text:
Q: Improving performance of crawler4j I need to write a webscraper that scrapes around ~1M websites and saves their title, description and keywords into 1 big file (containing the scraped URL and the related words). The URLs should be extracted from a big file.
I've ran Crawler4j on the 1M URLs file and started the webcrawler using this: controller.start(MyCrawler.class, 20). 20 is an arbitrary number. Each crawler passes the resulted words into a blocking queue for a single thread to write these words and URL to the file. I've used 1 writer thread in order to not synchronize on the file. I set the crawl depth to 0 (I only need to crawl my seed list)
After running this for the night I've only downloaded around 200K of URLs. I'm running the scraper on 1 machine using a wired connection. Since most of the URLs are of different hosts I don't think the politeness parameter has any importance here.
EDIT
I tried starting the Crawler4j using the nonblocking start but it just got blocked. My Crawler4j version is: 4.2. This is the code I'm using:
CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig();
List<Header> headers = Arrays.asList(
        new BasicHeader("Accept", "text/html,text/xml"),
        new BasicHeader("Accept-Language", "en-gb, en-us, en-uk")
);
config.setDefaultHeaders(headers);
config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder);
config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(0);
config.setUserAgentString("testcrawl");
config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false);
config.setPolitenessDelay(10);

PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config);
RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig();
RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer = new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher);

BlockingQueue<String> urlsQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(400);
controller = new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
Runnable writerThread = new FileWriterThread(urlsQueue, crawlStorageFolder, outputFile);

executorService.execute(writerThread);

controller.startNonBlocking(() -> {
    return new MyCrawler(urlsQueue);
}, 4);

File file = new File(urlsFileName);
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file))) {
    String url;
    while ((url = br.readLine()) != null) {
        controller.addSeed(url);
    }
}

EDIT 1 - This is the code for MyCrawler
public class MyCrawler extends WebCrawler {
    private final static Pattern FILTERS = Pattern.compile(".*(\\.(css|js|gif|jpg|png|mp3|mp3|zip|gz))$");
    public static final String DELIMETER = "||||";
    private final StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
    private final BlockingQueue<String> urlsQueue;

    public MyCrawler(BlockingQueue<String> urlsQueue) {
        this.urlsQueue = urlsQueue;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) {
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase();
        return !FILTERS.matcher(href).matches();
    }

    @Override
    public void visit(Page page) {
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL();

        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) {
            HtmlParseData parseData = (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData();
            String html = parseData.getHtml();
            String title = parseData.getTitle();

            Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);
            buffer.append(url.replaceAll("[\n\r]", "")).append(DELIMETER).append(title);
            Elements descriptions = document.select("meta[name=description]");
            for (Element description : descriptions) {
                if (description.hasAttr("content"))
                    buffer.append(description.attr("content").replaceAll("[\n\r]", ""));
            }

            Elements elements = document.select("meta[name=keywords]");
            for (Element element : elements) {
                String keywords = element.attr("content").replaceAll("[\n\r]", "");
                buffer.append(keywords);
            }
            buffer.append("\n");
            String urlContent = buffer.toString();
            buffer.setLength(0);
            urlsQueue.add(urlContent);
        }
    }

    private boolean isSuccessful(int statusCode) {
        return 200 <= statusCode && statusCode < 400;
    }
}

And so I have 2 questions:

*

*can someone suggest any other way to make this process take less time? Maybe somehow tuning the number of crawler threads ? Maybe some other optimizations? I'd prefer a solution that doesn't require several machines but if you think that's the only way to role could someone suggest how to do that? maybe a code example?

*Is there any way to make the crawler start working on some URLs and keep adding more URLs during the crawl? I've looked at crawler.startNonBlocking but it doesn't seem to work very well

Thanks in advance

A: crawler4j  is per default designed to be run on one machine. From the field of web-crawling, we know, that web-crawler performance depends primary on the following four resources:

*

*Disk

*CPU

*Bandwidth

*(RAM)

Defining the optimal number of threads depends on your hardware setup. Thus, more machines will result in a higher throughput. The next hard limitation is the network bandwidth. If you are not attached via highspeed Internet, this will be the bottleneck of your approach.
Moreover, crawler4j is not designed to load such a huge seed file per default. This is due to the fact, that crawler4j resepcts crawler politness. This implies, that - before the crawl starts - every seed point is checked for a robots.txt, which can take quite a bit of time.
Adding seeds after the crawl is started, is possible and should work, if the crawl is started in non-blocking mode. However, it can take a while until the URLs are processed.
For a multi-machine setup you can take a look at Apache Nutch. However, Nutch is a bit difficult to learn.
EDIT:
After reproducing your setup, I'm able to answer your issue regarding the addition of seed pages in a dynamic way.
Starting the crawler in this manner
controller.startNonBlocking(() -> {
    return new MyCrawler(urlsQueue);
}, 4);

will invoke the run() method of every crawler thread. Investigating this method, we find a method named frontier.getNextURLs(50, assignedURLs);, which is responsible for taking unseen URLs from the frontier in order to process them. In this method, we find a so-called waitingList, which causes the thread to wait. Since notifyAll is never invoked on waitingList until the controller is shutdown, the threads will never reschedule new URLs.
To overcome this issue, you have two possible solutions:

*

*Just add at least one URL per thread as a seed point. The deadlock situation will not occur. After starting the threads in non blocking mode, you can just add seeds as you like.
controller.addSeed("https://www.google.de");

controller.startNonBlocking(() -> {
    return new MyCrawler(urlsQueue);
}, 4);

controller.addSeed("https://www.google.de/test");

controller.waitUntilFinish();

*Go for a fork of the Github project and adapt the code of Frontier.java so that the waitingList.notifyAll() method can be invoked from the CrawlController after seed pages are dynamically added.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section*{INTRODUCTION}

The boiling crisis, called also the ``Departure from Nucleate Boiling" (DNB), is a transition from nucleate to
film boiling. It is highly important for industrial applications of high heat flux boiling because of the rapid
heat transfer decline at the moment of transition. A severe damage of the heater can result because of its
overheating. DNB occurs at a threshold value of the heat flux, the Critical Heat Flux (CHF). Because of its
importance, a large number of the CHF studies is being published each year since the first model suggested by
Zuber \cite{Zuber}. While Zuber's CHF expression describes relatively well a number of experimental CHF data,
the underlying physical model (vapor stems) does not correspond to most modern observations of DNB. Multiple
semi-empirical correlations were proposed since that. However, the validity range for each corresponds basically
to the range where the empirical constants were fitted. The predictive power of such correlations remains thus
very limited.

All existing modern ideas (see e.g. \cite{Buyevich} for their review) concerning the DNB triggering can be
placed into two large classes. The first considers the heater drying is initiated by the growth of a single
bubble as the primary mechanism. The second argues that the bubble crowding close to the heater leads to the
fusion of multiple small dry spots. This paper develops an approach of the first type based on the vapor recoil
concept proposed originally in \cite{EuLet99}. The numerical simulations are performed. We discuss also recent
experimental observations which corroborate this idea.

For the reasons of industrial importance, boiling is mostly studied at low pressures comparing to the critical
pressure $p_c$ (the pressure of the gas-liquid critical point) of the fluid under study, e.g. for water or freon
at atmospheric pressure. CHF is then large (of the order of several MW/m$^2$ for water) and the boiling close to
it is indeed extremely violent. However, it is well known that CHF decreases at high pressures where DNB can
thus be observed at a smaller heat flux. In addition, the thermal diffusivity is smaller in this regime, the
bubble growth slows down, and the optical distortions disappear due to the slowness of the fluid motion. From
the point of view of the modelling, this slowness permits to simplify the problem by neglecting the hydrodynamic
stresses at the bubble interface, the shape of which can then be calculated in the quasi-static approximation.

\section*{VAPOR RECOIL EFFECT ON THE BUBBLE SPREADING}

Every fluid molecule evaporated from the liquid interface causes a recoil force analogous to that created by the
gas emitted by a rocket engine. It pushes the interface towards the liquid side in the normal direction. The
vapor recoil force appears because the fluid necessarily expands while transforming from liquid to gas phase.
Obviously, the stronger the evaporation rate $\eta$ (mass per time and interface area), the larger the vapor
recoil force. The vapor recoil force per unit interface area is $P_r=\eta^2(\rho_V^{-1}-\rho_L^{-1})$, where
$\rho_L$($\rho_V$) signifies liquid (vapor) density.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{bubble_rec}
\caption{Sketch illustrating the vapor recoil effect. The amplitude and direction of the vapor recoil force are
shown by arrows. The thickness $l_r$ of the belt on the bubble surface, in which the vapor recoil force is
important, is exaggerated with respect to the bubble size.} \label{brec}
\end{figure}
Let us now consider a growing vapor bubble attached to the heater surface (Fig.~\ref{brec}). While the
temperature of the vapor-liquid interface is constant and equal to the saturation temperature for the given
system pressure $p$ for the pure fluid case (see the discussion in \cite{Straub,PRE01,Tadrist} and references
therein), a strong temperature gradient forms in the liquid near the heating surface. The liquid is overheated
in a thermal boundary layer, and the heat flux $q_L$ at the bubble surface is thus elevated in a ``belt" of the
bubble surface adjacent to the bubble foot. As a matter of fact, most of the evaporation into the vapor bubble
is produced in this belt, whose thickness $l_r$ is much smaller than the bubble radius. Since $\eta=q_L/H$,
where $H$ is the latent heat, the vapor recoil near the contact line is much larger than at the other part of
the bubble surface and the contact line is pulled apart from the bubble center as if the contact angle
increased. However the actual contact angle $\theta_{eq}$ depends only on the molecular forces and remains
constant. The bubble curvature should thus increase near the contact line, see Fig.~\ref{appangle}.
\begin{figure}[htb] \centering
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{app_angle}
\caption{Apparent $(\theta_{ap})$ and actual $(\theta_{eq})$ contact angles. The vicinity of the contact line
(zero for the curvilinear coordinate $l$ measured along the bubble contour) is zoomed in. The arrows show the
directions of the vapor recoil force and its vertical component responsible for an additional adhesion of the
bubble to the heater.} \label{appangle}
\end{figure}

In other words, the vapor recoil tends to extend the dry spot under the vapor bubble so that the bubble tends to
cover the heater surface. However other forces acting on the bubble surface can counterbalance the vapor recoil.
E. g. for the usual evaporation conditions, the vapor recoil is negligibly small with respect to the surface
tension $\sigma$. Their relative magnitude is characterized by the ratio
\begin{equation}\label{N}
N=\int P_r(l)\mathrm{d}l/\sigma,
\end{equation}
where the integration is performed along the bubble contour, see Fig.~\ref{appangle} for the $l$ definition. The
spreading occurs when $N$ becomes comparable with unity which corresponds to the heat flux from the heater of
the order 1 MW/m$^2$ \cite{EuLet99} for water at high pressure, i.e. to the flux comparable to the actual CHF.
The spreading of a bubble is followed by the coalescence with its neighbors.

The effect of the vapor recoil is not limited to the bubble spreading. The vapor recoil creates an additional
bubble adhesion to the heater that prevents the bubble departure as soon as the bubble spreading begins, i.e.
when the vapor recoil becomes important \cite{MI04}. This adhesion force can be obtained by integrating the
vertical component $P_r^v$ of $\vec{P}_r$ (Fig.~\ref{appangle}) over the bubble interface. This point is
extremely important because the CHF should be determined as a threshold between the bubble departure and
spreading regimes. If the time of bubble residence on the heater is small, the bubble might simply do not have
enough time to spread.

These considerations would not allow a CHF correlation to be obtained analytically. Thus the numerical
simulations are necessary.

\section*{NUMERICAL MODELLING}

The account of the vapor recoil effect requires the simulation of the bubble growth with a truly free surface.
This complicates the simulation a lot. However, there is a one more problem associated with a singular (or
quasi-singular) behavior of the local heat fluxes in the vicinity of the contact line. Indeed, since the thermal
conductivity of the heater is usually much larger than that of the liquid, the heater is assumed isothermal at a
temperature higher than the saturation temperature $T_{sat}$ for the given system pressure. If the bubble
surface is assumed isothermal at $T_{sat}$ in agreement with the experimental and theoretical considerations
\cite{Straub,PRE01,Tadrist}, the resulting temperature ambiguity at the contact line leads to the non-integrable
divergence, $q_L(l)\sim l^{-1}$. This shows importance of the thermal properties of the heater that need to be
taken into account by solving the conjugate problem at least in liquid and solid domains.

\subsection*{Problem statement and its solution}

At high pressures we can assume that the bubble growth is slow and than the viscous stresses at the bubble
interface and the inertial expansion forces are much smaller than the surface tension. In this case the bubble
shape is independent of hydrodynamics any more and only heat conduction problem can be solved in the first
approximation to describe the bubble growth. The bubble shape is then determined out of the quasi-static
approach that consists to assume that at each time moment bubble has a shape as if it were in equilibrium for
the given instantaneous force distribution along its surface. The bubble shape comes from the value of the
bubble local curvature $K(l)$ satisfying the modified Laplace equation
\begin{equation} K\sigma=\lambda+(\rho_L-\rho_V) g
y+P_r,\label{surf}
\end{equation}
where $g$ is the gravity acceleration directed as shown in Fig.~\ref{appangle}, $y$ is the ordinate, and
$\lambda$ is the constant along the bubble surface pressure difference between the pressures inside and outside
of the bubble. The imposed contact angle $\theta_{eq}$ gives a required boundary condition for the shape
determination. $\lambda$ plays a role of the Lagrange multiplier determined knowing the bubble volume $V$ which
is defined by the total amount of the latent heat consumed by the growing bubble
\begin{equation}
H\rho_V{{\rm d}V\over{\rm d}t}=\int q_L(l) \;{\rm d}l. \label{eqnV}
\end{equation}
The 2D case is assumed hereafter. The only yet undefined quantity in the described problem is $q_L(l)$ is found
from the coupled at the heater-liquid interface heat conduction problems in the heater and the liquid (that with
moving boundary), both semi-infinite. The vapor is assumed non-conductive and zero heat flux condition is
imposed at the dry spot, i.e. at the heater-vapor contact area. The heat is assumed to be generated
homogeneously (as by electric current) in the heater volume. The time variation of this volume source is chosen
in such a way that the heat flux $q_0$ at the heater-liquid boundary far from the bubble remains constant in
time. The $q_0$ value will be used as the main control parameter. The constant temperature $T_{sat}$ is given as
the boundary condition at the moving bubble interface and also as the initial condition. A small vapor bubble of
the radius $R_0$ is assumed to exist prior to the calculation beginning.

This free boundary problem is solved with the Boundary Element Method (BEM). More details on the solution and on
the method can be found in \cite{IJHMT01}.

The evaporation heat flux $q_L(l)$ remains singular at small $l$ in this case, however its divergence is
integrable since the exponent $\alpha$ of $q_L(l)\sim l^\alpha$ always falls between $-0.5$ and $-0.8$. At the
same time $P_r\propto q_l^2$ is non-integrable which leads to a difficulty of the shape determination
\footnote{This is easy to understand by recalling the strong dependence of the bubble shape on $N$ given by
(\ref{N}) that involves the $P_r$ integral}. To overcome this problem, a cut-off in the flux is needed. From the
physics point of view, $q_l$ is bounded by $q_{max}$ \cite{IJHMT01} due to the limitation on the heat transfer
imposed by the maximum molecular speed that introduces a thermal resistance at the bubble interface. Since this
cut-off is much larger than the values encountered at the node points used in the numerical calculation, no
modification of the isothermal boundary condition is necessary. The same sensitivity of the shape on the $P_r$
integral implies a requirement of the high accuracy of the $\alpha$ determination and thus very fine meshing (of
the order of $10^{-4}$ of the bubble shape) in the contact line vicinity which influences the calculation time.
This reason determined our choice of BEM where the node points' number is much less than in any other numerical
method: only boundaries between the liquid, vapor and solid domains need to be meshed, not the domains
themselves. As a matter of fact, even such fine meshing is not sufficient. To achieve the satisfactory accurate
$P_r$ integral calculation, the $l^\alpha$ extrapolation of $q_l$ must be used till $q_{max}$ is reached. The
corresponding $P_r$ contribution is integrated analytically and added to the numerically integrated part.

The numerical algorithm has been improved with respect to that used in \cite{IJHMT01} to get rid of the
numerical instabilities which gave rise to temporal oscillations visible e.g. in figure 6 of \cite{IJHMT01}, to
be compared with Fig.~\ref{Grav} below. In particular, a new algorithm \cite{Polev} was used to solve Eq.
\ref{surf}.

\subsection*{Results}

The bubble spreading has already been shown in \cite{IJHMT01} where $\theta_{eq}=0$ was assumed and no forces
tending to remove the bubble from the heater were taken into account. In this paper we introduce the gravity
that appears in Eq. \ref{surf}. To understand the gravity influence, let us first assume that $P_r=0$ in Eq.
\ref{surf}. The latter has then no solution (i.e. the equilibrium bubble shape) for large $V$ when the contact
angle is fixed. A solution of such a truncated problem exist only when $V$ is smaller than some maximum value
$V_{max}=V_{max}(\theta_{eq})$ \cite{Troyes}, when the capillary adhesion is larger than the Archimedes force.
At small $\theta_{eq}$, when $V$ approaches $V_{max}$ during the bubble growth, the dry area size tends to zero
and at $V_{max}$ no adhesion to the heater exists any more which means that the bubble departs as a whole.

The account of $P_r$ adds another option due to the $P_r^v$ influence discussed above (Fig.~\ref{Grav}).
\begin{figure}[htb] \centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Grav}
\caption{The dry spot evolution with respect to the bubble radius $R$ for fixed heat flux and different gravity
levels calculated for the same parameters as in \cite{IJHMT01} (water at 10 MPa).} \label{Grav}
\end{figure}
Either the dry spot collapses and the bubble departs as in the $P_r=0$ case, or its spreading begins. The vapor
recoil adhesion then exceeds at once the Archimedes force and keeps increasing with time \cite{MI04} so that the
bubble continues to spread without departing from the heater. This second scenario corresponds to that of the
boiling crisis. The lowest value of $q_0$ at which it occurs (i.e. the transition between the two scenarios)
gives the model CHF.

Fig.~\ref{Grav} shows the behavior of the dry spot at a fixed heat flux and a different gravity levels given by
the Bond number Bo$=(\rho_L-\rho_V)gR_0^2/\sigma$. The spreading occurs at Bo$=9\cdot 10^{-5}$ (which
corresponds to about $0.1g$) while at Bo$=10^{-4}$ the bubble departs. It means that the CHF is 50 KW/m$^2$ for
the chosen system parameters.

Note that the insensitivity of the CHF to gravity \cite{Straub} at low pressures can be explained in the
framework of the present model by the influence of the inertial hydrodynamic forces that cause the bubble
departure even in the absence of gravity. According to the present model, when the gravity contribution is
smaller than that of the inertia, the CHF should be rather defined by the latter than by the former. We will see
in the next section that for high pressures, when the bubble growth is slow and the inertial forces are
negligible, the CHF is indeed sensitive to the gravity.

\section*{EXPERIMENTS AT EXTREMELY HIGH PRESSURE}

To overcome the experimental difficulties encountered during the observations of DNB at low pressures, we carry
out our experiments at very high pressures, in the vicinity of the critical point defined by the critical
pressure $p_c$ and temperature $T_c$. We take advantage of the so-called ``critical slowing down" observed near
the critical point. In fact, due to the smallness of the thermal diffusivity, the growing process of a single
vapor bubble could be observed during minutes thus allowing for a very detailed analysis. The CHF value is also
vanishing at the critical point \cite{Tong} so that DNB can be examined at a small heat flux that does not
necessarily induce a strong fluid motion and high temperature gradients which hinder the optical observations.
However, near-critical bubble growth experiments have an important drawback. Since the surface tension becomes
very low near the critical point, gravity completely flattens the liquid interface. Reduced gravity conditions
are thus necessary to preserve the bubble shape.

In our already performed experiments, the cells are closed and only pure fluid is present in them so that its
total mass and volume remains constant. Unlike the conventional boiling experiments, the gas bubble is not
nucleated but exists already before the cell heating begins. The bubble growth is then observed.

A particularity of a near-critical fluid consists in the symmetry of its co-existence curve (temperature
dependence of $\rho_L$ and $\rho_V$) with respect to the critical density $\rho_c$: $(\rho_L+\rho_V)/2=\rho_c$.
When the average density is equal to $\rho_c$, the vapor volume remains nearly constant and equal to one half of
the cell volume throughout the heating. This makes the optical observations even more convenient. The vapor mass
however increases (and the liquid mass decreases) during the heating because of the density change.

Two kinds of experiments were carried out up to now. The first studies \cite{PRE01} used SF$_6$ fluid on board
of the Mir space station in the ALICE-2 apparatus designed by the French CNES agency. The choice of SF$_6$ is
made for practical reasons: the critical point of this fluid is $T_c=45.6^\circ$C, $p_c=3.8$~MPa and requires
much less severe conditions for the experiment than for example water ($374^\circ$C, 22~MPa). The sequential
photos of the growing vapor bubble showed its spreading over the heater. The increase of the apparent contact
angle was clearly seen while the actual contact angle was exactly zero (which is a common feature of
near-critical fluids).

However, the cells in ALICE-2 were not suitable to control the heat supply or to measure it to obtain the
quantitative data. This limitation has been overcome in the experimental H$_2$ setup that makes use of the
magnetic levitation facility \cite{Mag} at CEA-Grenoble. All further description will concern this data. A
cylindrical cell (Fig.~\ref{Cell})
\begin{figure}[htb] \centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Cell}
\caption{H$_2$ cell situated inside an "anti-cryostat" under vacuum which is in its turn situated inside another
cryostat filled by liquid He to cool the system.} \label{Cell}
\end{figure}
of 8~mm diameter and 5~mm height is filled with H$_2$ at critical density. The sapphire windows (cylinder bases)
are good heat conductors in the cryogenic temperature range ($T_c=33$K for H$_2$). The lateral cell wall is made
of stainless steel which is on the contrary the thermal insulator, its heat conductivity being about 1000 times
less than that of the sapphire. The copper rings serve to transfer the heat to the windows and to keep the parts
of the cell together. The fluid is heated by one of the windows while the temperature of the other is maintained
by the temperature regulation system that also permits us to measure the heat flux removed from the cell. The
cell can be observed optically through the transparent heater with a light source and a camera. Both are
situated outside the cryostat. The optical links are made with the help of light guides.

The gravity is compensated by magnetic forces within 2\% in the cell volume. The position of the cell with
respect to the magnetic field is chosen so that the residual force positions the bubble against the heating
window. In the window plane, the residual force provides the effective gravity directed from the periphery of
the window to its center. This force field leads to a curious phase distribution close to the critical point
when the surface tension decreases. Most of the more dense liquid phase then masses in the center while the
wetting film remains at the cell walls and the windows. As a consequence, the bubble forms a torus (we call this
topology annular because of the observed bubble contour). Farther from the critical point, the bubble remains
circular as usually.

The heater temperature evolution at DNB is shown in Fig.~\ref{T_heater}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{T_heater}
\caption{Heater temperature evolution at CHF (crosses). The thick horizontal lines correspond to the averaged
values at tree stationary states: at equilibrium, just before and after the DNB. The dotted line reflects the
system pressure evolution given by $T_{sat}$.} \label{T_heater}
\end{figure}
Before the observation, the heating power is adjusted to compensate for the heat losses and maintained
sufficiently long to achieve the thermal equilibration in the isothermal state. When the heat injection starts,
small bubbles are nucleated and depart from the heater under the action of residual gravity before coalescing
with the large bubble. When the flux approaches the CHF, the dry spot under bubbles nucleates and attains a
finite value. At CHF the dry spots under virtually each of the bubbles begin to grow. The larger the dry spot,
the faster the growth. At the last stage, the dry spots coalesce and the dryout occurs rapidly. At CHF the
complete heater drying (DNB) occurs after a waiting time during which the heater temperature exhibits
fluctuations. DNB occurs after the largest of them. The heater is completely dried out and a new stationary
conductive state (no convection) is quickly established. In this state, the main part of the heat passes from
one base to another by the cell walls. This heat transfer was accounted for by measuring the heat transfer in
the empty cell and subtracting the wall flux from the total measured heat flux. The resulting boiling curves are
presented in Fig.~\ref{boilcurves}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{BoilCurves}
\caption{Boiling curves for the same pressure but different effective gravity levels.} \label{boilcurves}
\end{figure}
It shows the dependence of the CHF on very slight changes of the bubble position with respect to the heater.
These changes can be induced by slightly displacing the cell with respect to the field so that the wetting film
existing at equilibrium between the bubble and the heater, changes its thickness. This sensitivity manifests
itself even stronger when the geometry of the large bubble changes from circular to annular. During this change
the wetting layer becomes much thicker and occupies smaller portion of the window. The thickness can be judged
from the size of the small bubbles that grow inside the layer. After the geometry change occurs, the CHF varies
strongly.

This change of bubble position is analogous to the change in the force balance acting on the drop in the usual
boiling set-up where there is always a dry spot, at least in a nucleation site area. This dependence can be
summarized as follows: the smaller adhesion, the larger is the CHF. This observation is coherent with our vapor
recoil model.

Optical observations of the dry spot growth are very interesting. They are especially informative for the
annular bubble geometry because the small bubbles are nucleated in the central region of the window, their
dynamics can thus be compared to that of the large bubble. For the circular bubble case (farther from the
critical point), the small bubbles nucleate and grow only at the periphery of the cell where the liquid layer is
thicker. Far from the CHF, the small bubbles first depart from the heater and then coalesce with the large
bubble. Their immediate absorption by the large bubble follows. Closer to the CHF, the dry spot under the large
bubble forms. The small bubbles also develop a dry spot comparable with their size. Once the dry spot begins to
grow, the bubble would not depart as quickly. It would rather continue to grow (in the agreement with our model)
until it touches the large bubble and quickly absorbed by it. The growing bubbles in the center slide towards
the periphery of the window (probably, because of the larger radial gravity component in the center). The large
bubble exhibits the largest rate of the dry spot growth at CHF (Fig.~\ref{dry_spot}).
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dry_spot}
\caption{Gas spreading at 32.95K (at annular geometry, the large bubble has a toroidal shape as described in the
text) as visualized through the transparent heater in magnetic levitation experiment. (a) Beginning of the dry
spot growth. (b) Bubble partially spread. (c) Complete drying of the heater. Nucleated small bubbles are visible
in (a-b).} \label{dry_spot}
\end{figure}

First, the single dry spot under the large bubble spreads (Fig.~\ref{dry_spot}a), then it coalesces with small
bubbles so that their dry spots fuses (Fig.~\ref{dry_spot}b). Ultimately, the whole heater surface dries out
during rapid coalescence motions and the fluid becomes very turbid. After the slow relaxation to the transparent
state, a stationary conductive state in which the vapor phase covers the heater and the interface forms the
hat-like shape (Fig.~\ref{dry_spot}c) where the fluid layer in the center of the window is thicker than at the
periphery.

The similar mechanism of the dry spot spreading works also relatively far from the critical point where the
bubble is circular. Indeed, the experiments were performed for up to 3\% deviation from $p_c$ (which is well
beyond the critical region where the anomalous fluctuations define completely the behavior of the fluid).

\section*{CONCLUSIONS}

Basing on the vapor recoil model, the individual bubble spreading is obtained in the simulations. To capture the
vapor recoil effect, an extremely delicate analysis of the heat flux maximum in the vicinity of the critical
point need to be performed. A threshold exists between the spreading and the bubble departure regimes. This
threshold heat flux can be associated with the CHF. This kind of simulation allows to predict the dependence of
the threshold on various parameters of the system like contact angle, thermal properties of the heater and the
liquid, etc.

The experiments at nearly critical pressure can give very detailed information about the DNB because of the
small CHF value and the slowness of the bubble growth. The reduced gravity conditions are however required to
observe the bubbles. During the DNB, we observed clearly the growth of individual dry spots under the bubbles
prior to their coalescence. This allows us to suggest spreading of individual bubbles as the triggering
mechanism for the DNB. This picture agrees with the vapor recoil model suggested earlier.

\begin{acknowledgment}
We acknowledge the partial financial support from CNES. We are grateful  to V. K. Polevikov for the helpful
correspondence.
\end{acknowledgment}

\begin{nomenclature}
\entry{Bo}{Bond number}%
\entry{$g$}{gravity acceleration [m$^2$/s]}%
\entry{$H$}{latent heat [J/kg]}%
\entry{$K$}{curvature [m$^{-1}$]}%
\entry{$l$}{coordinate varying along the bubble contour}%
\entry{$N$}{vapor recoil strength}%
\entry{$p$}{pressure [N/m$^2$]}%
\entry{$P_r$}{vapor recoil pressure [N/m$^2$]}%
\entry{$q$}{heat flux [W/m$^2$]}%
\entry{$R$}{bubble radius [m]}%
\entry{$t$}{time [s]}%
\entry{$T$}{temperature [K]}%
\entry{$V$}{2D-bubble volume [m$^2$]}%
\entry{$y$}{ordinate}%
\entry{$\alpha$}{$q_L$ exponent}%
\entry{$\eta$}{rate of evaporation [kg/(s$\cdot$m$^2$)]} %
\entry{$\theta$}{liquid contact angle}%
\entry{$\lambda$}{vapor/liquid pressure difference [N/m$^2$]}%
\entry{$\rho$}{mass density [kg/m$^3$]}%
\entry{$\sigma$}{surface tension [N/m]}%
\entry{sat}{saturation}%
\entry{c}{critical}%
\entry{v}{vertical}%
\entry{eq}{equilibrium}%
\entry{ap}{apparent}%
\entry{0}{initial}%
\entry{max}{maximum}%
\entry{V}{vapor}%
\entry{L}{liquid}%
\end{nomenclature}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


For the power supply of Fieldbus and Ethernet network structures in the area of IP 67 applications more and more 5 pole 7/8`` connector systems are being used. If the network is wide spread it is desirable to minimize voltage losses by using wires with a bigger cross section. Until now it hadn't been possible to connect existing 2,5 mm² wirings to these connectors.
By using screw clamp contacts with a bigger terminal cross section this is now feasible. In that way now also 14 mm diameter cables can be connected to straight cable connectors and 12 mm cables can be connected to angled cable connectors to every available pole number.
This has become necessary because the cable diameters tend to become bigger due to the UL requirements or in the field of chain flex applications.


text:
Bishop James Checchio
Msgr. John N. Fell
Father Glenn J. Comandini
Father John Gerard Hillier
Jennifer Ruggiero
Anthony Salamone
Cristina D'Averso-Collins
Christina Leslie
Joanne Ward
Alexandra Gillett
Karen Corpora
Teresa Murphy
Sister Constance Veit, l.s.p.
A Letter from Bishop Checchio Responding to Past Abuse in the Catholic Church
by Bishop James Checchio
Over the past eight months, our lives have been steeped in an exhaustive state of disorder, uncertainty, and, at times, despair. All too often, we hear in the news or read about the loss, grief, isolation, fear, and suffering endured by all people as a result of the coronavirus – no one is unaffected by this global pandemic disease. Similarly, and again all too often, we hear analogous stories of the loss, grief, isolation, fear, and suffering endured by survivors of abuse, some of whom were subject to their abuse by some members of the clergy – and again, no one is unaffected by these horrific revelations of past abuse and occurrences of lack of proper leadership by those in authority. Indeed, the times through which we are living, in our Church and in our world, are like no other.
As Catholics, the burdens of this year compound those of which we were already too keenly aware. The weight of our burdens grew heavy with the astonishing June 2018 announcement of the "credible and substantiated" allegations of child abuse by Theodore McCarrick, the founding bishop of our diocese, and the subsequent revelations of his sexual harassment and abuse of some seminarians and young priests. These burdens seemingly grew heavier with each day that followed as we learned the heart-wrenching truth of the crimes and sins of the past and wondered how Theodore McCarrick was still given greater responsibilities in the Church, despite the rumors of his abusive actions with seminarians and young priests.
Since that grave announcement, we have struggled to bear the weight of those burdens: those that come as a direct result of the sexual abuse allowed to take place in our Church; the dangerous misuse of power by some of our Church's leaders; and the terrible conscious disregard for all God's people by those who were once trusted with the immense responsibility of protecting His people and nurturing their faith, yet failed to do both. What is more, we now know that Theodore McCarrick scandalized some seminarians and young priests in his care, deeply harming the integrity of the mission of the Gospel.
While I am grateful to Pope Francis for ordering this study to arrive at the "truth" of what happened, like everyone else, I am disgusted and appalled by what has taken place. This report will, undoubtedly, cause sadness, anxiety, frustration, anger, disgust and pain – you are right to have these feelings. It may even reopen the fragile wounds which are so delicately and rightfully guarded by survivors who have suffered from abuse, not just at the hands of Theodore McCarrick or members of clergy, but all who have suffered abuse and its lasting effects.
To all survivors of abuse, who know and live with this pain every day, and to their families, I am deeply and wholly sorry. An essential part of my work as your bishop, as I see it, is to entrust the wounds and past sins of sexual abuse to the healing heart of Christ in my daily prayers and sacrifices.
I have witnessed and been told that the pain of past abuse leaves survivors feeling wounded, betrayed, and guarded even in the present, in many cases even years after the abuse has stopped. These wounds of the past have created scars, perhaps in some instances faded by time, yet they will never fully disappear.
But survivors of abuse do not suffer alone; I stand with them in their brokenness and pain. I humbly ask that you join me, through your prayer and sacrifice, in walking with them in their pain. In doing so, we help to shoulder the weight of the cross; and thereby, we place Jesus at the center of our lives, the only One who truly understands our suffering and can bring about healing because "by His wounds we are healed." (Is 53:5)
To all the faithful, who suffer the effects of the betrayal and pain inflicted by some Church leaders, I am deeply and wholly sorry.
While it is important to honestly assess our past and the failures that lie within it, to recognize our mistakes and publicly confess our sins, and to make amends and seek forgiveness, this is not enough. We must, as a Church, – and I must, as your bishop – continue to forge forward. We must remember these awful chapters in our Church's history with sobriety and honesty, so as not to be complacent, all the while diligently penning the future chapters of our Church's history with integrity and transparency, so we can be living witnesses of faith, hope and love.
I am grateful for the steps which we already have taken and those we continue to take forward, but know that even when we think we have done enough, we must do even more. I can report with confidence that there are no credibly accused members of clergy in active ministry in the Diocese of Metuchen. I encourage anyone who has been harmed in any way, by any clergy in the Church, to notify law enforcement by calling 1-877 NJ ABUSE and to also reach out to our Director of Child and Youth Protection at (908) 930-4558.
As you know I spent the majority of my priesthood working in priestly formation as Rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome. It was the greatest privilege and highest honor to share in some part of helping a young man be formed to serve his life as a priest. I can assure you that in the Diocese of Metuchen, our 24 seminarians are being formed in integrity, love and authentic freedom. In the midst of this sad moment, we are blessed with the most seminarians we have had in over 25 years. We seek to intentionally prepare them in wholesomeness, to not only live their lives as holy priests, but also to have the preparedness to clearly face the challenges of our contemporary Church as healing ambassadors to those who have been broken by the tragedies of life. We are seeking to form men with a heart after Jesus' own heart to help usher in a renewed day in the life of our diocese.
I am encouraged for the future of this local Church of Metuchen. Our diocese has not received a single credible complaint of abuse involving a minor in any of our schools or parishes by diocesan clergy since the adoption and implementation of the abuse prevention policies in 2002.
With the June 2018 announcement of McCarrick's past transgressions, I directed that the files and archives in the Diocese of Metuchen be re-examined; no new cases were found. Then, even before Pope Francis issued Vos estis lux mundi, or "You are the light of the world," I established a senior team of advisors to examine reporting processes and developed an independent reporting structure to allow for priests, deacons and seminarians to bring forward an allegation against anyone in authority in the Church, including myself, without fear of retribution.
Gratefully, Pope Francis' Motu proprio, which universally calls all bishops worldwide to adhere to a mandatory process to allow for the ecclesial investigation of complaints of sexual abuse and related misconduct by bishops, not just priests and deacons, as had previously been the protocol, was implemented by the U.S. Bishops this year with the launch of the Catholic Bishop Abuse Reporting service. By this measure, we can ensure that all levels of Church hierarchy are held to the same level of accountability, so that McCarrick's shameful actions cannot be repeated. Claims can be submitted to the independent service by visiting ReportBishopAbuse.org or by calling (800) 276-1562.
In addition to the Motu proprio, several other legislative decisions came as the result of the summit on abuse called for by the Holy Father and held at the Vatican in February 2019. These decisions will help to ensure the horrific actions of the past, cannot be repeated in the future. In December 2019, Pope Francis abolished the pontifical secret concerning cases of sexual abuse of minors or vulnerable persons; cases of child pornography; cases regarding the lack of reporting and the cover-up of the abusers on the part of bishops and superiors general of religious institutes. The Vatican also issued the Vademecum last July, which provides procedures to help ascertain the truth in cases of minors who have suffered abuse on the part of a member of the clergy.
Our diocese has procedures in place too, which have been in effect since 2002. We require background checks for all clergy, employees and volunteers, as well as training for all who work or volunteer with children. The diocese also enforces a zero-tolerance policy and relies on a review board to determine the credibility of every allegation against clergy, if not already deemed criminal by the authorities. The review board consists of 11 members: three medical professionals, two members of the clergy, one former attorney general and supreme court justice, one former prosecutor, two former judges, one special education teacher currently sitting on the State Board of Education, and one survivor of clerical sexual abuse.
To oversee the diocese's response to abuse, the handling of cases of abuse and the diocesan archives, in part, the diocese hired former county prosecutor Anthony P. Kearns III, Esq., as its chancellor in March 2019. Before coming to the diocese, Mr. Kearns served for nine years as the Hunterdon County Prosecutor and for four years as a Deputy Attorney General for the State of New Jersey. He is a trained mediator; family, adolescent and individual therapist; and substance abuse therapist, counseling both men and women ensnared in the cycle of domestic violence.
I invite you to learn more about the Diocese of Metuchen's efforts to prevent abuse and offer transparency by visiting: www.diometuchen.org/healing.
If, in the past, our response was one that caused pain, let our response today be one that promotes healing; if, in the past, our response was one in favor of self-preservation, let our response today be one of charity; if, in the past, our response was one of injustice, let our response today be one of respect; if, in the past, our response was one of indifference, let our response today be one guided by compassion; if, in the past, our response evoked mourning, let our response today elicit hope.
My brothers and sisters, it is providential that this report comes as we prepare to celebrate the 39th anniversary of the founding of our diocese and then, next month, the first anniversary of our diocesan consecration to Jesus through Mary under her title of Our Lady of Guadalupe. While the founding of our diocese will, unfortunately, always be associated with the history of Theodore McCarrick and the culture of abuse, silence and shame that was allowed to perpetuate in the dark corners of our past, we have a new opportunity to lead lives of increased holiness and renew our commitment to living His mission. Through both our diocesan consecration last December 12, and by our Baptismal promises, we have responded to God's invitation to be only His people, not bound to anyone else. You and I, by God's grace, have been chosen at this time in our history to rebuild His Church; that is a challenge and honor for us that we pray we have the energy, virtue and grace to do correctly.
I am confident that this local Church of Metuchen, like St. Juan Diego who cultivated roses from rocky ground in the midst of winter through the intervention of Mary, our Mother, has been set apart for something greater. We have been on rocky ground, but with the help of our Mother Mary, we will continue to cull the light of goodness from the depths of the darkness to renew our trust in God and grow closer to Him. From that, only goodness can follow.
Please know of my love and prayers for you, and certainly for all survivors of abuse and their families too. I ask that you please pray for me too. We are journeying together in woundedness, but we will find healing, mercy and hope in the only One who can offer them to us: our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ!
With renewed best wishes, I remain
Most Reverend James F. Checchio, JCD, MBA
Bishop of Metuchen
© 2013 - The Catholic Spirit
P.O. Box 191 • Metuchen, NJ 08840
(732) 562-2424 |Fax: (732) 562-0969
news@catholicspirit.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Galactic wind outflow cone model.

`Helpers.py` functions are imported automatically when `import OutflowCone` is executed.

See the `examples` folder for how you might use this.

## Cone.py
    Help on class Cone in OutflowCone:

    OutflowCone.Cone = class Cone
        Galactic wind outflow cone model.

        Methods defined here:

        GenerateClouds(self, n_clouds, bicone=False, falloff=1, zero_z=False, flatten=False)
            Generate 'n' model clouds within the cone bounds.

            Arguments:
                n_clouds--

            Keywords:
                bicone  --  Create a single cone or a bi-cone. Default is False.
                falloff --  Radial density distribution exponent. Default is 1 for
                            a mass-conserving outflow (density goes as r^-2).
                            A value of 1/3 creates a constant-density profile.
                zero_z  --  r_in makes the z-height of the base of the cone non-zero.
                            Should the clouds all get translated down? (e.g. z -= r_in)
                flatten --  Keep the inner radius spherical? Or flatten it?

            Returns:
                None. Creates "positions" member variable, containing Cartesian
                position vectors for 'n' clouds, and "velocities" member variable,
                containing zero-velocity vectors for all clouds (ostensibly these
                are Cartesian as well).

        GetLOSCloudVels(self, coord, dx, dy=None)
            Returns an array of all the projected velocities along a line of sight.

            Arguments:
                coord   --  x/y (~RA/dec) coordinate pair, in projected kpc,
                            of the requested line-of-sight.
                dx      --  Full width of the x-direction spatial bin, in kpc.

            Keywords:
                dy      --  Optional. Full width of hte y-direction spatial bin,
                            in kpc. If None/omitted, then dy = dx is assumed.

            Returns:
                NumPy masked array containing all LOS velocities, with velocities for
                clouds located inside the requested LOS bin *not* masked (i.e. set
                to *False* in return.mask).

        ProjectVels(self, LOS)
            Projects the 3D Cartesian velocities into the given line-of-sight.
            NOTE:   UNTESTED!  So far I do a lot of assuming that -z is the LOS,
                    but maybe this still works okay.
            NOTE2:  If you just want it projected into a Cartesian axis,
                    use self._vxs, ._vys, and ._vzs to avoid all the dot products.

            Arguments:
                LOS --  3-element NumPy array representing the LOS vector.
                        NOTE: UNTESTED!  So far I do a lot of assuming that
                        -z is the LOS, but this still probably works okay.

            Returns:
                NumPy array of length == len(self.velocities), where each value
                is the velocity vector dotted into the given LOS.

        SetLocalVels(self, vels, radians=True)
            Sets the velocities of the clouds in the galaxy/cone's frame,
            meaning the input velocities should be in r/theta/phi of the galaxy,
            and *without* inclination/PA taken into account. This function
            applies the inclination effects automatically.

            Arguments:
                vels    --  List/array of velocities to apply to the clouds.
                            Given velocities should be in (r, theta, phi) format.
                            List/array length must be equal to --- and assumed to
                            be in the same order as --- that of self.positions.

            Keywords:
                radians --  Are the passed theta/phi values in radians?

            Returns:
                None. self.velocities is set to the equivalent Cartesian
                velocities with inclination accounted for.

        __init__(self, inc=0, PA=0, theta=60, r_in=0.0, r_out=5.0)
            Create a new outflow cone.

            Keywords:
                inc     --  The inclination of the cone with respect to the
                            line-of-sight.
                PA      --  The position angle of the cone with respect to
                            the line-of-sight.
                theta   --  The opening half-angle of the cone (degrees).
                r_in    --  The inner radius of the cone (kpc).
                r_out   --  The outer radius of the cone (kpc).

        ----------------------------------------------------------------------
        Data descriptors defined here:

        LOS_vs
            Returns the line-of-sight velocities of all clouds.
            NOTE: Line-of-sight is assumed to be along the -z axis.

## Helpers.py
    Help on module OutflowCone.Helpers in OutflowCone:

    NAME
        OutflowCone.Helpers

    FUNCTIONS
        CartPosToCyl(vector)
            Convert a Cartesian position vector into cylindrical coordinates.
            NOTE: Haven't really used this, so it might not be great.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array representing, in order,
                          Cartesian x, y, and z position coordinates.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing, in order, the
            cylindrical r, theta, and z position coordinates of the input vector.

        CartPosToSph(vectors, radians=False)
            Convert a Cartesian position vector into spherical coordinate space.
            NOTE: Largely untested...

            Arguments:
                vectors -- A 3-element NumPy array representing, in order,
                          Cartesian x, y, and z position coordinates.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing, in order, the
            spherical r, theta, and phi position coordinates of the input vector.

        CylPosToCart(vector)
            Convert a cylindrical position vector into Cartesian position.
            NOTE: Haven't really used this, so it might not be great.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array representing, in order,
                          the cylindrical r, theta, and z position coordinates.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing, in order, the
            representative Cartesian x, y, and z coordinates of the input vector.

        CylVecToCart(position, vector)
            Convert a cylindrical vector into Cartesian vector space.

            N.B.: Not optimized!  See SphVecToCart() for a better way to do this.

            Takes a cylindrical-space vector and its corresponding cylindrical-
            space position and returns the magnitude of the vector in x, y,
            and z Cartesian directions.

            Arguments:
                position -- A 3-element NumPy array, representing the position
                            of the vector in cylindrical space.
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array, representing the vector to
                          be converted, also in cylindrical space.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing the magnitude of
            the input vector in Cartesian vector space.

        Rot(vectors, x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0, radians=False)
            Rotate Cartesian vectors.

            This function rotates input vectors about the Cartesian axes.
            The rotation is in a right-handed sense.

            Arguments:
                vector  --  A NumPy array of vectors to be rotated.

            Keywords:
                x       --  The angle to rotate about the x-axis.
                y       --  The angle to rotate about the y-axis.
                z       --  The angle to rotate about the z-axis.
                radians --  Whether the above angles are given in radians (True)
                            or degrees (False; default).

            Returns a NumPy array representing the rotated vectors.

        RotCurve(vel, radius, C=0.3, p=1.35)
            Create an analytic disk galaxy rotation curve.

            Arguments:
                vel    -- The approximate maximum circular velocity.
                radius -- The radius (or radii) at which to calculate the
                          rotation curve.

            Keywords:
                C      -- Controls the radius at which the curve turns over,
                          in the same units as 'radius'.
                p      -- Controls the fall-off of the curve after the turn-over;
                          values expected to be between 1 and 1.5 for disks.

            Returns the value of the rotation curve at the given radius.
            See Bertola et al. 1991, ApJ, 373, 369 for more information.

        RotX(vector, angle, radians=False)
            Rotate a Cartesian vector by a given angle about the +x axis.
            NOTE: Probably needs to be re-written (to be like Rot()) for accepting
            arrays of vectors.

            This function rotates a given vector about the Cartesian +x axis.
            The rotation is in a right-handed sense; positive angles rotate
            from the +y axis toward the +z axis.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array to be rotated.
                angle -- The angle by which the input vector will be rotated.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing the rotated vector.

        RotY(vector, angle, radians=False)
            Rotate a Cartesian vector by a given angle about the +y axis.
            NOTE: Probably needs to be re-written (to be like Rot()) for accepting
            arrays of vectors.

            This function rotates a given vector about the Cartesian +y axis.
            The rotation is in a right-handed sense; positive angles rotate
            from the +z axis toward the +x axis.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array to be rotated.
                angle -- The angle by which the input vector will be rotated.

            Keywords:
                radians -- Whether 'angle' is in radians (True) or degrees (False; default).

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing the rotated vector.

        RotZ(vector, angle, radians=False)
            Rotate a Cartesian vector by a given angle about the +z axis.
            NOTE: Probably needs to be re-written (to be like Rot()) for accepting
            arrays of vectors.

            This function rotates a given vector about the Cartesian +z axis.
            The rotation is in a right-handed sense; positive angles rotate
            from the +x axis toward the +y axis.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array to be rotated.
                angle -- The angle by which the input vector will be rotated.

            Keywords:
                radians -- Whether 'angle' is in radians (True) or degrees (False; default).

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing the rotated vector.

        SphPosToCart(vectors, radians=False)
            Convert a spherical position vector into Cartesian position.

            Arguments:
                vector -- A 3-element NumPy array representing, in order,
                          the spherical r, theta, and phi position coordinates.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing, in order, the
            representative Cartesian x, y, and z coordinates of the input vector.

        SphVecToCart(position, vector, radians=False)
            Convert spherical vectors into Cartesian vector space.

            Takes spherical-space vectors and their corresponding spherical-
            space positions and returns the magnitude of the vectors in x, y,
            and z Cartesian directions.

            Arguments:
                position -- A 3-element NumPy array, or array of arrays, representing
                            the position of the vector(s) in spherical space.
                vector   -- A 3-element NumPy array, or array of arrays, representing
                            the vector(s) to be converted, also in spherical space.

            Returns a 3-element NumPy array representing the magnitude of
            the input vector in Cartesian vector space.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: "Selected" item in a selection list Hi all i have a select list in my website
<select name="Mem_BloodGr" >
<option value="A+">A+</option><option value="A-">A-</option>
<option value="B+">B+</option><option value="B-">B-</option>
<option value="O+">O+</option><option value="O-">O-</option>
<option value="AB+">AB+</option><option value="AB-">AB-</option>
</select>

i am doing my project in mvc4. when my page loades @Model.Mem_BloodGroup contains the item that saved in the sql database. I want to show that @Model.Mem_BloodGroup item as the selected item in the dropdownlist . How it possible.

A: When rendering the DropDown use this model property:
@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.Mem_BloodGroup, Model.Items)

A: If your dropdown is not generated by a helper and if your model contains only the targeted blood group and if you're using jQuery, you can select the value with:
$('select[name="Mem_BloodGr"]').find('option[value="@Model.Mem_BloodGroup "]').attr("selected",true);

A: Using the selected attribute
<select name="Mem_BloodGr" >
<option value="A+" selected>A+</option><option value="A-">A-</option>
<option value="B+">B+</option><option value="B-">B-</option>
<option value="O+">O+</option><option value="O-">O-</option>
<option value="AB+">AB+</option><option value="AB-">AB-</option>
</select>


text:
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Home Videoshare CU's Kyle MacIntosh Loses Battle With Cancer
Videoshare
CU's Kyle MacIntosh Loses Battle With Cancer
University of Colorado student-athlete Kyle MacIntosh lost a long and courageous fight against cancer here Thursday afternoon. A hurdler on the track team, he was just 23.
He was surrounded by family, friends and teammates since he was admitted to Denver's Children's Hospital the day after Christmas when he suffered a brain aneurysm. MacIntosh was first diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma in December 2013.
"It's a very sad and tragic day when you lose a young person like Kyle, who is full of life and had such a great spirit," CU athletic director Rick George said. "Kyle was a fighter and battled every day in his fight against cancer with a philosophy that 'attitude is everything.' He was a great inspiration to all of us who had the privilege to know him."
MacIntosh placed videos online detailing his battle, one particular clip starting out with him saying, "Today, I am going to show you how you beat cancer." That same video ended with MacIntosh saying, "You can wake up and mope and cry that you have to fight cancer or be grateful you have a fighting change. That's how I live my live every day, you have to… Attitude is everything." During his treatments, he still regularly worked out on the track, refusing to give in to the deadly disease.
"The whole team has been talking quietly among themselves for weeks about Kyle's situation, many going down to visit him," CU's head track and field coach Mark Wetmore said. "Everybody was hoping for the best. We received news a day or two ago that that probably wasn't going to happen. Now the team is going to have to wait it out and remember him for who he was and try to heal."
"Kyle was a happy, popular, lively young man," Wetmore continued. "I can't imagine the sadness of his parents, but I hope they are not totally heartbroken. I hope they can heal, and remember a wonderful son, and someday go back to having a joyful life, which I know he would want for them."
As a member of the CU track team, MacIntosh earned two letters in indoor competition and another two outdoors. His career got off to a great start in 2010, when he was key contributor on the 4×100 and 4×400-meter relay teams. At the NCAA West Preliminary Championships, the 4×100 relay ran the eighth fastest time in CU history (39.91), the fastest time run by the Buffaloes since 2008. The team placed 12th overall and automatically qualified for the semifinals at the NCAA Championships, where they ran a 40.35 but did not advance to the finals.
His best season with the Buffs was in 2012. During the indoor season, MacIntosh led CU in the 400, recording the top two times. He placed second at the Air Force Team Challenge, crossing the finish in 48.59, and was fifth at the Husky Classic two weeks later (48.70). At the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF) indoor championships, he helped the 4×400-meter relay to a seventh place finish (3:15.50).
MacIntosh ran the 400-meter hurdles and the 4×400-meter relay for the Buffs during that outdoor season, racing his personal best time (52.20) at Mt. SAC Relays. At the Pac-12 Championships, MacIntosh advanced to the finals in the 400-hurdles, where he finished sixth in a 52.38 clocking. He also helped the 4×400-relay to a fourth-place finish (3:09.64).
In 2013, the Littleton High School graduate only competed for the Buffs during the indoor season. He competed at three meets, focusing on the 400. He recorded his season-best time of 49.77 at the Tyson Invite. At the MPSF Championships, MacIntosh finished 28th with a time of 50.00 and helped the 4×400 relay to a seventh-place finish (3:15.37).
He redshirted the 2013 outdoor season, as he planned to compete outdoors in 2014, but his athletic career was put on hold after the cancer diagnosis.
At Littleton High School, MacIntosh recorded the school record in the 300-meter hurdles (37.58). He won the 2009 state championship in the event with LHS claiming the 5A team championship. During the 2009 indoor season, MacIntosh recorded three top-10 U.S. marks in the 60 hurdles, the 200 and 400. He was an All-State honoree as a junior and senior and was a member of the All-State Academic team and Honor Roll at Littleton.
He was born on July 10, 1991 in Denver. He is survived by his parents, Bill and Nancy MacIntosh, his sister, Kendra Daniel, a brother-in-law, Roger Daniel, two nephews and a niece. He was majoring in Communication at CU.
Buffs4Life, an alumni organization created to help CU athletes in need, set up website to help his parents with the medical expenses. People can still donate at www.buffs4life.donate.dojiggy.com.
Details of a memorial service are pending. (We will update on CUBuffs.com as we get more information.)
Source: CUBuffs.com
CU track team
CUBuffs
Kyle MacIntosh
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Tag: winning tools
Download of the day: KDE version 4.0.1
last updated February 7, 2008 in Categories Kde, Linux, Linux desktop, News, Security, UNIX
KDE version 4.0.1 has been released and available for download. KDE 4.0.1 is a maintenance release for version 4.0, which provides corrections of problems reported by users. From the announcement page:
The KDE Community today announced the immediate availability of KDE 4.0.1, the first bugfix and maintenance release for the latest generation of the most advanced and powerful free desktop. KDE 4.0.1 ships with a basic desktop and many other packages like administration, network, education, utilities, multimedia, games, artwork, web development and more. KDE's award-winning tools and applications are available in almost 50 languages.
=> KDE 4.0.1 Release Announcement


Starting on: Thursday 9th of June, 2016. Posted by: MoneyScience.
The Twentieth Annual European Conference of the Financial Management Association International (FMA) will be held June 9 and 10 at the Hanken School of Economics in beautiful Helsinki, Finland. FMA's European Conference brings together academicians and practitioners with interests in financial decision-making and provides a forum for presenting new research and discussing current issues in financial management and related topics.


Lord Best will officially step down from his role as TPO's current Council Chair on 28th April 2017, after his eight-year term comes to an end.
As Council Chair, Diana will lead the scheme's independent Council to ensure the Ombudsman can act independently and impartially when reviewing property disputes.
Diana's extensive and varied career in public service was recognised in 1999 when she was awarded a life peerage. She is the current Chair of the National Housing Federation and is a Non-Executive Board Member Pension Protection Fund. Diana spent four years as the Chair of the Human Tissue Authority and spent 14 years as the Chief Executive of Universities UK, where she led the body representing the executive heads of 130 universities, both nationally and internationally.
Consider cases referred by the Ombudsman for disciplinary action against scheme members where there has been a flagrant or persistent breaches of the Codes of Practice and protect consumers from unfair practices.
Born and raised in Yorkshire, Diana has a keen interest in supporting the work of heritage and conservation organisations, which include The Tate, Royal Academy, British Museum, Dulwich; National Trust, RSPB, WWT.
To find out more about the Council and the role of the Chair, please visit the TPO website.


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HomeArticles Israel Declares 'Iron Dome of the Seas' Missile Defense System Operational (VIDEO)
Israel Declares 'Iron Dome of the Seas' Missile Defense System Operational (VIDEO)
November 28, 2017 Articles, Features, News, Videos
'Iron Dome of the Seas' will be a vital asset in shield Israel's offshore natural gas fields. (Photo: via Twitter)
Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system has become operational aboard a warship for the very first time, in what senior officials have dubbed a "significant milestone." It comes as tensions continue between Israel and rivals Iran and Hezbollah.
A battery of the Iron Dome anti-missile system was mounted on the Sa'ar 5-class INS Lahav corvette warship on Monday, according to senior officials. It was declared fully operational after undergoing a successful "live-fire test," during which various scenarios were tested – including the firing of Grad rockets at gas-drilling platforms, Haaretz reported.
The so-called 'Iron Dome of the Seas' will be a vital asset in securing Israel's offshore natural gas fields, said Israel Air Force Brigadier General Zvika Haimovitch, head of the IAF's Aerial Defense Command. "Today the IAF put another operational layer to defend and protect Israel's energy assets in the Mediterranean Sea," Haimovitch told journalists on Monday. "This is a significant milestone."
He explained that the system's Tamir launcher is fully connected to the ship's Adir radar system and to the entire network of Iron Dome land-based batteries. "We tested this today and it worked excellently," he said, as quoted by The Times of Israel.
Testing began in May 2016, as a joint project between the Navy, Air Force, and defense contractors. A video of a test was posted online at that time by the military.
Haimovitch went on to explain that the battery will add "another operational layer" to Israel's multi-tiered defenses. It will join the long-range Arrow 3 system and mid-range David's sling, both of which were made operational earlier this year. Haimovitch said there are plans to put the system onto additional corvettes.
Today, the Naval "Iron Dome" Aerial Defense System was qualified for operational use. This innovation will help protect Israel's strategic assets at sea and naval troops operating in the area pic.twitter.com/6XwgsMGmir
— IDF (@IDFSpokesperson) November 27, 2017
The push to protect Israel's shipping lanes and gas fields comes after Israel's natural gas platforms came under attack by rockets during the 2014 Gaza war, known in Israel as 'Operation Protective Edge.' Although such attempts ultimately failed, the military says it brought to light the need for the navy to increase its protection of those sites.
Israel's defense ministry revealed over the summer that it would be investing NIS 1.5 billion (US$420 million) in maritime systems to protect the country's gas fields and shipping lanes. The budget will go towards additional missile defense batteries, electronic warfare, navigation systems, command and control centers, communication gear, and other naval systems. This in addition to the four Sa'ar-6 warships purchased from Germany, which are due to be delivered in 2019.
Israel first discovered its natural gas fields off the coast in early 2009, with the government deeming them a strategic national interest. The Tamar field, which began production in 2013, has estimated reserves of up to 238 billion cubic meters (8.4 trillion cubic feet).
Under Saudi, Egypt pressure, Abbas retreat from prosecuting Israel https://t.co/8TScL46Y27 via @MiddleEastMnt #Palestine #Gaza Will these war crimes ever be brought before the eyes of the world?
— Denny Cormier (@santafeez) November 25, 2017
Meanwhile, the move comes as Israel's ongoing feud with arch rivals Iran and Hezbollah continues to intensify. In a move earlier this month, the chief of staff of Israel's military told Saudi Arabia's Alaf newspaper that Tel Aviv was ready to share intelligence on Iran with Riyadh, despite the two not having diplomatic relations. He referred to Iran as the "biggest threat to the region," while stressing that Israel and Saudi Arabia were in full agreement about Tehran's intentions.
Israel has also long spoken out against Lebanon's Hezbollah, an Iran ally. However, Lebanese President Michel Aoun defended the group last week, citing his country's need to defend itself in the face of Israeli aggression. The head of the Lebanese army also asked the military to be at "full readiness" to face Israel at the southern border.
(RT, PC, Social Media)
Danny Danon: Israel 'Quietly' Negotiating with 12 Arab Countries
Israeli Army Threatens to Kill Hezbollah's Leader, Hassan Nasrallah


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May you all have a safe and HAPPY NEW YEAR! Blessings, Randy and Staff!.
**Happy Mother's Day** You may need some tissue for this!.


What are stomach flu symptoms?
Many different diseases can cause stomach flu such as food poisoning, bacteria or even some parasites. Apparently, you cannot get the pleasure of stomach flu symptom, but in some cases, treatments are available. Stomach flu symptom can cause to anybody of any age limit, it does not depend on your age that how old are you or how young. These types of symptoms come out of such things that cannot even imagine of.
If you experiencing serious problems and pain from the stomach flu, the first thing you should do is get appointment with your doctor. He would give you proper guidelines and make you comfortable in some ways with which you can take care of your stomach flu symptom.
Anyway, what actually do you mean by stomach flu? Simple if you have horrible pains in your stomach or just throwing up then you have experienced with stomach flu symptom. One more symptom of stomach flu is having diarrhea.
The stomach flu is in fact called gastroenteritis. A general illness causes stomach flu symptom one or more times. Nevertheless, no need to worry, there are certain things that you can do to cure stomach flu symptom each time you experience it. For instance, for proper drainage you can intake cold medicines. Taking anti-diarrhea medicine may not hamper you getting better from stomach flu symptom, but in fact, it will just help you deal with the stomach flu symptom in a better way. In addition, there many different kinds of these medicines you may get at the shop, but most of them have same ingredients and they will treat your stomach flu symptom properly.
Lastly if your main stomach flu symptom is a fewer you should take some Tylenol or Advil to treat it. This will make you feel a lot more comfortable.


We are extremely excited to announce our latest investment in Boston-based Catch, a personal benefits platform designed around the modern worker to handle taxes, retirement, time off, health insurance, student loan refinancing and more, all in one place.
Co-founded by Andrew Ambrosino, a former Kleiner Perkins design fellow, and Kristen Tyrrell, former director of product at student debt repayment benefits startup FutureFuel.io, Catch recently emerged as one of the most compelling businesses in Y Combinator's Winter 2019 cohort of over 200 companies. The company recently announced a $5M Seed round co-led by Khosla Ventures (Evan Moore, formerly co-founder and head of operations at DoorDash) and NYCA Partners (Hans Morris, Chairman of Lending Club and former President of VISA). Indicator Ventures also invested alongside Kleiner Perkins, Kindred Ventures and several notable angel investors and seed funds.
The U.S. workforce, and global workforce for that matter, continues to evolve, driven significantly by the rise in freelance/gig/contract/sharing/on-demand workers. This segment of the U.S. workforce has grown over 3x the rate of the overall U.S. workforce since 2014, with over 57M "modern workers" earning a combined $1.4T in 2017. Economic outlooks expect this trend to hold, and research suggests that the majority of US workers will be independent workers by 2027. This growth is attributable to everything from on-demand platforms like Uber, Lyft, Postmates, DoorDash, etc., to changes within large companies — in fact, 20% of organizations globally with more than 1,000 employees have a workforce that is made up of 30% or more contingent workers.
What is clear is that the rise of the modern workforce has yielded tremendously positive opportunities for workers to supplement income, create flexible and balanced schedules, and more. At the same time, the inherent volatility in earnings of most 1099 workers and many W2 workers alike coupled with the lack of traditional employer-sponsored benefits put this large segment of the working population at a significant disadvantage.
Beyond the aforementioned access constraints, simple things like knowing where to go to get healthcare, what to do to create a retirement plan, and overall financial planning are benefits we take for granted when they are offered through employers, but remain elusive for huge swaths of the population. This is increasingly pertinent to Millennial workers, as approximately 50% engage in the freelance/gig economy and likely don't have a spouse's (or parents') employer-sponsored benefit plan to leverage.
This is where Catch comes in.
Catch's beautifully simple and personalized onboarding helps identify gaps in workers' existing benefits and overall financial goals, and offers personalized solutions to these very needs like comparing and picking the most suitable health insurance plan, choosing the most appropriate retirement account, offering robo-advisor services, and much more.
When we were connected to the Catch team through our Venture Partner, Zack Onisko (an advisor to the company and CEO of Dribbble, a marketplace for freelance designers and creative professionals), it was immediately apparent that they embodied the passion, dedication and vision that we search for in a founding team.
We are thrilled to support Catch in their mission and look forward to sharing many new product and feature launches in 2019 and beyond.
Indicator Ventures is an early-stage venture fund focused on opportunities across the digital landscape.


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Solutia begins producing EVA encapsulants in China
Solutia Inc. (NYSE: SOA) announced the opening of its new Vistasolar® ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) manufacturing center in Suzhou, China.
The new facility recently passed major testing milestones and is now ready to supply commercial-grade Vistasolar EVA encapsulant for use in solar modules. This announcement marks the latest in a series of investments Solutia has made to help solar module manufacturers lower the total cost of production and help make solar energy competitive with traditional sources of energy.
Solutia is the market leader for EVA films in Europe and the first global supplier to build an EVA manufacturing center in China. Chinese solar module manufacturers currently produce more than half of all modules installed globally, and this new manufacturing center will strengthen Solutia's position to reliably supply high-quality solar encapsulants to the Chinese photovoltaic market. Solutia also produces encapsulants in Germany, Belgium, the United States, Mexico and Brazil.
"The industry requires reductions in cost per watt for solar energy," said Christopher Reed, Solutia photovoltaic business director. "By investing directly into China, our ability to reduce the total cost of production and enhance our service levels to Chinese module manufacturers is greatly improved."
This is Solutia's first new EVA production facility to be developed after the acquisition of Etimex Solar GmbH of Germany. The facility is based at the company's Suzhou, China manufacturing center, which also produces Saflex® polyvinyl butyral (PVB) films. Solutia continues to be the only manufacturer of all major photovoltaic module encapsulant technologies, including EVA, PVB and thermal polyurethane (TPU).
"Vistasolar has been a pioneer in EVA encapsulants since 1980. We intend to build on our market-leading position in Europe based on proven, high-quality formulations and finished product," said Tim Wessel, president and general manager of Solutia's Advanced Interlayers division. "Vistasolar EVA is the most recognized and trusted name for encapsulants in the world's largest solar market. This enhances the bankability of the solar module."
With more than 100 years of combined encapsulation process expertise, manufacturing scale and scalability, and a track record of rapid innovation, Solutia is uniquely positioned to provide complete solutions to the world's leading solar module manufacturers.
www.solutia.com/
David Llamas2015-08-28T09:05:19+00:0002-05-2011|Categorías: NEWS|Etiquetas: China, solar energy, Solutia|


Have the various commitments to increase government investment in sanitation actually had results? This brief asks how much governments are currently investing in sanitation and how that might be increased.
This Finance Brief summarises the increasing relevance of Domestic Resource Mobilisation (DRM) in supporting the ambitious goals of the Sustainable Development Agenda.
Finance Brief 5: South Africa's Equitable Share Formula: a useful model for WASH financing?
South Africa's Equitable Share formula is a mechanism for transfer of funds from central to local government, to support basic services including water and sanitation.
The Indian government's pledge to end open defecation and provide access to sanitation for all its citizens is ambitious and expensive. How will it be funded?
Finance Brief 1 (Español): Finanzas Públicas Internas para el Agua y el Saneamiento: ¿Qué, Por Qué y Cómo?
Este Informe define las finanzas públicas y resalta su importancia en la provisión universal de los servicios de agua y saneamiento. Es un resumen inicial de lo que trata nuestra iniciativa y por qué se creó.
The SWASH+ research-and-advocacy project has mobilised substantial increases in central government finance for WASH in schools. How did they do it?
In Madagascar's capital Antananarivo (Tana), water bills include various surcharges designed to help finance water and sanitation. This brief describes how this interesting system works, and considers how it might be further developed.
Finance Brief 11: The Dutch Water Bank: A useful model for developing countries?
With over 60 years of experience, the Dutch Water Bank offers valuable lessons for those seeking institutional financial support for water management in other countries.
Uganda's WASH progress over the last few decades has been remarkable: however, that progress is at risk if water and sanitation do not receive more budgetary support. This funding could come from improved domestic resource mobilisation.
This Finance Brief summarises recent data on budget allocations to sanitation in four African municipalities: Temeke (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Ga West (Accra, Ghana), Nakuru (Kenya), and Maputo (Mozambique).


Colorfully contrasting diamonds and an elegant design make this fashion ring a true stand-out. Crafted in cool 0.925 sterling silver, the eye is drawn to the cluster of alluring black diamonds at the center surrounded with white diamonds.while additional black and white diamonds line sparkle the ring. Radiant with 1.00 ct. t.w. of diamonds, this ring is finished with a bright polished shine.


• Adjustable infinite or closely stepped capacity control, features energy efficient, stable and quiet running.
• Built-in full intelligent monitoring and protection including thermal motor temperature monitoring, phase sequence monitoring, manual reset lock-out, oil temperature sensor.
• Industrial PLC centralized control combined with compressor capacity control system, precisely monitor.
• Integrated protection for low temperature, high/low pressure, anti-freezing, phase missing, anti-phase, overload, motor over temperature, oil differential, flow switch, start up latency.
• Optional operation language, menu leading, unit running state easy to adjust.
2). We promise all of the chiller will make at least 3 times test before package, insure all components and equipment 100% working well when delivery.
3).We promise will manufacture the product based on our contract, all material based on our contract.
As an enterprise certified by SGS, MGREENBELT has reached international standards in the integration of various management systems, indicating that MGREENBELT can provide the customers with the expected and satisfactory qualified industrial water chiller continuously and steadily.
The chillerof MGREENBELT, which is added to the CE mark, has passed the corresponding conformity assessment procedures and the manufacturer's Qualification Statement, are in conformity with the EU Directive.CE is used as a permit for industrial water chiller to enter the European market.
* Free operate trainning; and check chiller in our factory.
* Will provide all spare parts in machine's whole life.
Q1: How to choose the right chiller?
1).Power supply voltage : PH/ V/ HZ?
2).Refrigerant type R22(Freon ) or CFC free one R407C?
3).What is the cooling capacity requests , KW?
4). What is the outlet water temperature and return water temperature to chiller?
5). Do you have the requests for the water flow rate , water pressure and water quality?
6). For what kind of equipment or cooling system( Close loop or open loop ) in your side?
7). What is the maximum ambient working temperature in your factory?
Q2: What power supply chiller you can produce?
Q3:What is your Payment terms?
A3:Standard is 50% in advance to production, the balance before shippment, this mainly depends on the order.
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A4: We have R22, Eeo friendly R407c, R410a, R134a,R404a depends on your choice.
Q5:This model and type chiller is not what I need, what should I do?
A5:Please tell us the Q1, or your further requirements, then the solution will be sent to your email with prompt.


HomePod combines Apple-engineered audio technology and advanced software to deliver the highest-fidelity sound throughout the room, anywhere it's placed.
HomePod is the breakthrough speaker that senses its location and tunes the music to sound amazing wherever you are in the room. Together with Apple Music, it gives you access to over 45 million songs. And with the intelligence of Siri, it's a helpful home assistant for everyday tasks, and for controlling your smart home accessories–all with just your voice. Welcome HomePod.
1-Year Manufacturer's Warranty (Parts and Labor).


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Home / Reviews / Cloud Storage Reviews
Muhammed Swalih / Oct 31, 2017
Amazon Cloud Drive Review
Amazon is one of the most recognizable names in the industry, as they are literally everywhere. You can shop on Amazon, you can recharge your Mobile on Amazon, and now they have their own Amazon Cloud Drive (also known as Amazon Drive.) But wait, there are dozens of other Cloud services, why do I choose Amazon? Well, you must try some of them to see which suits best for you, and today I will talk about Amazon Cloud drive, which I've been using for quite some time to write this review for you.
Amazon Cloud Drive Performance and Features
The first thing I noticed here and I immediately fell in love with, is unlimited storage. Well done, Amazon. But, it's not all in quantity; quantity is relatively easy to achieve. What about the quality and the speed? Well, as always, I'll use 1TB of data to simulate and measure the time it would take to be uploaded and downloaded. The backup first. In my testing results, 1TB of cloud data could be backed up in around two weeks. Well, not exactly two weeks but around 13 days, which isn't the fastest results I've seen, but again, it's faster than the most Cloud services, so props to that.
Now, about the restore speed. The restore tends to always be a little slower in some Cloud services, but I was pleasantly surprised to see that Amazon Cloud Drive didn't disappoint me, restoring 1TB of data in less than 10 days. To wrap it up, when it comes to speed, Amazon Cloud Drive performed among the best in my tests, and although it isn't the fastest Cloud service out there, it's easily in my Top 6 Cloud services I've used.
Feature-wise, Amazon doesn't shine too much, offering a file backup and restoration on a consumer level. But other reviewers are happy about this feature. Check out CloudStorageAdvice's take on file back up and restoration. The Whispersync function is also indeed worthy of a mention. But, as there is an unlimited storage, I really can't say anything bad. This is, in the end, all I want from my Cloud storage, to be unlimited! Other than that, Amazon Cloud Drive is one of the largest Cloud services at the moment, and they are very reliable in terms of restoration and backup. But, is it simple to use? Let's find out in the next section.
Amazon Cloud Drive Ease of Use
I'm the type of person that likes everything nice and simple. I don't like too many options, either a very small amount of them. Yes I know it's hard to make my day, but let's see how Amazon performs here. I must say I'm very satisfied with the Ease of Use, and it easily gets the highest grade from me. First, there are two tabs, one of them being for downloading and the other for uploading. You simply can't get lost in these two features, as the features aren't hidden either; it's all in your face.
The settings can be easily located, as there is a dedicated icon for that, displaying a cog symbol and a text; you can't miss it. Whether you want to upload or download, there are just a few steps, I counted three to four steps maximum to do that, which is fairly simple. The great thing here is that even a newbie will find a way to comprehend the exact workflow of this service, which is, I repeat, very simple.
Amazon Cloud Drive Pricing
When it comes to the pricing, Amazon will not blow you away with its subscription plans, but what more do you need when there is an unlimited space? That being said, Amazon Cloud Drive offers two subscription plans: Unlimited Photos and Unlimited Everything. As you've probably guessed, I reviewed the latter one, as I want to test every kind of data, not just photos. I'm definitely impressed by the pricing, as Unlimited Everything costs just $59.99 per year, plus you can install it in all of your devices. Sounds, and works great, believe me!
Now, more about family plans. As there are big families and small families, which are five and three PCs respectively, Amazon also created subscription plans tailored to them. For a large family consisting of five PCs, Amazon Cloud Drive costs around $12 per year. Multiply it by a five, and you'll get the price from above. For a small family of three PCs, the cost is around $20. When I compared the prices with the other Cloud services, I was amazed to see that Amazon is LOT cheaper.
For example, most Cloud services charge around $30 for a big family, while Amazon charges just $12, which is more than amazing. So, to wrap this section up, Amazon has one of the best and the cheapest offers I've seen, and I'm glad I bought my subscription plan.
Amazon Cloud Drive Security
Security and privacy is a big issue here, and while the files are protected with SSL encryption during upload/download, there isn't much of a high-class protection when the files are on the server. Plus, Amazon's privacy policy is concerning. They can at any time access YOUR files, see them and modify them for "backup purposes" as Amazon's privacy policy says. I mean… that's some serious security problem here, especially the editing part. Plus, the whole security thing is on YOU as a user, and you are responsible for the security of your files, so Amazon did a really bad job here, letting the users carry all the load when it comes to security. However, you can use some third-party apps to encrypt your data.
Amazon is proof that nothing is perfect. It's all fun and games until it comes to the privacy, which is one of the worst I've ever seen. However, the speed and ease of use are fantastic, and I was having a great time using Amazon Cloud Drive. I could easily upload and download my files with just a few clicks, and that's very good. The pricing is one of the cheapest I've ever encountered, and that's a big plus. BUT, as long as the privacy issue is at large, I won't upload my important business files and pictures to Amazon Cloud Drive.
Go to Amazon Cloud Drive
Amazon Cloud Drive Summary
Amazon Cloud Drive is a must-use cloud service which has amazing pricing packages. Its speed is unquestioned and provides various kinds of plans for any type of usage.
Tagged With: Amazon Cloud, Cloud storage
iCloud Drive Review
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