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From Mickopedia, the free encyclopedia
structured form of play
This article is about all types of games in general. For games played on a consumer electronic, see Video game. For other uses, see Game (disambiguation).
Ancient Egyptian ivory game board in the feckin' exhibition of Tutankhamun's treasure in Paris (2019)
Ancient Egyptian gamin' board inscribed for Amenhotep III with separate shlidin' drawer, from 1390–1353 BC, made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5.5 × 7.7 × 21 cm, in the Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
The oldest full deck of playin' cards known, the feckin' Flemish Huntin' Deck, circa 1475-1480, paper with pen, ink, opaque paint, glazes, applied silver and gold, in the feckin' Metropolitan Museum of Art from New York City
Children's Games, 1560, Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Gamin' table, circa 1735, wood and ivory marquetry, overall: 78.7 x 94 x 54.6 cm, Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)
The Card Players, an 1895 paintin' by Paul Cézanne depictin' a bleedin' card game, in Courtauld Institute of Art (London)
A game is a holy structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool.[1] Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the bleedin' distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involvin' an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).
Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watchin' a chess championship. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. On the feckin' other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play, bejaysus. Often, part of the bleedin' entertainment for children playin' a game is decidin' who is part of their audience and who is a player.
Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as an oul' form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational, or psychological role.
Attested as early as 2600 BC,[2][3] games are a bleedin' universal part of human experience and present in all cultures, for the craic. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oul' oldest known games.[4]
1.1 Ludwig Wittgenstein
1.2 Roger Caillois
1.3 Chris Crawford
1.4 Other definitions
2 Gameplay elements and classification
2.2 Rules and aims
2.3 Skill, strategy, and chance
2.4 Single-player games
2.5 Multiplayer games
2.5.1 Game theory
3.1 Sports
3.1.1 Lawn games
3.2 Tabletop games
3.2.1 Dexterity and coordination games
3.2.2 Board games
3.2.3 Card games
3.2.4 Dice games
3.2.5 Domino and tile games
3.2.6 Pencil and paper games
3.2.7 Guessin' games
3.3.1 Online games
3.4 Role-playin' games
3.5 Business games
3.6 Simulation
6 Further readin'
Look up game in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the feckin' first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. In his Philosophical Investigations,[5] Wittgenstein argued that the bleedin' elements of games, such as play, rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. Whisht now and eist liom. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the feckin' term game to an oul' range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances. Here's another quare one for ye. As the oul' followin' game definitions show, this conclusion was not a bleedin' final one and today many philosophers, like Thomas Hurka, think that Wittgenstein was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition is a good answer to the oul' problem.[6]
French sociologist Roger Caillois, in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men),[7] defined a game as an activity that must have the followin' characteristics:
fun: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character
separate: it is circumscribed in time and place
uncertain: the oul' outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
non-productive: participation does not accomplish anythin' useful
governed by rules: the bleedin' activity has rules that are different from everyday life
fictitious: it is accompanied by the oul' awareness of a holy different reality
Chris Crawford
Game designer Chris Crawford defined the bleedin' term in the feckin' context of computers.[8] usin' a series of dichotomies:
Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty, and entertainment if made for money.
A piece of entertainment is a bleedin' playthin' if it is interactive. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment.
If no goals are associated with a holy playthin', it is a toy, begorrah. (Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a bleedin' toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) The Sims and SimCity are toys, not games.) If it has goals, a bleedin' playthin' is a challenge.
If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a bleedin' puzzle; if there is one, it is a holy conflict. Bejaysus. (Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably algorithmic artificial intelligence can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade ghosts in Pac-Man.)
Finally, if the bleedin' player can only outperform the feckin' opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the bleedin' conflict is a holy competition. (Competitions include racin' and figure skatin'.) However, if attacks are allowed, then the feckin' conflict qualifies as an oul' game.
Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as[original research?]: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (includin' active agents) can interfere with each other.
Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain.
Other definitions
"A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome." (Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman)[9]
"A game is a bleedin' form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the feckin' pursuit of a holy goal." (Greg Costikyan)[10] Accordin' to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as Chutes and Ladders, Candy Land, and War are not technically games any more than a shlot machine is.
"A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seekin' to achieve their objectives in some limitin' context." (Clark C, you know yourself like. Abt)[11]
"At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by an oul' procedure and rules in order to produce an oul' disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith)[12]
"A game is an oul' form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney)[13]
"to play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringin' about a specific state of affairs, usin' only means permitted by specific rules, where the bleedin' means permitted by the feckin' rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the bleedin' sole reason for acceptin' such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits)[14]
"When you strip away the bleedin' genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four definin' traits: a bleedin' goal, rules, a bleedin' feedback system, and voluntary participation." (Jane McGonigal)[15]
Gameplay elements and classification
Games can be characterized by "what the oul' player does".[8] This is often referred to as gameplay. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game.
A selection of pieces from different games. From top: Chess pawns, marbles, Monopoly tokens, dominoes, Monopoly hotels, jacks and checkers pieces.
Games are often classified by the oul' components required to play them (e.g, grand so. miniatures, a ball, cards, a board and pieces, or an oul' computer). In places where the bleedin' use of leather is well-established, the feckin' ball has been a holy popular game piece throughout recorded history, resultin' in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as rugby, basketball, soccer (football), cricket, tennis, and volleyball. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a bleedin' certain region. G'wan now. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of playin' cards, to be sure. Other games such as chess may be traced primarily through the feckin' development and evolution of its game pieces.
Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. Bejaysus. A token may be an oul' pawn on a board, play money, or an intangible item such as a bleedin' point scored.
Games such as hide-and-seek or tag do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Whisht now and eist liom. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the bleedin' environment is altered. Bejaysus. For example, hide-and-seek in a school buildin' differs from the feckin' same game in a feckin' park; an auto race can be radically different dependin' on the bleedin' track or street course, even with the bleedin' same cars.
Rules and aims
Whereas games are often characterized by their tools, they are often defined by their rules. Arra' would ye listen to this. While rules are subject to variations and changes, enough change in the feckin' rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, baseball can be played with "real" baseballs or with wiffleballs. C'mere til I tell ya now. However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playin' a bleedin' different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the bleedin' changin' of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable meta-rules.
Rules generally determine the time-keepin' system, the rights and responsibilities of the bleedin' players, and each player's goals. Sufferin' Jaysus. Player rights may include when they may spend resources or move tokens.
The rules of a feckin' game are to be distinguished from its aims.[16][17] For most competitive games, the oul' ultimate 'aim' is winnin': in this sense, checkmate is the bleedin' aim of chess.[18] Common win conditions are bein' first to amass a feckin' certain quota of points or tokens (as in Settlers of Catan), havin' the greatest number of tokens at the bleedin' end of the oul' game (as in Monopoly), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's checkmate). However, when we talk about the oul' aims of a holy game, we also refer to intermediate aims: the bleedin' things that you have to do in order to win the game. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scorin' goals will increase your likelihood to win the oul' game (but isn't alone sufficient to win the bleedin' game).
Aims are not just an oul' 'special' kind of rules: the bleedin' difference between the bleedin' rules of a game and the aims of a holy game is a fundamental one. This can be seen by considerin' some examples. The aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players will try to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that an oul' player must checkmate the feckin' other player whenever he can (as a matter of fact, unskilled players often fail to take the bleedin' opportunity to do so). Similarly, it is not a feckin' rule of football that a holy player must score a bleedin' goal if he shoots a penalty (it is only expected, and not required, that he will try). On a general level, the oul' distinction between the rules and the bleedin' aims of a holy game can be characterised as follows: an aim identifies a holy sufficient condition for successful action, whereas the bleedin' rule identifies a necessary condition for permissible action.[17] While meetin' the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, followin' the rules of a bleedin' game merely requires knowledge of the feckin' rules and some careful attempt to follow them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demandin' skills.
Skill, strategy, and chance
A game's tools and rules will result in its requirin' skill, strategy, luck, or a holy combination thereof, and are classified accordingly.
Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestlin', tug of war, hopscotch, target shootin', and stake, and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess. Games of strategy include checkers, chess, Go, arimaa, and tic-tac-toe, and often require special equipment to play them. Right so. Games of chance include gamblin' games (blackjack, Mahjong, roulette, etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors; most require equipment such as cards or dice. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. Here's a quare one. For example, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while tiddlywinks, poker, and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-takin' games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as Risk, Settlers of Catan, and Carcassonne.
Single-player games
Most games require multiple players. Sufferin' Jaysus. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the bleedin' type of challenges an oul' player faces, fair play. Unlike a feckin' game with multiple players competin' with or against each other to reach the feckin' game's goal, a one-player game is a holy battle solely against an element of the feckin' environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Playin' with a yo-yo or playin' tennis against a wall is not generally recognized as playin' a bleedin' game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually puzzles or recreations.
"Multiplayer game" redirects here. For multiplayer video games, see Multiplayer video game.
The Card Players by Lucas van Leyden (1520) depictin' a feckin' multiplayer card game.
A multiplayer game is an oul' game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Chrisht Almighty. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally usin' game theory as the feckin' players may form and switch coalitions.[19] The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment, or a holy competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory.
Main article: Game theory
John Nash proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the feckin' Nobel prize for economics for this important result which extended von Neumann's theory of zero-sum games. Nash's stable solution is known as the Nash equilibrium.[20]
If cooperation between players is allowed, then the bleedin' game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games, to be sure. While these have had some partial success in the oul' fields of economics, politics and conflict, no good general theory has yet been developed.[20]
In quantum game theory, it has been found that the introduction of quantum information into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The entanglement of players's choices can have the effect of a feckin' contract by preventin' players from profitin' from what is known as betrayal.[21]
See also: List of types of games
Tug of war is an easily organized, impromptu game that requires little equipment
Games can take a bleedin' variety of forms, from competitive sports to board games and video games.
Main article: Sport
Association football is a feckin' popular sport worldwide.
Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playin' fields, leadin' to the oul' involvement of a bleedin' community much larger than the oul' group of players. Stop the lights! A city or town may set aside such resources for the oul' organization of sports leagues.
Popular sports may have spectators who are entertained just by watchin' games. C'mere til I tell ya now. A community will often align itself with an oul' local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the feckin' team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. The concept of fandom began with sports fans.
Certain competitive sports, such as racin' and gymnastics, are not games by definitions such as Crawford's (see above) – despite the oul' inclusion of many in the feckin' Olympic Games – because competitors do not interact with their opponents; they simply challenge each other in indirect ways.
Lawn games are outdoor games that can be played on a holy lawn; an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded soil) generally smaller than a holy sports field (pitch), be the hokey! Variations of many games that are traditionally played on an oul' sports field are marketed as "lawn games" for home use in a feckin' front or back yard, Lord bless us and save us. Common lawn games include horseshoes, sholf, croquet, bocce, lawn bowls, and stake.
Main article: Tabletop game
A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to a small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placin', pickin' up and movin' game pieces. Most of these games are played at a bleedin' table around which the feckin' players are seated and on which the bleedin' game's elements are located. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. However, many games fallin' into this category, particularly party games, are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Right so. Still, these games do not require a feckin' large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box.
Dexterity and coordination games
This class of games includes any game in which the oul' skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination, but excludes the oul' class of video games (see below). Games such as jacks, paper football, and Jenga require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as pinball, billiards, air hockey, foosball, and table hockey require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which the oul' game is played. Whisht now and listen to this wan. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms, to be sure. These games and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such the feckin' games are popular as drinkin' games. In fairness now. In addition, dedicated drinkin' games such as quarters and beer pong also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons.
Main article: Board game
Parcheesi is an American adaptation of a Pachisi, originatin' in India.
Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked usin' physical tokens. I hope yiz are all ears now. Many also involve dice or cards, fair play. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a feckin' large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the feckin' board may be a map on which the oul' players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes an oul' move, then the bleedin' next player does the oul' same, and a player can only act on their turn, that's fierce now what? This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games.
Some games, such as chess and Go, are entirely deterministic, relyin' only on the feckin' strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as havin' "perfect information"; the bleedin' only unknown is the feckin' exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the feckin' outcome of any unknown event inherent in the feckin' game (such as a card draw or die roll), Lord bless us and save us. Children's games, on the feckin' other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Candy Land and Chutes and Ladders havin' virtually no decisions to be made, that's fierce now what? By some definitions, such as that by Greg Costikyan, they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect the feckin' outcome.[22] Many other games involvin' a feckin' high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the oul' random event simply determines a bleedin' gain or loss in the oul' standin' of the feckin' current player within the bleedin' game, which is independent of any other player; the feckin' "game" then is actually a feckin' "race" by definitions such as Crawford's.
Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the feckin' game of backgammon requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two dice. Trivia games have an oul' great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets, the hoor. German-style board games are notable for often havin' rather less of a feckin' luck factor than many board games.
Board game groups include race games, roll-and-move games, abstract strategy games, word games, and wargames, as well as trivia and other elements, grand so. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres: Cranium is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language.
Main article: Card game
Further information: Collectible card game
Playin' Cards, by Theodoor Rombouts, 17th century
Card games use a bleedin' deck of cards as their central tool, the shitehawk. These cards may be a holy standard Anglo-American (52-card) deck of playin' cards (such as for bridge, poker, Rummy, etc.), a bleedin' regional deck usin' 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the oul' popular German game skat), a tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a bleedin' variety of trick-takin' games collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White Cards). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were originally played with a bleedin' standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Some collectible card games such as Magic: The Gatherin' are played with a feckin' small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets.
Some board games include a deck of cards as an oul' gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress, you know yourself like. Conversely, some card games such as Cribbage use an oul' board with movers, normally to keep score. Sufferin' Jaysus. The differentiation between the feckin' two genres in such cases depends on which element of the oul' game is foremost in its play; a bleedin' board game usin' cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be scored on paper. Jaykers! These elements as used are simply the oul' traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose.
Main article: Dice game
Students usin' dice to improve numeracy skills. Whisht now. They roll three dice, then use basic math operations to combine those into a feckin' new number which they cover on the oul' board, Lord bless us and save us. The goal is to cover four squares in the row.
Dice games use a holy number of dice as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the oul' dice has a profound impact on the bleedin' outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the feckin' dice do not determine the feckin' success or failure of some other element of the game; they instead are the central indicator of the feckin' person's standin' in the game. C'mere til I tell ya. Popular dice games include Yahtzee, Farkle, Bunco, Liar's dice/Perudo, and Poker dice, bejaysus. As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce apparently random numbers, these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the oul' player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of probability theory. Such games are thus popular as gamblin' games; the game of Craps is perhaps the oul' most famous example, though Liar's dice and Poker dice were originally conceived of as gamblin' games.
Domino and tile games
Main articles: Tile-based game and Dominoes
Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called dominoes, which traditionally each have two ends, each with a holy given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a bleedin' tile is unique in the set. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? The games played with dominoes largely center around playin' a holy domino from the oul' player's "hand" onto the feckin' matchin' end of another domino, and the bleedin' overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a bleedin' given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the oul' number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the feckin' number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is double-six, though in more recent times "extended" sets such as double-nine have been introduced to increase the bleedin' number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game, fair play. Muggins, Mexican Train, and Chicken Foot are very popular domino games, bedad. Texas 42 is a domino game more similar in its play to a bleedin' "trick-takin'" card game.
Variations of traditional dominoes abound: Triominoes are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Jasus. Similarly, a feckin' game known as Quad-Ominos uses four-sided tiles.
Some other games use tiles in place of cards; Rummikub is a holy variant of the oul' Rummy card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascendin' rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a feckin' 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American playin' cards. C'mere til I tell yiz. Mahjong is another game very similar to Rummy that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art.
Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a feckin' board layout, on which other elements of the oul' game are played. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. Settlers of Catan and Carcassonne are examples. In each, the "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in Settlers of Catan the startin' layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the feckin' game is played by "buildin'" the bleedin' board tile-by-tile. Sufferin' Jaysus. Hive, an abstract strategy game usin' tiles as movin' pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to chess, although it has no board; the pieces themselves both form the layout and can move within it.
Pencil and paper games
Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writin' materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games (Scrabble, for instance, is based on the bleedin' idea of an oul' crossword puzzle, and tic-tac-toe sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centerin' on a holy design bein' drawn such as Pictionary and "connect-the-dots" games like sprouts, to letter and word games such as Boggle and Scattergories, to solitaire and logic puzzle games such as Sudoku and crossword puzzles.
Guessin' games
Main article: Guessin' game
A guessin' game has as its core a bleedin' piece of information that one player knows, and the feckin' object is to coerce others into guessin' that piece of information without actually divulgin' it in text or spoken word. Jasus. Charades is probably the feckin' most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differin' rules on the type of communication to be given, such as Catch Phrase, Taboo, Pictionary, and similar. The genre also includes many game shows such as Win, Lose or Draw, Password and $25,000 Pyramid.
Main article: Video game
See also: Electronic game
Video games are computer- or microprocessor-controlled games. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Computers can create virtual spaces for an oul' wide variety of game types, what? Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals.
A computer or video game uses one or more input devices, typically a button/joystick combination (on arcade games); a bleedin' keyboard, mouse or trackball (computer games); or a holy controller or a feckin' motion sensitive tool (console games). Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. More esoteric devices such as paddle controllers have also been used for input.
There are many genres of video game; the feckin' first commercial video game, Pong, was a bleedin' simple simulation of table tennis. G'wan now. As processin' power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved an oul' player guidin' a holy character from a feckin' third person perspective through a series of obstacles. Story? This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a bleedin' board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playin' of a video game does not require the oul' same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of the oul' game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowin' for elements of a bleedin' fantastical nature, games involvin' physical violence, or simulations of sports, grand so. Lastly, a holy computer can, with varyin' degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as chess, leadin' to simulations of such games that can be played by a single player.
In more open-ended computer simulations, also known as sandbox-style games, the game provides a virtual environment in which the feckin' player may be free to do whatever they like within the feckin' confines of this universe. Sometimes, there is a holy lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys", what? (Crawford specifically mentions Will Wright's SimCity as an example of a bleedin' toy.)[8]
Main article: Online game
Online games have been part of culture from the oul' very earliest days of networked and time-shared computers. Early commercial systems such as Plato were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. Story? In 1958, Tennis for Two dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the oul' oscilloscope at the oul' Brookhaven National Laboratory; durin' the oul' 1980s, Xerox PARC was known mainly for Maze War, which was offered as a hands-on demo to visitors.
Modern online games are played usin' an Internet connection; some have dedicated client programs, while others require only a web browser. Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual gamin' demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games.[23]
Role-playin' games
Main article: Role-playin' game
Role-playin' games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a bleedin' type of game in which the bleedin' participants (usually) assume the oul' roles of characters actin' in a feckin' fictional settin'. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. The original role playin' games – or at least those explicitly marketed as such – are played with an oul' handful of participants, usually face-to-face, and keep track of the bleedin' developin' fiction with pen and paper. Soft oul' day. Together, the feckin' players may collaborate on a story involvin' those characters; create, develop, and "explore" the feckin' settin'; or vicariously experience an adventure outside the bounds of everyday life. Jaykers! Pen-and-paper role-playin' games include, for example, Dungeons & Dragons and GURPS.
The term role-playin' game has also been appropriated by the feckin' video game industry to describe a genre of video games. Here's another quare one. These may be single-player games where one player experiences a feckin' programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the oul' internet, you know yourself like. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playin' games. Single-player games include Final Fantasy, Fable, The Elder Scrolls, and Mass Effect, to be sure. Online multi-player games, often referred to as Massively Multiplayer Online role playin' games, or MMORPGs, include RuneScape, EverQuest 2, Guild Wars, MapleStory, Anarchy Online, and Dofus, grand so. As of 2009[update], the most successful MMORPG has been World of Warcraft, which controls the oul' vast majority of the market.[24]
Business games
Main article: Team buildin'
Business games can take a feckin' variety of forms, from interactive board games to interactive games involvin' different props (balls, ropes, hoops, etc.) and different kinds of activities. The purpose of these games is to link to some aspect of organizational performance and to generate discussions about business improvement, would ye swally that? Many business games focus on organizational behaviors. Some of these are computer simulations while others are simple designs for play and debriefin'. Here's another quare one for ye. Team buildin' is a common focus of such activities.
Main article: Simulation game
The term "game" can include simulation[25][26] or re-enactment of various activities or use in "real life" for various purposes: e.g., trainin', analysis, prediction. Arra' would ye listen to this. Well-known examples are war games and role-playin'. The root of this meanin' may originate in the human prehistory of games deduced by anthropology from observin' primitive cultures, in which children's games mimic the feckin' activities of adults to a significant degree: huntin', warrin', nursin', etc. I hope yiz are all ears now. These kinds of games are preserved in modern times.[original research?]
Learnin' through play
Ludibrium
Ludology
Ludomania
N-player game
Personal computer game
^ . Sufferin' Jaysus. 2008 Summer Journey. Time, grand so. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ "History of Games", so it is. MacGregor Historic Games. Sure this is it. 2006. Soft oul' day. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Listen up now to this fierce wan. Philosophical Investigations. Jaysis. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23127-1.
^ "Was Wittgenstein Wrong About Games?". I hope yiz are all ears now. Nigel Warburton]. 2007. C'mere til I tell ya. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
^ Caillois, Roger (1957). Right so. Les jeux et les hommes, bejaysus. Gallimard.
^ a b c Crawford, Chris (2003). C'mere til I tell ya now. Chris Crawford on Game Design. New Riders, so it is. ISBN 978-0-88134-117-1.
^ Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. Story? MIT Press. p. 80, to be sure. ISBN 978-0-262-24045-1.
^ Costikyan, Greg (1994). "I Have No Words & I Must Design". I hope yiz are all ears now. Archived from the original on 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
^ Clark C, would ye believe it? Abt (1987). Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Serious Games, game ball! University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-6148-2.
^ Avedon, Elliot; Sutton-Smith, Brian (1971), would ye swally that? The Study of Games, would ye believe it? J. Stop the lights! Wiley, you know yourself like. p. 405, begorrah. ISBN 978-0-471-03839-9.
^ Maroney, Kevin (2001), be the hokey! "My Entire Wakin' Life". Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. The Games Journal. Retrieved 2008-08-17. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Suits, Bernard (1967). Chrisht Almighty. "What Is an oul' Game?". Philosophy of Science, what? 34 (2): 148–156, grand so. doi:10.1086/288138. JSTOR 186102.
^ McGonigal, Jane (2011). Reality is Broken. Stop the lights! Penguin Books. Here's a quare one. ISBN 978-0-14-312061-2.
^ Schwyzer, Hubert (October 1969). Here's another quare one for ye. "Rules and Practices". Chrisht Almighty. The Philosophical Review. 78 (4): 451–467, enda story. doi:10.2307/2184198, what? ISSN 0031-8108. JSTOR 2184198.
^ a b Marsili, Neri (2018-06-12). "Truth and assertion: rules versus aims" (PDF). Analysis. 78 (4): 638–648. doi:10.1093/analys/any008. ISSN 0003-2638.
^ Kemp, Gary (2007). "Assertion as a bleedin' practice". Jaykers! Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the bleedin' Philosophy of Language.
^ K.G, begorrah. Binmore (1994). Game Theory and the Social Contract, what? MIT Press. Stop the lights! ISBN 978-0-262-02444-0.
^ a b Laszlo Mero; Anna C. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. Gosi-Greguss; David Kramer (1998). Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty. Jasus. New York: Copernicus. Would ye swally this in a minute now?ISBN 978-0-387-98419-3.
^ Simon C. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Benjamin & Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001), would ye swally that? "Multiplayer quantum games", so it is. Physical Review A, grand so. 64 (3): 030301. Here's a quare one for ye. arXiv:quant-ph/0007038. Whisht now. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..64c0301B. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301. S2CID 32056578.
^ Costikyan, Greg (1994). C'mere til I tell ya. "I Have No Words & I Must Design". I hope yiz are all ears now. Archived from the original on 2008-08-12. Here's another quare one. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
^ De Schutter, Bob (March 2011). Right so. "Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience". Games and Culture. Story? 6 (2): 155–170. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. doi:10.1177/1555412010364978. ISSN 1555-4120.
^ Woodcock, Bruce Sterlin' (2008). C'mere til I tell ya. "An Analysis of MMOG Subscription Growth", like. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
^ "Roleplay Simulation for Teachin' and Learnin'". Sufferin' Jaysus. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05.
^ "Roleplay Simulation Gamer Site". Arra' would ye listen to this. Playburg.com. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
Further readin'
Avedon, Elliot; Sutton-Smith, Brian, The Study of Games. Sure this is it. (Philadelphia: Wiley, 1971), reprinted Krieger, 1979. Listen up now to this fierce wan. ISBN 0-89874-045-2
Types of games
Guessin'
Role-playin'
List of types of games
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"This is my second time with your service and this was absolutely amazing and luxurious one. Thanks millions. "
"Good experience. No wait. Good car and good driver. "
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Welcome to Cambridge Coach Hire, your specialist Coach Hire company covering the whole of Cambridge and the local area. Coach Hire bookings can be made fast, easily and securely online using this website or by using the phone number at the top of the page.


This trick here is one I used to share with my curly-haired clients trying to win the battle over frizz… Then I was trying to towel dry my hair the other day with a brand-new towel… (Well, washed once, but towels are SO hard to break in!!!) Needless to say, the towel wasn't absorbing barely anything. I started using my blow dryer, and I was like– Okay. This is just going to put so much more heat on my hair than if it was properly dried… We cannot afford any more damage on our blonde Los Angeles locks!
Then I remembered what I used to tell my clients w the curls… Duh! blot hair with paper towels after the shower! It soaks up SO much more water than any regular towel… Then when you move onto using heat, you will be drying 50% less water out of your hair. Yes, it will take quite a few paper towels, but do NOT dispose of them! Make one towel rack in your bathroom the "drying rack" for the paper towels. They dry perfectly and quickly and ready to use again within hours! (If you share your bathroom, then take a few of the drycleaning hangers used for slacks and hang the towels without hogging the towel bar…the cardboard bottom has a bit of "grip" and you can lay the paper towels over that part, they should stay and not slip off).
2) Use regular towel to dry hair as well as possible with it, squeezing with dry areas of the towel on different parts of your hair.
3) Take like 4-6 paper towels, folded on top of each other so it makes multiple layers but still the size of one. Blot all over your head and put around your length and squeeze over and over. You may need a second or third round… either way, hang them up to dry afterwards!
5) Be blonde and hot.
These are the most eco-friendly paper towels I know about…!
….And these are not! But they do last a lot longer when using then drying over and over again….
Remember, the whole point of this is to get your hair as DRY AS POSSIBLE before using heat on it! If you have a microfiber towel, a Shamwow or anything else that absorbs excess water, then use that and you're on the right track!
Be nice to your hair, ladies! Because that's why people are so nice to you!!!


You will probably enter the voting booth prepared to vote for Governor, Attorney General, and candidates in a variety of Texas state races. The candidates running in judicial and court races need your support, too.
The links below will guide you to information on the Bexar County Courts and the Republican candidates running for office.
What is a Statutory County Court at Law?
Thank you for taking the time to become an informed judicial voter. Feel free to print this page and bring it with you, when you vote.


Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and its job is to protect the inside of a cell by only allowing certain substances into the cell and keeping other substances out. It also helps to support the cell and maintains its shape.
Nucleus: This is the biggest part of the cell and is the part of the cell which acts like the brain. It is not always in the middle of the cell but will be placed within the cytoplasm. In some cases a cell may have many nuclei and these are called multinucleate and are usually in muscle cells. In red blood cells, the nucleus is lost during development and is the only cell that is able to survive without a nucleus. The nucleus includes DNA.
They make the energy that cells need to do to work correctly. An example of this is brain cells which need a large amount of energy in order to communicate with other parts of the body that may be further away. Every cell in the body has approximately 1000 of mitochondria and each one has a double layered membrane which is similar to the cell membrane but has several folds which produces a series of "shelves" which are called cristae.
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER): There are two types of ER which are called rough and smooth. Endo translates to "within" and reticulum is a term for network, therefore ER is a branching network inside of a cell.
Both the smooth and rough ER have the same types of membranes but they both have different shapes and functions. Rough ER has ribosomes attached (black bodies) and its function is manufacturing cell proteins and is a storage area. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached and is involved in metabolising lipids and fats.
Golgi apparatus: This looks like a series of flattened fluid-filled sacs and is found in most cells. The single membrane is similar to cell membrane as they both have two layers. There are a lot of fluid filled globules/bags that are by the main sack which are called vesicles. The function of the Golgi apparatus is packaging proteins for delivery outside of the cell. It also produces lysosomes.
Lysosomes: These are known as the digestive enzymes. These are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and are also produced by the Golgi apparatus. Inside lysosomes are enzymes that are capable of digesting all major chemical components in living cells and are often called suicide bags. They travel through the cell and are able to destroy old or damaged organelles and in some cases destroy cells. Another function of lysosomes are to destroy any bacteria that shouldn't be inside the cell.


text:
Mosbacher Minute: Have Stanford's bats awakened?
By Jack Mosbacher on April 11, 2012
Jack Mosbacher was a member of the Stanford baseball team from 2008-2011. Each week, he'll take a look at the Cardinal's ups and downs on its road to the College World Series.
For a few sweet hours on Monday night, things appeared to be back to normal. In a 19-6 shellacking in Berkeley against the California Golden Bears, the No. 6 Stanford men's baseball team returned to its early season form, scoring runs in bunches and making a mockery of opposing pitching.
The previous weekend, however, this same Stanford squad barely pulled out a series victory over unranked Washington to inch one game closer to .500 in Pac-12 play. Indeed, since conference competition began, Stanford's highly touted offense has been largely silent. Will last night's breakout mark a return to offensive dominance or prove an aberration in a brutal long-term slump?
In the lead-up to the season, pundits around the country considered Stanford's offensive lineup one of the most talented in college baseball. In the early season, Stanford's bats didn't disappoint, displaying power and poise from the top of the lineup to the bottom. Based on the Cardinal's brilliant performance at the plate to start the year, it was hard to imagine the team losing more than 10 games this season.
Stanford started the year by lighting up the then-No. 5 Rice pitching staff like the Fourth of July after also dominating perennial powerhouses Vanderbilt, Texas and Fresno State. It wasn't just that the Cardinal could mash; it seemed that every game, a new part of the lineup was out-producing the others. It was a lineup with no obvious weaknesses and eight or nine obvious strengths.
However, since Pac-12 play began, the Cardinal bats have gone cold. This past weekend, as Stanford barely stole two of three against a marginal conference opponent, the Card continued to struggle to put runs on the board. Since conference play began, this has been a vastly less intimidating incarnation of a team that won four convincing series to open the season.
Let's consider the statistics for moment. Stanford has started the Pac-12 season hitting just .250 as a team and is trailing its opponents in nearly every relevant offensive category. They have struck out 52 times in just nine conference games and mustered a measly team on-base percentage of just .291.
In short, the offense has more than struggled; since league play began, it's been straight-up bad. Pardon the tacky metaphor, but this slump hasn't just hit a few branches of the Stanford baseball tree–it has started at the roots and spread through the entire organism. This offensive nosedive is almost entirely responsible for Stanford's underwhelming 4-5 conference record.
Now, hitting consistently in the Pac-12 is difficult for a variety of reasons. First, the Pac-12 is one of the country's most talented conferences, arguably only surpassed by the brutal SEC. Second, the Pac-12's strength has historically been its pitching. Since 2006, a whopping 11 Pac-12 pitchers have been selected in the first round of the Major League Baseball draft. Put simply, hitting in the Pac-12 is harder than hitting just about anywhere.
More importantly, this Stanford team is in a portion of the season that begs for underperformance, particularly at the plate. After playing four high profile series against some of the country's best programs, the Stanford players took 10 days off from competition to complete their final exams. Although 10 days might not sound like a long time, for a hitter, 10 days off is an eternity. The Cardinal has obviously lost its early-season rhythm and swagger at the plate and is struggling mightily to reclaim some semblance of its former self.
That's the bad news. The good news is the slump might be over. Sure, Cal's pitching staff was running on fumes Monday night after its series at USC this past weekend, but there is no denying that Stanford's hitters looked more patient and more confident than they have for weeks. Most importantly, the case of over-anxiousness at the plate that has plagued the team recently was nowhere to be found.
This team is too talented and too competitive to stay down on the mat after taking a few punches. As Stanford's lineup continues to pile up at-bats and learn from its struggles, I have no doubt that the offense will return to its previous form. As Monday's game proves, these guys can turn on the fireworks at any moment. It's not a matter of if, but when they catch fire again.
Jack Mosbacher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Das AOK-Gebäude im Hamburger Stadtteil Borgfelde wurde 1924–1925 erbaut und steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Bauwerk und Lage

Die Pläne für das mit Klinkern verkleidete Gebäude im Stil des Backsteinexpressionismus stammen von den Hamburger Architekten Hermann Distel & August Grubitz.

Die drei Gebäudeflügel des fünfgeschossigen Hauses sind so angeordnet, dass sich ein H-förmiger Grundriss ergibt. Dem mittleren Flügel ist ein zweigeschossiger halbovaler Eingangspavillon vorgelagert, das zweite Geschoss ist etwas zurückgesetzt. Im Erdgeschoss wird dieser Gebäudeteil durch im Querschnitt dreieckige Lisenen gegliedert. Acht Stufen führen zum Eingang, der etwas über Straßenniveau liegt. Dem Eingangspavillon entspricht auf der Rückseite des Hauses ein ähnlicher halbovaler – dort eingeschossiger – Gebäudeteil.

Die Seitenflügel sind durch separate, als Spitzbogen gestaltete Eingänge zugänglich – dieses Motiv wiederholt sich in einem großen, oben spitz zulaufendem Fenster über dem Eingang. Dreieckige Erker, die sich bis zum vierten Geschoss erstrecken, schmücken die Seitenflügel, deren Stockwerke teilweise durch Gesimse getrennt sind, wodurch das Bauwerk eine akzentuierte horizontale Gliederung erhält.

Zwei Reliefs im Eingang versinnbildlichen die Sorge für die Jugend und die Sorge für das Alter; sie stammen von dem Hamburger Bildhauer Ludwig Kunstmann.

Das AOK-Gebäude in Borgfelde steht auf dem Eckgrundstück Bethesdastraße / Burgstraße. An seiner Westseite schließt sich die Straßenfront der Bethesdastraße an, im Süden der Hof der Schule Burgstraße.

Geschichte

Das AOK-Gebäude in Hamburg-Borgfelde wurde 1924–1925 erbaut. Der größte Teil des Gebäudes war für Wohnzwecke vorgesehen. Im Erdgeschoss der Eingangsrotunde befand sich eine Geschäftsstelle der AOK Hamburg mit Kundenschaltern. Im ersten Obergeschoss waren Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsräume untergebracht.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Gebäude beschädigt, anders als der überwiegende Teil der Vorkriegsgebäude in Borgfelde konnte es instand gesetzt werden. Das ursprüngliche Walmdach wurde beim Wiederaufbau durch ein Flachdach ersetzt. Die ehemalige Kassenhalle stand seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre leer, bis dort im 2009 eine Kindertagesstätte der Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg eingerichtet wurde. Neben dieser Einrichtung unterhält die Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg dort seit 2014 eine offene Begegnungsstätte für Menschen mit einer psychischen Erkrankung im Rahmen der Ambulanten Sozialpsychiatrie (ASP).

Literatur
 Ralf Lange: Architekturführer Hamburg. Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-930698-58-7.

Weblinks

 Pestalozzi Kita Bethesdastraße. Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg

Bauwerk des Expressionismus in Hamburg
Hambug, Aokgebaude
Kulturdenkmal in Hamburg-Borgfelde
Aokgebaude
Bauwerk im Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wego Chemical Group is a Heptanoic Acid supplier. Wego supplies Heptanoic Acid to various industries for a variety of applications and uses. Wego is an importer of Heptanoic Acid to numerous countries around the world. Manufacturers rely on Wego for a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective supply of Heptanoic Acid. Wego works with competitive and reliable manufacturers of Heptanoic Acid to provide supply chain solutions for our customers.
Wego supplies Heptanoic Acid to users/customers for Flavor & Fragrance.


text:
How to Be Safe Indoors During Coronavirus: Ventilation Pros Share Their Expertise
By Alex Vuocolo
School Chancellor Richard Carranza, left, feels for airflow from a ventilation unit inside a classroom at Bronx Collaborative High School, during a visit with Mayor Bill de Blasio, right, to review health safeguards in advance of schools reopening during COVID-19, Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2020, in New York. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews, Pool)
There's a term public health experts sometimes use to describe the overwhelming focus on surface cleaning and disinfection that took hold in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: "hygiene theater."
While "deep cleans" were encouraged early in the outbreak, a scientific consensus has since formed that surfaces are less likely to spread COVID than airborne transmission. Accordingly, this places a greater focus on social distancing, mask-wearing, and better ventilation and filtration.
But some experts feel that companies, building owners, and individuals have been slow to adopt this way of thinking about prevention.
"It's unfortunate that the recognition of the importance of ventilation didn't occur earlier than it has, but at least it's starting to come to the forefront now," Charles Haas, an indoor air quality expert and professor of environmental engineering at Drexel University, told Cheddar.
It couldn't have happened soon enough. New York and New Jersey, former epicenters of the outbreak, are now in the process of reopening gyms, restaurants, movie theaters, and other businesses — indoor spaces that have been eyed as hotspots for infection since the beginning of the pandemic.
Figuring out best practices when it comes to preventing airborne transmission is inherently challenging though, especially when it comes to the technical aspects of retrofitting ventilation systems. Every type of building has unique weaknesses and strengths, and which interventions are necessary and feasible varies widely between spaces.
"It's so dependent on the design details that beyond specifying higher quality and higher rate ventilation and greater filtration, a lot is going to have to be dependent on what the physical bones of the infrastructure are," Haas said. "They can come up with generic guides, but, for the building owners to get to the level of implementation, there needs to be boots on the ground looking at those particular spaces."
Right now, those boots on the ground are heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) companies that are tailoring solutions in real-time for individual businesses and buildings. Texas-based Sentry Air Systems, Inc. (SAS), for example, which designs and manufactures air purification systems, started working with dental offices as early as May.
"We had a big surge with dental offices," said Jeremy Idlebird, digital marketing manager for SAS. "They are like ground-zero for contracting COVID because you're dealing with a patient directly. If they have it, their aerosols are landing all in your breathing zone."
For those cases, SAS offered multiple solutions. One was a device called a Dental Aerosol Extractor that sits next to the patient's chair and essentially vacuums up particles as they come out of their mouth. Another was a free-floating air filtration system, meaning not connected to ductwork, that draws in and removes contaminants from the air.
These interventions are notable in that they are not modifications to a building's overall HVAC system. Instead, they offer a little backup in a localized area that may be more prone to coronavirus transmission.
Overhauling an entire system is a different caliber of intervention and one that often requires incurring significant costs.
Dan Diehl, CEO of Aircuity, a technology platform that helps building operators measure and assess air quality, explained that most buildings continuously recirculate air because taking fresh outdoor air and bringing it up or down to a regulated temperature is a huge energy — and money — suck.
"You heated it up so people are comfortable, and then you just flew it right out the roof," Diehl said. "You're losing a lot more energy to do that, but in an [operating room] or a lab you do that for safety and for cleanliness and for health, and they accept the additional expense."
The average office building, he added, exchanges air about once per hour, whereas an operating room can do it upwards of 20 times per hour.
Now coronavirus is forcing regular building operators to consider significantly raising their standards, and with it their costs, but incentivizing companies and property owners to invest in ventilation improvements has proven difficult without hard guidelines from agencies like the CDC.
"The biggest issue we're having right now is no one knows answers," Idlebird said. "Unfortunately, until the CDC releases more information, all we can do is give our best products that we've been able to prove work."
The wide range of potential needs makes this even more complicated. Some buildings are more prepared to make the adjustments in time for reopenings, while others are dealing with limited or badly maintained equipment, and they might not have the resources to fix or improve it.
"Some simple changes could be made," said Diehl. "But some buildings are going to be designed in a way that they're capacity-limited, so they would have to make system changes in order to move more air."
Diehl said his company is working with commercial property owners and major institutions to assess their portfolios to prioritize which buildings need to be upgraded first. He added that that knowledge is key.
"We're looking at some buildings and we're like, 'You're good. The air quality is great. You've got good filtration. You're bringing in tons of fresh air,'" he said. "If you do distancing and everything else, you're going to be fine. You can really broadcast to your people that you know what the air quality is in this building and bring them back and have them feel safe."
For the moment, the mid-Atlantic region at least has weather working in its favor.
"The easiest thing to do in this part of the country until the end of October is still going to be feasible," Haas said. "Open as many windows as possible. Get as much fresh air in as possible."
Need 2 Know: 1 Million Cases, Virus Could be Airborne
Independent Gyms, Movie Theaters Shell Out to Improve Air Quality During Coronavirus Pandemic
How Doctors Treat Patients Differently Now Versus Start of Pandemic


Finally, Amalgam is now ready to go public. I spent some time polishing it off, including cleaning up the CSS stylesheet so that it's organized in a somewhat sane way. The theme also validates as XHTML Transitional if that matters to you. This is a clean and quiet theme, no loud colors here. The sidebar is divided into 'boxes', each containing one piece of content.
I have to thank Khaled Abou Alfa and Joshua for their template, Rin. As you can see, this template shares some similarities with that theme. It was the inspiration for my first crack at this WordPress theming thing. This is still very much a work in progress and I have some ideas I will implement. If you have any comments or opinions, feel free to speak up. I'd appreciate any constructive criticism!
This theme has been tested to work in Firefox, Internet Explorer, Konqueror and Opera. I haven't tested any other browsers, so if anyone's reading this from a different browser, I'd appreciate a word or two about any problems or lack thereof.
I've created two versions of this theme. One is optimized for 1024×768 resolution while the other is suited for 800×600. The demos are here.
Here's the change log if you're curious as to what's been fixed/added.
Hope you enjoy the theme.
Looks awesome in Safari. Great Job!
First of all, congratulations. You really did a wonderful job with that theme.
I need a helping-hand. I'd like to include a "home" link in the links/search bar. As you may be able to see in my website I've got already "Tutoriales" and "Sobre este proyecto", but, though I tried, It seems that I don't know enough to change that part editing the template. Can you help me out?
All you need to do is find the area that starts with div id="navbar". The code following this will determine what shows up in the navigation menu at the top. To add a link in there, do your regular hyperlinking html and enclose it between list tags (which is < li >). You should put that right before the wp_list_pages function and right after the ul tag, if you want it to show up before the rest of your pages. Or you can even remove that whole function if you don't want your pages to show up in the navigation bar.
Thanks a lot, it really helpet out!
Congratulations for your theme and thank you for your feedback.
I love the drop-down menus in the sidebar, and having static links up top too. Thanks for this awesome theme. I'll be switching over soon.
Any plans for a new one? The only thing I'd change about this one is to incorporate the more seperately delineated areas like in Wuhan. Rounded I could take or leave, but I like the way each of the posts in Wuhan are in seperate little (square) bubbles. other than that this one's damn near perfect. Well done.
Great work, I love this theme so much. I am new at this and this is really encouraging me to learn… I do have a question, how do I remove the weblog title but still have it show on the browser's title? Does that make sense?


I have often wanted to know about my parent's history. While I have a couple pictures of my dad's parents, I know little. However, my mom grew up during the rise of the Third Reich in Germany and served the military in Poland during World War II. This was interesting, to say the least.


P-Chair has designed to unite the form and the material in a harmonious way. Although it may seem to have a sharp structure with its main line, it actually has a very feminine appearance. Moreover, the irregular angles of its back legs and back of the chair are some of its striking features. Its shape especially provides convenience in handling it, that is; its posture not being straight ensures simplicity in usage. On the other hand, P- Chair is not just designed for specific venues; on the contrary it is designed for houses, offices and public spaces.


text:
Meet Veterinary Care,
on Human Terms
Clinic Staff
Let's Build, Together.
At Modern Animal, we're building the world's first veterinary company that's centered around people. While we are here to help the animals, it's clear that the best outcomes happen when we serve the humans involved too.
From a network of thoughtfully designed clinics and in-house software to a unique membership model, we're rethinking the ways our practitioners work and live, to usher in the next generation of veterinary care that our industry needs. A win-win-win for all.
View Open Roles
Meet Modern Animal
We're a world-class team building the future of veterinary care.
Our care providers at all levels have the support they need to develop new skills, build sustainable careers and establish boundaries that allow for fulfilling lives outside of the exam room.
Building Smarter Technology
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HomeTop storiesSuccession Season 3 release date, cast, plot and everything you need
Succession Season 3 release date, cast, plot and everything you need
By- Shubhojeet Paul
Monday, 29 June 2020, 03:06 EDT
Modified date: Monday, 29 June 2020, 03:06 EDT
The most famous family drama show with a pinch of almost everything, like comedy satire, etc, is finally set to be ongoing with its third season. The previous two seasons, streamed on HBO, were able to gather a great fanbase and was liked by the viewers. Let us know more about the third season as to the release date, plot, and the cast.
The famous show isn't complete without its evergreen casts. Yes, the cast of the previous seasons is definitely going to return to continue their journey with season 3. These include The show stars Brian Cox as Logan Roy, with Jeremy Strong, Hiam Abbass, Sarah Snook, Kieran Culkin, Alan Ruck, Nicholas Braun, Matthew Macfadyen, and J. Smith-Cameron.
The show is the story of a billionaire family of Logan Roy and their children. It shows the individual life of their children, their dispute, and willingness to prove themselves the best among the others in order to be thrown the next successor of the large business empire. This simple family saga left a great impact upon the viewers as most of the stuff shown is quite relatable among each of our daily lives.
S2 showed us the loyal Cousin Greg, heir apparent Kendall Roy ripped up his prepared statement and revealed a decade long cover-up publicly.
S3 will be focused on the fact whether this would be evident enough to be the heir of Logan Roy or are there going to be some kind of deviation from the story path. Though the third season is scripted completely, the plot hasn't been fully disclosed and we have to wait for the series to be released.
The second season was aired last season, where the release of the third season was announced to be by this year. But due to the coronavirus crises, shooting is halted for the time being and there is no official news as to the stream of the third season. Viewers have to wait for some more time until some updates are made upon the show, and if so we will definitely keep you updated.
Succession season 3
Succession season 3 cast
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Shubhojeet Paul
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Stanbic Bank Ignite program graduates celebrating their achievement after a 6 months program aimed at developing female leaders within the bank. Others at the center are Stanbic Bank Director, Judika Kingori (in red right) and the program facilitator, Patricia Murugambi (in red left).
An old adage goes, "if you educate a man, you educate one person. If you educate a woman, you educate a nation" – a frequently utilized quote in the development circles. We know that equal opportunities have to be afforded to both men and women, especially when it comes to education.
However, the education of girls and women in particular is a magical multiplier in the development equation as the benefits are felt throughout the whole community.
For the last quarter century, the gender agenda has been championed across various platforms: from the workplace, to awareness campaigns, strengthening anti-discrimination policies, and encouraging more women to enter the corporate world.
According to a Ministry of Community Development Gender and Children (MCDGC) publication, 50.6% of Tanzania's labor force is occupied by women and the overall labor force participation rate, (including the informal sector) of women is 80.7%- slightly higher than men who hold 79.6%.
Getting more women in the workplace is only half the battle, equipping them with the skills and tools to develop as leaders in top positions is an area that is often overlooked by employers.
Many companies worldwide have established initiatives to build leadership skills in their female employees- especially senior members of the management team.
In Tanzania, Stanbic bank, in partnership with Breakthrough Consulting Solutions launched the IGNITE initiative earlier in the year in March to develop female leaders within the bank.
The first intake included 25 women who hold senior positions at the bank. The IGNITE curriculum takes a holistic approach seeking to enrich the personal lives, mindset and professional career of the participants.
The program has infused others to be more courageous and collaborative leaders, Agnes Thadei a Senior Manager in the Internal Audit department, says she was challenged to think like a leader and not just as an employee knowing that the impact of her ideas and actions cascade throughout the entire organization.
She also notes the importance of incorporating a discipline of reading, recognizing that "I can't lead if I don't read".
Stanbic endeavors to enhance and enable the talent and potential of women at the bank, so as to empower their success in all spheres of their lives.
"My mindset has been stretched as I have been able to be more strategic in my thinking says Hellen Makanza," the bank's Company Secretary. "I have many skills which I have been under-utilizing and yet these are beneficial to myself and the organization," she adds.
Women juggling career and family often find it challenging to find an equilibrium that works, according to Hellen, the program has helped her prioritize her family and generally be more organized.


Our Guests Can't Wait to Get to the Office.
There is something unique and magical to be gained through a Minnesuing Acres teambuilding experience, that will have you jumping out of bed each morning, ready to face the challenges of the day. Honestly, when is the last time you've seen anyone this excited to get to work?
"Thank you for all that you and your staff did to make our summer offsite a successful and memorable one. Your assistance and hands-on involvement with the planning process and the event itself was particularly helpful. It was another great year at Minnesuing, so please pass along our appreciation!"


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Blackpool's Funny Girls celebrates 25 years of cabaret
Tim Gavell
Celebrations fit for a queen took place in Blackpool as the town's iconic cabaret showbar Funny Girls celebrated its 25th year.
The drag show originally opened in a corner shop on Blackpool's Queen Street in 1994 and was an instant success, so much so that eight years later it moved to a much bigger venue – its current home in the Grade II Listed building on Dickson Road, with its art-deco features.
The Funny Girls team with a celebratory cake in the shape of the Grade II listed premises
Headline stars Betty Legs Diamond and DJ Zoe were there for the opening night and celebrated with cast members past and present and fans for the quarter century celebration.
Betty Legs Diamond said: "The first show was a really special night – we had no idea how it would go but the atmosphere was electric. The audience took us into their hearts, they could see it was all fun but it was also very professional."
DJ Zoe said: "When we first opened we had no idea just how popular it would become.
"Blackpool hadn't seen anything like it before so on that first night we didn't even know if anyone would turn up – but it was fantastic and we instantly knew we had something special.
DJ Zoe on the red carpet
"We had a tiny stage back then and the queues kept forming outside. It just got bigger and bigger and we kept expanding and then eventually got our current home in the fabulous Odeon building."
Over the years, it has gone from strength to strength, with its Las Vegas-style show. The cast has appeared on the Royal Variety Show twice and attracts visitors from around the world, to enjoy Funny Girls' unique blend of dancing, music and entertainment.
Among the celebrity visitors was Queen of Hollywood, Dame Joan Collins, who officially opened the former Odeon cinema building after Funny Girls completed a £2m renovation project in 2002.
Zoe, said: "Funny Girls is bright, it's colourful and above all it's fun – just like Blackpool – and we're happy to help put the town on the map. It really doesn't feel like 25 years since we opened – but we couldn't let that moment pass without a big celebration."
Betty Legs Diamond and the gang ready to give guests a right royal welcome to the 25th anniversary celebrations at Funny Girls
Tracey Litherland, sales manager said: "Over 1,000 people came through the doors for our celebration events. It's been fun, nostalgic and emotional.
There has been a huge amount of interest and we've had messages of congratulations from all over the world.
"Over the weekend we have had lots of familiar faces coming to party with us, including former dancers and bar staff. It's been one of the best weekends. We are so proud of Funny Girls and all it has done for Blackpool. We're now looking forward to the next 25 years."
The search is on for Blackpool's top tradesperson as Screwfix launches a nationwide hunt
Blackpool accountants reaches the big 5-0 for training
Mayor of Blackpool, Coun Amy Cross at the 25th anniversary evening
Pictures from the past 25 years at Funny Girls
Race For Life Blackpool 2019: Pictures from yesterday's 5k dash to beat cancer


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Five greatest all-time NFL playoff games...
Five greatest all-time NFL playoff games
Lili Reinhart Opens Up About Struggling With Body Image
Jasmin Savoy Brown and Liv Hewson Talk Van & Tai on Yellowjackets
Thousands of COVID tests ordered across states, National Guard to deploy
Cyberattack hits Ukraine government websites
Published On: Fri, Jan 14th, 2022
Fashion | By admin
Showtime's hit Yellowjackets is finishing off its first season on Sunday Jan. 16, and fans are in a fervor. The show follows two timelines, the first set in 1996 when a team of soccer-playing girls crash in the Canadian wilderness on their way to nationals. We know that eventually some of them were rescued, 19 months later. We also know that in that interim starvation loomed and cannibalism became a ritualistic part of their little society.
But the cannibalism manages to be one of the least interesting parts of the series, which jumps back and forth to the grown-up survivors in present day who are all still experiencing the repercussions of their time in the woods. Figuring out what exactly happened—who else survived and how—is a major fan conversation.
Amid all of the blood, gore, and tragedy, the romantic relationship between two of the teens, Taissa and Van, is a beautiful light shining through. Played as a youth by Jasmin Savoy Brown, we know Taissa makes it out of the forest because her adult counterpart (Tawny Cypress) is introduced in the first episode. What happens to Van, played by Liv Hewson, is still unknown. ELLE.com spoke with Brown and Hewson about the love their characters share on the show and the project they've been collaborating on off-set, The Gay Agenda, where they interview "LGBTQ+ creatives at the top of their fields across different industries."
Congrats on The Gay Agenda being released! Has there been a good response to it?
Jasmin Savoy Brown: People are really excited about it. I actually got an email from one of my producers at Netflix saying this is the most response they've ever gotten on day one of a podcast. So that's pretty cool!
Does podcasting feel like more of the same or a new challenge?
JSB: No, because it's just talking to friends; it's really just about being in queer community which is my favorite thing to do. So it's possibly the easiest thing I've ever done, to be honest. And I think that's also why it's the most fun.
When did you start start discussing it?
Liv Hewson: Like early 2021. We've been working on it for a while. Jasmin came up with the podcast and pitched it and then brought me on as a co-host. So it's been a long time in the making. We were recording it while we were shooting the show [Yellowjackets].
With the popularity of Yellowjackets, does it feel different being in the public eye? It's become a cult hit so quickly.
JSB: It's really fun. The fans of Yellowjackets are really smart and really engaging. There was a moment where I knew things had shifted—it would be different for everybody, but I think for this cast the moment was when Not All Geminis, the Instagram page, made some memes about us. We were like, "You guys! We're famous!" [laughs]. That was really cool. I think that also speaks to the moment, how much community online is a reflection of the times. Because it's COVID still, so it's not like we're going to parties out in the world and being recognized. So I don't feel a change in day-to-day life, but I do feel a change online and it's exciting.
LH: It's a different experience. This is my first time being on a show quite like this. It's a mystery and it airs week-to-week. So the building of momentum as the show comes out over a period of time and the accumulation of people having theories and commentary and reactions to what's going on—being able to watch that over a period of 10 weeks is really new to me and I've been having a lot of fun with it. It's new, it's nice.
Speaking of online community, there's a really big community on Reddit for Yellowjackets.
JSB: I read it a few times a week. I love the Reddit community for Yellowjackets. They're so smart.
Have you seen them guess stuff ahead of time?
JSB: Hmm, a couple times. But it's mostly elaborate, incredible theories that are completely wrong. And that's really fun. I'm excited for people to see how wrong they are.
Both of you mentioned in the podcast's first episode not wanting to see queer character stories that end in tragedy. The Yellowjackets story is inherently tragic, but Van and Taissa's relationship is played very supportively and romantically. No spoilers, but do you feel anxious about what might happen to them?
JSB: Certainly. Certainly I do. Because everything that can go wrong in the world of Yellowjackets will go wrong. So, yes, I do have anxiety there. But I don't have anxiety about how the show will handle the relationship in terms of queerness 'cause they've already proven that they understand what not to do. The fact that Van didn't die—when I finished episode seven and I thought we had a "kill your gays" moment, I was so pissed. I like, called the producers and was like, mad. And they were like, "No, no, no, no, no, she's not dead," and I was like, "Oh! Okay, then we're fine. Love you guys!"
When I finished episode seven and I thought we had a "kill your gays" moment, I was so pissed.
LH: It's not anxiety per se. Something that I like about the show is how baked into it tragedy is. But also how funny the show is and how many points of light we're able to find within it [thematically]. That's just fun for us to do as actors, but I think it also makes the show really interesting from a genre perspective. That it's shocking, but also very funny, but also very tragic and horrible at the same time. And like, truly, the situation will not improve for these girls. And everybody knows that going in and it's only going to get worse for everybody. But we're still able to explore these relationships in a very grounded and sweet and fully realized way in amongst how miserable their situation is and that's something I like about the show a lot.
Did you know your character lived after the wolf attack?
LH: Well, they don't tell us anything in advance. So I didn't know that was gonna happen. When the writers told Jane [Widdop] that Laura Lee was going to die, they took Jane out to lunch a few episodes in advance before that happened. And we got the script for episode seven, and I hadn't been taken out to lunch. So I was like, "Okay, if I'm dying they better take me out to lunch! Otherwise this is bullshit!" But they called me. Truly, we got the scripts and like not even a couple of hours later [Yellowjackets creators] Ashley [Lyle] and Bart [Nickerson] called me and were like, "So you're not dying, so it's fine, you live to play another day, but this is a permanent injury." And I was like, "Yeah, it looks like it, for sure." I knew fairly quickly that Van would survive, which was nice.
So you think they would have been open to your input if that had been the plan?
JSB: One hundred percent. I was ready to fight. Because I'm not gonna participate in that personally. There's too much of that in the world. Anything that I'm attached to is gonna be done right.
Kailey Schwerman/Showtime
It's not often we see queer actors playing queer characters and I was wondering if that's significant to you.
JSB: Certainly, it's been very significant. I'm very fortunate to be at a moment in my career right now where all of the characters that I'm playing are queer. And I'm getting to play a lot of queer girls of color. Yeah, it's really special to get to bring my whole self to a role. Especially when I'm invited to collaborate on that role. That's happened on both Yellowjackets and Scream, where they want our feedback and want us to be breathing in these characters. I don't know if that's rare or if it's new, to be invited to participate so fully in creating a role and embodying it. And I hope that I get to do it more and more and more.
Do you think it's important for queer characters to be played by queer people?
LH: From a personal standpoint, I think it's lovely. I wouldn't say that I think it's essential. For me, the things that I am always thinking about the most with queer storytelling is: Who's writing it? Who's directing it? Who's producing it? Because those are the people who have foundational control over how the story goes. That's where the story is really made. Actors are the face, but we're just a little piece of a big pie. And part of the issue is that for so long and kind of on an ongoing basis, out queer actors will get passed over to play straight roles as well. Because it's like, "Oh well, we don't know if you can carry a project, we don't know if people can believe that." That's why a lot of people have historically stayed closeted in this industry. I think part of the problem is [we need to] hire queer actors more, period, right? The more queer stories that are being written and the more queer creators that are involved, maybe it's like not as much of a dealbreaker if a straight person plays a queer person. Because there's nothing inherently visible about queerness, but it's definitely an ongoing conversation and I'm open to everybody's thoughts on it.
There's a limitation to representation on camera when there's nothing happening behind the camera.
LH: Yeah. And also as an actor, I want the room to play queer people and straight people and people of all different experiences. I want the same freedom for other actors as well, but part of that freedom is—it can't ever be only one thing. Straight people can't play queer characters all the time. That wouldn't be fair.
Does it matter to you if you ever get to play a nonbinary character or think about representation on that issue? Nonbinary characters are often portrayed on film and TV as very androgynous figures; there's not a lot of variety in how that identity is represented.
LH: Yeah, I'd like to see more, and I'd like to be involved in that. That's something that excites me about the future, is hopefully that happening more, and hopefully being able to do more of that. We'll see! You know, who can say what the future holds, but I hope it holds more stories about nonbinary people being told, and if I could be involved in that in any capacity that would be really exciting.
Straight people can't play queer characters all the time. That wouldn't be fair.
Do you think you'd ever be interested in directing or producing?
JSB: I've been thinking about that for a while. This podcast, The Gay Agenda, I created it and produce it. And that's been a really good exercise for me. And yeah I have a couple ideas a couple things in mind. I love actors so much, I've directed a short film no one has seen. But I would love to be Janelle Monáe meets Natalie Morales. That would be my ideal. Two brilliant, women of color. Both queer women of color. Natalie is a brilliant actress and director, Janelle Monáe is both an actor and musician. I think they both produce. I want to be a crossover of them.
There's an element of the supernatural in Yellowjackets. Would you prefer it be actual supernatural forces at play or just trauma-induced madness?
LH: I just love the way this show plays around with imagery and ambiguity. Is there something really malicious going on, or are these girls living through hell and their brains are just trying to find ways to deal with it? It's like, "I don't know!" I literally don't, they don't tell us.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.
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Q: c++ string has garbage chars I'm just getting in to c++ and I was working on a base 62 convertor program. It works just fine for the long to string function and for the string to long function as long as the string is under 4 chars long. Then things just get weird.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int char_to_int(char a){
    int b=(int)a;
    if(b-(int)'0'>=0&&b-(int)'0'<10)
        return b-(int)'0';
    if(b-(int)'a'>=0&&b-(int)'a'<26)
        return b-(int)'a'+10;
    return b-(int)'A'+36;
}

char int_to_char(int a){
    if(a<10)
        return (char)(a+(int)'0');
    if(a<36)
        return (char)((a-10)+(int)'a');
    return (char)((a-36)+(int)'A');
};

long stol(string a){
    int length=a.size()-1;
    int power=0;
    long total=0;
    for(;length>=0;length--){
        total+=(char_to_int(a[length])*(long)pow(62,power));
        power++;
    }
    return total;
}

string ltos(long a){
    int digits=(int)(log(a)/log(62))+1;
    char pieces[digits];
    int power=digits-1;
    for(int i=0;i<digits;i++){
        pieces[i]=int_to_char((int)(a/pow(62,power)));
        cout<<pieces[i]<<endl;
        a=a%(long)pow(62,power);
        power--;
    }
    return string(pieces);
}

int main(){
    string secret_password="test";
    long pass_long=stol(secret_password);
    string to_out=ltos(pass_long);
    cout<<sizeof(to_out)<<endl;
    cout<<to_out<<endl;
    cout<<to_out[4]<<endl;
    cout<<to_out[5]<<endl;
    cout<<to_out[6]<<endl;
}

The output is as follows:
t
e
s
t
4
test═ôZAx■(
═
ô
Z

As you can see, there's a bunch of garbage at the end. I'm confused because I know the length of the string is 4, but the next couple characters are printed as well. I just started c++ and have only worked with Java until now, and I know there are some nuances with strings in c++. It may have something to do with that, or it might just have something to do with type conversion.

A: In ltos when you create a string with string(pieces);, the string class is expecting a NULL terminated string:
pieces[0] = 'T';
pieces[1] = 'e';
pieces[2] = 's';
pieces[3] = 't';
pieces[4] = '\0';  // Same as: pieces[4] = 0;

Your array doesn't have that trailing 0. So you need to tell the string constructor how many chars you have:
return string(pieces, digits);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Airline Fuel Hedging: Do Hedge Horizon and Contract Maturity Matter?
Large and unpredictable swings in fuel prices create financial uncertainty to airlines. While there are the risks for going unhedged, airlines that hedge to mitigate fuel price risk face the basis risk. This paper examines whether the length of hedge horizon and distance to contract maturity affect the effectiveness of jet fuel cross hedging. Understanding the effects of hedge duration and futures contract maturity helps improve airline?s fuel hedging strategies. We find that (1) regardless of the distance to contract maturity, weekly hedge horizon has the highest effectiveness for jet fuel proxies like heating oil, Brent, WTI, and gasoil; (2) heating oil is the best jet fuel proxy for all hedge horizons and contract maturities; and (3) the hedge effectiveness of heating oil is higher for one-month and three-month contracts.