  Text:@+string/text1  ,  background:#ffffff)
onClick of Button1, I want to go to Activity2 and change

*

*the background of a TextView to #000000

*the Text to @+sting/text2

onClick of Button2, I want go to Activity2 and

*

*set the TextView to visible:gone (not visible)

I tried to do this with no results.
public void doTHIS(View view){
    TextView tv= (TextView)findViewById(R.id.texter);
    tv.setText(getResources().getString(R.string.text2));
    tv.setTextColor(Color.RED);
    tv.setVisibility(View.GONE);
    Intent intent = new Intent (this, Activity2.class);
    startActivity(intent);

Can anyone help me figure out how to solve my problem?

A: You can't change controls on another layout until it's loaded. In other words, when you're in Activity1, you can't change TextView that's in layout for Activity2.
I'm sure there are a couple of ways to achieve what you want though. One of them would be to pass a flag in an Intent to Activity2, indicating which button has been pressed, and act accordingly.

*

*In Activity1, let's pass integer 1 if Button1 was pressed, and 2 if Button2 was pressed, so change your click listeners as follows:
public void doTHIS(View view) {
    Intent intent = new Intent(this, Activity2.class);
    intent.putExtra("button", 1);
    startActivity(intent);
}

and
public void doTHAT(View view) {
    Intent intent = new Intent(this, Activity2.class);
    intent.putExtra("button", 2);
    startActivity(intent);
}

*In Activity2, in onCreate(), check which button called this activity, and do your changes (note: we're doing this AFTER setContentView()):
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

    setContentView(R.layout.activity2);

    //now, let's check which button got us here
    int button = getIntent().getIntExtra("button", 1);

    TextView tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.texter);

    switch (button) {
        case 1:
            tv.setText(getResources().getString(R.string.text2));
            tv.setTextColor(Color.RED);
            //whatever else you want to do
            break;
        case 2:
            tv.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            break;
    }

    //rest of your code
}

Read more on passing data between activities here and here.


text:
#include <hyperdex/admin.h>

#ifdef __cplusplus
#error please compile for c, not c++
#endif

int
main(int argc, const char* argv[])
{
    argc = argc;
    argv = argv;
    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Start a new Ford Festiva question.
Replaced battery and nothing. Won't even take a jump. Can't get starter bolts loose. not sure what size.
the fuel pump wont go, it is an EFI, it has been replaced already, there are no blown fuses, only makes a slight noise when the key is turned off and on. will not pressurise the injectors.


The CororPod converts a reprap style filament 3d printer to a full color powder printer.
The ColorPod is a novel device that extents a regular 3D printer with the capability of printing full color 3D models. The unit prints full color 3D objects by dispensing powder and colored liquid droplets. It creates a model in a heap of powder on the build plate. It can be used with most popular 3D printers.
The ColorPod comes with fully functional PC software supporting both STL and OBJ 3D model files. For larger models, the software creates a support wall around the actual model. Aad van der Geest invented this process back in 1992. The ColorPod makes this technology available for owners of popular filament (FDM) based 3D printers.


If you or a loved one have been injured in an accident in the Malad area, you need an attorney that is knowledgeable and experienced. We will help you understand your rights and fight for fair compensation. We care about you and your future. Give us a call today for a free consultation. We are home of the Reduced Fee Guarantee!
If you live in the Malad area and are facing the challenges of divorce, need to modify custody or support, taking guardianship of a child or adult, or looking to adopt, you need a knowledgeable and hardworking attorney who cares about you and your future. Penrod Swenson will be there for you every step of the way. Request a free consultation today.
If you are facing criminal charges in the Malad area, you need a knowledgeable, hardworking attorney that cares about you and your future. Call the experienced lawyers at Penrod Swenson and see results. We provide reasonable rates and are only a phone call away. Request a free consult today.


As I begin the usually error filled activity of packing my backpack, attempting to remember all things and forgetting many I got thinking about other people's packing methods for this mad, monotonous but paramount stepping stone to travelling.
There are the Panicy Packers with thousands of different lists, with everything laid on the bed in categories prior to packing. The panicer will constantly check every minute detail, from where their passport is to how many tissues they might need. The most extreme example of a panicy packer was one of my friends who before his trip generated a computer diagram of where everything in his bag was to maximise the space.
Then we have the Business Trippers, an army of people with identical suits, identical wheelie cases and identical awful personalities. Those infuriating wheelie cases are the bane of all my travelling experiences. They trail behind them whipping around like a black and metal tail tripping people as the march on by. They pack their bags with clear and concise purpose packing only a spare shirt and tie, laptop and the newest generic 'popular' book aka a Dan Brown novel.
The most abundant species seen at airports are the Throw-it-all-in-iums. These teenagers and twenty-somethings can be identified by their bizarre bags that bulge in strange places like a female weightlifter's body. They appear calm and cool as they check-in but you can smile in the knowledge that they will get to their hostel and discover they've packed no underwear, shoes or money.
The family fun bags are commonly seen during the summer season, surrounded by screaming kids and already tired parents. The bag may look planned and packed like the businessman's (except for the Bob the Builder stickers), however, when opened it reveals a bag repacked by the children. Now instead of clothes it contains a plethora of toys, in the place of wash products there are now colouring books all tarred by play-do.
It is definitely one of my favourite spectator sports to watch people at they airport and compare their bags, like owners and their dogs, people too resemble their bags. The panicked packer wears carefully selected clothes, like the trousers with zip off bottoms to create shorts and obvious iron marks still in their t-shirts. He can be easily spotted as the most nervous when it comes to check-in with a plastic pouch full of documents and beads of sweat rolling down his face. The businessman is by far the easiest to identify with his overly groomed appearance and steel like treatment of the flight staff. The last minute packer most resembles his bag, with his messy hair, crumpled and slightly smelly clothes and different coloured socks. The family's bags are representations of the families, calm and fun on the surface but underneath a storm is brewing, a child induced storm.
What kind of packer am I? Well I'll describe my bag and let you judge….
My backpack is a true labour of love, adorned with patches and badges of where I've been. Like a girl scout's sash it acts as a certificate of a well-worn traveller. I brought it five years ago and since then it has followed me everywhere I go, whether it be Nepal, Rome of just back to university. Its huge in size but always full to bursting, carefully planned yet never uniform in shape and still stained with mud and scuff marks from its many adventures.
You sound as if you love your backpack. I swear my Down's Syndrome daughter would sleep with hers if she could. I have never packed a backpack but I'm not bad at packing suitcases. Good to see your 'writers block' has disappeared.
And what's wrong with being Down's Syndrome? 😉 No, just that James seems to love his backpack as he confesses to taking it everywhere with him. In fact, maybe his backpack ought to begin a blog about the many adventures its been on?
Without a doubt he loves that backpack he has a little corner for it in our room.
Nice information, thanks for providing the information about " The Different Species of Bag Packers".
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The motivation for writing this is the conversation that was spurred by a post on why doing a PhD to become a science writer is a bad idea. While those conversations helped me crystallise my thoughts for this post, it was not where they first began.
Earlier this year I submitted my PhD thesis. While graduate students go through common experiences (that Jorge Cham so beautifully portrays in PhD Comics), every doctorate is unique because everyone has different reasons to pursue it.
I applied to graduate school because it seemed like a very attractive option. First reason was the prospect of studying in a university that had people from all disciplines and not just chemical engineering, as happens to be the case in the Institute of Chemical Technology where I studied before.
Second was the desire to master a subject. My undergraduate degree was a menagerie of subjects across engineering, chemistry and biology (I specialised in pharmaceutical sciences and technology). While that was great, I just did not have enough time to be able to fully appreciate how amazing each of these subjects were.
The first two reasons might seem to contradict each other, but they don't. It is rare to be able to appreciate the messiness of science without a broad understanding of arts and humanities. While many from my undergraduate days might feel that they got that broad understanding in the four years they spent in Mumbai, I felt that my education was incomplete.
That is why the third reason sealed the case. I had an offer letter from Oxford. Just in a short few hours that I spent in Oxford in 2007, I had fallen in love with the city of the dreaming spires and the idea of the knowledge powerhouse that lay hidden behind those stony walls. It was a place that would allow me to widen my horizons and still focus on mastering one subject.
At the end of four years of having made that decision, even though in the process I have decided to not go down the academic path, I feel that I have somewhat succeeded in achieving my goals. But I would not have said that a year ago.
The bubble broke just after a year of being in the lab. While I still have immense respect for what scientists do (I wouldn't write about science otherwise), from up close I could see that the profession faces the same challenges that many other professions do. What sealed my decision to not go down that path, though, was the question: do I love my subject enough to be able to dedicate my whole life to it? I wasn't so sure.
I am a restless person with many interests. I knew few young academics who were able to pursue more than just one interest (ie their own subject) with their full heart in it. I've also heard many horror stories where people have spent 15-20 years waiting to secure that dream job of having their own lab, but never got there.
But as it happens, on leaving academia, I chose journalism—a profession that commands a lot less respect (compared to scientists who command the most), has fewer permanent positions, offers smaller compensations, is known to have poorer career progression and, finally, most importantly, I do not have "proper training" for.
It is not such a mad decision, after all. I chose to be a journalist because I loved the job, but I am also a pragmatist. Each of the criticisms of a journalistic career over a scientific one can be dealt with.
Although people have less trust in journalists, it is a statistical average. An honest journalist is often well-respected, and great journalism also happens to command a lot of influence over its audience.
It has far fewer permanent positions, but it is also a career that has a lot of freelancers. Although freelancing early in the career is hard, there are ways to reach there which have been tried and tested.
It offers a smaller compensation, but I am happy to balance that with job satisfaction.
Although there are many trained journalists out there, many of the top journalists I have spoken to have told me that journalism is more a craft than a science. A lot of the people who do a master's in journalism have the same experience. So as long as you have your fundamentals in place, you can become an excellent journalist through practice and apprenticeship.
And, finally, if you think about it, scientists and journalists are in someways doing the same thing. Both aim to decipher how things work and disseminate their findings to the world, just at vastly different timescales. Where as things in the sciences are considered objective, that in reality is a subjective notion.
It is sad that some scientists are that small-minded to consider their work to be superior to that of many others. And, yes, that happens even in a place like Oxford which is full of brilliant people on either side of the divide.
Next Post How popular is your element?


Available now is a beautiful pair of Super 7 MK2 Demos in Natural Walnut.
The cabinets are veneered in a Front-Top-Back- Bottom wrap and the sides are curly walnut.
Sanded to 600 grit and Hand applied gunstock oil finish.


text:
Britney Spears's "…Baby One More Time" Was Almost a TLC Song Before It Changed Pop Music
TLC, Robyn, and Simon Cowell all had a crack at it, too, before Britney made it iconic.
by Katherine Cusumano
Christopher Polk/Getty Images
Britney Spears has been in the public eye since she was 11—she was cast in the Mickey Mouse Club in 1992—but it wasn't until her 1998 single "…Baby One More Time" that she emerged fully-fledged, chrysalis-like, as the pop star we now know, the one who would go on to Vegas residencies (one already behind her, one ahead for 2019) and best-selling celebrity fragrances And of course, despite a highly public breakdown that was the subject of gleeful tabloid coverage, she has made a comeback for the ages, painting, posting Instagram thirst traps, landing a major fashion campaign, and embarking on a North American tour.
"… Baby One More Time," which would go on to top the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, heralded Spears's arrival as a pop icon—who, according to a new piece in The Guardian revisiting the song's unknown history, set the stage for the pop acts (Christina Aguilera, Charli XCX, Katy Perry) to follow. But it almost wasn't her song. Written by Swedish pop auteur Max Martin, "…Baby One More Time" was first offered to TLC under the title "Hit Me Baby (One More Time)."
"Do I think it's a hit? Do I think it's TLC?" member T-Boz said in 2013, according to The Guardian. "Was I going to say, 'Hit me baby one more time?' Hell no." The band, apparently, thought the lyrics were a reference to domestic violence; in fact, as John Seabrook wrote in his book, The Song Machine, Martin and co-producer Rami Yacoub thought "hit" was slang for "call."
Then, Robyn had a shot at it, as did the Backstreet Boys; Simon Cowell tried to nick it for his new boy band Five, with whom Martin had previously written; and then, finally, it was destined for Britney Spears. (Cowell, apparently indignant that Martin was giving the song to a relatively untried musician, is reported to have said of Spears, "No one can be successful with a name like that.") It was retitled, given Spears's label's understandable concerns about "Hit Me Baby" being misconstrued. They recorded in Sweden, Martin supervising as they laid down "…Baby One More Time" and three more singles that would appear on the album of the same title. Then Spears set off on a tour. And when the song was finally unleashed on the world, it sold 500,000 copies on its first day (because in 1998, apparently, people bought music). The subsequent music video—which was of Spears's own devising, after she vetoed the concept from director Nigel Dick—only reinforced her new, decidedly non-Mouseketeer image, and inspired countless Halloween costumes in the process. It's Britney, bitch.


What Hot Tub Cover Should I Get?
When choosing a new hot tub cover, what should you look for? Is the thickest cover the best option, or should you simply look for the largest one to cover the entire perimeter of the tub? Do you want to find the cheapest, or simply look for a cover which is going to last a few years longer, regardless of price?
When deciding on the new cover for your hot tub, these are a few things to consider, and some things which will help you in choosing the best covers for your hot tub system.
Regardless of the size of your hot tub, or the budget you have set when buying a new cover, there are certain elements and things to consider in choosing a new cover for the hot tub. Not only do you want something durable and well made, but something which offers sufficient protection and built in safety.
The foam core is going to make or break the hot tub cover you choose. The core not only provides insulation but protects the actual tub, insulates it, and gives it strength. All of this ensures your hot tub is going to operate efficiently and seamlessly year round. Any foam core cover should provide optimal insulation, to ensure the best efficient operation for your hot tub.
A good cover can withstand the many stresses which are caused by weather, the sun, rain, and the elements, depending on where you choose to place your hot tub. A hot tub cover should be made with durable, marine grade vinyl. Not only is it thicker than cheaper material options, it is also going to fully protect the hot tub, and ensures mold, mildew, and other potential dangers won't get under the cover, and into your hot tub.
When choosing a cover, you also have to keep in mind the heat seal. The R value should be between 12 and 13 for optimal protection,and to ensure your hot tub is going to operate efficiently when it is on. The heat seal not only protects the tub, it is also going to keep the internal configurations operating properly, and ensure the most efficient operation when you do choose to use it.
In choosing a new hot tub cover, you should also consider the safety features which are built in. Tie down straps which are reinforced, hardware with locking keys, and other protective design features should be in place. Not only does this keep the elements and sediment and dirt out of the hot tub, it is also going to ensure the kids do not get in, meaning it is going to create a safer environment when you can't be outside monitoring the kids all day long.


Whitney Houston made transcendent music that established her as one of the world's true icons. She also had a massive problem with drugs that resulted in her tragic death in 2012 at age 48. Kevin Macdonald's new documentary, Whitney, had to address both of those things and more, but the line between being truthful and being salacious can be a thin one.


There have been a lot of enhancements to existing features in Java 1.5 (5.0). One of the simplest improvements is to the most commonly used for loop.
As you can see, the loop incrementor is now handled implicitly.