Hey Family!!! How is the new Baby Girl? She looks adorable! (Jeff's sister Amy had a baby girl Paisli on Jan 25th after 11 wks of bed rest) I'm so mad! That's the 3rd baby I have missed since I have been out! I'm so jealous!
This week had been pretty crazy hectic! Tuesday night the wildest storm hit. I thought the second coming was here! HAHA! So we get a call early Wednesday morning that some pretty bad damage had happened to a lot of our members and their neighbors! So we got ready and went out. The mud huts which are actually pretty nice were just destroyed. So we were crazy busy working and we got another call from our district pres. saying we need to come to the district center. We thought there was damage there but when we rolled up there was a couple Obruni's and a bunch of camera equipment. They said they were filming a movie for the church and taking pics for the Liahona!!! I don't think I will be in any of it but just in case look out for it! Oh yeah then we went right back to work. It's been pretty tiring all week! We've been building and fixing everything!
The baptism will be in the next 2 wks cause we couldn't get them all interviewed this week from all the damage and working on that! Also my family the Nyimpha's, their son left on his mission Friday. It was sweet! He went to the Enugu Nigeria Mission! I will miss that kid! I loved him! He worked with us a lot! He will be a great missionary!
I have been thinking a lot about school and where and what I want to do! I'm still thinking about the transfer, coming home one transfer early. If not 7 months is a long time to sit. I have some time to think still but not much! So yeah that's my week in review!


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Simon has been very helpful and comforting Real Estate Agent throughout the whole campaign for 9 Condor Street Hawthorn East. Simon delivered his expertise in a professional manner from the first meeting to the plan the auction campaign to the meeting before auction where he summarised the campaign and explained how he was going to conduct the auction. He is a skilful auctioneer, always promoting our home while engaging the buyers and achieving a great price.
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Simon Derham is an experienced real estate professional who was extremely skilful in achieving a sale at our reserve price only two days after there were no bids at auction and low offers afterwards. He arranged for catch-up maintenance for our home of 20 years in an extremely tight timetable which allowed us to avoid a public holiday during our sales campaign. We found him to be pleasant, ethical, straight-forward, well-organised and timely and he always kept us fully informed about the sale process and the progress of the sales campaign. We would certainly use him again.


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text:
Book Club: Boyd
The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War
Robert Coram, 2002
Little, Brown and Company, New York, New York
Like Collapse, this is another book that I didn't quite finish before starting on the next. However, the pause here was only for a few days, and the reason had nothing to do with getting bogged down in a suggested readings discussion and everything to do with a complete change of subject. The appendix of Boyd, a book that is a straight-forward biography of a single individual, of the same name as the book, was written by the subject himself. It's an essay, not about this book or the man's own life, but rather about a subject that was dear to him and occupied at least the second half of his career and much of what happened after he retired - an attempt to understand and formalize his own thought processes.
Most of Boyd reads like any other biography of a not-particularly-famous-but-highly-influential person - the life of John Boyd is laid out chronologically, from birth to death, with occassional bits of mild foreshadowing, of the 'this would become important later' type. My interest in the book stems entirely from the subject matter, the story of an interesting person. The author seems competent, but uninteresting, based on the sample of just this book - perhaps Mr. Coram, in the other two nonfiction books and seven novels the 'about the author' describes in a single sentence (not each - in total) displays some higher talent and skill in storytelling and authorship. Mr. Coram seems quite the fan of his subject, and his frequent references to the overarching importance of Mr. Boyd's work and contributions sometime become irritating - but they're not that frequent, and rarely distract too badly from the story.
John Boyd's life is actually very interesting. His career as a pilot in the US Air Force, from the Korean War to his retirement in the mid-1970's, was much more about politics within the US military that it was about being a pilot, per se. Perhaps because Mr. Boyd was so frequently the target of apparently petty beaurocratic attacks and maneuvering, the Pentagon is described in almost entirely negative terms. I was left wondering why, if it's such a terrible, grinding, soul-destroying place full of contemptible liars, cheats, and minor tyrants, the Pentagon is allowed to exist in a country that every decade or so forcibly reminds the top generals that civilians control the military.
The great personal ambition and drive of Mr. Boyd comes through as he overcomes or obliterates every obstacle in his path. Unfortunately, this seems to have taken a terrible toll on his family and personal life - no friends outside of his immediate work are described after his childhood, and his (now middle-aged) children are repeatedly referred to as harbouring a great anger towards their father. Mr. Coram, perhaps wishing to paint an entirely positive picture of his subject, seems to have glossed over Mr. Boyd's personal life - the names of his five children are mentioned so rarely that I forgot who was who when they were described as adults near the end of the book, and Mrs. Boyd is not mentioned for chapter after chapter in the middle of the book. Major events in the life of a parent, such as the high-school or university graduation of children, or important family vacations, are not described or are discussed only in passing as Mr. Coram focusses on the minutiae of Mr. Boyd's professional and academic pursuits.
The appendix at the end of the book is a short paper, about eight pages long, titled "Destruction and Creation". I'm very pleased that Mr. Coram and the publisher decided to include what constitutes one of the only things Mr. Boyd ever wrote in his life. It describes a kind of method for interacting with reality, a framework to think about thinking about thinking. There are ideas in there I expect to find myself considering at odd moments for a long time.
Posted by TheBrummell at 2:30 pm
Labels: History, Reviews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to use base doubleclick event from one project to be used in other project? The project is very long so I will copy only this small part.
public MACTrackBar()
        {
            base.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseDownSlider);
            base.MouseUp += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseUpSlider);
            base.MouseMove += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseMoveSlider);
            base.MouseDoubleClick += new MouseEventHandler(OnMouseDoubleClick);
         }

Then in the same project
private void OnMouseDoubleClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
        {

        }

After I'm making changes i build it and adding the dll file to my other project toolbox.
but instead doing it in the same project i want the event to be able to make it in form1 in my other project after adding the dll.

Then in my other project in form1 i'm doing

but i don't see the new event the OnMouseDoubleClick i created in the source project.
maybe the MouseDoubleClick is the new event i created in the source ?
maybe i need to make it somehow public instead base  in the source ?
i'm a bit confuse. is the new event exist in the dll and can be used in the other project or the event is only available in the source project ?
In the source should i add the event like this
private void OnMouseDoubleClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
            {

            }

because if i don't make it in the source i will get error that the OnMouseDoubleClick is not exist and i want it to be in the other project to create the event in form1.
i checked again now this events are not exist none of them in the other project where i added the dll file and dragged the control.
base.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseDownSlider);
base.MouseUp += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseUpSlider);
base.MouseMove += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseMoveSlider);
base.MouseDoubleClick += new MouseEventHandler(OnMouseDoubleClick);

so all this events are local to the source project.
how can i add a public event ?
when in the other project after dragged the control to the form1 designer i want that in macTrackBar1.
to be able to create the event for the double click maybe the name i gave to the event is wrong it should be something like
OnTrackerDoubleClick instead of OnMouseDoubleClick
the problem is how to be able to create the event in other projects ?
Updating on what i tried so far
In the source project i added event like this
public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> TrackerDoubleClick;

        public MACTrackBar()
        {
            base.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseDownSlider);
            base.MouseUp += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseUpSlider);
            base.MouseMove += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseMoveSlider);
        }

The line i added is
public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> TrackerDoubleClick;

then in the other project i did
public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            macTrackBar1.TrackerDoubleClick += MacTrackBar1_TrackerDoubleClick;
        }

and for testing
private void MacTrackBar1_TrackerDoubleClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("Hi");
        }

but the double click is not working does nothing.
what i want to do is double click event on the tracker the blue circle thing.

and it should be in the source in the method
public MACTrackBar()
        {
            base.MouseDown += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseDownSlider);
            base.MouseUp += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseUpSlider);
            base.MouseMove += new MouseEventHandler (OnMouseMoveSlider);
        }

and not outside like i did.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Metro Appointment Race Gets Interesting
By Chris Smith on February 9, 2011 in Leadership
As former Governor Barbara Roberts adds her name at the last minute to the least of folks seeking to replace Council Robert Liberty. I wonder what her CRC stance is?
The final list (the cutoff was at 5pm today):
Martha Dibblee, a retired health physicist and consultant who has served on the Energy Facility Siting Council and the board of the Climate Trust.
Kenneth Heggem, a sales representative with Columbia Northwest Heating and board member of the Woodstock Neighborhood Association.
Jonathan Levine, a former project manager with the University of Western States.
Walt Nichols, a bookkeeper with Watson Plumbing Co. and chair of the Mt. Scott-Arleta Neighborhood Association. Nichols was an unsuccessful candidate for Portland City Council in 2010.
Alesia Reese, a clerk with the U.S. Postal Service and member of the Parkrose School District board. She is also chair of the Woodland Park Neighborhood Association and the East Portland Parks Coalition.
Barbara Roberts, former Oregon Governor.
Bob Shiprack, a labor relations consultant for Pac/West Communications and a former executive secretary of the Oregon State Building Trades Council. He served six terms in the Oregon House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995.
Bob Stacey, a consultant and former executive director of 1000 Friends of Oregon. He also served as chief of staff to Congressman Earl Blumenauer and as executive director of policy and planning for TriMet. Stacey was an unsuccessful candidate for Metro Council President in 2010.
JPACT Ready to Revise Flexible Funds Policy
Make Walk Score Better
10 Responses to Metro Appointment Race Gets Interesting


text:
The energy and housing transitions are being led by communities
Across three continents, citizens are working with their local communities to build more sustainable futures for themselves in housing and energy.
New housing in Solapur, India.
In Solapur, India, housing cooperatives have come together to build more than 15,000 affordable homes since 2001, relocating thousands of workers from slums.
The Solapur Housing Initiative, led by the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, began construction of another 30,000 homes in January 2018, and recently took out the housing category of the Transformative City award.
Many of these homes – typically around 50 square metres in size – are for beedi workers, poorly paid cigarette-rolling women who are often the sole breadwinners for their families. These women previously rented tiny shanties in slums.
The land purchase cost was shared equally by the worker, the central government and the state government, but the workers struggled for a long time to win their demand and have previous debts cancelled.
The award proves that the sheer strength of workers' sustained efforts, with the cooperation of governments, can deliver results.
On the other side of the world, in Bolivia, the residents of San Pedro Magisterio village used to have to fetch water from springs near their polluted river daily.
Then the San Pedro Magisterio grassroots community organisation founded a water cooperative. They drilled wells and built the basic infrastructure to bring water to their homes. The funding to solve all these problems came from contributions made by community members, who did all the work themselves.
They followed this with a long campaign to build a wastewater treatment plant to clean up the highly polluted river. The community set up a reed bed ecological sewage treatment system serving 4000 people.
Resident Doña Magui says they are now trying to replace the reeds with arum lilies because they perform the same function and will help keep the treatment plant going in the long-term, because residents will sell the lilies and put the profits back into maintenance.
"As far as the state is concerned, we don't exist," Magui says, adding that it was the residents themselves who built the first school, the church and the first roads. This community was awarded the water category of the Transformative City award.
The third and final energy category was given to the Spanish city of Cadiz for its action plan against energy poverty.
The campaign featured active cooperation between local government leaders and ordinary citizens. A group of unemployed citizens were trained as energy advisers and given an eight-month contract by the city council to tackle unemployment, energy poverty and climate change simultaneously.
The team gives families in Cádiz advice on how to optimise their energy contracts so they pay as little as possible. In just three months, the team ran 60 workshops, gave 640 people training on energy issues, and advised 70 families in their homes, reducing their electricity bills by 20-50 per cent.
There have been 224 households that have changed their contracts to a time-of-day tariff, another sign of the knowledge gained by workshop participants.
The energy transition and energy poverty
While in the South, communities face more severe problems in transforming themselves to achieve sustainability, in the North it is energy poverty which is frequently the hidden but powerful motivator for change. Energy poverty is where building design and energy supply meet.
EU energy regulation still lacks a commonly agreed legal definition of energy poverty and this prevents the setting of mandatory targets and roadmaps.
Some national governments give low income households the chance to access social tariffs:
In Flanders, Belgium, for example, each household can obtain an annual discount on bills based on its size.
In Italy, low-income households and large families are offered discounts on gas and electricity bills, – a national plan supported by all municipalities.
In France social tariffs have been replaced by 'energy cheques', which people can use not only to pay their utility bills but also to finance energy-saving works in their homes.
In Germany, Berlin's electricity grid is up for sale approximately every 15 years. When selecting the supplier in 2016, the citizens pushed for fuel poverty to be one of the criteria of buyer selection to be factored in by the local government.
In the absence of this, community energy groups are tackling the issue:
In England, Plymouth City Council identified community energy as a potential solution to energy poverty and facilitated the creation of Plymouth Energy Community in 2013, which now includes 1200 individuals and organisations who are transitioning to an affordable and low carbon energy system by offering access to grants to cancel energy debt, free and assisted insulation and advice on the best tariff options.
And a Low Carbon Hub Community Energy Fund is tackling the looming end of the British Feed-in Tariff subsidy for locally-generated solar electricity in March 2019, by fundraising frantically to install as many solar panels as possible on schools and businesses before the deadline. It has already successfully installed a new array at a primary school and is working with Oxfordshire County Council to encourage more schools to follow their example. It is campaigning to raise £1 million by 31st of July 2018, to bring in long term equity from positive investors.
In Scotland, non-profit social company OurPower, which is owned by social housing providers, community organisations and local authorities, produces and sells its own energy. Profits are reinvested to benefit customers and their community and every member can access locally produced renewable energy at a fair price and is able to control their energy supply and distribution.
In Wales, a similar approach is achieved by Awel Aman Tawe, which owns a wind farm and has installed photovoltaic rooves on community buildings.
In the Netherlands, a new Climate Agreement was reached at the beginning of this month which includes a community energy target that requires all new wind and solar projects to be at least half owned by the local community. All 33 Dutch regions have regional energy strategies under development.
Siward Zomer, representative of 'Energie Samen', the Dutch sector association of sustainable energy initiatives of citizens and farmers, said that "We expect a great acceleration of the development of new renewable energy projects where communities can become owners".
The control over revenues from renewable energy projects means that citizens, farmers and local entrepreneurs can directly benefit the local community.
Zomer says that strong collaboration between the market and the community will accelerate the energy transition. "The transition to a carbon free electricity system needs to be a democratic transition, giving all citizens the opportunity to participate. As part of the overall agreement, five hundred districts off the gas pipeline will have a transition plan within three years, agreed between housing collectives and community groups, local municipalities and other parties."
In Mouscron, Belgium (58,000 inhabitants), the first community energy cooperative COOPEM was launched this year by the municipality itself, following a feasibility study and several public meetings, strong involvement of citizens and a partnership with two companies, Energiris (a Brussels citizens' cooperative) and Aralia (a third-party investor in PV projects).
COOPEM's equity is owned 55 per cent by citizens, 15 per cent by the municipality and 30 per cent by the two private partners.
Thanks to bulk purchasing and the government's Qualiwatt subsidy (a feed-in tariff that runs out at the end of July) citizens benefit from a reduction on the cost of the installation. When residents use energy from the grid, their meter runs normally but when their PV panels generate electricity, the meter runs backwards.
Many such organisations are members of the European Federation of Renewable Energy Cooperatives (REScoops), a network of 1,250 European energy cooperatives and their 1.000.000 citizens who are active in the energy transition.
Villages in Transition
Luzy in France is part of another network, the Village in Transition movement. It boasts a farmers' corner, associative café, the Horizon, the donation shed, all run by citizens, with municipality support.
Luzy is a member of POTEs (Ordinary Energy Transition Pioneers), fostered by pan-European initiative Energy Cities, whose Carine Dartiguepeyrou says "are every-day-life innovators and visionaries working in areas related to the energy transition that Energy Cities, the Bourgogne Franche-Comté Region and ADEME, the French national energy conservation and environment agency, are forming into a network.
"POTEs are efficient and innovative… they collaborate and take care of others by helping them make progress in their project and overcome difficulties."
She explains that "A good example of this is the 'hold-up' method, a collective intelligence tool used for the third place the Horizon and the farmers' corner at Luzy. Starting with an issue faced by each project, the participants put forward solutions to help the Horizon find a new business model and the farmers' corner perpetuate its activity.
"In order to solve concrete challenges faced by project leaders (social entrepreneurs, researchers, engineers, government, NGOs ...), the actors who participate in a Hold-Up discuss and exchange ideas."
The European Council and the European Committee of the Regions (CoR) are drafting models of local energy ownership and the role of local energy communities in energy transition in Europe.
Energy Cities has prepared a joint contribution together with ResCoop.EU, the European federation for renewable energy cooperatives for the European Parliament to move forward on this issue. They are arguing that "only by distributing control among local actors will we be able to get to a fair energy transition and effectively fight climate change. Furthermore, this would contribute to local development and the reduction of (energy) poverty."
They perceive an enormous interest among local authorities to take control of the energy infrastructure, but also a lot of uncertainty on the 'hows and whats', and fear of failure.
Energy communities represent a distinct market actor in the energy system. They can play many roles at the local level such as provision of clean renewable energy and technical expertise. They can also as a partner to support local economic and social objectives.
For REScoop.eu, renewable energy cooperatives are ideal partners to lead the energy transition to energy democracy.
Sharing best practices and organising exchanges between cities can fill in the current knowledge and confidence gap.
So the EU Energy Poverty Observatory has published a new Guidance on designing effective energy poverty policies in municipalities about how to implement realistic and appropriate local energy poverty policies.
The EU Energy Poverty Observatory is now inviting municipalities to apply for technical assistance with the implementation of this guidance, including insights from best practices and recommendations based on the local circumstances.
David Thorpe's two new books are Passive Solar Architecture Pocket Reference and Solar Energy Pocket Reference. He's also the author of Energy Management in Building and Sustainable Home Refurbishment.
Labels: Co-operatives, community energy, energy poverty, renewable energy, sustainable community, water quality
The energy and housing transitions are being led b...


text:
A Assembleia Mundial da Saúde (AMS) (em inglês: World Health Assembly [WHA]) é o órgão decisório da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), composta pelos 194 países-membros através de seus respectivos ministros da saúde. Suas principais funções são determinar as políticas da Organização, nomear o Diretor-Geral, supervisionar as políticas financeiras e revisar e aprovar o orçamento do programa proposto.

Os membros da Assembleia reúnem-se anualmente nos meses de maio em Genebra, cidade onde está localizada a sede da OMS.

Membros e observadores
Os membros originais da AMS, na primeira assembleia realizada em 1948, eram 55 estados membros. Atualmente, a AMS conta com 194 estados membros.

Além destes, seis agências têm estatuto de observador na AMS - o Vaticano, a Autoridade Nacional Palestiniana, a Ordem Soberana e Militar de Malta, o Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha, a Federação Internacional das Sociedades da Cruz Vermelha e do Crescente Vermelho, e a União Interparlamentar.

Organização Mundial da Saúde

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In case you'd like to know about Stampin' Up! partnership with Becky Higgins and Project Life check out this video.
I love the monkey business! Such a fun idea!
Cute Dawn....This is on my next order. That is such a cute little monkey. I love to journal and can't wait to get started with SU's Project Life products. Thanks for sharing him with us and good luck on your projects!
This is just too cute. The first paper craft I tried was scrapbooking. It just started being so time consuming that it was taking the joy out of it. I like sort of clean and simple and this seems perfect. I have to agree with your grandson because it looks to me like Monkey had a blast.


text:
Kelly Bogdanova
Vice President, Portfolio Analyst
Early signals from the Q4 corporate reporting season are hinting that consensus earnings and sales forecasts for the quarter and even full-year 2021 could be too low.
This explains part of the reason why the U.S. equity market has held up so well, and the S&P 500 has reached new highs, despite the recent turmoil in the country and lingering COVID-19 challenges.
With 10 percent of S&P 500 companies having reported Q4 results thus far, both the proportion that has exceeded consensus forecasts and, more importantly, the magnitude of the beats have surpassed historical norms.
Collectively, these companies have posted earnings 22 percent higher than forecast, on average, well above the roughly seven to eight percent beat rate in a typical quarter. Companies in the Financials sector have led so far in terms of the magnitude of surprises with a beat rate of 28 percent.
2021 earnings projected to exceed the 2019 peak
S&P 500 annual consensus earnings per share forecast*
* Actual results in dark blue; consensus estimates in light blue.
Source - RBC Wealth Management, FactSet; data as of 1/21/21
S&P 500 profit margins are also surprising handsomely, by 19.5 percent, and revenue is pacing almost three percent higher than the consensus forecast. While the latter figure may seem modest, it's nothing to sneeze at, as revenue beats are normally one-third to one-half of that amount.
The COVID-19 bite in perspective
For those who live in communities where small businesses are struggling or have closed their doors, this good news might be difficult to grasp.
We think it once again illustrates that what happens on Wall Street isn't always a mirror image of what happens on Main Street.
Many small businesses are facing tougher challenges from the lingering COVID-19 headwinds and restrictions than publicly traded corporations. Companies that are listed on the U.S. stock exchanges, especially those that are included in the major indexes, generally have greater access to capital, cheaper financing rates, and more flexibility in managing expenses during challenging periods than small private businesses.
The unprecedented COVID-19 shutdowns have enabled some large corporations to gain market share at the expense of some favorite local mom-and-pop businesses.
It's all about the path back to normal
Publicly traded corporations, however, are not fully immune from the lingering COVID-19 challenges.
We think the magnitude of the full-year 2021 earnings recovery and market performance are dependent on just how fast COVID-19 is tamed by vaccines and other precautions, and the timing of the subsequent reopening of the U.S. economy. The path to getting from tight COVID-19 restrictions that exist in many states and large cities today to an opened-up economy could prove bumpy. From our vantage point, progress with domestic vaccinations has been disappointing thus far.
Nevertheless, the $169 per share S&P 500 consensus earnings forecast for 2021 is not a high hurdle, in our view, especially given the robust trends in the current reporting season. We don't think the full-year estimate assumes a quick path back to normal, but rather, a more recognizable business landscape that starts to emerge in the second half of the year.
Earnings growth trends projected to improve in 2021
S&P 500 consensus earnings growth forecast (y/y % change)*
Once COVID-19 is tamed and shutdown restrictions are lifted—whether that happens sooner or later than expected—if anything, we think post-pandemic economic growth could end up being stronger than many economists are penciling in.
The savings rate among the population is unusually high at 14 percent, a level that RBC Capital Markets points out "has rarely been achieved in modern-day U.S. history." This has been helped along by fiscal spending from Washington (aka helicopter money) that could grow further if the Biden administration gets even part of what it is requesting from Congress.
Very little has been spent by households on services such as entertainment and travel, and some are being frugal with goods purchases due to the economic challenges overall, so cash has been socked away.
Our national research correspondent believes that this factor, combined with pent-up demand for services, could ultimately lead to a spending splurge once the economy begins to return to normal.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC's Chief U.S. Economist Tom Porcelli wrote in his 2021 outlook report, "While it is not part of our baseline forecast, we can easily see a scenario that is not particularly outlandish where the consumer finds themselves in a feel good spot later in the year (i.e. the vaccine is moving along without any major issues, we are getting toward full employment, etc.), and they begin to deploy this stockpile in earnest."
For this reason, full-year 2021 earnings could actually surprise to the upside, even if there are COVID-19-related bumps in the months ahead. While some of this earnings optimism likely has been factored into the market already, we doubt all of it has.
During this reopening stage of the economic rebound, we think cyclical (economically sensitive) sectors have the potential to benefit the most from earnings trends, including those that are directly tied to discretionary consumer spending.
Support for higher ground
Multiple U.S. equity indexes have reached new all-time highs recently. While some technical indicators continue to flash warning signs that the market could cool off or even pull back over the near term, which would be normal, we remain constructive on the U.S. equity market based on a longer 12–18 month time horizon.
We expect corporate profits, revenues, and major equity indexes to gain more ground as fiscal stimulus is added and the Federal Reserve keeps monetary policies ultraloose, and especially as the COVID-19 headwinds are ultimately tamed.
This article was originally published in the Global Insight Weekly with the title "U.S. earnings dropping positive hints".


Wesley Jackson Highlands is a community of 50 one-bedroom apartments for senior adults 62 and older.
Amenities Include: Access Control, Emergency Call System, Onsite Laundry, Library, Computer Center, Service Coordinator, Onsite Commodity Distribution, Activities, Organized Clubs, Apartment controlled heat and air, Full in unit Kitchen, Utilities included in rent, Adaptable Apartments for Disabilities, Transportation for Shopping Trips and Activities, Non-medical In-home services, Gardening, a Piano, Pastoral Services, Worship Services.
Physical Fitness Programs Include a Fitness Trail and Walking Club.
Property Awards and Certifications Include Communities of Quality and Excellence in Management and Service Coordination.


Complete edition, ISBN Tales of the Sinestro Corps (hardcover), ISBN Tales of the Sinestro Corps (paperback), ISBN " Sinestro Corps War" is an American comic book crossover event published by DC Comics in. Sinestro -- Hal Jordan's former mentor and arch-nemesis -- has gathered an army of soldiers fueled by the fear they instill in others, consisting of Arkillo, Karu-Sil. At the same time, Oa and Mogo are attacked by Sinestro Corps members who Meanwhile, Hank Henshaw and the Manhunters complete the creation of a new.
The epic adventure that set the stage for BLACKEST NIGHT is now available in a single trade paperback volume collecting GREEN LANTERN #, GREEN. Sinestro and the Sinestro Corps bring war to the Green Lantern Corps as well as the heroes of planet Earth. A description of tropes appearing in Sinestro Corps War. Following Breakout Character: The Green Lantern franchise as a whole, in the larger DC universe.
Find the complete Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps War book series listed in order. Great deals on one book or all books in the series. Free US shipping on orders. Read Green Lantern: The Sinestro Corps War comic online free and high quality. Fast loading speed, unique Publication date: April Status: Completed. (Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps War #1 Omnibus). by . Getting through this graphic novel took some work, granted it was the complete story, which has broken. Complete edition, ISBN Tales of the Sinestro Corps (hardcover), ISBN Tales of the Sinestro Corps (paperback), ISBN " Sinestro Corps War" is an American comic book crossover event published by DC Comics in. Sinestro -- Hal Jordan's former mentor and arch-nemesis -- has gathered an army of soldiers fueled by the fear they instill in others, consisting of Arkillo, Karu-Sil.
tadelili.tk: Green Lantern: The Sinestro Corps War, Vol. characters populate the pages, and I gleefully read the entire trade through in one sitting. After that. The epic adventure that set the stage for BLACKEST NIGHT is now available in a single trade paperback volume collecting GREEN LANTERN #, GREEN. This massive, slipcased edition collects GREEN LANTERN #, GREEN LANTERN CORPS # and GREEN LANTERN: SINESTRO CORPS SPECIAL. At the same time, Oa and Mogo are attacked by Sinestro Corps members who Meanwhile, Hank Henshaw and the Manhunters complete the creation of a new.


If I could have chosen 1 band to perform at HalfWay Jam this summer, 38 Special would have been at the top of the list. Here's my tribute to a fantastic band whose hits span 30+ years. This could have easily been a Top 30 list!


Cartronstanton is on Logainm.ie: Cartronstanton.
It is located at 53° 46' 27" N, 9° 13' 35" W.
We don't know about any subtownlands in Cartronstanton.
Curious to see who lived in Cartronstanton in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Cartronstanton was added to OpenStreetMap on 9 Mar 2016 by Vincent de Phily.


Linking the formal financial sector with poor microfinance clients seemed impossible even a decade ago. Increasingly such linkages are emerging, either spontaneous or enforced, and it is crucial that we share the knowledge gained from these efforts.
One of India's most innovative linkage models is ICICI Bank's recent "facilitation linkage" with several MGO/MFIs. This approach is based on a partnership between ICICI Bank and selected NGOs/MFIs, according to which the latter takes the responsibility of monitoring and recovering loans from individuals and self-help groups, but the credit (and most of the risk) is directly between ICICI Bank and the SHG or individual clients.


text:
Advocates Lobby For Stronger FCC Net Neutrality Plan
by Wendy Davis , Staff Writer @wendyndavis, December 13, 2010
With the Federal Communications Commission readying to vote on a net neutrality compromise put forward by Chairman Julius Genachowski, some advocates are stepping up lobbying efforts aimed at strengthening the measure.
A group of neutrality proponents including representatives from Netflix, the Writers Guild West, Consumers Union, Public Knowledge and Free Press recently told Commissioner Michael Copps of their "unanimous unwillingness" to support Genachowski's plan -- itself based on a proposed law floated by Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Calif.).
"During the meeting, the participants discussed the inadequacies of adopting, without major modification, the legislative compromise that had been proposed by Chairman Henry Waxman," the groups said today in a filing about the meeting.
Earlier this month, Genachowski proposed that the FCC adopt a neutrality rule along the lines suggested by Waxman. Genachowski's measure would prohibit wireline Internet service providers from blocking traffic or from engaging in unreasonable discrimination, while also requiring them to inform consumers about traffic management practices. But the proposal would impose far looser requirements on wireless broadband providers.
Genachowski's plan has come in for criticism for several reasons.
First, neutrality advocates say that wireless carriers should be subject to the same open Internet rules as wireline providers.
Additionally, Genachowski isn't currently proposing to reclassify broadband access as a Title II "telecommunications" service. But advocates say that the agency is leaving itself vulnerable to legal challenges by attempting to enact neutrality requirements without first reclassifying broadband access, given the well-publicized Comcast case. (In that matter, an appellate court ruled that the FCC lacked authority to sanction Comcast for violating neutrality principles because the agency had classified broadband as an information service.)
Some of the neutrality advocates who met with Copps had previously supported Waxman's plan -- which would have expired after two years. But, they told Copps, there's a big difference between legislation, which would have imposed minimum requirements and an FCC rule: "It was noted in particular that the Waxman proposal was a temporary measure, premised on the understanding that the FCC would address details and ambiguities when it implemented the law," the advocates said.
The FCC is expected to take up Genachowski's proposal at its Dec. 21 meeting.
fcc, net neutrality


text:
Q: php redirection with form values I am a beginner at php, but I want to write a script that will redirect me to an address with an attribute equal to the value of a form input. Is this the correct way?
index.html
<form action="process.php" method="post">
    <input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Your Name" />
    <input type="submit" />
</form>

and heres process.php:
<?
    header('Location: level1.html?name=' . $_POST['name']);
?>

For some reason, it doesn't work. Is there a better way? Thanks!

A: <?
    header('Location: level1.html?name=' . $_POST['name']);
?>

change TO
<?php
    header('Location: level1.html?name=' . $_POST['name']);
?>

Edit:
Make sure you do not output anything before using header()

A: I would suggest you to look into asynchronous post, it's faster and no need to deal with php header (especially it won't work if you have any markup language written before that), where you can simply use js/jQuery to forward with any values anywhere. Unless js is turned off.


If you visit St.-Leonard, New Brunswick there are a few things you must do. Go to Lise Couture Plus, get a coffee at Tim Hortons and if you're an invited guest you may get to try Lise's Shrimp Dip.
I have been lucky enough to enjoy this dip (as made by Lise) several times and have even maddest myself a few times with great success. Do not be intimidated by the lack of instruction… this is really one of those recipes that you need to go by the taste and go by the consistency that you like for the dip.
Combine all ingredients except light miracle whip in a bowl.
Add light miracle whip until desired consistency.
Serve as a spread on crackers (Lise uses Breton crackers).
Small side note: don't skip the green onions! They add a lot of flavour and the dip is not quite the same without them.
It is tasty indeed ?


Bye bye, Best Buy, bye bye. Don't cry baby, there'll be a fire sale!
Budget tablets - are they worth the saving?
We have now stopped monitoring stores for regular changes. Touchpads can still be obtained, but not quite for the bargain basementr prices that were in place for a while during summer 2011 as Hewlett Packard lurched from one strategy to another.
16:55 - HP may be having a change of heart (maybe best call it another change of heart). It seems that those who sign up as WebOS developers (for free) can then get a discounted Touchpad. (£130 in UK, €150 in Europe (both inc. VAT) and $149.99 (USD) for US and Canada). This is the place.
10:32 - They have now announced that they will be producing more product to meet demand in the US - and they will 'share updates on regional availability as the information comes in' [Press conference here, via thinq]. We'll let you know if any new UK stock is planned.
15:23 - So it looks like if you haven't got a one by now you're out of luck. Who did you get closest with? Amazon, Dixons, Argos? How many of you bought TouchPads early and are now worried you won't be able to get a refund of the difference? Let us know in the comments.
12:13 - Remember to scroll down if you want to make a comment on any aspect of the debacle. How many of you had orders cancelled from Amazon yesterday..?
12:10 - I've been informed by @pandash on twitter that HP confirmed on the phone that this second wave is not the case for the UK..
11:01 - Reported on their Q+A blog that the official site as well as local retailers are only 'temporarily' out of stock: 'We will have more available shortly' - however this is on the US site so its not clear whether it applies to the UK too. But there's definitely a glimmer of hope - don't give up, keep checking this page for updates!
In a relatively surprising turn, HP has revealed that it is 'discontinuing operations' for any devices running its operating system WebOS - including its TouchPad tablet. This 9.7" slate was launched only a few short months ago, so there will be a number of disappointed customers finding themselves over £300 out of pocket with an 'orphaned' tablet.
A high level of competition in markets such as that for tablets is pushing margins down, and it seems that HP isn't content with following the trend. The discontinuation of the device is part of a broader market shift by HP away from consumer-electronics-for-the-masses and towards providing higher-margin business services.
Specifically, it appears that the TouchPad just didn't quite cut it in an already saturated market. With low sales not meeting internal targets, the discontinuation is simply an admission that HP was never in a position to really stake a claim to any significant portion of a hugely dominated market, with plenty of rivals trying their hardest to grab just a fraction of the iPad's share. It's become clear that the TouchPad just wasn't quite good enough- its specs were nothing spectacular, and maybe more importantly, the WebOS platform failed to entice developers into giving their apps support for the software. As a result, its discontinuation by HP could be seen as a brave move against losing more money than it already has from a tablet that never really looked like taking off.
HP's exit method of choice has been, in the US at least (so far), to contact each retailer selling the device, instructing them to get rid of the stock at only $99. A similar price drop occurred in the UK, to £89 and £105 for the 16/32GB models respectively in various retailers from Monday afternoon - a wild few days followed but all seems to have settled now with every major retailer out of stock. At these prices it was definitely worth trying to get hold of one. The webOS has indeed gained a number of fans and supporters for its intuitive and attractive interface, and HP will no doubt be looking for any takers to license the software or even buy it outright. In fact, the HP TouchPad even made it onto our almost-recommended list of tablets. It is also likely that developers will try and install Android 3 (Honeycomb) on the device, since at this knockdown price the spec list is more than capable of running Android speedily.
A WebOS executive has recently stated that "We're going to obviously take care of every TouchPad customer". Whether this will come in the form of compensation, returns or otherwise is yet to be known.


I think you misunderstood. it is for the protective cover (case) with autosleep function.
but the auto off function was already implemented, no ?.
This function enables or disables go to sleep after sleepcover close. Kobo has the same setting. I implemented this for cheap and unstable sleepcovers.
It happens in my Aura too. Chapter numbers are often hidden to the right, so I need to scroll to see them. I agree LittleBig it would be better these numbers being always visible. Then maybe long chapter names could be continued in a second row, better than truncated.
The main feature - show current book cover as screen saver.
We can set up in in the Launcher/Settings.
Please test. I've tested it only with fb2 format.
I have epubs, but instead of the cover I can see only the writer and the book title.


text:
Human Cancer Biology| August 16 2006
Up-Regulation of Endothelial Delta-like 4 Expression Correlates with Vessel Maturation in Bladder Cancer
Nilay S. Patel;
Nilay S. Patel
1Growth Factor Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital;
2Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
Michael S. Dobbie;
Michael S. Dobbie
Mark Rochester;
Mark Rochester
Graham Steers;
Graham Steers
Richard Poulsom;
Richard Poulsom
3In-situ Hybridization Service, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
Karena Le Monnier;
Karena Le Monnier
David W. Cranston;
David W. Cranston
Ji-Liang Li;
Ji-Liang Li
Adrian L. Harris
Requests for reprints: Adrian L. Harris, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DJ, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-1865-222457; Fax: 44-1865-222431; E-mail: aharris.lab@cancer.org.uk.
Revision Received: April 25 2006
Version of Record August 16 2006
Nilay S. Patel, Michael S. Dobbie, Mark Rochester, Graham Steers, Richard Poulsom, Karena Le Monnier, David W. Cranston, Ji-Liang Li, Adrian L. Harris; Up-Regulation of Endothelial Delta-like 4 Expression Correlates with Vessel Maturation in Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15 August 2006; 12 (16): 4836–4844. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0285
Purpose: Angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression are associated with a poor outcome in bladder cancer. To understand more about the mechanisms, we studied the role of delta-like 4 (DLL4), an endothelial-specific ligand of the Notch signaling pathway, in bladder cancer angiogenesis.
Experimental Design: The expression of DLL4, CD34, and VEGF were studied in a cohort of 60 bladder tumors and 10 normal samples using quantitative PCR. In situ hybridization was used to study the pattern of DLL4 expression in 22 tumor and 9 normal samples. Serial sections were also stained for CD34 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) using conventional immunohistochemistry.
Results: The expression of DLL4 was significantly up-regulated in superficial (P < 0.01) and invasive (P < 0.05) bladder cancers. DLL4 expression significantly correlated with CD34 (P < 0.001) and VEGF (P < 0.001) expression. The in situ hybridization studies showed that DLL4 was highly expressed within bladder tumor vasculature. Additionally, DLL4 expression significantly correlated with vessel maturation as judged by periendothelial cell expression of α-SMA, 98.7% of DLL4-positive tumor vessels coexpressed α-SMA, compared with 64.5% of DLL4-negative tumor vessels (P < 0.001). High DLL4 expression may have prognostic value in superficial and invasive bladder.
Conclusion: DLL4 expression is associated with vascular differentiation in bladder cancer; thus, targeting DLL4 may be a novel antiangiogenic therapy.
Bladder cancer results in over 13,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. Despite advances in the management of bladder cancer, the need for new treatment modalities remains. As with most solid tumors, bladder cancer growth and metastatic progression is dependent on the acquisition of an adequate blood supply through the process of angiogenesis (1). The role of angiogenesis in bladder cancer has been extensively studied ever since Chodak et al. (2) showed that urine from patients with bladder cancer contained proangiogenic growth factors (3).
The Notch signaling pathway has recently been shown to play an important role in angiogenesis (4–6). It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway involved in cell fate determination, cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis (7–9). In mammalian cells, it comprises five transmembrane Notch ligands (Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, DLL3, and DLL4) and four Notch receptors (Notch1-4). Ligand receptor binding leads to the cleavage and subsequent translocation from the cell membrane to the nucleus of the Notch intracellular domain (10, 11). In the nucleus, the Notch intracellular domain interacts with the transcription factor CSL to regulate the transcription of the basic helix-loop-helix proteins hairy/enhancer of split (HES) and HES-related protein (HEY; refs. 12–14).
Delta-like 4 (DLL4) is an endothelial-specific ligand expressed at sites of vascular development and angiogenesis (15, 16). DLL4 expression has previously been shown to be up-regulated within the vasculature of breast and renal tumors. In utero DLL4 knockout mice die of severe vascular defects, and, interestingly, haploinsufficiency of DLL4 also results in embryonic lethality from severe vascular defects (15, 17, 18). Similar haploinsufficiency phenotypes for angiogenic pathways have only been previously described for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) knockout mice (19, 20). In human endothelial cells, we have recently shown that DLL4 plays an important role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, and network formation (21).
In this study, we have investigated the expression of DLL4 in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, studied the role of DLL4 in vessel maturation, and carried out an initial evaluation of the role of DLL4 in prognosis.
Tissue samples. Human bladder tissue was obtained postoperatively from the Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. All patients gave signed, informed consent for their tissues to be used for scientific research. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Clinical Ethics Committee, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Tumor samples were obtained following either transurethral resection (TURBT) or radical cystectomy. Bladder cancers were staged using the tumor-node-metastasis classification (22). Tumor samples were divided into three groups depending on their stage: Ta tumors, T1 superficial tumors (Ta and T1 tumors were collectively designated as superficial tumors), and T2-4 invasive tumors. For the quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis, a cohort of 10 normal bladder samples and 60 bladder tumors were studied. Areas of normal bladder and tumor were identified at cytoscopy, excised, and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. For the in situ hybridization/immunohistochemistry vessel counting study, the series comprised six Ta (TURBT), six T1 (TURBT), six T2-4 (TURBT), and four T2-4 (cystectomy) samples. Truly normal full thickness bladder sections were difficult to source, so microscopically normal areas within radical cystectomy specimens (four samples) and normal ureters (five samples) obtained following organ donation were used to represent "normal tissue."
RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Total RNA from frozen tissue samples was extracted after morselizing in liquid nitrogen and homogenizing in TRI-Reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The quality of RNA extracted was assessed using RNA 6000 Nano Chips and the Agilent 2100 Bio-analyzer (Agilent Technologies, Paulo Alto, CA). cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcribing total RNA using the High Capacity cDNA Archive Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Real-time qPCR. Real-time qPCR and analysis was done using the method previously described by Patel et al. (21). Human β-actin was used as a reference gene to normalize for differences in the amount of total RNA in each sample. Primer/probe kits were purchased as Assays-on-Demand from Applied Biosystems: DLL4, VEGF, and CD34. Relative quantitation of gene expression was done using the method described by Pfaffl (23). The normal bladder sample with the median expression of β-actin was designated the comparator.
In situ hybridization. Radioactive in situ hybridization was done on paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the in situ hybridization service, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, following a method described by Poulsom et al. (24). The probe used to detect DLL4 was a 741 bp fragment located from position 1,775 to 2,516 bp (16). After 14 days, sections were visualized using a Nikon Eclipse ME600 dark field microscope, an Optronics digital camera, and Magnafire Version 2.0.
Immunohistochemistry. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were serially sectioned 4 μm in thickness, dewaxed, and rehydrated in serial alcohol washes. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 0.03% hydrogen peroxide (20 minutes). Double immunostaining for CD34 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was done by sequentially adding CD34 primary antibody 1:200 for 30 minutes (Novocastra, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, QBEnd/10), DAKO (Carpinteria, CA) Checkmate EnVision Detection kit (peroxidase/3,3′-diaminobenzidine-rabbit/mouse, K5007) for 30 minutes, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine substrate for 2 minutes, α-SMA primary antibody 1:1,000 for 30 minutes (DAKO-1A4), Envision AP Polymer 30 minutes, and Vector Blue substrate for 6 minutes. Sections were mounted using Aquamount.
Analysis of DLL4, CD34, and α-SMA expression in bladder cancer.DLL4 (in situ hybridization) and CD34/α-SMA (immunohistochemistry) expression in serial sections was quantified. First, the distribution of DLL4 expression was assessed by two observers (N.P. and M.D.). Twenty random fields within the DLL4 in situ sections were scanned using a light microscope at a magnification of ×100 and assessed for the presence of any DLL4-positive vessels. Second, tissues were further analyzed by identifying the two to three areas of highest DLL4 expression. These areas were photographed at ×100 magnification using a Nikon Eclipse ME600 dark field microscope, an Optronics digital camera, and Magnafire version 2.0. The equivalent areas were identified upon the serial sections and captured accordingly. The digital images were then used to quantify the vasculature for CD34, α-SMA, and DLL4.
Statistics. Data are presented as mean ± SE. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism. Tests used included t test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and χ2 tests. Statistical significance was concluded when P < 0.05 and is denoted in the figures with an asterisk.
Quantitative analysis of DLL4 expression in bladder cancer using qPCR. Quantitative PCR was used to study gene expression in a cohort of bladder tumors and normal bladder samples (Table 1). Relative gene expression was assessed using the method of Pfaffl (23), a modified method of comparative quantitation. In this technique, the expression of DLL4 was calculated relative to the reference gene β-actin. The expression of β-actin was equivalent between the normals and tumors (β-actin expression normals: median Ct = 23.0, range 22.1-23.8, n = 10; β-actin expression tumors: median Ct = 22.8, range 22.0-23.8, n = 60, P = 0.3).
The relative expression of DLL4 was significantly elevated in bladder tumors compared with normal bladders (mean DLL4 expression in tumors = 4.5 ± 0.4, n = 60; mean expression of DLL4 in normal samples = 2.4 ± 0.2, n = 10, P = 0.01). In comparison to normal tissue, DLL4 expression was noted to be highest in superficial tumors (mean expression = 4.7 ± 0.6, n = 43, P < 0.05) followed by invasive tumors (mean expression = 3.9 ± 0.6, n = 17, P > 0.05; Fig. 1A).
Quantitative PCR was done for the endothelial marker CD34 to determine if the differences in DLL4 expression were simply due to differences in vascular density between normal and tumor samples. The relative expression of CD34 was highest in the normal samples (mean expression = 1.2 ± 0.2, n = 10) when compared with superficial (mean expression 0.6 ± 0.1, n = 43) and invasive tumors (mean expression = 0.5 ± 0.1, n = 17; Fig. 1B).
A ratio of DLL4 expression to CD34 expression (DLL4/CD34 ratio) was calculated by dividing the relative expression of DLL4 by that of CD34. The mean DLL4/CD34 ratio for normal samples was 3.2 ± 1.2, for superficial tumors was 10.6 ± 1.0 (P < 0.001), and for invasive tumors was 9.1 ± 4.0 (P < 0.001; Fig. 1C). The expression of DLL4 correlated significantly with the expression of CD34 in tumors (Spearman rank correlation coefficients: all tumors = 0.6, n = 60, P < 0.001; superficial tumors = 0.6, n = 47, P < 0.001; invasive tumors = 0.6, n = 13, P < 0.05), but not in normal bladder tissue controls (normal samples = 0.2, P > 0.05; Fig. 1D).
The expression of VEGF was also assessed using qPCR. The mean expression of VEGF in both superficial and invasive tumors was significantly higher than in normal bladder tissue (44.6 ± 5.3 and 45.9 ± 13.6 versus 4.0 ± 1.0; P < 0.001; Fig. 1E). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient of VEGF and DLL4 expression was significant only for superficial tumors (Spearman rank correlation coefficients all tumors = 0.4, P = 0.001, n = 60; superficial tumors = 0.4, P < 0.01, n = 43; invasive tumors = 0.3, P = 0.3, n = 17; normals = 0.4, P > 0.3, n = 10; Fig. 1F).
DLL4 mRNA expression pattern.In situ hybridization was used to assess the pattern of DLL4 mRNA expression in a series of 22 bladder cancers, 4 normal bladders, and 5 normal ureters. The expression of DLL4 was compared with that of the pan-endothelial marker CD34. Like CD34, DLL4 expression was confined to the vascular endothelium, unlike CD34; however, DLL4 expression was only noted within a subset of vessels (Fig. 2A).
Twenty random fields within each of the 9 normal (180 fields), 12 superficial bladder tumor (240 fields), and 10 invasive bladder tumor (200 fields) sections were scored for the presence or absence of DLL4-positive vessels (Fig. 2B). The presence of a single DLL4-positive vessel was sufficient for a field to be regarded as DLL4 positive (maximum score: 20 of 20 fields, minimum score: 0 of 20). Compared with normal tissue (positive random fields 1.4 ± 0.7), DLL4-positive vessels were most abundant in superficial tumors (positive random fields 14.3 ±1.2, P < 0.001) followed by invasive tumors (positive random fields 8.0 ±1.4, P < 0.05; Fig. 3A). The differences are likely to be greater as eight of the nine normal cases had less than two DLL4-positive random fields, with the remaining normal case having seven DLL4-positive fields. The number of positive cases and their distributions for each tissue group are shown in Fig. 3B.
The expression of DLL4 was further studied by identifying DLL4 "hotspots." For each tumor, the two areas with the highest concentration of DLL4-positive vessels were identified and photographed using a light and dark field microscope. In the case of normal tissue, the three most positive DLL4 areas were photographed; in the absence of DLL4 expression, representative photographs were taken to include both suburothelial microvessels and mature stromal vessels.
The proportion of vessels positive for DLL4 within the hotspots was higher in superficial and invasive tumor samples compared with both normal bladder tissue and normal ureter (mean percentage of positive hotspot vessels: normal bladder = 0.6 ± 0.4, n = 12; normal ureter = 10.5 ± 5.3, n = 15; Ta TURBT = 67.5 ± 5.2, n = 12, P < 0.001, compared with normal ureter and bladder; T1 TURBT = 70.6 ± 8.0, n = 12, P < 0.001, compared with normal ureter and bladder; T2-4 cystectomy = 24.7 ± 6.7, n = 8, compared with normal ureter and bladder; T2-4 TURBT = 70.0 ± 6.8, n = 12, P < 0.001, compared with normal ureter and bladder; Fig. 3C). Within the invasive tumor group, DLL4 expression was noted to be higher in the TURBT specimens than in the cystectomy specimens although this was not statistically significant.
Coexpression of DLL4 and α-SMA. Serial sections of each case were also stained for CD34 and α-SMA using conventional double immunohistochemistry (Fig. 2B). The DLL4 hotspot areas were identified within these serial sections and corresponding matched photographs were taken.
DLL4 hotspots were studied within normal (27 fields, 9 cases) and tumor tissue (44 fields, 22 cases). Similar numbers of vessels were present within the different tissue types (normal bladder = 41.7 ± 8.9, normal ureter 31.5 ± 7.2, Ta TURBT = 52.3 ± 8.0, T1 TURBT = 47.2 ± 9.5, T2-4 cystectomy = 41.8 ± 6.1, T2-4 TURBT = 37.6 ± 4.9).
In the course of the hotspot study, a total of 3,008 vessels were identified as staining positive for CD34. Of these vessels, 2,025 were within tumor sections (22 cases) and 983 in normal tissue sections (9 cases). Taken as a whole, 2,403 (79.9%) hotspot vessels showed periendothelial expression of α-SMA, whereas 1,226 (40.8%) hotspot vessels expressed DLL4 and 589 (19.6%) vessels expressed neither (n = 31 cases). Further evaluation showed that 1,210 of 1,226 (98.7%) of DLL4 positive vessels were also positive for α-SMA; in comparison, only 1,193 of 1,782 (66.9%) of DLL4-negative vessels coexpressed α-SMA (n = 31 cases; P < 0.001, χ2 test; Fig. 4A).
These data were then analyzed after subclassifying into normal and tumor vasculature (9 normal, 22 tumor cases). Within the normal tissue, 687 of 983 (69.9%) vessels were positive for α-SMA. Of the normal hotspot vessels, 26 of 983 (2.6%) were DLL4 positive, 100% of which coexpressed α-SMA. Nine hundred fifty-seven of 983 vessels were DLL4 negative of which 661 (69.1%) also expressed perivascular α-SMA (P = 0.001, χ2 test; Fig. 4B).
Analysis of the tumor vasculature showed 1,716 of 2,025 (84.7%) vessels were α-SMA positive and 1,200 of 2,025 (59.3%) vessels were DLL4 positive. Of the 1,200 DLL4-positive vessels, 1,184 (98.7%) also expressed α-SMA, whereas only 532 of 825 (64.5%) DLL4-negative tumor vessels stained positive for α-SMA (P < 0.001, χ2 test; Fig. 4C). These results indicate that DLL4 is significantly up-regulated and colocalized together with α-SMA in the tumor vasculature.
Relation of DLL4 expression to outcome. Follow-up was available for 39 of the 43 superficial tumors (91%) and 16 of the 17 invasive tumors (94%). The mean duration of follow-up for the superficial cases was 12 months (range 1-36 months, median = 6) and for the invasive cases was 33 months (range 5-84 months, median = 23.5).
In the case of superficial cancers, the disease-free period was measured by determining the time to first recurrence (Fig. 5A). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to show that the median time to recurrence for patients in whom the expression of DLL4 was above the median was 6 months, whereas that for patients with low levels of DLL4 was 18 months, but this was not statistically significant.
Superficial bladder cancer is often treated with adjuvant intravesical chemotharpy. The tumor samples used in this study were collected when the administration of mitomycin C immediately after TURBT was not routine practice. Of the 39 patients with superficial tumors for whom follow-up was available, 14 subsequently received adjuvant courses of intravesical therapy; 4 received mitomycin C, 8 bacille Calmette Guérin, and 2 both. Of these 14 patients, 10 were noted to have high levels of DLL4 expression.
Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess the time to cancer-specific death in the invasive cancers (Fig. 5B). Of the 16 patients with available follow-up, 8 received radical radiotherapy (high DLL4 = 4, low DLL4 = 4), 4 underwent radical cystectomies (high DLL4 = 3, low DLL4 = 1), and 4 were treated palliatively (high DLL4 =1, low DLL4 = 3). Patients with high DLL4 levels had a median survival of 7.5 months compared with 44.5 months for those with low DLL4 levels (hazard ratio = 2.40). Because of the small numbers in this study, no statistical significance was shown upon comparison of the curves.
The aim of this study was to evaluate DLL4 as a potential novel antiangiogenic target in bladder cancer. Using quantitative PCR, we showed that DLL4 expression is up-regulated in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Additionally, quantitation of CD34 expression was done using qPCR as a means of assessing sample vascular density. Interestingly, the expression of CD34 was higher in the normal samples than in the tumor samples. These normal bladder samples were obtained as cold cup biopsies at cytoscopy, and so contained a high number of suburothelial microvessels. The presence of these vessels within the normal tissues is the most likely explanation for the high CD34 expression levels seen in the normal samples.
In keeping with previous work (25), we showed that VEGF mRNA expression was up-regulated in bladder cancer. In our study, the expression of DLL4 also significantly correlated with the expression of CD34 and VEGF in bladder cancers. These results matched our previous findings in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma that DLL4 expression correlated with VEGF expression (21) and also supported in vitro studies that have shown the regulation of DLL4 in endothelial cells by VEGF (21, 26).
In situ hybridization was used for the first time to show that DLL4 expression is up-regulated in bladder cancer and has an endothelial cell–specific pattern of expression. Quantitation of DLL4 expression was done by assessing expression within both random fields and DLL4 hotspots. DLL4 expression within random fields was more widespread within bladder cancer samples than normal tissues. Further subclassification of the tumors showed that DLL4 expression was most widespread within the superficial cases. O'Brien et al. (27) reported that tumor vessel formation in superficial and invasive bladder cancers was driven by differing angiogenic pathways. Angiogenesis in papillary-type superficial bladder tumors is associated more strongly with VEGF and results in characteristic mature, well-defined, functional fibrovascular cores that do not penetrate the underlying muscle (28). In invasive cancers, new vessel formation can also arise as a result of interactions between tumor cells and native vessels within the muscularis layer. The production of metalloproteases disrupts the extracellular matrix and liberates growth factors like basic fibroblast growth factor (29). Vessels formed under the influence of these varying angiogenic pathways may show differences in their characteristics.
It is interesting to note that DLL4 expression was highest in the TURBT samples whether superficial or invasive. The majority of tumor tissue obtained at TURBT is from exophytic tumors. The vessels within these areas of tumor are neoangiogenic tumor vessels, and most likely arise from the suburothelial microvessels. The vasculature within the cystectomy specimens, however, is composed of a combination of neoangiogenic vessels and preexisting bladder vessels. The difference in DLL4 expression between the cystectomy and TURBT specimens suggests that DLL4 expression is enhanced in neoangiogenic vessels, of which there may be more in the TURBT samples.
Angiogenic vessels mature upon the recruitment of pericytes (30). To understand if DLL4 played a role in vessel maturation in human cancer, serial sections were immunostained for CD34 and α-SMA, and an assessment was made of vessel maturation within the DLL4 hotspot areas. This is the first time that vessel maturity has been assessed in bladder cancer. α-SMA expression was found on nearly 70% of normal vessels and 85% of tumor vessels studied. The vessels that lacked α-SMA expression were most often microvascular in nature.
Vessel maturation has previously been studied in a number of different tumor types. Eberhard et al. (31) showed that the degree of vessel maturation was highly variable between different tumors, in breast cancer nearly 70% of vessels were α-SMA positive, whereas only 10% to 20% of glioblastoma and renal cancer vessels were α-SMA positive. More recently, confocal microscopy was used by Morikawa et al. (32) to show that >97% of pancreatic tumor vessels expressed α-SMA compared with 22% of normal pancreatic vessels. They also found that α-SMA expression was absent from a significant proportion of capillaries and microvessels within the normal vasculature; these vessels did, however, stain for desmin, another marker of periendothelial cells.
A highly significant association was noted between DLL4 expression and α-SMA expression in both normal and tumor vessels. The expression of α-SMA in normal specimens was lower in DLL4-negative vessels (normal 69%, tumor 65%) compared with DLL4-positive vessels (normal 100%, tumor 99%). This suggests that DLL4 may play a role in regulating vessel maturation by interacting with Notch receptors upon pericytes.
The mechanism by which endothelial expressed DLL4 regulates vessel maturation needs further investigation. DLL4 has been shown to signal through both Notch1 and Notch4 between endothelial cells (33–35), but the effect of endothelial DLL4 on pericytes is not reported. However, evidence that Notch plays a role in vessel maturation comes from a number of sources. Vessels within mice deficient for DLL4 have an absence of smooth muscle/pericyte coverings (15). This phenotype is similar to that of platelet-derived growth factor-B or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-B–deficient mice (36, 37).
The human syndrome CADASIL is a vascular disease characterized by mutations of the Notch3 receptor leading to abnormalities of vascular smooth muscle (4). A recent in vitro study by Sweeney et al. (38) showed that vascular smooth muscle cells express Notch 1, Notch 3, HES1, HES5, HEY1, HEY2, and HEYL. They showed that inhibition of RBP-Jκ activity led to decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and increased migration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Clearly, our clinical study provides justification for more extensive in vitro work.
Tumor vessels typically show disorganized vascular patterning, which in conjunction with their abnormal ultrastructures results in chaotic blood flow, high interstitial pressures, and increased vessel leakiness (30). Tumor vasculature consists of a mix of immature vessels devoid of pericyte coverings and more mature vessels with pericyte/smooth muscle cell coats. Endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting have been to shown to be most prevalent within the immature vessels, suggesting that it is these vessels that are angiogenic (32, 39, 40). These vessels are also the ones most susceptible to antiangiogenic therapies. Benjamin et al. (41) studied vessel maturation in prostate cancer. They showed that androgen blockade decreased production of VEGF, which, in turn, led to the regression only of immature vessels lacking pericyte coverings in prostate cancer. They showed that almost 40% of tumor vessels were positive for α-SMA; however, after androgen blockade, the proportion of vessels coated with α-SMA rose to 79%.
Gee et al. (39) also found that vessels covered with α-SMA were protected from the antiangiogenic therapy, which in their case was interleukin-12. These findings have important implications for the development of future antiangiogenic therapies. Tumors that have a high proportion mature vessels are less likely to respond to for example anti-VEGF therapies, as the pericytes seem to offer protection against growth factor deprivation. We have recently shown in human endothelial cells that overexpression of DLL4 inhibits proliferation by down-regulating VEGF receptor 2 and NRP1 expression (42), providing an additional mechanism for resistance to such therapies. The association shown between DLL4 expression and α-SMA expression suggests that targeting DLL4 in addition to VEGF may, by targeting both mature and immature vessels, prove to be of greater therapeutic benefit and we are currently investigating this in xenograft models.
The biological function of DLL4 is not confined to vessel maturation. Knockout studies have shown that haploinsufficiency of DLL4 results in embryonic lethality from severe vascular defects (15, 17, 18). The demonstration of vascular defects in heterozygous mice is uncommon and highlights the importance of DLL4 in vascular development. Similar phenotypes have only been described for VEGF knockout mice (19, 20). We have recently shown that down-regulating DLL4 expression in vitro using RNA interference significantly inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and network formation (21). Similarly, we have shown up-regulation of Delta 4 expression disrupts endothelial function (42), a phenotype previously found for Notch4, where in vivo up-regulation or down-regulation disrupts angiogenesis (43, 44). This implies that a narrow range of notch signaling is needed for optimum angiogenesis. Thus, targeting DLL4 may inhibit tumor angiogenesis by blocking multiple endothelial cell functions.
Endothelial expression of DLL4 may represent an intermediate step toward final differentiation by promoting maturation and functionality; thus, it may be an important target for tumors resistant to anti-VEGF therapy.
Exploratory analysis of the value of DLL4 as a prognostic marker was assessed by relating DLL4 expression with clinical follow-up data. In superficial and invasive disease, high levels of DLL4 conferred an increased risk of tumor recurrence or cancer-specific death, respectively. We additionally noted that 10 of the 14 patients that received adjuvant intravesical therapy had high levels of DLL4 expression. Adjuvant mitomycin C or bacille Calmette Guérin is commonly used in superficial bladder cancers thought to be at high risk of recurrence and progression. The risk stratification of superficial bladder tumors is based on the number of tumors at first presentation, number and frequency of recurrences, and the tumor histology. In this study, we observed for the first time that conventionally classified high-risk tumors seemed to express high levels of DLL4. The intensive nature of the microscopic studies meant that we could not examine a larger cohort; however, we are currently trying to develop antibodies to investigate this in much larger numbers.
Here, for the first time, we have identified DLL4 as a novel angiogenic target in bladder cancer. We have shown that DLL4 (a) is preferentially expressed in tumor vasculature, (b) is associated with vessel maturation, and (c) may have prognostic value in superficial and invasive cancer. Taken with our recent findings that an optimal level of DLL4 is necessary for endothelial cell function (21, 42), targeting DLL4 either by inhibition or overexpression may be an approach worthy of further investigation in the management of superficial and invasive bladder cancer.
Grant support: Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, The 6th Framework Programme of the European Union (Angiotargeting), The Royal College of Surgeons of England, The British Urological Foundation, and the National Translational Cancer Research Network.
Note: N.S. Patel and M.S. Dobbie contributed equally to this work.
We thank Toby Hunt, Rosemary Jeffrey, Leticia Campo, Stephen Fox, and Professor Roy Bicknell for their contributions to this work.
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Analysis of DLL4, CD34, and VEGF expression using qPCR. A, DLL4 expression was significantly up-regulated in superficial bladder cancer compared with normal bladder tissue. B, the expression of CD34 was significantly higher in the normal tissues than in the bladder tumors. C, the DLL4/CD34 ratio was significantly higher in superficial and invasive bladder cancer compared with normal tissue. D, DLL4 expression was significantly correlated with CD34 expression in bladder tumors (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.6, P < 0.001, n = 60). E, VEGF expression was significantly elevated in both superficial and invasive bladder cancer. F, the expression of DLL4 significantly correlated with VEGF expression (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.4, P = 0.001, n = 60. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). Bars, SE.
DLL4, CD34, and α-SMA expression in bladder cancer. A, in situ hybridization was used to study the pattern of DLL4 expression in bladder cancer. Serial sections were also stained for CD34 and α-SMA using conventional double immunohistochemistry. Vessels in the suburothelial layer of normal ureter were predominantly microvessels staining only for CD34 (black arrows). Vessels within superficial and invasive bladder tumors stained positive for CD34 (black arrow) and for α-SMA (blue arrows). DLL4 expression was confined to the vascular endothelium. Endothelial expression of DLL4 is shown in the light (red arrows) and dark field (green arrows) in situ hybridization. Quantitation studies of the expression of DLL4, CD34, and α-SMA were done at ×100 magnification. B, representative fields of view. DLL4 light fields, black autoradiographic silver grains; DLL4 dark field, white reflections; CD34, brown staining; α-SMA, blue staining.
Quantitation of DLL4 in situ hybridization studies. The expression of DLL4 was studied in 20 random fields per case (10 normal, 12 superficial bladder tumors, and 10 invasive bladder tumors) using in situ hybridization. A, a significantly higher number of random fields had DLL4-positive vessels in superficial (P < 0.001) and invasive tumors (P < 0.05) compared with normal tissue. B, the expression of DLL4 was uncommon within the normal vasculature. Eight of nine normal cases had less than two DLL4-positive random fields; this compares to 0 of 12 superficial tumors and 1 of 10 invasive tumors. C, the percentage of DLL4-positive vessels within DLL4 hotspot areas was significantly higher in superficial tumors and invasive tumors compared with both normal bladder and ureteric tissue. Expression of DLL4 was noted to be higher in invasive TURBT specimens than in invasive cystectomy specimens. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. Bars, SE.
DLL4 and vessel maturation. DLL4 and α-SMA expression was analyzed by creating χ2 contingency tables. DLL4 expression was significantly associated with α-SMA expression (P < 0.001).
DLL4 as a prognostic markers. High DLL4 expression was associated with an earlier median time to recurrence in superficial bladder cancer (A; P > 0.05) and earlier median time to cancer-specific death in invasive cancer (B; P > 0.05).
Patient demographics for the qPCR bladder cancer samples
Normals .
Ta .
T1 .
T3-4 .
Superficials .
Invasives .
Tumors .
Number 10 11 32 11 6 43 17 60
Mean age (y) 76.4 71.0 71.2 69.5 68.3 71.2 69.1 70.57
Age range (y) 68-87 62-82 42-89 56-83 46-91 42-89 46-91 42-91
M 10 9 25 10 4 34 14 48
F 0 2 7 1 2 9 3 12
Operation Cystoscopy and biopsy TURBT TURBT TURBT T3 (5) = TURBT; T4 (1) = CYST TURBT TURBT = 16; CYST = 1 TURBT = 59; CYST = 1
Adjuvant intravesical therapy Nil = 4; MMC = 2; BCG = 2; both = 1; N/A = 2 Nil = 21; MMC = 2; BCG = 6; both = 1; N/A = 2 Nil = 25; MMC = 4; BCG = 8; both = 2; N/A = 4
Invasive cancer treatment DXT = 7; CYST = 2; N/A = 1 DXT = 1; CYST = 2; Nil = 3 DXT = 8; CYST = 4; Nil = 1; N/A = 1
Abbreviations: CYST, cystectomy; DXT, radiotherapy; BCG, bacille Calmette Guérin; MMC, mitomycin C; Nil, no further treatment; N/A, not applicable.
Web Of Science (117)
Human Effectors of Acute and Chronic GVHD Overexpress CD83 and Predict Mortality
A Single-Arm Phase II Trial of Sitravatinib in Advanced Well-Differentiated/Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma
A Phase I/II Open-Label Study of Molibresib for the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Hematologic Malignancies
ENPP1 Immunobiology as a Therapeutic Target


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Anderson University Online Master's Degrees
Anderson University appears in our ranking of the Top 10 Most Affordable Accelerated Master's in Education Online.
The online degrees offered by Anderson University add value through flexibility and convenience, allowing working, busy students to advance their future through their education. Anderson University has an established reputation as a post-secondary institution with a Christ-centered, diverse environment. Students receive a high-quality education so that they become knowledgeable and proficient in their chosen professions. The faculty members are also experienced, dedicated, and model the principles of the Christian faith. Students may choose from a number of recognized, highly-ranked degree programs at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
The Bachelor of Business Administration is designed for working adults who are seeking a career in business administration. Graduates of this program are prepared for positions in business, including industrial and service quality management, project management, human resources management, management of computer information systems, managerial accounting, or general management. The Bachelor of Business Administration is the undergraduate version of the Master of Business Administration degree, also available online, so it provides an excellent foundation for students wishing to pursue graduate studies. TheBachelor of Business Administration includes 42 semester hours in general education and 39 semester hours of business core courses such as marketing, management, finance, economics, computer information systems, and accounting. Students must choose 24 semester hours of business electives, including finance, marketing, management, healthcare management, accounting, and/or information systems. Finally, students round out the degree with 15 semester hours in general electives.
TheMaster of Business Administration degree emphasizes the integration of business disciplines within a Christian framework. Although it is designed for students with a bachelor's degree in business, those with a degree in a non-related field may still earn a graduate degree through the completion of prerequisite courses. The 36-credit-hour master of Business Administration program is structured into a six-week class format, and students will study the areas of marketing, management, economics, accounting, finance, and human resources. Courses are a combination of simulations, case studies, and seminars, and students may complete the program in fewer than 20 months. Graduate students also have the option to specialize in marketing, supply chain management, healthcare leadership, or human resources by completing three additional six-week online courses.
The school offers a Doctor of Ministry in Biblical Preaching. This program is Anderson's only online doctoral degree, and it is designed to help church leaders and pastors further develop their preaching methods and leadership skills. Students become involved in a directed ministry project as well as a series of seminars that aim to enhance their understanding of Biblical preaching. The Doctor of Ministry is mainly focused on the practice of ministry, and students can expect a hybrid approach that includes both online coursework and independent study as well as three event-based seminars and three one-week-long seminars, two of which are held on-campus and one of which is held in a selected city. Students are also required to develop and implement a ministry project and dissertation as well as a ministry capstone project. Anderson University admits a maximum of 15 students per year into its Doctor of Ministry in Biblical Preaching degree program to assure students receive strong supervision and guidance throughout the course of the program.
Other online programs at AU include a Bachelor of Human Services, Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice, Bachelor of Liberal Studies, Master of Education, Master of Organizational Leadership, Doctor of Physical Therapy, and many more.
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Located in Anderson, South Carolina, Anderson University offers doctoral, master's, and bachelor's degrees in more than 60 academic areas. Anderson is affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention, and U.S. News & World Report ranks the school 73rd on its list of "Regional Universities South" for 2018. More than 3,000 undergraduate students seek degrees from Anderson each year.
Anderson was established in 1911 as Anderson College, and it was founded as a successor to Johnson University. Anderson was a female-only college until 1931, and it was renamed to Anderson University in 2006. The school is comprised of nine schools that offer degrees in public administration, public service, nursing, interior design, health professions, education, Christian studies, business, arts and sciences, and the arts.
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Anderson University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award doctoral, master's, and bachelor's degrees. Several of Anderson University's online programs also hold specialized accreditation, including degrees in business, nursing, education, art, and music. Accreditation is earned by undergoing and passing a comprehensive peer review in which the school is evaluated according to the quality of its degree programs, faculty, learning methods, and teaching methods, among other factors.
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Students seeking an online undergraduate or graduate degree from Anderson University must first complete the online application for the degree they wish to pursue. Undergraduates must pay a nonrefundable $40 application fee and provide an official high school transcript as well as official test scores. The school will contact graduate students by email to let them know the other documents they're required to send, but most programs require official transcripts from all previously attended institutions as well as three letters of reference addressing the applicant's ability to pursue graduate studies.
The tuition cost a student can expect to pay is based on the total number of credit hours that he or she takes. For instance, a graduate degree in criminal justice or music education will cost $435 or $355 per credit hour, respectively, while graduate students pursuing a degree in business administration or ministry will pay $435 or $325 per credit hour. Students earning a doctoral degree in ministry will pay a $500 nonrefundable deposit that is put toward the tuition as well as $462 per credit hour for 26 hours of the program. Undergraduate online students seeking a degree in adult studies will pay $445 per credit hour. Online students are also charged an online course delivery fee of $10 per credit hour. Anderson uses these fees to develop online courses, support infrastructure, and provide technology, tools, and software for the courses themselves.
Anderson University offers financial aid for online students. However, while undergraduate online students may be entitled to receive federal and state financial aid, graduate students may only be eligible for federal funds. In order to determine eligibility, students must complete the FAFSA by June 30th. All students seeking an online degree are entitled to a tuition discount, so these degrees are not eligible for institutional scholarships. In addition, Anderson University partners with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in helping its military veterans to obtain an education.
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